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In 1950?, Alan Turing published his famous Turing Test article, "[Computing Machinery and Intelligence]" (Mind, Vol 59, No 236, pp 433-460). The Turing Test is designed to determine if a computer program possesses intelligence by having a human judge determine through any means of questioning whether they are communicating with another human, or in fact, with a computer. If the computer can fool the human judge by a significant margin, then the computer program should be deemed intelligent. While many computer programs can be considered experts in specialized fields, on a broad scale, computers have yet to pass the Turing Test.
See computer science, neural network, [expert system]?, genetic programming, [genetic algorithms]?.