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Wikipedia: Nobel Prize
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Instituted by the final will of Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, the Nobel Prize is an award given to people who have done outstanding research or made outstanding contributions to society. The first ceremony to award the Nobel Prize was held at the Old Royal Academy of Music in Stockholm in 1901.
A large monetary award is included with the Nobel Prize and is intended to allow the person to continue working/researching without the pressures of raising money for the research/work.
Nobel Prizes have been given yearly since 1901 for achievements in:
In 1968?, the Bank of Sweden (Sveriges Riksbank) instituted the prize in economic sciences:
The Nobel Foundation has its own website: http://www.nobel.se/
See also Swedish Academy.
For other disciplines, there are prizes that are deemed equivalent to the Nobel Prize, such as the Fields Medal in mathematics.