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1
edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed
2054
2006-10-17T09:47:13Z
Wtzdj
18
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__NOTOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__
茶叶茶
2
3
2006-10-01T07:41:02Z
Ronline
3
茶叶泡勒茶里,就叫'''茶叶茶'''。
江阴
4
7
2006-10-01T07:42:24Z
Ronline
3
__NOTOC__
<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" width="200px">
<caption><font size="+1">'''江阴市'''</font></caption>
<tr><td>[[面积]]</td><td>980[[平方千米]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[人口]]</td><td>115万人(2002年)<br></td></tr>
<tr><td>语言</td><td>[[吴语]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>行政级别</td><td>[[县级市]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[邮政编码]]</td><td>214400</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[电话区号]]</td><td>0510</td></tr>
</table>
'''江阴'''市,别称“澄”,顾名思义,就是勒[[长江]]个南面,位于[[中国]][[江苏]]省南部,濒临[[长江]],归地级[[无锡]]市代管,是得长江中下游地区个[[交通]]枢纽之一。
[[东周]]辰光,叫延陵,先后是[[吴国]]公子季札搭仔[[楚国]][[春申君]]个封地。[[秦]][[汉]]归毗陵县地,[[西晋]]析置暨阳县。[[南梁]]辰光设江阴郡,以地处[[长江]]之南而得名。[[南唐]]置江阴军,[[元]]改成功州,[[明]]降为县。1987年撤县设市。因[[宋]]代时城北门称澄江门,城内设澄江驿,故江阴又叫“澄江”、“澄”。
江阴经济比较发达,人民生活比较富裕,多趟名列全国综合实力百强县个前十名。渠个经济主体是得乡镇企业,拨称为“中华头一村”个有名个华西村就勒勒江阴华士镇。全市有十来家[[上市公司]],数量位居中国所有[[县]]搭[[县级市]]当中个首位。当地工业个主要门类有[[发电]]、[[纺织]]、[[机械]]、[[冶金]]、[[轻工]]等等。另外,由于江阴隶属于无锡,因此[[荣毅仁]]搭[[荣智健]]家族也勒居搭进行着巨额个投资。
全市地形侪是平原或低山丘陵,河网密布,渔业发达。农产品主要有[[稻]]、[[麦]]、[[油菜]]、[[鱼类]]等等。
江阴近段个长江江面比较狭,且勒勒古都[[南京]]个下游不远个场化,因而成为着一宕[[军事]]要塞,建有江防炮台等等。居个两年把来又造着一座[[江阴长江大桥]],是重要个交通枢纽。
搭江阴隔江相望个[[靖江]],原来是长江里向一沙洲,明朝之前一直归江阴管辖。明中期,因渠搭江北慢慢叫连勒一道,就析置出靖江县。近两年来,因大桥个修建,两地经济联系越来越紧密。目前已经结成功经济协作共同体,并开通城际[[公交]]班车,以促进两座城市个一体化发展。
上海
5
1225
2006-10-11T02:10:45Z
Amor
23
上海市,簡稱滬,別稱申,是中華人民共和國直轄市之一。垃壗中國東部長江沖積三角洲,瀕臨東中國海,垃壗長江入海口南岸。眼門前中國發展得頂快個城市,也是經濟顶發達個城市之一,伊撥認為是中國個商業交金融中心。2005年年底,上海已成為世界高頭第一大貨港,年貨吞吐量有得4.43億噸。2010年,世界博览会将在上海举行。
{{上海行政区划}}
{{Provinces_of_China}}
旧金山
6
9
2006-10-01T07:42:59Z
Ronline
3
'''旧金山'''是[[美国]][[加利福尼亚]]个一座沿海城市。老早此地寻着金矿,交关人侪移民到搿搭来。香港人搭南洋人叫旧金山三藩市。
==轶事==
弹词名家张如君一趟说《双金锭》,讲到扬州十三太保龙奉金辣海苏州办好事体要回扬州,经过[[无锡]]、[[常州]]、[[丹阳]]三只大码头,挨下来唱词里有得一句“远远望见旧金山”,听客弄勿懂,哪哼无锡、常州、丹阳三只大码头过去一圈兜到美国去了?实际浪[[评弹]]唱词侪是七字句,过脱无锡、常州、丹阳三只大码头远远望见个是[[镇江]][[金山]]!
嘉兴市
7
1968
2006-10-16T09:03:58Z
Dzochithin
49
[[嘉兴]] 移动到 [[嘉兴市]]
嘉兴是太湖南面边一个中等城市,地貌基本是平原搭仔小湖泊,顶有名个是嘉兴南湖,同边浪个中共一大会址。
嘉兴历史浪农业比较发达,是鱼米之乡,居两年工业发展比较快,是长江三角洲个经济小巨人。
西湖
8
11
2006-10-01T07:43:34Z
Ronline
3
'''杭州西湖'''辣海[[杭州]]城西面。西湖南面、北面、西面侪是[[山]],东面是杭州城。西湖南北长3.3[[公里]],东西阔2.8公里。西湖水面[[面积]]大约摸5.66[[平方公里]],里向岛有得6.3平方公里,湖岸15公里。[[孤山]]、[[白堤]]、[[苏堤]]拿河浜分成功外西湖、里西湖、后西湖、小南湖搭仔岳湖,外西湖地方最大。孤山是只自然形成个岛,也是西湖里向最大个岛。小瀛洲、湖心亭、阮公墩是西湖里向三只人工小岛。
==西湖十景==
*[[苏堤春晓]]
*[[曲院风荷]]
*[[平湖秋月]]
*[[断桥残雪]]
*[[花港观鱼]]
*[[南屏晚钟]]
*[[双峰插云]]
*[[雷峰夕照]]
*[[三潭印月]]
*[[柳浪闻莺]]
昆剧
9
12
2006-10-01T07:44:40Z
Ronline
3
'''昆剧'''是明朝中叶辣海江浙一带发展起来个一个剧种,2001年拨[[联合国教科文组织]]列为[[人类口述和非物质遗产代表作]]。昆剧用[[鼓]]、[[板]]控制演唱节奏,用[[笛子]]、[[弦子]]作伴奏乐器。
==历史==
宋朝开始,中国开始有得比较发达个戏曲艺术了。有种人认为中国曲艺是从唐宋辰光和尚传教辰光唱个[[变文]]来个,中国曲艺交关伴奏乐器侪跟佛教音乐伴奏乐器搭界。金元辰光北戏发达,不过有得研究者指出,交关[[元曲]]脚本才有得“古杭新刊”搿恁几个字,所以了到底是北戏南传还是南戏北传还要研究。
根据《[[南词引正]]》,昆剧辣海元朝末年[[昆山]]一带形成,明朝辰光[[昆山腔]]是[[四大声腔]]里向一种。明朝正德、嘉靖年间,[[魏良辅]]改革昆山腔,唱词用中州韵,“调用水膜、拍捱冷板”,创造了水磨调。明朝中叶到晚清,昆剧侪是中国影响最大个剧种。昆剧声腔对交关戏曲有得重大影响。
==音韵==
昆剧唱词“南尊《洪武》,北叶《中原》”,也就是讲唱南曲用《[[洪武正韵]]》音,唱北曲用《[[中原音韵]]》音。实际浪勿必定搿恁,《洪武》搭仔《中原》两本书侪呒没音标,搿歇辰光语音有种已经变脱了,所以基本浪昆剧北曲除脱咸山摄三分搭仔有搭-m尾搭普通闲话摊板勿大。南曲辣海仄声里向保留[[吴语]]个[[全浊声母]],竝且有得[[入声]]。老式个昆剧南曲仄声清浊声母从来勿混起来,现在有种人提倡“用普通闲话唱昆剧”,搞得来昆剧里向全浊声母大规模清化。昆曲因为是江浙一带个人唱个,所以日母摩擦老重,听上去跟普通闲话勿一样,[[流摄]]也是[[前元音]],勿是普通闲话个[[后元音]]。南曲里向[[丑角]]经常性用[[苏州闲话]]。
==音乐==
昆剧南曲一班性用吴越民歌个[[五声音阶]],北曲用[[七声音阶]]。
昆剧曲牌南曲有得2000多种曲牌,北曲有得1000多种曲牌。
==六大专业昆剧演出团体==
六大专业昆剧演出团体里向5个辣海浊音区。
*上海昆剧团
*江苏省苏昆剧团
*浙江省京昆剧团
*永嘉昆曲传习所
*湖南昆剧团
*北方昆剧院
==名剧==
*[[浣纱记]]
*[[牡丹亭]]
*[[长生殿]]
*[[十五贯]]
*[[琵琶记]]
*[[绣襦记]]
*[[玉簪记]]
*[[西厢记]]
*[[凤凰山]]
*[[红梨记]]
*[[艳云亭]]
*[[金雀记]]
*[[桃花扇]]
*[[孽海记]]
*[[铁冠图]]
[[Category:文化]]
[[Category:戏曲]]
滩簧
10
13
2006-10-01T07:45:01Z
Ronline
3
'''滩簧'''是江浙一带[[清朝]]辰光流行个一种艺术形式。
==历史搭仔影响==
据考证,滩簧本来是交关艺人自家拿好乐器围牢台子做好,各人表演各人个脚色弹自家个乐器。简单个讲,滩簧改写[[昆剧]]脚本搭仔用比较通俗个闲话搭仔方式演出。后首来有一批苏州个艺人改革滩簧,形成功[[苏州评弹]]。清朝末年有一个萧山人讨厌一帮人坐勒台子旁边唱,参考昆剧形式,改革滩簧,让各个脚色有得动作、有得舞蹈,搿就是[[越剧]]。滩簧辣海江南个影响老大,[[沪剧]]、[[锡剧]]、[[甬剧]]、[[越剧]]、[[评弹]]、[[姚剧]]、[[苏剧]]侪是从滩簧发展得来个,到现在常锡人还拿锡剧叫滩簧,上海人叫沪剧本地滩簧,叫甬剧宁波滩簧。
辣海上海、苏州一带,[[苏滩]]直接叫滩簧,不过老可惜个,[[文化大革命]]里向苏滩失传了,现在只有辣海滑稽戏、苏剧里向还好听到一眼苏滩个音乐。
[[category:文化]]
[[category:戏曲]]
徐霞客故居
11
2038
2006-10-16T22:12:56Z
Wtzdj
18
徐霞客呢是中国[[明朝]]辰光个杰出个地理学家,探险旅行家搭仔游记文学家。也是世界历史文化名人,旅游先驱。
徐霞客故居座落勒好江阴市马镇南阳岐村,北许援开江阴长江公路大桥35公里,南许离[[无锡]]15公里、东靠沪宁高速公路搭仔锡澄高速公路。
徐霞客故居呢有故居、胜水桥、晴山堂石刻、徐霞客墓搭仔仰圣园等等组成。故居是明式建筑,门庭浪有[[陆定一]]题写个“徐霞客故居”匾额,展厅里向展出个有徐霞客传略,旅行路线图搭仔渠科学探索过程当中跑过个宕化个图片资料,岩溶标本等等,勒天井个右许还有渠自家亲手移植个[[罗汉松]]、到今朝已经有仔400来年历史哉。
晴山堂石刻集中着勒勒明朝[[洪武]]三年一脚到[[崇祯]]五年前后262年当中,84位名人名家为徐家撰写个墓志铭,传、序、记等等夯白郎当90篇,计76块石刻,是明朝书法艺术个缩影,相当宝贵。勒勒[[文革]]破四旧当中,当地人冒险拿渠答囥出来,再免于灭顶之灾。
徐霞客个坟勒勒晴山堂后头个院子里向,坟前头有徐霞客个塑像,塑像两旁边原中国国家主席[[李先念]]个题词搭仔原交通部副部长潘琪撰写个碑文立勒个答,整个墓陵肃穆幽静。
仰圣园呢是得家乡人民为仔表达渠答对“旷世游圣”徐霞客个敬仰搭仔纪念,勒2001年辰光造成个以徐霞客游记碑廊为主体个[[江南园林]]。该园勒勒故居搭仔晴山堂个当中心里,占地20亩田,内涵丰富、品味高雅。
统万城
12
715
2006-10-05T01:28:00Z
Lieukehli
24
'''统万城''',是中国历史浪向老有名气个一座古城。遗址位于[[陕西省]][[靖边县]]北横头里毛乌素沙漠个边浪向,现在叫'''白城子'''。
统万城是[[五胡十六国时期]][[匈奴]]首领[[赫连勃勃]]勒许公元413年征用10万民夫,勒汉朝奢延城个基础浪用脱仔6年辰光改建而成个。“方统一天下,君临万邦,故以统万为名”,分别用“招魏门”、“朝宋门”、“服凉门”、“平朔门”命名东南西北四座城门,是[[夏国]]个都城(419~428年)。[[北宋]]初年,[[党项]]人[[李继迁]](赵保吉)依统万城拒宋,994年统万城被宋占领,下旨拿居民全部迁脱,毁脱城池,从此统万城被荒废脱,直到清朝後期才被人重新发现。由于匈奴唔没文字,所以此地是伊拉留下来个唯一个今朝还晓得个大型遗迹。1996年[[中国国务院]]公布统万城遗址为[[全国重点文物保护单位]]。
据历史书浪向讲,当年筑城个辰光,每筑一段,拿模温侪要用锥子戳,戳得进去一寸,负责个工人要杀头,死人埋勒城墙里,还讲“蒸土筑城”,所以统万城邪气扎足,角楼直到今朝廿多米高还有。但根据现代科学分析,城墙个主要成分是[[石英]](砂子)、[[熟石灰]]搭仔黏土,所以现在有人认为所谓个“蒸土”实际浪向是因为生石灰碰着仔水变熟石灰发出来个[[水蒸汽]],传豁边变成功“蒸土”。
吴语
13
2124
2006-10-18T21:31:01Z
Wtzdj
18
恢复[[Special:Contributions/83.125.32.107|83.125.32.107]] ([[User_talk:83.125.32.107|讲张]])个改动;恢复到[[User:137.226.77.2|137.226.77.2]]个上一版本
吴语是汉藏语系汉语族个一种闲话。
==历史==
吴语是一种历史交关悠久个言话,2500年前头中国个[[春秋]]时代辰光,江南个两个诸侯国:吴国搭越国,渠拉上层阶级就勒拉使用竳楚国传过去个一种汉语方言,迭个就是顶早个属于汉语族个“吴语”。到仔公元4世纪东晋个辰光,“衣冠南渡”个北方人发觉吴地方言搭中原言话推板邪气大,根本呒处相互了解。必过,北方优势政治地位个影响下底,交关古老个吴语特征反而保留勒今朝个“[[闽语]]”里向,现代吴语个语音明显好搭中古(隋唐)辰光个韵书([[广韵]]-[[切韵]])建立对应关系,为之讲,虽然吴语个历史是南方汉语里向顶顶长久个,形态倒勿是顶顶古老个。
==现状==
吴语勒垃人口统计浪是中国大陆个第二大方言,不过,因为弗像闽南话搭粤语搿能有“统战需要”,吴语目前有沦为市井言话个危险,出现勒媒体个正规新闻节目当中个辰光邪气少。
吴语地区个教育相对发达。幼儿园辰光就开始个推广普通言话个活动搭仔学堂里向用语个单一普通话化,导致新生代普遍双语,并且已经基本丧失吴语阅读搭仔写作能力,甚至勒年纪轻个本地人当中出现一大批只会听弗会讲甚而至于弗会听也弗会讲个。
==分布==
按照现在一般个学术浪个分区,吴语分布勒江苏南部、浙江大部分,[[上海]]市全部,安徽南部搭仔福建、江西个少部分地方,大约摸匝,通行吴语个县市有110个左右,人口大约8000万(2004年)。
吴语分布个四个极:
北:江苏[[如东]]东南部个几个乡(使用启海话)
东:浙江舟山群岛
南:福建浦城县(城关及以北,讲属于南部吴语个浦城话)
西:安徽省石台县(使用宣州片吴语,迭个最西点比较模糊而且勒拉勿断东移,因为宣州吴语勒拉消亡当中),比较稳定个西端是江苏省高淳县。
==分区==
另见主条目“[[吴语分区]]”
==语音特点==
==词汇特点==
==语法特点==
==正字法与书面语==
==文学作品及影响==
另见主条目“[[吴语文学]]”
==参考==
==外部链接==
*[http://wu-chinese.com 吴语协会]
*[http://sinolect.org/bbs 清籁吴语论坛]
[[category:吳語]]
[[category:汉语]]
[[ast:Chinu vu]]
[[br:Woueg]]
[[de:Wu (Sprache)]]
[[en:Wu (linguistics)]]
[[es:Idioma wu]]
[[fi:Wu-kiina]]
[[fr:Wu (langue)]]
[[ja:呉方言]]
[[nl:Wu (taal)]]
[[pl:Język wu]]
[[pt:Língua wu]]
[[zh:吴语]]
本字
14
17
2006-10-01T07:46:39Z
Ronline
3
==啥个叫“本字”==
口语里向个字或者词汇,经常碰着写弗出来个问题。但有些字,实际浪是属于失传之古语,或者勒历史当中发生仔音变,到仔近代弗可考或者弗为人晓。而个个原本个写法,就叫'''本字'''。勒勒方言里向,本字探寻个问题特别常见。
==本字问题个解决办法==
本字问题一般解决方式如下:
*'''寻本字''':千方百计考证出一个可能性比较大个本字。但个种情况常庄出现本字个现代发音搭口语实际发音(口语一般性比较存古)相差蛮远个脱节问题,弗利于本字勒一般群众当中个推广。
*'''训读''':以其它同义但不同音字代替。比如,借普通闲话个“这”,读上海吴语个“迭”。迭种做法对于推广也有一定个阻力。因为其语音搭仔字形个脱节。
*'''假借字''':以近音字代替无字可写个辞语。迭个是相当常用个做法,往往也比较实际。因为“本字”个概念也是相对个,寻弗着也证明弗出某某字是本字,毕竟弗好作基因组鉴定,再一个有些所谓本字相当生僻,勒电脑字库里向也无畀收录,影响信息化。假使好寻着简单个同音字,并且顶好意思也搭界,个么就可以用迭个同音字来替代。譬如上海吴语个近指代词“迭”,根据考证,19世纪个辰光是舒声“第”,有人讲源头浪本字是“是”,“是”勒文言文里向确实好表示普通闲话“这”个意思。但假使今朝阿拉用“是”,实际浪有点像上头讲过个“训读”,“是”现在通用个字音搭此地个“迭”脱节有眼远,弗大容易勒群众当中推广。
*'''新造字''':新造汉字,多为「口」字旁。迭个方法畀勒粤语广泛运用,对吴语来讲弗大适用,成本有眼高,并且效果弗一定好。
*'''汉罗混用''':全文以汉字为主体,无字可写的词汇利用[[罗马字]],即拼音来写。
*'''白话字''':全以罗马字书写。
==正字==
弗管用上头何里一种办法,假使一个字个写法畀大家广泛应用搭仔承认,或者拨一定个规范机构规范,各么,迭个字就是“'''正字'''”哉。
== 举例 ==
=== 上海闲话 ===
拉丁文
15
18
2006-10-01T07:46:58Z
Ronline
3
'''拉丁文'''属于[[印欧语系]]。从古罗马到18世纪拉丁文侪是欧洲个通用闲话。
拉丁文本来是意大利一个小地方,叫拉蒂姆个闲话。后首来,搿个地方发展起来,变成[[罗马帝国]],拉丁文也变成功罗马帝国个[[官方语言]]。罗马帝国被人家灭脱仔了,[[罗马天主教]]仍旧用拉丁文当官方语言,一直到14世纪末期欧洲方言文学兴起,拉丁文个地位纔开始动摇。西方国家个科技名词交关侪用拉丁文,[[梵蒂冈]]到现在还勒用拉丁文。印欧语系个重要分支——[[拉丁语族]]侪是从5世纪个[[俗拉丁文]]来个。
法文
16
1808
2006-10-15T16:18:07Z
137.226.77.2
/* 辅音 */ 中立化
{{Infobox Language
|name=法语
|nativename={{lang|fr|français}}
|familycolor=印欧语系
|pronunciation=fʁɑ̃sɛ
|states=[[法国]], [[ (法国)|法国海外省]]、[[比利时]]、[[加拿大]]、[[瑞士]]、[[魁北克]]、[[摩纳哥]]、[[摩洛哥]]、[[卢森堡]]、[[黎巴嫩]]、[[阿尔及利亚]]、[[突尼斯]]、[[哥特迪瓦]]、[[民主刚果共和国]]、[[尼日利亚]]、[[塞内加尔]]、[[海地]]、[[毛里求斯]]、[[老挝]]、[[柬埔寨]]、[[越南]]、[[墨西哥]]、美国个[[路易斯安娜州]] 、[[缅因州]] 、 [[新罕布什尔州]]等 47个国家及地区。
|region=[[欧洲]]、[[美洲]]、[[非洲]]、[[太平洋地区]]
|speakers=2.5亿 (8.7千万为母语,其他为第二语言)
|rank=12<!--See the talk page for support of these figures. Please give credible sources for any increase.-->
|fam1=[[印欧语系]]
|fam2=[[意大利语族]]
|fam3=[[罗曼语族]]
|fam4=[[Italo-Western languages|西罗曼-意大利语族]]
|fam5=西罗曼
|fam6=<span style="font-size:smaller;">[[高卢-伊利比亚语支]]</span>
|fam7=<span style="font-size:smaller;">[[高卢-罗曼语支]]</span>
|fam8=<span style="font-size:smaller;">[[高卢-雷蒂亚语支]]</span>
|fam9=[[奥依语]]
|nation=30个国家、[[联合国]]、[[欧盟]]
|agency=[[法兰西学院 (Académie française)|法兰西学院]]
|iso1=fr|iso2b=fre|iso2t=fra|iso3=fra|map=[[Image:Map-Francophone World.png|center|280px]]<br /><center><small>深蓝: 法语占多数; 蓝: 官方语言; 淡蓝: 第二语言; 绿: 法语占少数</center></small>}}
'''法语'''({{lang|fr|'''français'''}})属于[[印欧语系]][[罗曼语族]],是继[[西班牙语]]搭[[葡萄牙语]]之后,使用人数最多个罗曼语言之一。法语勒[[11世纪]]曾经是除了[[中古汉语]]以外,当时世界上使用最多个语言。{{ref|2}}现在全世界大约有87,000,000人把伊作为母语,以及其他大约190,000,000人使用伊(包括把伊作为第二语言个人)。法语是交关地区或组织个[[官方语言]](譬如[[联合国]]、[[欧盟]]、[[奥林匹克委员会]]、[[世界贸易组织]]、[[北大西洋公约组织]]、[[FIFA]]、[[世界反兴奋剂组织]]、[[国际政治科学协会]]、[[世界邮政联合会]]、[[欧洲广播联合会]]等)。
==历史==
尽管交关法国人认为伊俚是[[高卢人]](les gaulois)个后裔,但是今朝呒得多少凯尔特(高卢人属于凯尔特人)人个影响保留勒法国人当中。交关词汇来源于[[拉丁语]]或[[日耳曼语言]]。
公元[[4世纪]],[[罗马帝国]]统治现在个[[法国]]地区,[[拉丁语]]开始勒法国流行。一直到公元[[5世纪]],拉丁语已经取代了原先通行于法国个[[凯尔特语]]。勒高卢境内,随仔罗马移民个增加,高卢人使用个[[通用拉丁语]]融合成为[[大众拉丁语]](le latin vulgaire);同时,作为上层文人使用个书面拉丁语开始衰退。公元5世纪,高卢境内个说拉丁语个早先居民,搭随仔[[民族大迁徙]]进入高卢个讲[[日耳曼语]]个[[法兰克人]]个语言开始融合。法语开始失去非重音音节。[[6世纪|公元6]]、[[7世纪|7世纪]],大众语变为一种混杂语言(un langage composite)。[[公元8世纪]],[[查理曼帝国]]个建立开始让法语规范化。到公元[[9世纪]],拉丁语搭[[日耳曼语]]最终融合为[[罗曼语]]。从[[939年|公元939年]][[卡佩王朝]]开始,法语成为法国唯一个官方语言。
==法语方言==
开始个辰光,勒今朝个法国领土浪有交关弗同个方言,但是后来“大[[巴黎]]”附近地区[[Ile-de-France]]个方言取代了其他个方言,而且成为现代法语官方语言个基础。而南方经济因为发展比较落后並且历史上个分隔,至今仍存在交关方言,如马尔舍方言、上朗格多克方言、下朗格多克方言、利木赞方言、上奥佛尼方言、下奥佛尼方言、加斯克尼方言搭普罗旺斯方言。
==地理分布==
*法语是下列国家个第一语言:
**[[法国]](六千万人使用,包括[[瓜德罗普岛]]、[[马提尼克岛]]搭[[圣皮埃尔搭密克隆]])
**[[加拿大]](6,700,000使用者,特别是[[魁北克]]、[[新不伦瑞克]])
**[[比利时]](4,000,000使用者,[[瓦龙语]]是Langue d'Oïl语个一种方言,搭比利时法语有显著差异)
**[[瑞士]](搭[[德语]](German),[[意大利语]](Italian),[[罗曼什语]]四语並行)
**[[摩纳哥]]
**[[法属圭亚那]](Guyane française)
**[[海地]]
*同时法语也是下列国家个第二语言:[[阿尔及利亚]]、[[黎巴嫩]]、[[毛里求斯]]、[[摩洛哥]]、[[新喀里多尼亚]]搭[[突尼斯]]。
*伊勒下列国家是官方语言,也是学堂唯一使用个语言:[[科摩罗]]、[[刚果共和国]]、[[法属玻利尼西亚]]、[[加蓬]]搭[[马里]]。
*伊勒下列国家是官方语言,但是呒得当地语言常用:[[贝宁]]、[[布基纳法索]]、[[布隆迪]]、[[喀麦隆]]、[[中非共和国]]、[[乍得]]、[[科特迪瓦]]、[[几内亚]]、[[马达加斯加]]、[[尼日尔]]、[[卢旺达]]、[[塞内加尔]]、[[塞舌尔]]、[[多哥]]、[[瓦努阿图]]搭[[刚果民主共和国]]。
*伊勒[[安道尔]]搭[[卢森堡]]也是一种普遍个语言。
*另外,勒[[埃及]]、[[印度]]个[[本地治里]](Pondicherry)、[[意大利]](Vallée d'Aoste)、[[老挝]]、[[毛利塔尼亚]]、[[英国]](汊河岛,海峡群岛)、[[美国]](阿卡迪亚,Cajun)搭[[越南]]也有一部分法语使用者。
La Francophonie是一个国际法语使用者搭法语使用国家个政府组织。
法国人一直对自家个语言非常自豪。殖民地时期,[[大英帝国]]将英语带到广大殖民地;而勒二战之后,强大个美国继续勒世界各地传播英语,咯老法语个地位一例勒下降。法国人对居非常弗满,勒力所能及个地方全力抗击英语文化。尽管如此,法语也勒各个方面不同程度受到英语个夹击。
*另见[[全球法语区]]
==法语发音==
法语搭[[英语]]一样,[[拼写]]搭实际[[读音]]弗同(搿一点並非所有人侪认同),但规则性比英语要强交关,弗过也有弗少个例外。
===字母===
法语字母表是由[[拉丁字母]]组成,勒部分法语个写法当中,[[大写字母]]並弗使用[[变音符号]]。
{{Alphabet fr}}
元音字母 a e i o u
辅音字母 b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x y z
连字: Œ ({{lang|fr|œil, fœtus, bœuf...}})
法语搭英语一样用26个[[拉丁字母]],勒学法语发音个辰光要分清爽元音字母搭[[元音]],辅音字母搭[[辅音]]是弗同个。法语搭[[英语]]、[[汉语]]个弗同之处是法语呒得[[双元音]]搭[[复合元音]],发每个元音个辰光口型侪弗滑动,尤其要注意发[[鼻化元音]]个辰光呒此像汉语[[韵母]]一样有延续动作。勒法语里向多出了几个音符,搭字母同时使用,有星辰光用来表示弗同个发音,有辰光只弗过区别弗同个意思:“^”长音符通常用来表示曾经省略过某一字母个单词,通常用勒字母“e”,“o”浪,居辰光搿个字母个发音一定为[ɛ],假如être是源于[[拉丁语]]单词essere,中间省略几个字母,“¨”分音符可以搭多个元音字母组合,表示这个元音字母弗搭面前个元音字母构成一个字母组合,而分别发音,类似双元音;“é”闭音符只用勒字母“e”上头,表示搿个字母发音为闭口音[e];“è”开音符用勒字母“e”上头表示搿个字母发开口音[ε],用勒其他字母上区分不同个意思,譬如ou=or(英语)“或者”搭où=where(英语)“哪里”两个单词发音拼写完全一样,但是弗同个词,弗同个意思;软音符ç只用勒“c”字母下头,因为法语搭英语当中一样,“c”勒“a、o”面前发[k]音,勒“e、i”前发[s]音,假如勒“a、o”面前,想让伊发[s]音,需要加软音符,譬如勒français(法国人)中。
===元音===
[[Image:French-vowels.png]]
法语个元音多数圆唇,居就是为啥看法国人话说话个辰光,嘴巴一例是圆个。
*注意:/A/对交关法语使用者弗再是音位。但是对于/@/(Schwa)是弗是法语中个[[音素]]还存在争论。有人认为伊是音位/9/个变体。
===辅音===
[[爆破音]]
/p, b/
/k, g/
/t, d/
居是法语里向对大多数亚洲人(非吴语人口)最难学个发音之一。交关亚洲国家学法语个人勒学法语几十年之后仍分勿清爽,问题是法国人对居特别敏感,而且搿个对区别有星词语有关键个作用。难点勒到:区分每一组里向左右两个音,左边为[[清音|清辅音]],右边为[[浊音|浊辅音]]。原因勒到:亚洲语言(譬如汉语[[普通话]])里向弗存在清浊辅音个区别,而只有送气搭弗送气清辅音个区别。就算学过英语,也可能朆注意,因为英语个清爆破音一般需要送气,勒s后头个清破裂音弗送气,如s'''p'''eak,s'''t'''ar,s'''k'''y等等。但是对吴语人口来讲,法语里向个/p, b/,/k, g/,/t, d/正好对应吴语拼音里向个/p, b/,/k, g/,/t, d/,除开搿星,吴语还有ph (匹),kh (克),th (套)。咯老,以吴语为母语个人可以明显分出p (比),b (被),ph (匹)。
[[摩擦音]]
/s, z/ <br/>
/f, v/ <br/>
/S, Z/ <br/>
[[腭音]]:/ɲ/
*腭音,发音个辰光舌面贴上腭,气流同时从口腔搭鼻腔送出。
[[边音]]:/l/
[[颤音]]:/r/
*有人认为搿个音是法语里向最漂亮个。现代法语里向通常发小舌擦音,各地个发音方式略有弗同;少数地区搭少数情况下也用小舌颤音。有少数法语区,如[[加拿大]]个[[魁北克]],部分[[非洲]]国家搭法国南部少数地区也有只用[[大舌头音]]。小舌即医学上个[[悬雍垂]],大舌即[[舌]]。
[[半元音]]:/j/
[j]总是发音摩擦音。英语y个发音(yeast)。
===读音规则===
法语个读音规则非常简单,通常勒普通个法语字典里向占一页个篇幅。
但是对使用中文个来说,需要了解搿些规则:
*单词末尾个[[辅音字母]]通常弗发音个,除非勒后头有[[元音字母]]或者同一个辅音字母,譬如“paquet”、“pas”、“las”结尾个“t”搭“s”弗发音)。但是,搿星辅音字母勒[[联诵]]或者[[连音]]当中可能发音。
*“n”搭“m”勒元音字母面前发字母音,而勒有星元音字母后头並且后头呒得元音字母或者“m”或“n”相连个辰光,搭前面个元音构成[[鼻化元音]]。
*另外,以不发音个辅音字母结尾个法语单词后头紧跟一个元音开头个单词,並且搭伊勒到同一个[[节奏组]]当中个辰光会得发生[[联诵]],同样情况,假如面前个单词以辅音结尾,则会发生[[连音]]。
**(勒上面文字中,请注意辅音、元音与辅音字母、元音字母个区别。)
*辅音字母“h”勒任何情况侪弗发音,但勒作为单词开头个辰光,要区分为“哑音”搭“嘘音”,词典上一般勒嘘音单词前加上“*”。哑音搭嘘音区别主要是:哑音开头个词语,读音、写法变化搭元音开头个单词一样,而嘘音开头单词个变化搭辅音开头个单词一样,即弗能连读,也弗能省音等。
==常用词组==
<small>参见:[[各地常用会话列表]]</small>
*法语:''le français'' [fʁɑ̃se]
*侬好:''bonjour'' [bɔ̃ʒuʁ]
*再会:''au revoir'' [oʁəvwaʁ]
*请:''s'il vous plaît'' [sil vu plɛ]
*谢谢:''merci'' [mɛʁsi]
*搿个:''celui-là''或''celle-là'' [sə lɥi la] / [sɛl la]
*多少:''combien'' [kɔ̃bjɛ̃]
*中文:''le chinois [lə ʃinwa]
*吴语:''le wu [lə u]
*英语:''l'anglais''[lɑ̃glɛ]
*是:''oui'' [ɥi]
*弗、勿:''non'' [nɔ̃]
*吾非常抱歉:''Je suis désolé'' [ʒə sɥi dezɔle]
*吾弗晓得:''Je ne comprends pas'' [ʒə nə kɔ̃pʁɑ̃ pa]
*厕所勒哪里?: ''Où sont les toilettes ?'' [u sɔ̃ lɛ twalɛt]
*干杯:''Santé! '' [sɑ̃te]
*中文,侬会讲哇?''Parlez-vous chinois ?''或''"Vous parlez chinois ?'' [paʁle vu ʃinwa]
*英语,侬会讲哇?''Parlez-vous anglais ?''或''"Vous parlez anglais ?'' [paʁle vu ɑ̃glɛ]
*吾从中国来 ''je viens de la Chine'' [ʒə vjɛ̃ də ʃin]
==语法==
''参见[[法语语法]]。''
法语个动词形态变化非常复杂,以动词"être"[ɛtʁə]“是”为例:
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"
|----- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
| bgcolor="#999999" | 时态(temps) || colspan="4" | 现在时(présent)
| 简单未来时(futur simple)
| colspan="2" | 未完成过去时(imparfait) || 简单过去时(passé simple)
|----- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
| bgcolor="#999999" | 语式(modes) || 直陈式(indicatif)
| 虚拟式(subjonctif) || 命令式(impératif) || 条件式(conditionnel)
| 直陈式(indicatif)
| 直陈式(indicatif) || 虚拟式(subjonctif) || 直陈式(indicatif)
|-----
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | 1人称单数(je) || '''suis '''[sɥi]
| '''sois''' || '''-''' || '''serais'''
| '''serai'''
| '''étais''' || '''fusse''' || '''fus'''
|-----
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | 2人称单数(tu) || '''es'''[e]
| '''sois''' || '''sois''' || '''serais'''
| '''seras'''
| '''étais''' || '''fusses''' || '''fus'''
|-----
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | 3人称单数(il/elle) || '''est''' [e]
| '''soit''' || '''-''' || '''serait'''
| '''sera'''
| '''était''' || '''fût''' || '''fut'''
|-----
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | 1人称复数(nous) || '''sommes'''[sɔm]
| '''soyons''' || '''soyons''' || '''serions'''
| '''serons'''
| '''étions''' || '''fussions''' || '''fûmes'''
|-----
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | 2人称复数(vous) || '''êtes'''[ɛtə]
| '''soyez''' || '''soyez''' || '''seriez'''
| '''serez'''
| '''étiez''' || '''fussiez''' || '''fûtes'''
|-----
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | 3人称复数(ils/elles)
| '''sont''' [sɔ̃] || '''soient''' || '''-'''
| '''seraient''' || '''seront'''
| '''étaient''' || '''fussent''' || '''furent'''
|}
==参考==
*{{note|1}}《外国习俗丛书•法国》,世界知识出版社,1993年,ISBN 7-5012-0542-6/K.114
*{{note|2}}根据[[中国人口与环境研究会]]个沈益民及童乘珠所写个《[http://ccms.ntu.edu.tw/~psc/newsletter/21/6.htm 中国人口问题:计划生育搭人口迁移政策]》,北宋个人口勒开国个辰光只有六百多万,到[[宋徽宗]]辰光高峰期也只有4700万人。而根据[[中国]][[南开大学]]历史学家[[张世铁]]个《[http://cbs.nku.cn/ReadNews.asp?NewsID=186 试论十字军东征动因中的生态因素]》,法国勒1100年个人口只有620万,弗可能比汉语人口更多。
==外部链接==
{{InterWiki|code=fr}}
{{Wikibooks||French}}
{{Commonscat|French}}
*[http://www.pomme.ualberta.ca/pomme/ Pomme]加拿大Alberta大学个法语教学网,有语法讲解,最特別个是,伊可以反查法语第一组、第二组、第三组所有个规则搭不规则动词,而且能够针对各个时态进行反查。反查动词个页面*[http://www.pomme.ualberta.ca/conjugateur/ conjugateur]揿Recherche par formes conjuguées即可输入任何动词变位形式进行反查。
*[http://shtooka.moostik.net/dico-fr/index.php?lng=cn 免费 有声 法语词库]
*[http://www.academie-francaise.fr/ Académie Française]
*[http://www.101languages.net/french/ French 101] Learn French online
*[http://www.francophonie.org/ Francophonie 法语国家联盟]
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=FRN Ethnologue report for French]
*[http://french.about.com/library/begin/bl_begin_vocab.htm 法语词汇初步]
*[http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/f.htm 网上免费资源]
*[[TV5]][http://www.tv5.org/TV5Site/lf/langue_francaise.php 个法语学习节目]
*[http://www.obopo.com/ Amitié franco-chinoise 欧博 - 互动中法]
*[http://www.universalis.fr/ Universalis百科全书] 权威法语百科全书(非免费)
*免费个在线法语字典
** [http://fawen.cn 法汉汉法在线词典]
** [http://atilf.atilf.fr/dendien/scripts/tlfiv4/showps.exe?p=combi.htm;java=no; TLF 法语语言宝典]法国科研中心(CNRS)从1957年直至1994年才完成个语言大典,引经据典,非常完备。
** [http://dico.isc.cnrs.fr/dico/fr/chercher 法语同义词词典]
** [http://atilf.atilf.fr/academie9.htm 法兰西学院法语词典]其中两册可在线查阅
** [http://www.frdic.com 法语助手在线词典]法语助手个在线版本,可以免费使用
[[Category:言话]]
{{罗曼语族}}
{{欧盟官方语言}}
{{联合国官方语言}}
{{Link FA|vi}}
[[af:Franse taal]]
[[als:Französische Sprache]]
[[am:ፈረንሳይኛ]]
[[an:Idioma franzés]]
[[ang:Frencisc sprǣc]]
[[ar:لغة فرنسية]]
[[ast:Francés]]
[[be:Француская мова]]
[[bg:Френски език]]
[[bm:Faransikan]]
[[bn:ফরাসি ভাষা]]
[[br:Galleg]]
[[bs:Francuski jezik]]
[[ca:Francès]]
[[cs:Francouzština]]
[[cv:Франци чĕлхи]]
[[cy:Ffrangeg]]
[[da:Fransk]]
[[de:Französische Sprache]]
[[el:Γαλλική γλώσσα]]
[[en:French language]]
[[eo:Franca lingvo]]
[[es:Idioma francés]]
[[et:Prantsuse keel]]
[[eu:Frantses]]
[[fa:زبان فرانسوی]]
[[fi:Ranskan kieli]]
[[fr:Français]]
[[frp:Francês]]
[[fy:Frânsk]]
[[ga:Fraincis]]
[[gd:Fraingis]]
[[gl:Lingua francesa]]
[[he:צרפתית]]
[[hi:फ़्रांसिसी भाषा]]
[[hr:Francuski jezik]]
[[ht:Lang franse]]
[[hu:Francia nyelv]]
[[hy:Ֆրանսերեն]]
[[ia:Lingua francese]]
[[id:Bahasa Perancis]]
[[ilo:Pagsasao a Frances]]
[[io:Franciana linguo]]
[[is:Franska]]
[[it:Lingua francese]]
[[iu:ᐅᐃᕖᑎᑐᑦ]]
[[ja:フランス语]]
[[jbo:fasybau]]
[[ka:ფრანგული ენა]]
[[kg:Kifalanse]]
[[ko:프랑스어]]
[[ku:Zimanê fransî]]
[[kw:Frynkek]]
[[la:Lingua Francogallica]]
[[li:Frans]]
[[ln:Falansé]]
[[lt:Prancūzų kalba]]
[[lv:Franču valoda]]
[[mk:Француски јазик]]
[[ms:Bahasa Perancis]]
[[nds:Franzöösche Spraak]]
[[nds-nl:Frans]]
[[nl:Frans]]
[[nn:Fransk språk]]
[[no:Fransk språk]]
[[nrm:Fraunceis]]
[[oc:Francés]]
[[os:Францусаг æвзаг]]
[[pl:Język francuski]]
[[pt:Língua francesa]]
[[rm:Lingua franzosa]]
[[ro:Limba franceză]]
[[ru:Французский язык]]
[[sc:Limba frantzesa]]
[[scn:Lingua francisa]]
[[sco:French leid]]
[[se:Fránskkagiella]]
[[sh:Francuski jezik]]
[[simple:French language]]
[[sk:Francúzština]]
[[sl:Francoščina]]
[[sq:Gjuha Frënge]]
[[sr:Француски језик]]
[[sv:Franska]]
[[sw:Kifaransa]]
[[ta:பிரெஞ்சு மொழி]]
[[th:ภาษาฝรั่งเศส]]
[[tl:Wikang Pranses]]
[[tr:Fransızca]]
[[ug:فرانسۇز تىل]]
[[uk:Французька мова]]
[[vi:Tiếng Pháp]]
[[wa:Francès]]
[[zh-min-nan:Hoat-gí]]
[[zh-yue:法语]]
西班牙文
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{{Infobox Language
|name=西班牙语
|nativename={{lang|es|español}}, {{lang|es|castellano}}
|familycolor=印欧语系
|states=[[墨西哥]],[[哥伦比亚]],[[阿根廷]],[[西班牙]],[[秘鲁]],[[委内瑞拉]],[[波多黎各]],[[玻利维亚]],[[巴拉圭]],[[洪都拉斯]],[[萨尔瓦多]],[[危地马拉]],[[古巴]],[[哥斯达黎加]],[[巴拿马]],[[厄瓜多尔]],[[乌拉圭]],[[智利]],[[多米尼加共和国]],[[赤道几内亚]]。作为第二语言勒[[联合国]],[[伯利兹]],[[西撒哈拉]]广泛应用。
|region=[[欧洲]]([[西班牙]],[[安道尔共和国]])搭欧洲个移民国家,美洲([[拉丁美洲]],[[加勒比海]],[[美国]]),[[赤道几内亚]]以及[[西撒哈拉]]([[非洲]]部分区域),[[复活节岛]],但是[[澳大利亚]],[[伦敦]]以及[[亚洲]]国家([[菲律宾]]搭其他)个移民社区个使用者勒减少。
|speakers=3.3亿 (包括第二语言使用者勒里向有 4.17亿)
|rank=2
|fam2=[[意大利语族]]
|fam3=[[罗曼语族]]
|fam4=[[西意大利语系]]
|fam5=[[法国-伊比利亚语]]
|fam6=<span style="font-size:smaller;">[[伊比利亚-罗曼语支]]</span>
|fam7=<span style="font-size:smaller;">[[西伊比利亚语]]</span>
|nation=[[阿根廷]],[[玻利维亚]],[[智利]],[[哥伦比亚]],[[哥斯达黎加]],[[古巴]],[[多米尼加共和国]],[[厄瓜多尔]],[[萨尔瓦多]],[[赤道几内亚]],[[危地马拉]],[[洪都拉斯]],[[墨西哥]],[[尼加拉瓜]],[[巴拿马]],[[巴拉圭]],[[秘鲁]],[[西班牙]],[[乌拉圭]]和[[委内瑞拉]],[[西撒哈拉]](作为[[菲律宾]]个官方语言直到1987年)。
|agency=[[西班牙皇家学院]]
|iso1=es|iso2=spa|iso3=spa|map=[[Image:Map-Hispanophone World.png|center|280px]]<center><small>西班牙语使用地区图,<br>深颜色地区表示搿地区全部或者大部分居民使用,浅颜色地区表示搿个地区只有少部分人使用.</center></small>}}
'''西班牙语'''('''{{lang|es|español}}''' 或者 '''{{lang|es|castellano}}''')是世界第3大语言,联合国6大语言之一。勒五大洲当中,大约摸有352,000,000人用渠,特别是勒[[拉丁美洲]]国家。交关讲西班牙语个人帮伊俚个闲话称为西班牙语(''Español''),但是交关讲其他语言个[[西班牙]]人叫西班牙语为卡斯蒂利亚语(''castellano'')。另外一方面,拉美人更加欢喜用''castellano''搿个词,因为''Español''听起来像一个民族,弗是一种语言。[[英语]]个人叫西班牙语''Spanish'',就是''Español''个英文翻译。卡斯蒂利亚语原先是勒[[卡斯提尔]]使用个一种[[方言]]。
==历史==
西班牙语是从[[俗拉丁语]]当中发展而来个,也受到过[[巴斯克语]]搭[[阿拉伯语]]个影响。西班牙语音个典型特征是辅音弱化,腭音化。相同个现象也可以勒大部分[[罗曼语系]]个语言当中发现。
[[中世纪]]个辅音系统勒犹太-西班牙语中保存了交关好。搿种语言勒[[15世纪]]拨驱逐出西班牙个[[犹太人]]个后裔当中使用。
==世界浪个西班牙语==
西班牙语是[[非盟]],[[欧盟]]搭[[联合国]]个官方语言。勒21世纪用西班牙语作为官方语言个国家有:[[阿根廷]]、[[玻利维亚]]、[[智利]]、[[哥伦比亚]]、[[哥斯达黎加]]、[[古巴]]、[[多米尼加共和国]]、[[厄瓜多尔]]、[[萨尔瓦多]]、[[赤道几内亚]]、[[危地马拉]]、[[洪都拉斯]]、[[墨西哥]]、[[尼加拉瓜]]、[[巴拿马]]、[[巴拉圭]]、[[秘鲁]]、[[西班牙]]、[[乌拉圭]]搭[[委内瑞拉]]。
西班牙语也勒[[安道尔共和国]]、[[伯利兹]]、[[加拿大]]、[[直布罗陀]]、[[以色列]]、[[摩洛哥]]、[[荷兰]]、[[菲律宾]]、[[美国]]、[[特立尼达和多巴哥]]搭仔[[西撒哈拉]]用。
勒西班牙搭拉丁美洲(除开巴西等国家)有交关种弗同个西班牙语方言。勒西班牙北部个[[卡斯蒂利亚]]方言发音一般拨认为是西班牙语个标准发音。
勒[[美洲]],头一批西班牙人带过来欧洲现代个文明,但是也带过来伊俚个地方主义。今朝,尔仍是有处发现勒美洲弗同个落场有明显弗同个方言口音。
==[[西班牙语字母|字母表]]==
{| border="0" cellpadding="5"
|----- valign="top"
| width="33%" | || width="33%" | || width="33%" |
|-----
| valign="top" |
* [[A]] a (a)
* [[B]] b (be)
* [[C]] c (ce)
* ''[[Ch]] ch (che)''
* [[D]] d (de)
* [[E]] e (e)
* [[F]] f (efe)
* [[G]] g (he)
* [[H]] h (ache)
* [[I]] i (i)
| valign="top" |
* [[J]] j (hoda)
* [[K]] k (ka)
* [[L]] l (ele)
* ''[[LL]] ll (elle)''
* [[M]] m (eme)
* [[N]] n (ene)
* [[Ñ]] ñ (eñe)
* [[O]] o (o)
* [[P]] p (pe)
* [[Q]] q (cu)
| valign="top" |
* [[R]] r (ere)
* [[S]] s (ese)
* [[T]] t (te)
* [[U]] u (u)
* [[V]] v (uve)
* [[W]] w (duble uve)
* [[X]] x (ekis)
* [[Y]] y (i griega)
* [[Z]] z (seta)
|}
此外,还有重音标志个字母''á''、''é''、''í''、''ó''搭''ú''。字母''ü''用勒字母组合''güe''和''güi''里相表示''u''要发音,因为了勒组合''gue''、''gui''当中,''u''是弗发音个。
根据1994年西班牙皇家学院个决定,「CH」搭「LL」弗再作为单独个字母勒字母表当中出现.但是弗管搿学院管个美洲西班牙文还是拿搿两个字母摆勒勒字母表里个.
{{Alphabet es}}
==语法==
详见:[[西班牙语语法]]
西班牙语个读写一致,每个字母个读音相对是固定个。
=== 性 ===
西班牙语个名词搭形容词分为阳性搭阴性。一般以-o结尾个名词或形容词为阳性,以-a结尾个名词或者形容词为阴性。但是也有例外,譬如,水个西班牙文是agua,为阳性名词。
=== 数 ===
名词搭形容词侪有单数搭复数两种形式。一般勒词根后头加-s或者-es。句子当中个名词搭形容词个性、数要一致。
=== 动词 ===
详见:[[西班牙语动词变位]]
西班牙语个动词体系复杂,有交关弗同个时态。勒弗同个时态当中,根据弗同个动词搭人称有弗同个变位方式。一般,西班牙语个动词分三类:以-ar结尾个动词、以-er结尾个动词搭以-ir结尾个动词。
以现在时为例:
{| width="80%" border="1"
|-----
| 动词原形 || hablar(话,讲) || comer(吃) || vivir(住)
|-----
| 第一人称单数 || hablo || como || vivo
|-----
| 第一人称复数 || hablamos || comemos || vivimos
|-----
| 第二人称单数 || hablas || comes || vives
|-----
| 第二人称复数 || habláis || coméis || vivís
|-----
| 第三人称单数(包括第二人称敬称) || habla || come || vive
|-----
| 第三人称复数(包括第二人称敬称) || hablan || comen || viven
|}
西班牙语是[[屈折语]]。西班牙语个陈述语序一般是“主语-谓语-宾语”结构,弗同于吴语主体“主语-宾语-谓语”结构。西班牙语个感叹句、疑问句分别要勒面前加倒感叹号、倒问号,后头相应个加感叹号、问号。譬如:''¿Qué es esto?''(居是啥物事?)''¡No es verdad!''(居弗是真个!)
==一星简单个西班牙语==
''请详见:[[弗同语言当中个共用词组]]''
*''hola'':尔好
*''adiós'':再会
*''por favor'':请
*''gracias'':谢谢
*''perdón'':抱歉、对勿起
*''¿cuánto?'':多少?(根据性搭数个弗同还可以变为cuántos,cuánta,cuántas)
*''inglés'':英语
*''sí'':是
*''no'':弗,勿
*''No comprendo'':吾弗懂
*''¿Dónde está el baño?'':厕所/汏浴间(看具体情况)勒哪搭?
*''¿Habla usted inglés?'':尔话英语伐?
*''China'':中国
1=uno. 2=dos. 3=tres . 4=cuatro . 5=cinco 6=seis
7=siete 8=ocho 9=nueve 10=diez
==详见==
{{InterWiki|code=es}}
*语言:
**[[西班牙语动词]]
**[[美国个西班牙语]]
*文学
**[[西班牙文学]]
**[[西班牙俗语]]
**[[西班牙语诗歌]]
==外部链接==
*[http://www.tododiccionarios.com Tododiccionarios.com]
*[http://www.chinese-tools.com/tools/chinese-spanish-dictionary.html 普通闲话—西班牙语—普通闲话字典]<small>([http://www.chinese-tools.com www.chinese-tools.com])</small>
* [http://www.101languages.net/spanish/ Spanish 101] Learn Spanish online
*[http://www.freedict.com/onldict/spa.html 网浪英语—西班牙语—英语字典]<small>([http://www.freedict.com www.freedict.com])</small>
*[http://www.wordreference.com/ 网浪法语、意大利语、西班牙语字典]<small>([http://www.wordreference.com WordReference.com])</small>
[[category:言话]]
[[af:Spaans]]
[[als:Spanische Sprache]]
[[ang:Spéonisc sprǽc]]
[[ar:لغة إسبانية]]
[[an:Idioma español]]
[[ast:Castellanu]]
[[bs:Španski jezik]]
[[bg:Испански език]]
[[ca:Castellà]]
[[cs:Španělština]]
[[cy:Sbaeneg]]
[[da:Spansk (sprog)]]
[[de:Spanische Sprache]]
[[nv:Naakai bizaad]]
[[el:Ισπανική γλώσσα]]
[[en:Spanish language]]
[[es:Idioma español]]
[[eo:Hispana lingvo]]
[[eu:Gaztelera]]
[[fa:زبان اسپانیایی]]
[[fr:Espagnol]]
[[ga:Spáinnis]]
[[gl:Lingua española]]
[[ko:에스파냐어]]
[[hy:Իսպաներեն]]
[[hr:Španjolski jezik]]
[[io:Hispaniana linguo]]
[[ilo:Pagsasao nga Espaniol]]
[[id:Bahasa Spanyol]]
[[ia:Lingua espaniol]]
[[zu:IsiSpanish]]
[[it:Lingua spagnola]]
[[he:ספרדית]]
[[kw:Spaynek]]
[[ku:Ispanî]]
[[la:Lingua Hispanica]]
[[lb:Spuenesch]]
[[lt:Ispanų kalba]]
[[li:Castiliaans]]
[[jbo:sanban]]
[[hu:Spanyol nyelv]]
[[mk:Шпански јазик]]
[[ms:Bahasa Sepanyol]]
[[nl:Spaans]]
[[ja:スペイン語]]
[[no:Spansk språk]]
[[oc:Castelhan]]
[[ug:ئىسپان تىلى]]
[[pl:Język hiszpański]]
[[pt:Língua castelhana]]
[[ro:Limba spaniolă]]
[[rm:Lingua spagnola]]
[[qu:Kastilla simi]]
[[ru:Испанский язык]]
[[scn:Lingua spagnola]]
[[simple:Spanish language]]
[[sl:Španščina]]
[[sr:Шпански језик]]
[[fi:Espanjan kieli]]
[[sv:Spanska]]
[[tl:Wikang Kastila]]
[[th:ภาษาสเปน]]
[[vi:Tiếng Tây Ban Nha]]
[[to:Fakasipenisi]]
[[tr:İspanyolca]]
[[uk:Іспанська мова]]
[[zh-yue:西班牙話]]
[[zh:西班牙语]]
蛋白质
18
23
2006-10-01T07:52:26Z
Ronline
3
[[Image:Myoglobin.png|thumb|200px|肌红蛋白]]
右图是[[肌红蛋白]]个3D(立体)结构,有颜色个部分代表个是[[α螺旋]]。搿个蛋白质个结构首先拨[[Max Perutz]]搭[[John Cowdery Kendrew]]爵士勒1958年通过[[X光]]结晶技术发现,居使得伊俚获得了[[诺贝尔]]化学奖。
蛋白质个[[英文]]单词 protein (来源于希腊文protas ,意思是“最重要”),中文名取“蛋白质”是因为蛋白质是鸡蛋个主要成分。头一下子使用protein是勒到一封1838年6月10号[[Jöns Jakob Berzelius]]寄拨[[Gerhardus Johannes Mulder]]个信当中。
勒信里向,伊写道:([[法语]])
«Le nom protéine que je vous propose pour l’oxyde organique de la fibrine et de l’albumine,
je voulais le dériver de πρωτειοξ, parce qu’il paraît être la substance primitive ou
principale de la nutrition animale.»
翻译成[[吴语]]:
“吾建议尔用protein搿个名字指[[纤维蛋白]]搭[[血白蛋白]]个有机[[氧化物]]。吾想搿个名字应该从希腊文πρωτειοξ引申起来,因为伊象是[[动物]]营养物最原始或者是最主要个[[物质]]。”
蛋白质是一种有机高分子个复合体,伊主要是由多个[[氨基酸]]通过[[肽键]]互相连接组成。蛋白质对于有[[生命]]个个体、细胞,甚至病毒发挥伊俚个生理功能有非常重要个意义。
弗同个蛋白质有自家弗同个生理功能,有星蛋白质是[[酶]],[[催化]]化学反应,有星作为组织结构,譬如讲作为[[细胞]]骨架个主要成分。除开伊俚,蛋白质还有[[免疫]]功能、运送功能等等。
蛋白质作为生物高分子,搭高[[聚糖]]、[[脂]]、[[核酸]]等物质是构成生物机体个基本组成。伊主要是由氨基酸按照一定顺序排列个高聚物,氨基酸顺序个信息通过基因代码储存起来。通过基因个[[转录]]搭[[翻译]],细胞可以提取信息,並合成出蛋白质。
勒[[营养学]]里向,蛋白质通过消化作用拨分解成自由个氨基酸,提供拨机体合成伊需要个物质,有星氨基酸人体本身呒处自家合成,只好通过食物从外界吸收。
蛋白质勒1838年拨Jöns Jakob Berzelius发现,之后一直是生物化学广泛研究个分子之一。
'''组成搭合成'''
蛋白质是通过20种弗同个[[L-α氨基酸]]构成个高聚物,勒组成个过程当中,需要利用储存勒勒[[基因]]里相个信息。先从基因转录到RNA([[核糖核酸]]),再通过转运RNA(tRNA)遵守[[密码子]]-反密码子法则运到[[核糖体]]当中。按照信使RNA个序列合成出蛋白质。当然勒居过程当中酶是弗可缺少个。
由氨基酸形成个多肽链有两个末端,根据末端个弗同个[[官能团]](-COOH或者——NH2),分别称为C端搭N端。
== 结构 ==
[[Image:ProteinStructure.jpg|thumb|400px|蛋白质3D结构]]
蛋白质是由氨基酸通过肽键按照一定个顺序连接形成个多肽链。蛋白质个基本单位是氨基酸,氨基酸个氨基搭羧基通过[[缩和反应]]形成肽键,由多个氨基酸组成个肽称为[[多肽]]。
蛋白质个[[分子]]结构可以分成四级机构:
一级结构:组成多肽链个氨基酸序列。
两级结构:借助不同肽键个C=O搭N-H基团之间个氢键形成个稳定结构。
三级结构:由一条多肽链个不同氨基酸侧链之间个互相作用形成个稳定结构。
四级结构:由不同多肽链亚基间相互作用形成个有特定功能个蛋白质分子。四级结构弗一定勒所有蛋白质当中侪可以寻着。
一级结构借助转录过程中形成个[[共价键]]维持。通过蛋白质折叠形成高一级结构。特定个多肽链可能有弗止一个个稳定构型,每种构型侪有自家特定个生物活性,其中只有一种有天然活性。
假如说一个蛋白质某个区域有二级结构,一般是α螺旋或者[[β折叠]]。随机个区域拨称为[[随机卷曲]]。多肽链通过[[氢键]],[[厌水作用]]或者[[二硫键]]等等作用进一步折叠成更加大个三维结构。
蛋白质一般是大来交关个分子,分子量可能达到3000kDa(1Da相当于1g/mol)。差弗多搿个分子量等级个氨基酸链拨认为是蛋白质,稍微短点个氨基酸链拨称为“多肽”,“肽”或者“寡肽”。分界线並弗明确。
== 蛋白质个功能 ==
'''生理功能'''
蛋白质基本浪勒细胞个各个功能里向侪发挥作用,包括[[信号]]转换搭新陈代谢等。生命,从[[化学]]个观点看,只弗过是蛋白质发挥作用个过程,但是有一点吾俚要承认,就是还需要DNA([[脱氧核糖核酸]])来专一合成蛋白质。蛋白质有下头几项基本功能:
# 酶,催化[[新陈代谢]]过程当中个各个反应。
# 结构组成部分,譬如:[[胶原蛋白]]。
# 调节功能, 譬如转录过程当中控制因子。
# 信号发送分子搭伊俚个受体,譬如[[激素]]([[荷尔蒙]])搭伊俚个受体。
# 防卫功能, 包括免疫系统个抗体、毒素,来保护机体弗受侵害。
'''营养功能'''
蛋白质有处(同 可以)用来生产能量,但是伊俚必须首先拨转化成普通个代谢物质。搿个过程需要脱氨——毒性大来交关个物质。氨勒肝脏里拨转化为[[尿素]],毒性下降,拨排到尿(浠,勒[[吴语拼音]]里相念Sy或者Shi)里。另外一星动物帮尿(浠)素转化成尿酸。
蛋白质是动物性食物个必需成份,对生长搭组织发育非常重要,伊可以从肉、鱼、鸡蛋、牛奶搭豆制品当中吸收。
蛋白质缺乏一般涉及到营养学,尤其是落后贫穷国家人民个饥荒搭营养弗良。甚至勒发达国家,象[[美国]],居也是一个拨忽视个[[健康]]因素。因为种种原因,食物严重依赖碳水化合物,缺少必需个氨基酸。蛋白质缺乏可以导致病症,譬如疲劳,[[脱发]],头发掉颜色(本来是黑头发个变成功红颜色),[[肌肉]]重量减轻(蛋白质可以修复肌肉组织),[[体温]]低,激素失调。严重个蛋白质缺乏还会得致命。
有时候造食物过敏搭[[过敏]]反应个元凶也是蛋白质。因为各种蛋白质个结构侪稍微有弗同个,有星蛋白质会得引起免疫系统个反应,而另外一星非常安全。交关人侪对长生果当中个有星蛋白质,或者贝类或其他海鲜个蛋白质过敏,但是呒得多少人对所有居三种侪过敏。
量子力學
19
24
2006-10-01T07:52:46Z
Ronline
3
量子力學是[[理論物理]]個基礎分支之一。量子力學理論脫[[相對論]]理論是現代物理學個兩大基本支柱。量子力學解決了原子、亞原子層面個問題。
==介紹==
==歷史==
==外部連結==
脚踏车
20
2113
2006-10-18T11:23:58Z
137.226.77.2
'''脚踏车'''(苏州言话:[[IPA]] <font face="Lucida Sans Unicode">[ʨiɒʔ][daʔ][ʦʰo]</font>;上海言话:[[IPA]] <font face="Lucida Sans Unicode">[ʨiaʔ][daʔ][ʦʰo]</font>;宁波言话:[[IPA]] <font face="Lucida Sans Unicode">[ʨiɪʔ][dɐʔ][ʦʰo]</font>),又叫“自行车”,是用人力踏个两轮车。
沪南公路
21
26
2006-10-01T07:53:25Z
Ronline
3
'''沪南公路''',又叫'''沪南路''',是[[/上海]]到[[/南汇]]个一条[[/公路]]。往南面过脱龙阳路开始叫沪南路,塘桥到龙阳路一段叫浦建路,塘桥摆渡口到浦东南路一段叫塘桥新路。沪南路通过南浦大桥搭浦西接起来。从塘桥开始算,经过塘桥、严桥、花木、北蔡、莲溪、御桥、康桥、周浦、下沙、新场到惠南。
[[Category:上海市]]
[[Category:上海交通]]
沪松公路
22
27
2006-10-01T07:53:40Z
Ronline
3
'''沪松公路'''是[[/上海]]到[[/松江]]个一条公路。从七宝到松江格段路叫沪松公路,漕河泾到七宝格段路叫漕宝路,龙华到漕河泾格段路叫龙漕路。从龙华开始算,经过新龙华、漕河泾、田林新村、漕河泾开发区、七宝、九亭、泗泾、洞泾到松江。
[[Category:上海]]
[[Category:上海交通]]
沪青平公路
23
28
2006-10-01T07:53:55Z
Ronline
3
'''沪青平公路'''是[[上海]]经过[[青浦]]到[[吴江]][[平望]]个公路,也就是318国道(到云南瑞丽)上海搭仔吴江一段,从上海[[虹桥机场]]格搭接通延安西路,到平望接通到[[湖州]]个公路。从虹桥机场开始算,经过徐泾、赵巷、青浦、朱家角到平望。
搭本地别他个公路一样,沪青平公路修筑个早年,是勒海水乡田埂土路个基础浪连接起来个。格咾一开始交关曲折,外加狭窄。公路两旁边水杉成行,荷塘水田弗断,交关有得乡村景致。一埭路里跨越木老老个大小河浜,为之讲桥是来得个多,从上海程家桥开始编号,叫“几号桥”、“十几号桥”、“廿几号桥”,一直排到青浦个西横头,第些桥本身个“某某浜桥”个名字反而是沪青线卖票员记大弗清爽个。九十年代上海市大规模修整沪青平公路,耐末再成为标准化个水泥马路。本世纪新修个“沪青平高速公路”(编号A9)个路线搭原来个“沪青平公路”弗大一样,大体浪勒海老路个南面。
[[Category:上海]]
[[Category:上海交通]]
沪太路
24
29
2006-10-01T07:54:12Z
Ronline
3
'''沪太路''',又叫'''沪太公路''',是[[上海]]到[[太仓]]个一条公路,1921年造好,是上海到外地最早个公路。从上海火车站(新客站)北面开始,经过大华新村、大场、顾村、刘行、罗南、罗店、浏河到太仓。[[沪宜公路]]造好仔,到太仓去个车子侪走沪宜公路,不过到海门、启东去个车子还是走沪太路个。
[[Category:上海]]
[[Category:上海交通]]
荣毅仁
25
555
2006-10-03T20:49:14Z
Wtzdj
18
'''荣毅仁'''(1916年—2005年 ),字继曾,[[无锡]]人。渠爹爹是[[荣德生]],阿叔是[[荣宗敬]],搿个两家头是开创中国棉纱搭面粉个民族工业个先驱。荣先生历任[[上海]]市副市长、纺织工业部副部长、全国政协副主席、全国人大常委会副委员长。改革开放仔以后,受邓小平之命创办中国国际信托投资公司。1993年,勒第八届全国人大浪当选中国国家副主席。曾经拨《[[福布斯]]》杂志评为2000年度个中国首富。荣家也曾经一度拨别人家叫成功中国个红色资本家。
汪明荃
26
2057
2006-10-18T03:11:24Z
130.220.79.98
'''汪明荃'''(Liza Wang {{bd|1947年|8月28日|||W}}),青浦人,香港艺人。由于辣拉[[香港]]文艺界个崇高地位人称'''汪阿姐'''。佢曾经担任[[港区人大]]代表,也担任过[[八和会馆]]主席,现在是[[全国政协]]委员。
==简历==
汪明荃个爷是青浦人,娘是[[崇明]]人。佢养辣拉崇明,乳名「小妹」,搭公公亲婆生活辣一道。
[[1956年]]秋天到香港去定居。因为欢喜表演,佢去应考丽的映声艺员训练班。千把个报名者只录取九个,佢就是其中一位。后首来,佢为仔让自家个演出更进一步,自费到日本去深造,第个辣拉当时来讲是一项创举。而佢学成转来,证明了佢个选择个正确性。
20世纪70年代是汪明荃最风光时期。当时不少重头剧侪是由佢担任主角,包括家喻户晓个《家变》。佢演个女强人骆琳,形象深入民心,佢也因此奠定仔电视剧一姐个地位。80年代,佢凭借电视剧《[[万水千山总是情]]》里向个热血爱国女学生形像并主唱插曲《勇敢的中国人》而赢得省港澳观众个爱戴。由于当时香港个人大代表并非由香港人自行推选,而是由广东省个代表提名推选,佢因此辣拉选举时被多人提名,并踏上了从政个道路。后首来,佢多次代表香港人向中央表达香港人个声音。
身为人大,佢辣拉选剧本更加审慎,为仔讲佢90年代开始转任政协,并渐渐淡出政坛,重新展开演艺事业。可惜人气已不及70年代恁介风光,拍出来个作品大多畀人家揶揄,汪明荃于是再次踏上政坛。[[1996年]]佢曾意图参选[[临时立法会]]选举,男朋友[[罗家英]]钝佢:「阿姐啊,汝去参选临立会呀?如果有人抬纸棺材畀你,汝哪恁对付?」结果佢一如意料之中落选了。
自此汪明荃又淡出政坛,重踏演艺事业。不过箇趟主攻粤剧,并成为香港[[粤剧]]界个头目。譬如辣拉[[2005年]]8月,汪明荃代表香港粤剧界与[[新光戏院]]个业主商讨续租,希望业主为仔香港粤剧个前途而准许新光戏院以目前个租金续租三年。会后,双方召开记者招待会。汪明荃辣拉记者会上,直指香港政府个各个局长嘴巴里向讲支持本地艺术发展,但对箇只事件一直不予理会,是只讲不做,末脚要民政局长何志平承诺增拨资源大搞。可见汪明荃辣拉粤剧界个影响力。
==顶欢喜个……==
颜色: 绿色、紫色
食物: 日本鱼生、京沪菜
国家: 中国
音乐: 各类
歌手: 芭芭拉史翠珊
演员: 柯德莉夏萍、梅丽史翠宝
电影: 乱世佳人
戏曲: 越剧、川剧、京剧、粤剧、黄梅戏
小说 : 金庸武侠小说
旅游地点: 日本、澳州、曼谷
==主要作品列表==
* 《永恒的春天》 (饰演一位失明女子)
* 《家变》 (饰演一位父亲突然失踪,而要独立承担家庭责任个商界女强人骆琳。佢个鲜明形像,特别是处事时个刚强果断,受当时香港人爱戴。)
* 《书剑恩仇录》''饰演'' 霍青桐
* 《宝莲灯》
* 《楚留香》
* 《倚天屠龙记》 ''饰演'' 赵明 (旧版名称,即赵敏)
* 《京华春梦》 ''饰演'' 贺燕秋(金振西(刘松仁饰)个初恋情人、一个热血爱国个女学生)
* 《千王之王》
* 《千王群英会》
==外部链接==
* [http://www.lizawang.com 汪明荃官方网站]
* [http://crystal.freespace.jp/liza/article/1982-6.html 永恒之星——汪明荃]
[[en:Liza Wang]]
[[zh:汪明荃]]
真耶稣教会
27
729
2006-10-05T03:25:06Z
Jose77
25
+interwikis
'''真耶稣教会''',是[[基督教]][[新教]][[五旬节教派]]个一支,由[[中国人]] [[张灵生]](原名彬)搭[[魏保罗]](原名恩波)创始于[[1917年]],勒[[中国]][[北京]]设立[[教会]]。搿个教会认为其他各教派对《[[圣经]]》个解释有错误,所以伊拉个目标是更正搿眼错误,拿伊拉认为拯救万民个真[[福音]]传遍[[世界]],乃么好迎接[[耶稣]]再来。今朝主要分布勒[[台湾]]、[[新加坡]]、[[香港]]搭仔[[中国]]各地。
==十大信条==
#信[[耶稣]] 信耶稣是道成肉身,为拯救罪人代死勒勒[[十字架]]浪向,第叁天复活、升天;渠是人类唯一个救主,天地个主宰,独一个真神。
#信[[圣经]] 信新/[[旧约圣经]]是[[神]]暗底下颁布,是证明真道个唯一根据,搭仔信徒生活个准则。
#信[[教会]] 信本教会是[[耶稣基督]]借晚雨[[圣灵]]所设立,为仔复兴使徒时代个真教会。
#信[[浸礼]] 信水浸是赦罪重生个典礼,必须由已受水灵两浸者,奉主耶稣圣名,勒活水中给受浸者予以低下头个全身浸礼。
#信[[圣灵]] 信受圣灵是得[[天国]]基业个凭据,并以[[讲灵言]]为受圣灵个明证。
#信[[洗脚礼]] 信洗脚礼是搭主有分,搭仔教训相爱、圣洁、谦卑、服事、饶恕个典礼。对每一个受浸者,要奉主耶稣圣名给予汰脚一趟,至于互相之间汰脚,必要时亦可行。
#信[[圣餐礼]] 信圣餐为纪念主死,同领主肉、主血,搭主联合,能得永生,勒末日复活之典礼。要时常举行,但必须用一个无酵饼搭仔葡萄汁举办个。
#信[[安息日]] 信安息日([[礼拜六]])为神赐福个日节。要勒恩典之下纪念创造及救赎个恩,并盼望来世永远安息而遵守个。
#信[[得救]] 信得救是归因于一种恩典,也是因为信仰。但搿个必须依靠圣灵追求圣洁、实践经训,敬神爱人。
#信[[审判]] 信主耶稣必于[[世界末日]],从天降临,审判万民;义人得永生,恶人受永刑。
==五大基本教义==
五大基本教义为:[[洗礼]]、[[洗脚礼]]、[[圣餐礼]]、[[安息日]]搭[[圣灵]]。
*洗礼。伊拉认为洗礼除开象征搭[[耶稣]]同死、同葬、同复活等意义外,也含有赦罪、重生、成圣搭得救个实质功效。由于教会提倡“一神观”,故只奉耶稣个名为信徒施洗。勒受洗时,主张信徒以面朝下个低头方式全身浸入[[水]]中。
*洗脚礼。圣职人员要奉主[[耶稣]]个名为信徒行一次洗脚礼。伊拉主张洗脚礼是对主个爱搭谦卑服事个表现,从而“搭主有分”。
*圣餐礼。每年举行次数不限。
*安息日。伊拉认为勒[[礼拜六]],嗰咾崇拜勒搿天举行。[[安息日]]是神勒万物造好个辰光设立个。
*圣灵。主张真正个[[教会]]必须得著仔圣灵个浸。教会认为神所应许个圣灵分两次赐下:头一趟勒使徒时代个圣灵称为“秋雨”(或“早雨”);第二趟则勒末世主再临前赐下,称为“春雨”(或“晚雨”)。唯有切望受圣灵个人才有神个生命。受了圣灵个信徒祷告时,会讲方言,还会震动身体。
==详见==
*[[真耶稣教会史]]
*[[生命之光]]
==外部链接==
*[http://cn.netor.com/know/christ/christ9.htm 宗教知识 - 真耶稣教会]
*[http://www.tjc.org/ 真耶稣教会-英语]
[[af:Ware Jesuskerk]]
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[[ne:साँचो यशु गिर्जाघर]]
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[[th:โบสถ์ทรูจีซัส]]
[[vi:Chân Giê-xu Giáo hội]]
[[tg:Масчиди хаконии Исо]]
[[tpi:Tru Jisas Lotu]]
[[to:Siasi moʻoni ʻa Sēsū]]
[[chr:ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᏥᏌᏯ]]
[[tr:Gerçek İsa Kilisesi]]
[[tk:Çyn Isa Serkowy]]
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[[ur:کلیساۓ عیسوی حقیقی]]
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User:Ronline
28
35
2006-10-01T07:59:10Z
Ronline
3
你好。我是Ronline 从罗马尼亚。
我流利地讲英语和罗马尼亚语, 即使我参观了上海许多次。
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User:Jasonzhuocn
29
364
2006-10-02T12:13:19Z
Jasonzhuocn
5
姓名: '''Jason zhuo'''
位置: '''[[新竹市]], [[台灣省]], [[中華民國]]'''
網誌:'''[http://www.wretch.cc/blog/fuzuki Jasonzhuocn 閱讀‧旅行‧維基百科]'''
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User:Alexsh
30
39
2006-10-01T13:37:54Z
Alexsh
7
{{/link}}
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User:Purodha
31
44
2006-10-01T23:50:54Z
Purodha
6
{{babel-16 | wuu-0 | de | ksh | en-3 | la-2 | ru-1 | nds-1 | nl-1 | li-1 | lb-1 | als-1 | af-1 | pdc-1 | pfl-1 | sxu-1 | bar-1 }}
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'''Wikiquotes:'''<br />
'''Wiktionaries:'''<br />
'''Wikiversities:'''<br />
• [[:wikiversity:beta:User:Purodha]]
• [[:wikiversity:de:User:Purodha]]
• [[:wikiversity:en:User:Purodha]]
•
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[[de:Benutzer:Purodha]] <!-- -->
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</div>
User:Hillgentleman
32
42
2006-10-01T19:38:44Z
Hillgentleman
12
[[:meta:user:hillgentleman]]<br>
[[:en:v:user:hillgentleman]]
[[en:user:hillgentleman]]
[[zh:user:hillgentleman]]
[[zh-classical:user:hillgentleman]]
[[zh-yue:user:hillgentleman]]
User:Jon Harald Søby
33
43
2006-10-01T20:38:49Z
Jon Harald Søby
13
I am '''[[m:User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]]'''. You can contact me [[m:User talk:Jon Harald Søby|on Meta]].
[[aa:User:Jon Harald Søby]]
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Wikipedia:Words to use
35
2142
2006-10-19T08:27:57Z
137.226.77.2
/* 连词 */
What words (especially grammatical) are to be used in Wu Wikipedia?
垃垃吴语维基浪应该用何里眼词(特别是虚词)?
下底拨大家讨论:
=== 代词 ===
=== 人称代词 ===
具体个各地人称代词个章法及相互联系可以参考“吴越百科”上头个[http://wu-chinese.com/wiki/人称代词 该只条目]
<table>
<tr>
<td><b>普通言话</b></td><td><b>吴语</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>我</td><td>我,吾(音ng)</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>你</td><td>汝/尔(音n/ne等),倷(苏州俗字),侬</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>他</td><td>渠(上海音[ji]),俚(苏州俗字)</td>
</tr><tr>
<tr><td>我们</td><td>我里,倪/伲(苏州俗字),我伲/我倪,阿拉</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>你们</td><td>汝拉/尔拉(上海合音[na]),汝搭/尔搭,汝笃/尔笃</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>他们</td><td>渠搭/渠笃,俚笃</td>
</tr></table>
=== 指示代词 ===
<table>
<tr>
<td><b>普通言话</b></td><td><b>吴语</b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>这(近指)</td><td>第/迭(上海俗字),居,该(苏州俗字,即“居”)</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>中指</td><td>搿(苏沪俗字)</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>远指</td><td>伊(上海俗字,现多音[E]),归(苏州俗字),箇</td></tr>
</table>
== 连词 ==
<table>
<tr>
<td><b>普通言话</b></td><td><b>吴语</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>和,与</td><td>搭,搭仔(文言词语亦可用)</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>又</td><td>咦,又</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>或者</td><td>或,或者(文言词语亦可用)</td>
</tr><tr>
</table>
== 介词 ==
<table>
<tr>
<td><b>普通言话</b></td><td><b>吴语</b></td>
</tr><tr>
<td>在</td><td>勒,勒拉,来拉</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>在这里</td><td>勒里,勒浪</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>在那里</td><td>勒笃,勒海</td>
</table>
== 副词 ==
<table>
<tr>
<td><b>普通言话</b></td><td><b>吴语</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>稍微</td><td>稍为</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>挺</td><td>蛮</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>很</td><td>交关,邪气</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>极</td><td>落魂,蛮蛮</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>都</td><td>全,侪(文言词语亦可用)</td>
</tr>
</table>
==助词==
<table>
<tr>
<td><b>普通言话</b></td><td><b>吴语</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>动词后表完成,且有后续动作或结果</td><td>仔/子/之,着</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>动词后表完成,且无后续动作或结果</td><td>着</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>句末表完成</td><td>哉</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>都</td><td>全,侪</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>可能,也许</td><td>作兴</td>
<tr>
<td>是非问题</td><td>“阿”+动词,或句末用“(口伐)”</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>话题主语末语气助词</td><td>末,呢,呐,介</td>
</tr>
</table>
吴语wiki
39
349
2006-10-02T11:22:55Z
Incubator import
15
[[Test-WP/zh-wuu/吴语wiki]] moved to [[吴语wiki]]
'''吴语维基百科'''是维基百科协作计划个吴语版本,多数内容有得世界各地个江浙人一道合作完成。吴语维基百科希望对繁荣书面吴语做出贡献。
===特色===
维基百科有得三个要注意个特点,搿也是维基百科搭仔传统万宝全书两样个地方:
1,维基百科自家定位自家是一本包括所有人类知识领域个万宝全书,渠勿是一本词典、网络论坛搭仔别样物事。
2,计划本生是一只wiki,允许大家参与。维基百科是第一个用wiki系统编写万宝全书工作个协作计划。
3,维基百科是一本内容开放个万宝全书,内容允许随便何里答个第三方呒没限制个复制、改动搭仔重新发布材料搭仔材料个任何部分。维基百科使用GNU自由文档许可证。
相对别样闲话个维基百科协作计划。吴语维基百科外加注重江浙人士自家个角度。吴语维基百科有得蛮多跟江浙一带搭界个条目,内容加而接近江浙人士个理解。
==现状==
现在吴语维基有得有'''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}'''条条目
==参看==
*[[Wikipedia:首頁歷史|首页历史]]
越剧
64
353
2006-10-02T11:22:56Z
Incubator import
15
[[Test-WP/zh-wuu/越剧]] moved to [[越剧]]
http://www.chinayueju.com/ind2.htm
Talk:上海
66
355
2006-10-02T11:22:56Z
Incubator import
15
[[Talk:Test-WP/zh-wuu/上海]] moved to [[Talk:上海]]
在下不識吴语. 請問"伊撥"是不是"他們"?[[User:Hillgentleman|Hillgentleman]] 08:44, 4 September 2006 (UTC)
Talk:封面
67
2121
2006-10-18T18:39:16Z
222.70.108.106
/* 繁簡如何處理 */
<center>'''请注意签名,四条波浪线即可,系统会自动帮倷插进去'''</center>
== 繁簡如何處理 ==
有些可能是繁體字用戶,總不能繁簡混雜一起吧!!
有点乱,最好规范一下书写方式。
無所謂,http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 就是繁簡混合箇,此地也因該允許繁簡並存。
----
*[[Talk:封面/存档|试验维基辰光存档]]
Talk:江阴
68
359
2006-10-02T11:22:56Z
Incubator import
15
[[Talk:Test-WP/zh-wuu/江阴]] moved to [[Talk:江阴]]
不似吴语?[[User:Hillgentleman|Hillgentleman]] 08:40, 4 September 2006 (UTC)
Talk:量子力學
69
361
2006-10-02T11:22:56Z
Incubator import
15
[[Talk:Test-WP/zh-wuu/量子力學]] moved to [[Talk:量子力學]]
"解決了"?[[User:Hillgentleman|Hillgentleman]] 08:48, 4 September 2006 (UTC)
Wikipedia:管理员
80
1010
2006-10-07T21:19:20Z
Wtzdj
18
存档
<!-- 请暂时保留英文版本,直到比较能接受个吴语版出来。必过,乃可以加上注释标记,让英文弗显示出来,就像居行文字所展示个一样。-->
<!-- Please don't remove the English version until we obtain a fairly accetptable Wu version. You may, however, hide it from the display by adding a Comment tag around it like this line shows. -->
<center>'''''居个网页勒海翻译当中'''''</center>
<center>'''''This page is being translated into WU.'''''</center>
管理员权限是畀勒社区当中牢靠个大好佬个,渠应当熟悉wikipedia个政策。管理员权限弗好理解成编辑审核权。
Administrator access is granted to known and trusted members of the community who are familiar with the policies of Wikipedia. Administrator access is not meant to imply editorial authority on the project.
管理员只必过是个牢靠个用户,渠可以:
*保护、弃脱保护页面
*删除、反删除页面
*删除图片搭仔别个上传个文件
*封堵、解封用户
*编辑界面搭仔别个受保护页面
An administrator is simply a trusted user that can:
*protect and unprotect pages
*delete and undelete pages
*delete images and other uploaded files
*block and unblock users
*edit the interface and other protected pages.
倷只要达到下头个条件,就可以申请做管理员:
*倷对Wikimedia个项目弗是一眼眼也弗晓得,倷当过起码2个号头个编辑员,外加倷清爽也同意居个项目个目标。
*倷勒海Wikipedia浪向有用户页面(user page)外加勒居搭做过贡献。
*倷同意遵循相关个政策,尊重用户个共识。
*用户能达成共识认为倷能够成为一个合适个管理员。
You can request adminship if you meet the following criteria:
*You are not completely new to Wikimedia projects. You have been an editor for at least 2 months and you understand and agree with the goals of the project.
*You have a user page on this Wikipedia and are a contributor here.
*You agree to follow relevant policies and respect consensus of the users.
*There is a consensus amongst users here that you would be a suitable administrator.
根据[[m:Administrator on Meta|Wiki元个管理员政策]],弗活跃个管理员个权限落脱个会得。
As with the [[m:Administrator on Meta|policy for administrator access on Meta]], inactive administrators may have their access removed.
==管理员名单(List of administrators)==
[[User:Wtzdj|吴人]]
==行政员名单(List of bureaucrats)==
[[User:Wtzdj|吴人]]
==申请管理员(Requests for adminship)==
请勒此地解释倷为仔啥体需要管理员或者行政员权限。两个礼拜後(或者应该等一个耗头直到该个Wikipedia足够活跃),如果大部分人侪同意让倷当管理员,个么行政员中会得有一个人满足倷个申请。如果社区中个反响唔啥进展,搿个过程可以再延长两个礼拜。
Please explain here why you need administrator or bureaucrat access. After two weeks (untill this wikipedia gets more active this period shall be 1 month), if there is general agreement that you should be an administrator, one of the bureaucrats will fulfil the request. The period can be extented with two more weeks if response of the community is not forecoming.
<!--Interwiki-->
[[af:Wikipedia:Administrateur]]
[[als:Wikipedia:Administratoren]]
[[ar:ويكيبيديا:إداريون]]
[[arc:Wikipedia:Administrators]]
[[ast:Uiquipedia:Alministradores]]
[[av:Википедия:Администраторал]]
[[zh-min-nan:Wikipedia:Hêng-chèng jîn-oân]]
[[be:Вікіпэдыя:Адміністрацыя]]
[[bg:Уикипедия:Администратори]]
[[bm:Wikipedia:Administrateurs]]
[[br:Wikipedia:Merourien]]
[[bs:Wikipedia:Administratori]]
[[ca:Viquipèdia:Administradors]]
[[cs:Wikipedie:Správci]]
[[cy:Wicipedia:Gweinyddwyr]]
[[da:Wikipedia:Administratorer]]
[[de:Wikipedia:Administratoren]]
[[el:Βικιπαίδεια:Διαχειριστές]]
[[en:Wikipedia:Administrators]]
[[eo:Vikipedio:Administrantoj]]
[[es:Wikipedia:Bibliotecarios]]
[[et:Vikipeedia:Administraatorid]]
[[eu:Wikipedia:Administratzaileak]]
[[fa:ویکیپدیا:مدیران]]
[[fi:Wikipedia:Ylläpitäjät]]
[[fj:Wikipedia:Administrators]]
[[fo:Wikipedia:Umboðsstjóri]]
[[fr:Wikipédia:Administrateur]]
[[fur:Vichipedie:Aministradôrs]]
[[fy:Wikipedy:Behearders]]
[[ga:Vicipéid:Riarthóirí]]
[[gl:Wikipedia:Administradores]]
[[gu:વિકિપીડિયા:પ્રબંધક]]
[[ha:Wikipedia:Administrators]]
[[he:ויקיפדיה:מפעיל מערכת]]
[[hi:विकिपीडिया:प्रबन्धक]]
[[hr:Wikipedija:Administratori]]
[[hu:Segítség:Adminisztrátorok]]
[[ia:Wikipedia:Administratores]]
[[id:Wikipedia:Pengurus]]
[[io:Wikipedia:Administranti]]
[[is:Wikipedia:Stjórnendur]]
[[it:Wikipedia:Amministratori]]
[[ja:Wikipedia:管理者]]
[[ka:ვიკიპედია:ადმინისტრატორები]]
[[kk:Wikipedia:Әкімшілер]]
[[kn:ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ನಿರ್ವಾಹಕರು]]
[[ko:위키백과:관리자]]
[[ks:Wikipedia:Administrators]]
[[ku:Wîkîpediya:Koordînasyon]]
[[la:Vicipaedia:Magistratus]]
[[lad:Wikipedia:Administradores]]
[[lb:Wikipedia:Administratoren]]
[[li:Wikipedia:Systeemwèrkers]]
[[lmo:Wikipedia:Aministraduur]]
[[lt:Wikipedia:Administratoriai]]
[[lv:Wikipedia:Administrācija]]
[[mi:Wikipedia:Administrators]]
[[mk:Википедија:Администратори]]
[[ms:Wikipedia:Penyelia]]
[[mt:Wikipedija:Amministraturi]]
[[na:Wikipedia:Administrators]]
[[nap:Wikipedia:Amministratore]]
[[nds:Wikipedia:Administraters]]
[[nl:Wikipedia:Moderator]]
[[nn:Wikipedia:Administratorar]]
[[no:Wikipedia:Administratorer]]
[[os:Википеди:Админтæ]]
[[pl:Wikipedia:Administratorzy]]
[[ps:Wikipedia:Administrators]]
[[pt:Wikipedia:Administradores]]
[[rmy:Vikipidiya:Administratorurya]]
[[ro:Wikipedia:Administratori]]
[[ru:Википедия:Администраторы]]
[[sa:Wikipedia:Administrators]]
[[scn:Wikipedia:Amministraturi]]
[[se:Wikipedia:Hálddašeaddjit]]
[[simple:Wikipedia:Administrators]]
[[sk:Wikipédia:Správcovia]]
[[sl:Wikipedija:Administratorji]]
[[sm:Wikipedia:Administrators]]
[[sq:Wikipedia:Administruesit]]
[[sr:Википедија:Администратори]]
[[su:Wikipedia:Kuncén]]
[[sv:Wikipedia:Administratörer]]
[[sw:Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]
[[th:วิกิพีเดีย:ผู้ดูแลระบบ]]
[[tk:Wikipedia:Yöneticilik Başvurusu]]
[[tl:Wikipedia:Mga Tagapangasiwa]]
[[tr:Vikipedi:Yöneticiler]]
[[tt:Wikipedia:İdäräçelär]]
[[uk:Вікіпедія:Адміністратори]]
[[vec:Wikipedia:Aministradori]]
[[vi:Wikipedia:Người quản lý]]
[[wa:Wikipedia:Manaedjeus]]
[[yi:װיקיפּעדיע:Administrators]]
[[zh:Wikipedia:管理员]]
[[zh-yue:Wikipedia:管理員]]
User:Wtzdj
81
1809
2006-10-15T16:18:44Z
137.226.77.2
==基本情况==
江南江阴人,学生子。
==关于吴语==
勒拉农村吴语环境当中长大,一脚到高中再进到相对来讲比较单纯个普通言话环境里向。
大学两年级辰光母语意识开始觉醒,之后加入到网络吴语活动里向,参与吴语个整理搭仔推广活动,认得弗少朋友,自家也获得弗少乐趣。
担任[http://sinolect.org/bbs 清籁吴语论坛]个管理员之一。
2006年建立吴语网站[http://wu-chinese.com 吴语协会]。
会江阴言话、电台上海言话搭仔弗大正宗个评弹苏州言话,熟悉各地吴语音系。
==关于维基==
{{User wuu}}
User:Taichi
82
374
2006-10-02T22:43:03Z
Taichi
22
{{Babel|es|en-2|ja-1|wuu-0}}
Hi I'm '''Taichi'''. I don't speak wuu; for any message please go [[:es:Usuario Discusión:Taichi|here]].
[[aa:User:Taichi]]
[[ab:Участник:Taichi]]
[[af:Gebruiker:Taichi]]
[[ak:User:Taichi]]
[[als:Benutzer:Taichi]]
[[am:User:Taichi]]
[[an:User:Taichi]]
[[ang:User:Taichi]]
[[ar:مستخدم:Taichi]]
[[arc:User:Taichi]]
[[as:User:Taichi]]
[[ast:Usuariu:Taichi]]
[[av:Участник:Taichi]]
[[ay:Usuario:Taichi]]
[[az:User:Taichi]]
[[ba:Участник:Taichi]]
[[be:Удзельнік:Taichi]]
[[bg:Потребител:Taichi]]
[[bh:User:Taichi]]
[[bi:User:Taichi]]
[[bm:Utilisateur:Taichi]]
[[bn:ব্যবহারকারী:Taichi]]
[[bo:User:Taichi]]
[[br:Implijer:Taichi]]
[[bs:User:Taichi]]
[[ca:Usuari:Taichi]]
[[ce:Участник:Taichi]]
[[ceb:User:Taichi]]
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[[cr:User:Taichi]]
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[[csb:Brëkòwnik:Taichi]]
[[cv:Хутшăнакан:Taichi]]
[[cy:Defnyddiwr:Taichi]]
[[da:Bruger:Taichi]]
[[dv:User:Taichi]]
[[dz:User:Taichi]]
[[el:Χρήστης:Taichi]]
[[en:User:Taichi]]
[[eo:Vikipediisto:Taichi]]
[[es:Usuario:Taichi]]
[[et:Kasutaja:Taichi]]
[[eu:Lankide:Taichi]]
[[fa:کاربر:Taichi]]
[[ff:User:Taichi]]
[[fi:Käyttäjä:Taichi]]
[[fiu-vro:User:Taichi]]
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[[fo:Brúkari:Taichi]]
[[fr:Utilisateur:Taichi]]
[[fur:Utent:Taichi]]
[[fy:Meidogger:Taichi]]
[[ga:Úsáideoir:Taichi]]
[[gd:User:Taichi]]
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[[got:User:Taichi]]
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[[he:משתמש:Taichi]]
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[[ht:User:Taichi]]
[[hu:User:Taichi]]
[[hy:User:Taichi]]
[[hz:User:Taichi]]
[[ia:Usator:Taichi]]
[[id:Pengguna:Taichi]]
[[ie:User:Taichi]]
[[ig:User:Taichi]]
[[ii:User:Taichi]]
[[ik:User:Taichi]]
[[io:User:Taichi]]
[[is:Notandi:Taichi]]
[[it:Utente:Taichi]]
[[iu:User:Taichi]]
[[ja:利用者:*Taichi*]]
[[jbo:User:Taichi]]
[[jv:User:Taichi]]
[[ka:მომხმარებელი:Taichi]]
[[kg:User:Taichi]]
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[[kj:User:Taichi]]
[[kk:User:Taichi]]
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[[ku:Bikarhêner:Taichi]]
[[kv:Участник:Taichi]]
[[kw:User:Taichi]]
[[ky:User:Taichi]]
[[la:Usor:Taichi]]
[[lb:User:Taichi]]
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[[ln:User:Taichi]]
[[lo:User:Taichi]]
[[lt:Naudotojas:Taichi]]
[[lv:User:Taichi]]
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[[mk:Корисник:Taichi]]
[[ml:User:Taichi]]
[[mn:User:Taichi]]
[[mo:User:Taichi]]
[[mr:User:Taichi]]
[[ms:Pengguna:Taichi]]
[[mt:User:Taichi]]
[[mus:User:Taichi]]
[[my:User:Taichi]]
[[na:User:Taichi]]
[[nah:Usuario:Taichi]]
[[nds:Bruker:Taichi]]
[[ne:User:Taichi]]
[[ng:User:Taichi]]
[[nl:Gebruiker:Taichi]]
[[nn:Brukar:Taichi]]
[[no:Bruker:Taichi]]
[[nv:Choinish'įįhí:Taichi]]
[[ny:User:Taichi]]
[[oc:Utilisator:Taichi]]
[[om:User:Taichi]]
[[or:User:Taichi]]
[[os:Архайæг:Taichi]]
[[sl:Uporabnik:Taichi]]
Template:Main Page banner
83
379
2006-10-02T23:35:43Z
Wtzdj
18
<!--
Please note - this template is shown on the Main Page, and any changes or screw-ups you make will show there immediately. Make changes very carefully, and always use the Show Preview button to make sure your changes turn out properly.
To show this template on the Main Page, remove the second set of comment marks.
--><!-- <div id="mpbanner" style="text-align:center; font-size:140%"><div style="width: 85%; background-color:#fff7cb;padding: .2em 0; border: 1px solid #ffad80; color: #000; margin: 0 auto .5em"><font face="verdana,arial,helvetica">[[Image:WikiThanks.png|30px|Wiki flower]] Happy [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Day|Wikipedia Day]]! <font size=-2>[[History of Wikipedia|''5 years of Wikipedia'']].</font></font>
</div> --><noinclude>[[vi:Tiêu bản:Thông báo từ Trang Chính]]</noinclude>
Template:WikipediaSister
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2006-10-03T23:49:37Z
Wtzdj
18
<div class="MainPageBG" style="margin: 3px; padding: .5em 1em 1em; font-size: 90%;">
维基百科由非营利性组织维基媒体基金会运作。维基媒体基金会还有别个开放内容个维基计划:
{| align="center" cellpadding="2" width="100%"
| [[Image:Wikimedia-logo.png|35px|<nowiki></nowiki>]]
| [[m:头页|'''元维基''']]<br />协调各种维基计划
| [[Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png|35px|<nowiki></nowiki>]]
| [[wikt:|'''维基词典''']]<br />多语言词典
| [[Image:Wikibooks-logo.png|35px|<nowiki></nowiki>]]
| [[b:|'''维基教科书''']]<br />教材搭手册
| [[Image:Wikiquote-logo.png|35px|<nowiki></nowiki>]]
| [[q:|'''维基语录''']]<br />名人名言
|-
| [[Image:Wikisource-logo.png|35px|<nowiki></nowiki>]]
| [[wikisource:Main Page:中文|'''维基文库''']]<br />自由个源文件库
| [[Image:Wikispecies-logo.png|35px|<nowiki></nowiki>]]
| [[Wikispecies:首頁|'''维基物种''']]<br />自由个物种资料库
| [[Image:Commons-logo.png|35px|<nowiki></nowiki>]]
| [[Commons:首頁|'''维基共享资源''']]<br />共享个多媒体资量库
| [[Image:Wikinews-logo.png|35px|<nowiki></nowiki>]]
| [[Wikinews:Main Page|'''维基新闻''']]<br />自由个新闻资源
|}
</div>
Template:Did you know
85
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2006-10-20T15:16:32Z
Wtzdj
18
<div style="padding:5px">
*用勒[[网状网络]]浪向个[[路由协议]]“[[AODV]]”个算法是'''[[AODV#算法|哪亨个]]'''?
*跟仔[[宋高宗]]南渡个“南宗孔氏家庙”勒拉'''[[衢州|啥场化]]'''?
*勒拉香港TVB电视连续剧“[[射雕英雄传]]”里向[[翁美玲|'''出演女主角个是啥人''']]嗄?
*[[梁朝伟]]、[[刘嘉玲]]等主演,[[侯孝贤]]导演个吴语电影“海上花”[[海上花(电影)|'''讲眼啥''']]?
*吴语地方戏锡剧是[[锡剧|'''哪亨发展出来个''']]?
</div>
锡剧
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Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/87.90.83.102|87.90.83.102]] ([[User_talk:87.90.83.102|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:137.226.77.2|137.226.77.2]]
==概述==
==起源及发展轨迹==
锡剧发源勒勒[[常州]]搭仔[[无锡]]个乡下头。先起头是拿曲艺形式个“常州滩簧”、“无锡滩簧”唱故事,后首来又发展成功唱“对子戏”、“三小戏”、“同场戏”咾啥,勒勒辛亥革命前后辰光搬到舞台浪向,实概慢慢较形成交关有江南水乡腔调味道、长于抒情个地方戏。
==现状==
==表演特色==
==音乐伴奏特色==
锡剧个音乐,轻弹慢唱、婉转好听,有明显个江南水乡风格。锡剧音乐是属于曲牌板腔综合体,渠也有男、女分腔个显著特点。锡剧个乐队原姜头只有一把胡琴,搿歇除落胡琴之外,还有琵琶、三弦、提琴、笛、箫、中胡搭仔小提琴、大提琴加到伴奏里向。打击乐以四大件为主。
==唱词念白音韵特征==
==经典剧目==
锡剧个传统剧目有:《三请樊梨花》、《双金锭》、《龙凤合同》等。解放后整理个传统剧目《双推磨》、《珍珠塔》等以及反映现代生活个创作剧目《红色的种子》等影响较广。
==著名演员==
当代锡剧有交关多著名演员像姚澄、王影影、梅兰珍、王兰英、汪韵芝、王汉清、杨企雯、吴雅童、薛静珍咾啥。
==参考文献==
==外部链接==
世界言话排名
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==世界浪用个人数顶多个廿种言话[[#注释|<sup>①</sup>]]==
{|border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse"
! 排名
! 语言
! 人数(亿)[[#注释|<sup>②</sup>]]
|-
|1|| [[北语]] || 8.85
|-
|2|| [[西班牙语]] || 3.32
|-
|3|| [[英语]]||3.22
|-
|4|| [[孟加拉语]]||1.89
|-
|5|| [[印地语]]|| 1.82
|-
|6|| [[葡萄牙语]] ||1.70
|-
|7|| [[俄语]]||1.70
|-
| 8|| [[日语]]||1.25
|-
| 9|| [[标准德语]] || 0.98
|-
| 10|| [[吴语]] || 0.77
|-
|11||[[爪哇语]]||0.76
|-
|12||[[朝鲜语]]||0.75
|-
|13||[[法语]]||0.72
|-
|14||[[闽语]][[#注释|<sup>③</sup>]]||0.68
|-
|15||[[越南语]]||0.68
|-
|16||[[泰卢固语]]||0.66
|-
|17||[[粤语]]||0.66
|-
|18||[[马拉提语]]||0.65
|-
|19||[[泰米尔语]]||0.63
|-
|20||[[土耳其语]]||0.59
|}
==注释==
①除闽语外均取自Ethnologue(1999)。
②“人数”指拿渠作为第一言话个人数。
③Ethnologue拿闽语分成功闽北、闽东、闽南、闽中、莆仙五种言话,此地根据[http://www.ethnologue.com Ethnologue]网浪个数据拿渠拉合勒一道,并相应调整排名。
==参考==
Ethnologue 1999. Top 100 Languages by Population.
Template:Wikipedialang
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<!--Note:This section will be regularly modified to keep it approximately the same size as template:WikipediaSister-->
<div id="lang">
此地是[[吴语]]维基百科。开始于2006年,现有[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]]篇文章。除此之外,还有别个言话个维基百科版本,搿里向规模顶顶大个列勒下头:
<div id="lang-50000">
*超过50,000篇个:<br/>[[:da:|Dansk]] '''·''' [[:de:|Deutsch]] '''·''' [[:es:|Español]] '''·''' [[:eo:|Esperanto]] '''·''' [[:fr:|Français]] '''·''' [[:it:|Italiano]] '''·''' [[:nl:|Nederlands]] '''·''' [[:ja:|日本語]] '''·''' [[:no:|Norsk bokmål]] '''·''' [[:pl:|Polski]] '''·''' [[:pt:| Português]] '''·''' [[:ru:|Русский]] '''·''' [[:sk:|Slovenčina]] '''·''' [[:fi:|Suomi]] '''·''' [[:sv:|Svenska]] '''·''' [[:zh:|中文]]</div>
<div id="lang-20000">
*超过20,000篇个:<br/>[[:id:|Bahasa Indonesia]] '''·''' [[:bg:|Български]] '''·''' [[:ca:|Català]] '''·''' [[:cs:|Česky]] '''·''' [[:et:|Eesti]] '''·''' [[:he:|עברית]] '''·''' [[:hr:|Hrvatski]] '''·''' [[:ko:|한국어]] '''·''' [[:lt:|Lietuvių]] '''·''' [[:hu:|Magyar]] '''·''' [[:ro:|Română]] '''·''' [[:sl:|Slovenščina]] '''·''' [[:sr:|Српски]] '''·''' [[:tr:|Türkçe]] '''·''' [[:uk:|Українська]]</div>
<div id="lang-10000">
*超过10,000篇个:<br/>[[:simple:|Simple English]] '''·''' [[:ar:|
<span lang="ar" title="Arabic text" dir="rtl" class="spanAr">العربية</span>]] '''·''' [[:ms:|Bahasa Melayu]] '''·''' [[:bn:|বাংলা]] '''·'''[[:bs:|Bosanski]] '''·''' [[:el:|Ελληνικά]] '''·''' [[:eu:|Euskara]] '''·''' [[:fa:|فارسی]] '''·''' [[:gl:|Galego]] '''·''' [[:io:|Ido]] '''·''' [[:is:|Íslenska]] '''·''' [[:ka:|ქართული]] '''·''' [[:lb:|Lëtzebuergesch]] '''·''' [[:nap:|Nnapulitano]] '''·''' [[:nn:|Norsk nynorsk]] '''·''' [[:th:|ภาษาไทย]] '''·''' [[:te:|Telugu]] '''·''' [[:vi:|Tiếng Việt]]</div>
<p id="lang-coord" style="text-align:center">
'''[[m:List of Wikipedias|完整列表]] · <span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Multilingual_coordination 多种言话协调]</span> · [[m:Help:How to start a new Wikipedia|发起一只新维基百科]]'''
</div>
<noinclude>[[vi:Tiêu bản:Ngôn ngữ Wikipedia]]</noinclude>
Wikipedia:Administrators
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Redirecting to [[Wikipedia:管理员]]
#REDIRECT [[wikipedia:管理员]]
User:A-giâu
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A-giâu
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interwiki
[[m:User:a-giâu|Meta]] | [[:commons:User:a-giâu|Commons]]
[[cdo:User:A-giâu]]
[[de:Benutzer:A-giâu]]
[[en:User:A-giau]]
[[eo:Vikipediisto:A-giâu]]
[[fr:Utilisateur:A-giâu]]
[[it:Utente:A-giâu]]
[[ja:利用者:A-giâu]]
[[mi:User:A-giâu]]
[[nl:Gebruiker:A-giâu]]
[[oc:Utilisator:A-giâu]]
[[wa:Uzeu:A-giâu]]
[[zh:User:A-giâu]]
[[zh-min-nan:User:A-giâu]]
[[zh-yue:User:A-giâu]]
崇明岛
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[[Image:China Shanghai Chongming Boats.jpg|thumb|right|220px|崇明岛景色]]
'''崇明岛'''位于西[[太平洋]]沿岸[[中国]]海岸线个中点地区,地处中国最大河流[[长江]]入海口,是全世界最大个河口冲积岛。
[[中华人民共和国]]官方认定此岛为中国仅次于[[台湾岛]]、[[海南岛]]个第三大岛屿(但有争议,参见[[台湾问题]]。),有“长江门户、东海瀛洲”之称。全岛三面环江,一面临海,西接长江,东濒东海,南搭[[上海]][[浦东]]新区、[[宝山]]区及[[江苏省]][[太仓]]市隔水相望,北搭[[江苏省]][[海门]]市、[[启东]]市一衣带水。全岛面积大约1225平方公里,东西长80公里,南北宽13到18公里。岛浪地势平坦,呒得山搭丘陵,西北部搭中部稍微高点,西南部搭东部低点。90%以上个土地标高(以吴淞标高0米为参照)勒3.21米到4.20米之间。岛屿地理位置勒东经121°09′30〃至121°54′00〃,北纬31°27′00〃至31°51′15〃,地处北亚热带,气候温和潮湿,年平均气温15.2℃,日照充足,雨水充沛,四季分明。
目前崇明岛大部分地区属于上海市崇明县管辖,县城是[[城桥]]镇,也有小部分地区属于江苏省管辖。
崇明岛勒[[唐朝]]武德元年([[618年]])露出水面,到今朝已经有1300多年个历史。由于长江携带个大量泥沙淤积,崇明岛每年以143米的速度朝东海延伸,增加土地大约487公顷, 几经变迁,现在东西约80多公里,南北宽约10-15公里,面积为1041平方千米。崇明岛大气污染程度较轻微,水、土地也较干静,再加上气候属于北亚热带,温度适中,四季分明,光照充足,有利于多种农作物个生长。崇明岛有交关名、优、特、稀产品,譬如老毛蟹(阳澄湖个大闸蟹就是崇明个蟹苗)、面丈鱼、凤尾鱼、刀鱼(秋刀鱼)、甜噜苏(类似甘蔗)、包瓜、[[鳗鱼]](鳗鲡)、[[对虾]]、白山羊、金瓜、甜玉米、[[芦笋]]、食用菌、崇明大白菜等。
崇明岛也是候鸟个天堂,候鸟到岛浪栖息、觅食。崇明岛已经成为中国候鸟重点保护区搭[[中国国家地质公园]],东部还有[[丹顶鹤]]。
[[Category:地理]]
[[de:Chongming]]
[[en:Chongming]]
[[fr:Chongming]]
海门
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{| border="1" align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #ffffff; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: small;"
|-
|+<big>'''海门市'''</big>
|-
| '''[[中国行政区|行政区]]类别'''
| [[县级市]]
|-
| '''市政府所在地'''
| [[海门]][[镇]]<br/>
|-
| '''[[面积]]'''
| [[平方公里]]
|-
| '''方位'''<br/>- [[经度]]<br/>- [[纬度]]
|<br/>东经 - <br/>北纬 -
|-
| [[气候]]
| 亚热带海洋性季风气候
|-
| '''平均[[气温]]'''
| ℃
|-
| '''平均[[降水]]'''
| 毫米
|-
| '''[[人口]]'''
| 万人([[2004年]]末)
|-
| '''[[中华民族|民族]]'''
| 绝大多数为[[汉族]],也有其他民族
|-
| '''[[国内生产总值]](GDP)'''<br/>'''- 人均'''
| [[人民币]]亿元(2004年末)<br/>人民币 元
|-
| ''' 一二三产业比例'''<br/>- [[第一产业]]<br/>- [[第二产业]]<br/>- [[第三产业]]
| ([[2002年]])<br/>%<br/>%<br/>%
|-
| '''识字率'''
| %(2004年末)
|-
| '''市[[党委]][[书记]]'''
|
|-
| '''[[市长]]'''
|
|-
| '''[[中国电话区号列表|电话区号]]'''
| 513-80000000<br/>(最后六位依地区而定)
|-
| '''[[邮政编码]]'''
| <br/>(最后两位为地区编码)
|-
| '''[[中国机动车牌照列表|机动车牌照]]'''
| 苏FXXXX<br/>(X可以是数字或[[大写]]字母)
|}
'''海门市'''位于长江三角洲,是[[江苏省]][[南通]]市下辖个县级市。有“棉粮故里、滨江乐土”之称。面积1001平方公里,人口103万。
==历史==
*公元前,长江大量泥沙沉积于长江口,形成大大小小个沙洲,大约经过800多年,至唐末,出现东洲搭布洲两大沙洲及成群个小沙洲,沙洲逐点逐点连成片。到五代后周显德五年(958)建县,县治设于东洲镇,名海门县。由于长江主泓道北移,明朝中期个辰光,境内大片土地淹没,一直到吕四、余东、四甲一线,县治迁到徐涧(今南通县兴仁镇),并废县归并通州建静海乡。清初,江流主泓南倾,长江北岸开始淤积,出现40几个新沙,绵延百余里。乾隆三十三年(1768),建江苏省直隶厅,设治于茅家镇,民国元年(1912)复称海门县,1949年,新中国成立之后,海门人民护坡治坍,根除了坍害。海门县隶属苏北政区南通区(1953年为江苏省南通区,1955年4月改为江苏省南通专区,1971年4月,改为江苏省南通地区)。1983年实行市管县,南通地区撤销,海门县隶于江苏省南通市。
*1994年6月撤县设市,成立海门市,隶于江苏省南通市,市人民政府驻海门镇。
==行政区划==
下辖20个镇、1个乡、1个省级经济开发区、1个海门港、1个棉花原种场。
*镇:海门镇、三星镇、三和镇、德胜镇、三厂镇、常乐镇、麒麟镇、悦来镇、万年镇、三阳镇、四甲镇、货隆镇、余东镇、正余镇、包场镇、刘浩镇、东灶港镇、临江镇、王浩镇、树勋镇。
*乡:海永乡。
*省级经济开发区:海门市经济技术开发区
*江苏省国营江心沙农场、海门市永隆沙农场、海门市棉花原种场、海门市大东农场、海门市蓄禽良种场、海门市种羊场、海门市包场渔场、海门市长江渔场、海门市沿江渔场、海门市三厂苗圃、海门市农科所、海门市海门盐场、海门市财政局芦荡管理所、海门市海门港。
==地理气候==
境内地势平坦,海拔2.5-5.2米,属亚热带湿润气候。年平均气温15℃,日照2250小时,无霜期230天左右。
==经济==
2005年完成国内生产总值212亿元,增长15.5%,经济水平长期处于苏中领先地位,预计2008年勒江北率先实现小康。
==交通==
*距上海虹桥、浦东国际机场只需2-2.5小时车程。距南通机场30分钟车程。
*崇海大桥:崇明到海门个过江大桥,大桥指挥部于2006年5月成立,有望勒2006年年内动工。
*苏通大桥:南通和苏州之间个长江公路大桥,正勒到建设当中。
*[[宁启铁路]]:南京到启东铁路,东延海门,仍弗宁建设。
==人物==
*[[崔桐]]:[[表字|字]]来凤,[[明朝]][[明武宗|武宗]][[正德]]十二年进士。
*[[张謇]]:清末状元、著名民族实业家。
*[[王个簃]]:现代著名金石书画家。
*[[季方]]:原全国政协副主席、中国农工民主党原主席。
*[[卞之琳]]:诗人,文学评论家,翻译家。中国莎士比亚研究会副会长、中国作家协会理事及顾问。
==语言==
*境内个语言为[[汉藏语系]]—[[吴语]],方言主要由两种吴语构成:[[启海话]]搭[[通东话]]
==教育==
*[[江苏省海门中学]]:全国示范高中,每年高考侪居江苏省前列。
*[[海门市海南中学]]
*[[海门市东洲中学]]
*[[海门市东洲小学]]
*[[海门市实验小学]]
{{江苏行政区划}}
{{Provinces_of_China}}
[[category:地理]]
User:Lieukehli
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2006-10-20T19:44:53Z
Lieukehli
24
大家好,我姓刘,咯唠可以叫我“刘革里”。
我个本乡呢是勒海上海个浦西,伲祖浪向上海本地人、苏州人搭仔无锡人侪有个,小辰光滑稽听仔弗少,所以四邻个闲话侪蛮听得惯个。
我眼门前个研究方向是无线网络搭仔网络安全,咯唠会抽空写一眼搭网络搭界个条目:
*[[AODV]]
我业余还勒拉[http://www.wu-chinese.com 吴语协会]当管理员,倷笃要是有空么来转一转吧。
如果倷还弗熟悉吴语个写法,可以参考[[ Words_to_use| 吴语个常用代词搭虚词]]
----
Hi, this is '''Lieu Kehli'''. I am a native Wu speaker.
----
{{User wuu}}
User:GnuDoyng
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589
2006-10-04T01:26:49Z
GnuDoyng
14
你好,吳語 Wikipedia!我來自[[:cdo:|閩東語 Wikipedia]]。我在這裡幫忙設置跨wiki連結。
[[cdo:User:GnuDoyng]]
[[de:Benutzer:GnuDoyng]]
[[en:User:GnuDoyng]]
[[zh:User:GnuDoyng]]
[[zh-min-nan:User:GnuDoyng]]
崇明
95
418
2006-10-03T03:31:09Z
Amor
23
请选择侬要寻个:
* [[崇明岛]],[[中国]][[上海市]]个一个[[岛]]。
* [[崇明县]],中国上海市下辖个一个[[县]]。
启东
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1227
2006-10-11T02:12:05Z
Amor
23
{| border="1" align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #ffffff; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: small;"
|-
|+<big>'''启东市'''</big>
|-
| '''[[中国行政区|行政区]]类别'''
| [[县级市]]
|-
| '''市政府所在地'''
| [[汇龙]][[镇]]<br/>
|-
| '''[[面积]]'''
| [[平方公里]]
|-
| '''方位'''<br/>- [[经度]]<br/>- [[纬度]]
|<br/>东经 - <br/>北纬 -
|-
| [[气候]]
| 亚热带海洋性季风气候
|-
| '''平均[[气温]]'''
| ℃
|-
| '''平均[[降水]]'''
| 毫米
|-
| '''[[人口]]'''
| 万人([[2004年]]末)
|-
| '''[[中华民族|民族]]'''
| 绝大多数为[[汉族]],也有其他民族
|-
| '''[[国内生产总值]](GDP)'''<br/>'''- 人均'''
| [[人民币]]亿元(2004年末)<br/>人民币 元
|-
| ''' 一二三产业比例'''<br/>- [[第一产业]]<br/>- [[第二产业]]<br/>- [[第三产业]]
| ([[2002年]])<br/>%<br/>%<br/>%
|-
| '''识字率'''
| %(2004年末)
|-
| '''市[[党委]][[书记]]'''
|
|-
| '''[[市长]]'''
|
|-
| '''[[中国电话区号列表|电话区号]]'''
| 513-80000000<br/>(最后六位依地区而定)
|-
| '''[[邮政编码]]'''
| <br/>(最后两位为地区编码)
|-
| '''[[中国机动车牌照列表|机动车牌照]]'''
| 苏FXXXX<br/>(X可以是数字或[[大写]]字母)
|}
'''启东市'''位于[[东海]]、[[黄海]]、[[长江]]交汇之处,长江入海口个北岸,是[[江苏省]][[南通]]市下辖个一个县级市。启东由长江里相个泥沙淤积而成,目前沙洲还勒到弗断个延伸,因此1928年设县个辰光,以“启吾东疆”之意,命名为启东县。现在面积为1157平方千米,人口大约116万。
==行政区划==
下辖24个镇(乡)搭启东经济开发区。
==历史沿革==
*启东勒汉朝以前还勒到江海里相;清代中期前,长江口崇明北侧陆陆续续涨出小沙洲,至清末连成一片。因成陆时期弗同,启东所辖地方曾经分别归三个县管辖。北部吕四地区,勒宋、元、明、清属于海门,1912年-1942年间属于南通县;中部原属海门县;南部原属崇明,称为[[崇明]][[外沙]]。
*1928年3月,北部、中部、南部三地合并分设启东县。
*1989年11月启东撤县建市。
==经济==
*启东市是全国最早个纺织服装出口基地,有交关纺织、服装企业。
*启东机电行业:主要产品有电动工具、防爆电器、化工阀门、混合器、高压油泵、变压器、智能电表等。
*启东医药化工行业生产化学药品、染料及其中间体、化学农药、合成树脂、食品添加剂、塑料助剂、化学试剂、涂料等。著名医药品牌有“盖天力”、“白加黑”。
*有大马力远洋渔轮百来艘,海洋食品加工企业200多家,生产鱼类、虾仁、紫菜、甲壳素等特色产品及伊俚个深加工。
*启东勒全国建筑行业有十万多建筑工人。
==语言==
境内主要流行[[吴语]][[启海话]]([[沙地话]])搭吕四地区流行个[[吴语]][[通东话]]。
{{江苏行政区划}}
{{Provinces_of_China}}
[[Category:地理]]
User:Jose77
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Jose77
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[[en:User:Jose77]]
崇明县
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Amor
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{| border="1" align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #ffffff; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: small;"
|-
|+<big>'''崇明县'''</big>
|-
| '''[[中国行政区|行政区]]类别'''
| [[县]]
|-
| '''市政府所在地'''
| [[城桥]][[镇]]<br/>
|-
| '''[[面积]]'''
| [[平方公里]]
|-
| '''方位'''<br/>- [[经度]]<br/>- [[纬度]]
|<br/>东经 - <br/>北纬 -
|-
| [[气候]]
| 亚热带海洋性季风气候
|-
| '''平均[[气温]]'''
| ℃
|-
| '''平均[[降水]]'''
| 毫米
|-
| '''[[人口]]'''
| 万人([[2004年]]末)
|-
| '''[[中华民族|民族]]'''
| 绝大多数为[[汉族]],也有其他民族
|-
| '''[[国内生产总值]](GDP)'''<br/>'''- 人均'''
| [[人民币]]亿元(2004年末)<br/>人民币 元
|-
| ''' 一二三产业比例'''<br/>- [[第一产业]]<br/>- [[第二产业]]<br/>- [[第三产业]]
| ([[2002年]])<br/>%<br/>%<br/>%
|-
| '''识字率'''
| %(2004年末)
|-
| '''县[[党委]][[书记]]'''
|
|-
| '''[[县长]]'''
|
|-
| '''[[中国电话区号列表|电话区号]]'''
| 21-00000000<br/>(最后六位依地区而定)
|-
| '''[[邮政编码]]'''
| <br/>(最后两位为地区编码)
|-
| '''[[中国机动车牌照列表|机动车牌照]]'''
| 沪XXXX<br/>(X可以是数字或[[大写]]字母)
|}
'''崇明县'''是[[中华人民共和国]][[上海]]市个一个[[县]],勒拉[[长江]]入海口个[[崇明岛]]、[[长兴岛]]搭[[横沙岛]]等岛屿浪,总面积1411平方公里。其中崇明岛是世界浪顶大个河口冲积岛,也是中国第三大岛。
公元[[618年]]([[唐朝]][[武德]]元年),长江口外海面上开始露出东沙西沙两岛,之后,勒搿敦出现了交关沙洲涨坍变化。明末清初,伊俚终于连成一个完整个崇明岛。顶早勒公元[[696年]](唐朝[[万岁通天]]元年)初,就开始有人勒岛浪住。公元[[705年]](唐朝[[神龙]]元年),顶早勒西沙设镇,取名为崇明(“崇”取高义,“明”取清明义,意为高出水面而平坦宽阔个明净平地)。后来子历经行政更迭,1958年12月1日起从[[江苏省]]并入上海市,成为上海所辖个一个县。目前崇明县是上海次级行政区划中唯一个一个县。
全县人口70.1万人(2005年底),外来人口8.3万人。经济以农业搭工业为主,2005年全年完成增加值95.7亿元。另外岛上正勒到开发以生态休闲旅游为重点个旅游业。
[[崇明东滩湿地自然保护区]]是[[湿地国际]]确认个国际重要[[湿地]]。
==行政区划==
崇明县下辖13个镇、3个乡:
*镇:城桥镇、堡镇、庙镇、中兴镇、新河镇、三星镇、向化镇、绿化镇、建设镇、陈家镇、竖新镇、港西镇、港沿镇
*乡:新村乡、横沙乡、长兴乡
==言话==
崇明主要言话为[[吴语]][[崇明话]],搭江对过个[[启海话]]([[沙地话]])基本呒得区别,因为当时辰光就是崇明人过江建设着今朝个启海地区。
{{上海行政区划}}
{{Provinces_of_China}}
[[Category:地理]]
[[de:Chongming]]
[[en:Chongming]]
[[fr:Chongming]]
[[zh:崇明县]]
启海话
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Amor
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Redirecting to [[沙地话]]
#REDIRECT [[沙地话]]
沙地话
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Amor
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沙地话也叫“[[崇明话]]”或者“[[启海话]]”。之所以叫“沙地”是因为原先勒到[[崇明]]、启海地区,陆地侪是由一块块沙洲组成个。当然由于长期行政规化,该地区分为[[崇明县]]、[[启东]]市、[[海门]]市三地,由[[江苏省]]搭[[上海市]]分别管辖,交关人对“[[沙地]]”搿个词语已经弗熟悉个了。好星人只晓得以地名作为其方言个名字。
崇明话
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Redirecting to [[沙地话]]
#REDIRECT [[沙地话]]
Help:Contents
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Wtzdj
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<center>居个页面勒浪扩充</center>
=快速帮助=
==吴语维基百科所使用个言话==
以北部吴语为基础,以[[苏州评弹]]搭仔电台沪语以及明代《[[山歌]]》以来个[[吴语文学|吴语白话文]]为典范,以方言学研究成果为参考,搿个就是[[维基百科]]所使用个吴语书面语。
迭个“典范”指个是勒拉基本个虚词代词唠啥浪以上头提着个为典范,而勒拉更加广泛个词汇层面浪,可以吸收广大吴语区的因素搭仔世界浪个别个言话个因素。
==关于哪恁记录吴语==
记录吴语个方法呢邪气便当,就是拿平常日节个白话写下来。Wikipedia个吴语版本呢是用[[汉字]]作为书写系统个,倷可以用[[本字]]、有历史文献支持个俗字或者呢,吴语发音相通个通假字来书写,但是,绝对弗可以用普通话音来通假喔。
举几只例子来讲:
*正确:必过现在会得讲上海闲话个小人越来越少勒。
*正确:不过现在会得讲上海言话个小人越来越少勒。
*错误:别顾现在会的刚上海还湖饿小拧越来越少了。
*北方言语:不过现在会说上海话的小孩越来越少了。
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="lightgreen"
|-
! bgcolor="BurlyWood" |北方言话 !! 本字 !! 俗字 !! 吴音通假 !! bgcolor="pink" | 普通话通假
|-
| bgcolor="BurlyWood" | 不过 || 不过 || || 必过 || bgcolor="pink" | 别顾
|-
| bgcolor="BurlyWood" | 说 || 讲 || || || bgcolor="pink" | 刚
|-
| bgcolor="BurlyWood" | 会 || 会得 || || || bgcolor="pink" | 会的
|-
| bgcolor="BurlyWood" | 语言、话 || 言话 || 闲话 || 闲话 || bgcolor="pink" | 还湖
|-
| bgcolor="BurlyWood" | 的 || 个 || || || bgcolor="pink" | 饿
|-
| bgcolor="BurlyWood" | 小孩 || 小人 || || || bgcolor="pink" | 小拧
|-
| bgcolor="BurlyWood" | 了 || || 勒 || || bgcolor="pink" | 勒
|}
'''常用代词、连词等请参考[[Words_to_use | 常用吴语词汇]]'''
==关于哪恁使用编辑标记==
=详细帮助=
{| style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width:48%; border: #B8C7D9 solid 1px"
|-
|style="background:#F2F5F8;color:#1717A2;"|<b>书写风格</b>
|-
|
|-
|[[Image:Nuvola_apps_package_wordprocessing.png|20px|left]][[Wikipedia:How to write WUU wikipedia|哪能来写吴语维基个文章]]
|-
|[[Image:Nuvola_apps_package_wordprocessing.png|20px|left]][[Help:Example of Wu written Language|吴语书面语个例子]]
|-
|[[Image:Nuvola_apps_package_wordprocessing.png|20px|left]][[Wikipedia:Spelling|用字用词]]
|-
|style="background:#F2F5F8;color:#1717A2;"|<b>编辑维基百科</b>
|-
|
|-
|[[Image:Nuvola_apps_ksig.png|20px|left]][[Help:How to change articals|哪亨改变文章]]
|-
|[[Image:Nuvola_apps_ksig.png|20px|left]][[Help:How to use images|哪亨使用图片]]
|-
|[[Image:Nuvola_apps_ksig.png|20px|left]][[Help:Minor edit|拿侬个编辑标记成功“小改动”]]
|-
|[[Image:Nuvola_apps_ksig.png|20px|left]][[Help:Revert a page|拿文章恢复到旧版]]
|-
|[[Image:Nuvola_apps_ksig.png|20px|left]][[Help:User preferences help|用户设置]]
|}
{| style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width:48%; border: #B8C7D9 solid 1px"
|-
|style="background:#F2F5F8;color:#1717A2;"|<b>维基百科</b>
|-
|
|-
|[[Image:Wikipedia-logo.png|20px|left]][[Wikipedia:About|关于维基百科]]
|-
|[[Image:Wikipedia-logo.png|20px|left]][[维基百科|吴语维基百科]]
|-
|[[Image:Wikipedia-logo.png|20px|left]][[Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines|政策搭仔指南]]
|-
|style="background:#F2F5F8;color:#1717A2;"|<b>更多帮忙</b>
|-
|
|-
|[[Image:Nuvola_apps_kdmconfig.png|20px|left]][[Wikipedia:Simple talk|简单个对话]]
|-
|[[Image:Nuvola_apps_kdmconfig.png|20px|left]][[Wikipedia:Community Portal|社区门荡]]
|-
|[[Image:Nuvola_apps_kdmconfig.png|20px|left]][[Wikipedia:nonnative speakers'_tutorial|非吴语母语读者指南]]
|-
|[[Image:Nuvola_apps_kdmconfig.png|20px|left]][[Wikipedia:native speakers'_Guide|吴语区读者指南]]
|}
User:Pangguanzhe
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Pangguanzhe
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/* Topics of Interest */
[[Image:Wuyue3.gif]]
本旗由 IN T.Z. 设计. 为全吴所有. 只能为致力吴语吴文化使用. 称为"一江旗"
[[Image:Wuyue4.gif]]
本旗由 IN T.Z. 设计. 为全吴所有. 只能为致力吴语吴文化使用. 称为"二江旗"或"钱塘扬子旗", 或"吴-越UNION FLAG"
--------
==Topics of Interest==
* Neiwai
* Ignatief n political news in depth
* Oilsand n economic news in depth
* New literary bestsellers
* Ognia Arab music n pop singers by country
* Lyrics of timeless songs
* World religious and ethnic communities
* Anatolia cultural communities and subcultures
* Avi Lewis, Steve Paikin, George Stroumboulopoulos, Evan Soloman, Rough Cut, Passionate Eyes, Human Edges
==吴语,粤语,闽语,客语,文言,藏语,壮语维基百科正式成立了。==
地址:
http://wuu.wikipedia.org
粵語維基 http://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/
吴语维基百科 http://wuu.wikipedia.org/
閩東語 Wikipedia http://cdo.wikipedia.org/
文言文 (Ùng-ngiòng-ùng) · http://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/
客語 (Káh-uâ) · http://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Test-wp/hak/
Bân-lâm-gú (Mìng-nàng-uâ) http://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/
བོད་ཡིག (Câung-ngṳ̄) · http://bo.wikipedia.org/
ꆇꉙ (Ì-ngṳ̄) · http://ii.wikipedia.org/
Қазақ тілі (Hă-sák-káik-ngṳ̄) · http://kk.wikipedia.org/
кыргыз тили (Gék-ī-gék-sṳ̆-ngṳ̄) · http://ky.wikipedia.org/
Монгол хэл (Mùng-gū-ngṳ̄) · http://mn.wikipedia.org/
Tatarça (Ták-ták-ī-ngṳ̄) · http://tt.wikipedia.org/
ئۇيغۇرچه (Mì-ngù-ī-ngṳ̄) · http://ug.wikipedia.org/
أۇزبېك (Ŭ-cṳ̆-biék-káik-ngṳ̄) · http://uz.wikipedia.org/
Калмука хэлэн (Kā-ī-muòi-káik-ngṳ̄) · http://xal.wikipedia.org/
Sawcuengh (Cáung-ngṳ̄) http://za.wikipedia.org/
==My Entries==
* [[平面镜成像]]
* [[]]
* [[]]
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User talk:Pangguanzhe
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2006-10-03T04:45:38Z
Pangguanzhe
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[[Image:Wuyue3.gif]]
本旗由 IN TSOH-ZEN 设计. 为全吴所有. 只能为致力吴语吴文化使用. 称为"一江旗"
[[Image:Wuyue4.gif]]
本旗由 IN TSOH-ZEN 设计. 为全吴所有. 只能为致力吴语吴文化使用. 称为"二江旗"或"钱塘扬子旗", 或"吴-越UNION FLAG"
Image talk:Wuyue3.gif
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2006-10-03T04:53:06Z
Lieukehli
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#既没有出处也没有原作者授权,建议删除条目和相关说明。--[[User:Lieukehli|Lieukehli]] 04:53, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/October 3, 2006
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Amor
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Wikipedia:POTD row/October 3, 2006
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Amor
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User talk:Lieukehli
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2006-10-05T03:24:18Z
Jose77
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==Translation request/翻译请求==
'''Greetings Lieukehli'''!
Can you please help me write this article: [[真耶稣教会]] into the proper Wuu language? Your help would be gratefully appreciated.
Regards, --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 05:51, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
*Hi! I will have a try and make it neutral as with the Wikimedia policy.--[[User:Lieukehli|Lieukehli]] 06:35, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
:'''Thankyou very much for your help'''!
:''May Wuu Wikipedia prosper''!
:--[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 03:24, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
如东
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2006-10-11T02:13:02Z
Amor
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{| border="1" align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #ffffff; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: small;"
|-
|+<big>'''如东县'''</big>
|-
| '''[[中国行政区|行政区]]类别'''
| [[县]]
|-
| '''县政府所在地'''
| [[掘港]][[镇]]<br/>
|-
| '''[[面积]]'''
| 1872 [[平方公里]]
|-
| '''方位'''<br/>- [[经度]]<br/>- [[纬度]]
|<br/>东经 120°42′- 121°22′<br/>北纬 32°12′- 32°36′
|-
| [[气候]]
| 亚热带海洋性季风气候
|-
| '''平均[[气温]]'''
| 14.9℃
|-
| '''平均[[降水]]'''
| 1057毫米
|-
| '''[[人口]]'''
| 108.86万人([[2004年]]末)
|-
| '''[[中华民族|民族]]'''
| 绝大多数为[[汉族]],也有其他民族
|-
| '''[[国内生产总值]](GDP)'''<br/>'''- 人均'''
| [[人民币]]123.43亿元(2004年末)<br/>人民币 11295 元
|-
| ''' 一二三产业比例'''<br/>- [[第一产业]]<br/>- [[第二产业]]<br/>- [[第三产业]]
| ([[2002年]])<br/>30.7%<br/>35.1%<br/>34.2%
|-
| '''识字率'''
| 92.4%(2004年末)
|-
| '''县[[党委]][[书记]]'''
| 严长俊
|-
| '''[[县长]]'''
| 詹立风
|-
| '''[[中国电话区号列表|电话区号]]'''
| 513-84000000<br/>(最后六位依地区而定)
|-
| '''[[邮政编码]]'''
| 226400<br/>(最后两位为地区编码)
|-
| '''[[中国机动车牌照列表|机动车牌照]]'''
| 苏F4XXXX<br/>(X可以是数字或[[大写]]字母)
|}
'''如东县'''是[[中华人民共和国]][[江苏省]]东南部个一个县,为[[南通]]地区个北三县之一。
== 历史 ==
如东为“如皋东乡”(即如皋东部地区个意思)个缩写。如东勒中华人民共和国成立之前,一直为原如皋县个一部分。[[1949年]],中华人民共和国如东县人民政府成立。
搭其他南通中东部地区一样,现今如东一带古时候大都是长江口个沙洲或还勿曾成陆。
[[汉朝|汉代]],今如东中部一带有一块叫“扶海洲”个沙洲。[[南北朝]]个辰光,搿块沙洲搭古扬州东部个砂咀并接。搿次并接使得扬泰砂咀(旧称蓼角嘴)朝东延伸了50多公里,到仔今长沙镇以东。
随仔[[唐朝|唐]][[宋朝|宋]]时期[[范公堤]]等海岸工程个修筑,如东个陆地区域大致稳定下来。
到仔20世纪初,出身于南通地区个末代状元[[张謇]]实业兴国,组织江浙一带士绅勒长江口以北漫长个江苏海岸投资垦荒、围海造地,如东一带个沿海也勒当中。围垦不但帮如东加出来新个土地,还带过来海门、启东一带个移民。交关年数以来,围垦一直勿曾中断,如东个沿海目前仍有局部围垦活动。
=== 部分事件 ===
*[[日本]]和尚[[圆仁]]勒公元[[839年]]([[唐文宗]][[开成]]四年)前往中国。当时圆仁等人所乘个船勒如东沿海搁浅,伊俚登陆后曾经勒如东一带辗转。后来圆仁留居[[长安]]6年,于公元[[847年]]([[唐宣宗]][[大中]]元年) 返回日本。圆仁回到日本之后,写了《入唐求法巡礼行记》,书中记录了搿星经历搭当时如东一带个情况。
*[[1645年]]([[清世祖]][[顺治]]二年),如皋(当时如东属如皋)个百姓反抗清朝个[[剃发易服|剃发令]],陈君悦等人发动起义搭清兵作战,后来仔拨镇压。
== 地理 ==
如东位于苏中地区,[[长江三角洲]]北翼。如东东面搭北面濒临南[[黄海]],隔海与[[韩国]]、[[日本]]相望。西部搭[[如皋]],西北角子搭[[海安]]相连,南面搭[[通州]]为邻。
如东拥有106公里长个海岸线,海岸[[滩涂]]宽阔,有渔盐之利。另外,如东海岸常年大风,风力资源丰富,经实测,全年可供发电有效风时为7941小时。现在正勒到进行风力发电站个建设。
全境为冲积平原,土地肥沃。地势基本平坦,内地稍微比沿海高出一滴滴,[[标高]]一般勒海拔3.5—4.5米之间。地层主要为粉砂土层,地表数米余,为粉质粘土、粉土;深部以粉砂、细砂为主。地耐力一般为10~13吨/平方米。地质构造比较简单,相对稳定。居也是为啥如东呒得大地震(危害严重)个原因。
气候属亚热带季风性气候,温和湿润,四季分明。6、7月份有梅雨期,冬天有辰光有雪。
=== 行政区划 ===
下辖十五个镇:<br/>
掘港镇 长沙镇 苴镇镇 马塘镇 双甸镇<br/>
袁庄镇 大豫镇 岔河镇 新店镇 曹埠镇<br/>
栟茶镇 丰利镇 河口镇 兵房镇 洋口镇
== 农业 ==
海产品丰富,是如东农业个特色。
可捕捞个各种近海生物资源繁多:贝类中以特产[[文蛤]]为最,其口味鲜美,年出口6000多吨(如东是全国最大个生产搭出口基地),此外还有竹蛏、泥螺、蚶子、蛤蜊等五十种。鱼类有一百种以上,以[[黄鱼]]、[[鲳鱼]]、[[马鲛鱼]]、鳓鱼、鲻鱼、鮸鱼、[[刀鱼]]、[[比目鱼|板鱼]]、[[河豚]]等最有名。虾蟹类出名个有红虾、白虾、对虾及梭子蟹、大青蟹等。
河海也方便仔养殖业:如东著名个有[[紫菜]]、[[海带]]个海水养殖。[[对虾]]、[[扣蟹]]等个围塘养殖也勒迅速发展。
因为是平原地区,棉粮果蔬生产条件也非常良好。特别是冲积平原个沙质土壤适宜棉花个生长,[[皮棉]]产量尤为突出。
== 工业 ==
有纺织、医药化工、机械、电子信息、轻工、海洋生物等工业部门,拥有亚洲最大的毛巾、防护手套搭铁链生产及出口基地。
规划当中个洋口港区将会有[[重化工]]园区项目。
由于交通环境持续改善,[[临海型工业]]发展潜力非常大。
=== 能源 ===
如东勒[[2005年]]前后获得了交关高额投资个能源项目。
*江苏如东燃气电厂(建设中,规划装机容量为8×35千瓦)[http://www.rudong.com.cn/nnews/2006-01-25/3135.html]
*江苏如东25MW生物质发电工程(建设中,规划发电1.8亿千瓦时)[http://www.rudong.com.cn/nnews/2006-01-11/3031.html]
*如东东凌海上风电场项目(建设中,国家特许权示范项目,目标总装机规模为90万千瓦)
== 交通 ==
主要通过公路运输,有发达个长途汽车线路。
洋口港(建设中),大型[[散货]]、液体燃料深水港口,位于长沙镇。
== 人物 ==
*[[李金华]],[[中华人民共和国审计署]]审计长
*[[管惟炎]],[[中国科学技术大学]]前校长,[[中科院]]院士。
==外部链接==
*[http://www.rudong.com.cn 如东县官方门户]
*[http://www.stats.gov.cn/was40/reldetail.jsp?docid=402299429 该文介绍仔一星如东个数据]
*[http://www.js.xinhuanet.com/zhuanti/2005-03/03/content_3807039.htm 南通历史由来]
*[http://www.retv.com.cn/gcrg/yyls.htm 如皋历史]
*[http://www.rudong.com.cn/business/entironment/index.html 经济现状]
{{江苏行政区划}}
{{Provinces_of_China}}
[[category:地理]]
日本
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{{Infobox Country|the=|
国家名称 =-{日本国 <br><span lang="ja">にほんこく</span>}-|
国名 =日本|
国旗文件名 =Flag of Japan.svg|
国徽文件名 =Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|
国家位置图片文件名 =LocationJapan.png|
国家首都名称 =[[東京都]]|
最大城市名称 =
[[東京都]]:8,134,688人([[2000年]])
国土面积数据 =377,835|
面积排名 =60|
水域率百分比 =0.8|
海域 =
|
最高点 =[[富士山]]:海拔3776米|
最长河流 =[[信浓川]]:367千米|
最大湖泊 =[[琵琶湖]]:670平方千米|
官方语言 =[[日語]]|
总人口数据 =127,214,499人|
人口排名 =9|
人口密度数据 =335人|
人口密度排名 =18|
民族 =
<LI>[[大和族]]:99.4%
<LI>[[阿伊努族]]:0.6%|
宗教 =
<LI>[[神道教]]
<LI>[[佛教]]
<LI>[[基督教]]|
主要节日 =
<LI>建国日:[[前660年|公元前660年]][[2月11日]]
<LI>天皇诞生日:[[1933年]][[12月23日]]|
政治体制 =君主立宪制|
政府机构 =
<LI>最高行政机关:内阁|
国家元首职称 =天皇|
现任国家元首名字 =明仁天皇|
政府首脑职称 =首相|
现任政府首脑名字 =安倍晋三|
货币单位 =[[日圆]](JPY)|
货币汇率 =1美元=116.8日圆|
国内生产总值数据 =$4.524万亿美元 (列第2位)|
人均国内生产总值数据 =$28,700美元|
中央银行 =[[日本银行]]|
国家格言 =|
国歌名称 =[[君之代]]|
国家象征 =
<LI>[[国花]]:[[櫻花]]和[[菊花]]
<LI>[[国鸟]]:[[绿雉]]
<LI>[[国石]]:[[小晶]]|
时区 =东九区|
国际域名缩写 =.jp|
国家代码=JPN|
国际电话区号 =81|
}}
'''日本''',正式叫'''日本国''',位于[[亚洲]]东部个[[岛国]],领土由[[北海道]]、[[本州岛]]、[[四国岛]]、[[九州岛]]四个大岛搭3900来个小岛组成,西临[[日本海]]搭[[朝鲜半岛]]隔海相望,东许是[[太平洋]]。“日本”搿个词个意思是“太阳升出来个场化”。日语里向“日本”一词有多种假名写法,“'''にっぽん'''”('''Nippon''')搿个名字用勒邮票或者国际性体育赛事里向,而“'''にほん'''”('''Nihon''')多用勒日常用语当中。[[英语]]里向个'''Japan''',有人认为来源于Zipangu或者Xipangu(古代汉语方言发音个“日本国”)。“'''やまと'''”('''大和''')是日本古时候个一个地区,勒现在个奈良县,意思是四周拨山包围个地方。[[大和]]政权势力扩大之后,有辰光指代日本全部。{{portal}}
==历史==
根据日本神话,日本勒经历仔一段漫长个神话时期之后,传说当中[[天照大神]]个后裔[[神武天皇]]勒公元前660年建立日本国並且即位为[[天皇]]。另外传说有[[秦朝]]个居士[[徐福]]曾奉[[秦始皇]]之命,带同五百童男童女(也有话三千)到日本去寻长生弗老药(也有话以求药为名,复国为实),后来子反而勒搿敦落地生根。弗过今朝个考古证据表明,古代个日本是由众多部落国家以及从东北亚迁徙去个游牧民族融合演变而成个。
公元[[6世纪]]前,日本透过[[朝鲜]]诸国一直吸收来于亚洲大陆个文化。公元6世纪,通过[[圣德太子]]“推古改制”搭孝德天皇“[[大化革新]]”等改革,学中国,提高皇权,强化政府官僚制度。
随仔地方[[庄园]]势力不断增强搭中央政府内乱,[[武士]]阶层慢慢较上升为权力中心。[[1192年]],武士首领[[源赖朝]]拨封为[[征夷大将军]],建立[[镰仓幕府]],开始[[幕府]]勒日本600来年个统治。搿段时期一般分为:镰仓幕府、[[南北朝 (日本)|南北朝]]时代、[[室町幕府]]、[[战国 (日本)|战国]]时代、[[江户幕府]]。
到[[16世纪]],[[葡萄牙]]、[[荷兰]]、[[英国]]搭[[西班牙]]个商人搭仔传教士到达日本。[[17世纪]]初,日本开始实行锁国政策,除脱勒[[长崎]]搭荷兰、中国商人仍保持贸易外,搭外国断绝一切关系。搿个孤立政策持续近200年,一脚到[[1854年]]美国海军准将[[佩里]](Commodore Perry)率领舰队,抵达[[江户]]附近个[[浦贺]],再重新敲开日本个国门。
搭西方重新接触后个日本马上就觉着自家相当落后。咯咾通过以西南四藩([[萨摩]]、[[长州]]、[[土佐]]、[[肥前]])为主个维新人士带领,开始一场全国性个倒幕尊皇运动。搿场大规模个运动结果是[[1868年]]末代将军[[德川庆喜]]主动[[大政奉还]]拨以天皇为首个新政府。[[1868年]]开始个[[明治维新]]对日本进行了多项改革,[[封建]]体制拨废除,引进西方政治体制,包括西方个[[法律]]体系及政府体系。此外,其它勒[[经济]]、[[政治]]、[[军事]]浪个多项改革使得日本实力逐渐增强。[[1879年]],日本强行吞并脱[[琉球群岛]]。日本个野心也引发后来子个[[中日甲午战争]](1895年)搭[[日俄战争]](1905年)。通过搿星战争,日本占领[[朝鲜]]、[[台湾]]等多处领地,控制[[中国东北]],並且获得交关战争赔款,实力迅速膨胀。
{{日本历史}}
[[20世纪]]初,日本军事实力发展迅速,慢慢较跑上[[军国主义]]侵略扩张之路。[[1931年]]日本以从欧美殖民地中夺回亚洲人民自决之名目,实质攻打[[中国]][[东北三省]],建立了[[傀儡]][[政府]][[满洲国]]。[[1937年]]日本对中国进行侵略,引发[[侵华战争]]。[[1941年]]日本对美军驻地[[夏威夷]]个[[珍珠港事件|珍珠港进行偷袭]],並且侵略[[东南亚]]及[[大洋洲]]多个地区,引发[[太平洋战争]]。到战争后首来,日本本土拨盟国封锁搭仔轰炸。[[1945年]]8月,美军勒[[广岛]]搭[[长崎]]投下去两粒[[原子弹]],苏联也开始对日作战。日本被迫投降,[[两战]]到此结束。
战后,日本受美国主导个[[联合国]]军最高司令官总司令部([[GHQ]])管辖,一脚到1952年。之后日本进入经济复苏与高度发展时期,国力再度增强,经济实力趋于雄厚。另外,日本重新加入联合国等国际组织,[[东京]]成功申办[[1964年]][[奥运会|夏季奥运会]],表明日本重新获得世界接纳,国际影响力也与日俱增。
==军事==
[[第二次世界大战]]结束之前,日本是一个[[军国主义]]国家。日本军队曾经侵犯[[中国]]、[[韩国]]及位于东南亚个西方殖民地,如[[马来西亚]]、[[新加坡]]、[[印度尼西亚]]、[[菲律宾]]等,並且作为[[轴心国]]搭[[美国]]、[[英国]]、[[苏联]]等[[同盟国]]发生战争。[[1945年]]战败后,日本勒美军总司令[[麦克阿瑟]]当权个辰光,制订[[和平宪法]],当中个第九条规定日本弗得拥有军队,因此部分美军仍留驻当地以加强国防,使得日本,加上后来子个南朝鲜(South Korea),成为美国勒东亚军事个桥头堡。[[1950年]][[朝鲜战争]]开始后,为了对抗苏联阵营,日本受美国指导,逐点开始武装,由警察部队发展出一支廿几万人个军事武装:[[日本自卫队]]。开始个辰光,自卫队只允许勒日本境内活动,但是近年自卫队开始朝外国派兵。其中2003年[[美伊战争]]([[伊拉克战争]])爆发后,自卫队配合美军驻扎[[伊拉克]]协助当地重建工作。由于宪法限制,部队虽有武器,但只可以勒拨人家袭击个辰光再可以用来自卫,咯老[[英国]]及[[意大利]]驻当地部队需负责其保安。
从1993年起,日本个军事支出连续10多年只仅次于美国。勒2004年位居美国、英国、法国之后,为世界第四位。国防开支总额达49600亿[[日元]],比2003年增加了0.7%。而人均国防费用则居世界第一。
[[2005年]][[11月22日]] 执政党[[自由民主党]]勒东京举行建党50周年纪念大会,並且正式公布了其提出个宪法修改草案。草案个核心内容是要废除现行宪法中日本不得拥有陆海空三军等武装力量个规定,要求帮日本自卫队升格为“自卫军”,並且规定“自卫军”可以为“确保国际和平而展开国际合作活动”。草案需获得议会通过,並且经[[全民公决]]得到至少2/3赞同票再可以生效。
==政府与政治==
日本是[[君主立宪]]制国家,宪法讲“主权在民”,而[[天皇]]为“日本国及人民团结个象征”。搭世界浪多数君主立宪制度一样,天皇勒日本只有元首名义,而呒得政治实权,但是受民众尊重。
日本政治体制[[三权分立]]:立法权归两院制国会;司法权归[[裁判所]],即[[法院]];行政权归内阁、[[地方公共团体]]及[[中央省厅]]。
[[宪法]]规定国家最高权力机构为国会,众议院480席,参议院242席。选民为20岁以上个国民。
从[[1955年]]起,原称[[保守合同]]个[[自由民主党]](自民党)一直长期执政,只弗过勒到[[1993年]]到[[1996年]]之间拨对手替代执政,1996年之后就一直执政到今朝。其余在野政党包括[[民主党|日本民主党]]、[[共产党|日本共产党]]等。现在日本由自民党及[[公明党]]组成个联合政府执政。
==外交关系==
国际关系浪日本最亲密盟友是美国,而因为美国勒当地驻军,使得日本勒美国东亚外交策略中有一定影响力。作为世界第二大经济体系,日本努力勒世界舞台上争取与之相等个角色;曾联同[[德国]]、[[巴西]]及[[印度]]组成[[四国集团]]朝[[联合国]]提交改革[[安全理事会]]建议,其中提出加入伊俚国家为[[常任理事国]]。有星问题,譬如捕鲸,仍归让日本成为国际组织个批评对象,但是日本搭世界关系基本和平。搭居正好相反个是,由于对二战历史、领土边界及军事威胁等认知弗同,日本搭邻国,特别是搭[[中华人民共和国]]、[[北朝鲜]]及[[南朝鲜]]个关系相对紧张。
[[Image:Japan_Administrative_ZH-CN.jpg|thumb|right|日本领土纠纷图([[:Image:Japan_Administrative_ZH-TW.jpg|-{繁体版}-]]、[[:Image:Japan_Administrative_ZH-CN.jpg|-{简体版}-]])]]
===领土纠纷===
日本搭[[中华民国]](现在台湾控制区)、[[中华人民共和国]](现在大陆控制区)、[[韩国]]、[[朝鲜]]、[[俄罗斯]]等国家或者地区侪有领土争议。
====钓鱼岛====
位于台湾东北方向,琉球群岛西南,中华人民共和国政府称[[钓鱼岛]]或者[[钓鱼台]](日本称[[尖阁诸岛]]),属台湾省管辖;中华民国政府也称钓鱼台属中华民国台湾省[[宜兰县]]管辖;但现在由日本实际控制。美国勒[[1972年]]移交[[琉球群岛]]行政管辖权个辰光帮钓鱼岛一同移交个举动曾经引发[[香港]]学生子示威,而[[中国大陆]]搭[[台湾]]也有民间人士参与了[[保钓运动]],其中1996年,香港保钓人士[[陈毓祥]]勒钓鱼台水域抗议个辰光溺水身亡。现任[[中国国民党]]主席[[马英九]]勒到学生时代也曾经参加过[[保钓运动]]。
====千岛列岛/北方四岛====
日本政府一直宣称对勒二战期间拨[[苏联]]占领,苏联解体后由[[俄罗斯]]控制个[[千岛列岛]]最南端个[[国后岛|国后]]、[[择捉岛|择捉]]、[[齿舞岛|齿舞]]、[[色丹岛|色丹]]四岛(日本称[[北方四岛]])、北部千岛列岛、南[[桦太]]([[库页岛]])拥有主权。
====独岛/竹岛====
日本也宣称伊俚拥有位于[[日本海]]个[[独岛|竹岛]]([[大韩民国|韩国]]称“[[独岛|独岛]]”)个“主权”,该岛现在由[[大韩民国|韩国]]控制,韩国勒搿个岛浪驻扎交关[[警察]]。
====冲之鸟礁/岛====
====东海划界及天然气田开采====
===历史问题===
====日本历史教科书问题====
====靖国神社====
作为日本[[军国主义]]象征个[[靖国神社]]建于1869年,原称东京招魂社,1879年命名为靖国神社,是为国牺牲个日本人,即「护国英灵」个灵魂聚集地。勒1978年起供奉拨[[远东军事法庭]]定罪个[[甲级战犯]],称搿星人为“昭和殉难者”;据后来公开个皇室书信显示,天皇因为搿个原因从1975年之后就分宁去神社。1985年日本战败四十周年,首相[[中曾根康弘]]官式参拜神社,惹来中国及韩国等二次大战拨侵略国家个抗议;之后直到2001年,呒得在职首相到神社官式参拜。2001年起首相小泉纯一郎在任六年间,弗顾亚洲国家个批评,曾经六次参拜靖国。中韩两国为此抨击日本政府历史观,並且要求首相停止参拜,日本搭中国及韩国个关系开始恶化。刚刚上任个首相[[安倍晋三]]仍分宁话是勿是要去参拜。
日本部分政治人物参拜,並且发表维护或者鼓吹参拜个言论,外相[[麻生太郎]]也曾公开要求[[天皇]]参拜靖国神社,批评者因此认为军国主义仍归存在于日本政府甚至社会当中。
神社旁边设立二战历史博物馆[[游就馆]],馆内文字介绍极力赞扬皇军,並且展示二战时期日军军备,还展出阵亡[[神风敢死队]]军人个相片。2006年,美国官员参观,並且对有关美国个内容作批评之后,博物馆修改了指责美国个内容。
===日本海/东海/韩国海名称争议===
==行政区划==
日本划分为47个一级行政区:1都,1道,2府,43县。
*[[北海道]] (1) - [[北海道]]
*[[本州岛]] (34)
**[[日本东北|东北]] - [[青森县]] - [[岩手县]] - [[宫城县]] - [[秋田县]] - [[山形县]] - [[福岛县]]
**[[关东]] - [[茨城县]] - [[櫔木县]] - [[群马县]] - [[埼玉县]] - [[千叶县]] - [[东京都]] - [[神奈川县]]
**[[日本中部|中部]]
***[[甲信越]] - [[山梨县]] - [[长野县]] - [[新潟县]]
***[[北陆]] - [[富山县]] - [[石川县]] - [[福井县]]
***[[日本东海|东海]] - [[岐阜县]] - [[爱知县]] - [[静冈县]]
**[[近畿]] - [[三重县]] - [[滋贺县]] - [[京都府]] - [[大阪府]] - [[兵库县]] - [[奈良县]] - [[和歌山县]]
**[[日本中国|中国]] - [[鸟取县]] - [[岛根县]] - [[冈山县]] - [[广岛县]] - [[山口县]]
*[[四国]] (4) - [[徳岛县]] - [[香川县]] - [[爱媛县]] - [[高知县]]
*[[九州岛]] (8) - [[福冈县]] - [[佐贺县]] - [[长崎县]] - [[熊本县]] - [[大分县]] - [[宫崎县]] - [[鹿儿岛县]]
**[[冲绳]] - [[冲绳县]]
==地理==
===位置===
[[图像:Satellite image of Japan in May 2003.jpg|thumb|日本空照图]]日本是一个位于[[太平洋]]西岸个[[岛国]],由6800多个岛屿组成。北起北海道泽捉、东起东京南鸟岛、西至冲绳[[与那国岛]](位于台湾东岸外海)。由四个主要岛屿[[北海道]]、[[九州岛]]、[[本州岛]]及[[四国]]搭外围个[[千岛群岛]]、[[小笠原群岛]]及[[琉球群岛]]组成,其中四大岛个面积就占了国土面积个99.37%。国土总面积约为37.8万平方公里,搭[[芬兰]]及[[巴拉圭]]差勿多;南北总长3800公里,搭[[澳洲]]、[[马达加斯加]]、[[美国]]差勿多。
===地貌地质===
从[[板块构造学说]](1968年勒皮顺划分)观点,日本位于[[亚欧板块]]搭[[太平洋板块]]个[[消亡边界]],为[[西太平洋岛弧-海岸山脉-海沟组合]]个一部分。全国68%个地方是山地。日本最高个山是有名个[[富士山]],海拔3,776米。由于平原较少,日本交关山浪侪种植农作物,最大个平原为[[关东平原]]。日本位于[[环太平洋火山地震带]],全球有十分之一个火山位在日本,勒全国经常会得发生火山活动。严重个[[地震]]100年里相侪会得发生几趟;近年发生个[[阪神大地震]]、[[新潟县中越地震]]侪是[[芮氏地震规模]]6级以上个强震,受到世界各国关注。日本个[[温泉]]交关,並且已经发展成为旅游景点。
===气候===
由于日本岛呈东北向,並且延伸了较长,南北跨度约20度,因此有多种[[温度带]]。气候类型大部分是[[温带季风气候]],南部个[[九州岛]]、[[四国]]、[[琉球群岛]](归属存在争议)有[[副热带季风气候]]。北部岛屿夏天温暖,冬天日子长,冷来交关,还经常落大雪。而中西部地区冬天比较干燥,弗拉落雪,夏天潮湿。
日本是[[岛国]],又深受[[黑潮]]影响,[[海洋性]]显着。
三月至四月是春季,五月至九月初是夏季,九月至十一月是秋季,十一月底至二月是冬季。盛夏至初秋常受[[热带气旋]]([[台风]])侵袭。
==经济==
政府利用资本扶持工业搭企业、强大个劳动力、高科技个发展以及较低个[[军事]]预算比例(占GDP个1%),让日本经济高速发展,並且成为当今[[科技]]发达程度仅次于美国个[[经济体]]、仅次于美国个全球第二大经济体。日本个经济特点是[[生产商]]、[[供应商]]搭[[经销商]]紧密结合;强大个[[企业联盟]];以及部分城市人口个[[终身就业保障]]。但是搿星特点目前侪勒到随仔时代搭社会环境变迁而慢慢较流失。
日本个经济支柱—[[工业]]需要倚赖进口个原材料搭能源。而较小个[[农业]]要倚赖政府个补助搭保护,日本个[[米]]有本事自给自足,但其它农作物个50%侪需要进口。日本是全球最大个[[渔业]]国家之一,捕鱼量占全球总捕鱼量个近15%。日本经济从[[1950年代]]末期开始,保持了20多年个高度增长:1960年代政府提出“所得倍增计划”,出现平均10%个增长;1970年代初期虽然碰拉[[石油危机]],平均仍有5%个增长;1980年代只有平均4%个增长。而从1990年代开始,日本经济趋向于弗景气,主要是因为1980年代末期个过度[[投资]]造成个资产膨胀,以及[[证券]]及[[房地产]]市场个“泡沫化”,最终勒[[逾放比]]过高搭日圆弗断升值个双重影响中,泡沫经济瓦解。政府改革经济个努力成效弗大,弗过,1997年个[[亚洲金融危机]]搭2001年个美国经济衰退只对当时个日本经济造成轻微影响。
虽然日本经济增长减缓,但失业率仍长期处于低水平。
挤来交关个居住环境以及[[人口老龄化]]是两大问题。[[机器人]]制造是主要个长期经济优势,全球720,000个机器人当中,日本有410,000只,可以话是机器人王国。
==人口==
[[总务省]]统计局公布个“[http://www.stat.go.jp/data/kokusei/2005/youkei/gaiyou.htm 平成17年国势调査]”指出,截至2005年10月1日,日本总人口为1亿2775万6815人,勒全世界排行第十,人口正逐点减少;[[人口密度]]343人/平方公里,其中以东岸地区搭南部地区最为密集。全国80%人口集中于城市或者大镇,26%以上人口住了勒大东京地区('''首都圈'''),49%以上人口集中勒[[东京都]]、[[大阪府]]及[[神奈川县]],而东京都人口密度为5,748人/km<sup>2</sup>。
日本人(日本国民)个民族构成比较简单,但並弗是[[单一民族国家]]。大致98%是[[大和族]],剩下来有200万人左右[[琉球人]]([[明治维新]]后勒1872年拨日本政府并吞个[[琉球国|琉球王朝]]个遗民)、3万人左右个[[阿伊努族]]、30万多日籍[[朝鲜族]]、10万人左右个日籍[[汉族]]等。除了日本人以外还有200万外国人合法住了勒日本,包括60万朝鲜、韩国人、50万中国人等。大和族个人种起源于日本群岛、亚洲大陆及附近太平洋群岛等各个地方,语言搭文化受到邻近个[[中国]]及[[朝鲜]]影响。现在包括外国人个日本居民当中99%以上人口通晓日语。剩下来个1%左右,主要包括新近移居日本个中国人、巴西人等,也或多或少兼通日语。现行个公用语言是以江户山手地区(今东京中心一带)个方言为基础个“标准语”。
==宗教==
[[神道教|神道]]搭[[佛教]]是日本个主要宗教,其中'''神道'''是勒日本本土发展出来个宗教。大多数日本人並弗信奉一个特定宗教,但是交关宗教仪式或者活动已经搭日本人个生活融为一体,譬如婚礼搭葬礼。交关人由于历史原因搭科学发展而对宗教漠弗关心。
==文化==
* [[日本国花]] [[菊花]]、[[樱花]](呒得法律规定)
* [[日本新年]]
* [[日本节日]]
* [[日本历]]
* [[日本传统艺能]]
** 表演:[[能剧|能]]、[[狂言]]、[[歌舞伎]]、[[文乐]]、[[落语]]、[[日本雅乐|雅乐]]、[[神乐]]、[[漫才]]、[[新喜剧]]
** 文学:[[俳句]]、[[短歌]]([[和歌]])、[[川柳]]
** 艺道:[[茶道]]、[[插花|华道]]、[[香道]]、[[花押]]、[[水墨画]]、[[艺妓|舞妓]]、[[艺妓|艺者]]、[[日本髪]]
* [[日本色情业]]
* [[日本音乐]]
** [[日本摇滚乐]]
* [[日本动漫]]
* [[武士|日本武士]]
** [[武士道]]、[[忍者]]、[[日本刀]]、[[铠]]、[[日本兜]]、[[家纹]]、[[城]]
* [[日本宗教]]
* [[日本体育]]
** [[相扑]]、[[武道]]、[[柔道]]、[[剑道]]、[[弓道]]、[[空手道]]、[[水术]]、[[棒术]]、[[居合道]]、[[武术]]、[[昆虫相扑]]
* [[日本棋艺]]
** [[将棋]]、[[围棋]]、[[花礼]]
* [[日本旅游景点]]
* [[日本服饰]]
* [[日本人列表]]
* [[日本大学列表]]
* [[日本三大一览]]
==其它主题==
* [[日本通讯]]
* [[日本交通]]
* [[日本军事]]
* [[日本外交]]
* [[日本传媒]]
* [[美日关系]]
* [[反日情绪]]
* [[中日关系]]
* [[在日中国人]]
==外部链接==
{{wiktionary}}
* [http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/index-e.html Kantei.go.jp] - 首相及内阁官方网站
* [http://www.worldmapfinder.com/Cn/Asia/Japan/ 日本地图 - WorldMapFinder]
[[Category:地理]]
[[af:Japan]]
[[als:Japan]]
[[an:Chapón]]
[[ar:اليابان]]
[[ast:Xapón]]
[[be:Японія]]
[[bg:Япония]]
[[bn:জাপান]]
[[br:Japan]]
[[bs:Japan]]
[[ca:Japó]]
[[chr:ᏣᏆᏂ]]
[[cs:Japonsko]]
[[csb:Japòńskô]]
[[cy:Japan]]
[[da:Japan]]
[[de:Japan]]
[[el:Ιαπωνία]]
[[en:Japan]]
[[eo:Japanio]]
[[es:Japón]]
[[et:Jaapan]]
[[eu:Japonia]]
[[fa:ژاپن]]
[[fi:Japani]]
[[fr:Japon]]{{Link FA|fr}}
[[ga:An tSeapáin]]
[[gl:Xapón - 日本]]
[[gu:જાપાન]]
[[he:יפן]]
[[hi:जापान]]
[[hr:Japan]]
[[ht:Japon]]
[[hu:Japán]]
[[id:Jepang]]
[[ilo:Japon]]
[[io:Japonia]]
[[is:Japan]]
[[it:Giappone]]
[[ja:日本]]
[[ka:იაპონია]]
[[kn:ಜಪಾನ್]]
[[ko:일본]]
[[ku:Japonya]]
[[kw:Nihon]]
[[la:Iaponia]]
[[lb:Japan]]
[[li:Japan]]
[[lo:ຍີ່ປຸ່ນ]]
[[lt:Japonija]]
[[lv:Japāna]]
[[mg:Japana]]
[[mi:Nipono]]
[[mk:Јапонија]]
[[mn:Япон]]
[[mo:Жапония]]
[[mr:जपान]]
[[ms:Jepun]]
[[na:Djapan]]
[[nds:Japan]]
[[nds-nl:Japan]]
[[nl:Japan]]
[[nn:Japan]]
[[no:Japan]]
[[nrm:Japon]]
[[oc:Japon]]
[[pl:Japonia]]
[[ps:جاپان]]
[[pt:Japão]]
[[ro:Japonia]]
[[ru:Япония]]
[[scn:Giappuni]]
[[sco:Japan]]
[[se:Japána]]
[[simple:Japan]]
[[sk:Japonsko]]
[[sl:Japonska]]
[[sq:Japonia]]
[[sr:Јапан]]
[[su:Jepang]]
[[sv:Japan]]
[[ta:ஜப்பான்]]
[[th:ประเทศญี่ปุ่น]]
[[tl:Hapon (bansa)]]
[[tr:Japonya]]
[[ug:ياپونىيە]]
[[uk:Японія]]
[[uz:Yaponiya]]
[[vi:Nhật Bản]]
[[yi:יאפאן]]
[[zh-min-nan:Ji̍t-pún]]
[[zh-yue:日本]]
AODV
113
2226
2006-10-21T09:20:15Z
Lieukehli
24
/* 好处 */
'''Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector''' ('''AODV''')是一种用于[[网状网络]]个[[路由]][[协议]],按英文字面个意思是'''自组网 按需 距离 向量''',目前还是一种实验性质个协议。勒拉网状网络里向,弗存在一只中心节点进行路由管理,所有个网络[[节点]]侪是平等个,每只节点侪要担负[[路由器]]个职能。AODV协议采用一种[[反应式路由]]机制,也就是讲,只有当网络中个节点需要发送数据个辰光再去建立一条[[路由]],弗然,各个节点弗会主动生成并且维护一条呒没数据传输个路由。至于寻找路径个[[算法]]方面,AODV协议用距离向量来估算路径个长短。根据AODV协议发明者个论文,迭个协议可以用勒[[无线网络]]浪,也可以用勒[[有线网络]]浪。
==基本算法==
===路由个寻获===
当一只节点需要朝另外一只未知节点发送数据个辰光,所有贴隔壁个节点迭个节点会得朝伊拉[[广播]]一只'''路由请求(RREQ)'''包。收到RREQ包个节点,如果弗晓得跑到目标节点个路径呢,就会得拿搿只请求包转发(继续[[广播]])畀伊自家个隔壁邻舍(必过,要是搿只请求包是搿个节点老底子发出去个说话,各么伊是弗会得畀转发个,迭能可以避免[[环路]])。转发脱以后呢,请求包是从啥地方转过来个信息仍旧存勒节点里,要过仔一歇再厾脱。搿恁介一个过程重复进行下去,直到碰着一只节点晓得去目标节点个路径,或者伊自家就是目标。乃么搿个辰光呢,会得从此地朝原来请求包发过来个方向回送一只'''路由应答(RREP)'''包。同样个,收到搿恁一只应答包个节点还会朝伊上头个方向继续发应答包,各么最后搿眼应答包就会勒起点搭仔终点之间建立一条路由出来。
===路由个管理===
==协议消息包类型==
===路由请求(RREQ)===
===路由应答(RREP)===
===路由错误(RERR)===
===邻舍探访(Hello)===
==评价==
===好处===
*算法简单,便于实现。
*呒没环路。
*路由个管理维护开销少,用勒拉管理上头个数据包少
*省电
*可支持个网络节点数比较多
===坏处===
*勒拉节点一开始发起路由请求个辰光,会产生大量广播式请求包,迭个过程比较慢,网络个流量负载也比较大。
==相关链接==
*[[自组网]]
*[[DSR]]
==参考资料==
Wikipedia:Community Portal
114
980
2006-10-07T16:47:30Z
Wtzdj
18
基本浪讲,倪'''社区门荡'''就是一个可以看见勒拉Wikipedia浪向最近有啥事体个场化。勒居搭呢,好晓得何里一眼事体要做,何里一眼小组好参加,还有末就是最近个活动。
:*假使需要文档,看[[Help:Contents|帮忙]]。
:*[[Wikipedia:红茶坊]]是居个百科全书里向讨论个场化。
Wikipedia:红茶坊
115
2233
2006-10-21T11:15:34Z
Wtzdj
18
/* 代虚词标准化 */
{| style="background-color: #FFF4F4; border:1px dotted #000000;padding:2px;margin:2px; width: 100%;"
| 垃居搭做一般性个讨论。顶好拿名字签浪。 <div style="font-size:90%">签名只要用两条杠四只波浪符号就可以勒,系统会得自动帮侬插进去个。<pre>--~~~~</pre></div>
|}
==试试看==
看啦哪能嘎别扭。。[[User:Tnds|Tnds]]
==测试==
像煞是好用个。hoorah --[[User:Minus273|Minus273]] 08:24, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
==西文人名问题==
吴语呒拨自家个译音系统,为之讲建议目前西文人名直接用西文,避免混乱。 -- [[User:Wtzdj|吴人]] 21:01, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
:啥叫西文 :P --[[User:Minus273|Minus273]] 05:41, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
::罗马字拼写个言话么就是西文咯... --[[User:Wtzdj|吴人]] 15:50, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
:::我还是第个提议,拉丁希腊一定要搅一套出来。 --[[User:Minus273|Minus273]] 14:34, 6 October 2006 (UTC)
::::要是用西文个话,最好姓全部大写。 --[[User:Amor|Amor]] 05:04, 8 October 2006 (UTC)amor
:::::同意amor。 --[[User:Wtzdj|吴人]] 09:21, 8 October 2006 (UTC)
:我感觉还是直接用西文来的好.--[[User:Yayoree|Yayoree]]
用普通话汉字译名也要附上西文转写。--[[User:Silentsound|Silentsound]] 01:47, 21 十月 2006 (UTC)
== 代虚词标准化 ==
Minus提出要推荐用词,阿有必要对该答使用个代词虚词也啥进行标准化,哪亨来标准化。一开始也确实有必要先确定一种行文规范。--[[User:Wtzdj|吴人]] 16:08, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
:我建议先召集一个委员会,然后用Delphi technique投票决定。具体过程搿能:针对某个词各人提出一个或者数个备选方案,将方案汇总後,每个人对每个备选方案打分(0到10,记名投票),对每个方案里个最高分搭最低分提供者,要求伊拉陈述打分个理由,各人听取陈述後进行第二轮投票。重复三趟後拿各个备选方案个平均分数按顺序列出,分数最高个一个或者两个成为正式推荐用词。--[[User:Lieukehli|Lieukehli]] 17:38, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
::Tzae! --[[User:Minus273|Minus273]] 14:05, 6 October 2006 (UTC)
:我觉着末,搿桩事体像煞是有两个方面,一个乃就是用词,还有一个就是orthographia高头个考虑。比如讲:闲话 vs 言话,末 vs 么 vs 嚜,et cetera。 --[[User:Minus273|Minus273]] 15:28, 6 October 2006 (UTC)
感觉上,吴语的“勒”与粤语的“喇”有异曲同工之妙。想问吴语的“勒”拼成音标是怎样的?--[[User talk:Sl|Hello World!]] 02:17, 6 October 2006 (UTC)
:代表方言苏州吴语:IPA <font face="lucida sans unicode">[lɤʔ]或者[ləʔ]</font>。--[[User:Wtzdj|吴人]] 11:41, 6 October 2006 (UTC)
:多讲里张也勿话了。苏州闲话么,刚即培训班嘸么,格阿拉勿是苏州人也勿晓得个。再好东西也派勿着用账。
基本上呢,我么也是支持[[User:Lieukehli|Lieukehli]]讲的意见,大家汇总。
不过,虚词个话,顶好是先确定虚词个用账,接落来再确定该个用账(比如讲 肯定式陈述语气)用阿里个虚词好。--[[User:Dzochithin|keating]] 07:17, 20 十月 2006 (UTC)
倾向常用字用本字,非常用字或者音变结棍的用俗字--[[User:Silentsound|Silentsound]] 01:46, 21 十月 2006 (UTC)
==专门讨论==
*[[:wikipedia:红茶坊/吴语维基百科所使用个言话|吴语维基百科所使用个言话(基础 / 标准 / 权威方言问题)]]
*[[:wikipedia:红茶坊/界面翻译|吴语维基百科界面个翻译]]
[[af:Wikipedia:Geselshoekie]]
[[als:Wikipedia:Ich brauche Hilfe]]
[[an:Wikipedia:Tabierna]]
[[ang:Wikipedia:Þorpes Wiella]]
[[ar:ويكيبيديا:الميدان]]
[[ast:Uiquipedia:Chigre]]
[[be:Вікіпэдыя:Форум]]
[[bg:Уикипедия:Разговори]]
[[bm:Wikipedia:Le lavoir]]
[[bn:উইকিপিডিয়া:আলোচনা সভা]]
[[br:Wikipedia:An ti-chopin]]
[[bs:Wikipedia:Čaršija]]
[[bug:Wikipedia:Warung Kopi]]
[[ca:Viquipèdia:La taverna]]
[[chr:ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ:ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎾᎿᎢ]]
[[cs:Wikipedie:Pod lípou]]
[[cv:Википеди:Канашлăв]]
[[cy:Wicipedia:Y Caffi]]
[[da:Wikipedia:Landsbybrønden]]
[[de:Wikipedia:Forum]]
[[el:Βικιπαίδεια:Αγορά]]
[[en:Wikipedia:Village pump]]
[[eo:Vikipedio:Diskutejo]]
[[es:Wikipedia:Café]]
[[et:Vikipeedia:Üldine arutelu]]
[[eu:Wikipedia:Txokoa]]
[[fa:ویکیپدیا:قهوهخانه]]
[[fi:Wikipedia:Kahvihuone]]
[[fo:Wikipedia:Undirhúsið]]
[[fr:Wikipédia:Le Bistro]]
[[fur:Vichipedie:Ostarie]]
[[fy:Wikipedy:Oerlis side]]
[[ga:Vicipéid:Halla baile]]
[[gd:Wikipedia:Talla a'Bhaile]]
[[gl:Wikipedia:A Taberna]]
[[gu:વિકિપીડિયા:ચોતરો]]
[[he:ויקיפדיה:מזנון]]
[[hi:विकिपीडिया:गाँव का पम्प]]
[[hr:Wikipedia:Kafić]]
[[hu:Wikipédia:Kocsmafal]]
[[ia:Wikipedia:Taverna]]
[[id:Wikipedia:Warung Kopi]]
[[is:Wikipedia:Potturinn]]
[[it:Wikipedia:Bar]]
[[ja:Wikipedia:井戸端]]
[[ka:ვიკიპედია:ყავახანა]]
[[ko:위키백과:사랑방]]
[[kw:Wikipedia:Porth Kemmynieth]]
[[la:Vicipaedia:Taberna]]
[[lb:Wikipedia:De Stamminet]]
[[li:Wikipedia:De kaffee]]
[[lv:Wikipedia:Kopienas portāls]]
[[mi:Wikipedia:Kōrero]]
[[ms:Wikipedia:Kedai Kopi]]
[[mt:Wikipedija:Pjazza]]
[[na:Wikipedia:Domaneab]]
[[nah:Wikipedia:Tlatlahtoaloyan]]
[[nap:Wikipedia:Circolo]]
[[nds:Wikipedia:Ik bruuk Hülp]]
[[nl:Wikipedia:De kroeg]]
[[nn:Wikipedia:Samfunnshuset]]
[[no:Wikipedia:Tinget]]
[[oc:Oiquipedià:La tavèrna]]
[[os:Википеди:Ныхас]]
[[pl:Wikipedia:Kawiarenka pod Wesołym Encyklopedystą]]
[[pt:Wikipedia:Esplanada]]
[[ro:Wikipedia:Cafenea]]
[[roa-rup:Uichipedia:Fântâna]]
[[ru:Википедия:Форум]]
[[sc:Wikipedia:Tzilleri]]
[[scn:Wikipedia:Circulu]]
[[sco:Wikipedia:Mercat Cross]]
[[sh:Wikipedia:Pijaca-Пијаца]]
[[simple:Wikipedia:Simple talk]]
[[sk:Wikipédia:Krčma]]
[[sl:Wikipedija:Pod lipo]]
[[sq:Wikipedia:Kuvendi]]
[[sr:Википедија:Трг]]
[[su:Wikipédia:Padungdengan]]
[[sv:Wikipedia:Bybrunnen]]
[[sw:Wikipedia:Jumuia]]
[[ta:விக்கிபீடியா:ஆலமரத்தடி]]
[[th:วิกิพีเดีย:สภากาแฟ]]
[[tl:Wikipedia:Kapihan]]
[[tr:Vikipedi:Köy çeşmesi]]
[[tt:Wikipedia:Bäxäslek]]
[[uk:Вікіпедія:Кнайпа]]
[[vec:Wikipedia:Ciacołe]]
[[vi:Wikipedia:Thảo luận]]
[[wa:Wikipedia:Cåbaret]]
[[zh:Wikipedia:互助客栈]]
[[zh-yue:Wikipedia:城市論壇]]
User talk:Wtzdj
116
2014
2006-10-16T13:28:25Z
Wtzdj
18
/* 小团把旗帜删除哉? */
[[User:wtzdj/common.css|common.css]] | [[User:wtzdj/monobook.css|monobook.css]]
==侬==
该个字我趟勿牢,忒上海来。 --[[User:Minus273|Minus273]] 08:52, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
:弗关事,好混用个么。上海话毕竟搿歇名气顶大。 --[[User:Wtzdj|Wtzdj]] 16:18, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
::要对代虚词进行规范。 --[[User:Wtzdj|吴人]] 21:55, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
==管理==
請求刪除[[中文]]--[[User talk:Sl|Hello World!]] 12:04, 8 October 2006 (UTC)
:好哉! --[[User:Wtzdj|吴人]] 12:25, 8 October 2006 (UTC)
呐咯弄嘎?我想要
我绍兴垒咯 --[[User:Shu|Shu]]
==Active Wiki List==
I have a question, in the main page of wikipedia, it seems to me that the wikipedia of Wu is not activated. 01:20, 12 October 2006 (UTC)~Amor
Hi Wtzdj, please check http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias , and I found that in the "Active Wikipedias ordered by language code" There is no trace of Wu, so I think that Wu wikipedia is not activated. [[User:130.220.79.178|130.220.79.178]] 23:47, 12 October 2006 (UTC)Amor
:Hi, Amor, sorry for late response, I could not reach internet in the last days. 吴语 IS in the list now. --[[User:Wtzdj|吴人]] 22:44, 14 十月 2006 (UTC)
== STOP GFDLVIO EDIT ==
--[[User:Wtzdj is GFDLvio vandalism edit users|Wtzdj is GFDLvio vandalism edit users]] 10:36, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
==小团拿旗帜删除哉?==
如题. [[User:Pangguanzhe|Pangguanzhe]]
:<font face="lucida sans unicode">[ɦei]</font> -- [[User:Wtzdj|吴人]] 13:28, 16 十月 2006 (UTC)
清朝
117
2210
2006-10-20T13:56:49Z
Keating
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{{Translation|tfrom=[[:zh:清朝]]}}
{{中国历史}}
{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="center"
! colspan=4 bgcolor="#ffccaa" style="color:#2222cc" |
'''清'''
|-----
| [[首都]] ||开始建都勒拉[[瀋陽]]<br>1644年邅[[北京]] || rowspan=4| [[Image:Qing.jpg|right|250px|清朝地圖]]
|-----
| [[中国皇帝列表|皇帝]]<br> -開國皇帝<br> -末代皇帝
| 共11位<br>[[愛新覺羅皇太極]]<br>[[愛新覺羅溥儀]]
|-----
| 成立 || [[1636年]]
|-----
| 滅亡 || [[1912年]]
|-
|}
<br>
'''清朝'''([[1636年]]—[[1912年]],[[1644年]]—[[1911年]]統治[[中國]]),是歷史上統治[[中國]]个最後一個[[朝代]],統治者為出身[[滿洲]]个[[愛新覺羅]]氏。[[1616年]](明萬曆四十四年),[[努爾哈赤]]建立王朝稱汗,國號曰大金,史稱'''後金''',定都勒拉[[興京|赫圖阿拉]](後改稱興京,勒拉今朝个[[中國]][[遼寧省]]新賓縣境内)。[[1636年]](明崇禎九年),清太宗[[皇太極]]為消除漢人對國號金个反感,改國號為大清,改元崇德,稱帝。[[1644年]],[[李自成]]率領个農民軍攻陷[[北京]],明[[崇禎]]皇帝勒拉皇城後的景山上吊自杀,[[李自成]]勒北京建立仔[[大順]]。由於鎮守山海關與統制關寧鐵騎个[[吳三桂]]跟李自成條件談不攏,渠就答應了[[多爾袞]]个條件、聯合清軍入關打敗仔李自成个農民軍,隨後[[多爾袞]]迎接[[順治]]帝入關,遷都[[北京]]。[[1911年]](宣統三年)[[辛亥革命]]爆發後,各省紛紛宣布獨立。清帝[[溥儀]]於[[1912年]]退位,清朝正式灭亡。从入關以來,清朝共歷十帝,享國祚二百六十八年。
==清朝歷史==
[[Image:800px-Qing.PNG|right|250px]]
===後金王朝个建立===
[[女真族]]是[[滿族]]的前身,一直居住勒垃[[滿洲]],就是今朝个[[中國東北]]。[[明太祖]]个辰光,明朝要打击[[北元]]殘餘勢力,因此勒滿洲一帶設立“[[奴尔干都司]]”,開始著手控制女真部个各個部落。
女真族建州部[[猛哥帖木兒]](努爾哈赤六世祖)時為明朝建州衛左都督,北方部族勢力強大,南下壓迫建州女真。猛哥帖木儿被殺,建州部被迫南移,最終定居於[[興京|赫圖阿拉]]。
南移後,建州女真部與明朝中央往來密切,受到漢人影響,建州部社會生產力明顯提高,經濟繁榮,[[八旗制度]]隨即建立,而此時正是[[努爾哈赤]]任明朝建州部首領。[[1583年]](明萬曆十一年)努爾哈赤襲封為指揮使,以祖、父遺甲十三副,相繼兼倂海西女真部,征服東海女真部,統一仔分散勒垃滿洲各地个女真各部。
[[1616年]](明万历四十四年),努爾哈赤在赫圖拉稱汗,建立大金(史稱[[後金]]),改元[[天命 (年號)|天命]]。
[[1618年]](天命三年,明萬曆四十六年),努爾哈赤公布名為“七大恨”个討明檄文,起兵反明。
===清朝建立和入關===
[[Image:Jade pot from the Qing Dynasty.jpg|thumb|right|180px|該金罐製於清代,約為乾隆年間。現收藏於美國首都華盛頓之[[史密森尼博物館]]]]
[[1626年]],努爾哈赤勒垃[[寧遠戰役]]中拨明軍个大炮打成重傷,没多少辰光就去世哉。第八子[[皇太極]]繼位。
[[1636年]],皇太極在[[盛京|瀋陽]]稱帝,改國號為大清,改元崇德,清朝正式建立。[[1643年]]皇太極病死,第九子[[福臨]]繼位,是為[[順治帝]]。
[[1644年]],[[李自成]]農民軍推翻[[明朝]],明[[崇禎]]帝自殺。[[吳三桂]]引清兵入關。同年(順治元年),[[多爾袞]]迎[[順治]]入關,於[[北京]]再次即位,並定都[[北京]]。清廷聯合仔漢將吳三桂、[[耿仲明]]、[[尚可喜]]、[[孔有德]]等先後鎮壓了各地農民軍和[[南明]]朝廷的軍隊,逐步接收明朝國土。在滿清統一中国个過程中,由於規定所有人必須[[剃髮易服]],所以勒垃中國各地遭到仔[[漢族]]等各民族的武裝抵抗,尤其是江南一帶曾發生過[[揚州十日]]、[[嘉定三屠]]等屠殺[[江南]]抗清軍民事件。此外為仔抗清,明朝遺臣[[鄭成功]]還勒垃[[1661年]]攻下仔當時正以[[台灣]]為殖民地个[[荷蘭]][[東印度公司]]來做為渠抗清个基地。
===康(雍)乾盛世===
[[Image:Qing-Jingdezhen.jpg|thumb|清朝[[景德镇]]的[[瓷器]]商号]]
清初,为缓和阶级和民族矛盾,实行奖励垦荒、减免捐税个政策,内地和边疆个社会经济都有所发展。
[[康熙帝]]8歲即位,享國達61年,是[[中國]]歷史上在位時間最久个皇帝。在位期間,擒[[鰲拜]],掃除[[吳三桂]]等[[三藩之亂]],平定[[台灣]]个明鄭政權、平定西蒙古[[準噶爾]]叛亂,打敗[[沙俄]]侵略,簽訂維護黑龍江南北領土个《[[尼布楚條約]]》,並編纂了《[[古今圖書集成]]》和《[[康熙字典]]》等。康熙去世後,亟思振作的[[雍正帝]]即位,渠以有效的辦法成功地打擊貪腐,整頓經濟,推行[[改土歸流]],因平叛而納入[[青海省]]。繼位的[[乾隆帝]]則編纂《[[四庫全書]]》,建造[[圓明園]],正式統一仔[[天山南北|新疆]],但雍乾二帝由於民族意識,屢興時人所詬病个[[文字獄]]。到[[18世纪]]中葉,清朝經濟發展到仔一個歷史上个新高峰,人口也大大增加,史稱“[[康乾盛世]]”或“康雍乾盛世”。
清朝政府实行极其严厉个惩罚措施,对一些文人也不放过。许多只是牵强附会,比如雍正无头,清风不识字,满壶,论清浊。交关书已经写好,作者也过世哉,还是享受同等待遇。甚至当年运书印书个也不放过。勒垃高压下头,老多百姓主动拨藏书“拉杂烧之”。“莫谈国事”个牌子拨挂勒垃茶馆店前头。后来有个官讲“我一生勿写信,所以再活到今朝”。
清初皇帝要求“永不加赋”,但是考虑到空前绝后个贪官和珅,迭个并没完全实现。生员不得言事,不得结社立盟,不得刊刻文字。
===近代时期===
清朝從乾隆末年開始有衰落个現象。皇帝重用當代第一能臣但同時也是史上第一貪官个[[和珅]],由於上行下效,導致朝政日漸腐敗。繼位个[[嘉慶]]帝和[[道光]]帝也失去仔早期君主銳意進取个精神,掌政風格趨保守和僵化。[[19世紀]]上半葉,[[英国]]開始大量向[[中國]]販售[[鴉片]],由於清朝个禁煙政策,導致道光末年[[1840年]][[第一次鸦片战争|中英鸦片战争]]个爆发。鸦片战争失败后,繼位个咸豐帝所面對的時局是西方列强开始入侵,迫使清政府与其缔结仔了一系列[[不平等条约]],如《[[南京条约]]》、《[[天津条约]]》、《[[北京条约]]》等。根据这些条约,清政府被迫割地赔款、开放通商口岸,清廷个威信一落千丈,同時中国也自此逐步沦为半殖民與半封建个社会,主权受到仔严重损害。由於人民个负担逐年加重,因此引發仔一系列个反抗运动,其中規模最大个[[太平天国]]运动,甚至一度对清朝的统治构成严重挑战。
为挽救自身命运并增强国力,清政府内部个有識之士就展開个维新运动,试图革新图强,其中最为著名个是自[[1860年代]]开始个[[洋务运动]]。随着洋务运动个开展,全国各地开始先后引入国外科学技术,开设矿业、工厂,建设铁路、架设电报网,修建新式学校、培训技术人才;同时也成立了新个军事工业,逐步改进清军个武器装备跟作战方法。
洋务运动使得清朝个国力有仔一定程度个恢复和增强,到慈禧太后與恭親王聯合執政个[[同治]]年间,清朝勒垃文武齊心合力之下,一度出现仔较安定的局面,史称“[[同治中兴]]”。其间清朝成功消灭太平军、平定[[捻军]]之乱,并[[清军收复新疆之战|收复新疆]],勒垃国际上个地位和形象因此有仔相當大个改善。
至[[1880年代]],清朝军队个装备和洋务运动之前相比已有了明显的提高;在[[1884年]]至[[1885年]][[中法战争]]期间个一系列战役中,清军和法军互有胜负。战后,清朝设立了海军衙门,并建成仔号称亚洲第一、世界第六个近代海军舰队--[[北洋水师]]。
洋务运动虽取得了蛮大个成果,不过由于時人多數未明當代个國際形勢,少數人个急迫性並無法改變多數官僚个舊思維,清朝个維新運動最终未达[[日本]][[明治维新]]般个成效,结果导致[[1894年]][[中日甲午战争]]个失败,並於[[1895年]]與日本签定《[[马关条约]]》。随后,由[[光绪帝]]亲自领导发动个政治改革运动--[[戊戌变法]]又因為保守派个反对和政变而告流产。
[[19世纪]]末,中国国内个排外情绪开始高涨,结果引发了震惊中外的[[义和团运动]]以及随后[[八国联军]]个入侵。[[1901年]]《[[辛丑条约]]》签定后,清朝开始推行“新政”,进行仔包括建立新军、废除[[科举]]在内个一系列改革。不久,中国发生仔立宪跟革命个改革路线之争,一开始立宪派占上风,清政府也答应实行[[君主立宪]]。不过,[[1911年]]5月组成的“责任内阁”中个大多数成员为皇族身份,所以拨称为“皇族内阁”,结果引发立宪派个不满。同年10月,[[武昌起义]]爆发,各省随后纷纷宣布独立,清朝的统治开始瓦解。清帝于[[1912年]]退位,标志着中国两千多年来个[[君主制|君主制度]]个正式结束。到[[1917年]][[张勋]]又曾复辟清朝,但只持续仔了12天。
==清朝疆域==
[[Image:Qing 1700s.PNG|right|thumb|400px|18世纪的清朝以及部分朝贡国]]
[[1759年]](乾隆二十四年)清朝统一全国后个疆域是:北起蒙古[[唐努烏梁海]]地區及[[西伯利亞]],南至[[南海]],包括“千里石塘、萬里長沙、曾母暗沙”(今[[西沙群岛]]、[[南沙群岛]]等岛礁,西南達[[西藏]]的達旺地區、[[雲南省]]的南坎、江心坡地區等[[緬甸]]北部,西盡[[鹹海]]與[[蔥嶺]]地區,包括今[[新疆]]以及[[中亞]]巴爾喀什湖,東北抵[[外興安嶺]],包括[[庫頁島]],東南包括[[台灣]]、[[澎湖群島]]。總面積達1300萬平方千米。除此之外,周边国家如[[李氏朝鲜|朝鲜]]、[[安南]]([[越南]])、[[南掌]]([[寮國]])、[[缅甸]]、[[琉球]]、廓爾喀([[尼泊尔]])、哲孟雄([[錫金]])、[[蘭芳共和國]]等則為清朝个[[藩属]]。
不過勒垃近代時期,由於清朝个衰落跟列強个入侵,[[鴉片戰爭]]以後清朝以[[不平等條約]]的形式先後失去了以下領土:
*[[香港]]([[1842年]]至[[1898年]]間分批割讓或租借予[[英國]],直到[[1997年]]交还)
*[[外滿洲]](包括[[黑龍江]]以北約60萬平方千米,以及[[烏蘇里江]]以東,包括[[库页岛]]([[萨哈林岛]])在内个約40萬平方千米个領土,分別於[[1858年]]和[[1860年]]被迫割让拨[[俄罗斯帝国]])
*[[新疆]]極西[[帕米爾高原]]([[巴爾喀什湖]]之東南、[[伊犁]]以西、以及[[噴赤河]]以東的[[帕米爾]]等地區約45萬平方千米个領土,於[[1864年]]被迫割让拨[[俄罗斯帝国]])
*[[台灣岛]]和[[澎湖列岛]]([[1895年]]被迫割让拨[[日本帝國]],直到[[1945年]]日本戰敗投降后交还)
==国旗与国歌==
[[Image:China Qing Dynasty Flag 1889.svg|right|thumb|1888年后的大清国旗]]
搭中国历史浪向别个朝代样梗,清朝本来是呒拨法定个国旗搭仔国歌个。近代之后,慢慢较搭西方国家个来去多仔,陆续引进西方国家个有星概念,当中就包括国旗搭仔国歌咾啥。1888年(光绪十四年),清政府认定「黄底蓝龙戏红珠图」(即俗称个「黄龙旗」)为大清国旗。19世纪后期至20世纪初,清朝先后用过《普天乐》、《李中堂乐》、《颂龙旗》作为半官方国歌或者代国歌。一径到1911年,清政府拿《巩金瓯》定为正式国歌,勿过由于辛亥革命个爆发,《巩金瓯》后首来朆流行得开来。
==帝王年表==
{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
|+ '''後金君主與清朝皇帝[[1616年]]—[[1912年]]'''
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | [[庙号]]
! style="background:#efefef;" | [[谥号]]
! style="background:#efefef;" | 姓名
! style="background:#efefef;" | 在位时间
! style="background:#efefef;" | [[年号]]
! style="background:#efefef;" | [[皇陵]]
|-
| 太祖 || 承天广运圣德神功肇纪立极仁孝睿<br>武端毅钦安弘文定业'''高皇帝'''(追尊)
| [[爱新觉罗努尔哈赤]]
| [[1616年]]—<br>[[1626年]] || [[天命 (年号)|天命]]<br>
| [[福陵]]<br>
|-
| 太宗 || 应天兴国弘德彰武宽温仁圣睿<br>孝敬敏昭定隆道显功'''文皇帝'''
| [[爱新觉罗皇太极]]
| [[1627年]]—<br>[[1643年]] || [[天聪]]<br>[[崇德]]
| [[昭陵 (沈阳)|昭陵]]
|-
| 世祖 || 体天隆运定统建极英睿钦文显<br>武大德弘功至仁纯孝'''章皇帝'''
| [[爱新觉罗福临]]
| [[1644年]]—<br>[[1661年]] || [[顺治]]<br>
| [[孝陵]]
|-
| 圣祖 || 合天弘运文武睿哲恭俭宽裕<br>孝敬诚信功德大成'''仁皇帝''' || [[爱新觉罗玄烨]]
| [[1662年]]—<br>[[1722年]] || [[康熙]]
| [[清景陵|景陵]]
|-
| 世宗 || 敬天昌运建中表正文武英明宽<br>仁信毅睿圣大孝至诚'''宪皇帝'''
| [[爱新觉罗胤禛]]
| [[1723年]]—<br>[[1735年]] || [[雍正]]
| [[泰陵]]
|-
| 高宗 || 法天隆运至诚先觉体元立极敷<br>文奋武钦明孝慈神圣'''纯皇帝'''
| [[爱新觉罗弘历]]
| [[1736年]]—<br>[[1795年]] || [[乾隆]]
| [[裕陵]]
|-
| 仁宗 || 受天兴运敷化绥猷崇文经武<br>孝恭勤俭端敏英哲'''睿皇帝''' || [[爱新觉罗颙琰]]
| [[1796年]]—<br>[[1820年]] || [[嘉庆]]
| [[昌陵]]
|-
| 宣宗 || 效天符运立中体正至文圣武智<br>勇仁慈俭勤孝敏宽定'''成皇帝''' || [[爱新觉罗旻宁]]
| [[1821年]]—<br>[[1850年]] || [[道光]]
| [[慕陵]]
|-
| 文宗 || 协天翊运执中垂谟懋德振武<br>圣孝渊恭端仁宽敏'''显皇帝''' || [[爱新觉罗奕詝]]
| [[1851年]]—<br>[[1861年]] || [[咸丰]]
| [[定陵 (清)|定陵]]
|-
| 穆宗 || 继天开运受中居正保大定功<br>圣智诚孝信敏恭宽'''毅皇帝''' || [[爱新觉罗载淳]]
| [[1862年]]—<br>[[1874年]]{{ref|1}} || [[祺祥]]<br>[[同治]]
| [[惠陵]]
|-
| 德宗 || 同天崇运大中至正经文纬武<br>仁孝睿智端俭宽勤'''景皇帝''' || [[爱新觉罗载湉]]
| [[1875年]]—<br>[[1908年]]{{ref|2}} || [[光绪]]
| [[崇陵]]
|-
| || || [[爱新觉罗溥仪]]{{ref|3}}
| [[1908年]]—<br>[[1912年]] || [[宣统]]<br> [[1909年]]—<br>[[1912年]]
| [[清西陵]]<br>華龍陵園
|}
;注:
#{{note|1}}[[慈禧太后]]是清朝[[1865年]]—[[1908年]]实际执政者。慈禧太后謚號“孝钦慈禧端佑康颐昭豫庄诚寿恭钦献崇熙配天兴圣显皇后”,葬於[[定东陵]]。
#{{note|2}} 同注解1。
<--关于私上的庙号和谥号请先到讨论页达成共识-->
==參見==
*[[盛京三陵]]
*[[清東陵]]
*[[清西陵]]
*[[清史稿]](簡体) [http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/qingshigao/qsgml.htm] [http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/qingshigao/qsgxml.htm]
*[[清朝官職表]]
*[[清朝官员服饰]]
*[[清朝大臣]]
== 外部链接 ==
*《[[中国大百科全书]]》:[http://www.white-collar.net/02-lib/01-zg/03-guoxue/%C6%E4%CB%FB%C0%FA%CA%B7%CA%E9%BC%AE/%C0%FA%CA%B7%B9%A4%BE%DF%C0%E0/%D6%D0%B9%FA%B4%F3%B0%D9%BF%C6%C8%AB%CA%E9%D6%D0%B9%FA%C0%FA%CA%B7/Resource/Book/Edu/JXCKS/TS011097/0480_ts011097.htm 清]
{{中国朝代|[[明朝]]|[[中華民國歷史|中華民國]]}}
[[Category:满族]]
[[Category:清朝|*]]
[[bs:Dinastija Qing]]
[[ca:Dinastia Qing]]
[[cs:Dynastie Čching]]
[[da:Qing-dynastiet]]
[[de:Qing-Dynastie]]
[[en:Qing Dynasty]]
[[eo:Qing-dinastio]]
[[es:Dinastía Qing]]
[[fi:Qing-dynastia]]
[[fr:Dynastie Qing]]
[[hr:Dinastija Qing]]
[[id:Dinasti Qing]]
[[it:Dinastia Qing]]
[[ja:清]]
[[ko:청나라]]
[[nds:Qing-Dynastie]]
[[nl:Qing-dynastie]]
[[no:Qing-dynastiet]]
[[pl:Mandżurska dynastia Qing]]
[[pt:Dinastia Qing]]
[[ru:Династия Цин]]
[[simple:Qing Dynasty]]
[[sr:Династија Ћинг]]
[[sv:Qingdynastin]]
[[th:ราชวงศ์ชิง]]
[[zh:大清帝国]]
[[zh-min-nan:Tāi-chheng Tè-kok]]
[[zh-yue:清朝]]
吴语分区
118
554
2006-10-03T20:47:17Z
Wtzdj
18
/* 石陵小片 */
==概述==
吴语南北、东西推板交关路远,彼此弗好通话,甚而至于误认为对方讲个弗是吴语。北区出生个余杭章太炎先生勒《检论·方言》里向甚至拿温处台方言划到闽语里去,所以板定要勒勒内部再行分区。
根据言话特点搭仔通话情况,好拿吴语分成功三区六片:北区太湖片,南区台州片、东瓯片、婺州片、处衢片,西区宣州片。太湖片顶大,好再分成功毗陵、苏沪嘉、苕溪、杭州、临绍、甬江等六个小片。处衢片也比较大,好再分为处州、龙衢两个小片。宣州片比较散,好再分成功铜泾、太高、石陵三个小片。下头列举各小片分布个县市名字。各县市里向个土话有个只有一种,有个弗罢一种,部分县因有两种以上个土话而跨片重见,个末县城所在个片加星号“*”为记。此地分区依据《中国语言地图集》“吴语”及“安徽南部方言”两图。搿个两图全是郑张尚芳编绘,依据地图集编委会规定以1984年地名为准。搿两年变化蛮多,像无锡县,今为锡山区;吴县,今为吴中区;上海县,今划归闵行区;嘉定、宝山、金山侪已经划成功为区,川沙县划归浦东新区。凡此,侪弗改动。
<table border=1>
<tr>
<td></td><td>江苏省</td><td>上海市</td><td>浙江省</td><td>安徽省</td><td>江西省</td><td>福建省</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>太湖片</td><td>有</td><td>有</td><td>有</td><td>有</td><td></td><td></td>
</tr><tr>
<td>台州片</td><td></td><td></td><td>有</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
</tr><tr>
<td>东瓯片</td><td></td><td></td><td>有</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
</tr><tr>
<td>处衢片</td><td></td><td></td><td>有</td><td></td><td>有</td><td>有</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>婺州片</td><td></td><td></td><td>有</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
</tr><tr>
<td>宣州片</td><td>有</td><td></td><td>有</td><td>有</td><td></td><td></td>
</tr></table>
==分片概述==
===北区===
北部吴语虽分布勒苏沪浙皖四省市,但必过内部通话程度较好,故合成功一片。
====太湖片====
太湖片67县市,人口4730万人。
=====毗陵小片=====
15县市,人口800万。
:*'''江苏''' 常州市、武进(除沿江的圩塘、魏村、孝都、小河等乡)、丹阳、金坛(除漕河以西)、溧阳、宜兴、江阴(除西北角石庄乡及利港乡一部)、沙洲(除中心河以东,沙槽河以北)、靖江(除西南角新桥、东兴等乡)、*南通县(县城金沙镇及周围乡村)、海门(北部包场等12乡)、启东(北部吕四等7乡)、高淳(东部顾陇、永宁等7乡)。
:*'''安徽''' 郎溪(北部定埠、梅洛等乡,西北部建平、东夏、幸福等乡)、广德(北许下寺乡个庙西,南部芦村乡个甘溪沟及东亭乡部分村)。
=====苏沪嘉小片=====
30县市,人口2330万。
*'''江苏''' 南通县(东南部通海区9个乡及东北部三余区7个乡)、如东(东南角)、沙洲(中心河以东、沙槽河以北)、*启东(除北部吕四、三甲等7个乡)、*海门(南部)、常熟市、无锡县、苏州市、吴县、吴江、昆山、太仓。
*'''上海市''' 上海市区、上海县、嘉定、宝山、川沙、南汇、奉贤、松江、金山、青浦、崇明(1185万人)。
*'''浙江''' 嘉兴、嘉善、桐乡、平湖、海盐、海宁。
=====苕溪小片=====
五县市,人口300万。
*'''浙江''' 湖州市、长兴、安吉(以上两县西部边境官话移民区除外)、德清、余杭。
=====杭州小片=====
一市,人口120万。
*'''浙江''' 杭州市(限城区及周围近郊区)。
=====临绍小片=====
十二县市,人口780万。
*'''浙江''' 临安(旧昌化县昌北区及旧于潜县北部边境除外)、富阳、萧山、桐庐、建德(下包、乾潭以东)、绍兴市、诸暨、嵊县、新昌、上虞、余姚、慈溪。
=====甬江小片=====
十县市,人口400万。
*'''浙江''' 宁波市、鄞县、奉化、宁海(岔路及其以南除外),象山、镇海、定海、普陀、岱山、嵊泗。
----
===南区===
南部吴语四片除处衢片部分外,侪勒浙江境内。尚况分歧交关大,甚至片里向也有部分点弗来事通话。一般来讲台州片婺州片搭北部吴语还有一定程度个通话可能(台州片语音搭北区顶顶接近),而东瓯、处衢两片搭别个片推板顶结棍,完全弗来事通话。
====台州片====
10县市,人口500万。
*'''浙江''' 临海、三门、天台、仙居、黄岩、椒江市、温岭、玉环、乐清(清江以北)、宁海(岔路以南)。
====东瓯片====
12县市,人口420万。
*'''浙江''' *乐清(清江以西)、永嘉、温州市、瓯海、瑞安、平阳(闽语区除外)、苍南(闽语区除外)、*文成(除南田区)、泰顺(限万丈区)、洞头(南部洞头、元觉、霓屿三岛东许个闽语区除外)、玉环(西南角)、青田(东部温溪区,搭仔万山区个黄洋、万山等乡)。
====婺州片====
9个县市,人口400万。
本片内有些县互相通话困难,要用金华言话作中介。从通话情况看,金华、兰溪接近,武义、永康接近,东阳、磐安搭义乌接近,浦江外加特殊。
*'''浙江''' 金华市、兰溪、浦江、义乌、东阳、磐安、永康、武义(旧宣平县地区除外)、建德(姚村乡搭旧寿昌县东南唐村、里叶二乡)。
====处衢片====
23县市,分布勒浙西南、赣东北、闽西北,人口650万人。
=====处州小片=====
9县、人口150万。
*'''浙江''' 丽水、缙云、宣平(今归武义县所辖)、云和、景宁畲族自治县、文成(南田区)、*青田(温溪区搭万山区一部除外)、*泰顺(南部闽语区搭百丈镇除外)、庆元(东部)。
=====龙衢小片=====
15县市,人口500万。
*'''浙江''' 龙泉、*庆元(东部竹坪、合湖以东除外)、松阳、遂昌、衢州市、龙游、开化、常山、江山。
*'''江西''' 上饶市、上饶县、玉山、广丰、德兴(限陇头)。
*'''福建''' 浦城(南部石陂、水北、临江等五乡个闽语区除外)。
相邻两片当中有星方言带过渡性质,像婺州片个武义也有蛮多处州小片特点,处州小片个缙云又有婺州片特点。交通发达城市搭边浪个乡村也常庄两样,如浙赣线浪个衢州市搭上饶市,市区言话带有较多个北区太湖片特点,搭周围乡间个处衢话弗大一样。
勒东瓯片以南个闽语区中有交关多荡化是双方言区。如平阳水头镇,讲闽南话,也讲吴语东瓯片个水头话。苍南县闽语区中有两个吴语方言岛:一是勒勒蛮话区搭闽南话区隔界头浪个金乡镇,人口约1.6万,是明初金乡卫驻军个子孙,属北吴语太湖片,兼有好星官话特点。一是南端浙闽界上个蒲门城,也是一个古戊所,城内蒲城乡与城东面沿浦乡讲南吴语东瓯片个蒲门话,搿种言话与别个东瓯片各点温州言话弗一样,自有特色,约8000人。蒲门人对外会讲闽南言话,金乡人对外会讲闽南言话、蛮话、平阳当地温州言话。
----
===西区===
宣州吴语分布勒皖南、江苏西南部搭仔浙江西北一角,内部分三个小片,推板比较结棍。太高小片古全浊声母呒拨通音化,石陵小片有个点清化,铜泾小片呢全通音化哉。
====宣州片====
15县市,308万人(搿里向安徽261万人)。
=====铜泾小片=====
12县市,230万人。
*'''安徽''' 铜陵、泾县、宁国(青龙、济川、东岸等乡的乡村)、繁昌、南陵(北部西部,及东南角吴滩乡一带)、宣城(限北部西部及南部溪口乡金牌)、芜湖县(万春区除外)、当涂(限东部南部)、青阳(童埠、杜村二乡及酉华乡杨柳地)、贵池(东部)、石台(东部,含旧城关广阳)、太平(已划入黄山市。西部杨家岭一带,北部龙门以北)。
=====太高小片=====
6县市65万人(安徽18万人,浙江47万人)。
*'''安徽''' 太平(划入黄山市。东部南部)、宁国(限南部南极等乡)、当涂(限东部湖阳乡、博望乡)。
*'''江苏''' *高淳(西部)、溧水(南部)。
*'''浙江''' 临安(旧昌化县的昌北区)。
=====石陵小片=====
5县市,13万人。
*'''安徽''' 石台(石埭。中部)、青阳(东南陵阳等乡,含城关旧派)、泾县(限西南厚岸、包合、水东三乡)、太平(划入黄山市。西北三丰地区部分乡村)、贵池(限南部灌口一带)。
宣州吴语畀勒官话严重侵蚀,勒城镇往往对外讲江淮官话,竳屋里向讲吴语,要么只有大年纪人搭仔妇女用,勒圩区呢保存相对比较好,称为“此地话、圩巴老话”。有星勒官话包围当中个土著言话已经拨同化到只残存一咪咪几项特征,像芜湖市郊四山乡个褐南村,男人家已经讲市区官话,土话拨勒认为是妇女言话,也只剩下来少数几项宣州吴语特征哉,搿星残余点就朆统计勒许。注意太平划到黄山市,但现黄山市驻地屯溪是讲徽语个。
==争议问题==
===徽语个归属问题===
==另见==
==参考文献==
*中国语言地图集
*安徽南部方言
==外部链接==
[[category:言话]]
文白异读
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==概述==
'''文白异读'''呢是汉语方言个一种特有个现象,有星汉字勒方言当中有两种读音。一种是读书识字辰光用个读音,叫'''文读''',又叫'''读书音'''、'''文言音'''、'''字音''';还有一种是平常讲言话辰光用个读音,叫'''白读''',又叫'''说话音'''、'''白话音'''或'''话音'''。勒拉有星方言里,同一个字勒弗一样个词里向、弗一样个用场辰光有两样个读法,像吴语苏州言话里,勒口语里,“闻”字单用表示“闻味道”呢就读[mən],该个是“白读”;勒有星书面词语譬如“新闻”里向就读[vən],搿是文读。又像“人”勒单用辰光读[ɲɪn],是白读;勒“人民”当中,读[zən],是文读。
要当心个是,文白异读搭仔[[多音字]]是两个概念。文白异读是指一个字由于方言个影响,勒方言里向读书搭平时讲言话个发音两样;而多音字呢是来历弗一样,意思弗一样个一个字有不同个读音,俚搭方言呒拨关系。
==文白异读个来源==
一般性认为,文白异读是北方官话长期渗透到南方言话中个结果。主要个依据是北方言话文白异读个现象较少,而南方言话则相对较多。
文白异读顶顶普遍个特点是,文读一般性比较接近官方标准言话。当然,该个“官方标准言话”跟牢时代个弗同又有所变化,因此交关多方言里向个文白异读还不罢一个层次。有星比较老个文读音覆盖仔老个白读音,成为新白读音,同时又登近世官话里向吸收新个文读音,形成功新一层次个文白异读。
譬如[[上海言话]]里向“大衣”个“大”念[da],是文读,接近[[普通言话]],“大人”个“大”念做[du],是白读。而上海言话里向“家”读[ka],是比较近古个文读,覆盖仔原来个白读[ko],现在成为白读,搭还要新个文读[ʨɪa]形成文白异读个对立。
==文白异读个使用范围==
一般来讲,方言底层词汇常用词汇多是白读,而来自于普通言话个词、书面语、科学术语、[[成语]]等则多是文读。
有星词中,甚至有个字文读,有的字白读,譬如[[苏白]]“大学”,大用文读[da],而“学”用白读[ɦoʔ]。
勒弗同个人群里向,文白异读个现象也弗一样。一般来讲,旧时教育水平高个人,文词用得多,文读也就用得较多;而现在教育水平高个年轻人嘴里向,出现交关多新文读,主要是普通话词,甚至出现方言直接夹杂普通话个情况。
在弗一样个环境里向,文白异读也弗一样。正式场合譬如作报告多用文读,日常生活呢多用白读。
勒同一个方言个弗一样个口音里向,文白异读也弗一样,譬如讲[[闽南言话]]里向个“大学”,勒[[厦门]]乃,两个字侪是白读(toa-oh),勒[[台湾通行腔]]里向,侪是文读(tai-hok)。
文白异读除脱上头讲个弗一样场合使用个作用之外,还有区别近音词义个作用。譬如上头提着个“大学”一文一白,齐巧搭应该全部文读个四书之一《[[大学]]》区别开来。
另外,文白异读并不总归是好相互替换的,实际浪多数语境下底是弗来三替换个。有星词,一般只用白读,像“学堂”;有星词呢齐巧反过来,譬如“人民”。搿是弗跟牢场合或人群而变个。搿里向有一套成规,当然现在有星新个发展趋势。
==参考文献==
==内部链接==
==外部链接==
[[Category:方言学]]
数学
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'''数学'''(西文 Mathematika)末,是一门关于[[数量]]、[[结构]]、[[空间]]搭仔[[改变]]个学问。
基础个数学,垃垃世界上多数个场化,从蛮早个辰光开始,就有得交关人晓得,而且会得用哉。垃牢早个[[古埃及|埃及]]、[[两河流域]]搭仔牢早个[[印度个历史|印度]],第眼文明里向个文本,就曾显示出来基本概念个进步。垃[[古希腊|希腊]]乃,又拿到啦严密性。后头末,数学过歇就会得有一个牢小个突破,直到[[16世纪]]附近个[[文艺复兴]]以后,科学里向有啦交关[[科学发现|发现]],其搭就促使大家对数学个理解,有本质性提高。
==数学个言话==
我俚现在用个[[数学记号]]末,直到[[16世纪]],才基本浪有一个雏形。牢早个辰光,数学侪是用说话写出来个。第个过程相当吃力,所以末箇歇数学个发展就比较慢。而对于刚刚接触数学个人来讲,现在个记号颠倒是比较吃力,虽然居种记号专业个人看着蛮适意。
数学个言话乃,对于刚刚学个人,还是一桩牢吃力个事体。比如讲,平日讲个“或者”啊,“仅”啊,第眼词乃,勒数学里向个意思就要精确一眼。而“开”啊,“连续”啊,会得有相当专业个意思,而且数学个术语理想,还有得啥“同构”啊,“可积”啊第种词。
Portal:数学
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'''[[数学]]'''末,是一门关于[[数量]]、[[结构]]、[[空间]]搭仔[[改变]]个学问。
User:Tnds
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[[zh:User:tnds]]
[[en:User:tnds]]
User:Minus273
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所谓个minus273。
阿斗方言(闲话个说话)间谍。大家看着我个文章,帮忙改一记阿好。
Template:In the news
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<div style="padding:5px">
[[Image:Nobel medal dsc06171.jpg|right|120px]]
*[[联合国安理会]]通过对[[朝鲜]]个制裁,为之渠之前个[[核试验]]。
*[[韩国]]外交官[[潘基文]]勒选举当中击败本届个 [[Kofi Annan]],当选下一届个[[联合国秘书长]]。
*[[Roger D. Kornberg]] 因为俚勒[[遗传转录]]上头个工作获得2006年度个[[诺贝尔化学奖]]。
*[[朝鲜]]宣布要进行[[核试验]],并声言弗会首先使用核武器。
*[[吴语]][[维基百科]]勒[[2006年]][[10月1号]]正式成立。
*[[诺贝尔奖]]委员会宣布拿2006年度个[[诺贝尔物理学奖]]授拨两位[[美国]]科学家 [[John C. Mather]] 搭 [[George F. Smoot]],以表彰俚笃发现[[黑体]]形态搭仔宇宙微波背景辐射个扰动现象。
</div>
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/October 3
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[[1990年]] - [[东德]]搭[[西德]][[两德统一|统一]]。
西德
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''居篇文章主要是介绍1949年-1990年间存在勒今朝德国西半部、以<b>西德</b>之简称拨大家所熟事个德意志联邦共和国,对于1990年两德统一之后个同名国家,相关介绍请倷参考[[德国]]一文。''
'''德意志联邦共和国''',简称'''西德'''或'''联邦德国'''([[德文]]:'''Bundesrepublik Deutschland'''或非官方缩写'''BRD''')建立勒[[1949年]][[5月23号]],其初期范围包括[[二战]]后由[[英国]]、[[美国]]搭[[法国]]一道占领个[[德国]]领土。勒[[1990年]]两德统一还都到[[柏林]]之前,西德个首是勒勒[[鲍尔]](Bonn)。而除落德国西许个领土之外,东德境内、德国原本个首都柏林市区西半部勒勒当时辰光也属于西德领土,由于西柏林全境侪拨勒东德包围,使得渠变成功一个孤立勒许别个国家境内个[[飞地]]。
==历史==
[[第二次世界大战]][[纳粹德国]]战败,根据战时[[波茨坦会议]](Potsdam Conference)[[英国|英]]、[[美国|美]]、[[法国|法]]、[[苏联|苏]]四国个秘约,决定勒德国战败之后拿其一分成四分别由四个战胜国占领,并且合组一个顶高管理单位[[同盟管理议会]](Allied Control Council,ACC)来治理德国事务。尚况由于理念浪个两样,勒战后以美国为主个西方阵营搭以苏联为主个[[共产党|共产阵营]]慢慢叫茄门,[[1948年]]3月份个辰光,美、英、法三国勒[[伦敦]]举行会议,初步决议要拿三国分别管理个德国领土合并,组成一个德国西部个政权,针对搿点苏联方面作出反制,首先是退出ACC,再进而宣布着手设立一个东德政权个计划。
但直接导致东西德分离个导火线,是发生勒[[1948年]][[6月20号]],西方占领区境内个[[货币]]重整计划。当时西方三国占领区内原本分开发行个货币进行仔整合动作,但却排除苏联占领区,发行所谓个[[西德马克]],而苏联占领区也勒短短三日以后发行[[东德马克]],象征东西德正式分离。东西德分离之后,东德方面曾勒[[1948年]]中开始,对用西德马克个西柏林地区进行封锁,为期11个号头,希望通过此举达到完全控制整个柏林地区个目的,但却勒西方国家持续以空运方式所进行个[[柏林空运]]支持下头朆实现。勒柏林封锁解除([[1949年]][[5月12号]])之后朆有多少辰光个[[5月23号]],[[西德]](德意志联邦共和国)宣布正式成立。而东德方面也勒同年个[[10月7号]]宣布正式成立以[[德国统一社会党|德意志社会主义统一党]](Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands,SED)一党专政个[[社会主义]]共和政体。
西德于[[1955年]][[5月8号]]加入[[北约]],相对个,由[[苏联]]扶植、共党主政的[[东德]](德意志民主共和国)则加入[[华沙条约组织]],使得东西德个交界成为两大对垒阵营个顶前线,[[冷战]]个焦点。
勒[[1989年]][[11月9号]][[柏林墙]]倒落之后,两德勒[[1990年]][[10月3号]]重新统一成一个国家。[[1991年]][[3月15号]],四个占领国正式放弃对其占领权。统一后个德国保留原本属于西德所使用个'''德意志联邦共和国'''之名称作为存续国家命名,因此除脱视为是一个分裂状态下头个独立国家之外,勒某个方面来讲西德也好拨看成功是今朝个德国勒历史浪个一段时期。
==相关条目==
* [[东德]]
* [[德国]]
* [[德国历史]]
[[category:欧洲]]
[[category:德国]]
[[ar:ألمانيا الغربية]]
[[bg:Федерална република Германия]]
[[ca:República Federal d'Alemanya]]
[[cy:Gorllewin yr Almaen]]
[[da:Vesttyskland]]
[[de:Westdeutschland]]
[[en:West Germany]]
[[eo:Okcidenta Germanio]]
[[es:Alemania Occidental]]
[[et:Lääne-Saksamaa]]
[[fi:Länsi-Saksa]]
[[gl:Alemaña do Oeste]]
[[he:גרמניה המערבית]]
[[id:Jerman Barat]]
[[it:Germania Ovest]]
[[ja:西ドイツ]]
[[ko:서독]]
[[nl:West-Duitsland]]
[[nn:Vest-Tyskland]]
[[no:Vest-Tyskland]]
[[pt:Alemanha Ocidental]]
[[sh:Zapadna Nemačka]]
[[sl:Zahodna Nemčija]]
[[sr:Западна Немачка]]
[[sv:Västtyskland]]
[[th:ประเทศเยอรมนีตะวันตก]]
[[tr:Batı Almanya]]
George F. Smoot
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{{Translation|tfrom=[[:en:George F. Smoot]]}}
{{current}}
'''George Fitzgerald Smoot III''' (born [[February 20]] [[1945]]), is an [[United States|American]] [[astrophysics|astrophysicist]] and [[cosmology|cosmologist]].
'''George Fitzgerald Smoot III'''([[1945年]][[2月20号]]出生),是[[美国]]天体物理学家搭宇宙学家。
He is a professor of physics at the [[University of California, Berkeley]]. He won the [[2006]] [[Nobel Prize in Physics]], shared with [[John C. Mather]] for "their discovery of the [[black body]] form and [[anisotropy]] of the [[cosmic microwave background radiation]]", or work that helped cement the [[big-bang]] theory of the universe using the [[COBE]] satellite.
渠是California大学Berkeley分校个物理学教授。渠因为搭[[John C. Mather]]一道“发现宇宙微波背景辐射个黑体形式搭仔各相异性",两家头一道获得2006年个[[Nobel物理学奖]]。
==Biography 传记==
===Education and initial research 教育搭仔初期研究经历===
Smoot was born on [[20 February]] [[1945]] in [[Yukon, Florida]]. He studied [[mathematics]] before switching to the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] where he obtained dual [[bachelor's degree]]s in mathematics and physics in 1966, and a [[doctorate]] in [[particle physics]] in 1970. He then switched to cosmology, and went to [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]] where he collaborated with [[Luis Walter Alvarez]] on the experiment [[HAPPE]], a [[stratosphere|stratospheric]] [[weather balloon|balloon]] for the detection of [[antimatter]] in the [[Earth's atmosphere|upper atmosphere]], which was predicted by the now obscure [[stationary state]] [[physical cosmology|cosmological model]].
He then took up an interest in cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), previously discovered by [[Arno Allan Penzias]] and [[Robert Woodrow Wilson]]. An unsolved question at that time was that of the structure of the [[universe]]. Certain models predicted the universe to be in [[rotation]], which left a trace in the CMB in the form of [[temperature]] depending on the direction of observation. With the help of Alvarez and [[Richard A. Muller]], he developed a differential [[radiometer]] which measured the difference in temperature of the CMB between two directions 60 [[degree (angle)|degrees]] apart. The instrument, which was mounted on a [[Lockheed U-2]] plane, made it possible to determine that the overall rotation of the universe was null (within the limit of accuracy of the instrument). It detected a variation in the temperature of the CMB corresponding to a [[dipole]], interpreted as the [[Doppler effect]] of the Earth's motion relative to the area of CMB emission, which is called the [[last scattering surface]]. Such a doppler effect arises because the [[Sun]] (and in fact the [[Milky Way]] as a whole) is not stationary, but rather is moving at nearly 600 [[km/s]] with respect to the last scattering surface. This is probably due to the [[gravity|gravitational attraction]] between our galaxy and a concentration of mass like the [[Great Attractor]].
Although Smoot attended MIT, he was not the same [[Smoot]] who was laid end to end to measure the Mass Ave bridge between Cambridge and Boston. This confusion was [http://aether.lbl.gov/www/personnel/smoot/smoot-measure.html clarified by Smoot himself.]
===Participation in COBE===
===Recent projects===
==External references==
*[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2006/press.html Nobel Prize announcement]
*[http://aether.lbl.gov/www/personnel/Smoot-bio.html Biography] at the [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]]
* [http://128.3.7.51/Science-Articles/Archive/Phys-Gruber-Prize-2006.html Berkeley lab article]
==External links==
*[http://aether.lbl.gov/www/personnel/Smoot-bio.html Biography: George F. Smoot]
*[http://aether.lbl.gov/www/personnel/smoot.html Short biography: George F. Smoot]
{{Nobel Prize in Physics}}
{{Persondata
|NAME=Smoot, George Fitzgerald, III
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=[[United States|American]] [[astrophysics|astrophysicist]] and [[cosmology|cosmologist]]
|DATE OF BIRTH=[[February 20]] [[1945]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Yukon, Florida]]
|DATE OF DEATH=living
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
[[Category:Nobel Prize in Physics winners|Smoot, George F.]]
[[Category:Living people|Smoot, George F.]]
[[Category:1945 births|Smoot, George F.]]
[[de:George Smoot]]
[[fr:George Fitzgerald Smoot]]
[[nl:George Smoot]]
[[pl:George F. Smoot]]
[[fi:George Smoot]]
[[sv:George F. Smoot]]
Template:Nobel Prize in Physics
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<div class="NavFrame">
<div class="NavHead" style="background:#ccccff" align="center" width="100%">'''[[Nobel Prize in Physics]]: [[List of Nobel laureates#Physics|Laureates]]'''</div>
<div class="NavContent">
{|
| align="center" style="font-size: 90%;"|
1901: [[Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen|Röntgen]]
02: [[Hendrik Lorentz|Lorentz]], [[Pieter Zeeman|Zeeman]]
03: [[Henri Becquerel|Becquerel]], [[Pierre Curie|P.Curie]], [[Marie Curie|M.Curie]]
04: [[Lord Rayleigh|Rayleigh]]
05: [[Philipp Lenard|Lenard]]
06: [[J.J. Thomson|Thomson]]
07: [[Albert A. Michelson|Michelson]]
08: [[Gabriel Lippmann|Lippmann]]
09: [[Guglielmo Marconi|Marconi]], [[Ferdinand Braun|Braun]]
10: [[Johannes Diderik van der Waals|van der Waals]]
11: [[Wilhelm Wien|Wien]]
12: [[Gustaf Dalén|Dalén]]
13: [[Heike Kamerlingh Onnes|Kamerlingh Onnes]]
14: [[Max von Laue|von Laue]]
15: [[William Lawrence Bragg|W.L.Bragg]], [[William Henry Bragg|W.H.Bragg]]
17: [[Charles Glover Barkla|Barkla]]
18: [[Max Planck|Planck]]
19: [[Johannes Stark|Stark]]
20: [[Charles Edouard Guillaume|Guillaume]]
21: [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]]
22: [[Niels Bohr|N.Bohr]]
23: [[Robert A. Millikan|Millikan]]
24: [[Manne Siegbahn|Siegbahn]]
25: [[James Franck|Franck]], [[Gustav Hertz|Hertz]]
26: [[Jean Baptiste Perrin|Perrin]]
27: [[Arthur H. Compton|Compton]], [[C.T.R. Wilson|Wilson]]
28: [[Owen Willans Richardson|Richardson]]
29: [[Louis, 7th duc de Broglie|de Broglie]]
30: [[Venkata Raman|Raman]]
32: [[Werner Heisenberg|Heisenberg]]
33: [[Erwin Schrödinger|Schrödinger]], [[Paul A.M. Dirac|Dirac]]
35: [[James Chadwick|Chadwick]]
36: [[Victor F. Hess|Hess]], [[Carl D. Anderson|Anderson]]
37: [[Clinton Davisson|Davisson]], [[George Paget Thomson|Thomson]]
38: [[Enrico Fermi|Fermi]]
39: [[Ernest Lawrence|Lawrence]]
43: [[Otto Stern|Stern]]
44: [[Isidor Isaac Rabi|Rabi]]
45: [[Wolfgang Pauli|Pauli]]
46: [[Percy W. Bridgman|Bridgman]]
47: [[Edward V. Appleton|Appleton]]
48: [[Patrick M.S. Blackett|Blackett]]
49: [[Hideki Yukawa|Yukawa]]
50: [[Cecil Powell|Powell]]
51: [[John Cockcroft|Cockcroft]], [[Ernest T.S. Walton|Walton]]
52: [[Felix Bloch|Bloch]], [[E. M. Purcell|Purcell]]
53: [[Frits Zernike|Zernike]]
54: [[Max Born|Born]], [[Walther Bothe|Bothe]]
55: [[Willis E. Lamb|Lamb]], [[Polykarp Kusch|Kusch]]
56: [[William Shockley|Shockley]], [[John Bardeen|Bardeen]], [[Walter H. Brattain|Brattain]]
57: [[Chen Ning Yang|Yang]], [[Tsung-Dao Lee|T.D.Lee]]
58: [[Pavel A. Cherenkov|Cherenkov]], [[Il´ja M. Frank|Frank]], [[Igor Y. Tamm|Tamm]]
59: [[Emilio Segrè|Segrè]], [[Owen Chamberlain|Chamberlain]]
60: [[Donald A. Glaser|Glaser]]
61: [[Robert Hofstadter|Hofstadter]], [[Rudolf Mössbauer|Mössbauer]]
62: [[Lev Landau|Landau]]
63: [[Eugene Wigner|Wigner]], [[Maria Goeppert-Mayer|Goeppert‑Mayer]], [[J. Hans D. Jensen|Jensen]]
64: [[Charles H. Townes|Townes]], [[Nicolay G. Basov|Basov]], [[Aleksandr M. Prokhorov|Prokhorov]]
65: [[Sin-Itiro Tomonaga|Tomonaga]], [[Julian Schwinger|Schwinger]], [[Richard Feynman|Feynman]]
66: [[Alfred Kastler|Kastler]]
67: [[Hans Bethe|Bethe]]
68: [[Luis Alvarez|Alvarez]]
69: [[Murray Gell-Mann|Gell‑Mann]]
70: [[Hannes Alfvén|Alfvén]], [[Louis Néel|Néel]]
71: [[Dennis Gabor|Gabor]]
72: [[John Bardeen|Bardeen]], [[Leon Neil Cooper|Cooper]], [[Robert Schrieffer|Schrieffer]]
73: [[Leo Esaki|Esaki]], [[Ivar Giaever|Giaever]], [[Brian D. Josephson|Josephson]]
74: [[Martin Ryle|Ryle]], [[Antony Hewish|Hewish]]
75: [[Aage N. Bohr|A.Bohr]], [[Ben R. Mottelson|Mottelson]], [[James Rainwater|Rainwater]]
76: [[Burton Richter|Richter]], [[Samuel C.C. Ting|Ting]]
77: [[Philip W. Anderson|Anderson]], [[Sir Nevill F. Mott|Mott]], [[John H. van Vleck|van Vleck]]
78: [[Pyotr Kapitsa|Kapitsa]], [[Arno Penzias|Penzias]], [[Robert Woodrow Wilson|Wilson]]
79: [[Sheldon Glashow|Glashow]], [[Abdus Salam|Salam]], [[Steven Weinberg|Weinberg]]
80: [[James Cronin|Cronin]], [[Val Fitch|Fitch]]
81: [[Nicolaas Bloembergen|Bloembergen]], [[Arthur L. Schawlow|Schawlow]], [[Kai M. Siegbahn|Siegbahn]]
82: [[Kenneth G. Wilson|Wilson]]
83: [[Subramanyan Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]], [[William A. Fowler|Fowler]]
84: [[Carlo Rubbia|Carlo Rubbia]], [[Simon van der Meer|van der Meer]]
85: [[Klaus von Klitzing|von Klitzing]]
86: [[Ernst Ruska|Ruska]], [[Gerd Binnig|Binnig]], [[Heinrich Rohrer|Rohrer]]
87: [[J. Georg Bednorz|Bednorz]], [[K. Alex Müller|Müller]]
88: [[Leon M. Lederman|Lederman]], [[Melvin Schwartz|Schwartz]], [[Jack Steinberger|Steinberger]]
89: [[Norman F. Ramsey|Ramsey]], [[Hans G. Dehmelt|Dehmelt]], [[Wolfgang Paul|Paul]]
90: [[Jerome I. Friedman|Friedman]], [[Henry Way Kendall|Kendall]], [[Richard E. Taylor|Taylor]]
91: [[Pierre-Gilles de Gennes|de Gennes]]
92: [[Georges Charpak|Charpak]]
93: [[Russell A. Hulse|Hulse]], [[Joseph H. Taylor Jr.|Taylor]]
94: [[Bertram N. Brockhouse|Brockhouse]], [[Clifford G. Shull|Shull]]
95: [[Martin L. Perl|Perl]], [[Frederick Reines|Reines]]
96: [[David M. Lee|D.Lee]], [[Douglas D. Osheroff|Osheroff]], [[Robert Coleman Richardson|Richardson]]
97: [[Steven Chu|Chu]], [[Claude Cohen-Tannoudji|Cohen‑Tannoudji]], [[William D. Phillips|Phillips]]
98: [[Robert B. Laughlin|Laughlin]], [[Horst L. Störmer|Störmer]], [[Daniel C. Tsui|Tsui]]
99: [[Gerardus 't Hooft|'t Hooft]], [[Martinus J.G. Veltman|Veltman]]
2000: [[Zhores I. Alferov|Alferov]], [[Herbert Kroemer|Kroemer]], [[Jack S. Kilby|Kilby]]
01: [[Eric A. Cornell|Cornell]], [[Wolfgang Ketterle|Ketterle]], [[Carl E. Wieman|Wieman]]
02: [[Raymond Davis Jr.|Davis]], [[Masatoshi Koshiba|Koshiba]], [[Riccardo Giacconi|Giacconi]]
03: [[Alexei A. Abrikosov|Abrikosov]], [[Vitaly L. Ginzburg|Ginzburg]], [[Anthony J. Leggett|Leggett]]
04: [[David J. Gross|Gross]], [[H. David Politzer|Politzer]], [[Frank Wilczek|Wilczek]]
05: [[Roy J. Glauber|Glauber]], [[John L. Hall|Hall]], [[Theodor W. Hänsch|Hänsch]]
06: [[John C. Mather|Mather]], [[George F. Smoot|Smoot]]
|}
</div>
</div><noinclude>
[[Category:Awards navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Science navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
</noinclude>
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{| id="persondata" class="metadata"
! colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia:Persondata|个人信息]]
|-
| class="metadata-label" | 名字
| {{{NAME|}}}
|-
| class="metadata-label" | 别名
| {{{ALTERNATIVE NAMES|}}}
|-
| class="metadata-label" | 简介
| {{{SHORT DESCRIPTION|}}}
|-
| class="metadata-label" | 出生日脚
| {{{DATE OF BIRTH|}}}
|-
| class="metadata-label" | 出生场化
| {{{PLACE OF BIRTH|}}}
|-
| class="metadata-label" | 过辈日脚
| {{{DATE OF DEATH|}}}
|-
| class="metadata-label" | 过辈场化
| {{{PLACE OF DEATH|}}}
|}<noinclude>
== Usage ==
See [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]
<pre>
{{Persondata
|NAME=
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=
|DATE OF BIRTH=
|PLACE OF BIRTH=
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
</pre>
[[de:Vorlage:Personendaten]]
[[ro:Format:Date_personale]]
[[vi:Tiêu bản:Dữ liệu nhân vật]]
</noinclude>
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{| class="messagebox current" style="margin: 0.3em auto; clear: both; padding: 0.2em; text-align: center; font-size: 95%"
| [[Image:Current event marker.svg|50px| ]]
| '''该篇{{{1|文章}}}记录[[Portal:Current events|该歇勒浪发生个事体]]。''' <br> <small>信息作兴会跟牢事态个进一步发展快速变动。</small>
|}{{#if:{{NAMESPACE}}|<!-- don't categorize -->|[[Category:Current events]]}}<noinclude>
==See also==
*[[Template:Current-related]]
[[Category:Temporal templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[ar:قالب:حدث جاري]]
[[de:Vorlage:Neuigkeiten]]
[[it:Template:Incorso]]
[[no:mal:Pågående]]
[[pl:Szablon:Aktualne]]
[[vi:Tiêu bản:Đang diễn ra]]
[[eu:Txantiloi:Eguneratu]]
</noinclude>
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Biography (from the Greek words bios, meaning 'life', and graphein, meaning 'to write') is a genre of literature and other forms of media like film, based on the written accounts of individual lives. While a biography may focus on a subject of fiction or non-fiction, the term is usually in reference to non-fiction. As opposed to a profile or curriculum vitae, a biography develops complex insight and highlights different textures of personality including intimate details of experiences. A biography is more than a list of facts like birth, education, work, relationships and death. It also delves into the emotions of experiencing such events.
[[荣毅仁]] - [[刘嘉玲]] - [[梁朝伟]] - [[汪明荃]] - [[翁美玲]] - [[沙叶新]]
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[[上海]]
[[江阴]]
[[无锡]]
[[浙江省]]
[[杭州]]
[[宁波]]
[[温州]]
[[嘉兴]]
[[湖州]]
[[绍兴]]
[[金华]]
[[衢州]]
[[舟山]]
[[台州]]
[[丽水]]
量子力学
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Redirecting to [[量子力學]]
#redirect [[量子力學]]
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[[数学]] [[量子力学]]
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{{translation|tfrom=[[:en:wikipedia]]}}
<!--
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Editors, please note that the "Language editions" subsection of this page is currently (as of March 2006) linked from the Main Page "languages" section. The link used on the Main Page is [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia#Language editions]]. If the name of the subsection is changed, please ask an admin to update the link at Template:Wikipedialang. Thanks.
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{{Infobox Website
| name = Wikipedia
| favicon = Wikipedia-favicon.png
| logo = [[Image:Wikipedia-logo.png|48px|Wikipedia logo.]]
| screenshot = [[Image:Www.wikipedia.org screenshot.png|280px|Detail of Wikipedia's multilingual portal. Here, the project's largest language editions are shown.]]
| url = http://www.wikipedia.org/
| commercial = No
| location = [[Miami, Florida]]
| type = [[Internet encyclopedia project]]
| registration = Optional
| owner = [[Wikimedia Foundation]]
| author = [[Jimmy Wales]] and [[Larry Sanger]]
}}
'''Wikipedia''' is a [[multilingual]], [[World Wide Web|Web]]-based [[free content]] [[encyclopedia]] project. The name ''Wikipedia'' is a [[portmanteau]] of the words ''wiki'' and ''encyclopedia''. Wikipedia is written collaboratively by [[volunteer]]s, allowing most articles to be changed by almost anyone with access to the website. Wikipedia's main [[Server (computing)|servers]] are in [[Tampa, Florida]], with additional servers in [[Amsterdam]] and [[Seoul]].
Wikipedia was launched as an [[English language]] project on [[January 15]] [[2001]] as a complement to the expert-written and now defunct [[Nupedia]], and is now operated by the [[non-profit organization|non-profit]] [[Wikimedia Foundation]]. It was created by [[Larry Sanger]] and [[Jimmy Wales]]; Sanger resigned from both Nupedia and Wikipedia on [[March 1]] [[2002]]. Wales has described Wikipedia as "an effort to create and distribute a multilingual free encyclopedia of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language."<ref>[[Jimmy Wales]], "[http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2005-March/038102.html Wikipedia is an encyclopedia]", [[March 8]] [[2005]], <wikipedia-l@wikimedia.org></ref>
Currently Wikipedia has more than 5 million articles in many languages, including {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} in the [[English Wikipedia|English-language version]]. There are 229 language editions of Wikipedia, sixteen of which have more than 50,000 articles each. The [[German Wikipedia|German-language edition]] has been distributed on [[DVD|DVD-ROM]], and there have been proposals for an English DVD or print edition. Since inception, Wikipedia has steadily risen in popularity,<ref>See plots at "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wikistats/EN/PlotsPngUsageVisits.htm Visits per day]", Wikipedia Statistics, [[January 1]], [[2005]]</ref> and has spawned several sister projects. According to [[Alexa Internet|Alexa]], Wikipedia ranks among the top 20 most visited sites, and many of its pages have been [[mirror (computing)|mirrored]] or [[fork (software development)|forked]] by other sites, such as [[Answers.com]].
There has been controversy over Wikipedia's reliability and accuracy, with the site receiving criticism for its susceptibility to vandalism, uneven quality and inconsistency, [[systemic bias]], and preference for [[consensus]] or popularity over [[credential]]s. Information is sometimes unconfirmed and questionable, lacking proper sources that could legitimize articles. However, [http://www.nature.com/news/2005/051212/full/438900a.html a 2005 comparison] performed by the science journal [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] of sections of Wikipedia and the [[Encyclopedia Britannica]] found that the two were close in terms of the accuracy of their articles on the [[natural sciences]].
== Characteristics ==
[[Image:Wikipedia-logo.png|thumb|The [[Wikipedia logo]] ]]
Wikipedia uses a type of [[computer software|software]] called a "[[wiki]]", allowing visitors to add, remove, or otherwise edit and change its content. It is therefore possible for large numbers of people to create articles and update them quickly as new information becomes available; it also means [[vandalism]] and disagreement about content are common.
Many other [[internet encyclopedia project]]s use traditional multilingual editorial policies and article ownership such as the expert-written ''[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]'', [[Nupedia]], [[H2G2|h2g2]] and [[Everything2]]. Projects such as [[Susning.nu]], ''[[Enciclopedia Libre]]'' and [[WikiZnanie]] are other wikis in which articles are developed by numerous authors, and there is no formal process of review. Unlike many encyclopedias, Wikipedia has licensed its content under the [[GNU Free Documentation License]] (GFDL).
[[Image:Wikipedia-pagelink-chart.svg|thumb|left|300px|An example of the links that connect pages based on their relevance to each other; Wikipedia here refers to the article itself, not to the encyclopedia as a whole.]]
Wikipedia has a set of policies identifying types of information appropriate for inclusion. These policies are often cited in disputes over whether particular content should be added, revised, transferred to a sister project, or removed. One of Wikipedia's core policies is that articles must be written from a "[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]]", presenting all noteworthy perspectives on an issue along with the evidence supporting them. The project also forbids the use of [[original research]]. Wikipedia articles do not attempt to determine an [[objectivity (journalism)|objective]] truth on their subjects, but rather to describe them impartially from all significant viewpoints. Following the introduction of a more [[user friendly]] [[citation]] functionality (''cite.php'', early 2006), articles increasingly include an extensive reference section to support the information presented in the article.
=== Free content ===
The [[GFDL]], the license through which Wikipedia's articles are made available, is one of many "[[copyleft]]" licenses that permit the redistribution, creation of [[derivative work]]s, and commercial use of content, provided that its authors are attributed and this content remains available under the GFDL. When an author contributes original material to the project, the [[copyright]] over it is retained by them, but they agree to make the work available under the GFDL. However, a significant proportion of images and sounds on Wikipedia are not free. Items such as [[corporate logo]]s, song samples, or copyrighted news photos are used with a claim of [[fair use]].
Wikipedia's content has been reflected and forked by hundreds of resources from database dumps. Wikipedia content has also been used in academic studies, books and conferences, albeit more rarely, and very recently, in movies. Wikipedia was once used in a United States court case,<ref>[http://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/ops/200216886.pdf Bourgeois ''et al'' v. Peters ''et al.'']</ref> and the [[Parliament of Canada]] website refers to Wikipedia's article on [[same-sex marriage]] in the "further reading" list of [[Civil Marriage Act]].<ref>"[http://www.parl.gc.ca/LEGISINFO/index.asp?Lang=E&Chamber=C&StartList=2&EndList=200&Session=13&Type=0&Scope=I&query=4381&List=toc C-38]", LEGISINFO ([[March 28]], [[2005]])</ref> Some Wikipedia users, or ''Wikipedians'', maintain (noncomprehensive) lists of such uses.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_as_a_source Wikipedia as a source]</ref>
=== Language editions ===
[[Image:He-Wikipedia.png|right|thumb|300px|An example of Wikipedia's range in language editions: Wikipedia in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]].<ref>http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/</ref>]]
<!--Editors, please note that the "Language editions" subsection of this page is currently (as of March 2006) linked from the Main Page "languages" section. The link used on the Main Page is [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia#Language editions]]. If the name of the subsection is changed, please ask an admin to update the link at Template:Wikipedialang. Thanks.-->
Currently Wikipedia encompasses 159 "active" language editions (ones with 100+ articles).<ref name="CompleteList">"[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias List of Wikipedias]", [[Meta-Wiki]], [[April 15]], [[2006]]</ref> In total, Wikipedia contains 229 language editions of varying states, with a combined 5 million articles.<ref name="CompleteLangList">"[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Complete_list_of_language_Wikipedias_available Complete list of language Wikipedias available]", [[Meta-Wiki]], [[April 15]], [[2006]]</ref>
Language editions operate independently from one another. Editions are not bound to the content of other language editions, nor are articles on the same subject required to be translations of each other. Automated translation of articles is explicitly disallowed, though multilingual editors of sufficient fluency are encouraged to manually translate articles. The various language editions ''are'' held to global policies such as "neutral point of view", though they may diverge on subtler points of policy and practice. Articles and images are shared between Wikipedia editions, the former through "[[InterWiki]]" links and pages to request translations, and the latter through the [[Wikimedia Commons]] repository. Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions.<ref>For example, "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation_into_English Translation into English]," Wikipedia. ([[March 9]], [[2005]])</ref>
[[Image:Wikipedia growth.png|right|thumb|300px|Wikipedia's article count has shown rapid growth in some of the major language editions.]]
According to [[Alexa Internet]]'s audience measurement service, the English sub-domain (en.wikipedia.org) gets just over 60% of Wikipedia's cumulative traffic, with the remaining 40% being splintered between the numerous other languages in which Wikipedia is offered.
The following is a list of the largest editions — those containing over 100,000 articles — sorted by number of articles as of [[September 3]], [[2006]].<ref>Note that the article count, however, is a limited metric for comparing the editions, for a variety of reasons. In some Wikipedia versions, for example, nearly half of the articles are short articles created automatically by [[internet bot|robots]]. Further, many editions that have more articles also have fewer contributors. Although the Polish, Dutch, Portuguese, Swedish and Italian Wikipedias have more articles than the Spanish Wikipedia, they have fewer users.</ref><ref name="CompleteLangList" />
# [[English Wikipedia|English]] ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Statistics?uselang=en 1,400,008])
# [[German Wikipedia|German]] ([http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Statistics?uselang=en 459,403])
# [[French Wikipedia|French]] ([http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Statistics?uselang=en 354,947])
# [[Polish Wikipedia|Polish]] ([http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specjalna:Statistics?uselang=en 289,544])
# [[Japanese Wikipedia|Japanese]] ([http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Statistics?uselang=en 252,718])
# [[Dutch Wikipedia|Dutch]] ([http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Statistics?uselang=en 224 448])
# [[Italian Wikipedia|Italian]] ([http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Statistics?uselang=en 192,265])
# [[Swedish Wikipedia|Swedish]] ([http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Statistics?uselang=en 181,484])
# [[Portuguese Wikipedia|Portuguese]] ([http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Statistics?uselang=en 176,714])
# [[Spanish Wikipedia|Spanish]] ([http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Statistics?uselang=en 148,922])
# [[Russian Wikipedia|Russian]] ([http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Statistics?uselang=en 103,897])
=== Editing ===
[[Image:History comparison example.png|thumb|left|300px|Editors keep track of changes to articles by checking the difference between two revisions of a page, displayed here in red.]]
Almost all visitors may edit Wikipedia's content: registered users can also create new articles. Changes made to pages are instantly displayed. Wikipedia is built on the expectation that collaboration among users will improve articles over time, in much the same way that [[open source|open-source software]] develops. Some of Wikipedia's editors have explained its editing process as a "[[social Darwinism|socially Darwinian]] [[evolution|evolutionary]] process".<ref>"[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_sociology Wikipedia sociology]", [[Meta-Wiki]], 23:30 [[March 24]]</ref>
Some take advantage of Wikipedia's openness to add nonsense to the encyclopedia. This real-time, collaborative model allows editors to rapidly update existing topics as they develop and to introduce new ones as they arise. However, this collaboration also sometimes leads to "edit wars" and prolonged disputes when editors do not agree.<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_war Edit war]", Wikipedia ([[March 26]], [[2005]])</ref>
[[Image:Recentchanges.png|thumb|right|250px|The "recent changes" page shows the newest edits to the English Wikipedia. This page is often watched by users who revert vandalism. There is also a live recent changes [[Internet Relay Chat|IRC]] channel, [irc://irc.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia #en.wikipedia @ irc.wikimedia.org].]]
Articles are always subject to editing, unless the article is protected for a short time due to the aforementioned vandalism or revert wars. Wikipedia does not declare any of its articles to be "complete" or "finished". The authors of articles need not have any expertise or qualifications in the subjects that they edit, and users are warned that their contributions may be "edited mercilessly and redistributed at will" by anyone who wishes to do so. Its articles are not controlled or [[copyrighted]] by any particular user or editorial group; decisions on the content and editorial policies of Wikipedia are instead made largely through [[consensus decision-making]] and, occasionally, by vote. [[Jimmy Wales]] retains final judgement on Wikipedia policies and user guidelines.<ref>"[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Power_structure Power structure]", [[Meta-Wiki]], 10:55 [[April 4]], [[2005]]</ref>
Regular users often maintain a "watchlist" of articles of interest to them, so that they can easily keep tabs on all recent changes to those articles, including new updates, discussions, and vandalism. Most past edits to Wikipedia articles also remain viewable after the fact, and are stored on "edit history" pages sorted chronologically, making it possible to see former versions of any page at any time. The only exceptions are the entire histories of articles that have been deleted, and many individual edits that contain [[slander and libel|libelous]] statements, [[copyright]] violations, and other content that could incur legal liability or be otherwise detrimental to Wikipedia. These edits may only be viewed by Wikipedia administrators.
=== Wikipedia in other formats ===
For some articles there is a spoken version available in [[ogg]] format. The encyclopedia is also available on a CD from [[SOS Children]], and an editorial team is working on creating [[Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team|Wikipedia 1.0]], a collection of Wikipedia articles that have been verified, ready for printing or burning to CD.
Published copies of selected Wikipedia articles are also available from [[PediaPress]], a [[Print on Demand]] service.
==History==
{{main|History of Wikipedia}}
[[Image:Nupedia.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Wikipedia originally developed out of another encyclopedia project, [[Nupedia]].]]
[[Image:WM2006 0060.jpg|thumb|right|[[Jimmy Wales]], Wikipedia co-founder and current head of the [[Wikimedia Foundation]]]]
The Wikipedia concept was not novel — [[Everything2]] (in 1998-1999) had used similar ideas before Wikipedia was founded — and Wikipedia began as a complementary project for [[Nupedia]], a free online encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts through a formal process. Nupedia was founded on [[March 9]], [[2000]] under the ownership of [[Bomis|Bomis, Inc]], a Web portal company. Its principal figures were [[Jimmy Wales]], Bomis [[Chief executive officer|CEO]], and [[Larry Sanger]], [[editor-in-chief]] for Nupedia and later Wikipedia. Nupedia was described by Sanger as differing from existing encyclopedias in being [[open content]], in not having size limitations, due to being on the [[Internet]], and in being free of bias, due to its public nature and potentially broad base of contributors.<ref name=QANupedia>[[Larry Sanger]], "[http://web.archive.org/web/20000510132952/www.nupedia.com/interview.html Q & A about Nupedia]", [[Nupedia]], March 2000</ref> Nupedia had a seven-step review process by appointed subject-area experts, but later came to be viewed as too slow for producing a limited number of articles. Funded by Bomis, there were initial plans to recoup its investment by the use of advertisements.<ref name=QANupedia /> It was initially licensed under its own Nupedia Open Content License, switching to the GFDL before Wikipedia's founding at the urging of [[Richard Stallman]].
On [[January 10]], [[2001]], Larry Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki alongside Nupedia. Under the subject "Let's make a wiki", he wrote:
{{cquote|No, this is not an indecent proposal. It's an idea to add a little feature to Nupedia. Jimmy Wales thinks that many people might find the idea objectionable, but I think not. (…) As to Nupedia's use of a wiki, this is the ULTIMATE "open" and simple format for developing content. We have occasionally bandied about ideas for simpler, more open projects to either replace or supplement Nupedia. It seems to me wikis can be implemented practically instantly, need very little maintenance, and in general are very low-risk. They're also a potentially great source for content. So there's little downside, as far as I can determine.<ref>{{cite news|author=[[Larry Sanger]]|title=Let's make a wiki|date=[[January 10]], [[2001]]|publisher=Internet Archive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20030414014355/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html}}</ref>}}
Wikipedia was formally launched on [[January 15]], [[2001]], as a single English-language edition at http://www.wikipedia.com, and announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list.<ref>{{cite news|author=[[Larry Sanger]]|title=Wikipedia is up!|date=[[January 17]], [[2001]]|publisher=Internet Archive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20010506042824/www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html}}</ref> It had been, from [[January 10]], a feature of Nupedia.com in which the public could write articles that could be incorporated into Nupedia after review. It was relaunched off-site after Nupedia's Advisory Board of subject experts disapproved of its production model.<ref name=SangerMemoir>{{cite news|author=[[Larry Sanger]]|title=The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir|date=[[April 18]], [[2005]]|publisher=[[Slashdot]]|url=http://features.slashdot.org/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml}}</ref> Wikipedia thereafter operated as a standalone project without control from Nupedia. Its policy of "neutral point-of-view" was codified in its initial months, though it is similar to Nupedia's earlier "nonbias" policy. There were otherwise few rules initially. Wikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia, [[Slashdot]] postings, and [[search engine]] indexing. It grew to approximately 20,000 articles, and 18 language editions, by the end of its first year. It had 26 language editions by the end of 2002, 46 by the end of 2003, and 161 by the end of 2004.<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Multilingual_statistics Multilingual statistics]", Wikipedia, [[March 30]], [[2005]]</ref> Nupedia and Wikipedia coexisted until the former's servers went down, permanently, in 2003, and its text was incorporated into Wikipedia.
[[Image:WikipediaHomePage30March200.png|thumb|300px|right|Wikipedia's English edition on [[March 30]], [[2001]], two and a half months after its founding.]]
Wales and Sanger attribute the concept of using a wiki to [[Ward Cunningham]]'s WikiWikiWeb or [[Portland Pattern Repository]]. Wales mentioned that he heard the concept first from Jeremy Rosenfeld, an employee of Bomis who showed him the same wiki, in December 2000,<ref>[[Jimmy Wales]], "[http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2005-April/039093.html Re: Sanger's memoirs]", [[April 20]], [[2005]],<wikipedia-l@wikipedia.org></ref> but it was after Sanger heard of its existence in January 2001 from Ben Kovitz, a regular at the wiki,<ref name=SangerMemoir /> that he proposed the creation of a wiki for Nupedia to Wales and Wikipedia's history started. Under a similar concept of free content, though not wiki-based production, the [[GNUpedia]] project existed alongside Nupedia early in its history. It subsequently became inactive, and its creator, [[free software|free-software]] figure [[Richard Stallman]], lent his support to Wikipedia.<ref>{{cite news|author=[[Richard Stallman]]|title=The Free Encyclopedia Project|date=1999|publisher=[[Free Software Foundation]]|url=http://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html}}</ref>
Citing fears of commercial advertising and lack of control in a perceived English-centric Wikipedia, users of the [[Spanish Wikipedia]] forked from Wikipedia to create the ''[[Enciclopedia Libre]]'' in February 2002. Later that year, Wales announced that Wikipedia would not display advertisements, and its website was moved to wikipedia.org. Various other projects have since forked from Wikipedia for editorial reasons, such as [[Wikinfo]], which abandoned "neutral point-of-view" in favor of multiple complementary articles written from a "sympathetic point-of-view".
The Wikimedia Foundation was created from Wikipedia and Nupedia on [[June 20]], [[2003]].<ref>Jimmy Wales: "[http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2003-June/010690.html Announcing Wikimedia Foundation]", [[June 20]], [[2003]], <wikipedia-l@wikipedia.org></ref> Wikipedia and its sister projects thereafter operated under this [[non-profit organization]]. Wikipedia's first sister project, "In Memoriam: September 11<!--DO NOT REFORMAT THIS DATE, IT IS IN QUOTATIONS--> Wiki", was created in October 2002 to detail the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]];<ref>The "In Memoriam: September 11" site is not widely considered a "sister project" as of 2006; there has been calls to close the site, or move it to [[Wikia]]. "[http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proposals_for_closing_projects&oldid=362802 Proposals for closing projects]", a page of the [[Wikimedia Meta-Wiki]], discusses this process.</ref> [[Wiktionary]], a dictionary project, was launched in December 2002; [[Wikiquote]], a collection of quotations, a week after Wikimedia launched; and [[Wikibooks]], a collection of collaboratively-written free books, the next month. Wikimedia has since started a number of other projects, detailed below.
Wikipedia has traditionally measured its status by article count. In its first two years, it grew at a few hundred or fewer new articles per day; by 2004, this had accelerated to a total of 1,000 to 3,000 per day (counting all editions). The English Wikipedia reached its 100,000-article milestone on [[January 22]], [[2003]].<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Press_releases/January_2003 Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, reaches its 100,000th article]", [[Wikimedia Foundation]], [[January 21]], [[2003]]</ref> Wikipedia reached its one millionth article, among the 105 language editions that existed at the time, on [[September 20]], [[2004]],<ref>"[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_press_releases/One_million_Wikipedia_articles_(int'l) Wikipedia Reaches One Million Articles]", [[Wikimedia Foundation]], [[September 20]], [[2004]]</ref> while the English edition alone reached its 500,000th on [[March 18]], [[2005]].<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Press_releases/March_2005 Wikipedia Publishes 500,000th English Article]", [[Wikimedia Foundation]], [[March 18]], [[2005]]</ref> This figure had doubled less than a year later, with the millionth article in the English edition being created on [[March 1]], [[2006]]<ref>"[http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/English_Wikipedia_Publishes_Millionth_Article English Wikipedia Publishes Millionth Article]", [[Wikimedia Foundation]], [[March 1]], [[2006]]</ref>; meanwhile, the millionth user registration had been made just two days before.<ref>Note that this user count includes both sockpuppets, accounts solely used for vandalism, and unused accounts. The number of true accounts is significantly less.</ref>
The Wikimedia Foundation applied to the [[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] to [[trademark]] ''Wikipedia®'' on [[September 17]], [[2004]]. The mark was granted registration status on [[January 10]], [[2006]]. Trademark protection was accorded by [[Japan]] on [[December 16]], [[2004]] and in the [[European Union]] on [[January 20]], [[2005]]. Technically a [[service mark]], the scope of the mark is for: "Provision of [[information]] in the field of general encyclopedic knowledge via the [[Internet]]".
There are currently plans to license the usage of the Wikipedia trademark for some products, such as books or DVDs.<ref>{{cite news|first=Vipin|last=Nair|title=Growing on volunteer power|date=[[December 5]], [[2005]]|publisher=Business Line|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/ew/2005/12/05/stories/2005120500070100.htm}}</ref>
==Software and hardware==
[[Image:Floridaserversfront1.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Wikipedia receives over 2000 page requests per second. More than 100 servers have been set up to handle the traffic.]]
Wikipedia itself runs on its own in-house created software, known as [[Mediawiki]]<!--for version see [[Special:Version]]-->, a powerful [[open source]] [[wiki]] system written in [[PHP]] and built upon [[MySQL]].<ref>[http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki MediaWiki Homepage]</ref> As well as allowing articles to be written, it includes a basic internal [[macro language]], [[variables]] and [[transclusion|transcluded]] [[template|templating]] system for page enhancement, and features such as [[redirect]]ion.
Wikipedia runs on a cluster of dedicated [[Linux]] servers located in [[Florida]] and four other locations around the world.<ref>[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_servers Wikimedia servers at wikimedia.org]</ref> MediaWiki is Phase III of the program's software. Originally, Wikipedia ran on [[UseModWiki]] by Clifford Adams (Phase I). At first it required [[camel case]] for links; later it was also possible to use double brackets. Wikipedia began running on a [[PHP]] [[wiki software|wiki engine]] with a [[MySQL]] database in January 2002. This software, Phase II, was written specifically for the Wikipedia project by [[Magnus Manske]]. Several rounds of modifications were made to improve performance in response to increased demand. Ultimately, the software was rewritten again, this time by Lee Daniel Crocker. Instituted in July 2002, this Phase III software was called MediaWiki. It was licensed under the [[GNU General Public License]] and used by all Wikimedia projects.
[[Image:Wikimedia-servers-2006-05-09.svg|200px|thumb|right|Overview of system architecture, may 2006 (see also: [[meta:Server layout diagrams]]]]
Wikipedia was served from a single server until 2004, when the server setup was expanded into a distributed [[multitier architecture]]. In January 2005, the project ran on 39 dedicated servers located in Florida. This configuration included a single master database server running [[MySQL]], multiple slave database servers, 21 web servers running the [[Apache HTTP Server|Apache]] software, and seven [[Squid cache]] servers. By September 2005, its server cluster had grown to around 100 servers in four locations around the world.
Page requests are processed by first passing to a front-end layer of [[Squid cache|Squid caching]] servers. Requests that cannot be served from the Squid cache are sent to two load-balancing servers running the [[Perlbal]] software, which then pass the request to one of the Apache web servers for page-rendering from the database. The web servers serve pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the Wikipedias. To increase speed further, rendered pages for anonymous users are cached in a filesystem until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses. Wikimedia has begun building a global network of caching servers with the addition of three such servers in France. A new Dutch cluster is also online now. In spite of all this, Wikipedia page load times remain quite variable. The ongoing status of Wikipedia's website is posted by users at a [http://openfacts.berlios.de/index-en.phtml?title=Wikipedia_Status status page] on OpenFacts.
==Funding==
Wikipedia is funded through the [[Wikimedia Foundation]]. Its 4th Quarter 2005 costs were $321,000 [[United States dollar|USD]], with hardware making up almost 60% of the budget.<ref>{{cite web|title=Budget/2005|publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|url=http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Budget/2005|accessdate=2006-03-11}}</ref>
[[Bomis]], an online advertising company that hosts mostly [[pornography]] [[web ring]]s, played a significant part in the early development of Wikipedia and the network itself. <ref name="The Hive">{{cite web|title=The Hive|publisher=[[The Atlantic Monthly]]|last=Poe|first=Marshall|authorlink=Marshall Poe|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia|accessdate=2006-08-08|year=2006|month=September}}</ref>
==Authorship and management process==
During December 2005, Wikipedia had about 27,000 users who made at least five edits that month; 17,000 of these active users worked on the English edition.<ref>Paragraph's statistics taken from "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wikistats/EN/TablesWikipediansEditsGt5.htm Active wikipedians]" (Wikipedia Statistics, [[April 13]], [[2006]]).</ref> A more active group of about 4,000 users made more than 100 edits per month, over half of these users having worked in the English edition. According to Wikimedia, one-quarter of Wikipedia's traffic comes from users without accounts, who are less likely to be editors.<ref>"[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia Wikipedia]", [[Meta-Wiki]], 08:02 [[March 30]], [[2005]].</ref>
Maintenance tasks are performed by a group of volunteer [[m:Developers|developers]], [[m:Stewards|stewards]], [[Wikipedia:Bureaucrats|bureaucrats]], and [[Wikipedia:Administrators|administrators]], which number just over a thousand. Administrators are the largest such group, privileged with the ability to prevent articles from being edited, delete articles, or block users from editing in accordance with community policy. Any editor with a significant history of positive contributions and a firm understanding of Wikipedia's policies and guidelines can be [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship|nominated]] to become an administrator.
Some users have been temporarily or permanently blocked from editing Wikipedia. Vandalism or the minor infraction of policies may result in a warning or temporary block, while long-term or permanent blocks for prolonged and serious infractions are given by Jimmy Wales or, on its English edition, an elected [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|Arbitration Committee]].
Former Nupedia editor-in-chief Larry Sanger has said that having the GFDL license as a "guarantee of freedom is a strong motivation to work on a free encyclopedia."<ref>[[Larry Sanger]], "[http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2001/7/25/103136/121 Britannica or Nupedia? The Future of Free Encyclopedias]", [[Kuro5hin]], [[July 25]], [[2001]].</ref> In a study of Wikipedia as a community, economics professor Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low [[transaction cost]]s of participating in [[wiki]] software create a catalyst for collaborative development, and that a "creative construction" approach encourages participation.<ref>Andrea Ciffolilli, "[http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue8_12/ciffolilli/index.html Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of Wikipedia]", ''[[First Monday (journal)|First Monday]]'' December 2003.</ref> Wikipedia has been viewed as an experiment in a variety of [[social]], [[politics|political]], and [[economic]] systems, including [[anarchy (word)|anarchy]], [[democracy]], and [[communism]]. Its founder has replied that it is not intended as one, though that is a consequence.<ref>[[Jimmy Wales]], "[http://mail.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2005-January/018735.html Re: Illegitimate block]", [[January 26]], [[2005]], <wikien-l@wikimedia.org>.</ref> [[Daniel Brandt]] of [[Wikipedia Watch]] has referred to [[Jimmy Wales|Jimbo Wales]] as the "[[dictator]]" of Wikipedia; however, most [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedia users]] either do not consider Wales to be a dictator, or consider him to be [[Benevolent Dictator for Life|one who rarely gives non-negotiable orders]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_an_oligarchy_or_a_dictatorship|title=Wikipedia is not an oligarchy or a dictatorship|date=[[2006-05-05]]|accessdate=2006-05-24|publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|work=Wikipedia}}</ref>
===Future directions for authoring content===
An experimental feature planned for the German version of Wikipedia has been reported which could eventually improve the quality of editing for Wikipedia and protect it from vandalism. The concept being tested is to still allow anyone to make article edits, but to only allow editors judged as “trustworthy” to make edits live on the public site. The process by which trustworthiness would be established is yet to be determined. [[Jimbo Wales]] stated "We want to let anybody edit but we don't want to show vandalized versions. It would be fun for me to announce to the press that the front page of Wikipedia is open for public editing for the first time in five years".<ref>[[Daniel Terdiman]], "[http://news.com.com/2100-1038_3-6108495.html Can German engineering fix Wikipedia?]", [[August 23]], [[2006]], <CNET News.com></ref>
==Criticism and controversy==
{{Further|[[Criticism of Wikipedia]]}}
Wikipedia has become increasingly controversial as it has gained prominence and popularity, with critics alleging that Wikipedia's open nature makes it unauthoritative and unreliable, with unconfirmed information that is often without any proper sources, that it exhibits severe [[systemic bias]] and inconsistency. Wikipedia has also been criticized for its use of dubious sources, its biased but neutrally written perspective towards certain point of views, its disregard for credentials, its lack of understanding and international nature, and its vulnerability to vandalism and special interest groups.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/08/AR2006070800135.html]</ref> Critics of Wikipedia include Wikipedia's own editors (and ex-editors), representatives of other encyclopedias, and even subjects of articles, especially those that find information presenting them in a bad light.
At the end of 2005, [[John Seigenthaler Sr. Wikipedia biography controversy|controversy arose]] after journalist [[John Seigenthaler, Sr.]] found that his biography had been written largely as a hoax, which had gone undetected for almost 4 months; this led to several policy decisions within Wikimedia regarding creation of articles and the overview process, intended to address some of the flaws which had allowed the hoax to go undetected for that time.
===The Wikipedia model===
Wikipedia has been both praised and criticized for being open to editing by anyone. Critics allege that non-expert editing undermines quality. Because contributors usually submit ''edits'', rewriting small portions of an entry rather than making full-length revisions, high- and low-quality content may be intermingled within an entry.
Wikipedia has been criticized for a perceived lack of reliability, comprehensiveness and authority. It is criticised as having no or limited utility as a [[reference work]] among many [[librarian]]s, [[Academia|academic]]s, and the [[Editing|editor]]s of more formally written encyclopedias. Many university lecturers discourage their students from using any encyclopedia as a reference in academic work, preferring primary sources instead.<ref>[http://www.emorywheel.com/media/storage/paper919/news/2006/04/21/News/Wide-World.Of.Wikipedia-1865022.shtml Wide World of WIKIPEDIA]</ref> A critical website, Wikipedia Watch, was created by [[Daniel Brandt]], accusing Wikipedia of having "…a massive, unearned influence on what passes for reliable information."<ref>www.wikipedia-watch.org/</ref>
Supporters argue that Wikipedia does meet all the criteria for the basic definition of the word ''encyclopedia''. One difference from book encyclopedias is online web editing with wikipedia's history function. A deleted text will remain in the history tab and other users can look up an individual's work history to gauge the author's merit.
Emigh and Herring (2005)<ref name="emigh">Emigh & Herring (2005) ''Collaborative Authoring on the Web:
A Genre Analysis of Online Encyclopedias'', Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Hawai'i International Conference on System Sciences. ([http://ella.slis.indiana.edu/~herring/wiki.pdf PDF])</ref> in a study of Wikipedia, note that there are not yet many formal studies of Wikipedia or its model. Their main conclusions regarding style and encyclopedic quality were:
# Statistically speaking, "the language of Wikipedia entries is as formal as that in the traditional print encyclopedia".
# Wikipedia entries are "stylistically homogenous, typically describe only a single, core sense of an item, and are often presented in a standard format" (attributed partly to policies and partly to the norms of conventional print encyclopedias "which Wikipedia effectively emulates").
# Wikipedia achieves its results by social means, including [[social norm|self-norming]], a core of active and vigilant users watching for problems, and editors' expectations of encyclopedic text drawn from the wider culture.
===Reliability===
{{main|Reliability of Wikipedia}}
Wikipedia can be assessed for reliability in several areas, including:
:* Accuracy of information provided within articles
:* Comprehensiveness, scope and coverage within articles and in the range of articles
:* Susceptibility to, and exclusion and removal of, false information (a criterion specific to the Wikipedia process)
:* Susceptibility to editorial and systemic [[bias]]
:* Identification of reputable third party source references (citations)
====Accuracy and comprehensiveness====
A variety of studies to date have tended to suggest that some articles (notably science) of Wikipedia is of a similar degree of accuracy to ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', that it provides a good starting point for research, and that articles are in general reasonably sound. However, these studies also suggest that due to its novel editorial model, it suffers omissions and inaccuracies which can sometimes be serious. A separate study suggests that in many cases, vandalism is reverted fairly quickly, but that this does not always happen. One of the studies, by ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', identified that Wikipedia and Encyclopædia Britannica had a comparable level both of serious errors (4 and 3 respectively in 42 articles) and also of lesser errors and omissions (162 and 123 respectively) in terms of its science entries.<ref>{{cite news|title=Wikipedia survives research test|date=[[December 15]], [[2005]]|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=[[British Broadcasting Company|BBC]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4530930.stm}}</ref>
Critics of Wikipedia often charge that allowing anyone to edit makes Wikipedia an unreliable work, and that some editors may employ clever use of semantics to make possibly biased statements sound more credible.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Einsidler/Some_argue] Wikipedia contains no formal [[peer review]] process for fact-checking, and the editors themselves may not be well-versed in the topics they write about, leading to criticism that its contents lack authority,<ref name="Who">Simon Waldman, "[http://www.guardian.co.uk/online/news/0,12597,1335892,00.html Who knows?]", ''[[The Guardian]]'', [[October 26]], [[2004]].</ref> and that "[i]t will never be an encyclopedia, but it will contain extensive knowledge that is quite valuable for different purposes."<ref>[[Danah Boyd]], "[http://www.corante.com/many/archives/2005/01/04/academia_and_wikipedia.php Academia and Wikipedia]", Many-to-Many, [[January 4]], [[2005]].</ref>
Although Wikipedia has a policy of citing reputable sources, this is only sometimes adhered to. ''Encyclopædia Britannica'''s executive editor, Ted Pappas, was quoted in ''[[The Guardian]]'' as saying: "The premise of Wikipedia is that continuous improvement will lead to perfection. That premise is completely unproven."<ref name="Who" /> and former ''Britannica'' editor [[Robert McHenry]] criticized the wiki approach on the grounds that "What [a user] certainly does not know is who has used the facilities before him." <ref>[[Robert McHenry]], "[http://www.techcentralstation.com/111504A.html The Faith-Based Encyclopedia]", [[Tech Central Station]], [[November 15]], [[2004]].</ref>
Academic circles have not been exclusively dismissive of Wikipedia as a reference. Wikipedia articles have been referenced in "enhanced perspectives" provided on-line in ''Science''. The first of these perspectives to provide a hyperlink to Wikipedia was "A White Collar Protein Senses Blue Light",<ref>{{cite web|author=Linden, Hartmut|year=[[2002-08-02]]| url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/297/5582/777|title=A White Collar Protein Senses Blue Light|work=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|accessdate=2005}} (subscription access only)</ref> and dozens of enhanced perspectives have provided such links since then. However, these links are offered as background sources for the reader, not as sources used by the writer, and the "enhanced perspectives" are not intended to serve as reference material themselves.
Former Nupedia editor-in-chief Larry Sanger criticized Wikipedia in late 2004 for having, according to Sanger, an "anti-elitist" philosophy of active contempt for [[expert]]ise.<ref name="SangerElitism">[[Larry Sanger]], "[http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25 Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism]", [[Kuro5hin]], [[December 31]], [[2004]].</ref> It is possible that articles subject to strong opinions (such as [[George W. Bush]]) are more prone to be edited poorly, but this is uncertain - often such articles receive extra attention and strong consensus exactly because they are the subject of heated debate. Other articles that do not produce such emotive responses may tend to be more stable.
Other commentators have drawn a middle ground, that it contains much valuable knowledge and has some reliability, even if the degree is not yet assessed with certainty. People taking such a view include [[Danah Boyd]] ("[i]t will never be an encyclopedia, but it will contain extensive knowledge that is quite valuable for different purposes"<ref>[[Danah Boyd]], "[http://www.corante.com/many/archives/2005/01/04/academia_and_wikipedia.php Academia and Wikipedia]", Many-to-Many, [[January 4]], [[2005]].</ref>), [[Larry Sanger]] (re-applying [[Eric S. Raymond|Eric Raymond]]'s "Given enough eyeballs, all errors are shallow"<ref>"[http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2001/9/24/43858/2479 Wikipedia is wide open. Why is it growing so fast? Why isn't it full of nonsense?]", [[September 24]], [[2001]].</ref>) and technology figure [[Joi Ito]], who wrote, "the question is whether something is more likely to be true coming from a source whose resume sounds authoritative or a source that has been viewed by hundreds of thousands of people (with the ability to comment) and has survived."<ref>[[Joi Ito]], "[http://joi.ito.com/archives/2004/08/29/wikipedia_attacked_by_ignorant_reporter.html#c014592 Wikipedia attacked by ignorant reporter]", Joi Ito's Web, [[August 29]], [[2004]].</ref>
[[Bill Thompson (technology writer)|Bill Thompson]], a well known technology writer, commented that the debate is probably symptomatic of much learning about information which is happening in society today, arguing that:
{{cquote|It is the same with search engine results. Just because something comes up in the top 10 on MSN Search or Google does not automatically give it credibility or vouch for its accuracy or importance... One benefit that might come from the wider publicity that Wikipedia is currently receiving is a better sense of how to evaluate information sources... The days when everything you saw on a screen had been carefully filtered, vetted, edited and checked are long gone. Product placement, advertorials and sponsorship are all becoming more common. An educated audience is the only realistic way to ensure that we are not duped, tricked, fleeced or offended by the media we consume, and learning that online information sources may not be as accurate as they pretend to be is an important part of that education. I use the Wikipedia a lot. It is a good starting point for serious research, but I would never accept something that I read there without checking.|20px|20px|[[Bill Thompson (technology writer)|Bill Thompson]]| [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4534712.stm What is it with Wikipedia?]}}
====Coverage====
A common criticism is that editors, being volunteers, write on what interests them, and what they are aware of. Therefore coverage both within topics, and across the encyclopedia, is uneven and may at times be seriously unbalanced, with obvious and notable omissions.
Wikipedia has been accused of deficiencies in comprehensiveness because of its voluntary nature, and of reflecting the systemic biases of its contributors. For example, like any Internet group, the site can become dominated by cliques of habitual users who express both condescension and hostility to users not involved in the "in-group" — habitual users also feel a sense of "ownership" over "their" pages, leading to edit wars.
''Encyclopædia Britannica's'' editor-in-chief Dale Hoiberg has argued this case,<ref name="Who" /> as has former Nupedia editor-in-chief Larry Sanger who stated in 2004 that "when it comes to relatively specialized topics (outside of the interests of most of the contributors), the project's credibility is very uneven."<ref name="SangerElitism" />
[[Image:Be bold.png|thumb|left|200px|"Be Bold" has become an unofficial slogan of Wikipedia.]]
The same fluidity that allows articles to be patchy has also led to Wikipedia being praised for making it possible for articles to be updated or created in response to current events. For example, the then-new article on the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] on its English edition was cited often by the press shortly after the incident.<ref>Cited by [http://www.workers.org/ww/2005/tsunami0113.php Workers World] ([[January 8]], [[2005]]) and Chicago Times ([[January 16]], [[2005]])</ref> Its editors have also argued that, as a website, Wikipedia is able to include articles on a greater number of subjects than print encyclopedias may.<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Replies_to_common_objections Wikipedia:Replies to common objections]", Wikipedia, 22:53 [[April 13]], [[2005]].</ref>
===Community===
The [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/The_Wikipedia_Community Wikipedia community] consists of users who are proportionally few, but highly active. Emigh and Herring argue<ref name="emigh" /> that "a few active users, when acting in concert with established norms within an open editing system, can achieve ultimate control over the content produced within the system, literally erasing diversity, controversy, and inconsistency, and homogenizing contributors' voices."<ref name="emigh" /> Editors on [[Wikinfo]], a [[fork (computing)|fork]] of Wikipedia, similarly argue that new or controversial editors to Wikipedia are often unjustly labeled "[[Internet troll|troll]]s" or "problem users" and blocked from editing.<ref>"[http://www.wikinfo.org/wiki.php?title=Critical_views_of_Wikipedia Critical views of Wikipedia]", [[Wikinfo]], 07:28 [[March 30]], [[2005]].</ref> Its community has also been criticized for responding to complaints regarding an article's quality by advising the complainer to fix the article (a common complaint about [[open-source software]] development as well).<ref>Andrew Orlowski, "[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/07/23/wiki_fiddlers_big_book/ Wiki-fiddlers defend Clever Big Book]", [[The Register]], [[July 23]], [[2004]].</ref> It has also been described as "cult-like",<ref>{{cite news|url=http://technology.guardian.co.uk/opinion/story/0,16541,1667346,00.html|title=Log on and join in, but beware the web cults|first=Charles|last=Arthur|date=[[2005-12-15]]|publisher=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/internet/08/03/wikipedia/index.html|title=Wikipedia: The know-it-all Web site|date=[[2003-08-04]]|first=Kristie|last=Lu Stout|publisher=[[Cable News Network|CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=What is it with Wikipedia?|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4534712.stm|date=[[2005-12-16]]|publisher=[[British Broadcasting Company|BBC]]|first=Bill|last=Thompson}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/12/06/wikipedia_bio/|title=Who owns your Wikipedia bio?|date=[[2005-12-06]]|first=Andrew|last=Orlowski|publisher=[[The Register]]}}</ref> although, as these instances demonstrate, not always with entirely negative connotations.
In a page on [[WP:RESEARCH|researching with Wikipedia]], the community view is argued that Wikipedia is valuable for being a social community. That is, authors can be asked to defend or clarify their work, and disputes are readily seen.<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Researching_with_Wikipedia Wikipedia:Researching with Wikipedia]", Wikipedia ([[March 28]], [[2005]]).</ref> Wikipedia editions also often contain [[reference desk]]s in which the community answers questions.
===Network reliability===
[[Image:WP_Problem.PNG|thumb|right|Wikipedia's default notice for unforseen downtime]]
The English-language website at times also suffers from timeouts, server errors and occasional [[downtime]] due to heavy user traffic. These problems have had a negative effect on Wikipedia's desired image as a fast and reliable source of information.
===Responses to criticisms===
In an [http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/dec2005/tc20051214_441708.htm interview] with ''[[BusinessWeek]]'' on [[December 13]] [[2005]], Wales discussed the reasons that the Seigenthaler hoax had gone undetected, and steps being taken to address them. He stated that one problem was that Wikipedia's use had grown faster than its self-monitoring system could comfortably handle, and that therefore new page creation would be deliberately restricted to account-holders only, addressing one of Seigenthaler's main criticisms. He also gave his opinion that encyclopedias as a whole (whether print or online) were not usually appropriate for primary sources and should not be relied upon as authoritative (as some were doing), but that nonetheless on balance Wikipedia was more reliable as "background reading" on subjects than most online sources. He stated that Wikipedia was a "work in progress".<ref>[http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/dec2005/tc20051214_441708.htm Wikipedia: "A Work in Progress"] [[December 14]], [[2005]]. </ref>
In response to this criticism, proposals have been made to provide various forms of provenance for material in Wikipedia articles.<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Provenance Wikipedia:Provenance]", Wikipedia ([[May 9]], [[2006]]).</ref> The idea is to provide ''source provenance'' on each interval of text in an article and ''temporal provenance'' as to its vintage. In this way a reader can know "who has used the facilities before him" and how long the community has had to process the information in an article to provide calibration on the "sense of security". For example, Cross<ref>[http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue11_9/cross/index.html Cross, Tom. "Puppy smoothies: Improving the reliability of open, collaborative Wikis"]. First Monday.</ref> proposes a temporal provenance scheme which colors text based how many edit sessions a piece of text has survived (red for new text, yellow for text that has survived 50 edits, green if 100, black if more than 150 edits). However, these proposals for provenance are quite controversial. Aaron Krowne wrote a rebuttal article in which he criticized McHenry's methods, and labeled them "[[FUD]]", the marketing technique of "fear, uncertainty, and doubt".<ref>Aaron Krowne, "[http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/free_issues/issue_02/fud_based_encyclopedia/ The FUD-based Encyclopedia]", [[Free Software Magazine]], [[March 1]], [[2005]].</ref>
==Awards==
Wikipedia won two major awards in May 2004.<ref>"[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Trophy_box Trophy Box]", [[Meta-Wiki]] ([[March 28]], [[2005]]).</ref> The first was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities, awarded by [[Prix Ars Electronica]]; this came with a €10,000 grant and an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in [[Austria]] later that year. The second was a Judges' [[Webby Awards|Webby award]] for the "community" category. Wikipedia was also nominated for a "Best Practices" Webby. In September 2004, the [[Japanese Wikipedia]] was awarded a Web Creation Award from the Japan Advertisers Association. This award, normally given to individuals for great contributions to the Web in Japanese, was accepted by a long-standing contributor on behalf of the project.
Wikipedia has received plaudits from sources including [[BBC News]], ''[[The Washington Post]]'', ''[[The Economist]]'', ''[[Newsweek]]'', ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'', ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'', ''[[The Times]]'' (London), ''[[Toronto Star]]'', ''[[Globe and Mail]]'', ''[[The Financial Times]]'', ''[[Time Magazine]]'', ''[[Irish Times]]'', ''[[Reader's Digest]]'', and ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''. Founder Jimmy Wales was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by ''[[TIME Magazine]]'' in 2006.
==In popular culture==
{{main|Wikipedia in popular culture}}
==See also==
<!-- Note: [[Wikipedia:Avoid self-references]] -->
* [[Internet encyclopedia project]]
* [[List of encyclopedias]]
* [[Open Site]]
* [[List of media personalities to vandalise Wikipedia]]
* [[List of wiki based websites]]
* [[Congressional staffer edits to Wikipedia]]
* [[Self-reference]]
* [[Stablepedia]]
==References==
<!-- To add a reference simply enclose the text you want to appear here inside a <ref></ref> pair in the correct place in the body of the article.-->
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references /></div>
==Further reading==
<div class="infobox sisterproject" style="font-size: 90%;">Find more information on '''Wikipedia''' by searching Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Sister projects|sister projects]]:<br>
[[Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png|25px|]] [[wiktionary:Special:Search/Wikipedia|Dictionary definitions]] from Wiktionary<br>
[[Image:Wikibooks-logo.svg|25px|]] [[wikibooks:Special:Search/Wikipedia|Textbooks]] from Wikibooks<br>
[[Image:Wikiquote-logo.svg|25px|]] [[wikiquote:Special:Search/Wikipedia|Quotations]] from Wikiquote<br>
[[Image:Commons-logo.svg|25px|]] [[commons:Special:Search/Wikipedia|Images and media]] from Commons<br>
[[Image:Wikinews-logo.png|25px|]] [[wikinews:Special:Search/Wikipedia|News stories]] from Wikinews
</div>
* [[Wikipedia:Introduction]]
* [[Wikipedia:FAQ]]
* Fernanda B. Viegas, Martin Wattenberg, and Kushal Dave, "[http://web.media.mit.edu/~fviegas/papers/history_flow.pdf Studying Cooperation and Conflict between Authors with ''history flow'' Visualizations]", CHI 2004 [[April 24]] – [[April 29]], [[2004]]. Preliminary report "[http://researchweb.watson.ibm.com/history/ History Flow]" available on the [[IBM]] website.
* [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia in academic studies]]
* [[Wikipedia:Press releases]]
* [[Wikipedia:Press coverage]]
* [[Wikipedia:Why Wikipedia is not so great]]
* [[Wikipedia:Replies to common objections]]
* [[Wikipedia:Statistics]]
* [[Open Directory Project]]: [http://dmoz.org/Computers/Open_Source/Open_Content/Encyclopedias/Wikipedia/ Wikipedia]
* OpenFacts: [http://openfacts.berlios.de/index-en.phtml?title=Copies_of_Wikipedia_content Copies of Wikipedia content]
* {{SourceWatch|id=Wikipedia|page=Wikipedia}}
* [http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2005-11-29-wikipedia-edit_x.htm "A false Wikipedia 'biography'"] by [[John Seigenthaler]] (''[[USA Today]]'')
==External links==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|Wikipedia.ogg|2005-06-25}}
;Links to content created under a Wikimedia Foundation project
* [http://www.wikipedia.org wikipedia.org], multi-lingual portal
** [http://en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org], [[English language]] edition
* [http://meta.wikipedia.org/ Meta-Wiki], policy-related and technical discussions regarding [[Wikimedia]]
* [http://www.wikimediafoundation.org Wikimedia Foundation], parent organization of Wikipedia
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost Wikipedia Signpost], English Wikipedia community newsletter published weekly
* [[Larry Sanger|Sanger, Larry]], [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Larry_Sanger/Origins_of_Wikipedia&oldid=39843351 Origins of Wikipedia], essay within Sanger's English Wikipedia user page, wiki revision of [[16 February]] [[2006]]
* The Main Page of English-language Wikipedia at various times:
** [http://nostalgia.wikipedia.org/wiki/HomePage Main Page on] [[20 December]] [[2001]], from nostalgia.wikipedia.org
** [http://web.archive.org/web/20021010105340/www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Main Page on] [[10 December]] [[2002]], from the [[Internet Archive]] Wayback Machine
** [http://web.archive.org/web/20031202163536/en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Main Page on] [[2 December]] [[2003]], from the Internet Archive Wayback Machine
;Reports and news articles (chronological)
:''For an expanded list maintained by Wikipedia contributors, see [[Wikipedia:Press coverage]]''
* Meyers, Peter, [http://tech2.nytimes.com/mem/technology/techreview.html?res=9800E5D6123BF933A1575AC0A9679C8B63 Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You], [[New York Times]], [[20 September]] [[2001]]
* Udell, Jon, [http://weblog.infoworld.com/udell/2005/01/22.html Heavy metal umlaut: the movie], [[screencast]] illustrating the editing process on a selected Wikipedia article, [[22 January]] [[2005]]
* Sanger, Larry, [http://features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05/04/18/164213 The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir], from Slashdot and ''Open Sources 2.0'', [[18 April]] [[2005]]
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/online/story/0,3605,1546162,00.html Worldwide Wikimania], [[The Guardian]], [[11 August]] [[2005]]
* [http://www.npost.com/interview.jsp?intID=INT00126 Interview with Jimmy Wales, CEO of WikiPedia]," nPost, [[November 1]], [[2005]]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4502846.stm Wikipedia tightens online rules], [[BBC News]], [[6 December]] [[2005]]
* Giles, Jim, [http://www.nature.com/news/2005/051212/pf/438900a_pf.html Internet encyclopaedias go head to head], [[Nature (journal)|''Nature'']] comparison between Wikipedia and Britannica, [[14 December]] [[2005]]
** [http://corporate.britannica.com/britannica_nature_response.pdf Fatally Flawed: Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal ''Nature''], [[Encyclopedia Britannica]] Inc., [[March 2006]]
** [http://www.nature.com/nature/britannica/index.html ''Nature's'' responses to Encyclopaedia Britannica], ''Nature'', [[23 March]] [[2006]]
* Lamb, Gregory M., [http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0105/p13s02-stct.html "Online Wikipedia is not Britannica - but it's close"], [[Christian Science Monitor]], [[January 5]], [[2006]]
* Vaknin, Sam, [http://www.yoursdaily.com/culture_media/media/the_future_of_wikipedia The Six Sins of the Wikipedia], ''YoursDaily.com'', [[7 April]] [[2006]]
* Sjöberg, Lore, [http://www.wired.com/news/columns/0,70670-0.html?tw=wn_index_3/ The Wikipedia FAQK], [[Wired News]], [[19 April]] [[2006]]
* Rosenzweig, Roy, [http://chnm.gmu.edu/resources/essays/d/42 Can History be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past], ''[[Journal of American History]]'', Volume 93, Number 1 (June, 2006): 117-46
* Schiff, Stacy, [http://www.newyorker.com/printables/fact/060731fa_fact Know It All: Can Wikipedia conquer expertise?], [[The New Yorker]], [[July 31]] [[2006]]
* Levine, Robert, [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/07/technology/07wiki.html?_r=1&oref=slogin "The Many Voices of Wikipedia, Heard in One Place]", New York Times, [[7 August]] [[2006]]
* [[Marshall Poe|Poe, Marshall]], [http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia The Hive], [[The Atlantic Monthly]], September 2006
* Pearson, Helen, [http://www.nature.com/news/2006/060911/full/060911-13.html Textbook free for all], [[Nature (journal)|Nature]], 15 September 2006.
<!-- "Wikipedia in popular culture" article references Onion parody [http://www.theonion.com/content/node/50902 Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years Of American Independence], [[The Onion]] parody website, [[26 July]] [[2006]] -->
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Wikipedia:关于
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{{Translation|tfrom=[[:en:wikipedia:about]]}}
{{dablink|Wikipedia also has [[Wikipedia|its own article]].}}
[[Image:Www.wikipedia.org screenshot.png|thumb|wikipedia.org]]
[[History of Wikipedia|Since its creation in 2001]], Wikipedia has rapidly grown into the largest reference website on the Internet. [[Free content|The content of Wikipedia is free]], and is written [[Collaborative writing|collaboratively]] by people from all around the world. This website is a [[wiki]], which means that ''anyone'' with access to an Internet-connected computer can edit, correct, or improve information throughout the encyclopedia, simply by clicking the ''edit this page'' link (with a few minor exceptions, such as protected articles and the [[main page]]).
''[[Wikipedia]]'' is a registered [[trademark]] of the non-profit [[Wikimedia Foundation]], which has created an entire family of [[Wikipedia:About#Sister projects|wiki projects]]. On Wikipedia, and its sister projects, you are welcome to [[WP:BB|be bold]] and edit articles yourself, contributing knowledge as you see fit in a [[Collaborative writing|collaborative]] way. So go ahead!
In every article, links will guide you to associated articles, often with additional information. You are welcome to add further information, cross-references, or citations, so long as you do so within Wikipedia's editing policies and to an appropriate standard. You do not need to fear accidentally damaging Wikipedia when you add or improve information, as [[Wikipedia:Who writes Wikipedia|other Wikipedians]] are always around to advise or correct obvious errors if needed, and the Wikipedia encyclopedia software, known as [[MediaWiki]], is carefully designed to allow easy reversal of editorial mistakes.
Because Wikipedia is an ongoing work to which in principle anybody can contribute, it differs from a paper-based reference source in some very important ways. In particular, older articles tend to be more comprehensive and balanced, while newer articles may still contain significant misinformation, unencyclopedic content, or vandalism. Users need to be aware of this in order to obtain valid information and avoid misinformation which has been recently added and not yet removed. ''(See [[Wikipedia:Researching with Wikipedia]] for more details)''. However, unlike a paper reference source, Wikipedia is completely up-to-date, with articles on topical events being created or updated within minutes or hours, rather than months or years for printed encyclopedias.
If you have not done so, we invite you to take a few moments to read [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|What Wikipedia is (and is not)]] and [[Wikipedia:Researching with Wikipedia|Researching with Wikipedia]], so that you have an understanding of how to use, rely upon or contribute to Wikipedia as you continue. Further information on key topics can be found below.
Happy browsing!
:''See also: [[Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers]].''
:''For help topics, questions and contact information, see [[Help:Contents]].''
:''For news about the site, see [[Wikipedia:News]].''
==Making the best use of Wikipedia==
=== Exploring Wikipedia ===
{{main|Wikipedia:Explore}}
Many visitors come to this site to acquire knowledge, others to share knowledge. In fact, at this very instant, dozens of articles are being improved. You can view the changes at the [[Special:Recentchanges|Recent changes]] page. [[Special:Newpages|New articles]] are also being recorded. Many different kinds of people help to [[Wikipedia:Who writes Wikipedia|write Wikipedia articles]].
Wikipedia also has many ongoing [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|projects]]. The hope of any contributor is to provide useful and accurate information to others, and the projects help coordinate efforts. Most articles start as [[WP:STUB|stubs]], but after many contributions, they can become [[Wikipedia:Featured articles|featured articles]].
If you can't find what you are looking for, see '''[[Wikipedia:Questions|Where to ask questions]]''' for a list of departments where our volunteers answer questions, any question you can possibly imagine.<br>
Once you've determined that there is no article on Wikipedia on a topic you are interested in, you may want to [[requested articles|request the article]] be written (or you could even research the issue and write it yourself).
You can also view [[Special:Randompage|random articles]].
You might also enjoy reading Wikipedia in other languages. Wikipedia has more than two hundred different languages (see [[#Wikipedia_versions_in_other_languages|other language versions]]), including a [http://simple.wikipedia.org Simple English] version, and related projects include a dictionary, quotations, books, manuals and scientific reference sources, and a news service (see [[#Sister_projects|sister projects]]). All of these are maintained, updated and managed by separate communities, and often include thought-provoking information and articles which can be hard to find through other common sources.
===Basic navigation in Wikipedia===
{{main|Wikipedia:Basic navigation}}
Wikipedia articles are all [[Hyperlink|linked]], or cross-referenced. Wherever you see highlighted text like [[wikilink|this]], it means there is a link to some relevant article or Wikipedia page with further in-depth information elsewhere if you need it. Holding your mouse over the link will often show you where a link will take you. You are always one click away from more information on any point that has a link attached.
There are other links towards the ends of most articles, for other articles of interest, relevant external web sites and pages, reference material, and [[Wikipedia:Category|organized categories of knowledge]] which you can search and traverse in a loose [[hierarchy]] for more information.
Some articles may also have links to dictionary definitions, audio-book readings, quotations, or the same article in other languages.
You can add further links if a relevant link is missing, and this is one way to contribute.
===Using Wikipedia as a research tool===
:''Main articles: [[Wikipedia:Researching with Wikipedia|Researching with Wikipedia]], [[Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia|Citing Wikipedia]]''
As a [[wiki]], articles are never complete. They are continually edited and improved over time, and in general this results in an upward trend of quality, and a growing consensus over a fair and balanced representation of information.
Users should be aware that not all articles are of encyclopedic quality from the start. Indeed, many articles commence their lives as partisan, and it is after a long process of discussion, debate and argument, that they gradually take on a consensus form. Others may for a while become caught up in a heavily unbalanced viewpoint which can take some time - months perhaps - to extricate themselves and regain a better balanced consensus.
In part, this is because Wikipedia operates an internal resolution process when editors cannot agree on content and approach, and such issues take time to come to the attention of more experienced editors.
The ''ideal'' Wikipedia article is balanced, neutral and encyclopedic, containing notable verifiable knowledge. An increasing number of articles reach this standard over time, and many already have. However this is a process and can take months or years to be achieved, as each user adds their contribution in turn. Some articles contain statements and claims which have not yet been fully cited. Others will later have entire new sections added. Some information will be considered by later contributors to be insufficiently founded, and may be removed or expounded.
While the overall trend is generally upward, it is important to use Wikipedia carefully if it is intended to be used as a research source, since individual articles will, by their nature, vary in standard and maturity. There [[Wikipedia:Researching with Wikipedia|are guidelines and information pages]] designed to help users and researchers do this effectively, and an article that summarizes third party studies and assessments of the [[reliability of Wikipedia]].
===Summary of strengths, weaknesses and article quality in Wikipedia===
Wikipedia's greatest strengths, weaknesses and differences arise because it is open to anyone, has a large contributor base, and articles are written by consensus according to editorial guidelines and policies.
* Wikipedia is open to a large contributor base - '''so''' it is less susceptible to retaining bias, is very hard for any group to censor, and is far more responsive to new information, especially information not widely known in the West, '''and''' it is more easily vandalized or susceptible to unchecked information later needing removal.
* Wikipedia is written by consensus - '''so''' eventually for most articles, all notable views become fairly described and a very neutral stance can be achieved even on emotive subjects, '''and''' the reaching of consensus takes considerably longer than a simple drafting, and is occasionally made harder by extreme-viewpoint contributors. (Articles '''also''' tend to be more fluid or changeable for a long time compared to other reference sources until they find their "neutral approach" that all sides can agree on.)
Key strengths: (''[[Wikipedia:Why Wikipedia is so great]]'')
* Having a very large number of active writers and editors in many languages, Wikipedia often provides access and breadth on subject matter that is otherwise inaccessible or little documented.
* Wikipedia often produces excellent encyclopedic articles and resources covering newsworthy events within hours or days of their occurrence.
* Wikipedia is one of few sites even attempting neutral, objective, encyclopedic coverage of popular culture.
* Regional and cultural bias found in many publications is significantly reduced on Wikipedia.
* In comparison with most web-based resources, Wikipedia's open approach tremendously increases the chances that any particular factual error or misleading statement will be relatively promptly corrected.
* There is no one central point where censorship can be imposed, and therefore censorship by any given group, restriction to "officially reported" sources, or "pushing" of any particular viewpoint, whether official or unofficial, is difficult to achieve and almost always fails after a time.
* In contrast with many web resources, information added to Wikipedia never "vanishes", and is never "lost" or deleted.
Key weaknesses: (''[[Wikipedia:Why Wikipedia is not so great]]'')
* Wikipedia's radical openness means that any given article may be, at any given moment, in a bad state, such as in the middle of a large edit, a controversial rewrite, or recently vandalized.
* Wikipedia operates a full editorial dispute resolution process, that allows time for discussion and resolution in depth, but also permits months-long disagreements before poor quality or biased edits will be removed forcibly.
* While blatant vandalism is usually easily spotted and rapidly corrected, Wikipedia is more subject to subtle vandalism and viewpoint promotion than a typical reference work.
* There is no systematic process to make sure that [[Wikipedia:List of articles all languages should have|"obviously important" topics]] are written about, so Wikipedia may contain unexpected oversights and omissions.
* Articles may be incomplete in ways that would be less usual in a more tightly controlled reference work, for example some aspects may be well covered but others briefly or not at all.
* Wikipedia articles may have a tendency to reflect the point-of-view (POV) of the author and by implication the author's cultural and socio-economic background. While ''most'' articles may be altered by anyone, in practice editing will be performed by a certain demographic (younger rather than older, male rather than female, rich enough to afford a computer rather than poor, Christian or Jewish rather than Muslim or Bantu etc.) and will thus necessarily reflect a certain degree of implicit bias.
* Many contributors do not yet comply fully with key policies, or may add information without citable sources.
Quality of information (''[[Reliability of Wikipedia]], [[Wikipedia:Researching with Wikipedia|Researching with Wikipedia]]'')
:While Wikipedia articles generally attain a good standard after editing, it is important to note that fledgling, or less well monitored, articles may be susceptible to vandalism and insertion of false information, although this usually ceases to be as significant a problem as articles mature. Inappropriate edits are often noticed and corrected within a relatively short time on most articles
:Studies suggest that Wikipedia is broadly as reliable as ''[[Encyclopedia Brittanica]]'', with similar error rates on established articles for both major and minor omissions and errors. There is a tentative consensus, backed by a gradual increase in [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia as an academic source|academic citation as a source]], that it provides a good starting point for research, and that articles in general have proven to be reasonably sound. That said, articles and subject areas sometimes suffer from significant omissions, and whilst misinformation and vandalism are usually corrected quickly, this does not always happen. (See for example [[John Seigenthaler Sr. Wikipedia biography controversy|this incident]] in which a person inserted a fake biography linking a prominent journalist to the Kennedy assassinations and Soviet Russia as a joke on a co-worker which went undetected for 4 months, saying afterwards he "didn’t know [Wikipedia] was used as a serious reference tool.") Therefore, a common conclusion is that it is a valuable resource and provides a good reference point on its subjects, but like any online source, unfamiliar information should be checked before relying upon it.
:A [[2005]] editorial by a [[BBC]] [[technology]] writer comments that these debates are probably symptomatic of new [[cultural learning]]s which are happening across all sources of information (including search engines and the media), namely "a better sense of how to evaluate information sources." <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4534712.stm What is it with Wikipedia?] 16 December 2005</ref>
===How Wikipedia differs from a paper encyclopedia===
:''Main article: [[m:Wiki is not paper|Wikipedia is not paper]]
===Disclaimers===
{{Disclaimers}}
{{main|Wikipedia:Disclaimers}}
Reports have sometimes cited the Wikipedia disclaimers to support claims that the Wikipedia is unreliable. A selection of similar disclaimers from places which are often regarded as reliable (including sources such as [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], [[Associated Press]], and the [[Oxford English Dictionary]]) can be read and compared at [[Wikipedia:Non-Wikipedia disclaimers|Non-Wikipedia disclaimers]].
Wikipedia content advisories can also be found [[:template:UWAYOR|here]].
== Contributing to Wikipedia ==
:''Main articles: [[Wikipedia:Contributing to Wikipedia|Contributing to Wikipedia]], [[Wikipedia:First steps|First steps in editing articles]], [[Wikipedia:Bootcamp|Bootcamp]]''
Anyone can contribute to Wikipedia by clicking on the ''Edit this page'' tab in an article. Before beginning to contribute however, you should check out some handy helping tools such as the [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|tutorial]] and the [[Wikipedia:policies and guidelines|policies and guidelines]], as well as [[Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers|our welcome page]].
It is important to realize that in contributing to Wikipedia, users are expected to be [[WP:CIVILITY|civil]] and [[WP:NPOV|neutral]], respecting all points of view, and only add [[WP:V|verifiable]] and factual information rather than [[WP:NOR|personal views and opinions]]. "[[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars of Wikipedia]]" cover this approach and are recommended reading before editing.
===Who writes Wikipedia?===
:''Main article: [[Wikipedia:Who writes Wikipedia]]''
There are tens of thousands of regular editors - everyone from expert scholars to casual readers. Anyone who visits the site can edit it, and this fact has encouraged contribution of a tremendous amount of content. There are mechanisms that help community members watch for bad edits, a few hundred administrators with special powers to enforce good behavior, and a judicial committee which considers the few situations remaining unresolved, and decides on withdrawal or restriction of editing privileges or other punishments when needed, after all other consensus remedies have been tried. The site is owned by the Wikimedia Foundation, which is largely uninvolved in daily operation and writing.
===Editing Wikipedia pages===
:''Main article, including list of common mark-up shortcuts: [[Wikipedia:How to edit a page]]''
Wikipedia uses a simple yet powerful page [[markup language|layout]] to allow editors to concentrate on adding material rather than page design. These include automatic sections and subsections, automatic references and cross-references, image and table inclusion, indented and listed text, links ISBNs and math, as well as usual formatting elements and most world alphabets and common symbols. Most of these have simple formats that are deliberately very easy and intuitive.
Wikipedia has robust [[revision control|version and reversion controls]]. This means that poor quality edits or vandalism can quickly and easily be reversed or brought up to an appropriate standard by any other editors, so inexperienced editors cannot accidentally do permanent harm if they make a mistake in their editing. As there are many more editors intent upon good quality articles than any other kind, articles that are poorly edited are usually corrected rapidly.
===Wikipedia content criteria===
{{Main|Wikipedia:Wikipedia in eight words}}
Wikipedia content is intended to be factual, notable, verifiable with external sources, and neutrally presented, with external sources cited.
The appropriate policies and guidelines for these are found at:
# [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not]] summarizes what Wikipedia is, and what it is not.
# [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view]] Wikipedia's core approach, neutral unbiased article writing.
# [[Wikipedia:No original research]] what is, and is not, valid information
# [[Wikipedia:Verifiability]] what counts as a verifiable source and how a source can be verified
# [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]] sources should be cited, and the manner of doing so.
These can be abbreviated to [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|WP:NOT]], [[WP:NPOV]], [[WP:NOR]], [[WP:V]], and [[WP:CITE]] respectively.
===Handling disputes and abuse of process===
:''Main articles: [[Wikipedia:Vandalism]], [[Wikipedia:Dispute resolution]], [[Wikipedia:Consensus]], [[Wikipedia:Sock puppet]]''
Wikipedia has a rich span of methods to handle most abuses which commonly arise, which are well tested and should be relied upon.
* Intentional ''vandalism'' can be [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|reported]] and corrected by anyone.
* Unresolved ''disputes'' between editors, whether based upon behavior, editorial approach or validity of content, can be addressed through the [[Wikipedia:Talk page|talk page]] of an article, through [[Wikipedia:Request for comments|requesting comments from other editors]] or through Wikipedia's comprehensive [[Wikipedia:Dispute resolution|dispute resolution]] process.
* ''Abuse of user accounts'', such as the creation of [[Internet sock puppet]]s or solicitation of friends and other parties to enforce a non-neutral viewpoint or [[Wikipedia:consensus|inappropriate consensus]] within a discussion, or to disrupt other Wikipedia processes in an annoying manner, are addressed through the [[Wikipedia:Sock puppet|sock puppet policy]].
In addition, ''brand new users'' (until they have established themselves a bit) may at the start find that their votes are given less weight by editors in some informal [[Wikipedia:Polls are evil|polls]], in order to prevent abuse of [[Wikipedia:Single purpose account|single purpose accounts]].
==About Wikipedia==
=== Wikipedia history ===
{{details|History of Wikipedia}}
Wikipedia was founded as an offshoot of [[Nupedia]], a now-abandoned project to produce a free encyclopedia. Nupedia had an elaborate system of [[peer review]] and required highly qualified contributors, but the writing of articles was seen as very slow. During [[2000]], [[Jimmy Wales]], founder of Nupedia, and [[Larry Sanger]], whom Wales had employed to work on the project, discussed various ways to supplement Nupedia with a more open, complementary project.
On the evening of [[January 2]], [[2001]], Sanger had a conversation over dinner with [[WikiWikiWeb:BenKovitz|Ben Kovitz]], a [[computer programmer]], in [[San Diego, California|San Diego]], [[California]]. Kovitz, who was a regular on "[[Ward Cunningham|Ward]]'s Wiki" (the [[WikiWikiWeb]]), explained the [[wiki]] concept to Sanger. Sanger saw that a wiki would be an excellent format whereby a more open, less formal encyclopedia project could be pursued. Sanger easily persuaded Wales, who had been introduced to the wiki concept previously, to set up a wiki for Nupedia, and Nupedia's first wiki went online on [[January 10]].
There was considerable resistance on the part of Nupedia's editors and reviewers to the idea of associating Nupedia with a website in the wiki format, however, so the new project was given the name "Wikipedia" and launched on its own domain, wikipedia.com, on [[January 15]] (now humorously called "[[Wikipedia Day]]" by some users). The [[bandwidth]] and [[server (computing)|server]] (located in San Diego) were donated by Wales. Other current and past [[Bomis]] employees who have done some work on the encyclopedia include [[Tim Shell]], one of the co-founders of Bomis and its current CEO, and programmer Jason Richey.
In [[May 2001]], the first wave of non-English Wikipedias were launched (in [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[German language|German]], [[Esperanto]], [[French language|French]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], and [[Swedish language|Swedish]], soon joined by [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Announcements_May_2001]). In September, [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Announcements_September_2001] a further commitment to the multilingual provision of Wikipedia was made. At the end of the year, when international statistics first began to be logged, [[Afrikaans]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], and [[Serbocroatian language|Serbocroatian]] versions were announced.
===Wikipedia statistics ===
:''Main articles: [[Wikipedia:Statistics]], [[Wikipedia:Size of Wikipedia]]''
There are [http://en.wikipedia.org/wikistats/EN/TablesWikipediansEditsGt5.htm 67,000 active contributors] working on over [http://en.wikipedia.org/wikistats/EN/TablesArticlesTotal.htm 4,600,000 articles] in more than [http://en.wikipedia.org/wikistats/EN/Sitemap.htm 100 languages]. As of today, there are {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} articles in [[English language|English]]; every day [http://www.wikipedia.org/wikistats/EN/TablesUsageVisits.htm hundreds of thousands] of visitors from around the world make tens of thousands of edits and create thousands of new articles to enhance the amount of knowledge held by the Wikipedia encyclopedia. Visitors do not need any special qualifications to contribute, and people of all ages help to [[Wikipedia:Who writes Wikipedia|write Wikipedia articles]].
All the text in Wikipedia, and most of the images and other content, is covered by the [[GNU Free Documentation License]] (GFDL). Contributions remain the property of their creators, while the GFDL license ensures the content will remain freely distributable and reproducible (see the [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|copyright notice]] and the [[Wikipedia:Content disclaimer|content disclaimer]] for more information).
=== Behind Wikipedia ===
Wikipedia uses the [[MediaWiki]] software. It's an [[open-source]] program that is used on all [[Wikimedia]] projects.
The hardware supporting the various projects is based on almost 100 servers hosted in various hosting centers around the world. Full descriptions of the various servers are available on [[m:Wikimedia_servers|this meta page]].
For technical information about Wikipedia, you can check [[Wikipedia:Technical_FAQ|Technical FAQs]].
===Culture===
[[:Category:Wikipedia culture]] contains a wealth of content about how [[:Category:Wikipedians|Wikipedians]] see themselves and the project. You will find [[:Category:Wikipedia humor|humor]], [[:Category:Wikipedia essays|essays]], [[:Category:Wikipedia awards|awards]], and more.
===Theories as to why Wikipedia is popular===
Various ideas exist as to why Wikipedia has bewitched so many people:
* Wikipedia offers information for almost any subject in a consistent, easy to read style.
* Wikipedia is mapping out group-behaviour in a way that's never been done before.
* People derive pleasure and validation from seeing their edits remain in place.
* The real prospect that mass-editing might be less subjective than the conventional editing process.
* The "herding effect" that inexplicably gathers around certain aspects of pop culture.
* The pleasant surprise that goodwill prevails in Wikipedia, suggesting that humans are basically good, and that evil is overcome by cooperation.
* Never before has the boundary between participant and observer been blurred on such a large scale.
* Any fact can be noted in Wikipedia when found and it should then always be there for later reference.
* If a topic is popular, it will be searched for. If it does not exist it is only a matter of time before someone creates it. From that point all other people searching that popular topic will find the article and many will contribute to it. Therefore finding an article based on ones search criteria is highly likely ever more so with time. It also means the most popular topics are also generally the most heavily edited.
* It is regularly updated so that information is relatively fresh as opposed to normal encyclopedic articles which may take months or years to publish.
==Feedback and questions==
Wikipedia itself is run as a communal effort. It is a community project whose end result is an encyclopedia. Feedback about content should, in the first instance, be raised on the discussion pages of those articles. You are invited to [[WP:BB|be bold]] and edit the pages yourself to add information or correct mistakes if you are knowledgeable and able to do so.
===Frequently asked questions (FAQ)===
{{main|Wikipedia:FAQ}}
:''FAQ index: [[:Category:Wikipedia FAQ|Index of all Wikipedia FAQ pages]]''
===Giving feedback===
There is an established escalation and dispute process within Wikipedia, as well as pages designed for raising questions, feedback, suggestions and comments:
* [[Wikipedia:Talk page|Talk page]]s - the associated discussion page for discussion of an article or policy's contents. This is usually the first place to go.
* [[Wikipedia:Vandalism]] - to report vandalism (you're encouraged to fix vandalism yourself as well as report it)
* [[Wikipedia:Dispute resolution|Dispute resolution]] - for disputes which remain unresolved within an article's talk space.
* [[Wikipedia:Village pump|Village pump]] - the Wikipedia discussion area, part of the [[Wikipedia:Community Portal|community portal]].
See also:
* [http://bugzilla.wikimedia.org Bug tracker], for reporting issues with the Wikipedia web site or the [[MediaWiki]] software that runs it
* [[Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)|Village pump: proposals page]] for non-policy suggestions
* [[Wikipedia:Help desk]] - Wikipedia's general help desk, if other pages haven't answered your query.
===Research help and similar questions===
Facilities for help for users researching specific topics can be found at:
* [[Wikipedia:Requested articles]] - to suggest or request articles for future.
* [[Wikipedia:Reference desk]] - help finding specific facts.
Because of the nature of Wikipedia, it's encouraged that people looking for information should try and find it themselves in the first instance. If however you come across valid information missing from Wikipedia, [[Wikipedia:Be Bold|be bold]] and add it yourself so others can gain from your research too!
===Community discussion===
For specific discussion not related to article content or editor conduct, see the [[Wikipedia:Village pump|Village pump]], which covers such subjects as [[Wikipedia:Village pump (news)|news]] and [[Wikipedia:Announcements|announcements]], [[Wikipedia:Village pump (policy)|policy]] and [[Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)|technical]] discussion, and information on other specialized portals such as the [[Wikipedia:Help desk|help]], [[Wikipedia:Reference desk|reference]] and [[Wikipedia:Peer review|peer review]] desks.
For other user discussion of Wikipedia in general, see [[Wikipedia:Community Portal]].whiplash
=== Contacting individual Wikipedia editors ===
If you need more information, the first place to go is the [[Help:Contents]]. To contact individual contributors, leave a message on their [[Wikipedia:Talk page|talk page]]. Standard places to ask policy and project-related questions are the [[Wikipedia:Village pump|village pump]], online, and the [[Wikipedia:mailing lists|Wikipedia mailing lists]], over e-mail. You can also reach other [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedians]] via [[Wikipedia:IRC channels|IRC]] and [[Wikipedia:Instant Messaging Wikipedians|instant messenger]].
There is also a [[m:|'''meta'''-Wikipedia]], a site for coordinating the various Wikipedia projects (and abstract discussions of policy and direction), and there are many different places for submitting [[Wikipedia:Bug reports|bug reports and feature requests]].
For a full list of contact options, see: [[Wikipedia:Contact us]].
==Related versions and projects==
=== Wikipedia versions in other languages ===
{{Wikipedialang}}
=== Sister projects ===
----
{{WikipediaSister}}
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[[Category:Wikipedia basic information|About]]
[[ar:&#1608;&#1610;&#1603;&#1610;&#1576;&#1610;&#1583;&#1610;&#1575;:&#1581;&#1608;&#1604;]]
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[[da:Wikipedia:Om]]
[[de:Wikipedia:Über Wikipedia]]
[[es:Wikipedia:Acerca de]]
[[et:Vikipeedia:Sissejuhatus]]
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Template:Translation
139
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137.226.77.2
<div class="messagebox" style="margin: 0.3em auto; clear: both; padding: 0.2em; text-align: center; font-size: 95%">
[[Image:03wiki-zn-frontpage-icon.gif]]'''{{PAGENAME}}[[Wikipedia:翻译请求|勒许翻译]]'''。欢迎倷积极<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}} 翻译搭仔修订]</span>。<br>{{#if:{{{2|}}}{{{tpercent|}}}|搿歇已经翻译仔'''{{{tpercent|{{{2|}}}}}}%''',}}{{#if:{{{1|}}}{{{tfrom|}}}|原文勒勒{{{tfrom|{{{1|}}}}}}<nowiki>。</nowiki>}}</div>
<includeonly>[[Category:翻译请求]]</includeonly>
<noinclude>
== 用法 ==
在需要被或正在翻譯的頁面最上方,加上<code><nowiki>{{Translation|tfrom=原文}}</nowiki></code>即可。<br>如果不加入原文的位置,其他[[Wikipedia:维基百科人|维基人]]会感到困惑不解。
=== 例子 ===
*<code><nowiki>{{Translation|tfrom=[[:en:source]]}}</nowiki></code>
{{Translation|tfrom=[[:en:source]]}}
{{维基百科整理系列}}
居個模板和包含本模板的條目會被分類在[[:Category:翻譯請求]]上。
搿個[[Wikipedia:模板消息|模板]]是一個[[Wikipedia:預防自我參照|自我參照]]。
== 請參閱 ==
* [[Template:Translation]] - 翻译模板。
* [[Template:TransH]], [[Template:TransF]] - 隐藏原文的翻译模板。
* [[Template:Voltranslation]] - 志愿者翻译模板。
* [[Template:Verify translation]] - 校对翻译模板。
* [[Wikipedia:模板消息]]
[[Category:条目信息与编辑模板|翻译]]
[[ca:Template:Traducció]]
[[en:Template:Translation]]
[[es:Plantilla:Traducción]]
[[fr:Modèle:Besoin de traduction]]</noinclude>
吴语文学
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Wtzdj
18
/* 源起搭仔发展 */
{{Translation|tfrom=[http://wu-chinese.com/wiki/吴语文学]}}
==概述==
吴语文学包括[[吴歌]]、[[吴语小说]]搭仔[[吴语戏曲]]咾啥,渠是中国方言文学当中蛮有实力个一支。
==源起搭仔发展==
吴歌起源交关早,顾颉刚《吴歌小史》认为弗会比《诗经》晏。《诗经》里向虽然呒拨吴歌,但有人认为“吴歌实可与诗三百并驾齐驱”。明人王世贞讲:“虽俚字乡语,不能离俗,而得古风人遗意;其辞亦有可采者。如‘月子弯弯照九州,几家欢乐几家愁?几人夫妇同罗帐?几人飘流在他州?’又‘约郎约到月上时,只见月上东方不见渠。不知奴处山低月上早?又不知郎处山高月上迟?’ 即使子建太白降为俚谈,恐亦不能过也。”吴歌多数是恋歌,像《子夜歌》、《懊依歌》咾啥,明人冯梦龙编录个《[[桂枝儿]]》(官话作品,仿吴歌味道)搭仔《[[山歌]]》(吴语作品)也多数侪是“结识私情”之类,像《桂枝儿·牵挂》:“我好似水底色随波游戏,你好似钓鱼人巧弄心机。钓钩儿放着些甜滋味,一时间吞下了,到如今吐又迟。牵挂在心头也,放又放不下你。” 也有反映风情民俗、诉说疾苦或劝人为善个,像苏州个《[[十二月风俗山歌]]》、《[[江南百姓苦愁愁]]》、《[[长工谣]]》咾啥到今朝还勒许流传。
==代表作==
吴语小说起于宋元,盛于晚清,顶顶有代表性个是[[张南庄]]化名过路人写个《[[何典]]》。张南庄是清代乾隆、嘉庆年间个一位“高才不遇者”,《何典》是一部话本式个讽刺带滑稽个章回体小说,渠借鬼个世界展示“活的人间相”,鲁迅对渠有过相当高个评价:“作者便在死的鬼画符和鬼打墙中,展示了活的人间相……便是信口开河的地方,也常能令人仿佛有会于心,禁不住不很为难的苦笑。”[[《何典》]]全书用[[苏南]]吴语夹杂官话写成,成语、俗谚、歇后语、惯用语充斥其间。晚清个吴语小说还有韩邦庆个[[《海上花列传》]]、李伯元个《[[海天鸿雪记]]》、张春帆个《[[九尾龟]]》等。光绪年间成书个《[[海上花列传]]》叙事部分基本浪用官话,人物对话基本浪用苏白。譬如:
双玉近前,与淑人并坐床沿。双玉略略欠身,两手都搭着淑人左右肩膀,教淑人把右手勾着双玉脖项,把左手按着双玉心窝,脸对脸问道:“倪七月里来里一笠园,也像故歇概样式, 一淘坐来浪说个闲话,耐阿记得?”
胡适渠认为搿是文学语言革新个自觉行为,渠讲:“韩君认定《石头记》用京语是一大成功,故他也决计用[[苏州话]]作小说,这是有意的主张,有计划的文学革命。”“假如我们把双玉的话都改成官话:‘我们七月里一签园,也像现在这样子,坐在一块说的话,你记得吗?’—— 意思固然一毫不错,神气却减少得多了。”《海天鸿雪记》用个言话格局搭《海上花列传》差弗多。《九尾龟》稍有变化,人物对话用[[苏白]]只限于妓女,而且妓女嘦一从良呢,对话也就弗再用苏白哉。五四以后,国语运动兴起,文学界一方面对方言文学理论进行探讨,一方面继续勒创作浪实践,有星吴地作家个作品常庄勒用普通言话创作个同时夹用一星比较通行或富有表现力个俚言俗语,比如朱瘦菊个《歇浦潮》、张恨水个《啼笑姻缘》、秦瘦鹃个《秋海棠》咾啥侪夹用仔交关吴语词。鲁迅、茅盾、叶圣陶等著名作家个作品也拿吴语词加进到普通话词汇,像“瘪三、尴尬、蹩脚”咾啥就是通过渠答个作品流传全国,畀普通言话所吸收个。
[[category:吴语]]
海上花(电影)
141
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Lieukehli
24
wiki化
'''海上花'''是根据《海上花列传》搿本[[吴语]]小说改编得来个吴语[[电影]]。
《[[海上花列传]]》本身是拿[[苏州言话]]来写个,但拍成功电影个辰光用[[上海言话]]。
==主演==
[[梁朝伟]] [[刘嘉玲]] [[李嘉欣]] [[羽田美智子]] [[伊能静]] [[高捷]]
==拍片场化==
[[台湾]]
==导演==
[[侯孝贤]] Hsiao-hsien Hou
==年份==
[[1998]]年5月1号
==剧情简介==
[[中国]]个[[宗法社会]],爱情从来是弗来事张扬个。男人家到妓院里向去寻渠拉个爱情,只有勒妓院居个边缘角落头里还有一眼眼机会。勒拉居答,男人顺从个是女人个规矩。19世纪末,上海[[英租界]]个长三书寓,日日宴歌。伊个辰光个高等妓院叫长三书寓。
搿个夜头又是宾客盈门,觥筹交错。东道主叫周双珠,是一个克气、大气个青楼女子,同时也是公阳里老鸨个嫡亲囡儿。齐巧勒许众宾客乎哇狼形个辰光,勒勒搭洋人打交道个衙门里向上班个文官王莲生却首先离席告退。渠是去赴另一妓女张惠贞之约。搿桩事体弄得妓女沈小红交关火冒。小红呢勒荟芳里挂头牌,但因为渠性格刚烈,为人直爽,少有清客敢去翻渠个牌子。莲生是独独搭渠日长来去个人。次日清清空朝小红寻上大门,勒众目睽睽下底对惠贞大打出手。实际浪莲生所为事出有因。渠觉着小红同时还搭一个年轻戏子柳儿相好,外加竳小红个态度浪觉着仔一眼冷淡。烦闷之下莲生去寻另一妓女,实梗末带翻仔小红居个醋钵头.为仔解决问题,莲生勒朋友洪善卿搭仔汤啸庵个陪伴下头来寻小红,拨勒小红伶牙利齿伊个女佣人好好较骂着一顿山门。朋友尴尬到弗得了,甩下仔莲生自顾自跑落,莲生只好一独自去见小红。弗管哪亨,毕竟已经有仔四五年个感情,长话短话仔半日天,两家头又和好如初。
因为渠个特殊身份,双珠常庄勒公阳里充当家长个角色,妓女道里个争风吃醋要渠去摆平,惹着个人命官司也要渠出面去排解。双珠看淡风尘搭仔练达个处世态度受到洪善卿个赏识。
黄翠凤是尚仁里个年轻妓女,是个精明、会搭自家打算个女人,渠渴望早一日脱身青楼,获得自由。她同时自如应付几个男人家,当中关系顶密切个是有钞票又有空个名流罗子富。翠凤一脚搭渠勒一道是因为渠觉着渠会帮渠赎身。
小红个人看上去用钞票并弗哪亨呀呀歪歪,债倒弗少。莲生虽然弄弗泠清,尚况还是帮渠去结清爽。一日天酒宴过后,吃醉落个莲生勒勒朆事先告知个情况下底,跌跌蹱蹱冲进小红个卧房,齐巧拨渠碰着小红搭戏子柳儿勒拉一道。盛怒之下,莲生拿渠送拨拉小红个物事统统掼到八门。莲生断然决定讨惠贞做小老婆,拜托善卿帮渠筹备。善卿力阻,却朆成功。
罗于富总算为翠凤赎身。跑个辰光,翠风拿所有衣裳、首饰亨白浪当一侪留拨拉别个姐妹。
春去秋来,莲生得到提升,就要离开[[上海]],朋友道里勒书寓开宴会为渠送行。小红老早个女佣人现在帮双珠做事体。竳勒渠个嘴里向,莲生晓得小红凄凉个近况。但渠弗想再陷勒许,渠要走哉,走出居个叫人眼花里花个“梦”……
[[category:电影]]
西班牙语
142
586
2006-10-04T01:14:13Z
137.226.77.2
Redirecting to [[西班牙文]]
#redirect[[西班牙文]]
法语
143
585
2006-10-04T01:13:47Z
137.226.77.2
Redirecting to [[法文]]
#redirect[[法文]]
朝鲜
144
1279
2006-10-11T09:31:55Z
Amor
23
{{Infobox Country|the=|
国家名称=조선민주주의인민공화국<br />朝鮮民主主義人民共和國<br />Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk<br />|
国名 =朝鲜|
国旗文件名 =Flag of North Korea.svg|
国徽文件名 =North Korea coa.gif|
国家位置图片文件名 =LocationNorthKorea.png|
国家首都名称 =[[平壤]]|
最大城市名称 =[[平壤]]|
国土面积数据 =120,540|
面积排名 =98|
水域率百分比 =0.1|
海域 =|
官方语言 =[[朝鮮語]]|
总人口数据 =22,912,177人(2005年) |
人口排名 =49|
人口密度数据 =182.25人(2002年)|
人口密度排名=41|
民族 =|
宗教 =|
主要节日 =
独立日[[1948年]][[9月9日]]|
政治体制 =|
国家元首职称 =国防委员会委员长|
现任国家元首名字 =金正日|
政府首脑职称 =总理|
现任政府首脑名字 =朴鳳柱|
货币单位 =[[朝鮮圓]]|
货币符号 =KPW|
中央银行 =北朝鮮中央銀行|
国内生产总值数据 =400 亿[[美元]](列第85位)|
人均国内生产总值数据 =1,800 美元(列第149位)|
国家格言 =強盛大國({{lang|ko|강성대국}})|
国歌名称 =愛國歌 (朝鮮)|
国家象征 =
<LI>国花:[[木槿花]]|
时区 =UTC+9 东九区|
国家代码 =DPRK|
国际域名缩写 =KP|
国际电话区号 =850|
}}
'''朝鲜民主主义人民共和国'''(조선민주주의인민공화국),简称'''朝鲜'''(조선),又叫[[北韩]]或者[[北朝鲜]],勒勒[[亚洲]]东许[[朝鲜半岛]]北许,南许搭[[大韩民国]](韩国)隔界。朝鲜半岛勒[[20世纪]]前头是一个统一个[[朝鲜族]]国家,[[1894年]][[甲午战争]]之后逐步沦为[[日本]]个半殖民地,一脚到20世纪初拨日本完全吞并,成为当时辰光日本帝国个一部分。两战之后南北部分开独立建国。北部主要搭[[中国]]隔界,搭[[俄罗斯联邦]]也有陆地边界。
为仔搭大韩民国分开来,朝鲜民主主义人民共和国个人老早经常拿自家国家叫作“北朝鲜”(북조선),而拿韩国叫“南朝鲜”(남조선);相反,韩国人经常叫朝鲜民主主义人民共和国“北韩”(북한),拿伊俚自家国家叫“南韩”(남한)。
[[中华人民共和国]]拿朝鲜民主主义人民共和国简称“朝鲜”,[[1949年]][[10月6号]]搭伊建立[[外交关系]]。[[中华民国]]拿朝鲜民主主义人民共和国称为“北韩”,两家头呒得外交关系。老早中华民国弗承认朝鲜民主主义人民共和国个辰光,认为大韩民国是朝鲜半岛唯一合法政权,尚况现在中华民国外交部国家搭地区简介当中已经包括北韩。[[香港]]搭[[澳门]]中文也习惯拿朝鲜民主主义人民共和国称为“北韩”。日本拿朝鲜民主主义人民共和国称为“北朝鲜”,双方也呒得外交关系。美国官方个话法翻译成中文,称“北韩”(North Korea),双方也呒得外交关系。
== 历史 ==
== 政治 ==
== 行政区划 ==
朝鲜全国划分成功9个道(도)、2个直辖市(직할시)、搭仔3个特区:
* [[平壤]]市 (평양시)
* [[罗先]]市 (라선시)
* [[开城工业地区]] (개성공업지구)
* [[金刚山观光地区]] (금강산관광지구)
* [[新义州特别行政区]] (신의주특별행정구)
* [[慈江道]] (자강도)
* [[咸镜北道]] (함경북도)
* [[咸镜南道]] (함경남도)
* [[黄海北道]] (황해북도)
* [[黄海南道]] (황해남도)
* [[江原道]] (강원도)
* [[平安北道]] (평안북도)
* [[平安南道]] (평안남도)
* [[两江道]] (량강도)
== 地理 ==
== 经济 ==
== 军事 ==
{{current}}
朝鲜[[核试验]]造成世界舆论对朝鲜个批评。
== 人口 ==
== 网络通讯 ==
===报刊===
《[[劳动新闻]]》
===电视广播===
==假期==
{| border="1" align="center" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
<CAPTION><font size="+1">'''节假日'''</font></caption>
|-----
! style="background:#efefef;" | 日期
! style="background:#efefef;" | 中文名
! style="background:#efefef;" | 当地名
! style="background:#efefef;" | 备注
|-----
| [[2月16号]] || [[金正日]]诞辰 || ||
|-----
| [[4月15号]] || [[金日成]]诞辰 || 太阳节 || 也叫“四月之春”艺术节
|}
== 其他主题 ==
* [[朝鲜经济]]
* [[朝鲜人权]]
* [[朝鲜通讯]]
* [[朝鲜交通]]
* [[朝鲜军事]]
* [[朝鲜外交]]
* [[高麗航空]]
* [[平壤順安国际机场]]
* [[北朝鲜旅游景点]]
* [[柳京饭店]]
== 外部链接 ==
[[category:地理]]
{{亚洲行政区划}}
[[af:Noord-Korea]]
[[an:Corea d'o Norte]]
[[ar:كوريا الشمالية]]
[[ast:Corea del Norte]]
[[az:Şimali Koreya]]
[[bg:Северна Корея]]
[[ca:Corea del Nord]]
[[cs:Severní Korea]]
[[cy:Gogledd Corea]]
[[da:Nordkorea]]
[[de:Nordkorea]]
[[el:Βόρεια Κορέα]]
[[en:North Korea]]
[[eo:Nord-Koreio]]
[[es:Corea del Norte]]
[[et:Põhja-Korea]]
[[eu:Ipar Korea]]
[[fa:کره شمالی]]
[[fi:Korean demokraattinen kansantasavalta]]
[[fr:Corée du Nord]]
[[fy:Noard-Korea]]
[[gl:Corea do Norte - 북한]]
[[he:קוריאה הצפונית]]
[[hi:उत्तरी कोरिया]]
[[hr:Sjeverna Koreja]]
[[ht:Kore dinò]]
[[hu:Észak-Korea]]
[[ia:Corea del Nord]]
[[id:Korea Utara]]
[[io:Nord-Korea]]
[[is:Norður-Kórea]]
[[it:Corea del Nord]]
[[ja:朝鮮民主主義人民共和国]]
[[ka:ჩრდილოეთი კორეა]]
[[km:កូរេ (ជើង)]]
[[ko:조선민주주의인민공화국]]
[[kw:Korea Gledh]]
[[la:Respublica Populi Democratica Coreae]]
[[li:Noord-Korea]]
[[lt:Šiaurės Korėja]]
[[lv:Ziemeļkoreja]]
[[ml:ഉത്തര കൊറിയ]]
[[ms:Korea Utara]]
[[na:Republik Engame Korea]]
[[nds:Noordkorea]]
[[nl:Noord-Korea]]
[[nn:Nord-Korea]]
[[no:Nord-Korea]]
[[oc:Corèa del Nòrd]]
[[os:Корейы Адæмон Демократон Республикæ]]
[[pam:North Korea]]
[[pl:Korea Północna]]
[[ps:سهېلي کوريا]]
[[pt:Coreia do Norte]]
[[ro:Coreea de Nord]]
[[ru:Корейская Народно-Демократическая Республика]]
[[scn:Corea dû Nord]]
[[se:Davvi-Korea]]
[[sh:Severna Koreja]]
[[simple:North Korea]]
[[sk:Kórejská ľudovodemokratická republika]]
[[sl:Severna Koreja]]
[[sq:Korea Veriore]]
[[sr:Северна Кореја]]
[[sv:Nordkorea]]
[[ta:வட கொரியா]]
[[th:ประเทศเกาหลีเหนือ]]
[[tk:Demirgazyk Koreýa]]
[[tl:Hilagang Korea]]
[[tpi:Not Korea]]
[[tr:Kore Demokratik Halk Cumhuriyeti]]
[[uk:Північна Корея]]
[[vi:Cộng hòa Dân chủ Nhân dân Triều Tiên]]
[[zh-min-nan:Tiâu-sián]]
[[zh:朝鲜]]
User talk:GnuDoyng
145
1127
2006-10-08T12:11:18Z
GnuDoyng
14
GnuDoyng,你好,等我俚大使馆开通哉,你来做闽东闲话个大使阿好。 [[User:Minus273|Minus273]] 02:08, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
:好!^^ --[[User:GnuDoyng|GnuDoyng]] 12:11, 8 October 2006 (UTC)
沙地
146
595
2006-10-04T02:10:37Z
Amor
23
'''沙地'''搿个词语弗是行政浪个概念,而是指讲[[沙地话]]个地区,主要包括[[上海]]市[[崇明]]岛、[[江苏]]省[[启东]]市、[[海门]]市等。
文蛤
147
597
2006-10-04T02:14:58Z
Amor
23
'''文蛤'''是一种[[海产品]],[[贝壳]]类,也称为“阿兹”或者“昌葡”,味道鲜美。
Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector
148
600
2006-10-04T02:24:38Z
Lieukehli
24
[[Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector]] moved to [[AODV]]: 重定向成通行的缩写形式
#REDIRECT [[AODV]]
1949年
149
699
2006-10-04T23:53:48Z
137.226.77.2
/* 大事记 */
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"
|<small>'''[[世纪]]:'''</small>
| align="center" | <small>[[19世纪]] | '''[[20世纪]]''' | [[21世纪]]</small>
|-
|<small>'''[[年代]]:'''</small>
| align="center" | <small>[[1910年代]] | [[1920年代]] | [[1930年代]] | '''[[1940年代]]''' | [[1950年代]] | [[1960年代]] | [[1970年代]]</small>
|-
|<small>'''[[年]]份:'''</small>
| align="center" | <small>[[1944年]] | [[1945年]] | [[1946年]] | [[1947年]] | [[1948年]] | '''1949年''' | [[1950年]] | [[1951年]] | [[1952年]] | [[1953年]] | [[1954年]]</small>
<tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr>
|-
|<small>'''传统纪年:'''</small>
| align="center" | <small>'''[[民國]]三十八年;[[日本]][[昭和天皇]][[昭和]]二十四年<br>''[[己丑]]年([[生肖|牛年]])''</small>
|}
==大事记==
*[[号内瓦公约]]签署。
*[[1月25号]]——第一届[[艾美奖]]勒Hollywood Athletic Club举行。
*[[1月25号]]——勒第一趟[[以色列]]选举当中,[[大卫·邦-古理用]](David Ben-Gurion)当选[[总理]]。
*[[2月4号]]——[[以色列议会]]第一趟召开。
*[[3月1号]]——世界重量级拳王[[乔·路易斯]]宣布退出拳坛。
*[[3月2号]]——[[B-50超级堡垒]][[幸运姑娘II号]]勒[[得克萨斯州]]的[[沃斯堡]]着陆,完成了头趟弗间断环球飞行。
*[[4月1号]]——[[纽芬兰]]加入[[加拿大]]联邦。
*[[4月4号]]——[[北大西洋公约组织]](简称[[北约]])成立。
*[[4月23号]]——[[中国人民解放军]]攻占[[中华民国]]首都[[南京]]。
*[[5月10号]]——[[德國]]拨分成[[东德]]搭[[西德]]两部分。
*[[5月11号]]——[[以色列]]加入[[联合国]]。
*[[5月11号]]——[[暹罗]]更名为[[泰国]]。
*[[5月12号]]——[[苏联]]停止对[[柏林|西柏林]]封锁。
*[[5月20号]]——[[台湾]]颁布[[戒严令]],开始长达数十年个“[[白色恐怖]]”时期。
*[[5月21号]]——[[中国共产党|中共]]与[[英国|英方]]对[[紫石英号事件|“紫石英”号事件]]交涉。
*[[5月23号]]——[[联邦德国]]成立。
*[[6月15号]]——新[[政治协商会议]]在北京召开,筹备建立[[中华人民共和国]]。
*6月15号——[[新台币]]正式发行。
*[[6月29号]]——[[南非]]开始实行[[种族隔离制度|种族隔离]]计划。
*[[7月13号]]——[[梵蒂冈]]宣布命令,拿所有信奉、讲授[[共产主义]]学说个[[天主教徒]]驱逐出[[教会]],还拒绝帮“自觉并任意”支持[[共产党]]活动个人举行[[圣礼]]。
*[[7月16号]]——[[中华民国]][[国军]]开始从[[中国大陆]]撤退到[[台湾]]。
*[[8月8号]]——[[美國]]发表[[美国对华政策白皮书]]。
*[[8月8号]]——[[不丹]]独立。
*[[8月29号]]——[[苏联]]测试第一颗[[原子弹]]。
*[[9月23号]]——[[苏联]]试爆第一颗[[原子弹]]成功。成为世界上第二个拥有[[核武器]]个国家。
*[[9月29号]]——[[中國人民政治协商会议]]第一屆全体会议召开,通过了[[中华人民共和国国旗]]个设计。
*[[10月1号]]——[[中华人民共和国]]成立。
*[[10月3号]]——[[中华人民共和国]]搭[[苏联]]建交。
*[[10月7号]]——[[民主德国]]成立。
*[[10月25号]]——[[金门]][[古宁头战役]]爆發,[[国军]]搭[[解放军]]交火。
*[[11月29号]]——第一枚[[人工晶体]]由Ridley医生勒伦敦St.Thomas医院帮病人植入。
*[[12月7号]]——[[蒋介石]]政府宣布,[[国民党]]政府迁都[[台北市|台北]]。
*[[12月17号]]——[[缅甸]]承认[[中华人民共和国]]。
*[[12月27号]]——[[荷兰]]承认[[印度尼西亚]]独立。
*[[12月30号]]——[[印度]]承认[[中华人民共和国]]。
==出生==
*[[1月12日]] - [[村上春樹]],[[日本]]当代[[小说家]]
*[[1月18日]] - [[菲力浦·史塔克]],知名的法国设计师
==逝世==
*[[逝世公告]]
*[[1月4日]]——[[奥古斯特·普丰特]],美国物理学家
*[[9月17日]]——[[杨虎城]],[[中国国民党]]将领([[1892年]]出生)
*[[11月14日]]——[[江竹筠]],人称“江姐”,[[中国共产党]]革命烈士。勒[[中國人民解放軍]]包围[[重庆]]个辰光,拨[[国民党]]特务杀脱。
==[[诺贝尔奖]]==
*[[诺贝尔物理学奖|物理]]:[[汤川秀树]]
*[[诺贝尔化学奖|化学]]:[[威廉·弗朗西斯·吉奥克]](William Francis Giauque)
*[[诺贝尔医学奖|生理和医学]]:[[沃尔特·鲁道夫·赫斯]](Walter Rudolf Hess)和[[埃加斯·莫尼斯]](Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas Moniz)
*[[诺贝尔文学奖|文学]]:[[威廉·福克纳]](William Faulkner)
*[[诺贝尔和平奖|和平]]:[[约翰·博伊德·奥尔]](Lord John Boyd Orr of Brechin)
==[[奥斯卡金像奖]]==
(第22届,[[1950年]]颁发)
*[[奥斯卡最佳影片奖]]——《[[一代奸雄]]》(All the King's Men)
*[[奥斯卡最佳导演奖]]——[[约瑟夫·曼凯维兹]](Joseph L. Mankiewicz) 《[[三妻艳史]]》
*[[奥斯卡最佳男主角奖]]——[[布罗德里克·克劳福克]](Broderick Crawford) 《一代奸雄》
*[[奥斯卡最佳女主角奖]]——[[奥丽薇娅·德·哈维兰]](Olivia de Havilland) 《[[女继承人]]》
*[[奥斯卡最佳男配角奖]]——[[迪安·贾格尔]](Dean Jagger) 《[[十二点正]]》
*[[奥斯卡最佳女配角奖]]——[[梅瑟尔德斯·麦坎布里奇]](Mercedes McCambridge) 《一代奸雄》
(其他奖项参见[[奥斯卡金像奖获奖名单]])
[[Category:1949年]]
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Routing
150
603
2006-10-04T02:44:10Z
Lieukehli
24
Routing是指勒计算机网络里向从一只机器到另外一只机器之间寻着一条[[路由]]个机制。
Bayes定理
151
605
2006-10-04T02:54:08Z
Lieukehli
24
Bayes定理又叫Bayes法则,是概率论当中个一个定理,勒信息、决策、预报等多种领域侪有相当广泛个应用。
Nobel奖
152
609
2006-10-04T03:32:47Z
Amor
23
[[Image:Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg|thumb|诺贝尔奖牌 由诺贝尔基金会设计]]
'''诺贝尔奖'''是根据[[阿勒夫咸德 诺贝尔]](Alfred Nobel)个意思设立个奖项,拨了勒科学研究方面作出特出贡献个人搭组织,其领域包括[[物理]]、[[化学]]、[[文学]]、[[和平]]、[[医学]]等,搿星奖项勒世界浪最最高级个奖项。
勒2005年11月份,一龙总776个诺贝尔奖授拨758个个人搭18个组织。但是有星人拒绝接受。勒到二战个辰光,1940到1942年间奖牌分宁发了出去。有规定,每一种奖项勒5年当中要发出去一趟。
==奖项种类==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Medal
!width="155px"| Category
! Characteristics
|-
| [[Image:Nobel in Physics and Chemistry.jpg|75px|Original design ®© The Nobel Foundation.]]
| [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]
| Awarded by the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]] to "the person who shall have made the most important discovery or invention within the field of physics".
|-
| [[Image:Nobel in Physics and Chemistry.jpg|75px|Original design ®© The Nobel Foundation.]]
| [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]
| Awarded by the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]] to "the person who shall have made the most important chemical discovery or improvement".
|-
| [[Image:Nobel in Medicine.jpg|75px|Original design ®© The Nobel Foundation.]]
| [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize in<br>Physiology or Medicine]]
| Awarded by the [[Karolinska Institutet]] to "the person who shall have made the most important discovery within the domain of physiology or medicine".
|-
| [[Image:Nobel in Literature.jpg|75px|Original design ®© The Nobel Foundation.]]
| [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]
| Awarded by the [[Swedish Academy]] to "the person who shall have produced in the field of literature the most outstanding work of an idealistic tendency".
|-
| [[Image:Nobel in Peace.jpg|75px|Original design ®© The Nobel Foundation.]]
| [[Nobel Peace Prize|Nobel Prize in Peace]]
| Awarded by the [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]] to "the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity among nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses".
|}
===Nobel Memorial Prizes===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Medal
!width="155px"| Category
! Characteristics
|-
| [[Image:Nobel in Economics.jpg|75px|Original design ®© The Nobel Foundation.]]
| [[Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel|Nobel Memorial Prize<br>in Economics]]
| Also known as the [[Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel]], it was instituted in 1969 by [[Sveriges Riksbank]] (the Bank of Sweden). Although it is awarded by the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]] at the same time as the Nobel Prizes – leading many people and commentators to label it a "Nobel Prize" – technically it is ''not'' a Nobel Prize as it was not willed by Alfred Nobel nor funded by his bequest.
|}
==颁奖典礼 ==
[[Image:Stockholm Konserthuset 2002.jpg|thumb|175px|Stockholm Concert Hall, venue for the annual Nobel Prize award ceremonies.]]
The committees and institutions that serve as selection boards for the Prizes typically announce the names of the laureates in October. The Prizes are then awarded at formal ceremonies held annually on [[December 10]], the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death.
The Peace Prize ceremony has been held at the [[Norwegian Nobel Institute]] (1905-1946); the ''Aula'' of the [[University of Oslo]] (1947-1990); and most recently at the [[Oslo City Hall]]. [[Wikipedia:As of|As of]] 2005, the other Prize ceremonies have been held at the [[Stockholm Concert Hall]].
Each award can be given to a maximum of three recipients per year. They each consist of a gold medal; a diploma; the extension of [[Swedish nationality law|Swedish citizenship]]; and a sum of money. Currently the latter is about ten million Swedish [[Swedish krona|Kronor]] (slightly more than one million [[Euro]]s or about 1.3 million [[United States dollar|US dollars]]). Originally this money was meant to fund laureates' further work, although nowadays many laureates are retired at the time their award is made.
If there are two winners in one category, the award money is split equally between them. If there are three winners, the awarding committee has the option of splitting the prize money equally among all three, or awarding half of the prize money to one recipient and one-quarter to each of the other two. It is common for the recipients to donate the prize money to benefit scientific, cultural or humanitarian causes.
Since [[1902]], the [[Monarch of Sweden|King of Sweden]] has, with the exception of the Peace Prize, presented all the prizes in [[Stockholm]]. At first [[Oscar II of Sweden|King Oscar II]] did not approve of awarding grand prizes to foreigners, but is said to have changed his mind once his attention had been drawn to the publicity value of the prizes for Sweden.
Until the [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]] was established in 1904, the [[President of Norwegian Parliament]] made the formal presentation of the Nobel Peace Prize. The Committee's five members are entrusted with researching and adjudicating the Prize as well as awarding it. Although appointed by the [[Storting|Norwegian Parliament]] (the ''Stortinget''), they are independent and answer to no legislative authority. Members of the Norwegian government are not permitted to sit on the Committee.
==诺贝尔个意愿==
[[Image:AlfredNobel.jpg|thumb|175px|Alfred Nobel.]]
The Prizes were instituted by the final [[will (law)|will]] of [[Alfred Nobel]], a [[Sweden|Swedish]] chemist, industrialist, and the [[inventor]] of [[dynamite]]. Alfred Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime. The last one was written on [[November 27]], [[1895]]—a little over a year before he died. He signed it at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in [[Paris]] on [[November 27]], [[1895]]. Nobel's work had directly involved the creation of explosives, and he became increasingly uneasy with the military usage of his inventions. It is said that this was motivated in part by his reading of a [[List of premature obituaries|premature obituary]] of himself, published in error by a French newspaper on the occasion of the death of Nobel's brother Ludvig, and which condemned Alfred as a "merchant of death." So in his will, Alfred left 94% of his worth to the establishment of five prizes:
{{quotation
| "The whole of my remaining realizable estate shall be dealt with in the following way:<br><p>The capital shall be invested by my executors in safe securities and shall constitute a fund, the interest on which shall be annually distributed in the form of prizes to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind. The said interest shall be divided into five equal parts, which shall be apportioned as follows: one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery or invention within the field of physics; one part to the person who shall have made the most important chemical discovery or improvement; one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery within the domain of physiology or medicine; one part to the person who shall have produced in the field of literature the most outstanding work of an idealistic tendency; and one part to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity among nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses.</p><p>The prizes for physics and chemistry shall be awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences; that for physiological or medical works by the Caroline Institute in Stockholm; that for literature by the Academy in Stockholm; and that for champions of peace by a committee of five persons to be elected by the Norwegian Storting. It is my express wish that in awarding the prizes no consideration whatever shall be given to the nationality of the candidates, so that the most worthy shall receive the prize, whether he be a Scandinavian or not."
| Alfred Nobel
}}
Although Nobel's will established the prizes, his plan was incomplete and, due to various other hurdles, it was five years before the [[Nobel Foundation]] could be established and the first prizes awarded on December 10, 1901<ref>{{cite web | author=The History Channel, ''This Day in History'' | title=First Nobel Prizes: December 10, 1901 | url=http://www.historychannel.com/tdih/tdih.jsp?month=10272964&day=10272975&cat=10272946 | accessdate=July 30 | accessyear=2006}}</ref>.
==提名搭筛选过程==
As compared with some other prizes, the Prize nomination and selection process is long and rigorous. This is an important reason why the Prizes have grown in importance and prestige over the years to become the most important prizes in their field.
Forms, which amount to a personal and exclusive invitation, are sent to about three thousand selected individuals to invite them to submit nominations. In the case of the Peace Prize, for example, the people may be asked to make nominations:
*Members of national assemblies and governments of states;
*Members of [[international court]]s;
*University rectors;
*Professors of social sciences, history, philosophy, law and theology;
*Directors of peace research institutes and foreign policy institutes;
*Peace Prize laureates and/or [[board member]]s of organisations that have been awarded the Peace Prize;
*Active and former members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee;
*Former advisers appointed by the [[Norwegian Nobel Institute]].
Similar requirements are in place for the other Prizes.
The submission deadline for nominations, which is strictly enforced, is [[January 31]] of the year in which the award is to be made<ref>{{cite web | author=Nobel Foundation | title=Nomination and Selection Process | url=http://nobelprize.org/nomination/chemistry/process.html | accessdate=July 30 | accessyear=2006}}</ref>. Self-nominations are automatically disqualified and, as mentioned above, only living persons are eligible.
Unlike many other awards, the names of those nominated for a Nobel Prize are never publicly announced and they are never meant to learn that they were considered for the Prize. Nomination records are sealed for fifty years.
After the nomination deadline, a committee screens and filters the nominations to produce a list of around two hundred preliminary candidates. This list is then sent to selected experts in each nominee's field of work, from whose responses a shortlist of around fifteen is made. The committee then writes a report with recommendations and sends it to the relevant institution. As an example of these institution's sizes, the Assembly for the Prize for Medicine has fifty members. The members of the institution meet and select a winner or winners by vote.
The process varies slightly between the different disciplines. For instance, the Literature Prize is rarely awarded to more than one person per year, whereas other Prizes now often involve two or three collaborators.
===No posthumous nominations===
Posthumous nominations for Prizes are not allowed. This has sometimes sparked criticism that people deserving of a Nobel Prize did not receive the award because they died before being nominated. In two cases the Prize has been awarded [[posthumously]] to people who died in the months between their nomination and selection as a winner: [[UN Secretary General]] [[Dag Hammarskjöld]] (1961, Peace) and [[Erik Axel Karlfeldt]] (1931, Literature).
Since [[1974]], awards have not been allowed for a deceased person. [[William Vickrey]] (1996, Economics) died before he could receive the prize, but after it was announced.
==批评==
The Prize has been criticized over the years, with people suggesting that formal agreements and name recognition are more important than actual achievements in the process of deciding who is awarded the Prize. Perhaps the most infamous case of this was in [[1973]] when [[Henry Kissinger]] and [[Le Duc Tho]] shared the Peace Prize for bringing peace to [[Vietnam]], even though the [[War in Vietnam]] was ongoing at the time. Le Duc Tho declined the award, for the stated reason that peace had not been achieved.
===弗能认同类似个成就===
[[Mahatma Gandhi]] was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize five times between [[1937]] and [[1948]] but never won it. Research indicates that it was likely the Authority would have given him the Prize in 1948, the year in which he was assassinated. The committee apparently considered a posthumous award{{fact}} but ultimately decided against it, instead choosing not to award the Nobel Peace Prize to anybody for that year.
The strict rules against a Prize being awarded to more than three people at once is also a cause for controversy. Where a prize is awarded to recognise an achievement by a team of more than three collaborators, inevitably one or more will miss out. For example, in 2002, a Prize was awarded to [[Koichi Tanaka]] and [[John Fenn]] for the development of [[mass spectrometry]] in [[protein chemistry]], an award that failed to recognise the achievements of [[Franz Hillenkamp]] and [[Michael Karas]] of the [[Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry]] at the [[University of Frankfurt]]<ref>{{cite web | author=''The Scientist'', Volume 3, Issue 1, Page 20021211-03 | title=Nobel Prize controversy | url=http://www.the-scientist.com/article/display/20931/ | accessdate=July 30 | accessyear=2006}}</ref>.
Similarly, the rule against posthumous prizes often fails to recognise important achievements by a collaborator who happens to have died before the prize is awarded. [[Rosalind Franklin]], for example, made some of the key steps toward the discovery of the structure of [[DNA]] in 1953, but died of [[ovarian cancer]] in [[1958]], four years before [[Francis Crick]], [[James D. Watson]] and [[Maurice Wilkins]] (one of Franklin's collaborators) were awarded the Prize for Medicine or Physiology in 1962.<ref>{{cite web | author=Nobel Foundation | title=The Discovery of the Molecular Structure of DNA - The Double Helix | url=http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/dna_double_helix/readmore.html | accessdate=July 30 | accessyear=2006 }}</ref>.
Criticism was levied towards the [[2005]] Nobel Prize in Physics, specifically for the recognition of [[Roy Glauber]] and not [[George Sudarshan]]. While citation counts indicate that Glauber's 1963 papers are more widely referenced, it is clear that both made important contributions to the fields of [[quantum optics]] and [[coherence]] theory. Here again, the untimely death of two other seminal contributors, Len Mandel and Dan Walls, removed them from consideration.
Similarly, the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for "the discovery and development of conductive organic polymers" ignored the earlier discovery of equally highly-conductive [[charge transfer complex]] polymers, Weiss ''et al''s 1963 report of high conductivity in iodine-doped oxidized polypyrrole [http://www.drproctor.com/os/weisspaper.pdf], and the prior report [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=4359339&query_hl=1&itool=pubmed_docsum] of a working organic electronic device with a high-conductivity "ON" state. Also see [[Conductive polymer]]s.
===呒得数学奖===
There are several possible reasons why Nobel created no Prize for mathematics. Nobel's will speaks of prizes for those ''inventions or discoveries'' of greatest practical benefit to mankind, possibly having in mind practical rather than theoretical works. Mathematics was not considered a practical science from which humanity could benefit, a key purpose for the [[Nobel Foundation]]<ref>{{cite web | author=The Nobel Prize Internet Archive | title=Why is there no Nobel Prize in Mathematics? | url=http://almaz.com/nobel/why_no_math.html | accessdate=July 30 | accessyear=2006}}</ref>.
One other possible reason was that there was already a well known Scandinavian prize for mathematicians. The existing mathematical awards at the time were mainly due to the work of [[Gösta Mittag-Leffler]], who founded the ''Acta Mathematica'', a century later still one of the world's leading mathematical journals. Through his influence in [[Stockholm]] he persuaded [[King Oscar II]] to endow prize competitions and honor distinguished mathematicians all over [[Europe]], including [[Hermite]], [[Joseph Louis François Bertrand|Bertrand]], [[Weierstrass]], and [[Henri Poincaré|Poincaré]].
The oft-repeated myth that Nobel refused to endow a mathematics prize because his wife had an affair with the mathematician [[Mittag-Leffler]] is patently untrue, as Nobel never married<ref>{{cite web | author=Public Broadcasting Service | title=The Prize: Controversy and Landmarks | url=http://www.pbs.org/kqed/nobel/sttimeline.html | accessdate=July 30 | accessyear=2006}} Archive copy at http://web.archive.org/web/20050213115242/http://www.pbs.org/kqed/nobel/sttimeline.html.</ref>.
In [[2001]], the Norwegian government began awarding the [[Abel Prize]] with the specific intention of it serving as a substitute for a missing Nobel Prize in Mathematics. Also, beginning in 2004, the Nobel-like [[Shaw Prize]] included an award in [[mathematical science]]s. The [[Fields Medal]] is often described as the "Nobel Prize of mathematics", but the comparison is uneven as it is only awarded to people no more than forty years old. A closer comparison may be made with the [[Crafoord Prize]], which, like the Nobel Prizes, is awarded by the Swedish Royal Academy.
== 杂集 ==
[[Image:Mariecurie.jpg|thumb|175px|Marie Skłodowska-Curie, the first double Nobel laureate in history.]]
In the history of the Nobel Prize, there have been only four people to have received two Nobel Prizes. These are:
: [[Marie Curie|Marie Skłodowska-Curie]]
:: Physics [1903]: Discovery of Radioactivity
:: Chemistry [1911]: Isolation of Pure Radium
: [[Linus Pauling]]
:: Chemistry [1954]: Hybridized Orbital Theory
:: Peace [1962]: Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty Activism
: [[John Bardeen]]
:: Physics [1956]: Invention of Transistor
:: Physics [1972]: Theory of Superconductivity
: [[Frederick Sanger]]
:: Chemistry [1958]: Structure of the Insulin Molecule
:: Chemistry [1980]: Virus Nucleotide Sequencing
Additionally, the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] (ICRC) received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1917, 1944, and 1963. The first two prizes were specifically in recognition of the group's work during the world wars.
The only siblings to win Nobel Prizes are [[Jan Tinbergen]] (Economics, 1969) and his younger brother [[Niko Tinbergen]] (Medicine, 1973).
Only one person has the distinction of being an [[Academy Award|Oscar]] winner and a Nobel Laureate. The Irishman, [[George Bernard Shaw]] winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] in [[1925]] won an Oscar for Best Adapted Screenplay in [[1938]].
== 其他奖项==
There are several other well known international prizes and awards in various fields of endeavour, including fields without a Nobel prize, most of which are not as well-known. The best known include the [[Fields Medal]], the [[Turing Award]], the [[Templeton Prize]], and the [[Wolf Prize]]. The [[Templeton Prize]] is the largest financial annual prize award given to a single person for intellectual merit, worth 795,000 [[GBP|pounds sterling]] or 1.4 million US dollars in [[2006]].
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="3"
!width="140px"| Prize
! Subject/s
! Characteristics
|-
| [[Abel Prize]]
| Mathematics
|style="font-size:90%;"| Instituted in 2002 to mark the bicentennial of [[Niels Henrik Abel]]'s birth; prize of 6 million [[Norwegian kroner]] awarded annually for "outstanding scientific work in the field of mathematics".
|-
| [[Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award]]
| Children's literature
|style="font-size:90%;"| Instituted in 2002 in honour of the Swedish children's books author [[Astrid Lindgren]]. The prize is awarded annually to an amount of five million [[Swedish krona|SEK]].
|-
| [[Fields Medal]]
| Mathematics
|style="font-size:90%;"| Awarded to two, three or four mathematicians not over forty years of age at each International Congress of the [[International Mathematical Union]].
|-
| [[Goldman Environmental Prize|Goldman<br>Environmental Prize]]
| Environmental protection
|style="font-size:90%;"| The most lucrative environmental award in the world, it is given annually to grassroots environmental activists from six geographic areas: Africa, Asia, Europe, Islands and Island Nations, North America, and South and Central America.
|-
| [[Ig Nobel Prize]]
| Physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, peace
|style="font-size:90%;"| Organized by the scientific humor journal Annals of Improbable Research (AIR), it is a parody of the Nobel Prize given annually for ten achievements that "first make people laugh, and then make them think".
|-
| [[MacArthur Fellows Program|MacArthur Fellowship]]
| Any
|style="font-size:90%;"| Given by the [[MacArthur Foundation]] each year to around twenty to forty citizens or residents of the United States, of any age and working in any field, who "show exceptional merit and promise for continued and enhanced creative work".
|-
| [[Kyoto Prize]]
| Arts and philosophy, advanced technology, basic sciences
|style="font-size:90%;"| Awarded annually since 1984 by the Inamori Foundation, a non-profit organization founded by Japanese businessman [[Kazuo Inamori]].
|-
| [[Right Livelihood Award]]
| Environmental protection, human rights, health, education
|style="font-size:90%;"| Established in 1980 by Jakob von Uexkull, the Award is presented annually in [[Riksdag|Swedish Parliament]] building to honour those "working on practical and exemplary solutions to the most urgent challenges facing the world today".
|-
| [[Schock Prize]]
| Logic and philosophy, mathematics, visual arts, music
|style="font-size:90%;"| Instituted by the will of philosopher and artist [[Rolf Schock]]. The prizes were first awarded in Stockholm, Sweden in 1993 and have been awarded every two years since. Each recipient currently receives 400,000 [[Swedish krona|SEK]].
|-
| [[Templeton Prize]]
| Religion
|style="font-size:90%;"| Awarded annually by the Templeton Foundation to a living person who, in the estimation of the judges, best exemplifies "trying various ways for discoveries and breakthroughs to expand human perceptions of divinity and to help in the acceleration of divine creativity," ...including research in love, creativity, purpose, infinity, intelligence, thanksgiving and prayer..
|-
| [[Turing Award]]
| Computer science
|style="font-size:90%;"| Given to an individual selected for contributions of a technical nature made to the computing community.
|-
| [[Wolf Prize]]
| Agriculture, arts, chemistry, mathematics, medicine, physics
|style="font-size:90%;"| Awarded annually since 1978 to living scientists and artists for "achievements in the interest of mankind and friendly relations among peoples... irrespective of nationality, race, colour, religion, sex or political views".
|}
== 请查看 ==
*[[Nobel Peace Center]]
*[[List of prizes, medals, and awards]]
*[[List of Nobel laureates]]
**[[Nobel laureates by country|Nobel Prize laureates by country]]
**[[Nobel Prize laureates by university affiliation]]
**[[Female Nobel Prize laureates]]
**[[List of Jewish Nobel Prize winners]]
**[[List of Muslim Nobel Prize winners]]
**[[List of Hindu Nobel Prize winners]]
*[[Nobel Prize in Physics]]
*[[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]
*[[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]
*[[Nobel Prize in Literature]]
*[[Nobel Peace Prize]]
*[[Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel]]
*[[Lenin Peace Prize]]
*[[Nobel Prize controversies]]
*[[Millennium Technology Prize]]
== 参考==
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>
== 外部链接 ==
*[http://nobelprize.org/ Nobelprize.org] — Official site
*[http://nobelprizes.com/nobel/nobel.html The Nobel Prize Internet Archive]
*[http://nobelprize.org/ Why is there no Nobel in computer science?]
*[http://www.cs.uwaterloo.ca/~alopez-o/math-faq/node50.html Why is there no Nobel in mathematics?]
*[http://www.kva.se/KVA_Root/swe/awards/nobel/index.asp The Nobel Committees] of the [http://www.kva.se/ Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]
*[http://info.ki.se/ki/nobel_en.html The Nobel Committee] of the [http://www.ki.se/ Karolinska Institute]
*[http://www.svenskaakademien.se/LitiumInformation/site/page.asp?Page=3&IncPage=158&Destination=158 The Swedish Academy]
*[http://www.nobel.no/ The Norwegian Nobel Committee]
*[http://www.britannica.com/nobel/ Britannica Spotlight: Guide to the Nobel Prizes]
*[http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/nobel.100/index.html CNN: Nobel Centennial]
[[Category:科技]]
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[[af:Nobelprys]]
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[[sk:Nobelova cena]]
[[sl:Nobelova nagrada]]
[[sr:Нобелова награда]]
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[[sv:Nobelpriset]]
[[ta:நோபல் பரிசு]]
[[th:รางวัลโนเบล]]
[[vi:Giải thưởng Nobel]]
[[tr:Nobel Ödülü]]
[[uk:Нобелівська премія]]
[[zh-yue:諾貝爾獎]]
[[zh:诺贝尔奖]]
诺贝尔奖
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137.226.77.2
Redirecting to [[Nobel奖]]
#redirect[[Nobel奖]]
镬子
154
784
2006-10-05T13:19:35Z
137.226.77.2
'''镬子'''是屋里向用得来烧饭、做菜、烧开水个工具,通常勒乡下头镬子安装勒灶浪,灶下头用柴烧火,提供热量来烧熟食物。所以'''汰镬灶'''指代汰餐具。
数词
155
1075
2006-10-08T05:27:36Z
Amor
23
'''数词'''分为[[序数词]]和[[基数词]]
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
!基数词
!吴语拼音
|-
|[[一]]
|ih
|-
|[[二]]
|ni/el([[文读]])
|-
|[[三]]
|sae
|-
|[[四]]
|sy
|-
|[[五]]
|n/wu/vu(文读)
|-
|[[六]]
|loh
|-
|[[七]]
|chih
|-
|[[八]]
|pah
|-
|[[九]]
|ciu/cioe
|-
|[[十]]
|zeh
|-
|[[廿]]/二十
|nie/el-zeh
|-
|[[百]]
|paoh
|-
|[[千]]
|chie
|-
|[[万]]
|mae/vae
|-
|[[亿]]
|i
|-
</table>
*“二”有辰光读“两”,勒搭“百”搭配个辰光常用“两”,比如:222 “两百廿二”,即lian-paoh-nie-ni
* 序数词只需要勒基数词面前加“第”。
* 十五 弗可以发成“zeh-n”,因为zeh意思是“入”个文读,而n又是“侬”(你)个音,所以你弗可以话“入你”,而委婉话成só-n。
* 实际上“十”音变还有当“十”勒结尾个辰光,比如:四十,实际发音是 sy-seh,而不是 sy-zeh,而弗勒结尾个辰光,发zeh,比如:四十三 sy-zeh-sae。
* 大于20,使用“廿”,即“廿一”直到“廿九”
* 同前面,35、45直到95,侪要帮“十”个zeh音改发成so。比如 45 四十五 sy-so-n,或者侬也可以文读成 sy-zeh-vu。
* 如果一个数字只有两个号头组成,如4500,350,各么可以省略“百”、“十”等。譬如4500可以读成:四千五百 sy-chie-n-paoh,或者省略成:四千五 sy-chie-n
* 有星数字带有贬义色彩,比如74 (吃尿)、75 (吃大便)、13点(呆子)、250 (呆子)等等应该避免出现。
* 勒民俗中,常常认为偶数带来喜庆,好事逢双。所以勒放鞭炮个辰光最好点逢双个炮仗,响偶数响。
加泰罗尼亚
156
615
2006-10-04T03:57:38Z
Amor
23
'''加泰罗尼亚'''(Catalunya)是[[地中海]]沿岸个一个地区,目前处于[[西班牙]]统治,其首府为[[巴塞罗那]](Barcelona)。加泰罗尼亚个官方语言为[[加泰罗尼亚语]]搭[[西班牙语]]。
掘港
157
961
2006-10-07T10:08:23Z
Wtzdj
18
'''掘港'''是[[江苏省]][[如东]]县县政府所在地。
掘港镇勒垃如东县个东部,由老早个掘港镇、掘郊、九总、华丰、环镇、鸡场唠啥几个乡镇合并而来,东许是[[大豫镇]](由原来个南坎乡忒棉场合并得来)搭仔[[兵房镇]](由原来个兵房忒丁店合并得来)。关于掘港名称个由来,有得好几种话法。一种话法是几百年前头,第个地方勒垃海边,无得港口,所以起名“掘港”意思是要挖一个港口出来。还有一种话法忒第一种话法差弗多,也是话无得港口,所以大家侪叫伊“缺港”,意思是缺少一个港口,因为当地个[[江淮]][[方言]]里向,“缺”忒“掘”音近(同音弗同调),“缺”又弗大吉利,所以后首来末就变成功“掘港”了。从[[唐朝]]个辰光开始开发掘港到现在已经有仔好几百年哉,海岸线也弗断退后,当年修勒掘港个[[范公堤]]今朝已经弗勒海边哉。乃搿歇个范公堤是一条马路,就叫范堤路。
张謇
158
617
2006-10-04T04:02:27Z
Amor
23
'''张謇'''是中国近代末代[[状元]],[[民族]]实业家。
光个反射
159
1994
2006-10-16T11:49:44Z
Mla
59
/* 镜面反射 */
[[光]]辣同种均匀[[介质]]里向沿牢[[直线]]传播,等到光从一种介质传到还有种介质个辰光,辣海两种介质个界面浪会得发生一部分光线或者所有各光线返回到原来个介质个现象,搿就是'''光个反射现象'''。
因为咾勿发光个物事会得反射光线,所以阿拉能够看到勿发光个物事。
==光个反射定律==
根据实验,光发生反射现象个辰光,'''入射光线'''、'''反射光线'''搭仔'''法线'''辣海同一[[平面]]高头,反射光线搭入射光线辣海法线个两旁边,反射光线搭法线个夹角('''反射角''')等与入射光线搭法线个夹角('''入射角'''),搿个叫'''光个反射定律'''。搿里向'''法线'''是一条经过'''入射点'''(入射光线搭两种介质界面搅勒一道个地方),外加搭界面[[垂直]]个假想个线。光射到[[球面]]或者[[弧面]]高头个辰光,法线垂直球会或者弧面个[[切线]]。
===光路可逆===
假使讲让光线倒过来沿牢原来反射光线个方向射到界面高头,根据光个反射定律,光就会得沿牢原来入射光线个方向射出,搿叫'''光路可逆'''。
==反射类型==
===镜面反射===
光辣平滑表面高头发生个反射现象是'''镜面反射''',格个辰光一束[[平行光线]]个反射光线还是一束平行光线。
===漫反射===
光辣粗糙表面高头发生个反射现象是'''漫反射''',格个辰光一束[[平行光线]]个反射光线就勿是一束平行光线了。
==参见==
*[[光个折射]]
*[[光个传播]]
*[[光学仪器]]
*[[光个色散]]
*[[光个本性]]
[[category:物理]]
[[category:光学]]
光个传播
160
623
2006-10-04T05:01:14Z
218.81.78.15
辣同种均匀[[介质]]里向,光沿[[直线]]传播,经过两样介质界面个辰光,会得发生'''反射'''搭仔'''折射'''现象。
==参见==
*[[光个折射]]
*[[光个反射]]
[[category:物理]]
[[category:光学]]
平面镜
161
642
2006-10-04T06:39:56Z
218.82.31.83
物理高头个平面镜是一面老抽象个、表面光滑平整个[[镜子]]。
美国
162
661
2006-10-04T09:27:39Z
137.226.77.2
'''美国''',北美洲国家,目前世界浪顶顶强大个国家。
梁朝伟
163
626
2006-10-04T05:20:43Z
Amor
23
'''梁朝伟''',[[香港]]著名[[电影]][[演员]]。
Talk:文蛤
164
628
2006-10-04T05:24:26Z
Lieukehli
24
*有两张照片就好勒--[[User:Lieukehli|Lieukehli]] 05:24, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
大韩民国
165
659
2006-10-04T09:24:42Z
137.226.77.2
Redirecting to [[韩国]]
#redirect[[韩国]]
韩国
166
2065
2006-10-18T03:36:22Z
130.220.79.98
{{Infobox Country|the=|
国家名称 =대한민국<br />大韓民國|
国名 =大韩民国|
国旗文件名 =Flag of South Korea.svg|
国徽文件名 =South_korea_coa.png|
国家位置图片文件名 =LocationSouthKorea.png|
国家首都名称 =[[首尔]](旧称[[汉城]])|
最大城市名称 =
<li>[[首爾]],'''서울''':10,229,262人([[1995年]])
<li>[[釜山]],'''부산''':3,813,814人([[1995年]])
<li>[[仁川]],'''인천''':2,307,618人([[1995年]])|
国土面积数据 =99,274|
面积排名 =107|
水域率百分比 =0.3|
海域 =|
官方语言 =[[韩语]]|<!--加[[]]-->
总人口数据 =47,278,952人([[2005年]][[11月]])|<!--加年份-->
人口排名 =26|
人口密度数据 =474人([[2005年]])|<!--加年份-->
人口密度排名=12|
民族 =|
宗教 =|
政治体制 =|
主要节日 =
<li>独立日:[[1948年]][[7月17日]]|
国家元首职称 =总统|
现任国家元首名字 =卢武铉|
政府首脑职称 =总理|
现任政府首脑名字 =韓明淑|
货币单位 =1[[韓圓|韩元 (₩)]]=100[[錢]]|<!--加[[]]-->
货币汇率 =|
国内生产总值数据 =7875亿[[美元]]([[2005年]])|<!--加年份-->
人均国内生产总值数据 =16305[[美元]]([[2005年]])|<!--加年份-->
中央银行 =[[韩国银行]],한국은행|
国家格言 =使廣大人類得益(널리 인간을 이롭게 하라);弘益人間(홍익인간)|
国歌名称 =[[愛國歌]] (韓國)|
国家象征 =
<li>国花:無窮花(木槿花),무궁화(목근화)|
时区 =东九区|
国际域名缩写 =.kr|
国际电话区号 =82|
}}
'''大韩民国'''(대한민국)是一个位于東北亚[[朝鲜半岛]]南端个国家。西南濒临[[黄海]],东南是[[朝鲜海峡]]及[[对马海峽]],东边拨韩国东海(也叫[[日本海]],有争议)包围。北面是[[非军事区]]搭[[朝鲜民主主义人民共和国]]对峙。原来搭朝鲜民主主义人民共和国是同一个国家,脱离日本殖民统治之后,大韩民国勒[[1948年]]由原来[[大韩民国临时政府]]国会议长[[李承晚]]立国,搭朝鲜民主主义人民共和国分庭抗礼。
大韩民国简称'''韓國'''(한국),但是为搭朝鲜民主主义人民共和国区別,韩国人通常帮自己个国家称为“南韩”(남한),而帮朝鲜民主主义人民共和国称作“北韩”(북한);而朝鲜民主主义人民共和国人以前通常帮自己国家称为“北朝鲜”(북조선),而帮大韩民国称为“南朝鲜”(남조선)。[[中华人民共和国]]在分搭韩国建交以前,一直称大韩民国为“南朝鲜”,[[1992年]]建交之后,已经改称“韩国”。[[香港]]搭[[台湾]]一直习惯称大韩民国为“韩国”或者“南韩”。[[日本]]也习惯称大韩民国为“韩国”(かんこく),但是现在国内个朝鲜人有要求改用韩语发音,而弗是日语发音。
== 历史 ==
[[韩国历史]]、[[大韩民国历史年表]]
== 政治 ==
== 军事 ==
实行普遍征兵搭招募志愿兵制。[[陆军]]搭[[海军陆战队]]服役期为两年半,空军搭海军为三年。总统为三军最高统帅。现有总兵力69.1万,其中陆军56万,海军6.8万,空军6.3万。预备役380万。2004年国防预算增长8%,占[[GDP]]3.2%。[[美国]]勒韩国有部队3.7万人。
== 行政区域 ==
[[Image:Provinces of South Korea.png|thumb|325px|right|韩国行政图]]
韩国由8个[[道 (行政区)#韩国|道]](도)、一个特別自治道(특별자치도)、一个特别市(특별시)和6个广域市(광역시)组成。
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
!地域
!名称
!韩语
!首府
|人口
|面积
|二级行政区
|号头
|-
|rowspan=3|京畿
|[[首尔|首尔特別市]]
|서울 특별시
|[[中区 (首尔)|中区]]
|9,853,972
|606
|25 区
|1
|-
|[[京畿道]]
|경기도
|[[水原市]]
|8,937,752
|10,136
|27市 4郡 20区
|8
|-
|[[仁川|仁川广域市]]
|인천 광역시
|[[南洞区]]
|2,466,338
|958
|8区 2郡
|4
|-
|江原
|[[江原道]]
|강원도
|[[春川市]]
|1,484,536
|16,536
|7市 11郡
|9
|-
|rowspan=3|全罗
|[[全罗北道]]
|전라 북도
|[[全州市]]
|1,887,239
|8,047
|6市 8郡 2区
|12
|-
|[[全罗南道]]
|전라 남도
|[[务安郡]](南岳)
|1,994,287
|11,956
|5市 17郡
|13
|-
|[[光州|光州广域市]]
|광주 광역시
|[[东区 (光州)|东区]]
|1,350,948
|501
|5区
|5
|-
|rowspan=5|庆尚
|[[庆尚北道]]
|경상 북도
|[[大邱|大邱广域市]]
|2,716,218
|19,021
|10市 13郡 2区
|14
|-
|[[庆尚南道]]
|경상 남도
|[[昌原市]]
|2,970,929
|751
|10市 10郡 2区
|15
|-
|[[釜山|釜山广域市]]
|부산 광역시
|[[莲堤区]]
|3,655,437
|886
|15区 1郡
|2
|-
|[[大邱|大邱广域市]]
|대구 광역시
|[[中区 (大邱)|中区]]
|2,473,990
|886
|7区 1郡
|3
|-
|[[蔚山|蔚山广域市]]<td>울산 광역시<td>南区<td>1,012,110<td>1,056<td>4区 1郡<td>7
<tr><td rowspan=3>忠清
<td>[[忠清北|忠清北道]]<td>충청 북도<td>[[清州市]]<td>1,462.621<td>7,433<td>3市 8郡 2区<td>10
<tr><td>[[忠清南|忠清南道]]<td>충청 남도<td>[[大田|大田广域市]]<td>1,840,410<td>8,590<td>6市 9郡<td>11
<tr><td>[[大田|大田广域市]]<td>대전 광역시<td>中区<td>1,365,961<td>540<td>5区<td>6
<tr><td rowspan=1>济州
<td>[[济州|济州特別自治道]]<td>제주특별자치도<td>[[济州]]<td>512,541<td>1,846<td>2市<td>16
</table>
== 地理 ==
[[Image:South Korea record snowfall.jpg|thumb|left|200px|韩国雪景]]
[[韩国]]位于[[朝鲜半岛]]南部。[[朝鮮半岛]]地处亚洲大陆个东北部,从北朝南延伸,全长1,100公里。韩国邻海搭[[太平洋]]最西部个海域交汇。[[朝鲜半岛]]北部搭[[中国]]、[[俄罗斯]]接壤,东部濒临东海([[日本海]]),搭邻国[[日本]]隔海相望。除脱搭大陆相连个半岛之外,韩国还有3,000个大大小小个[[岛屿]]。
[[朝鲜半岛]]面积为222,154平方公里,差勿多搭[[英国]]或者[[罗马尼亚]]大小相当。其中45%,即99,000平方公里土地,为可耕地(弗包括已经开垦个土地)。像[[葡萄牙]]、[[匈牙利]]、[[爱尔兰]]一样,[[朝鲜半岛]]个[[山地]]大约占领土个三分之二。
[[长白山]]沿[[半岛]]朝整个东海([[日本海]])海岸延伸。由于东海([[日本海]])波浪冲击,东海岸形成一片悬崖峭壁搭岩石岛。西部搭南部坡度平缓,形成[[平原]]搭交关近海[[岛屿]]、小[[港湾]]。
[[朝鲜半岛]]有交关风景优美个[[山川]],因此[[韩国人]]往往帮伊称作“[[锦绣江山]]”。最高个[[山峰]]是位于[[朝鲜]]搭[[中国]]接壤个[[白头山]]([[长白山]]),海拔2,744米。[[白头山]]是一座[[活火山]],山口形成了一个叫“[[天池]]”个大来交关个[[火山湖]]。[[白头山]]是韩国民族精神特别重要个象征,拨写进韩国国歌当中。
[[洛东江]](长525公里)和[[汉江]](长514公里)是半岛南部地区两条主要河流。流经韩国首都[[首尔]]([[汉城]])个[[汉江]]是古代王国发展生息搭沿江人民个生命线,如今则成为现代韩国人口密集个中部地区生命线。
==经济==
韩国个经济一直侪是由好几个[[财团家族]]垄断,经济规模学个是日本财团模式,崇尚“大”。搿星财团,侪勒到[[韩战]]之后建立个。勒[[1995年]],当时全国四大财团分别是:[[现代集团]]、[[三星集团]]、[[大宇集团]]搭[[乐金|LG集团]]。弗过勒[[1997年]]发生个[[亚洲金融风暴]]之后,30家财团平均债务资产比率达到379.8%,国家原来个18个财团,只剩下来4个,但是伊俚到现在仍勒到主导韩国个经济发展,[[2005年]]韩国前十大公司净赚250亿美元。三星公司目前掌握韩国大约22%个出口值,每年缴8%个税金。韩国媒体一例用“三星王国”、“三星共和国”、“李健熙时代”等来形容三星集团对韩国经济个影响力。[[2005年]]韩国国民收入突破16000美元,勒“[[亚洲四小龙]]”里相超过台湾,韩国总统[[卢武铉]]曾经话过一句话:“到2010年,韩国要实现挺进世界贸易前八强个目标,开创国民收入两万美元个时代。”
[[1997年]]之后,韩国个企业获得重生,三星、LG、现代,变成全球知名品牌,三星更加打败索尼(Sony),成为全球电子界个第一把手。2004年韩国出口增长率达到31%。但是勒[[2004年]],韩国低收入个“非正式”工人达到全国就业人口个37%,每3个工人里相就有1个是非正式工人,搿星非正式工人弗算了勒失业率,咯老韩国员工失业率统计数据远远低于[[台湾]],大概有500万非正式工人是韩国经济高速发展个牺牲品。
[[贫富差距]]也是韩国个一大问题,成为韩国高度发展经济个阴影,越来越严重个通货膨胀使得韩国国民生活更加困难。咯老韩国政府面临个任务是解决产业发展失衡、贫富两极分化等其他社会问题。
== 人口 ==
韩国人接近4728万人,全国为单一个[[朝鲜族|韩族]]([[朝鲜族]]),通用[[韩语]]([[朝鲜語]])。
从古到今,韩国人多数侪是信韩传[[萨满教]]。现今,韩国有26%信仰[[佛教]],另外26%信仰[[天主教]]搭[[基督教]]。剩下来个或者弗信教,或者信韩传[[萨满教]]、[[道教]]、[[天道敎]]搭[[伊斯兰教]]。
== 文化 ==
*韩国个报纸:[[东亚日报]]、[[朝鲜日报]]搭[[韩国日报]]等。搿星报刊有弗少侪另外发行体育报,专门报道体育搭娱乐新闻。
{|border="1" align="center" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="background:#efefef;"
|+ font size="+1"|'''韩国全国假日'''
|- align="center"
!日期
!吴语名
!备注
|- align="center"
|1月1日
|元旦,신정
|新年头一天
|- align="center"
|农历[[正月初一]]
|民俗日
|民俗日放假3天
|- align="center"
|[[3月1日]]
|独立运动纪念日,삼일절
|1919年3月1日大规模反抗日本统治独立运动周年纪念日
|- align="center"
|[[4月5日]]
|植树节,식목일
|搿天全国各地植树造林
|- align="center"
|5月5日
|儿童节,어린이 날
|搿天帮儿童举行各种庆祝活动
|- align="center"
|农历[[四月初八]]
|[[浴佛节]],석가탄신일
|庙里相举行庄严仪式
|- align="center"
|6月6日
|显忠日,현충일
|全国勒搿天向阵亡将士献祭,勒首尔国立公墓举行纪念仪式
|- align="center"
|7月17日
|制宪节,제헌절
|纪念1948年颁布大韩民国宪法
|- align="center"
|[[8月15日]]
|[[光复节]],광복절
|1945年8月15日,韩国从长达35年之久个日本殖民主义统治当中解放出来。 搿天还是1948年大韩民国政府成立纪念日
|- align="center"
|农历[[八月十五]]
|[[中秋节]],추석
|居是最大个节日之一,家家户户勒屋里祭祖或者到坟浪扫墓,夜来赏月,互致祝福
|- align="center"
|[[10月3日]]
|开天节,개천절
|纪念檀君勒公元前2333年建立第一个韩民族国家个一天
|- align="center"
|[[12月25日]]
|[[圣诞节]],성탄절
|韩国基督教徒搭非教徒一道庆祝搿个节日
|}
==宗教==
韩国人有信教个自由。古代从[[中国]]传进来个[[佛教]],[[1784年]]从[[中国]]传进来个[[韩国天主教|天主教]],搭[[1885年]]从[[美国]]传进来个[[韩国基督教|基督教]](也称为'''改新教''')是勒韩国起主导地位个三大宗教,有交关信徒,特别是基督教搭天主教还勒到扩展当中。同样 [[中国]]传进来个[[儒教]]作为支配大多数韩国人生活[[伦理]],而仍占有一席之地。今朝个世界浪,比较之后得出,韩国是原来儒教文化圈当中受[[儒教]]影响最深个国家。
===[[韩国基督教|基督教]]===
韩战结束以后,韩国基督教迅速发展,信徒人数多年来呈爆炸性增长,一直到今朝,韩国基督教信徒大约有1800万人,勒总人口中所占个比例达到39%,加上天主教则突破50%。韩国成为勒[[菲律宾]]、[[东帝汶]]之后亚洲第三个以基督教为主导个国家。其中首尔是韩国改新教个大本营,其总人口46%是改新教徒(天主教徒为17%),[[教堂]]林立,夜来交关霓虹灯个[[十字架]]是搿敦突出个景观之一。
现在韩国教会还勒到海外进行传教活动,而且争取成为世界最大个传教国家。
基督教勒教育领域有重要影响。[[延世大学]]是韩国享有盛誉个[[常春藤]]盟校之一。
韩国基督教现在最大个教派是属于[[灵恩派]]个[[五旬节会|五旬节派]]。
***韩国最大个基督宗派是韩国基督长老会***
另外,基督教个一个异端派别--[[文鲜明]]个[[统一教]]扩展也蛮迅速。
===[[韩国天主教|天主教]]===
[[1784年]],有星儒家学者从[[中国]]北京带回转天主教信仰。初期(直到[[大院君]]失势),因为与朝鲜社会的传统价值观弗合,信徒曾经受到严重个迫害,有大批信徒[[殉道]]死亡。韩国的天主教[[圣徒]]人数居世界第四位。
现在韩国有天主教友500多万人(人口比例超过10%)。现在,韩国天主教会是世界上成年人信仰皈依最多个教会,年年有超过15万以上成年人进教。同时,韩国天主教会还向世界各国(甚至向缺少司铎的[[法国]]和[[德国]])派遣2400多名传教士。最近两届总统[[金大中]]搭[[卢武铉]]即是天主教徒。
天主教[[西江大学]]也是韩国[[常春藤]]盟校之一,在韩国社会享有盛誉。
== 勒韩国个中国人 ==
勒韩国大约有30万中国人,其中大约25万为中国[[朝鲜族]]人,其余5万为[[汉族]]人,大部分勒韩国工作。
== 外部链接 ==
*[http://www.korea.net Korea.net] - 政府网站进口
*[http://tchinese.seoul.go.kr 首尔市政府]
*[http://www.cwd.go.kr/warp/app/home/en_home 青瓦台] - 官方总统网站
*[http://eng.assembly.go.kr 国会] - 官方议会网站
*[http://www.nso.go.kr/eng/index.shtml 韩国国家统计局]
*[http://dprk-cn.com/language/translated_term.htm 朝鲜韩国译名手册]
*[http://www.kiha.or.kr/ice_hockey/index.jsp 대한아이스하키협회] 大韩冰球网
* [http://www.worldmapfinder.com/Cn/Asia/Korea/ 韩国地图 - WorldMapFinder]
[[category:地理]]
{{亚洲行政区划}}
[[af:Suid-Korea]]
[[am:ደቡብ ኮርያ]]
[[an:Corea d'o Sur]]
[[ar:كوريا الجنوبية]]
[[ast:Corea del Sur]]
[[az:Koreya Respublikası]]
[[bg:Южна Корея]]
[[bs:Južna Koreja]]
[[ca:Corea del Sud]]
[[chr:ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᎵ ᎪᎴᎠ]]
[[cs:Jižní Korea]]
[[cy:De Corea]]
[[da:Sydkorea]]
[[de:Südkorea]]
[[el:Νότια Κορέα]]
[[en:South Korea]]
[[eo:Sud-Koreio]]
[[es:Corea del Sur]]
[[et:Lõuna-Korea]]
[[eu:Hego Korea]]
[[fa:کره جنوبی]]
[[fi:Korean tasavalta]]
[[fr:Corée du Sud]]
[[gl:Corea do Sur - 한국]]
[[he:קוריאה הדרומית]]
[[hi:दक्षिण कोरिया]]
[[hr:Južna Koreja]]
[[ht:Kore disid]]
[[hu:Dél-Korea]]
[[hy:Հարավային Կորեա]]
[[ia:Corea del Sud]]
[[id:Korea Selatan]]
[[io:Sud-Korea]]
[[is:Suður-Kórea]]
[[it:Corea del Sud]]
[[ja:大韓民国]]
[[ka:სამხრეთი კორეა]]
[[km:កូរេ (ត្បូង)]]
[[ko:대한민국]]
[[kw:Korea Dheghow]]
[[la:Respublica Coreae]]
[[li:Zuud-Korea]]
[[lt:Pietų Korėja]]
[[lv:Dienvidkoreja]]
[[mk:Јужна Кореја]]
[[mo:Корея де Суд]]
[[ms:Korea Selatan]]
[[mt:Korea t'Isfel]]
[[nds:Süüdkorea]]
[[nl:Zuid-Korea]]
[[nn:Sør-Korea]]
[[no:Sør-Korea]]
[[oc:Corèa del Sud]]
[[pam:South Korea]]
[[pl:Korea Południowa]]
[[ps:سوېلي کوريا]]
[[pt:Coreia do Sul]]
[[ro:Coreea de Sud]]
[[ru:Республика Корея]]
[[scn:Corea dû Sud]]
[[se:Mátta-Korea]]
[[sh:Južna Koreja]]
[[simple:South Korea]]
[[sk:Kórejská republika]]
[[sl:Južna Koreja]]
[[sq:Korea Jugore]]
[[sr:Јужна Кореја]]
[[sv:Sydkorea]]
[[sw:Jamhuri ya Korea]]
[[ta:தென்கொரியா]]
[[th:ประเทศเกาหลีใต้]]
[[tl:Timog Korea]]
[[tpi:Saut Korea]]
[[tr:Kore Cumhuriyeti]]
[[uk:Південна Корея]]
[[vi:Hàn Quốc]]
[[war:Salatan nga Korea]]
[[zh-min-nan:Hân-kok]]
[[zh-yue:大韓民國]]
Wikipedia:问题
167
1015
2006-10-07T22:06:27Z
Wtzdj
18
放到专门讨论言话个专题
*为啥体弗可以用普通闲话个音来选择吴语个通假字?
:因为使用通假个前提是没合适个吴语汉字来记录某个吴语词义。老多情况下头吴语实际浪有得汉字表示个,只必过同样个字勒许北语搭吴语里向读音弗一样,大部分人朆受过吴语读写训练,看到汉字只会用北语来读。实际浪,汉字并弗是北语专用个书写工具,汉字是东亚好几种弗同语言个载体,同一个字勒弗同个语言里有弗同读法。正因为吴语有自家个汉字体系来记录,而且北语帮吴语勒发音体统上互相弗兼容,如果弗用吴音来通假而使用普通话音,会弄得文字记录表音弗准,音义完全脱节,造成邪气大个混乱,弗利于吴语个阅读。
:请参考 [[Words_to_use|常用吴语用词]] 搭仔 [[Help:Contents|帮忙]]
User talk:Amor
168
2146
2006-10-19T08:34:35Z
Wtzdj
18
/* 要注意条目质量 */
== 为什么吴语不在列表里 ==
勒wikipedia首页里相,超过100个里相呒得吴语,而且寻所有语言个列表里相也呒得吴语
:里“'''向'''”。--[[User:Wtzdj|吴人]] 21:52, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
== 要注意条目质量 ==
无论是写作用词遣句还是体裁,杜绝粗制滥造。
另外可以去看看中文编辑手册。比如不同名字的同一东西,用redirect功能就可以,不必专门写个短条目,我给你改过来了。
可以先在中文维基体会一下维基的环境、原则和运作过程。
--[[User:Wtzdj|吴人]] 21:51, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
Amor覅光贴出来,该歇已经翻也弗翻哉?实梗下去弗来三。倷既然会法文西班牙文,为啥弗去翻该星言话? -- [[User:Wtzdj|吴人]] 08:34, 19 十月 2006 (UTC)
User:Amor
169
644
2006-10-04T06:48:17Z
Amor
23
Amor
A Native Wu speaker whose dialect is Sodian accent [[沙地话]]
平面镜成像
170
2000
2006-10-16T11:57:31Z
Mla
59
/* 参见 */
物理高头个平面镜是一面老抽象个、表面光滑平整个[[镜子]]。
==平面镜成像个特点==
平面镜可以成正立个虚像。平面镜成个像大小搭物体一样,像到镜面个距离也跟物体到镜面个距离一样,像跟物体各连线搭镜面[[垂直]]。
==平面镜成像个原理==
从物体发出个两条互相之间夹角小于90度各光线,经过平面镜个[[反射]],伊拉之间个角度仍旧勿变(根据[[光个反射定律]],入射角等于反射角)。拿搿两条反射线反向延长,两条线会得交于一点,搿一点就是平面镜成个虚像。两条反射线个夹角等于两条入射线个夹角,可以通过几何计算推算出,入射光线、镜面、物到镜面之间个距离围成功个三角形跟反射光线个反向延长线、镜面、像到镜面之间个距离围成功个三角形是[[全等三角形]],所以物距(物到镜面个距离)跟像距(像到镜面个距离)是相等个,物跟像个大小也是一样个。[[Image:8900_3105_080c572b1620294.gif]]
==参见==
*[[光个反射]]
*[[全等三角形]]
*[[全等图形]]
*[[平行线公理]]
[[Category:光学仪器]]
刘嘉玲
171
2224
2006-10-21T08:19:50Z
137.226.77.2
ipa modification
[[Image:HK Star Lau Ka Ling APRIL09.jpg|thumb|200px|刘嘉玲小姐 时装品牌代言人]]
'''刘嘉玲'''((苏州言话:[[IPA]] <font face="Lucida Sans Unicode">[løʏ][kɒ][lin]</font>;)([[1965年]][[12月8号]]-),养勒[[苏州]],籍贯[[广西]][[容县]],是[[香港]]女演员,俚个男朋友是香港男演员[[梁朝伟]]。
刘嘉玲演技来堆,作品较多,也常庄应聘做化妆品搭仔时尚产品个代言明星。早期成名作是电视剧「新扎师兄」。之后搭[[成龙]]一道合作演出过[[A计划]]第三集等作品。别个演出还包括「[[海上花(电影)|海上花]]」,「[[阮玲玉]]」也啥。刘嘉玲勒[[1991年]]以[[阿飞正传]]一片拨提名台湾电影[[金马奖]]最佳女主角,尚况压末落落决选败拨勒[[张曼玉]]。
==演出作品==
===电视剧([[无线电视]])===
*[[新扎师兄]]
===电影===
*[[A计划3]]
*[[阿飞正传]]
*[[海上花]]
*[[阮玲玉]]
*[[金枝玉叶]]
== 题外话 ==
[[1990年]][[4月24号]]清清空早,刘嘉玲拨强盗劫持约两个钟头。有人讲其间拨拉歹徒拍[[裸照]]及[[强奸]]。
[[2002年]]中旬,香港《[[东周刊]]》刊登某女星多年前遭强拍个上身半裸照片作为封面,胸部等关键部位经[[马赛克]]处理,面孔像煞刘嘉玲。之后裸照就勒拉网浪传开来。
[[2002年]][[11月3号]]下昼头,500名香港影艺人大集会,抗议香港《[[东周刊]]》,事件反映香港演艺人团体个互助及团结力道。 事后《[[东周刊]]》老板[[杨受成]]宣布拿杂志停刊。
[[2005年]],一段大约为5分钟左右个所谓「刘嘉玲拨黑社会强暴视频」勒网浪传播,场景搭裸照相似。
==外部链接==
* 经历与作品列表[http://art.beelink.com.cn/20020617/1134353.shtml]
* [http://ent.sina.com.cn/f/nxlzsj/ 女星拨虐待裸照拨登报引爆娱乐圈]
[[Category:香港电影演员]]
[[Category:前无线电视艺员]]
[[Category:香港传媒争议]]
[[category:1965年出生|L]]
[[en:Carina Lau]]
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{{Translation|tfrom=[[:en:Roger D. Kornberg]]}}
'''Roger David Kornberg''' (1947年养勒[[Missouri]]个[[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]])是[[美国]]科学家,[[斯坦福大学]]个结构生物学教授。因为“渠对真核状态下头个遗传转录个分子基础个研究”,拨授予2006年度个[[Nobel化学奖]]。
而渠个爹爹[[Arthur Kornberg]]也是斯坦福大学个教授,获得过1959年度个[[Nobel医学奖]]。
== 生平 ==
Korberg1967年勒哈佛大学获得学士学位、1972年咦勒斯坦福大学获得博士学位之后,开始竳英国剑桥大学个医学研究委员会、分子生物学实验室做博士后研究。后首来勒拉回到斯坦福大学做教授之前,渠咦勒拉哈佛医学院个生物化学系竳过一段辰光。
Kornberg是美国科学院搭仔美国艺术与科学研究院院士。
== 获得奖项 ==
渠获得过下头实盖点奖项:
* 1997: Harvey Prize from the [[Technion]]
* 2002: ASBMB-Merck Award
* 2002: Pasarow Award in Cancer Research
* 2002: Le Grand Prix Charles-Leopold Mayer
* 2005: [[General Motors]] Cancer Research Foundation’s [[Alfred P. Sloan]] Jr. Prize <ref>
{{cite web |
|url= http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/philanthropy/cancer_research/Alfreadsloan2005.htm
|title=The 2005 Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. Laureate
|accessdate=2006-10-04
}}
</ref>
* 2006: [[Nobel化学奖]]
“电话铃一起先响个辰光,我一呒主张”,Kornberg教授勒拉瑞典首都接受电话采访个辰光搿能讲法。
“我还勒许发抖。我希望我过歇会得平静下来。”
== 外部链接 ==
*[http://kornberg.stanford.edu/ Roger Kornberg 实验室]、[http://kornberg.stanford.edu/pubs.html Kornberg 发表论文列表]
* [http://www.kva.se/KVA_Root/eng/_press/detail.asp?NewsId=860 瑞典皇家科学院新闻公报]
*[http://www.science2006.pitt.edu/kornberg.htm 一只简要个传记]
*[http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/philanthropy/cancer_research/Alfreadsloan2005.htm 更详细传记]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/5405638.stm BBC关于俚获得Nobel奖个新闻报道]
==参考==
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
{{Nobel Chemistry}}
{{Persondata
|NAME=Kornberg, Roger David
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=美国化学家
|DATE OF BIRTH=1947
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[St. Louis, Missouri]], [[United States]]
|DATE OF DEATH=活勒许
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
[[Category:1947 births|Kornberg, Roger D.]]
[[Category:Living people|Kornberg, Roger D.]]
[[Category:Jewish-American scientists|Kornberg, Roger]]
[[Category:Members and associates of the US National Academy of Sciences|Kornberg, Roger D.]]
[[Category:Stanford University faculty|Kornberg, Roger D.]]
[[Category:American Academy of Arts and Sciences|Kornberg, Roger D.]]
[[Category:Nobel Prize in Chemistry winners|Kornberg, Roger D.]]
[[de:Roger D. Kornberg]]
[[fr:Roger Kornberg]]
[[nl:Roger Kornberg]]
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[[zh:罗杰·科恩伯格]]
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{{chemist-stub}}
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5405638.stm
MediaWiki:Mainpage
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翁美玲
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/* 香消玉殒 */
{{translation|tfrom=[[:en:Barbara Yung Mei-ling]]}}
{{Infobox_Biography
| subject_name=翁美玲
| image_name=Portrait yungmeiling.jpg
| image_caption=勒拉TVB版武打片“射雕英雄传”里向扮演“黄蓉”
| dead=dead
| date_of_birth=1959年5月7号
| place_of_birth=香港九龙
| date_of_death=1985年5月15号
| place_of_death=香港九龙
}}
[[Image:Photo_yungmeiling_childhood.jpg|thumb|left|翁美玲小辰光个照片]]
'''翁美玲''' ([[1959年]][[5月7号]] – [[1985年]][[5月14号]])是香港80年代初辰光个当红电视女星。俚廿六岁过辈个辰光,齐巧是俚事业个高峰。翁美玲出生勒许香港一个居钞票个行政官员家庭,是屋里向个独养囡儿。俚个童年相对来讲呒拨啥波折,一脚到7岁辰光俚个爹爹过辈。
==教育经历==
[[Image:Photo_yungmeiling_childhood2.jpg|thumb|left|翁美玲童年搭仔学堂里向个照片]]
翁美玲勒拉15岁个辰光远开香港到英国,搭俚笃娘搭仔晚爷一道生活。俚笃娘是勒拉两年前头移民到英国个。翁美玲勒拉香港个辰光上个是[[玫瑰园学堂]](位于香港Stubbs路),勒里俚完成俚个小学搭仔一部分中级教育。俚勒拉剑桥个一只中学里向继续中级教育个学习,通过着通用教育证书(GCE)个普通水准考试(GCE O-Level)。完成仔普通水准考试之后,俚参加着一只由[[剑桥大学]]举办个2年头基金项目。该个项目完成仔,俚咦到[[伦敦]]交关有名个艺术搭仔设计中央学院里向去学纺织品设计,勒拉该所艺术学堂里向登着4年。
<br /><br /><br />
==初出茅庐==
[[1982年]],翁美玲回到香港,並参加香港小姐选美比赛,获得第9名。选美比赛之后,俚拿着[[香港无线电视台]](TVB)个演员合同。[[1982年]]俚头一趟演出,是勒拉一部叫'''十三妹''' 个[[粤语|广东言话]]连续剧里向。搿部片子讲个是[[清朝]]辰光个事体,一道主演个还有[[汤镇业]]搭仔[[任达华]],勒里向翁美玲演个是一个万人迷个满洲公主''香格格''。就是该部连续剧拿俚推到公众个眼睛光里向。虽然讲翁美玲勒拉该部电视剧里向演个相对是一个小角色,尚况里搿趟个表演叫TVB放心让俚去主演另外一部连续剧《射雕英雄传》,也就是归部让俚勒80年代个[[香港]]、[[马来西亚]]、[[新加坡]]、[[泰国]]搭仔[[越南]]家喻户晓个片子。一脚到今朝,俚还是广受欢迎,就因为俚勒《射雕》里向主演个活泼鲜跳个角色“黄蓉”。
==声名鹊起==
[[Image:Photo_yungmeiling_loch.jpg|thumb|left|翁美玲勒拉“射雕英雄传”里向扮演个“黄蓉”]]
[[Image:Photo_yungmeiling_wyw_loch.jpg|thumb|right|勒拉“射雕英雄传”里向翁美玲扮演个“黄蓉”搭仔黄日华扮演个“郭靖”个剧照]]
翁美玲演个顶顶有名个武侠电视连续剧就是“[[射雕英雄传]]”,勒里向俚主演一只叫[[黄蓉]]个角色。TVB勒拉19世纪80年代个辰光拍着弗少从金庸(查良镛)个著名武侠小说改编过来个武打片。金庸个《射雕英雄传》拨改编成功过交关多电视剧搭仔电影,必过呒拨哪里一个版本有1983年TVB版介受欢迎。黄日华演个郭靖,单纯天真;翁美玲演个黄蓉呐,冰雪聪明,俚笃搿个一对一脚到今朝原是香港武打片有史以来顶让人眼热个荧屏鸳鸯之一。勒拉该个系列里向个角色也让别家头像[[苗侨伟]],杨盼盼,[[谢贤]]搭仔[[李司棋]]咾啥初露头角。
<!--“射雕”拿历史背景设定勒许宋朝末年。归个辰光宋朝朝廷慢慢较变成北方部落个囊中之物。两个武林兄弟,杨铁心(交关有名气个杨家将后代)搭仔郭笑天,悲叹俚笃国家个弗振搭仔朝廷个无能搭腐败。归个辰光,俚笃娘子个肚皮里向侪已经有仔小人。杨铁心个娘子包昔月一日救着一个人,该个人就是金国个赵王爷完颜洪烈。朆想着完颜洪烈就实梗欢喜上包昔月,实概末搿个两家人家安宁简单个生活就开始拨打破。
完颜命令手下底人去拿包捉转去。勒拉混战当中,郭笑天拨人杀脱,必过俚个娘子(李萍)逃脱。完颜做造去拿包昔月救下来。因为相信俚个男人已经拨人杀脱哉,包昔月就嫁拨拉完颜。包昔月过后养着一个儿子(杨康)。俚从小拿完颜当老子,享受作为小王爷个荣华富贵搭仔权力。
李萍呐,拨拉人救到成吉思汗个蒙古部落里向。俚拿俚儿子养大,希望俚有朝一日好帮俚爹爹报仇。道士丘处机搭仔江南七怪拍输赢,等到郭靖搭仔杨康18岁个辰光来一场比武。郭靖从小因为学武功慢,再加人又弗大麻利,吃着弗少苦头。但必过俚是个老实头人,为人正派。到中原参加比武个路浪向,俚碰着装成小叫花子个黄蓉(翁美玲饰)。后首来俚发现,黄蓉实际浪是个交关漂亮个小姑娘。搿趟碰头引发一场浪漫故事。俚笃个关系勒拉一道个一趟咦一趟个冒险当中经受考验。杨康呐,利欲熏心,为仔俚自家个地位,帮金国做事体,变得狡诈残忍。
-->
== 香消玉殒 ==
[[Image:606px-Photo yungmeiling funeral.jpg|thumb|left|1985年5月19号翁美玲个葬礼]]
[[Image:Photo_yungmeiling_tombstone.png|thumb|right|翁美玲勒拉英国剑桥公共墓地个墓碑。俚个坟个编号是#20079。
<br/>
俚个墓志铭是实梗写法个:<br />
''先到上帝归搭去寻倷''<br />
''呒拨倷勒屋里倪孤单''<br />
''倪个生活真个两样哉''<br />
''处处侪会是天堂''<br />
''只要倷好再转来'']]
1985年5月14号早浪向,翁美玲勒拉俚九龙公寓里向拨人发现煤气中毒、神志弗省。照俚个做男演员个朋友邹世龙(另有传闻讲邹归个辰光已经开始追求俚)个讲法,翁美玲勒拉1985年5月13号个夜头打过俚电话。邹证实讲,翁为仔搭汤镇业个关系冷淡觉着殟塞。电话挂脱仔,邹还是交关担心俚,就跑到俚个公寓想去望望俚,但必过朆进得进去。俚当仔呒拨人勒拉屋里向,个末就咦转去哉。邹勒拉1985年5月14号早起头咦跑到俚公寓去敲俚个门,呒拨人开门。邹讲,俚闻见门缝里漏出来个煤气味道,就翻过公寓山墙爬到公寓个两层楼浪。俚拿公寓前窗盘开出来,跳窗进到公寓里向,发现翁美玲睏勒起居室个地板浪人事弗省。邹遂先就拿大楼个保安搭仔警察喊过去,拿翁美玲送到近段个九龙浸会医院里向。送到医院个辰光,医生就宣布俚已经死亡哉。
关于俚个死因,有交关多谣言。有人认为是事故,也有人认为是自杀甚至他杀。一种传得交关广个说法是,因为俚搭TVB男演员汤镇业关系作兴要破裂,殟塞难过导致俚自杀(有人注意着,1985年3月14号,俚接受香港一家电台采访辰光,拨问起俚搭仔汤镇业个绯闻,俚解释讲汤镇业只弗过是一个普通朋友搭仔俚敬重个同事。)拿俚个死搭仔俚搭汤镇业个关系联系起来个讲法,勒拉交关程度浪是因为邹世龙讲个俚压末24个钟头个情况。也有谣言讲邹世龙是翁个男朋友。根据翁个TVB同事讲,事故之前个几日翁个行为举止搭平常辰光呒拨啥两样,看弗出俚难过殟塞或者有自杀个倾向。翁勒拉1985年3月14号搭仔过辈前头两个礼拜个广播采访里向听起来对俚自家个前途也相当乐观。俚也朆留下自杀遗言。
<!--此处英文版似乎有误-->
<!--请参考:
http://book.sina.com.cn/nzt/ent/wengmeiling/39.shtml
http://lunwang.com/wml/wml1985.htm
-->
<!--俚过辈个辰光,还勒浪拍TVB个电视剧“楚河汉界”。搿部电视剧本来准备到1985年7月份收工,主演后首来由[[陈玉莲]]代替。-->
翁美玲个葬礼是桩大事体,有成千上万俚个影迷搭仔交关香港名人参加。俚个遗体放置勒拉九龙红磡<!--Hung Hum-->个世界殡仪馆,让俚个影迷献上俚笃最后个敬意。俚个朋友搭仔电视剧个合演同事,像苗侨伟, [[黄日华]], [[梁朝伟]], [[刘德华]]等帮俚扶灵。俚个葬礼是天主教葬礼。1985年5月19号俚勒拉香港火化,骨灰拨安放勒拉英国个剑桥。
==表演作品==
* [[十三妹]],1983年1月
* [[射雕英雄传]] 连续剧,1983年2月
* [[夹心人]],1983年11月
* [[决战玄武门]],1983年11月
* [[天师执位]], 1984年2月至同年3月
* [[生锈桥王]], 1984年4月至同年5月(?) <!--United We Stand -->
* [[楚留香之蝙蝠传奇]],1984年11月
* [[挑战]], 1985年4月
* [[楚河汉界]], 1985年4月 <!--The Battlefield-->
==外部链接==
=== 影迷网站 ===
* [http://achievehigh.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=123 汤镇业接受简短采访。翁美玲拨提及。]
* [http://www.barbarayung.net/ http://www.barbarayung.net]
* [http://www.yungmeiling.com/ http://www.yungmeiling.com]
* [http://www.miuyungforever.com/ http://www.miuyungforever.com]
* [http://www.wengmeiling.com/ http://www.wengmeiling.com]
* [http://post.baidu.com/f?kw=%CE%CC%C3%C0%C1%E1/ http://post.baidu.com/f?kw=%CE%CC%C3%C0%C1%E1]
* [http://www.aweng.com/ http://www.aweng.com]
* [http://lunwang.com/wml/ http://lunwang.com/wml/]
=== 视频网站 ===
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kWv--yWoLDQ Opening Title from “射雕英雄传”]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wKOuGFVIa80 Opening Title from “十三妹”]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GfuipgFwqRc Opening Title from “生锈桥王”]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gglTV0E_aVo Opening Title from “楚留香之蝙蝠传奇”]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ca5hzw5hVAo TVB K-100采访最后日脚里向个翁美玲]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kWv--yWoLDQ 1996 TVB Broadcast采访最后日脚里个翁美玲]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HfVwmvRnFec 翁美玲搭仔黄日华演唱“射雕”主题曲]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HLpRT0mWI6Y 1983版“射雕”制作过程当中个几个场景]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GCgY1EapzBc 勒“楚留香之蝙蝠传奇”里向凸显翁美玲搭仔苗侨伟个几只镜头]
[[Category:1959 births|Yung, Barbara]]
[[Category:1985 deaths|Yung, Barbara]]
[[Category:Hong Kong actors|Yung, Barbara]]
[[Category:Chinese actors|Yung, Barbara]]
[[Category:Actors who committed suicide|Yung, Barbara]]
[[zh:翁美玲]]
[[en:Barbara Yung Mei-ling]]
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<div style="padding:5px">
[[image:Aachen Cathedral from north.jpg|thumb|left|135px|Aachen大教堂]]
[[Aachen]]大教堂是北欧顶顶古老个教堂,也是[[德国]]头一个[[世界文化遗产]]。
俚一起先个也是核心个部分是[[Charlemagne大帝]]勒拉公元786年开始营造个行宫,高31米,直径大约摸匝有32米。后首来Charlemagne大帝驾崩仔也就葬勒海。之后勒拉弗同个历史时期,又有弗断个翻新搭仔扩建,一径到今朝成为各个时期[[基督教]]建筑艺术个组合。
</div>
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'''无锡市'''位于北纬31°7′至32°2′,东经119°33′至120°38′,长江三角洲长江搭仔太湖当中个走廊部分。东许搭苏州隔界,远开上海128公里;南濒太湖,搭浙江省交界;西接常州,去南京183公里;北临长江,搭江对过泰州市代管个靖江市隔江相望。
无锡市全市总面积为4787.61平方公里(市区1659平方公里,搿里向建成区面积188.14平方公里),其中山区搭丘陵面积是782平方公里,占到总面积个16.8%,水面面积为1502平方公里,占到总面积个31.4%。2003年底耕地面积是152.27千公顷。
无锡市境内以平原为主,间花里花分布有低山、残丘。南部是水网平原;北部是高沙平原;
无锡个中部是低地垦成功个水网圩田;西南部地势比较高,是宜兴个低山搭丘陵地区。宜兴地区山体侪作东西方向延伸,绝对高度500米以上,顶高峰是黄塔顶,海拔611.5米。锡山、江阴搭市区个山丘总体浪呈北东、北东东走向,高度由西南往东北逐级下降。顶高峰是惠山个三茅峰,海拔328.98米。
==外部链接==
[http://finance.people.com.cn/mediafile/200609/12/F200609121603092444520479.gif]
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'''汉城'''是[[韩国]]首都“Seoul”早起头个汉字书写,2005年后个汉字书写改成[[首尔]]。
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《'''射鵰英雄传'''》(英文翻译成 The Legend of The Condor Heroes)是一部[[武侠小说]],[[金庸]]“[[射鵰三部曲]]”个第一部。拨[[金庸小说]]个[[读者]]称为“[[侠文化]]个歌颂”。居小说拨多次改编成同名电视连续剧。
==出版情况==
[[1957年]]到[[1959年]],勒《[[香港商报]]》连载。最后定本一龙总40回,回目标题侪是四个字。
「射鵰英雄传」勒70年代末到80年代中[[台湾]]朆解严个辰光,勒台湾改名为'''大漠英雄传'''以方便出版。有人话改名是因为[[毛泽东]]个词《沁园春·雪》当中有:「一代天骄 / 成吉思汗 / 只识弯弓射大雕」,咯老犯禁。
==背景设定==
辰光勒[[南宋]]宁宗庆元五年到嘉定十四年左右, 公元1199年至1221年,出场个真实历史人物包括[[成吉思汗|铁木真]]、[[全真七子]]等。
设定中当时武林五大绝顶高手 ( 五绝 )为[[东邪]]、[[西毒]]、[[南帝]]、[[北丐]]、[[中神通]],涉及个武林秘籍是《[[九阴真经]]》。
== 主要人物==
*[[郭靖]]——[[郭嘯天]]之子,生勒[[蒙古]]。师傅是[[江南七怪]]、丹阳子[[马钰]]、[[北丐]][[洪七公]]、[[周伯通]]。虽然鲁钝但极为忠义。擅长降龙十八掌搭空明拳。
*[[黄蓉]]——[[东邪]][[黄药师]]之女,碰拉郭靖之后搭伊成为情侣,一道闯荡江湖,后来子成为继洪七公之后个[[丐帮]]帮主。擅长落英神剑掌搭打狗棒法。
*[[杨康]]——[[杨铁心]]儿子,从小勒金朝王府长大,原为长春真人[[丘处机]]之徒,后来拜[[梅超风]]为师。因贪恋富贵,叛国害民,最终惨死。
*[[穆念慈]]——[[杨康]]个情人,[[杨铁心]]的养女,[[洪七公]]曾教伊一点点武功。
*[[郭嘯天]]——[[郭靖]]之父,曾搭[[杨铁心]]结拜兄弟,死勒勒金朝王子[[完顏洪烈]]手浪。
*[[黄药师]]——[[东邪]],又称黃老邪,性情孤僻,行动怪异。伊文武兼备,才智超人,擅长落英神剑掌搭弹指神通。
*[[欧阳鋒]]——[[西毒]],心胸狭窄,作恶多端,身居西域白驼山,擅长[[蛤蟆功]]、灵蛇拳、搭透骨打穴法。
*[[一灯]]——[[南帝]],段智兴,原为[[大理国]]宣宗功极皇帝,退位之后出家为僧,擅长[[一阳指]]搭先天功。
*[[洪七公]]——[[北丐]],又称九指神丐。生性好吃懒做,但是英雄侠义。[[丐帮]]帮主,擅长[[降龙十八掌]]搭[[打狗棒法]]。
*[[周伯通]]——[[全真教]][[王重阳]]个师弟,江湖人称老顽童,生性天真烂漫,搭郭靖义结兄弟。擅长空明拳搭双手互搏之术。
*[[江南七怪]]——以[[柯镇恶]]为首,是郭靖个开山师父。武功弗算高,但是称了上是英雄侠义之士。
*[[全真七子]]——[[全真教]][[王重阳]]个徒弟,擅长全真剑法搭天罡北斗阵。
*[[梅超风]]——[[东邪]][[黄药师]]之徒,搭师兄[[陈玄风]]私结夫妇,背叛师门,江湖上人称[[黑风双煞]],擅长九阴白骨爪搭摧心掌。
*[[裘千仞]]——[[铁掌帮]]帮主,擅长铁掌搭“水上飘”轻功。
== 参看 ==
*[[武侠小说]]
[[Category:文化]]
[[en:The Legend of the Condor Heroes]]
[[id:Legenda Pendekar Pemanah Rajawali]]
[[ja:射雕英雄伝]]
[[th:มังกรหยก]]
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<div style="padding:5px">
[[Image:250px-Mooncake.jpg|150px|thumb|left|月饼]]
'''[[中秋节]]''',也叫“仲秋节”,因为辰光正好勒拉八月半,秋天头个当中心里。
中秋有得好星来头,有交关传说搭仔神话故事勒拉民间流传。有名个像:[[嫦蛾奔月]]、[[朱元璋]][[月饼]]起义、[[唐明皇]]游月宫也啥。
八月半吃个物事,当然是[[月饼]]。月饼一起先是用得来斋月神个,后来子逐点逐点拿赏亮月搭仔吃月饼,作为团圆个象征,慢慢较月饼也就变成功过节礼品。月饼象征团圆,是中秋佳节板定要喫个。勒拉中秋节个夜来头,还要喫点团圆个水果像西瓜也啥,祝福屋里向人、亲眷生活美满、适意、平安。
月饼发展到今朝,品种繁多,风味因地而异。搿里向京式、苏式、广式、潮式等相当有特色,拨拉广大老百姓所欢喜。
</div>
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{{User language-N|wuu|搿个用户个'''[[:Category:User wuu-N|母语]]'''是'''[[:Category:User wuu|吴语]]'''。<br />搿個用戶個'''[[:Category:User wuu-N|母語]]'''是'''[[:Category:User wuu|吳語]]'''。|吴语|14|9}}<noinclude>
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| style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em;text-align:center;" | {{{3}}}<hr>These users speak '''{{{2}}}'''.
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{{UsersSpeak|wuu|Wu|搿眼用戶講得來'''吳語'''。<br />搿眼用户讲得来'''[[吴语]]'''。}}
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这和官话有什么区别?[[User:59.60.131.240|59.60.131.240]] 08:55, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
何里一位啊,拜托,叫说贴过来就弗管哉,一眼翻译也呒拨,要注意质量。--[[User:137.226.77.2|137.226.77.2]] 09:08, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
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繁简转换
{{Current}}
'''陈良宇'''(上海话:[[国际音标|IPA]] <font face="lucida sans unicode">[zəŋ][liã][jy]</font>),[[浙江]][[宁波]]人,[[中国共产党]]原来个领导人之一。[[1992年]]提拔为中国共产党[[上海]]市委员会副书记,并且当着9年迭个职务。[[2001年]]接替调任[[中国工程院]]党组书记个[[徐匡迪]]任上海市长,[[2002年]]任中共上海市委书记,搿年又当选[[中共中央政治局]]委员。
陈良宇个家主婆是[[黄毅玲]],阿爸[[陈更华]],阿弟[[陈良军]]。
因为拨[[2006年上海社保基金挪用案|社保基金挪用案]]搭仔[[秦裕]]案牵连,[[2006年]][[9月24日]]伊拨中共中央免落上海市委书记、常委、委员职务,停止伊担任个中央政治局委员、中央委员职务,并拨立案侦查。
陈良宇是[[上海帮]]个重要成员之一,而上海帮是中国大陆一股政治势力。自从[[胡锦涛]]等新一代领导人上仔台,上海帮就变成功新领导层个交关大个阻力。而陈良宇作为上海帮个重要人物,因为勿满意[[温家宝]]压抑上海房地产价格而影响收入,所以勒垃[[2004年]]更曾以温家宝实行[[宏观调控]]勿利为由,要求温家宝下台<ref>人民报[[2005年]][[2月4日]]报导 [http://www1.renminbao.com/rmb/articles/2005/2/4/34352b.html 继黄丽满之后 陈良宇即将被踢出上海(多图)]</ref>。所以,有人讲搿趟陈良宇下台,是打击上海帮个重要一步。<ref>自由电子报[[2006年]][[9月26日]]报导[http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2006/new/sep/26/today-int1.htm 涉133亿弊案 上海市委书记陈良宇 被免职]</ref>
==经历==
*1963年8月-[[1968年]]8月[[解放军后勤工程学院]]建筑系结构专业学习,获得大学本科学历
*1968年8月-[[1970年]]9月解放军6716部队当兵锻炼
*1970年9月-[[1983年]]3月上海彭浦机器厂工人、设计员、基建科副科长(其间:1979年2月-1980年1月同济大学工程结构系进修;[[1980年]]4月加入[[中国共产党]])
*1983年3月-[[1984年]]3月上海彭浦机器厂副厂长、上海冶金矿山机械公司党委副书记(其间:1982年9月-1983年4月市机电一局党校干部轮训班学习)
*1984年3月-[[1985年]]1月上海电器公司党委书记
*1985年1月-[[1987年]]2月上海市委老干部局副局长、局长
*1987年2月-1992年10月上海市[[黄浦区]]委副书记、副区长、区长(其间:1992年1月-1992年9月英国伯明翰大学公共政策学院学习)
*1992年10月-1992年12月上海市委副秘书长
*1992年12月-[[1996年]]10月上海市委副书记
*1996年10月-2001年12月上海市委副书记、副市长
*2001年12月-2002年2月上海市委副书记、代市长
*2002年2月-2002年10月上海市委副书记、市长
*2002年10月-2002年11月上海市委书记、市长
*2002年11月-[[2003年]]2月中央政治局委员,上海市委书记、市长
*2003年2月-2006年9月中央政治局委员,上海市委书记
*[[2006年]]9月-因牵连上海社保资金案,中共中央决定,免脱渠上海市委书记、常委、委员职务,停止渠担任个中央政治局委员、中央委员职务。
==分析==
有人认为类似陈良宇个问题勒拉中国官员当中交关人侪有,是勿是会得拨高层惩处往往取决于权力斗争个格局,作为[[上海帮]]骨干个陈良宇个下台会成为[[胡温体制]]取代[[江泽民]]体制个标志性事件。还有人士分析认为,搿个勿是一趟简单个权力斗争,更作兴是中共个一次路线回归,从1978年开始个经济改革路线最近几年频频拨提起争论,中共高层着力利用民间个勿满情绪整顿失去共产主义理念个政府官僚,并加紧中央集权。
==相关条目==
==参考==
<references />
==外部连结==
* 陈良宇案新闻集─[http://www2.chinesenewsnet.com/Jiaodian/JD_2006_9_26_10_12_53/ 多维新闻网]/[http://67.15.149.73/b5/nf2830.htm 大纪元]/[http://hk.news.yahoo.com/fc/news_fc_hk1cnanticorrupt.html 雅虎香港]
* [http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2006-09/25/content_5134888.htm 新华社陈良宇案新闻稿]、[http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2002-02/22/content_285938.htm 官方简历]
* [http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/shizheng/252/9906/index.html 陈良宇报道活动集]
[[Category:中国共产党领导人|C陈]]
[[category:中华人民共和国政府官员|C陈]]
[[Category:浙江人|C陈]]
[[en:Chen Liangyu]]
[[fr:Chen Liangyu]]
[[ja:陳良宇]]
[[zh:陈良宇]]
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下底搿星条目勒浪翻译,欢迎参与翻译搭仔修订
<div style="padding:5px">
[[翁美玲]] - [[George F. Smoot]] - [[清朝]] - [[Roger D. Kornberg]]
[[:category:翻译请求|'''还有...''']]
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Category:翻译请求
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Wikipedia:About
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Redirecting to [[Wikipedia:关于]]
#redirect[[:wikipedia:关于]]
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*讨论:[[:wikipedia:红茶坊/吴语维基百科所使用个言话|吴语维基百科所使用个言话]] - [[:wikipedia:红茶坊/界面翻译 |界面本地化]] - [[:Wikipedia:红茶坊#西文人名问题|西文人名问题]] - [[:wikipedia:红茶坊#代虚词标准化|代虚词标准化]]
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Template:Infobox Biography
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<table class="infobox" width=21em font-size=90% text-align=left align=right cellspacing="2">
<tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><big>{{{subject_name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}</big></th></tr>
{{#if:{{{image_name|}}}|<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">[[Image:{{{image_name}}}|{{{image_size|180x180px}}}|center]] {{#if:{{{image_caption|}}}|<div style="line-height:1.25em;">{{{image_caption}}}</div>|}}|}}
<tr valign="top"><th align="right">出生</th> <td>{{{date_of_birth}}}{{#if:{{{place_of_birth|}}}
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}}{{#if:{{{occupation|}}}
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== Usage ==
<pre>
{{Infobox Biography
| subject_name =
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| image_caption =
| date_of_birth =
| place_of_birth =
| date_of_death =
| place_of_death =
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</pre>
[[Category:People infobox templates|Biography]]
[[Category:Templates using ParserFunctions|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[ar:قالب:معلومات شخصية]]
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{{zh-c|{{{c|{{{1}}}}}}}}; {{zh-p|{{{p|{{{2}}}}}}}}<noinclude>
== Important note ==
This template should only be used for Chinese characters that are identical for both Simplified and Traditional. Otherwise, please use [[Template:zh-sp|zh-sp]] or [[Template:zh-tp|zh-tp]] for Simplified or Traditional respectively.
[[Category:Multilingual support templates|Zh-cp]]
[[es:Plantilla:Zh-cp]]
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User talk:Sl
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请到[[zh:User talk:Sl]]留言。谢谢。
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[[Category:User wuu]]
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大名
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/* 历史 */ refine
{{japanese|japanese=大名|kana=だいみょう|romaji=Daimyō}}
'''大名'''是根据'''大名主'''搿个词变化过来个,是日本[[幕府]]勒垃日本各地个封臣,意思交关像'''诸侯'''。大名个本义就是“拥有大片土地个人”。
==历史==
[[Image:AizuWakamatsuKatamori.jpg|thumb|right|250px|松平容保大名参拜图]]
“大名”一词勒垃勿同个时代,意义上有仔一眼弗一样。
* 勒垃[[室町时代]],大名是由幕府任命,称为'''守护大名'''。渠拉勒垃经济上掌控一个到数个分国个庄园搭仔公领,以扩大守护领国个势力。对地方武士('''国人'''),大名对渠拉支配能力是有限个。大名掌握领地忒嫌大个辰光,会任命家臣做'''守护代'''相帮掌管部份分国。
* 勒垃[[日本战国时代|战国时代]],无须幕府任命,只要支配数郡到数国势力,能稳固支配国人个,就是大名。战国时代个大名一般拨称为'''战国大名''',出身背景以守护、守护代、国人搭仔平民四种为主。
* 勒垃[[江户时代]],知行10000石达以上个就叫大名。江户时代共有得200来家大名,基本浪分为亲藩大名、谱代大名搭仔外样大名。亲藩大名是与德川家有血缘关系个藩领,勒搿当中有“御三家”之称搿水户、尾张、纪伊顶为重要。谱代大名是指勒垃[[关原之战]]以前就已追随德川家个武士,有权力,俸禄却交关少。外样大名则是勒勒垃关原之战以后被迫臣服个大名,领地蛮大,但缺少勒垃中央政权里向个发言权。
[[category:日本历史]]
[[ar:دائي-ميو]]
[[bg:Даймио]]
[[ca:Daimyo]]
[[cs:Daimjó]]
[[da:Daimyo]]
[[de:Daimyō]]
[[en:Daimyo]]
[[eo:Daimio]]
[[es:Daimyō]]
[[et:Daimjo]]
[[fi:Daimio]]
[[fr:Daimyo]]
[[he:דאימיו]]
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[[ja:大名]]
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[[ru:Даймё]]
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[[uk:Даймьо]]
中秋节
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[[Image:Moon over cumulus.jpg|right|thumb|]]
'''中秋节'''是[[东亚]]民间个一个传统[[节日]],每年[[农历]]八月十五号。中秋节弗光光是华人个节庆,也是[[日本]]、[[越南]]、[[韩国]]搭[[朝鲜]]个传统佳节。
按照中国农历,农历八月是[[秋季]]第二个月,古时称为'''仲秋''',咯咾民间称之为'''中秋''',又叫'''秋夕'''、'''八月节'''、'''八月半'''、'''月夕'''、'''月节''',再加搿一日[[月亮]]顶圆,象征团圆,又称为'''团圆节'''。吴语地区就叫渠'''八月半'''。
==起源==
中秋搿个词,顶早见《[[周礼]]》,《[[礼记]]•月令》浪话:“仲秋之月养衰老,行糜粥饮食。”但是朆说明是八月哪里一日。
[[唐朝]]之后,中秋节才成为固定个节日。传说杨贵妃梦游月宫,获着[[霓裳羽衣曲]],民间再开始过中秋节。一般认为,中秋节从[[宋朝]]开始流行,到仔[[明朝|明]][[清朝|清]]时期,中秋节已经成为中国一大传统节日哉。
中秋节个传说,[[嫦娥]]奔月顶顶有名。
===嫦娥奔月===
嫦娥奔月勒民间有好几只版本,下底介绍其中一只:
传说勒拉远古辰光,天浪向有十只[[太阳]]。大力士英雄[[后羿|后羿]]射脱仔九只太阳,第十只太阳吓来拉,只好乖乖里听言话,按时起落,造福人民。
后首来,后羿寻着嫦娥做娘子。
有一日,后羿得着一包弗死药,只要吃下去弗死药,就会得成仙升天。后羿回转去仔就拿弗死药交拨拉嫦娥。
哪里晓得,后羿个徒弟[[蓬蒙]]想要偷吃弗死药,渠趁后羿出门个辰光偷偷里爬进嫦娥个房间,逼渠拿弗死药交出来。嫦娥弗肯,就拿弗死药侪喫下去,咯老就变成仔仙女,一脚飞到月宫(月亮)里向。
==节日习俗==
[[Image:Mid-Autumn_Festival1.JPG|thumb|right|香港维多利亚公园花灯。(2005年)]]
*赏月。
*喫[[月饼]]。
**勒[[福建]][[厦门]]地区还有[[博饼]]个习俗。
*孛相[[灯笼]]。
*赏[[桂花]],喫桂花制成个各种食品,主要是糕点、糖果。
*斋月亮,拜祭[[太阴娘娘]]。
*向亲戚朋友送礼也是韩国人过中秋节个习俗。渠拉也拿中秋节叫 “韩国人个[[感恩节]]”。
==韩国个中秋节==
韩国人个假期表浪拿“秋夕”个英文翻译写成 Thanksgiving Day,因为秋夕勒拉韩国是一个大节,会得一连放三日假。老早交通弗发达个辰光,民间会得利用搿段辰光回转探亲。乃至今朝,每碰着秋夕,之前个一个号头,韩国各大公司侪会得大削价,来吸引市民买礼物互相赠送。
==越南个中秋节==
越南人农历八月十五过中秋节,称为Tết Trung Thu(<strong lang="zh-tw">节中秋</strong>。“<strong lang="zh-tw">节</strong>”为[[喃字]],“'''中秋'''”是[[汉越音]]) 。当日夜来,小人要听关于[[阿贵]]个传说。越南小倌勒中秋夜来侪要拎鲤鱼灯出去孛相,预示长大之后“[[跳龙门]]”个意思。
==日本个中秋节==
日本传统个中秋节[[十五夜]],也叫[[中秋明月]]、[[芋明月]]、[[栗明月]]。现代日本人,已经弗过[[中秋节]]哉。搿日大家可以覅工作,勒屋里向吃啤酒,弗看月亮看电视。因为传统文化个衰退,年纪轻个人侪弗晓得节日个来头搭仔意义,听见节日,只晓得搿日覅去上班哉。
==中秋诗词==
交关古代[[诗人]]写仔歌颂中秋节个诗词。
[[宋朝]]人[[苏轼]]写个[[词]]——[[水调歌头]]•明月几时有 顶顶有名:
明月几时有?把酒问青天。不知天上宫阙,今夕是何年。我欲乘风归去,又恐琼楼玉宇,高处不胜寒。起舞弄清影,何似在人间!
转朱阁,低绮户,照无眠。不应有恨,何事长向别时圆?人有悲欢离合,月有阴晴圆缺,此事古难全。但愿人长久,千里共婵娟。
==参考文献==
# ''林之光,[http://www.taosl.net/lzg07.htm 中秋的赏月天气],科技日报,2000-9-9(4)。''
==参见==
*[[中国传统节日]]
*[[中秋经济]]
==外部链接==
*[http://www.cctv.com/geography/mfms/20010626/186.html 国家地理——中秋节]
*[http://www.china.org.cn/ch-jieri/zhongqiu/3.htm 各地中秋节习俗]
[[Category:文化]]
[[de:Mondfest]]
[[en:Mid-Autumn Festival]]
[[fr:Fête de la mi-automne]]
[[ja:月見]]
[[ko:추석]]
[[vi:Tết Trung Thu]]
[[zh-min-nan:Peh-go̍eh-cheh]]
[[zh:中秋节]]
月饼
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恢复[[Special:Contributions/218.81.44.176|218.81.44.176]] ([[User_talk:218.81.44.176|讲张]])个改动;恢复到[[User:137.226.77.2|137.226.77.2]]个上一版本
'''月饼''',中国节日食品。最初,因为伊形状像[[月亮|满月]],外观为[[圆形]],表示团圆之意。后来,也有[[方形]]或者其他形状个。月饼外层弄小麦粉做皮,里相有心,心可以是弄多种多样弗同个材料做。[[中秋节]]喫月饼,搭[[端午节]] 喫[[粽子]]、[[元宵节]] 喫[[汤圆]]一样,是全球华人个传统风俗。月饼当中广式月饼、苏式月饼、京式月饼最有名。另外,椒葱月饼([[江西]])、薄酥月饼([[湖南]])、冬瓜月饼([[四川]])、水晶月饼([[陕西]])、三白月饼([[黑龙江]])、海味月饼([[山东]])、鸡丝月饼([[清真]]式)、冰皮月餅([[香港]])等,也是名品。
==溯源==
古代月饼勒中秋节喫,取团圆之意。[[宋代]][[周密]]《[[武林旧事]]》开始有“月饼”个记载。[[明代]]已经勒民间流行。传说[[元朝]]个辰光[[汉人]]拨元人统治,苦来交关,朱元璋起义反元,但是元军控制严密,起义军呒得办法传递消息,为此刘伯温献计,勒中秋节互相送糕饼,里相夹纸头,上头写居几个字“'''八月十五杀韃子'''”,作起义个讯号。[[清代]]已经有介绍做月饼方法个书了。[[清代]]杨光辅写道:“月饼饱装桃肉馅,雪糕甜砌蔗糖霜”。
==分类==
*按产地:京式、广式、苏式、台式、滇式、港式、潮式、甚至日式等;
*按口味:有甜味、咸味、咸甜味、麻辣味;
*按馅心:有蛋黃莲蓉、五仁、豆沙、冰糖、芝麻、火腿、水果月饼等;
*按饼皮: 有浆皮、混糖皮、酥皮三大类;
*按造型:有光面月饼、花边月饼搭孙悟空、老寿星月饼等。
*新款月饼:
**冰皮月饼:特点是饼皮弗需要烤,冷冻之后就可以喫。
**果蔬月饼:特点是心子主要是水果蔬菜,风味各异,有清新爽甜个风味。
**海味月饼:内含[[鲍鱼]]、[[紫菜]]、[[鳐柱]]等,口味微带咸鲜,以甘香著称。
**纳凉月饼:是把[[百合]]、[[绿豆]]、[[茶]]水加进月饼心精制而成,有清润、美颜个功效。
**椰奶月饼:以鲜榨椰汁、淡奶搭瓜果制成心子,含糖量、含油量侪较低,口感清甜。
**茶叶月饼:又称新茶道月饼,以新[[绿茶]]为主要心子成分,口感清淡微香。
**保健月饼:对身体有较好个保健作用。有人参月饼、钙质月饼等。
**象形月饼:外观形象生动,小官头子欢喜。
===品尝与存放===
*要适量。
*要吃新鲜月饼。
*冰皮月饼室温摆放弗得超过两个钟头
==做法==
月饼个做法,弄水油面团或者酥油面团作皮,里相包心做成扁圆形生胚,再放进模子压,让伊表面呈凸凹花纹,烘烤熟了之后食用。
==其他==
因为月饼是时令食品,过了中秋之后就呒人问津了,咯老市面浪个月饼多得作低价抛售。[[香港]]有人想出各种办法来处理积压勒屋里个月饼,有人帮月饼心子拿出来包汤圆等等。每年香港政府侪会得劝市民弗要喫忒多月饼,吸收太多糖份,预防伊影响健康,但是市面浪有商家想了办法,生产低糖月饼拨糖尿病病人食用。另外,近年来每年香港侪会得有环保团体勒中秋过后举行月饼罐回收活动,防止浪费资源。
[[2001年]][[9月3号]],[[中华人民共和国]][[中国中央电视台|中央电视台]]曝光了[[南京]][[冠生园]]食品有限公司回收朆卖脱个月饼心子,第二年重新用个做法,而且搿个公司负责人讲:全国个月饼行业侪是这样子做个,引起轩然大波。
近年来,商场里相出现交关弄贵来交关个月饼盒包装个月饼,拨有星人用来[[行贿]],中国政府勒[[2005年]]出台法律,规定从[[2006年]]起,月饼个包装成本弗得超过月饼价值个20%。
[[2006年]]台湾“百万人倒扁”总部效法[[朱元璋]]起义推翻元朝个做法,做了“倒扁月饼”,帮写“倒扁静坐”时间个纸头夹了勒月饼里相。
[[Category:文化]]
[[en:Mooncake]]
[[fi:Kuukakku]]
[[ja:月餅]]
[[ms:Kuih Bulan]]
Main Page
211
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2006-10-06T14:12:41Z
Minus273
27
哪能介搞个呀
#REDIRECT [[封面]]
Words to use
212
919
2006-10-06T14:23:30Z
Minus273
27
[[Words to use]] moved to [[Wikipedia:Words to use]]: 应该勒Wikipedia个namespace里向,鉴定完毕
#REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Words to use]]
姚文元
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2006-10-06T15:05:55Z
Silentsound
28
'''姚文元(上海吴语IPA:jɔ vəŋ ɲyø)'''{{BD|1932年||2005年|12月23日|姚}},男,[[浙江]][[诸暨]]人,“[[四人帮]]”成员之一,渠拉爷是[[姚蓬子]];[[中央文化革命小组]]成员(1966-1969),[[中共中央政治局]]委员([[1969年]]~[[1976年]])。
姚文元是末脚一个过世个「[[四人幫]]」成員。
{{bio-stub}}
[[Category:文革时期人物|Y姚]]
[[Category:浙江人|Y姚]]
[[Category:中国共产党领导人|Y姚]]
[[br:Yao Wenyuan]]
[[de:Yao Wenyuan]]
[[en:Yao Wenyuan]]
[[fr:Yao Wenyuan]]
[[id:Yao Wenyuan]]
[[ja:姚文元]]
[[zh:姚文元]]
[[nl:Yao Wenyuan]]
User:Silentsound
214
1103
2006-10-08T11:32:12Z
Wtzdj
18
啥人拿我个网名个中文 '''寂静之声''' 个吴语读准么说明伊个尖团搭入声侪呒没问题哉~~~~~
苏州话
215
2228
2006-10-21T10:14:53Z
203.75.105.191
'''苏州言话(闲话其实是同音字,本字应该是“言话”)''',流行于[[苏州]]地区。苏州言话属于[[吴语]]个太湖片苏沪嘉小片。
苏州言话长期以来一直拨看作是吴语个代表,也是[[汉语]]方言研究中顶早拨研究个方言之一。
苏州言话以“嗲”出名,所谓个吴侬“软”语(侬作人解)就是从迭个方面讲个。
[[昆曲]]搭仔[[评弹]]侪使用苏州言话,并且流行于整个吴语太湖片。
现代苏州言话有27个[[声母]],43个[[韵母]],7个[[声调]],搿个声韵调系统也是吴语个一般性情况。
苏州言话也是一种文学语言,[[19世纪]]兴起个吴语文学比如讲《[[海上花列传]]》就是用苏州言话写成个。
==分布==
==历史==
==影响==
==分类==
==音韵==
==方言搭仔派别==
===老派===
===中派===
===新派===
===评弹苏州言话===
==语法==
==词汇举例==
*名词
** “宝货”:无能的人
** “门枪”:舌头
** “迷露”:雾
*动词
** “牵记”:牵挂
** “钝卵”:意气用事
** “勿碍”:无妨
*形容词
** “下作”:下流
** “老茄”:少年老成
** “热络”:亲热
** “洋盘”:不识货
** “难板”:难得
*副词
** “齐巧”:恰巧
** “纯光”:仅仅
** “本生”:本来
** “板要”:偏要
** “特为”:故意
** “刚巧”:刚才
==另见==
*[[苏白]]
==相关参考文献==
*《苏州方言志》 叶祥苓 江苏教育出版社 1988
*《苏州方言词典》 李荣主编 江苏教育出版社 1998
*《苏州方言地图集》 叶详苓主编 龙溪书会 1981
*《江苏省志·方言志·吴语苏州方言篇》 鲍明炜主编 南京大学出版社 1998
*《苏州话音档》 叶详苓、盛毓青主编 上海教育出版社 1996
*《苏州方言语音研究》 汪平 武汉:华中理工大学出版社 1996
*《苏州方言语法研究》 李小凡 北京:北京大学出版社 1998
[[Category:吳語]]
[[en:Suzhou dialect]]
[[zh:蘇州話]]
User talk:Silentsound
216
2020
2006-10-16T15:16:53Z
Wtzdj
18
幽默。。。 --[[User:Wtzdj|吴人]] 22:16, 6 October 2006 (UTC)
:hoahoa --[[en:Anonymous Coward]] [[User:218.93.19.174|218.93.19.174]] 02:03, 7 October 2006 (UTC)
拜托,倷拿上海加上去就可以哉,删脱苏州做啥。。。 -- [[User:Wtzdj|吴人]] 15:16, 16 十月 2006 (UTC)
User:Hisahara
217
940
2006-10-07T03:46:39Z
Hisahara
36
爾好,吾是新來個。
朝鲜核问题
218
2006
2006-10-16T12:53:43Z
Silentsound
28
{{Current}}
[[Image:NKorea_nuke_illustration.png|thumb|朝鲜核危机]]
'''朝鲜核问题''',是指[[朝鲜民主主义人民共和国]]开发核应用能力而引起个地区安全跟外交等一系列个问题,搭渠搭界个是[[美国]]、[[韩国]]、[[中国]]、[[俄罗斯]]搭仔[[日本]]。
[[朝鲜]]勒垃[[1974年]]参加[[国际原子能机构]],接下来勒垃1985年加入《[[不扩散核武器条约]]》,1992年签订《[[保障监督协定]]》,接受国际原子能机构个监督并多次接受渠个核查。
[[美国]]从20世纪70年代起就盯牢朝鲜个[[核项目]],1988年下半年,美国正式对国际宣称朝鲜有可能勒海开发[[核武器]]项目个信息,搿举动马上引起朝鲜当局个强烈反弹和国际社会个广泛关注。
[[1994年]][[5月30号]],勒美国个极力怂恿下头,[[联合国安理会]]提出对朝鲜进行核项目调查并对渠进行[[制裁]]。1994年6月,[[美国]]前[[总统]][[卡特]]前往[[平壤]]斡旋,同朝鲜政府达成仔《[[朝核问题框架协定]]》,搿个协议是朝鲜核危机个直接渊源。按照《朝核问题框架协定》个要求,朝鲜必须冻结渠个各样核项目,并勒垃拢总个核设施浪加装监控系统,禁止一切关闭项目个重启。勿过,美、日、韩三国协助朝鲜拆脱[[石墨反应堆]]并帮助朝建设两座[[轻水反应堆]]个承诺一拖再拖。搿两座[[反应堆]]搿发电能力大概是2千兆瓦。无没办法顺利进行个原因里向,作兴45亿美金个资金缺口是一个勿小个因素。2002年8月,[[轻水反应堆]]勒海朝鲜[[平壤]]奠基。勒搿前头,朝鲜一直勒海跟[[美国]]就[[反应堆]]个建设资金分摊问题讨价还价。
[[2002年]]10月,[[美国]]透过侦察机构掌握仔朝鲜仍旧勒海秘密研制[[核武器]]个证据,所以再次对朝鲜[[核项目]]提出异议。朝鲜当局当即承认仔美国个指控,随即引起国际社会对搿个关注,[[朝美关系]]再次陷入僵局。由于朝鲜当局坚持能源短缺个理由,拒绝[[美国]]提出个先停[[核项目]],再谈[[能源问题]]个提议,朝鲜核危机正式爆发。
[[中国]]勒海朝鲜核危机方面采取比较主动积极个态度,从[[2003年]][[8月27号]]到[[8月29号|29号]],由中国政府牵头勒海[[北京]]举行个[[朝鲜问题六方会谈]]之后,[[2004年]][[2月25日]]到28日勒垃北京又召开仔第二趟[[朝鲜问题六方会谈]],发表仔主席声明。各方原则同意勿晏过[[2004年]]6月底前勒垃北京举行第三趟六方会谈,并组成工作小组进行工作。其中,第一轮[[六方会谈]]并呒没达成任何协议。
[[2004年]]6月23号~26号,勒[[北京]]举行第三轮[[朝鲜问题六方会谈]],也朆取得明显个进展。[[2005年]]2月,朝鲜勒海官方电视台个新闻节目里向正式宣布国家拥有核武器,所以协议中断会谈,并无限期押后仔下一轮会谈个日脚。
勒海各方个努力下头,[[2005年]]7月26号,第四轮[[朝鲜问题六方会谈]]勒垃北京开幕。但呒啥进展,于8月7号被迫休会三周。由于各方矛盾,复会日脚多趟拖延,直到9月13号再开始第二阶段会议。勒海第二阶段会谈取得仔显著个成果,与会各方一致通过《[[第四轮六方会谈共同声明]]》,勒海该声明第一条中,朝方承诺:放弃一切核武器及现有核计划。勒海第二天,朝鲜外务省又发表声明:勒朝鲜重新加入《不扩散核武器条约》(NPT)前,美国应该提供拨朝鲜轻水反应堆。 而美方表示:勒海朝鲜放弃核武器、重返《不扩散核武器条约》并履行安全保障措施协定前,任何国家侪勿好搭渠开展轻水反应堆等核合作。
[[2006年]]10月3号,朝鲜宣布渠勿久就会得进行核试验,引起世界浪个广泛关注。[[2006年]]10月8号,朝鲜勒垃东北部个会宁郡进行仔一趟地下核试验。引起国际社会个强烈反应,中国外交部极罕见个使用仔严厉口气表示“坚决反对”。
[[Category:朝鮮民主主義人民共和國]]
{{Link FA|ru}}
[[de:Nordkoreanisches Kernwaffenprogramm]]
[[en:North Korea and weapons of mass destruction]]
[[fr:Armes nucléaires en Corée du Nord]]
[[ja:北朝鮮核問題]]
[[ko:북핵 문제]]
[[ru:Ядерная программа КНДР]]
[[uk:Ядерна програма КНДР]]
[[zh:朝鲜核问题]]
唐明皇
219
966
2006-10-07T12:38:13Z
137.226.77.2
唐明皇,就是唐玄宗李隆基(685年~762年)。唐朝个皇帝。
在位日脚是712年~756年。,年号是开元跟天宝。
渠个庙号是玄宗,但咦因为渠个谥号是“至道大圣大明孝皇帝”,所以也称为唐明皇。
渠当政初期,唐朝国力发展到顶峰,史称“开元之治”。公元755年发生“[[安史之乱]]”,叛军攻克[[长安]],渠逃亡四川避难并退位。
描写渠搭[[杨玉环|杨贵妃]]两家头个爱情故事透过白居易个《长恨歌》搭仔陈鸿个《长恨歌传》拨后人千古传诵,搿里向“蜀江水碧蜀山青,圣主朝朝暮暮情。行宫见月伤心色,夜雨闻铃断肠声。”,“上穷碧落下黄泉,两处茫茫皆不见。忽闻海上有仙山,山在虚无缥缈间。”,“在天愿作比翼鸟,在地愿为连理枝。天长地久有时尽,此恨绵绵无绝期。”乃是千古绝唱。
核试验
220
963
2006-10-07T10:10:21Z
Wtzdj
18
[[核试验]] moved to [[朝鲜核问题]]: 朝鲜个特定问题,弗是一般个核试验条目
#REDIRECT [[朝鲜核问题]]
苏白
221
972
2006-10-07T16:14:29Z
Wtzdj
18
/* 影响 */
==概述==
'''苏白''',字面浪个意思就是苏州白话,也就是苏州口语,即[[苏州话|苏州言话]]。
==影响==
苏州言话长期以来一脚是[[吴语]]个代表方言,也是汉语方言里向顶顶早拨研究个一种方言,相关个研究成果也相对比较丰富。
苏白勒拉历史浪有过交关重要个影响。通行勒拉北部吴语地区个[[苏州评弹]](包括评话搭仔弹词),用个也就是苏白。苏白也是[[昆剧|昆曲]]里向丑角常用个言话(相对个,北昆常使用“京白”)。
勒拉历史浪一脚到[[民国]],吴语小说几乎侪是用苏白写个,作者也弗一定是苏州人。
苏白对[[上海言话]]个影响也交关大。
勒拉历史浪向,根据《松江府志》记载:明代是“府城视上海为轻,视嘉兴为重”,到仔清朝已经是“府城视上海为轻,视苏州为重”。
现代上海话勒拉俚个形成过程当中,也拨拉苏白强烈影响,特别是表现勒拉发音浪,外加是明显。勒拉一定程度浪,可以实梗讲法:上海本地言话基本浪已经拨苏白消灭脱哉,取而代之个是苏州味道浓重个新上海话。
苏白也拨拉赋予江南个特殊味道。[[金庸]](浙江海宁人)个武侠小说《[[天龙八部]]》里向,阿朱阿碧就讲一口苏白,拿江南少女个灵动搭仔秀气刻划得活灵活现。
==另见==
关于更加详细个“苏白”个音韵特点搭仔词汇特点也啥,请倷参考条目“[[苏州话|苏州言话]]”。
苏州言话
222
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2006-10-07T14:18:33Z
Wtzdj
18
Redirecting to [[苏州话]]
#redirect[[苏州话]]
Image:250px-Mooncake.jpg
223
991
2006-10-07T17:07:51Z
Wtzdj
18
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/October, 2006
224
995
2006-10-07T17:12:09Z
Wtzdj
18
[[Wikipedia:Today's featured article/October, 2006]] moved to [[Template:Featured article]]: 一开始呒拨介许多优秀条目,慢慢来
#REDIRECT [[Template:Featured article]]
Template:Featured article
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2006-10-08T09:36:51Z
Sl
32
Redirecting to [[Wikipedia:Featured article/October, 2006]]
#REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Featured article/October, 2006]]
Wikipedia:管理员/存档
226
1013
2006-10-07T21:24:58Z
Wtzdj
18
[[Wikipedia:管理员申请存档]] moved to [[Wikipedia:管理员/存档]]
此地是已经结束个管理员申请投票,请覅再编辑。
===[[User:wtzdj|wtzdj]](Results Available, please no more votes)===
I request for bureaucrat and sysop access, because I'm qualified in several aspects:
# I am a native speaker and promotor of WUU. And Wuu-Wikipedia has up to now no native bureaucrat or sysop.
# I together with other colleagues applied for and contributed at the beginning of Wuu test-wiki.
# I was active for the last years in the Wu-Chinese forums and acted as the Administrator of [http://wu-chinese.com 吴语协会] and [http://www.sinolect.org 清籁吴语论坛].
# I'm currently running a wiki program([http://wu-chinese.com/wiki 吴语百科]) on my site.
Please Support me! Thanks very much!
--[[User:Wtzdj|Wtzdj]] 22:32, 2 October 2006 (UTC)
====Support====
#[[User:Herbsttag|Herbsttag]] 22:02, 2 October 2006 (UTC)
#[[User:Klutz|Klutz]]
#[[User:Lieukehli|Lieukehli]] 04:50, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
#[[User:GnuDoyng|GnuDoyng]] 03:06, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
#[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 03:46, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
#[[User:Minus273|Minus273]] 10:29, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
#'''[[User:Jasonzhuocn|<font color=green>Jasonzhuocn</font>]]''' 10:40, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
#[[User:silentsound|silentsound]]
#[[User:hisahara|hisahara]]
#[[User:小老虎|小老虎]]
====Oppose====
====Neutral====
Wikipedia:红茶坊/吴语维基百科所使用个言话
228
2198
2006-10-20T07:07:48Z
Dzochithin
49
/* 吴语维基百科使用言话讨论 */
==维基百科对言话个要求==
勒拉[[:meta:|元维基]]浪帮助条目[[:meta:Help:How to start a new Wikipedia|How to start a new Wikipedia]](哪亨来开始一只新个维基百科)下头,提着维基百科齐巧开始辰光要做个一眼基本个事体。当中搭言话搭界个摘录勒拉下头(黑体部分是外加要注意搭仔目前看来比较棘手个):
=== Set up basic guidelines===
There are a few rules that all Wikimedia projects must follow:
* You cannot [[wikt:violate|violate]] the terms of a copyright. Please make a page to warn users not to copy things from other places without asking the author.
* It is OK to [[wikt:distribute|distribute]] Wikipedia articles under the terms of the [[en:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]]. Please read the license and make a page to explain it.
* Authors must write from a [[en:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]] (NPOV). Please make a page to explain this.
* Please make a page to explain [[en:Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|what Wikipedia is not]].
Other than these all-projects rules, each Wikipedia has created its own rules.
Some rules you might want to have right away include:
* '''[[wikt:orthography|Orthographic]] practices - if there is more than one way to spell or write your language, you will need rules about it.'''
*正词法实践 - 假使尔笃个言话有弗罢一种拼写或者书写个办法,尔笃要拿相关规矩定出来。
* '''Stylistic conventions - if your language does not have a standardised universal form (way everybody speaks it to understand each other), you will need to have one or have a rule to tell people which forms or dialects of your language to use. Also, you will need more complex stylistic conventions'''(for an example, see [[:en:Wikipedia:Manual of style|here]]).
*文体惯例或协定 - 要是讲尔笃个言话呒拨一个标准化个普遍个形式(共同语),个末尔笃就要专门有个人或者有只规矩,告诉别人家,到底用哪里一种形式个方言。并且,尔笃也需要更加复杂个“文体惯例或协定”。
* [[en:Wikipedia:Naming conventions|naming conventions]]
=== Add a '''style guide''' and '''resources for writers''' ===
You want to have a high-quality encyclopaedia. Please write a few suggestions for writers. Are there websites in your language about '''how to write'''? Maybe you want to add a '''dictionary''' or a '''grammar guide''' here. Put in everything that could be useful for writers.
=== Write a few '''good content articles as an example for others''' ===
You might want to write a few articles for your Wikipedia to get it started, and to give an example to other possible writers. You can translate an article from a different Wikipedia, or you can write an original article.
----
该个问题牵涉交关广,譬如整只维基个文章风格问题,操作界面个本地化,应该依据哪亨个原则,请大家一道讨论出几只可行方案出来。压末可以通过表决来定到底采用何里一只方案。
==吴语维基百科使用言话讨论==
*吴语的可行性
:我认为吴语是个大范畴,各个吴语之间的差距还是存在的,比如我虽以吴语为母语,但在理解吴语百科的首页时,还是遇到了一些需要思考或者不理解的词。我看是不是直接改为上海吴语比较合适和实用呢?或者建立一套标准的吴语白话文?就好像天津话和北京话使用统一的书面语一样。个人意见,仅仅参考。
:以明代《山歌》以来个吴语书面语作品为基础,兼容并包,搿就是吴语维基目前使用个言话。勒此地个实践本身就是建立吴语白话文 个尝试。 --[[User:Wtzdj|吴人]] 13:35, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
::我觉着首先是虚词搭仔orthographia。Orthographia个问题末,大个原则已经肯定哉,所以末就是具体个争论比较要紧。 --[[User:59.78.18.5|59.78.18.5]] 08:21, 8 October 2006 (UTC)
::还有就是如果拿比如讲钱老师请过来,弗就一切ok拉末。大家觉着该个提议呐亨--[[User:59.78.18.5|59.78.18.5]] 08:21, 8 October 2006 (UTC)
::上头个是我。--[[User:Minus273|Minus273]] 08:22, 8 October 2006 (UTC)
:大力支持。但是我觉着单单用一种上海言话作为吴语的代表是弗妥当个。因为由于上海勒上世纪中,有大量宁波人搭仔苏北人涌入,所以上海话中有很多宁波言话,苏北言话的影子。宁波言话可以讲也勒吴语范畴里相,但是苏北言话就不是吴语了,其更加倾向于普通话。而苏州,是古代吴国个都城,就像中国现在拿北京言话作为普通话,所以吴语用苏州话作基准是恰当而且应当的。当然,无可否认的,上海可以说是当但吴语的中心,所以把把很多上海话放入也是应当的,但是也应该进行甄别。因为上海言话毕竟是一种兼容并蓄的语言。
:弗管那亨讲,我还是大力支持该面点个。因为我弗想让吴语变成死语言。最好是好像粤语一样,可以有对应个字。经济浪相个支持是弗来塞哉,不过我会大力点精神支持个。--[[User:222.93.243.116|222.93.243.116]]
::弗存在“单单用一种上海言话作为吴语的代表”个问题,苏州言话长期以来一脚是吴语个代表,只弗过最近有辰光搭上海言话双代表而已。
::另外,行动支持顶有效,学习使用自家母语,而弗是扮演帮观者角色。 -- [[User:Wtzdj|吴人]] 13:32, 15 十月 2006 (UTC)
: 历史上是代表,来勒今朝讲,用帐是灭个。中原个河洛话也长期是汉语个代表,时间也是较关长。不过语言勿是死个。啥人也勿可能代表整个吴语,荡个维基,既然名气叫搭“吴语维基”,格么应当是通用个“吴语标准语”。搭汉语个普通话做样,阿拉个标准语,也应该以某种方言(苏州或者上海)为基础,语言规范重新制定一套。-- [[User:dzochithin|dzochithin]]
Wikipedia:Tutorial
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该只页面勒拉建设当中。
倷可以先到[[:en:Wikipedia:Tutorial|英文维基相关页面]]搭仔[[:zh:Help:目录|中文维基相关页面]]去学习哪亨勒拉维基百科里向编辑文章。
Template:江苏行政区划
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{| class="toccolours" style="clear: both; margin: 1.5em auto; font-size: 90%;" summary="江苏省行政区划"
|-
|style="background: #ccf; text-align: center; font-size: 110%; width: 730px;"|'''[[江苏省]]行政区划'''<small>([[省会]]:[[南京市]])</small>
|style="width: 50px;"|[[Image:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|50px]]
|-
|colspan="2"|
{| style="margin: 0 0.5em; background: transparent;"
|- style="background: #ececec; vertical-align: text-top;"
!style="width: 5.5em;"|[[地级市]]
![[市辖区]]、[[县级市]]、[[县]]
|- style="vertical-align: text-top;"
|'''[[南京市]]''':
||[[玄武区]] | [[鼓楼区 (南京)|鼓楼区]] | [[建邺区]] | [[白下区]] | [[秦淮区]] | [[下关区]] | [[雨花台区]] | [[浦口区]] | [[栖霞区]] | [[江宁区]] | [[六合区]] | [[溧水县]] | [[高淳县]]
|- style="vertical-align: text-top;"
|'''[[无锡市]]''':
||[[崇安区]] | [[北塘区]] | [[南长区]] | [[锡山区]] | [[惠山区]] | [[滨湖区]] | [[江阴市]] | [[宜兴市]]
|- style="vertical-align: text-top;"
|'''[[徐州市]]''':
||[[云龙区]] | [[鼓楼区 (徐州)|鼓楼区]] | [[九里区]] | [[贾汪区]] | [[泉山区]] | [[邳州市]] | [[新沂市]] | [[铜山县]] | [[睢宁县]] | [[沛县]] | [[丰县]]
|- style="vertical-align: text-top;"
|'''[[常州市]]''':
||[[钟楼区]] | [[天宁区]] | [[戚墅堰区]] | [[新北区]] | [[武进区]] | [[金坛市]] | [[溧阳市]]
|- style="vertical-align: text-top;"
|'''[[苏州市]]''':
||[[金阊区]] | [[沧浪区]] | [[平江区]] | [[虎丘区]] | [[吴中区]] | [[相城区]] | [[常熟市]] | [[张家港市]] | [[太仓市]] | [[昆山市]] | [[吴江市]]
|- style="vertical-align: text-top;"
|'''[[南通市]]''':
||[[崇川区]] | [[港闸区]] | [[如皋市]] | [[通州市]] | [[海门市]] | [[启东市]] | [[海安县]] | [[如东县]]
|- style="vertical-align: text-top;"
|'''[[连云港市]]''':
||[[新浦区]] | [[连云区]] | [[海州区 (连云港)|海州区]] | [[东海县]] | [[灌云县]] | [[赣榆县]] | [[灌南县]]
|- style="vertical-align: text-top;"
|'''[[淮安市]]''':
||[[清河区 (淮安)|清河区]] | [[清浦区]] | [[楚州区]] | [[淮阴区]] | [[涟水县]] | [[洪泽县]] | [[金湖县]] | [[盱眙县]]
|- style="vertical-align: text-top;"
|'''[[盐城市]]''':
||[[亭湖区]] | [[盐都区]] | [[东台市]] | [[大丰市]] | [[建湖县]] | [[响水县]] | [[阜宁县]] | [[射阳县]] | [[滨海县]]
|- style="vertical-align: text-top;"
|'''[[扬州市]]''':
||[[维扬区]] | [[广陵区]] | [[邗江区]] | [[高邮市]] | [[江都市]] | [[仪征市]] | [[宝应县]]
|- style="vertical-align: text-top;"
|'''[[镇江市]]''':
||[[京口区]] | [[润州区]] | [[丹徒区]] | [[丹阳市]] | [[扬中市]] | [[句容市]]
|- style="vertical-align: text-top;"
|'''[[泰州市]]''':
||[[海陵区]] | [[高港区]] | [[泰兴市]] | [[姜堰市]] | [[靖江市]] | [[兴化市]]
|- style="vertical-align: text-top;"
|'''[[宿迁市]]''':
||[[宿城区]] | [[宿豫区]] | [[沭阳县]] | [[泗阳县]] | [[泗洪县]]
|- style="vertical-align: text-top;"
|colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%;"|<hr />(注:[[南京市]]为[[副省级城市]]。)
|}
|}
<noinclude>[[Category:中国省级行政区模板]]</noinclude>
南通
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'''南通市''',[[江苏省]]管辖个一个[[地级市]]。地理位置勒江苏省东南部,东面靠[[黄海]],南面就是[[长江]],江对过是[[上海]]个[[崇明岛]]。南通是中国近代工业发源地之一,有“中国近代第一城”个说法。经济主要是纺织、石化、港口、海产品加工等等,南通是中国首批对外开放个14个沿海城市之一。市区主要景点有[[狼山]]、[[濠河]]、[[南通博物苑]]。2005年[[GDP]]增长15.4%,增长速度排名勒江苏省第一。
<table border="1" align="right" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;">
<tr>
<th colspan="2">'''江苏省南通市'''</th>
</tr>
<tr align="center">
<td colspan="2">'''简称:'''通</td>
</tr>
<td>'''市委书记'''</td>
<td>[[罗一民]]</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<td>'''市长'''</td>
<td>[[丁大卫]]</td>
</tr>
<td>'''政府所在地'''</td>
<td>[[崇川区]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>'''[[面积]]'''</td>
<td>8001平方千米</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>'''[[人口]]'''</td>
<td>780.25万</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>'''[[民族]]'''</td>
<td>多民族、宗教混居</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>'''[[GDP|国内生产总值]]'''</td>
<td>1472亿元(2005年)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>'''[[中国百强城市]]'''</td>
<td>第53位(2003年)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
<td>'''[[中国电话区号列表|电话区号]]'''</td>
<td>0513</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>'''[[中国邮政编码列表|邮政编码]]'''</td>
<td>226000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>'''[[中国机动车牌照列表|机动车牌照]]'''</td>
<td>苏F</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>'''市花'''</td>
<td>[[菊花]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>'''市树'''</td>
<td>[[广玉兰]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">[[Image:js-nantong.png]]</td>
</tr>
</table>
==行政区划==
现在南通地区有[[如皋]]、[[通州市|通州]]、[[海门]]、[[启东]]4个县级市,[[海安]]、[[如东]]2个县,[[崇川]]、[[港闸]]2个区搭南通经济技术开发区,一龙总有146个乡镇。
[[Image:南通.jpg|thumb|280px|南通]]
==历史==
南通位于长江下游,原本是拨长江里相泥沙堆积出来个陆地,到现在大约匝有6500年个历史了。据古文化遗址考证,老早勒5000多年前个[[新石器时期]],海安青墩地区就有原始个[[氏族部落]]勒搿敦生活。现在个市区搿敦,[[五代]]设为[[郡]],叫'''静海'''。[[后周]][[显德]]五年(公元[[958年]])造城池,改名为'''通州'''。[[宋]][[天圣]]元年([[1023年]])改名为'''崇州''',也叫'''崇川'''。
近代,清末状元、实业家、教育家张謇头一个开教育兴邦之风,勒南通创办全国第一所师范学堂、第一所民间博物苑、第一所纺织学堂、第一所刺绣学堂、第一所戏剧学堂、第一所聋哑(特殊教育)学堂搭第一所气象站等,而且按照近代个理念全面规划建设城市,咯老南通得名“中国近代第一城”。[[辛亥革命]]以后,废州设县,改称南通县。
[[1949年]][[2月]]南通拨[[中国人民解放军]]解放之后,帮老城区、狼山、天生港一带合并建南通市,先后拨苏北行署、南通地区专署管辖,[[1962年]]改为[[省辖市]]。[[1983年]]南通地区搭南通市合并,实行[[市管县]]体制。
==经济==
港口经济从[[邓小平]][[对外开放]]以来一例是南通主要个支柱产业。另外,纺织业也占有一定个重要地位。
==交通==
南通地区已经形成快速、四通八达个水陆空立体交通体系。
===航空===
市区东北方向通州市兴东镇有[[南通兴东机场]],离开市区大约匝18公里,[[1993年]]开始用伊,有去[[北京]]、[[西安]]、[[广州]]、[[武汉]]等等主要城市个航班。
===陆路===
有长途客车通到省里相大部分城市搭外省主要城市。[[宁启铁路]]搭[[新长铁路]]勒[[海安]]交汇。有客运火车通到[[宁启铁路]]沿线个[[泰州]]、[[扬州]]、[[南京]]搭[[新长铁路]]沿线[[淮安]]等城市,但是因为速度慢,有星人对伊弗拉满意。[[南通火车站]][[2005年]]开始扩建。世界第一大跨径双塔双索面[[斜拉桥]][[苏通长江大桥]]搭盐通[[高速公路]]还有通启高速公路也勒到建设。市区有几十条个[[公交]]线路。从上个世纪70年代以来,南通个经济发展一直受陆路交通个限制,尤其是搭长江南面个苏南经济区之间个交通要靠[[轮渡]]摆渡,咯老[[苏南]][[苏北]]有差不多30年个经济差异。但是目前来讲,南通正勒到尽力改善水陆空交通网,现在勒到建设个苏通长江大桥搭[[崇海大桥]]肯定有本事促进南通整个地区经济个发展。
===水运===
[[南通港]],长江下游个重要港口之一,有[[天生]]、南通、[[狼山]]3个港区搭[[青龙]]、[[启东]]两个港站。南通港有码头岸线总长4110.8米,有万吨级以上货运码头7个(内货主3个),千吨级以上货运码头19个(内货主15个),客运码头5个(内货主3个),港作船搭其他非生产性码头5个,内河千吨级以下码头18个。另外还有装卸平台2个,1个是卸油平台,1个是卸矿平台,浮筒泊位10个。
==旅游景点==
[[Image:南通电视塔.jpg|thumb|200px|南通电视塔]][[Image:文化广场.JPG|thumb|280px|环西文化广场]][[Image:南通大厦.JPG|thumb|280px|南通大厦]]
[[狼山]]风景区、[[濠河]]风景区、[[张謇]]纪念馆、[[军山]]、[[啬园]]、蛎岈山生态旅游、三星绣品城、圆陀角风景区、[[吕四]]风情区、[[徽派园林]]孤本水绘园、[[南通博物苑]]、千年古刹[[定慧禅寺]]
==特产==
*白蒲[[茶干]]
*嵌桃[[麻糕]]
*西亭[[脆饼]]
*南通[[风筝]]
*南通[[盆景]]
*[[蓝印花布]]
*[[红木]][[雕刻]]
*[[薄荷脑]]
*[[王氏保赤丸]]
*[[季德胜蛇药]]
==教育==
===中学教育===
南通有中国“基础教育之乡”之乡,勒教育界有这样子一句话:“全国[[高考]]看江苏,江苏高考看南通!”居句说话描述了全国统考时期南通高考个情况:江苏省全国第一,而南通市连续十年江苏省第一,有辰光一个学堂一个班浪相,同时十几个,甚至廿几个人同时考到[[清华大学]]、[[北京大学]]。 对此,也有人表示反对,因为居种荣誉是建立了勒学生子受到严格管制,同时[[应试教育]]之风盛行个基础浪个,同样个学生子拿出来搭别个省市个比,就发现勒到其他素质浪忒般交关。
从下头一组数据可以了解南通基础教育个成果:
*名校多:11所国家级示范高中;17所省重点中学;8大重点学科教研基地
*名师多:6个江苏省首批名校长、名教师;107个特级教师;3000多个教师获得国家、省、市表彰
*冠军多:
**7金2银 [[国际中学生奥林匹克竞赛]];
**2枚金牌 [[亚洲中学生奥林匹克竞赛]];
**21枚金牌,4趟打破世界纪录 [[国际中学生体育竞赛]]
*状元多:连续10年江苏省高考第一;1996年高考录取突破万人大关;2000年高考录取突破2万人大关;2001年高考录取率超过80% ,高出省平均录取率12%;2002年 总均分、优生率、普通类各科总均分、本科上线率全省第一;2005年,南通又一趟取得高考平均分、优秀生人数、本科院校第一、第二批上线率等10项指标全省第一个成绩。
*中学列表
**[[南通中学]]
**[[南通市第一中学]]
**[[南通市启秀中学]]
**[[南通市新桥中学]]
[[Image:南通中学.JPG|thumb|right|200px|江苏省南通中学]][[Image:南通中学雕塑.JPG|thumb|right|200px|南通中学雕塑]]
===高等教育===
*[[南通大学]]:2004年5月原南通医学院、南通工学院、南通师范学院合并组建个综合性大学。
*南通职业大学
*南通纺织职业技术学院
*南通航运职业技术学院
*南通广播电视大学
*南通师范学校
*南通农业学校
*[[南通供销学校]]
==名人==
*清末[[状元]]、实业家、[[教育家]],清朝末年[[君主立宪]]派领袖 [[张謇]]
*表演艺术家 [[赵丹]]
*国画大师[[王个簃]]
*蛇药专家[[季德胜]]
*数学家[[杨乐]]
*国画大师[[范曾]]
*[[中华人民共和国审计署]]署长[[李金华]]
===运动员===
*乒乓球奥运冠军 [[李菊]]、[[陈杞]]
*体操奥运冠军[[黄旭]]
*游泳奥运冠军 [[林莉]]
*羽毛球世界冠军 [[赵剑华]]
*羽毛球奥运冠军 [[葛菲]]
*脚踏车(两次打破世界纪录) [[周玲美]]
*[[吴健秋]]
==方言==
南通地区方言复杂来交关,居是因为南通地区是逐点逐点从水里相登陆形成个,每个时期弗同地区移民到搿敦。
*西部、北部海安、如皋搭如东大部分地区个方言属于[[江淮官话]][[通泰方言|泰如片]],其中可以分如东东部地区搭其他地区两种,分别叫如东话搭如海话。
*南通市区(搭南通市部分市郊)个方言[[南通话]],也归进江淮官话泰如片,但是搭前者根本弗好交流(咯老也有人认为应该单独成片)。
*通州主要说另外两种[[吴语]],[[通东话]](启海人称江北话)搭[[金沙话]],其中金沙话是通东话搭江淮官话南通话个过渡方言,搭其他两种吴语也难交流。
*东部启东海门个南部搭如东个部分东部沿海地区主要说属于吴语[[苏沪嘉小片]]个[[启海话]](本地也叫[[沙地话]])。
*启东海门个北部搭通州一部分地区说通东话。通东话归进吴语[[毗陵小片]],是南通东部最早个方言。
*南通话个形成搭发展,目前来讲仍呒得定论,通东话搭启海话是弗同时期江南拓荒移民带过来个。
勒居几个方言交汇个地区,一个人会讲三种方言是正常个事体,甚至有星商场要求员工同时会讲两种主要方言。
==外部链接==
* [http://www.nantong.gov.cn/ 南通市政府]
{{江苏行政区划}}
{{Provinces_of_China}}
[[de:Nantong]]
[[en:Nantong]]
[[fr:Nantong]]
[[no:Nantong]]
[[pl:Nantong]]
[[pt:Nantong]]
[[zh:南通市]]
南通市
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#REDIRECT [[南通]]
Template:上海行政区划
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{| class="toccolours" style="clear: both; margin: 1.5em auto; font-size: 90%;" summary="上海市行政区划"
|-
|style="background: #ccf; text-align: center; font-size: 110%; width: 565px;"|'''[[上海市]]行政区划'''
|style="width: 50px;"|[[Image:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|50px]]
|-
|colspan="2"|
{| style="margin: 0 0.5em; background: transparent;"
|- style="vertical-align: text-top;"
|style="background: #ececec; width: 4.5em; text-align: center;" valign="center"|'''[[市辖区]]''':
||[[黄浦区]] | [[卢湾区]] | [[徐汇区]] | [[长宁区]] | [[静安区]] | [[普陀区 (上海)|普陀区]] | [[闸北区]] | [[虹口区]] | [[杨浦区]]<br/> [[宝山区 (上海)|宝山区]] | [[闵行区]] | [[嘉定区]] | [[松江区]] | [[金山区]] | [[青浦区]] | [[南汇区]] | [[奉贤区]] | [[浦东新区]]
|- style="vertical-align: text-top;"
|style="background: #ececec; width: 4.5em; text-align: center;" valign="center"|'''[[县]]''':
||[[崇明县]]
|}
|}<noinclude>[[Category:中国省级行政区模板]][[Category:上海模板]]</noinclude>
上海市
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#REDIRECT [[上海]]
启东市
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#REDIRECT[[启东]]
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#REDIRECT [[如东]]
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#REDIRECT [[海门]]
Template:亚洲行政区划
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<br clear="all" />
{| align="center" id="toc" cellspacing="0"
|- bgcolor="#ccccff"
! align="center" width="100%" | [[亚洲]]
|-
| colspan = "2" |
{|
| align="right" style="font-size: 88%; vertical-align: center;" width="15%"| [[东亚]]搭[[北亚]]
| vertical-align: center;|:
| align="left" style="font-size: 88%;" width="85%"| [[中华人民共和国]]([[中国大陆]])| [[中华民国]]([[台湾]])<sup>1</sup>| [[日本]] | [[朝鲜民主主义人民共和国]]([[朝鲜]]) | [[大韩民国]]([[韩国]]) | [[蒙古国]] | [[俄罗斯]]
|-
| align="right" style="font-size: 88%; vertical-align: center;" | [[东南亚]]
| vertical-align: center;|:
| align="left" style="font-size: 88%;" | [[缅甸]] | [[文莱]] | [[柬埔寨]] | [[东帝汶]] | [[印度尼西亚]] | [[老挝]] | [[马来西亚]] | [[菲律宾]] | [[新加坡]] | [[泰国]] | [[越南]]
|-
| align="right" style="font-size: 88%; vertical-align: center;" | [[南亚]]
| vertical-align: center;|:
| align="left" style="font-size: 88%;" | [[孟加拉国]] | [[不丹]] | [[印度]] | [[马尔代夫]] | [[尼泊尔]] | [[巴基斯坦]] | [[斯里兰卡]]
|-
| align="right" style="font-size: 88%; vertical-align: center;" | [[中亚]]
| vertical-align: center;|:
| align="left" style="font-size: 88%;" | [[哈萨克斯坦]] | [[吉尔吉斯斯坦]] | [[塔吉克斯坦]] | [[土库曼斯坦]] | [[乌兹别克斯坦]]
|-
| align="right" style="font-size: 88%; vertical-align: center;" | [[西亚]]
| vertical-align: center;|:
| align="left" style="font-size: 88%;" | [[阿富汗]] | [[亚美尼亚]] | [[阿塞拜疆]] | [[巴林]] | [[塞浦路斯]] - [[北塞浦路斯]] | [[格鲁吉亚]] | [[伊朗]] | [[伊拉克]] | [[以色列]] | [[约旦]] | [[科威特]] | [[黎巴嫩]] | [[阿曼]] | [[巴勒斯坦]] | [[卡塔尔]] | [[沙特阿拉伯]] | [[叙利亚]] | [[土耳其]] | [[阿拉伯联合酋长国]] | [[也门]]
|-
| align="right" style="font-size: 88%; vertical-align: center;" | 其他特殊政区
| vertical-align: center;|:
| align="left" style="font-size: 88%;" | [[香港]](中华人民共和国)| [[澳门]](中华人民共和国)
|}
|- bgcolor="#ccccff"
| align="center" width="100%" | [[世界地理索引]] | [[非洲]] | [[美洲]] | [[南极洲]] | [[欧洲]] | [[大洋洲]] | [[各国首都列表|各国首都]]
| align="right"|
|-
|<div style="font-size: 85%;text-align: left; padding-left:1em;">(1) 请查看[[台湾问题]]</div>
|}<noinclude>
[[Category:亚洲国家模板]]
[[en:Template:Asia]]
</noinclude>
Template:APEC
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{{NavigationBox
| Title = [[亚洲太平洋经济合作组织]](APEC)
| Image = [[Image:ApecLogo-2003.jpg|60px|亚太经合标志]]
| Color =
| List = [[澳大利亚]] • [[文莱]] • [[加拿大]] • [[智利]] • [[中华人民共和国]] • [[香港|中国香港]] • [[印度尼西亚]] • [[日本]] • [[大韩民国]] • [[马来西亚]] • [[墨西哥]] • [[新西兰]] • [[巴布亚新几内亚]] • [[秘鲁]] • [[菲律宾]] • [[俄罗斯]] • [[新加坡]] • [[中华民国|中华台北]] • [[泰国]] • [[美国]] • [[越南]]
| Category = [[Category:APEC]]<noinclude>
[[Category:亚洲国家模板|A]]
[[en:Template:APEC]]
</noinclude>
}}
Template:NavigationBox
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<noinclude>{{esoteric}}</noinclude>
{| {{#if: {{{Summary|}}} | summary="Navigation box - {{{Summary}}}" }} class="toccolours" style="clear: both; width: 94%; margin: 0.5em auto; text-align: center; padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em"
! style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; {{ #if: {{{Color|}}} | background: {{{Color}}} | background: #ccccff }}" | {{{Title}}}
{{#if: {{{Image|<noinclude>-</noinclude>}}} | <td style="vertical-align: middle; width: 1px" rowspan="2"> {{{Image}}} </td> }}
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0.5em 1em" | {{{List}}}
|}{{{Category|}}}<noinclude>
== 使用方式 ==
本模板包含以下欄位:「標題」、「圖片」、「分類」、「顏色」、「列表」。
以下為本模板的原始碼:
<pre>{{NavigationBox
| Title = 標題
| Color = 顏色
| Image = 圖片
| List = 列表
| Category = 分類
| Summary = 摘要
}}</pre>
圖片、分類、以及顏色欄位可以留空,其他欄位必須全部填寫。預設的「顏色」是#ccccff,範例如下:<span style="padding:1px 20px; background:#ccccff">'''示範文字'''</span>。
== 範例 ==
;範例1
程式碼如下:
<div style="margin-left: 3%">
<nowiki>{{</nowiki>{{PAGENAME}} <br /><nowiki>
| Title = 美國最初25任總統 </nowiki><br /><nowiki>
| Image = [[Image:USPresidentialSeal.jpg|60px|美國總統徽章]] </nowiki><br /><nowiki>
| Summary = 美國最初25任總統清單 </nowiki><br /><nowiki>
| Color = </nowiki><br /><nowiki>
| Category = </nowiki><br /><nowiki>
| List = [[George Washington|Washington]]&nbsp;• [[John Adams|J&nbsp;Adams]]&nbsp;• [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]]&nbsp;• [[James Madison|Madison]]&nbsp;• [[James Monroe|Monroe]]&nbsp;• [[John Quincy Adams|JQ&nbsp;Adams]]&nbsp;• [[Andrew Jackson|Jackson]]&nbsp;• [[Martin Van Buren|Van&nbsp;Buren]]&nbsp;• [[William Henry Harrison|W&nbsp;Harrison]]&nbsp;• [[John Tyler|Tyler]]&nbsp;• [[James K. Polk|Polk]]&nbsp;• [[Zachary Taylor|Taylor]]&nbsp;• [[Millard Fillmore|Fillmore]]&nbsp;• [[Franklin Pierce|Pierce]]&nbsp;• [[James Buchanan|Buchanan]]&nbsp;• [[Abraham Lincoln|Lincoln]]&nbsp;• [[Andrew Johnson|A&nbsp;Johnson]]&nbsp;• [[Ulysses S. Grant|Grant]]&nbsp;• [[Rutherford B. Hayes|Hayes]]&nbsp;• [[James Garfield|Garfield]]&nbsp;• [[Chester A. Arthur|Arthur]]&nbsp;• [[Grover Cleveland|Cleveland]]&nbsp;• [[Benjamin Harrison|B&nbsp;Harrison]]&nbsp;• [[Grover Cleveland|Cleveland]]&nbsp;• [[William McKinley|McKinley]]</nowiki><br /><nowiki>
}}</nowiki>
</div>
顯示結果:
{{ {{PAGENAME}}
| Title = 美國最初25任總統
| Image = [[Image:USPresidentialSeal.jpg|60px|美國總統徽章]]
| Summary = 美國最初25任總統清單
| Color =
| Category =
| List = [[George Washington|Washington]] • [[John Adams|J Adams]] • [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]] • [[James Madison|Madison]] • [[James Monroe|Monroe]] • [[John Quincy Adams|JQ Adams]] • [[Andrew Jackson|Jackson]] • [[Martin Van Buren|Van Buren]] • [[William Henry Harrison|W Harrison]] • [[John Tyler|Tyler]] • [[James K. Polk|Polk]] • [[Zachary Taylor|Taylor]] • [[Millard Fillmore|Fillmore]] • [[Franklin Pierce|Pierce]] • [[James Buchanan|Buchanan]] • [[Abraham Lincoln|Lincoln]] • [[Andrew Johnson|A Johnson]] • [[Ulysses S. Grant|Grant]] • [[Rutherford B. Hayes|Hayes]] • [[James Garfield|Garfield]] • [[Chester A. Arthur|Arthur]] • [[Grover Cleveland|Cleveland]] • [[Benjamin Harrison|B Harrison]] • [[Grover Cleveland|Cleveland]] • [[William McKinley|McKinley]]
}}
== 參見 ==
*[[Template:无图表格模板]]
*[[Template:有图表格模板]]
[[Category:格式模板]]
</noinclude>
Template:Infobox Country
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<noinclude>{{esoteric}}</noinclude>
<div style="position: relative; font-size: small;">
{| class="infobox bordered" cellpadding="4" style="width: 300px; font-size: 90%;"
|-
| colspan=2 align=center bgcolor=#e3e3e3| '''{{{国家名称}}}'''
|-
| colspan="2" |
{| style="text-align: center; margin: 0 auto; background: none;"
|-
| style="border: 0; vertical-align: middle;" | <span style="border: 1px solid #bbbbbb; display: table-cell;">[[Image:{{{国旗文件名}}}|125px]]</span>
| style="border: 0; vertical-align: middle;" | [[Image:{{{国徽文件名}}}|110px]]
|- style="font-size: 95%;"
| style="border: 0;" | [[{{{国名}}}国旗|国旗]]
| style="border: 0;" | [[{{{国名}}}国徽|国徽]]
|}
|-
{{#if:{{{国家格言|}}}
|{{!}}colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center;" {{!}} [[格言|国家格言]]:{{{国家格言}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{国歌名称|}}}
|{{!}}colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center;" {{!}} [[国歌]]:{{{国歌名称}}}
}}
|-
|colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#c6c9ff"|'''自然地理'''<br/><small>(实际管辖区)</small>
|-
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Image:{{{国家位置图片文件名}}}|250px]]
|-
|'''[[首都]]'''||{{{国家首都名称}}}
|-
{{#if:{{{最大城市名称|}}}|
{{!}}{{!}}'''最大城市'''
{{!}}{{!}}{{{最大城市名称|}}}
}}
|-
|colspan="2"|'''[[国家面积列表|面积]]'''
*国土面积:{{{国土面积数据}}}平方公里
*水域率:{{{水域率百分比}}}%
|-
{{#if:{{{最高点|}}}|
{{!}}{{!}}'''地理最高点'''
{{!}}{{!}}{{{最高点|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{时区|}}}|
{{!}}{{!}}'''[[时区]]'''
{{!}}{{!}}{{{时区|}}}
}}
|-
|colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#33CC99"|'''人民生活'''
|-
{{#if:{{{官方语言|}}}|
{{!}}{{!}}'''[[官方语言]]'''
{{!}}{{!}}{{{官方语言|}}}
}}
|-
|colspan="2"|'''[[国家人口列表|人口]]'''
*总人口:{{{总人口数据}}}
*[[国家人口密度列表|人口密度]]:{{{人口密度数据}}}/km<sup>2</sup>
|-
|colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#FFCC66"|'''政治文化'''
|-
{{#if:{{{政治体制|}}}|
{{!}}{{!}}'''政治体制'''
{{!}}{{!}}{{{政治体制|}}}
}}
|-
|colspan="2" |'''国家领导人:'''
*[[国家元首]]:[[{{{国名}}}{{{国家元首职称}}}|{{{国家元首职称}}}]]:[[{{{现任国家元首名字}}}]]
*[[政府首脑]]:[[{{{国名}}}{{{政府首脑职称}}}|{{{政府首脑职称}}}]]:[[{{{现任政府首脑名字}}}]]
|-
{{#if:{{{主要节日|}}}|
{{!}}{{!}}'''主要节日'''
{{!}}{{!}}{{{主要节日|}}}
}}
|-
|colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#CC9966"|'''经济实力'''
|-
{{#if:{{{货币单位|}}}|
{{!}}{{!}}'''货币单位'''
{{!}}{{!}}{{{货币单位|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{国内生产总值数据|}}}|
{{!}}{{!}}'''[[国内生产总值|GDP]]'''
{{!}}{{!}}{{{国内生产总值数据|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{人均国内生产总值数据|}}}|
{{!}}{{!}}'''人均[[国内生产总值|GDP]]'''
{{!}}{{!}}{{{人均国内生产总值数据|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{中央银行|}}}|
{{!}}{{!}}'''[[中央银行]]'''
{{!}}{{!}}{{{中央银行|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{国际事务|}}}
|{{!}}colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#00FF00"{{!}} '''国际事务'''
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{国际事务|}}}
|{{!}}colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center;" {{!}} {{{国际事务}}}
}}
|-
|colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"|'''国家资料'''
|-
{{#if:{{{国家象征|}}}|
{{!}}{{!}}'''国家象征'''
{{!}}{{!}}{{{国家象征|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{国家代码|}}}|
{{!}}{{!}}'''国家代码'''
{{!}}{{!}}{{{国家代码|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{国际域名缩写|}}}|
{{!}}{{!}}'''[[国际域名缩写]]'''
{{!}}{{!}}{{{国际域名缩写|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{国际电话区号|}}}|
{{!}}{{!}}'''[[国际电话区号列表|国际电话区号]]'''
{{!}}{{!}}{{{国际电话区号|}}}
}}
|-
|colspan=2|<div style="float:right; font-size:70%; padding:0 .5em 0 .5em">[{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit§ion=0}} <small>編輯</small>]</div>
|}
</div><noinclude>
==重新改写==
[[2006年]][[7月27日]]又重新改写了,遵循“有就显示,无就不显示”的原则。
==格式==
<pre>
{{Infobox Country|
国家名称 =|
国名 =|
国旗文件名 =|
国徽文件名 =|
国家格言 =|
国歌名称 =|
国家位置图片文件名 =|
国家首都名称 =|<!--加[[]]-->
最大城市名称 =|<!--加[[]]-->
国土面积数据 =|
面积排名 =|
水域率百分比 =|
海域 =|
时区 =|
官方语言 =|<!--加[[]]-->
总人口数据 =|<!--加年份-->
人口排名 =|
人口密度数据 =|
人口密度排名 =|
民族 =|
宗教 =|
主要节日 =|
政治体制 =|
国家元首职称 =|
现任国家元首名字 =|
政府首脑职称 =|
现任政府首脑名字 =|
货币单位 =|<!--加[[]]-->
货币汇率 =|
国内生产总值数据 =|<!--加年份-->
购买力平价数据 =|<!--加年份-->
人均国内生产总值数据 =|<!--加年份-->
中央银行 =|
国家象征 =|
国家代码 =|
国际域名缩写 =|
国际电话区号 =|
}}
</pre>
[[Category:国家模板|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:信息框模板|行政]]
[[en:Template:Infobox_Country]]
</noinclude>
Template:Portal
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<div style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border: solid #aaa 1px; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 0.5em; font-size: 90%;">
[[Image:{{{image|{{{2|Portal.svg}}}}}}|{{{size|{{{3|36}}}}}}x32px|{{{name|{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}主题]]
'''[[Portal:{{{name|{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}|{{{name|{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}主题首页]]'''
</div><noinclude>
用法:
:<code><nowiki>{{Portal|name|image|size}}</nowiki></code>
或者
:<code><nowiki>{{Portal|name=主题名称|image=图标名|size=尺寸大小}}</nowiki></code>
[[Category:主題模板]]
[[Category:链接模板]]
[[en:Template:Portal]]
[[es:Plantilla:Portal]]
[[fr:Modèle:Portail]]
[[ja:Template:ウィキポータルリンク]]
[[mk:Шаблон:Портал]]
[[ru:Шаблон:Портал]]
[[sq:Stampa:Portal]]
</noinclude>
Template:Infobox language/ipa notice
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|-
|class="boilerplate metadata" colspan="3" style="padding: 0.5em 1.5em; font-size:smaller;"|'''注意''': 本页包含 [[Unicode]] 个 [[国际音标]]<noinclude>
[[Category:语言模板|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:信息框模板|语言]]
</noinclude>
Template:Lang
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<span lang="{{{1}}}" xml:lang="{{{1}}}">-{{{{2}}}}-</span>{{#switch:{{{1|}}}
|ar
|fa
|he
|ms = ‎
|#default = }}<noinclude>
[[Category:语言模板|Lang]]
[[de:Vorlage:Lang]]
[[en:Template:Lang]]
[[ko:Template:Lang]]
[[ja:Template:Lang]]</noinclude>
Template:Lang ar
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<span lang="ar" title="Arabic text" dir="rtl" style="font-size:1.3em" class="spanAr">{{{1}}}</span><span dir="ltr"><!-- following char is invisible Unicode LTR escape, to force default rendering direction back to LTR if neutral-direction chars follow-->‎</span><noinclude>
[[Category:语言模板|L]]
[[en:Template:Ar]]
[[vi:Tiêu bản:Ar]]</noinclude>
Template:Infobox Language/agency
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|-
| style="padding-left: 0.5em;" |管理机构:
| colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"|{{{1|''无''}}}<noinclude>
[[Category:语言模板|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:信息框模板|语言]]
</noinclude>
Template:Infobox Language/aposteriori
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|-
| style="padding-left: 0.5em;" |分类(来源):
| colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em; text-align: left;" | {{{1}}}<noinclude>
[[Category:语言模板|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:信息框模板|语言]]
</noinclude>
Template:Infobox Language/codelist
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{{#if:{{{1|}}}
|<br /><tt>[http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id={{{1}}} {{{1}}}] </tt> {{#if:{{{3|}}}
|{{#ifeq:{{{3|}}}|none
|{{{2|}}}
|[[{{{3}}}|{{{2|}}}]]
}}
|[[{{{2|}}}]]
}}
}}<noinclude>
[[Category:语言模板|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:信息框模板|语言]]
</noinclude>
Talk:数词
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Wtzdj
18
维基百科是全世界个知识,弗是光光吴语个知识。本条目看上去可以并入沙地话条目 --[[User:Wtzdj|吴人]] 09:06, 8 October 2006 (UTC)
Template:User language-N
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{| cellspacing="0" style="width: 238px; background: #c5fcdc; border: solid #6ef7a7 1px; margin: 1px; float: left;"
|-
! style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#6ef7a7;font-size:{{{4|14}}}pt" lang="en" | <center>[[{{{3|语言列表}}}|{{{1|lang}}}]]</center>
| style="font-size:{{{5|8}}}pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em" lang="{{{1}}}" dir="{{{6|ltr}}}" | {{{2|这个用户能说该种母语。}}}
|}<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|User|[[Category:User {{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:User {{{1}}}-N|{{PAGENAME}}]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>参看:[[Template:User language-P]] 程式用模板
[[Category:巴别模板]]
[[als:Vorlage:Babel field M]]
[[an:Template:BabelN]]
[[br:Patrom:Babel field M]]
[[da:Skabelon:Brugersprog]]
[[de:Vorlage:Babel field M]]
[[el:Πρότυπο:Βαβέλ-M]]
[[eo:Ŝablono:Babel kadro D]]
[[es:Plantilla:BabelN]]
[[eu:Txantiloi:BabelN]]
[[fo:Fyrimynd:Babel field M]]
[[fr:Modèle:Babel field M]]
<!--[[hu:Sablon:User gen]]-->
[[ja:Template:User language]]
[[kk:Template:Babel field N]]
[[lb:Template:Babel field M]]
[[lt:Šablonas:Langobox]]
[[nl:Sjabloon:Babel field M]]
[[oc:Template:Babel field M]]
<!--[[sr:Шаблон:Вавилон]]-->
[[wa:Modele:User language]]
[[zh:Template:User language-N]]
[[zh-classical:Template:User language-N]]
[[zh-yue:Template:User language-N]]</noinclude>
Template:User language-1
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{| cellspacing="0" style="width: 238px; background: #f0f8ff; border: solid #c0c8ff 1px; margin: 1px; float: left;"
|-
! style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#c0c8ff;font-size:{{{4|14}}}pt" lang="en" | <center>[[{{{3|语言列表}}}|{{{1|lang}}}]]-1</center>
| style="font-size:{{{5|8}}}pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em" lang="{{{1}}}" dir="{{{6|ltr}}}" | {{{2|该用户能以基本的语言进行交流。}}}
|}<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|User|[[Category:User {{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User {{{1}}}-1|{{PAGENAME}}]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>
[[Category:巴别模板]]
[[als:Vorlage:Babel field 1]]
[[an:Template:Babel1]]
[[br:Patrom:Babel field 1]]
[[da:Skabelon:Brugersprog1]]
[[de:Vorlage:Babel field 1]]
[[el:Πρότυπο:Βαβέλ1]]
[[es:Plantilla:Babel1]]
[[eu:Txantiloi:Babel1]]
[[fo:Fyrimynd:Babel field 1]]
[[fr:Modèle:Babel field 1]]
[[ja:Template:User language-1]]
[[kk:Template:Babel field 1]]
[[lb:Template:Babel field 1]]
[[lt:Šablonas:Langobox-1]]
[[nl:Sjabloon:Babel field 1]]
[[oc:Template:Babel field 1]]
[[wa:Modele:User language-1]]
[[zh:Template:User language-1]]
[[zh-classical:Template:User language-1]]
[[zh-yue:Template:User language-1]]</noinclude>
Template:User language-2
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{| cellspacing="0" style="width: 238px; background: #d0f8ff; border: solid #77e0e8 1px; margin: 1px; float: left;"
|-
! style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#77e0e8;font-size:{{{4|14}}}pt" lang="en" | <center>[[{{{3|语言列表}}}|{{{1|lang}}}]]-2</center>
| style="font-size:{{{5|8}}}pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em" lang="{{{1}}}" dir="{{{6|ltr}}}" | {{{2|该用户能以中等程度的语言进行交流。}}}
|}<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|User|[[Category:User {{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User {{{1}}}-2|{{PAGENAME}}]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>
[[Category:巴别模板]]
[[als:Vorlage:Babel field 2]]
[[an:Template:Babel2]]
[[br:Patrom:Babel field 2]]
[[da:Skabelon:Brugersprog2]]
[[de:Vorlage:Babel field 2]]
[[el:Πρότυπο:Βαβέλ2]]
[[es:Plantilla:Babel2]]
[[eu:Txantiloi:Babel2]]
[[fo:Fyrimynd:Babel field 2]]
[[fr:Modèle:Babel field 2]]
[[ja:Template:User language-2]]
[[kk:Template:Babel field 2]]
[[lb:Template:Babel field 2]]
[[lt:Šablonas:Langobox-2]]
[[nl:Sjabloon:Babel field 2]]
[[oc:Template:Babel field 2]]
[[wa:Modele:User language-2]]
[[zh:Template:User language-2]]
[[zh-classical:Template:User language-2]]
[[zh-yue:Template:User language-2]]</noinclude>
Template:User language-3
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{| cellspacing="0" style="width: 238px; background: #e0e8ff; border: solid #99b3ff 1px; margin: 1px; float: left;"
|-
! style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#99b3ff;font-size:{{{4|14}}}pt" lang="en" | <center>[[{{{3|语言列表}}}|{{{1|lang}}}]]-3</center>
| style="font-size:{{{5|8}}}pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em" lang="{{{1}}}" dir="{{{6|ltr}}}" | {{{2|该用户能以熟练的语言进行交流。}}}
|}<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|User|[[Category:User {{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User {{{1}}}-3|{{PAGENAME}}]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>
[[Category:巴别模板]]
[[als:Vorlage:Babel field 3]]
[[an:Template:Babel3]]
[[br:Patrom:Babel field 3]]
[[da:Skabelon:Brugersprog3]]
[[de:Vorlage:Babel field 3]]
[[el:Πρότυπο:Βαβέλ3]]
[[es:Plantilla:Babel3]]
[[eu:Txantiloi:Babel3]]
[[fo:Fyrimynd:Babel field 3]]
[[fr:Modèle:Babel field 3]]
[[ja:Template:User language-3]]
[[kk:Template:Babel field 3]]
[[lb:Template:Babel field 3]]
[[lt:Šablonas:Langobox-3]]
[[nl:Sjabloon:Babel field 3]]
[[oc:Template:Babel field 3]]
[[wa:Modele:User language-3]]
[[zh:Template:User language-3]]
[[zh-classical:Template:User language-3]]
[[zh-yue:Template:User language-3]]</noinclude>
Template:User language-4
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{| cellspacing="0" style="width: 238px; background: #ffff99; border: solid #ffff00 1px; margin: 1px; float: left;"
|-
! style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#ffff00;font-size:{{{4|14}}}pt" lang="en" | <center>[[{{{3|语言列表}}}|{{{1|lang}}}]]-4</center>
| style="font-size:{{{5|8}}}pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em" lang="{{{1}}}" dir="{{{6|ltr}}}" | {{{2|该用户能以接近母语的语言进行交流。}}}
|}<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|User|[[Category:User {{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User {{{1}}}-4|{{PAGENAME}}]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>
[[Category:巴别模板]]
[[als:Vorlage:Babel field 4]]
[[br:Patrom:Babel field 4]]
[[de:Vorlage:Babel field 4]]
[[el:Πρότυπο:Βαβέλ4]]
[[es:Plantilla:Babel4]]
[[fo:Fyrimynd:Babel field 4]]
[[fr:Modèle:Babel field 4]]
[[ja:Template:User language-4]]
[[kk:Template:Babel field 4]]
[[nl:Sjabloon:Babel field 4]]
[[oc:Template:Babel field 4]]
[[wa:Modele:User language-4]]
[[zh:Template:User language-4]]
[[zh-classical:Template:User language-4]]
[[zh-yue:Template:User language-4]]</noinclude>
Template:User language-0
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{| cellspacing="0" style="width: 238px; background: #ffe0e8; border: solid #ffb3b3 1px; margin: 1px; float: left;"
|-
! style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#ffb3b3;font-size:{{{4|14}}}pt" lang="en" | <center>[[{{{3|语言列表}}}|{{{1|lang}}}]]-0</center>
| style="font-size:{{{5|8}}}pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em" lang="{{{1}}}" dir="{{{6|ltr}}}" | {{{2|这个用户不懂得说该种语言。}}}
|}<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|User|[[Category:User {{{1}}}-0|{{PAGENAME}}]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>
[[Category:巴别模板]]
[[br:Patrom:Babel field 0]]
[[de:Vorlage:Babel field 0]]
[[el:Πρότυπο:Βαβέλ0]]
[[eu:Txantiloi:Babel0]]
[[fo:Fyrimynd:Babel field 0]]
[[fr:Modèle:Babel field 0]]
[[ja:Template:User language-0]]
[[kk:Template:Babel field 0]]
[[lb:Template:Babel field 0]]
[[nl:Sjabloon:Babel field 0]]
[[oc:Template:Babel field 0]]
[[wa:Modele:User language-0]]
[[zh:Template:User language-0]]
[[zh-classical:Template:User language-0]]
[[zh-yue:Template:User language-0]]</noinclude>
Template:Babels
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<noinclude>==使用方法==
*<nowiki>{{Babels|de|nativename=Deutsch|zhname=德语}}</nowiki>(自订语言名称)
*<nowiki>{{Babels|ko|nativename=한국어/조선말|zhname=朝鲜语|zhname2=韩语}}</nowiki>(语言有不同名称)
*<nowiki>{{Babels|bca|nativename=baip ngvp|zhname=白语|wikipedia=none}}</nowiki>(没有该语言的维基百科)
*<nowiki>{{Babels|zh|nativename=中文|zhname=汉语|zero=0}}</nowiki>(显示 zh-0 模板)
*<nowiki>{{Babels|zh-min-dong|nativename=福州话|zhname=福州话|wikipedia=cdo}}</nowiki>(闽东语维基百科)
除了第一个语言代码和zhname参数,其它参数都可以省略。
参看[[Template:Babel program]]。
==模板内容==
</noinclude>
<div style="margin:1em;padding:1em 0 0.17em 0;"><span style="font-size:133%;"><span id="anchorage_{{{1|wuu}}}" style="font-weight:bold; padding:0.3em; border:1px solid #999; font-family: monospace; background:#faf9ec" lang="en">{{{1|wuu}}}</span> – <span lang="{{{1|wuu}}}">{{{nativename|{{#language:{{{1|wuu}}}}}}}}</span>([[{{{zhname|吴语}}}]]{{#if:{{{zhname2|}}}|/[[{{{zhname2}}}]]}})</span>
<!--当wikipedia参数为none时或语言代码为wuu时不显示该语言的维基百科连接-->
{{#ifeq:{{{wikipedia|}}}|none||{{#ifeq:{{{1|}}}|wuu||<div style="float: right; padding: 0.3em; border: 1px solid #999; font-size: 0.9em; padding: 0.4em;"><span class="Unicode">➠</span> {{#ifeq:{{{wikipedia|}}}|{{ns:0}}|[[:{{{1}}}:|{{{zhname|吴语}}}{{#if:{{{zhname2|}}}|/{{{zhname2}}}}}维基百科]]|[[:{{{wikipedia}}}:|{{{zhname|吴语}}}维基百科]]}}</div>}}}}</div>
<div style="margin-left:3em;margin-right:2em;">
分类:'''[[:Category:User {{{1|wuu}}}]]'''
{|cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="70%"
|-valign="top"
|style="padding-right:2em;border-bottom:1px solid #ddd;"|熟练度
|style="padding-right:2em;border-bottom:1px solid #ddd;"|模板
|style="border-bottom:1px solid #ddd;"|相关分类
|-valign="top"
|style="padding-right:2em;"|母语
|style="padding-right:2em;"|<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:User {{{1|wuu}}}|User {{{1|wuu}}}]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>
|[[:Category:User {{{1|wuu}}}-N]]
|-valign="top"
|style="padding-right:2em;"|接近母语
|style="padding-right:2em;"|<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:User {{{1|wuu}}}-4|User {{{1|wuu}}}-4]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>
|[[:Category:User {{{1|wuu}}}-4]]
|-valign="top"
|style="padding-right:2em;"|高级
|style="padding-right:2em;"|<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:User {{{1|wuu}}}-3|User {{{1|wuu}}}-3]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>
|[[:Category:User {{{1|wuu}}}-3]]
|-valign="top"
|style="padding-right:2em;"|中级
|style="padding-right:2em;"|<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:User {{{1|wuu}}}-2|User {{{1|wuu}}}-2]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>
|[[:Category:User {{{1|wuu}}}-2]]
|-valign="top"
|style="padding-right:2em;"|初级
|style="padding-right:2em;"|<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:User {{{1|wuu}}}-1|User {{{1|wuu}}}-1]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>
|[[:Category:User {{{1|wuu}}}-1]]
{{#ifeq:{{{zero}}}case|0case|
{{!}}- valign="top"
{{!}}style="padding-right:2em;"{{!}}完全不会{{!}}{{!}}style="padding-right:2em;"{{!}}<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:User {{{1|wuu}}}-0|User {{{1|wuu}}}-0]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>{{!}}{{!}}[[:Category:User {{{1|wuu}}}-0]]}}
|}</div><noinclude>
[[Category:用户框模板]]
[[de:Vorlage:Babel-Sprachverzeichnis]]
[[en:Template:Babels]]
[[es:Plantilla:Idiomas]]
[[fr:Modèle:Sommaire langue]]
[[ja:Template:Babels]]
[[zh:Template:Babels]]
[[zh-classical:Template:Babels]]
[[zh-yue:Template:Babels]]
</noinclude>
Template:User zh
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{{User language-N|zh|這位用戶的'''[[:Category:User zh-N|母語]]'''是'''[[:Category:User zh|中文]]'''。<br />这位用户的'''[[:Category:User zh-N|母语]]'''是'''[[:Category:User zh|中文]]'''。|中文|14|9}}<noinclude>
[[en:Template:User zh]]
[[zh:Template:User zh]]
[[zh-classical:Template:User zh]]
[[zh-yue:Template:User zh]]
</noinclude>
Template:User zh-yue
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{{User language-N|zh-yue|哩個用戶嘅'''[[:Category:User zh-yue-N|母語]]'''係'''[[:Category:User zh-yue|粵語]]'''。<br />哩个用户嘅'''[[:Category:User zh-yue-N|母语]]'''系'''[[:Category:User zh-yue|粤语]]'''。|粤语|13|9}}<noinclude>
[[en:Template:User zh-yue]]
[[zh:Template:User zh-yue]]
[[zh-classical:Template:User zh-yue]]
[[zh-yue:Template:User zh-yue]]
</noinclude>
User:Sl
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{{Babel|zh|zh-yue}}
Category:User zh
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{{Babels|zh|nativename=中文|zhname=中文|zero=0}}
[[ar:تصنيف:مستخدمين zh]]
[[az:Kateqoriya:User zh]]
[[br:Rummad:Implijer zh]]
[[ca:Categoria:Usuaris per idioma - 中文]]
[[cs:Kategorie:User zh]]
[[da:Kategori:Brugere zh]]
[[de:Kategorie:User zh]]
[[en:Category:User zh]]
[[es:Categoría:Usuarios por idioma - Chino]]
[[fi:Luokka:User zh]]
[[fr:Catégorie:Utilisateur zh]]
[[he:קטגוריה:User zh]]
[[hu:Kategória:User zh]]
[[id:Kategori:User zh]]
[[ja:Category:User zh]]
[[jbo:Category:pilno zh]]
[[ko:분류:사용자 zh]]
[[lb:Category:User zh]]
[[nl:Categorie:Gebruiker zh]]
[[oc:Categoria:Utilisator zh]]
[[pl:Kategoria:User zh]]
[[pt:Categoria:Usuário zh]]
[[ru:Категория:User zh]]
[[sr:Категорија:Корисник zh]]
[[sv:Kategori:Användare zh]]
[[tl:Category:User zh]]
[[uk:Категорія:User zh]]
[[wa:Categoreye:Uzeus zh]]
[[zh:Category:Zh 使用者]]
[[zh-classical:Category:User zh]]
[[zh-yue:Category:User zh]]
Category:User zh-yue
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{{Babels|zh-yue|nativename=粤语|zhname=粤语}}
[[ja:Category:User zh-yue]]
[[ko:분류:사용자 zh-yue]]
[[zh:Category:Zh-yue 使用者]]
[[zh-classical:Category:User zh-yue]]
[[zh-yue:Category:User zh-yue]]
Category:User zh-N
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[[Category:User zh| N]]
[[ca:Categoria:Usuaris per idioma - 中文-N]]
[[da:Kategori:Brugere zh-N]]
[[de:Kategorie:User zh-M]]
[[en:Category:User zh-N]]
[[fr:Catégorie:Utilisateur zh-M]]
[[ja:Category:User zh-N]]
[[ko:분류:사용자 zh-M]]
[[nl:Categorie:Gebruiker zh-M]]
[[wa:Categoreye:Uzeus zh-N]]
[[zh:Category:Zh 母語使用者]]
[[zh-classical:Category:User zh-N]]
[[zh-min-nan:Category:User zh-B]]
[[zh-yue:Category:User zh-N]]
Category:User zh-yue-N
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[[Category:User zh-yue| N]]
[[en:Category:User zh-yue-N]]
[[ja:Category:User zh-yue-N]]
[[ko:분류:사용자 zh-yue-M]]
[[zh:Category:Zh-yue 母語使用者]]
[[zh-classical:Category:User zh-yue-N]]
[[zh-yue:Category:User zh-yue-N]]
Template:Infobox Language
265
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Wtzdj
18
{| class="infobox bordered" style="width:270px;"
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-size:110%; color: {{
#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox Language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}}
|white
|{{{fontcolor|black}}}}}; background-color: {{
#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}
|black
|{{
#if:{{{signers|}}}
|silver
|{{Infobox Language/family-color|{{{familycolor|Default}}}}}}}
}};" |{{{name|Instructions at [[Template talk:Infobox Language]]}}} {{
#if:{{{nativename|}}}
|<br />{{{nativename|}}}}}{{
#if:{{{image|}}}
|{{Infobox Language/image|{{{caption|}}}|{{{image|}}}}}
}}{{
#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}
|{{Infobox Language/pronunciation|{{{pronunciation|}}}}}}}
|-
| style="padding-left: 0.5em;" |{{
#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox Language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}}
|Created by
|{{
#if:{{{signers|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox Language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|silver|1}}
|Signed
|Spoken}} in}}:
| colspan="{{
#if:{{{date|}}}
|1
|2}}" style="padding-left: 0.5em;" |{{
#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox Language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}}
|{{{creator|—}}}{{
#if:{{{date|}}}
|{{Infobox Language/creationdate|{{{date}}}}}
}}
|{{{states|{{{region|—}}}}}}}}{{
#ifexpr:{{#if:{{{states|}}}|1|0}}+{{#if:{{{region|}}}|1|0}}!=1
|{{Infobox Language/statesregion
|{{{creator|}}}
|{{{setting|}}}
|{{{familycolor|}}}
|{{{region|—}}}}}}}
|-
| style="padding-left: 0.5em;" |{{
#if:{{{extinct|}}}
|[[Extinct language|Language extinction]]
|Total {{
#if:{{{signers|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox Language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|silver|1}}
|signers
|speakers}}}}:
| colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;" |{{
#if:{{{extinct|}}}
|{{{extinct}}}
|{{
#if:{{{signers|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox Language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|silver|1}}
|{{{signers|—}}}
|{{{speakers|—}}}}}}}{{
#if:{{{rank|}}}
|{{Infobox Language/rank|{{{rank|}}}}}}}
|-
| style="padding-left: 0.5em;" |{{
#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox Language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}}
|Category (purpose)
|[[Language family]]}}:
| colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em; text-align: left;" | {{{family|{{{fam1|{{
#if:{{{signers|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox Language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|silver|1}}
|''unknown''
|{{
#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}
|[[constructed language]]
|{{Infobox Language/genetic2|{{{familycolor|Default}}}}}}}}}}}}{{
#if:{{{fam2|}}}
|<br /><span style="font-size:66%;"> </span>{{{fam2|}}}<br /><span style="font-size:66%;"> </span>{{
#if:{{{fam3|}}}
|{{{fam3|}}}<br /><span style="font-size:66%;"> </span>{{
#if:{{{fam4|}}}
|{{{fam4|}}}<br /><span style="font-size:66%;"> </span>{{
#if:{{{fam5|}}}
|{{{fam5|}}}<br /><span style="font-size:66%;"> </span>{{
#if:{{{fam6|}}}
|{{{fam6|}}}<br /><span style="font-size:66%;"> </span>{{
#if:{{{fam7|}}}
|{{{fam7|}}}<br /><span style="font-size:66%;"> </span>{{
#if:{{{fam8|}}}
|{{{fam8|}}}<br /><span style="font-size:66%;"> </span>{{
#if:{{{fam9|}}}
|{{{fam9|}}}<br /><span style="font-size:66%;"> </span>{{
#if:{{{fam10|}}}
|{{{fam10|}}}<br /><span style="font-size:66%;"> </span>{{
#if:{{{fam11|}}}
|{{{fam11|}}}<br /><span style="font-size:66%;"> </span>{{
#if:{{{fam12|}}}
|{{{fam12|}}}<br /><span style="font-size:66%;"> </span>{{
#if:{{{fam13|}}}
|{{{fam13|}}}<br /><span style="font-size:66%;"> </span>{{
#if:{{{fam14|}}}
|{{{fam14|}}}<br /><span style="font-size:66%;"> </span>{{
#if:{{{fam15|}}}
|{{{fam15|}}}<br /><span style="font-size:66%;"> </span>'''{{{name|}}}'''
|'''{{{name| }}}'''}}<!--close 15-->
|'''{{{name| }}}'''}}<!--close 14-->
|'''{{{name| }}}'''}}<!--close 13-->
|'''{{{name| }}}'''}}<!--close 12-->
|'''{{{name| }}}'''}}<!--close 11-->
|'''{{{name| }}}'''}}<!--close 10-->
|'''{{{name| }}}'''}}<!--close 9-->
|'''{{{name| }}}'''}}<!--close 8-->
|'''{{{name| }}}'''}}<!--close 7-->
|'''{{{name| }}}'''}}<!--close 6-->
|'''{{{name| }}}'''}}<!--close 5-->
|'''{{{name| }}}'''}}<!--close 4-->
|'''{{{name| }}}'''}}<!--close 3-->
|{{
#ifexpr:{{#if:{{{name|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{signers|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox Language/family-color|{{{familycolor|Default}}}}}|silver|1}}|0|1}}
|'''<br /> {{{name|}}}}}'''}}<!--close 2-->}}}{{
#if:{{{script|}}}
|{{Infobox Language/script|{{{script}}}}}}}{{
#if:{{{posteriori|}}}
|{{Infobox Language/aposteriori|{{{posteriori}}}}}}}{{
#ifexpr:{{#if:{{{agency|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox Language/family-color|{{{familycolor|Default}}}}}|black|1}}|1|0}}
|{{Infobox Language/agency|{{{agency}}}}}
|{{
#if:{{{nation|}}}{{{agency|}}}
|{{Infobox Language/official
|1={{
#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox Language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}}
|white
|{{{fontcolor|black}}}}}
|2={{
#if:{{{signers|}}}
|silver
|{{
#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}
|black
|{{Infobox Language/family-color|{{{familycolor|Default}}}}}}}}}
|3={{{nation|''none''}}}
|4={{{agency|''no official regulation''}}}}}}}}}
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; color: {{
#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox Language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}}
|white
|{{{fontcolor|black}}}}}; background-color: {{
#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}
|black
|{{
#if:{{{signers|}}}
|silver
|{{Infobox Language/family-color|{{{familycolor|Default}}}}}}}}};" |Language codes
|-
| style="padding-left: 0.5em;" |[[ISO 639-1]]:
| colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;" |{{
#if:{{{iso1|}}}
|<tt>{{{iso1}}}</tt>
|''none''}}
|-
| style="padding-left: 0.5em;" |[[ISO 639-2]]:
| colspan="{{
#if:{{{iso2b|}}}{{{iso2t|}}}
|1
|2}}" style="padding-left: 0.5em;" |<tt>{{
#if:{{{iso2b|}}}{{{iso2t|}}}
|{{{iso2b|{{{iso2|—}}}}}} (B)
|{{
#if:{{{signers|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox Language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|silver|1}}
|{{{iso2|sgn}}}
|{{
#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox Language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}}
|{{{iso2|art}}}
|{{{iso2|to be added}}}}}}}}}</tt>{{
#if:{{{iso2b|}}}{{{iso2t|}}}
|{{Infobox Language/terminological|{{{iso2t|{{{iso2|}}}}}}}}}}
|-
| style="padding-left: 0.5em;" |[[ISO 639-3|ISO/FDIS 639-3]]:
| colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;" |{{
#ifexpr:{{#if:{{{lc1|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{lc2|}}}|1|0}}
|{{
#if:{{{lc3|}}}
|variously
|either}}:{{Infobox Language/codelist
|{{{lc1|}}}|{{{ld1|}}}|{{{ll1|}}}}}{{Infobox Language/codelist
|{{{lc2|}}}|{{{ld2|}}}|{{{ll2|}}}}}{{Infobox Language/codelist
|{{{lc3|}}}|{{{ld3|}}}|{{{ll3|}}}}}{{Infobox Language/codelist
|{{{lc4|}}}|{{{ld4|}}}|{{{ll4|}}}}}{{Infobox Language/codelist
|{{{lc5|}}}|{{{ld5|}}}|{{{ll5|}}}}}{{Infobox Language/codelist
|{{{lc6|}}}|{{{ld6|}}}|{{{ll6|}}}}}{{Infobox Language/codelist
|{{{lc7|}}}|{{{ld7|}}}|{{{ll7|}}}}}{{Infobox Language/codelist
|{{{lc8|}}}|{{{ld8|}}}|{{{ll8|}}}}}{{Infobox Language/codelist
|{{{lc9|}}}|{{{ld9|}}}|{{{ll9|}}}}}{{Infobox Language/codelist
|{{{lc10|}}}|{{{ld10|}}}|{{{ll10|}}}}}{{Infobox Language/codelist
|{{{lc11|}}}|{{{ld11|}}}|{{{ll11|}}}}}{{Infobox Language/codelist
|{{{lc12|}}}|{{{ld12|}}}|{{{ll12|}}}}}{{Infobox Language/codelist
|{{{lc13|}}}|{{{ld13|}}}|{{{ll13|}}}}}{{Infobox Language/codelist
|{{{lc14|}}}|{{{ld14|}}}|{{{ll14|}}}}}{{Infobox Language/codelist
|{{{lc15|}}}|{{{ld15|}}}|{{{ll15|}}}}}{{Infobox Language/codelist
|{{{lc16|}}}|{{{ld16|}}}|{{{ll16|}}}}}{{Infobox Language/codelist
|{{{lc17|}}}|{{{ld17|}}}|{{{ll17|}}}}}{{Infobox Language/codelist
|{{{lc18|}}}|{{{ld18|}}}|{{{ll18|}}}}}{{Infobox Language/codelist
|{{{lc19|}}}|{{{ld19|}}}|{{{ll19|}}}}}{{Infobox Language/codelist
|{{{lc20|}}}|{{{ld20|}}}|{{{ll20|}}}}}{{Infobox Language/codelist
|{{{lc21|}}}|{{{ld21|}}}|{{{ll21|}}}}}{{Infobox Language/codelist
|{{{lc22|}}}|{{{ld22|}}}|{{{ll22|}}}}}{{Infobox Language/codelist
|{{{lc23|}}}|{{{ld23|}}}|{{{ll23|}}}}}{{Infobox Language/codelist
|{{{lc24|}}}|{{{ld24|}}}|{{{ll24|}}}}}{{Infobox Language/codelist
|{{{lc25|}}}|{{{ld25|}}}|{{{ll25|}}}}}{{Infobox Language/codelist
|{{{lc26|}}}|{{{ld26|}}}|{{{ll26|}}}}}{{Infobox Language/codelist
|{{{lc27|}}}|{{{ld27|}}}|{{{ll27|}}}}}{{Infobox Language/codelist
|{{{lc28|}}}|{{{ld28|}}}|{{{ll28|}}}}}{{Infobox Language/codelist
|{{{lc29|}}}|{{{ld29|}}}|{{{ll29|}}}}}{{Infobox Language/codelist
|{{{lc30|}}}|{{{ld30|}}}|{{{ll30|}}}}}
|{{
#if:{{{lc1|}}}
|<tt>[http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id={{{lc1}}} {{{lc1}}}]</tt> — {{
#if:{{{ll1|}}}
|{{#ifeq:{{{ll1|}}}|none
|{{{ld1|}}}
|[[{{{ll1}}}|{{{ld1|}}}]]}}
|[[{{{ld1|}}}]]}}
|{{#if:{{{iso3|}}}
|{{#ifeq:{{{iso3|}}}|none
|''none''
|<tt>[http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id={{{iso3}}} {{{iso3}}}]</tt>}}
|—}}}}}}{{#if:
{{{map|}}}
|{{Infobox Language/map|{{{map|}}}}}}}{{Infobox Language/{{
#if:{{{signers|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox Language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|silver|1}}
|signnotice
|{{{notice|IPA notice}}}}}}}
|}
<noinclude>
<div style="clear: both"></div>
{{esoteric}}
[[Category:Templates using ParserFunctions|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[ca:Template:Llengua]]
[[cs:Šablona:Infobox jazyk]]
[[cy:Nodyn:Gwybodlen Iaith]]
[[de:Vorlage:Infobox Sprache]]
[[el:Πρότυπο:Πληροφορίες γλώσσας]]
[[eo:Ŝablono:Informkesto lingvo]]
[[es:Plantilla:Idioma]]
[[eu:Txantiloi:Hizkuntza infotaula]]
[[fi:Malline:Kieli]]
[[fr:Modèle:Langue]]
[[fy:Berjocht:Taaltabel]]
[[hu:Sablon:Nyelv]]
[[ilo:Template:Pagsasao]]
[[io:Template:Linguo]]
[[it:Template:lingua]]
[[ja:Template:言語]]
[[ko:Template:언어]]
[[la:Formula:Lingua]]
[[li:Sjabloon:Taal]]
[[mk:Шаблон:Јазик]]
[[pl:Szablon:Język]]
[[pt:Predefinição:Língua]]
[[ru:Шаблон:Язык]]
[[sl:Template:Language]]
[[sv:Mall:språk]]
[[th:Template:กล่องข้อมูล ภาษา]]
[[tr:Şablon:Dil]]
[[tt:Template:Tel]]
[[vi:Tiêu bản:Tóm tắt về ngôn ngữ]]
[[zh:Template:Infobox Language]]
[[category:language templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]
</noinclude>
Template:Infobox Language/family-color
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<noinclude>'''Usage:''' <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[template:Infobox Language|Infobox Language]]<nowiki>/family-color|<family/color>}}</nowiki><br>Replace <family/color> with the language family or specific color to display.<br><br></noinclude><includeonly>{{
#switch:{{{1|}}}
| Default | default | white = white
| Afro-Asiatic | Afro-asiatic | yellow = yellow
| Altaic | yellowgreen = yellowgreen
| American | lightblue = lightblue
| Australian | orchid = <nowiki>#eba9ee</nowiki>
| Austroasiatic | Austro-Asiatic | Austro-asiatic | lightcoral = lightcoral
| Austronesian | tomato = pink
| pink = tomato
| Caucasian = lightgreen
| Conlang | conlang | constructed language | black = black
| Creole | creole = tan
| Dravidian | mediumspringgreen = mediumspringgreen
| Eskimo-Aleut | lightcyan = lightcyan
| Hmong-Mien = <nowiki>#ff0033</nowiki>
| Indo-European | lawngreen = lawngreen
| isolate | language isolate | Isolate | #dddddd = <nowiki>#dddddd</nowiki>
| Khoisan | goldenrod = goldenrod
| Mixed | mixed = tan
| Na-Dene | Na-Dené | deepskyblue = deepskyblue
| Niger-Congo | orange = orange
| Nilo-Saharan | gold = gold
| Palaeosiberian | Palaeo-Siberian | Palaeo-siberian | Paleosiberian | Paleo-Siberian | Paleo-siberian = darkseagreen
| Papuan | violet = <nowiki>#fd79da</nowiki>
| Pidgin | pidgin = tan
| Sign | sign | sign language | silver = silver
| lightgreen = lightgreen
| Sino-Tibetan = tomato
| Tai-Kadai | lavender = lavender
| Uralic | limegreen = limegreen
|
}}</includeonly><noinclude>
[[Category:Templates using ParserFunctions|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[eu:Txantiloi:Hizkuntza infotaula/familiaren kolorea]]
[[vi:Tiêu bản:Language familycolor]]
</noinclude>
Template:Infobox Language/statesregion
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|-
| style="top; padding-left: 0.5em;" |{{#if:{{{1|}}}{{{2|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox_Language/family-color|{{{3|}}}}}|black}}
| Setting and usage
| Region
}}:
| colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;" |{{#if:{{{1|}}}{{{2|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox_Language/family-color|{{{3|}}}}}|black}}
| {{{2|—}}}
| {{{4|—}}}
}}<noinclude>
[[eu:Txantiloi:Hizkuntza infotaula/estatuak-eskualdea]]
[[vi:Tiêu bản:Language statesregion]]
[[Category:Templates using ParserFunctions|{{PAGENAME}}]]
</noinclude>
Template:Infobox Language/genetic2
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<noinclude>
'''Usage:''' <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[template:Infobox Language|Infobox Language]]<nowiki>/genetic2|<family/color>}}</nowiki><br>Replace <family/color> with the language family or specific color to display genetic classification for.<br><br></noinclude>{{
#switch:{{{1|}}}
| Afro-Asiatic | Afro-asiatic | yellow = [[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]]
| Niger-Congo | orange = [[Niger-Congo languages|Niger-Congo]]
| Nilo-Saharan | gold = [[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]]
| Khoisan | goldenrod = [[Khoisan languages|Khoisan]]
| Indo-European | lawngreen = [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
| Caucasian | lightgreen = [[Languages of the Caucasus|Caucasian]]
| Altaic | yellowgreen = [[Altaic languages|Altaic]]
| Uralic | limegreen = [[Uralic languages|Uralic]]
| Dravidian | mediumspringgreen = [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]]
| Paleosiberian | Paleo-Siberian | Paleo-siberian | Palaeosiberian | Palaeo-Siberian | Palaeo-siberian = [[Paleosiberian languages|Paleosiberian]]
| Austronesian | pink = [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]
| Austro-Asiatic | Austro-asiatic | Austroasiatic | lightcoral = [[Austro-Asiatic languages|Austro-Asiatic]]
| Sino-Tibetan | tomato = [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]
| Hmong-Mien = [[Hmong-Mien languages|Hmong-Mien]]
| Australian | orchid = [[Australian Aboriginal languages|Australian]]
| Papuan | violet = [[Papuan languages|Papuan]]
| Tai-Kadai | lavender = [[Tai-Kadai languages|Tai-Kadai]]
| American | lightblue = [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|American]]
| Na-Dene | Na-Dené | deepskyblue = [[Na-Dené languages|Na-Dené]]
| Eskimo-Aleut | lightcyan = [[Eskimo-Aleut languages|Eskimo-Aleut]]
| Creole | creole = [[Creole language|Creole]]
| Pidgin | pidgin = [[Pidgin|Pidgin]]
| Mixed | mixed = [[Mixed language|Mixed]]
| Isolate | isolate | language isolate | #dddddd = [[language isolate]]
| Sign | sign | sign language | silver = [[sign language]]
| Conlang | conlang | constructed language | black = [[constructed language]]
| Default | default | white = —
|
}}<noinclude>
[[Category:Templates using ParserFunctions|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[eu:Txantiloi:Hizkuntza infotaula/genetiko 2]]
[[vi:Tiêu bản:Language genetic]]
</noinclude>
Template:Infobox Language/IPA notice
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|-
|class="boilerplate metadata" colspan="3" style="padding: 0.5em;"|<small>'''Note''': This page may contain [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] [[phonetics|phonetic]] symbols in [[Unicode]]. See [[IPA chart for English]] for an [[English language|English]]-{{unicode|}}based pronunciation key.</small><includeonly></includeonly><noinclude>
[[eu:Txantiloi:Hizkuntza infotaula/NAF oharra]]
[[vi:Tiêu bản:Language IPA notice]]
</noinclude>
Template:Infobox Language/pronunciation
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|-
| style="padding-left: 0.5em;" | Pronunciation:
| colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;" |[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: <span title="Pronunciation in IPA" class="IPA">{{{1|''will be added''}}}</span><noinclude>
[[eu:Txantiloi:Hizkuntza infotaula/ahoskera]]
[[vi:Tiêu bản:Language pronunciation]]
[[zh-yue:Template:Infobox Language/pronunciation]]
</noinclude>
Template:Infobox Language/rank
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|-
| style="padding-left: 0.5em;" |[[List of languages by number of native speakers|Ranking]]:
| colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"|{{{1|''Not in top 100''}}}<noinclude>
[[eu:Txantiloi:Hizkuntza infotaula/rankina]]
[[vi:Tiêu bản:Language rank]]
</noinclude>
Template:Infobox Language/official
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|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; color: {{{1}}}; background-color: {{{2}}};"|Official status
|-
| style="padding-left: 0.5em;" |Official language of:
| colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"|{{{3|''none''}}}
|-
| style="padding-left: 0.5em;" |[[List of language regulators|Regulated by]]:
| colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"|{{{4|''none''}}}<noinclude>
[[eu:Txantiloi:Hizkuntza infotaula/ofiziala]]
[[vi:Tiêu bản:Language official]]
</noinclude>
Template:Infobox Language/terminological
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| style="vertical-align: top; padding-left: 0.5em;"|<tt>{{{1|—}}} (T)</tt><noinclude>
[[eu:Txantiloi:Hizkuntza infotaula/terminologikoa]]
[[vi:Tiêu bản:Language terminological]]
</noinclude>
Template:Infobox Language/map
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|-
| colspan="3" style="padding: 0; vertical-align: middle;" |{{{1|}}}<noinclude>
[[eu:Txantiloi:Hizkuntza infotaula/mapa]]
[[vi:Tiêu bản:Language map]]
</noinclude>
Talk:封面/存档
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124.90.20.136
Wikipedia:红茶坊/界面翻译
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61.173.11.7
/* 附界面 */
==说明搭仔讨论==
吴语维基界面翻译开始哉!搿个是吴语维基百科实现本地化个重要一步。
下底先拿英文原版界面方案贴出来,先酝酿酝酿,也好勒拉上头开始翻译。
下底界面文件里向=>后头用'括出来个就是界面言话,前头是系统内部变量,请覅改动。
翻译辰光请勒拉英文后头改动,覅拿英文拿脱,以资对照。譬如
'Underline links:'
可以改成
'Underline links:/链接加下划线:'
按照字母索引排序个txt版方案也好到[http://wu-chinese.com/wuu/wuu-interface.txt 此地]下载,以资改动后对照。
提议先做只草案出来,乃末大家再对里向个争议部分进行讨论表决。--[[User:Wtzdj|吴人]] 14:37, 8 October 2006 (UTC)
==附界面==
<pre>
<?php
/**
* WUU
*
* @package MediaWiki
* @subpackage Language
*
/**
* Labels of the quickbar settings in Special:Preferences
*/
$quickbarSettings = array(
'None', 'Fixed left', 'Fixed right', 'Floating left', 'Floating right'
);
/**
* Skin names. If any key is not specified, the English one will be used.
*/
$skinNames = array(
'standard' => 'Classic/经典',
'nostalgia' => 'Nostalgia',
'cologneblue' => 'Cologne Blue',
'davinci' => 'DaVinci/达芬奇',
'mono' => 'Mono',
'monobook' => 'MonoBook',
'myskin' => 'MySkin',
'chick' => 'Chick'
);
/**
* A list of date format preference keys which can be selected in user
* preferences. New preference keys can be added, provided they are supported
* by the language class's timeanddate(). Only the 5 keys listed below are
* supported by the wikitext converter (DateFormatter.php).
*
* The special key "default" is an alias for either dmy or mdy depending on
* $wgAmericanDates
*/
$datePreferences = array(
'default',
'mdy',
'dmy',
'ymd',
'ISO 8601',
);
$defaultDateFormat = 'dmy or mdy';
$datePreferenceMigrationMap = array(
'default',
'mdy',
'dmy',
'ymd'
);
/**
* These are formats for dates generated by MediaWiki (as opposed to the wikitext
* DateFormatter). Documentation for the format string can be found in
* Language.php, search for sprintfDate.
*
* This array is automatically inherited by all subclasses. Individual keys can be
* overridden.
*/
$dateFormats = array(
'mdy time' => 'H:i',
'mdy date' => 'F j, Y',
'mdy both' => 'H:i, F j, Y',
'dmy time' => 'H:i',
'dmy date' => 'j F Y',
'dmy both' => 'H:i, j F Y',
'ymd time' => 'H:i',
'ymd date' => 'Y F j',
'ymd both' => 'H:i, Y F j',
'ISO 8601 time' => 'xnH:xni:xns',
'ISO 8601 date' => 'xnY-xnm-xnd',
'ISO 8601 both' => 'xnY-xnm-xnd"T"xnH:xni:xns',
);
$bookstoreList = array(
'AddALL' => 'http://www.addall.com/New/Partner.cgi?query=$1&type=ISBN',
'PriceSCAN' => 'http://www.pricescan.com/books/bookDetail.asp?isbn=$1',
'Barnes & Noble' => 'http://search.barnesandnoble.com/bookSearch/isbnInquiry.asp?isbn=$1',
'Amazon.com' => 'http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=$1'
);
$linkTrail = '/^([a-z]+)(.*)$/sD';
#-------------------------------------------------------------------
# Default messages
#-------------------------------------------------------------------
# Allowed characters in keys are: A-Z, a-z, 0-9, underscore (_) and
# hyphen (-). If you need more characters, you may be able to change
# the regex in MagicWord::initRegex
$messages = array(
# User preference toggles
'tog-underline' => 'Underline links:下划线链接:',
'tog-highlightbroken' => 'Format broken links <a href="" class="new">like this</a> (alternative: like this<a href="" class="internal">?</a>).',
'tog-justify' => 'Justify paragraphs',
'tog-hideminor' => 'Hide minor edits in recent changes/覅显示最近格小改动',
'tog-extendwatchlist' => 'Expand watchlist to show all applicable changes',
'tog-usenewrc' => 'Enhanced recent changes (JavaScript)',
'tog-numberheadings' => 'Auto-number headings',
'tog-showtoolbar' => 'Show edit toolbar (JavaScript)',
'tog-editondblclick' => 'Edit pages on double click (JavaScript)',
'tog-editsection' => 'Enable section editing via [edit] links',
'tog-editsectiononrightclick' => 'Enable section editing by right clicking<br /> on section titles (JavaScript)',
'tog-showtoc' => 'Show table of contents (for pages with more than 3 headings)',
'tog-rememberpassword' => 'Remember across sessions',
'tog-editwidth' => 'Edit box has full width',
'tog-watchcreations' => 'Add pages I create to my watchlist',
'tog-watchdefault' => 'Add pages I edit to my watchlist',
'tog-minordefault' => 'Mark all edits minor by default',
'tog-previewontop' => 'Show preview before edit box',
'tog-previewonfirst' => 'Show preview on first edit',
'tog-nocache' => 'Disable page caching',
'tog-enotifwatchlistpages' => 'E-mail me when a page I\'m watching is changed',
'tog-enotifusertalkpages' => 'E-mail me when my user talk page is changed',
'tog-enotifminoredits' => 'E-mail me also for minor edits of pages',
'tog-enotifrevealaddr' => 'Reveal my e-mail address in notification mails',
'tog-shownumberswatching' => 'Show the number of watching users',
'tog-fancysig' => 'Raw signatures (without automatic link)',
'tog-externaleditor' => 'Use external editor by default',
'tog-externaldiff' => 'Use external diff by default',
'tog-showjumplinks' => 'Enable "jump to" accessibility links',
'tog-uselivepreview' => 'Use live preview (JavaScript) (Experimental)',
'tog-autopatrol' => 'Mark edits I make as patrolled',
'tog-forceeditsummary' => 'Prompt me when entering a blank edit summary',
'tog-watchlisthideown' => 'Hide my edits from the watchlist',
'tog-watchlisthidebots' => 'Hide bot edits from the watchlist',
'underline-always' => 'Always',
'underline-never' => 'Never',
'underline-default' => 'Browser default',
'skinpreview' => '(Preview)',
# dates
'sunday' => 'Sunday',
'monday' => 'Monday',
'tuesday' => 'Tuesday',
'wednesday' => 'Wednesday',
'thursday' => 'Thursday',
'friday' => 'Friday',
'saturday' => 'Saturday',
'sun' => 'Sun',
'mon' => 'Mon',
'tue' => 'Tue',
'wed' => 'Wed',
'thu' => 'Thu',
'fri' => 'Fri',
'sat' => 'Sat',
'january' => 'January',
'february' => 'February',
'march' => 'March',
'april' => 'April',
'may_long' => 'May',
'june' => 'June',
'july' => 'July',
'august' => 'August',
'september' => 'September',
'october' => 'October',
'november' => 'November',
'december' => 'December',
'january-gen' => 'January',
'february-gen' => 'February',
'march-gen' => 'March',
'april-gen' => 'April',
'may-gen' => 'May',
'june-gen' => 'June',
'july-gen' => 'July',
'august-gen' => 'August',
'september-gen' => 'September',
'october-gen' => 'October',
'november-gen' => 'November',
'december-gen' => 'December',
'jan' => 'Jan',
'feb' => 'Feb',
'mar' => 'Mar',
'apr' => 'Apr',
'may' => 'May',
'jun' => 'Jun',
'jul' => 'Jul',
'aug' => 'Aug',
'sep' => 'Sep',
'oct' => 'Oct',
'nov' => 'Nov',
'dec' => 'Dec',
# Bits of text used by many pages:
#
'categories' => '{{PLURAL:$1|Category|Categories}}',
'category_header' => 'Articles in category "$1"',
'subcategories' => 'Subcategories',
'linkprefix' => '/^(.*?)([a-zA-Z\x80-\xff]+)$/sD',
'mainpage' => 'Main Page',
'mainpagetext' => "<big>'''MediaWiki has been successfully installed.'''</big>",
'mainpagedocfooter' => "Consult the [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using the wiki software.
== Getting started ==
* [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Configuration_settings Configuration settings list]
* [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:FAQ MediaWiki FAQ]
* [http://mail.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/mediawiki-announce MediaWiki release mailing list]",
'portal' => 'Community portal',
'portal-url' => 'Project:Community Portal',
'about' => 'About',
'aboutsite' => 'About {{SITENAME}}',
'aboutpage' => 'Project:About',
'article' => 'Content page',
'help' => 'Help',
'helppage' => 'Help:Contents',
'bugreports' => 'Bug reports',
'bugreportspage' => 'Project:Bug_reports',
'sitesupport' => 'Donations',
'sitesupport-url' => 'Project:Site support',
'faq' => 'FAQ',
'faqpage' => 'Project:FAQ',
'edithelp' => 'Editing help',
'newwindow' => '(opens in new window)',
'edithelppage' => 'Help:Editing',
'cancel' => 'Cancel',
'qbfind' => 'Find',
'qbbrowse' => 'Browse',
'qbedit' => 'Edit',
'qbpageoptions' => 'This page',
'qbpageinfo' => 'Context',
'qbmyoptions' => 'My pages',
'qbspecialpages' => 'Special pages',
'moredotdotdot' => 'More...',
'mypage' => 'My page',
'mytalk' => 'My talk',
'anontalk' => 'Talk for this IP',
'navigation' => 'Navigation',
# Metadata in edit box
'metadata_help' => 'Metadata (see [[{{ns:project}}:Metadata]] for an explanation):',
'currentevents' => 'Current events',
'currentevents-url' => 'Current events',
'disclaimers' => 'Disclaimers',
'disclaimerpage' => 'Project:General_disclaimer',
'privacy' => 'Privacy policy',
'privacypage' => 'Project:Privacy_policy',
'errorpagetitle' => 'Error',
'returnto' => 'Return to $1.',
'tagline' => 'From {{SITENAME}}',
'help' => 'Help',
'search' => 'Search',
'searchbutton' => 'Search',
'go' => 'Go',
'searcharticle' => 'Go',
'history' => 'Page history',
'history_short' => 'History',
'updatedmarker' => 'updated since my last visit',
'info_short' => 'Information',
'printableversion' => 'Printable version',
'permalink' => 'Permanent link',
'print' => 'Print',
'edit' => 'Edit',
'editthispage' => 'Edit this page',
'delete' => 'Delete',
'deletethispage' => 'Delete this page',
'undelete_short' => 'Undelete {{PLURAL:$1|one edit|$1 edits}}',
'protect' => 'Protect',
'protectthispage' => 'Protect this page',
'unprotect' => 'unprotect',
'unprotectthispage' => 'Unprotect this page',
'newpage' => 'New page',
'talkpage' => 'Discuss this page',
'specialpage' => 'Special Page',
'personaltools' => 'Personal tools',
'postcomment' => 'Post a comment',
'addsection' => '+',
'articlepage' => 'View content page',
'talk' => 'Discussion',
'views' => 'Views',
'toolbox' => 'Toolbox',
'userpage' => 'View user page',
'projectpage' => 'View project page',
'imagepage' => 'View image page',
'mediawikipage' => 'View message page',
'templatepage' => 'View template page',
'viewhelppage' => 'View help page',
'categorypage' => 'View category page',
'viewtalkpage' => 'View discussion',
'otherlanguages' => 'In other languages',
'redirectedfrom' => '(Redirected from $1)',
'autoredircomment' => 'Redirecting to [[$1]]',
'redirectpagesub' => 'Redirect page',
'lastmodifiedat' => 'This page was last modified $2, $1.', //$1 date, $2 time
'viewcount' => 'This page has been accessed {{plural:$1|one time|$1 times}}.',
'copyright' => 'Content is available under $1.',
'protectedpage' => 'Protected page',
'jumpto' => 'Jump to:',
'jumptonavigation' => 'navigation',
'jumptosearch' => 'search',
'badaccess' => 'Permission error',
'badaccess-group0' => 'You are not allowed to execute the action you have requested.',
'badaccess-group1' => 'The action you have requested is limited to users in the group $1.',
'badaccess-group2' => 'The action you have requested is limited to users in one of the groups $1.',
'badaccess-groups' => 'The action you have requested is limited to users in one of the groups $1.',
'versionrequired' => 'Version $1 of MediaWiki required',
'versionrequiredtext' => 'Version $1 of MediaWiki is required to use this page. See [[Special:Version]]',
'widthheight' => '$1×$2',
'ok' => 'OK',
'sitetitle' => '{{SITENAME}}',
'pagetitle' => '$1 - {{SITENAME}}',
'sitesubtitle' => '',
'retrievedfrom' => 'Retrieved from "$1"',
'youhavenewmessages' => 'You have $1 ($2).',
'newmessageslink' => 'new messages',
'newmessagesdifflink' => 'diff to penultimate revision',
'editsection'=>'edit',
'editold'=>'edit',
'editsectionhint' => 'Edit section: $1',
'toc' => 'Contents',
'showtoc' => 'show',
'hidetoc' => 'hide',
'thisisdeleted' => 'View or restore $1?',
'viewdeleted' => 'View $1?',
'restorelink' => '{{PLURAL:$1|one deleted edit|$1 deleted edits}}',
'feedlinks' => 'Feed:',
'feed-invalid' => 'Invalid subscription feed type.',
'sitenotice' => '-', # the equivalent to wgSiteNotice
'anonnotice' => '-',
# Short words for each namespace, by default used in the 'article' tab in monobook
'nstab-main' => 'Article',
'nstab-user' => 'User page',
'nstab-media' => 'Media page',
'nstab-special' => 'Special',
'nstab-project' => 'Project page',
'nstab-image' => 'File',
'nstab-mediawiki' => 'Message',
'nstab-template' => 'Template',
'nstab-help' => 'Help',
'nstab-category' => 'Category',
# Main script and global functions
#
'nosuchaction' => 'No such action',
'nosuchactiontext' => 'The action specified by the URL is not
recognized by the wiki',
'nosuchspecialpage' => 'No such special page',
'nospecialpagetext' => 'You have requested an invalid special page, a list of valid special pages may be found at [[{{ns:special}}:Specialpages]].',
# General errors
#
'error' => 'Error',
'databaseerror' => 'Database error',
'dberrortext' => 'A database query syntax error has occurred.
This may indicate a bug in the software.
The last attempted database query was:
<blockquote><tt>$1</tt></blockquote>
from within function "<tt>$2</tt>".
MySQL returned error "<tt>$3: $4</tt>".',
'dberrortextcl' => 'A database query syntax error has occurred.
The last attempted database query was:
"$1"
from within function "$2".
MySQL returned error "$3: $4"',
'noconnect' => 'Sorry! The wiki is experiencing some technical difficulties, and cannot contact the database server. <br />
$1',
'nodb' => 'Could not select database $1',
'cachederror' => 'The following is a cached copy of the requested page, and may not be up to date.',
'laggedslavemode' => 'Warning: Page may not contain recent updates.',
'readonly' => 'Database locked',
'enterlockreason' => 'Enter a reason for the lock, including an estimate
of when the lock will be released',
'readonlytext' => 'The database is currently locked to new entries and other modifications, probably for routine database maintenance, after which it will be back to normal.
The administrator who locked it offered this explanation: $1',
'missingarticle' => 'The database did not find the text of a page that it should have found, named "$1".
This is usually caused by following an outdated diff or history link to a
page that has been deleted.
If this is not the case, you may have found a bug in the software.
Please report this to an administrator, making note of the URL.',
'readonly_lag' => 'The database has been automatically locked while the slave database servers catch up to the master',
'internalerror' => 'Internal error',
'filecopyerror' => 'Could not copy file "$1" to "$2".',
'filerenameerror' => 'Could not rename file "$1" to "$2".',
'filedeleteerror' => 'Could not delete file "$1".',
'filenotfound' => 'Could not find file "$1".',
'unexpected' => 'Unexpected value: "$1"="$2".',
'formerror' => 'Error: could not submit form',
'badarticleerror' => 'This action cannot be performed on this page.',
'cannotdelete' => 'Could not delete the page or file specified. (It may have already been deleted by someone else.)',
'badtitle' => 'Bad title',
'badtitletext' => 'The requested page title was invalid, empty, or an incorrectly linked inter-language or inter-wiki title. It may contain one more characters which cannot be used in titles.',
'perfdisabled' => 'Sorry! This feature has been temporarily disabled because it slows the database down to the point that no one can use the wiki.',
'perfdisabledsub' => 'Here is a saved copy from $1:', # obsolete?
'perfcached' => 'The following data is cached and may not be up to date.',
'perfcachedts' => 'The following data is cached, and was last updated $1.',
'wrong_wfQuery_params' => 'Incorrect parameters to wfQuery()<br />
Function: $1<br />
Query: $2',
'viewsource' => 'View source',
'viewsourcefor' => 'for $1',
'protectedtext' => 'This page has been locked to prevent editing.
You can view and copy the source of this page:',
'protectedinterface' => 'This page provides interface text for the software, and is locked to prevent abuse.',
'editinginterface' => "'''Warning:''' You are editing a page which is used to provide interface text for the software. Changes to this page will affect the appearance of the user interface for other users.",
'sqlhidden' => '(SQL query hidden)',
# Login and logout pages
#
'logouttitle' => 'User logout',
'logouttext' => '<strong>You are now logged out.</strong><br />
You can continue to use {{SITENAME}} anonymously, or you can log in
again as the same or as a different user. Note that some pages may
continue to be displayed as if you were still logged in, until you clear
your browser cache.',
'welcomecreation' => "== Welcome, $1! ==
Your account has been created. Don't forget to change your {{SITENAME}} preferences.",
'loginpagetitle' => 'User login',
'yourname' => 'Username',
'yourpassword' => 'Password',
'yourpasswordagain' => 'Retype password',
'remembermypassword' => 'Remember me',
'yourdomainname' => 'Your domain',
'externaldberror' => 'There was either an external authentication database error or you are not allowed to update your external account.',
'loginproblem' => '<b>There has been a problem with your login.</b><br />Try again!',
'alreadyloggedin' => "<strong>User $1, you are already logged in!</strong><br />",
'login' => 'Log in',
'loginprompt' => 'You must have cookies enabled to log in to {{SITENAME}}.',
'userlogin' => 'Log in / create account',
'logout' => 'Log out',
'userlogout' => 'Log out',
'notloggedin' => 'Not logged in',
'nologin' => 'Don\'t have a login? $1.',
'nologinlink' => 'Create an account',
'createaccount' => 'Create account',
'gotaccount' => 'Already have an account? $1.',
'gotaccountlink' => 'Log in',
'createaccountmail' => 'by e-mail',
'badretype' => 'The passwords you entered do not match.',
'userexists' => 'Username entered already in use. Please choose a different name.',
'youremail' => 'E-mail *:',
'username' => 'Username:',
'uid' => 'User ID:',
'yourrealname' => 'Real name *:',
'yourlanguage' => 'Language:',
'yourvariant' => 'Variant',
'yournick' => 'Nickname:',
'badsig' => 'Invalid raw signature; check HTML tags.',
'email' => 'E-mail',
'prefs-help-email-enotif' => 'This address is also used to send you e-mail notifications if you enabled the options.',
'prefs-help-realname' => '* Real name (optional): if you choose to provide it this will be used for giving you attribution for your work.',
'loginerror' => 'Login error',
'prefs-help-email' => '* E-mail (optional): Enables others to contact you through your user or user_talk page without needing to reveal your identity.',
'nocookiesnew' => 'The user account was created, but you are not logged in. {{SITENAME}} uses cookies to log in users. You have cookies disabled. Please enable them, then log in with your new username and password.',
'nocookieslogin' => '{{SITENAME}} uses cookies to log in users. You have cookies disabled. Please enable them and try again.',
'noname' => 'You have not specified a valid user name.',
'loginsuccesstitle' => 'Login successful',
'loginsuccess' => "'''You are now logged in to {{SITENAME}} as \"$1\".'''",
'nosuchuser' => 'There is no user by the name "$1". Check your spelling, or create a new account.',
'nosuchusershort' => 'There is no user by the name "$1". Check your spelling.',
'nouserspecified' => 'You have to specify a username.',
'wrongpassword' => 'Incorrect password entered. Please try again.',
'wrongpasswordempty' => 'Password entered was blank. Please try again.',
'mailmypassword' => 'E-mail password',
'passwordremindertitle' => 'Password reminder from {{SITENAME}}',
'passwordremindertext' => 'Someone (probably you, from IP address $1)
requested that we send you a new password for {{SITENAME}} ($4).
The password for user "$2" is now "$3".
You should log in and change your password now.
If someone else made this request or if you have remembered your password and
you no longer wish to change it, you may ignore this message and continue using
your old password.',
'noemail' => 'There is no e-mail address recorded for user "$1".',
'passwordsent' => 'A new password has been sent to the e-mail address
registered for "$1".
Please log in again after you receive it.',
'eauthentsent' => 'A confirmation e-mail has been sent to the nominated e-mail address.
Before any other mail is sent to the account, you will have to follow the instructions in the e-mail,
to confirm that the account is actually yours.',
'loginend' => '',
'signupend' => '{{int:loginend}}',
'mailerror' => 'Error sending mail: $1',
'acct_creation_throttle_hit' => 'Sorry, you have already created $1 accounts. You can\'t make any more.',
'emailauthenticated' => 'Your e-mail address was authenticated on $1.',
'emailnotauthenticated' => 'Your e-mail address is <strong>not yet authenticated</strong>. No e-mail
will be sent for any of the following features.',
'noemailprefs' => 'Specify an e-mail address for these features to work.',
'emailconfirmlink' => 'Confirm your e-mail address',
'invalidemailaddress' => 'The e-mail address cannot be accepted as it appears to have an invalid
format. Please enter a well-formatted address or empty that field.',
'accountcreated' => 'Account created',
'accountcreatedtext' => 'The user account for $1 has been created.',
# Edit page toolbar
'bold_sample'=>'Bold text',
'bold_tip'=>'Bold text',
'italic_sample'=>'Italic text',
'italic_tip'=>'Italic text',
'link_sample'=>'Link title',
'link_tip'=>'Internal link',
'extlink_sample'=>'http://www.example.com link title',
'extlink_tip'=>'External link (remember http:// prefix)',
'headline_sample'=>'Headline text',
'headline_tip'=>'Level 2 headline',
'math_sample'=>'Insert formula here',
'math_tip'=>'Mathematical formula (LaTeX)',
'nowiki_sample'=>'Insert non-formatted text here',
'nowiki_tip'=>'Ignore wiki formatting',
'image_sample'=>'Example.jpg',
'image_tip'=>'Embedded image',
'media_sample'=>'Example.ogg',
'media_tip'=>'Media file link',
'sig_tip'=>'Your signature with timestamp',
'hr_tip'=>'Horizontal line (use sparingly)',
# Edit pages
#
'summary' => 'Summary',
'subject' => 'Subject/headline',
'minoredit' => 'This is a minor edit',
'watchthis' => 'Watch this page',
'savearticle' => 'Save page',
'preview' => 'Preview',
'showpreview' => 'Show preview',
'showlivepreview' => 'Live preview',
'showdiff' => 'Show changes',
'anoneditwarning' => "'''Warning:''' You are not logged in. Your IP address will be recorded in this page's edit history.",
'missingsummary' => "'''Reminder:''' You have not provided an edit summary. If you click Save again, your edit will be saved without one.",
'missingcommenttext' => 'Please enter a comment below.',
'blockedtitle' => 'User is blocked',
'blockedtext' => "<big>'''Your user name or IP address has been blocked.'''</big>
The block was made by $1. The reason given is ''$2''.
You can contact $1 or another [[{{ns:project}}:Administrators|administrator]] to discuss the block.
You cannot use the 'email this user' feature unless a valid email address is specified in your
[[Special:Preferences|account preferences]]. Your current IP address is $3. Please include this in any queries.",
'blockedoriginalsource' => "The source of '''$1''' is shown below:",
'blockededitsource' => "The text of '''your edits''' to '''$1''' is shown below:",
'whitelistedittitle' => 'Login required to edit',
'whitelistedittext' => 'You have to $1 to edit pages.',
'whitelistreadtitle' => 'Login required to read',
'whitelistreadtext' => 'You have to [[Special:Userlogin|login]] to read pages.',
'whitelistacctitle' => 'You are not allowed to create an account',
'whitelistacctext' => 'To be allowed to create accounts in this Wiki you have to [[Special:Userlogin|log]] in and have the appropriate permissions.',
'confirmedittitle' => 'E-mail confirmation required to edit',
'confirmedittext' => 'You must confirm your e-mail address before editing pages. Please set and validate your e-mail address through your [[Special:Preferences|user preferences]].',
'loginreqtitle' => 'Login Required',
'loginreqlink' => 'log in',
'loginreqpagetext' => 'You must $1 to view other pages.',
'accmailtitle' => 'Password sent.',
'accmailtext' => 'The password for "$1" has been sent to $2.',
'newarticle' => '(New)',
'newarticletext' =>
"You've followed a link to a page that doesn't exist yet.
To create the page, start typing in the box below
(see the [[{{ns:help}}:Contents|help page]] for more info).
If you are here by mistake, just click your browser's '''back''' button.",
'newarticletextanon' => '{{int:newarticletext}}',
'talkpagetext' => '<!-- MediaWiki:talkpagetext -->',
'anontalkpagetext' => "----''This is the discussion page for an anonymous user who has not created an account yet or who does not use it. We therefore have to use the numerical IP address to identify him/her. Such an IP address can be shared by several users. If you are an anonymous user and feel that irrelevant comments have been directed at you, please [[Special:Userlogin|create an account or log in]] to avoid future confusion with other anonymous users.''",
'noarticletext' => 'There is currently no text in this page, you can [[{{ns:special}}:Search/{{PAGENAME}}|search for this page title]] in other pages or [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}} edit this page].',
'noarticletextanon' => '{{int:noarticletext}}',
'clearyourcache' => "'''Note:''' After saving, you may have to bypass your browser's cache to see the changes. '''Mozilla / Firefox / Safari:''' hold down ''Shift'' while clicking ''Reload'', or press ''Ctrl-Shift-R'' (''Cmd-Shift-R'' on Apple Mac); '''IE:''' hold ''Ctrl'' while clicking ''Refresh'', or press ''Ctrl-F5''; '''Konqueror:''': simply click the ''Reload'' button, or press ''F5''; '''Opera''' users may need to completely clear their cache in ''Tools→Preferences''.",
'usercssjsyoucanpreview' => '<strong>Tip:</strong> Use the \'Show preview\' button to test your new CSS/JS before saving.',
'usercsspreview' => '\'\'\'Remember that you are only previewing your user CSS, it has not yet been saved!\'\'\'',
'userjspreview' => '\'\'\'Remember that you are only testing/previewing your user JavaScript, it has not yet been saved!\'\'\'',
'userinvalidcssjstitle' => "'''Warning:''' There is no skin \"$1\". Remember that custom .css and .js pages use a lowercase title, e.g. User:Foo/monobook.css as opposed to User:Foo/Monobook.css.",
'updated' => '(Updated)',
'note' => '<strong>Note:</strong>',
'previewnote' => '<strong>This is only a preview; changes have not yet been saved!</strong>',
'session_fail_preview' => '<strong>Sorry! We could not process your edit due to a loss of session data.
Please try again. If it still doesn\'t work, try logging out and logging back in.</strong>',
'previewconflict' => 'This preview reflects the text in the upper text editing area as it will appear if you choose to save.',
'session_fail_preview_html' => '<strong>Sorry! We could not process your edit due to a loss of session data.</strong>
\'\'Because this wiki has raw HTML enabled, the preview is hidden as a precaution against JavaScript attacks.\'\'
<strong>If this is a legitimate edit attempt, please try again. If it still doesn\'t work, try logging out and logging back in.</strong>',
'importing' => 'Importing $1',
'editing' => 'Editing $1',
'editinguser' => 'Editing user <b>$1</b>',
'editingsection' => 'Editing $1 (section)',
'editingcomment' => 'Editing $1 (comment)',
'editconflict' => 'Edit conflict: $1',
'explainconflict' => 'Someone else has changed this page since you started editing it.
The upper text area contains the page text as it currently exists.
Your changes are shown in the lower text area.
You will have to merge your changes into the existing text.
<b>Only</b> the text in the upper text area will be saved when you
press "Save page".<br />',
'yourtext' => 'Your text',
'storedversion' => 'Stored version',
'nonunicodebrowser' => "<strong>WARNING: Your browser is not unicode compliant. A workaround is in place to allow you to safely edit articles: non-ASCII characters will appear in the edit box as hexadecimal codes.</strong>",
'editingold' => "<strong>WARNING: You are editing an out-of-date
revision of this page.
If you save it, any changes made since this revision will be lost.</strong>",
'yourdiff' => 'Differences',
'copyrightwarning' => 'Please note that all contributions to {{SITENAME}} are considered to be released under the $2 (see $1 for details). If you don\'t want your writing to be edited mercilessly and redistributed at will, then don\'t submit it here.<br />
You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource.
<strong>DO NOT SUBMIT COPYRIGHTED WORK WITHOUT PERMISSION!</strong>',
'copyrightwarning2' => 'Please note that all contributions to {{SITENAME}} may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you don\'t want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then don\'t submit it here.<br />
You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a
public domain or similar free resource (see $1 for details).
<strong>DO NOT SUBMIT COPYRIGHTED WORK WITHOUT PERMISSION!</strong>',
'longpagewarning' => "<strong>WARNING: This page is $1 kilobytes long; some
browsers may have problems editing pages approaching or longer than 32kb.
Please consider breaking the page into smaller sections.</strong>",
'longpageerror' => "<strong>ERROR: The text you have submitted is $1 kilobytes
long, which is longer than the maximum of $2 kilobytes. It cannot be saved.</strong>",
'readonlywarning' => '<strong>WARNING: The database has been locked for maintenance,
so you will not be able to save your edits right now. You may wish to cut-n-paste
the text into a text file and save it for later.</strong>',
'protectedpagewarning' => "<strong>WARNING: This page has been locked so that only users with sysop privileges can edit it.</strong>",
'semiprotectedpagewarning' => "'''Note:''' This page has been locked so that only registered users can edit it.",
'templatesused' => 'Templates used on this page:',
'edittools' => '<!-- Text here will be shown below edit and upload forms. -->',
'nocreatetitle' => 'Page creation limited',
'nocreatetext' => 'This site has restricted the ability to create new pages.
You can go back and edit an existing page, or [[Special:Userlogin|log in or create an account]].',
'cantcreateaccounttitle' => 'Can\'t create account',
'cantcreateaccounttext' => 'Account creation from this IP address (<b>$1</b>) has been blocked.
This is probably due to persistent vandalism from your school or Internet service
provider.',
# History pages
#
'revhistory' => 'Revision history',
'viewpagelogs' => 'View logs for this page',
'nohistory' => 'There is no edit history for this page.',
'revnotfound' => 'Revision not found',
'revnotfoundtext' => "The old revision of the page you asked for could not be found.
Please check the URL you used to access this page.",
'loadhist' => 'Loading page history',
'currentrev' => 'Current revision',
'revisionasof' => 'Revision as of $1',
'old-revision-navigation' => 'Revision as of $1; $5<br />($6) $3 | $2 | $4 ($7)',
'previousrevision' => '←Older revision',
'nextrevision' => 'Newer revision→',
'currentrevisionlink' => 'Current revision',
'cur' => 'cur',
'next' => 'next',
'last' => 'last',
'orig' => 'orig',
'histlegend' => 'Diff selection: mark the radio boxes of the versions to compare and hit enter or the button at the bottom.<br />
Legend: (cur) = difference with current version,
(last) = difference with preceding version, M = minor edit.',
'history_copyright' => '-',
'deletedrev' => '[deleted]',
'histfirst' => 'Earliest',
'histlast' => 'Latest',
'rev-deleted-comment' => '(comment removed)',
'rev-deleted-user' => '(username removed)',
'rev-deleted-text-permission' => '<div class="mw-warning plainlinks">
This page revision has been removed from the public archives.
There may be details in the [{{fullurl:Special:Log/delete|page={{PAGENAMEE}}}} deletion log].
</div>',
'rev-deleted-text-view' => '<div class="mw-warning plainlinks">
This page revision has been removed from the public archives.
As an administrator on this site you can view it;
there may be details in the [{{fullurl:Special:Log/delete|page={{PAGENAMEE}}}} deletion log].
</div>',
#'rev-delundel' => 'del/undel',
'rev-delundel' => 'show/hide',
'history-feed-title' => 'Revision history',
'history-feed-description' => 'Revision history for this page on the wiki',
'history-feed-item-nocomment' => '$1 at $2', # user at time
'history-feed-empty' => 'The requested page doesn\'t exist.
It may have been deleted from the wiki, or renamed.
Try [[Special:Search|searching on the wiki]] for relevant new pages.',
# Revision deletion
#
'revisiondelete' => 'Delete/undelete revisions',
'revdelete-nooldid-title' => 'No target revision',
'revdelete-nooldid-text' => 'You have not specified target revision or revisions
to perform this function on.',
'revdelete-selected' => 'Selected revision of [[:$1]]:',
'revdelete-text' => "Deleted revisions will still appear in the page history,
but their text contents will be inaccessible to the public.
Other admins on this wiki will still be able to access the hidden content and can
undelete it again through this same interface, unless an additional restriction
is placed by the site operators.",
'revdelete-legend' => 'Set revision restrictions:',
'revdelete-hide-text' => 'Hide revision text',
'revdelete-hide-comment' => 'Hide edit comment',
'revdelete-hide-user' => 'Hide editor\'s username/IP',
'revdelete-hide-restricted' => 'Apply these restrictions to sysops as well as others',
'revdelete-log' => 'Log comment:',
'revdelete-submit' => 'Apply to selected revision',
'revdelete-logentry' => 'changed revision visibility for [[$1]]',
# Diffs
#
'difference' => '(Difference between revisions)',
'loadingrev' => 'loading revision for diff',
'lineno' => "Line $1:",
'editcurrent' => 'Edit the current version of this page',
'selectnewerversionfordiff' => 'Select a newer version for comparison',
'selectolderversionfordiff' => 'Select an older version for comparison',
'compareselectedversions' => 'Compare selected versions',
# Search results
#
'searchresults' => 'Search results',
'searchresulttext' => "For more information about searching {{SITENAME}}, see [[{{ns:project}}:Searching|Searching {{SITENAME}}]].",
'searchsubtitle' => "You searched for '''[[:$1]]'''",
'searchsubtitleinvalid' => "You searched for '''$1'''",
'badquery' => 'Badly formed search query',
'badquerytext' => 'We could not process your query.
This is probably because you have attempted to search for a
word fewer than three letters long, which is not yet supported.
It could also be that you have mistyped the expression, for
example "fish and and scales".
Please try another query.',
'matchtotals' => "The query \"$1\" matched $2 page titles
and the text of $3 pages.",
'noexactmatch' => "'''There is no page titled \"$1\".''' You can [[:$1|create this page]].",
'titlematches' => 'Article title matches',
'notitlematches' => 'No page title matches',
'textmatches' => 'Page text matches',
'notextmatches' => 'No page text matches',
'prevn' => "previous $1",
'nextn' => "next $1",
'viewprevnext' => "View ($1) ($2) ($3).",
'showingresults' => "Showing below up to <b>$1</b> results starting with #<b>$2</b>.",
'showingresultsnum' => "Showing below <b>$3</b> results starting with #<b>$2</b>.",
'nonefound' => "'''Note''': Unsuccessful searches are
often caused by searching for common words like \"have\" and \"from\",
which are not indexed, or by specifying more than one search term (only pages
containing all of the search terms will appear in the result).",
'powersearch' => 'Search',
'powersearchtext' => "Search in namespaces:<br />$1<br />$2 List redirects<br />Search for $3 $9",
'searchdisabled' => '{{SITENAME}} search is disabled. You can search via Google in the meantime. Note that their indexes of {{SITENAME}} content may be out of date.',
'googlesearch' => '
<form method="get" action="http://www.google.com/search" id="googlesearch">
<input type="hidden" name="domains" value="{{SERVER}}" />
<input type="hidden" name="num" value="50" />
<input type="hidden" name="ie" value="$2" />
<input type="hidden" name="oe" value="$2" />
<input type="text" name="q" size="31" maxlength="255" value="$1" />
<input type="submit" name="btnG" value="$3" />
<div>
<input type="radio" name="sitesearch" id="gwiki" value="{{SERVER}}" checked="checked" /><label for="gwiki">{{SITENAME}}</label>
<input type="radio" name="sitesearch" id="gWWW" value="" /><label for="gWWW">WWW</label>
</div>
</form>',
'blanknamespace' => '(Main)',
# Preferences page
#
'preferences' => 'Preferences',
'preferences-summary' => '',
'mypreferences' => 'My preferences',
'prefsnologin' => 'Not logged in',
'prefsnologintext' => "You must be [[Special:Userlogin|logged in]] to set user preferences.",
'prefsreset' => 'Preferences have been reset from storage.',
'qbsettings' => 'Quickbar',
'changepassword' => 'Change password',
'skin' => 'Skin',
'math' => 'Math',
'dateformat' => 'Date format',
'datedefault' => 'No preference',
'datetime' => 'Date and time',
'math_failure' => 'Failed to parse',
'math_unknown_error' => 'unknown error',
'math_unknown_function' => 'unknown function',
'math_lexing_error' => 'lexing error',
'math_syntax_error' => 'syntax error',
'math_image_error' => 'PNG conversion failed; check for correct installation of latex, dvips, gs, and convert',
'math_bad_tmpdir' => 'Can\'t write to or create math temp directory',
'math_bad_output' => 'Can\'t write to or create math output directory',
'math_notexvc' => 'Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.',
'prefs-personal' => 'User profile',
'prefs-rc' => 'Recent changes',
'prefs-watchlist' => 'Watchlist',
'prefs-watchlist-days' => 'Number of days to show in watchlist:',
'prefs-watchlist-edits' => 'Number of edits to show in expanded watchlist:',
'prefs-misc' => 'Misc',
'saveprefs' => 'Save',
'resetprefs' => 'Reset',
'oldpassword' => 'Old password:',
'newpassword' => 'New password:',
'retypenew' => 'Retype new password:',
'textboxsize' => 'Editing',
'rows' => 'Rows:',
'columns' => 'Columns:',
'searchresultshead' => 'Search',
'resultsperpage' => 'Hits per page:',
'contextlines' => 'Lines per hit:',
'contextchars' => 'Context per line:',
'stubthreshold' => 'Threshold for stub display:',
'recentchangescount' => 'Titles in recent changes:',
'savedprefs' => 'Your preferences have been saved.',
'timezonelegend' => 'Time zone',
'timezonetext' => 'The number of hours your local time differs from server time (UTC).',
'localtime' => 'Local time',
'timezoneoffset' => 'Offset¹',
'servertime' => 'Server time',
'guesstimezone' => 'Fill in from browser',
'allowemail' => 'Enable e-mail from other users',
'defaultns' => 'Search in these namespaces by default:',
'default' => 'default',
'files' => 'Files',
# User rights
'userrights-lookup-user' => 'Manage user groups',
'userrights-user-editname' => 'Enter a username:',
'editusergroup' => 'Edit User Groups',
'userrights-editusergroup' => 'Edit user groups',
'saveusergroups' => 'Save User Groups',
'userrights-groupsmember' => 'Member of:',
'userrights-groupsavailable' => 'Available groups:',
'userrights-groupshelp' => 'Select groups you want the user to be removed from or added to.
Unselected groups will not be changed. You can deselect a group with CTRL + Left Click',
# Groups
'group' => 'Group:',
'group-bot' => 'Bots',
'group-sysop' => 'Sysops',
'group-bureaucrat' => 'Bureaucrats',
'group-all' => '(all)',
'group-bot-member' => 'Bot',
'group-sysop-member' => 'Sysop',
'group-bureaucrat-member' => 'Bureaucrat',
'grouppage-bot' => '{{ns:project}}:Bots',
'grouppage-sysop' => '{{ns:project}}:Administrators',
'grouppage-bureaucrat' => '{{ns:project}}:Bureaucrats',
# Recent changes
#
'changes' => 'changes',
'recentchanges' => 'Recent changes',
'recentchanges-url' => 'Special:Recentchanges',
'recentchangestext' => 'Track the most recent changes to the wiki on this page.',
'rcnote' => "Below are the last <strong>$1</strong> changes in the last <strong>$2</strong> days, as of $3.",
'rcnotefrom' => "Below are the changes since <b>$2</b> (up to <b>$1</b> shown).",
'rclistfrom' => "Show new changes starting from $1",
'rcshowhideminor' => '$1 minor edits',
'rcshowhidebots' => '$1 bots',
'rcshowhideliu' => '$1 logged-in users',
'rcshowhideanons' => '$1 anonymous users',
'rcshowhidepatr' => '$1 patrolled edits',
'rcshowhidemine' => '$1 my edits',
'rclinks' => "Show last $1 changes in last $2 days<br />$3",
'diff' => 'diff',
'hist' => 'hist',
'hide' => 'Hide',
'show' => 'Show',
'minoreditletter' => 'm',
'newpageletter' => 'N',
'boteditletter' => 'b',
'sectionlink' => '→',
'number_of_watching_users_RCview' => '[$1]',
'number_of_watching_users_pageview' => '[$1 watching user/s]',
'rc_categories' => 'Limit to categories (separate with "|")',
'rc_categories_any' => 'Any',
# Upload
#
'upload' => 'Upload file',
'uploadbtn' => 'Upload file',
'reupload' => 'Re-upload',
'reuploaddesc' => 'Return to the upload form.',
'uploadnologin' => 'Not logged in',
'uploadnologintext' => "You must be [[Special:Userlogin|logged in]]
to upload files.",
'upload_directory_read_only' => 'The upload directory ($1) is not writable by the webserver.',
'uploaderror' => 'Upload error',
'uploadtext' => "Use the form below to upload files, to view or search previously uploaded images go to the [[Special:Imagelist|list of uploaded files]], uploads and deletions are also logged in the [[Special:Log/upload|upload log]].
To include the image in a page, use a link in the form
'''<nowiki>[[{{ns:image}}:File.jpg]]</nowiki>''',
'''<nowiki>[[{{ns:image}}:File.png|alt text]]</nowiki>''' or
'''<nowiki>[[{{ns:media}}:File.ogg]]</nowiki>''' for directly linking to the file.",
'uploadlog' => 'upload log',
'uploadlogpage' => 'Upload log',
'uploadlogpagetext' => 'Below is a list of the most recent file uploads.',
'filename' => 'Filename',
'filedesc' => 'Summary',
'fileuploadsummary' => 'Summary:',
'filestatus' => 'Copyright status',
'filesource' => 'Source',
'copyrightpage' => "Project:Copyrights",
'copyrightpagename' => "{{SITENAME}} copyright",
'uploadedfiles' => 'Uploaded files',
'ignorewarning' => 'Ignore warning and save file anyway.',
'ignorewarnings' => 'Ignore any warnings',
'minlength' => 'File names must be at least three letters.',
'illegalfilename' => 'The filename "$1" contains characters that are not allowed in page titles. Please rename the file and try uploading it again.',
'badfilename' => 'File name has been changed to "$1".',
'badfiletype' => "\".$1\" is not a recommended image file format.",
'largefile' => 'It is recommended that files do not exceed $1 bytes in size; this file is $2 bytes',
'largefileserver' => 'This file is bigger than the server is configured to allow.',
'emptyfile' => 'The file you uploaded seems to be empty. This might be due to a typo in the file name. Please check whether you really want to upload this file.',
'fileexists' => 'A file with this name exists already, please check $1 if you are not sure if you want to change it.',
'fileexists-forbidden' => 'A file with this name exists already; please go back and upload this file under a new name. [[Image:$1|thumb|center|$1]]',
'fileexists-shared-forbidden' => 'A file with this name exists already in the shared file repository; please go back and upload this file under a new name. [[Image:$1|thumb|center|$1]]',
'successfulupload' => 'Successful upload',
'fileuploaded' => "File $1 uploaded successfully.
Please follow this link: $2 to the description page and fill
in information about the file, such as where it came from, when it was
created and by whom, and anything else you may know about it. If this is an image, you can insert it like this: <tt><nowiki>[[Image:$1|thumb|Description]]</nowiki></tt>",
'uploadwarning' => 'Upload warning',
'savefile' => 'Save file',
'uploadedimage' => "uploaded \"[[$1]]\"",
'uploaddisabled' => 'Uploads disabled',
'uploaddisabledtext' => 'File uploads are disabled on this wiki.',
'uploadscripted' => 'This file contains HTML or script code that may be erroneously be interpreted by a web browser.',
'uploadcorrupt' => 'The file is corrupt or has an incorrect extension. Please check the file and upload again.',
'uploadvirus' => 'The file contains a virus! Details: $1',
'sourcefilename' => 'Source filename',
'destfilename' => 'Destination filename',
'watchthisupload' => 'Watch this page',
'filewasdeleted' => 'A file of this name has been previously uploaded and subsequently deleted. You should check the $1 before proceeding to upload it again.',
'license' => 'Licensing',
'nolicense' => 'None selected',
'upload_source_url' => ' (a valid, publicly accessible URL)',
'upload_source_file' => ' (a file on your computer)',
# Image list
#
'imagelist' => 'File list',
'imagelisttext' => "Below is a list of '''$1''' {{plural:$1|file|files}} sorted $2.",
'imagelistforuser' => "This shows only images uploaded by $1.",
'getimagelist' => 'fetching file list',
'ilsubmit' => 'Search',
'showlast' => 'Show last $1 files sorted $2.',
'byname' => 'by name',
'bydate' => 'by date',
'bysize' => 'by size',
'imgdelete' => 'del',
'imgdesc' => 'desc',
'imgfile' => 'file',
'imglegend' => 'Legend: (desc) = show/edit file description.',
'imghistory' => 'File history',
'revertimg' => 'rev',
'deleteimg' => 'del',
'deleteimgcompletely' => 'Delete all revisions of this file',
'imghistlegend' => 'Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete
this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version.
<br /><i>Click on date to see the file uploaded on that date</i>.',
'imagelinks' => 'Links',
'linkstoimage' => 'The following pages link to this file:',
'nolinkstoimage' => 'There are no pages that link to this file.',
'sharedupload' => 'This file is a shared upload and may be used by other projects.',
'shareduploadwiki' => 'Please see the $1 for further information.',
'shareduploadwiki-linktext' => 'file description page',
'shareddescriptionfollows' => '-',
'noimage' => 'No file by this name exists, you can $1.',
'noimage-linktext' => 'upload it',
'uploadnewversion-linktext' => 'Upload a new version of this file',
'imagelist_date' => 'Date',
'imagelist_name' => 'Name',
'imagelist_user' => 'User',
'imagelist_size' => 'Size (bytes)',
'imagelist_description' => 'Description',
'imagelist_search_for' => 'Search for image name:',
# Mime search
#
'mimesearch' => 'MIME search',
'mimetype' => 'MIME type:',
'download' => 'download',
# Unwatchedpages
#
'unwatchedpages' => 'Unwatched pages',
# List redirects
'listredirects' => 'List redirects',
# Unused templates
'unusedtemplates' => 'Unused templates',
'unusedtemplatestext' => 'This page lists all pages in the template namespace which are not included in another page. Remember to check for other links to the templates before deleting them.',
'unusedtemplateswlh' => 'other links',
# Random redirect
'randomredirect' => 'Random redirect',
# Statistics
#
'statistics' => 'Statistics',
'sitestats' => '{{SITENAME}} statistics',
'userstats' => 'User statistics',
'sitestatstext' => "There are '''$1''' total pages in the database.
This includes \"talk\" pages, pages about {{SITENAME}}, minimal \"stub\"
pages, redirects, and others that probably don't qualify as content pages.
Excluding those, there are '''$2''' pages that are probably legitimate
content pages.
'''$8''' files have been uploaded.
There have been a total of '''$3''' page views, and '''$4''' page edits
since the wiki was setup.
That comes to '''$5''' average edits per page, and '''$6''' views per edit.
The [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Job_queue job queue] length is '''$7'''.",
'userstatstext' => "There are '''$1''' registered users, of which
'''$2''' (or '''$4%''') are $5.",
'statistics-mostpopular' => 'Most viewed pages',
'disambiguations' => 'Disambiguation pages',
'disambiguationspage' => 'Template:disambig',
'disambiguationstext' => "The following pages link to a <i>disambiguation page</i>. They should link to the appropriate topic instead.<br />A page is treated as disambiguation if it is linked from $1.<br />Links from other namespaces are <i>not</i> listed here.",
'doubleredirects' => 'Double redirects',
'doubleredirectstext' => "Each row contains links to the first and second redirect, as well as the first line of the second redirect text, usually giving the \"real\" target page, which the first redirect should point to.",
'brokenredirects' => 'Broken redirects',
'brokenredirectstext' => 'The following redirects link to non-existent pages:',
# Miscellaneous special pages
#
'nbytes' => '$1 {{PLURAL:$1|byte|bytes}}',
'ncategories' => '$1 {{PLURAL:$1|category|categories}}',
'nlinks' => '$1 {{PLURAL:$1|link|links}}',
'nmembers' => '$1 {{PLURAL:$1|member|members}}',
'nrevisions' => '$1 {{PLURAL:$1|revision|revisions}}',
'nviews' => '$1 {{PLURAL:$1|view|views}}',
'lonelypages' => 'Orphaned pages',
'lonelypagestext' => 'The following pages are not linked from other pages in this wiki.',
'uncategorizedpages' => 'Uncategorized pages',
'uncategorizedcategories' => 'Uncategorized categories',
'uncategorizedimages' => 'Uncategorized images',
'unusedcategories' => 'Unused categories',
'unusedimages' => 'Unused files',
'popularpages' => 'Popular pages',
'wantedcategories' => 'Wanted categories',
'wantedpages' => 'Wanted pages',
'mostlinked' => 'Most linked to pages',
'mostlinkedcategories' => 'Most linked to categories',
'mostcategories' => 'Articles with the most categories',
'mostimages' => 'Most linked to images',
'mostrevisions' => 'Articles with the most revisions',
'allpages' => 'All pages',
'allpages-summary' => '',
'prefixindex' => 'Prefix index',
'randompage' => 'Random page',
'randompage-url'=> 'Special:Random',
'shortpages' => 'Short pages',
'longpages' => 'Long pages',
'longpages-summary' => '',
'deadendpages' => 'Dead-end pages',
'deadendpagestext' => 'The following pages do not link to other pages in this wiki.',
'listusers' => 'User list',
'listusers-summary' => '',
'specialpages' => 'Special pages',
'specialpages-summary' => '',
'spheading' => 'Special pages for all users',
'restrictedpheading' => 'Restricted special pages',
'recentchangeslinked' => 'Related changes',
'rclsub' => "(to pages linked from \"$1\")",
'newpages' => 'New pages',
'newpages-username' => 'Username:',
'ancientpages' => 'Oldest pages',
'intl' => 'Interlanguage links',
'move' => 'Move',
'movethispage' => 'Move this page',
'unusedimagestext' => '<p>Please note that other web sites may link to an image with
a direct URL, and so may still be listed here despite being
in active use.</p>',
'unusedcategoriestext' => 'The following category pages exist although no other article or category make use of them.',
'booksources' => 'Book sources',
'booksources-summary' => '',
'categoriespagetext' => 'The following categories exist in the wiki.',
'data' => 'Data',
'userrights' => 'User rights management',
'groups' => 'User groups',
'booksourcetext' => "Below is a list of links to other sites that
sell new and used books, and may also have further information
about books you are looking for.",
'isbn' => 'ISBN',
'rfcurl' => 'http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc$1.txt',
'pubmedurl' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=$1',
'alphaindexline' => "$1 to $2",
'version' => 'Version',
'log' => 'Logs',
'alllogstext' => 'Combined display of upload, deletion, protection, blocking, and sysop logs.
You can narrow down the view by selecting a log type, the user name, or the affected page.',
'logempty' => 'No matching items in log.',
# Special:Allpages
'nextpage' => 'Next page ($1)',
'allpagesfrom' => 'Display pages starting at:',
'allarticles' => 'All articles',
'allinnamespace' => 'All pages ($1 namespace)',
'allnotinnamespace' => 'All pages (not in $1 namespace)',
'allpagesprev' => 'Previous',
'allpagesnext' => 'Next',
'allpagessubmit' => 'Go',
'allpagesprefix' => 'Display pages with prefix:',
'allpagesbadtitle' => 'The given page title was invalid or had an inter-language or inter-wiki prefix. It may contain one more characters which cannot be used in titles.',
# Special:Listusers
'listusersfrom' => 'Display users starting at:',
# E this user
#
'mailnologin' => 'No send address',
'mailnologintext' => "You must be [[Special:Userlogin|logged in]]
and have a valid e-mail address in your [[Special:Preferences|preferences]]
to send e-mail to other users.",
'emailuser' => 'E-mail this user',
'emailpage' => 'E-mail user',
'emailpagetext' => 'If this user has entered a valid e-mail address in
his or her user preferences, the form below will send a single message.
The e-mail address you entered in your user preferences will appear
as the "From" address of the mail, so the recipient will be able
to reply.',
'usermailererror' => 'Mail object returned error:',
'defemailsubject' => "{{SITENAME}} e-mail",
'noemailtitle' => 'No e-mail address',
'noemailtext' => 'This user has not specified a valid e-mail address,
or has chosen not to receive e-mail from other users.',
'emailfrom' => 'From',
'emailto' => 'To',
'emailsubject' => 'Subject',
'emailmessage' => 'Message',
'emailsend' => 'Send',
'emailsent' => 'E-mail sent',
'emailsenttext' => 'Your e-mail message has been sent.',
# Watchlist
'watchlist' => 'My watchlist',
'watchlistfor' => "(for '''$1''')",
'nowatchlist' => 'You have no items on your watchlist.',
'watchlistanontext' => 'Please $1 to view or edit items on your watchlist.',
'watchlistcount' => "'''You have $1 items on your watchlist, including talk pages.'''",
'clearwatchlist' => 'Clear watchlist',
'watchlistcleartext' => 'Are you sure you wish to remove them?',
'watchlistclearbutton' => 'Clear watchlist',
'watchlistcleardone' => 'Your watchlist has been cleared. $1 items were removed.',
'watchnologin' => 'Not logged in',
'watchnologintext' => 'You must be [[Special:Userlogin|logged in]] to modify your watchlist.',
'addedwatch' => 'Added to watchlist',
'addedwatchtext' => "The page \"[[:$1]]\" has been added to your [[Special:Watchlist|watchlist]].
Future changes to this page and its associated Talk page will be listed there,
and the page will appear '''bolded''' in the [[Special:Recentchanges|list of recent changes]] to
make it easier to pick out.
If you want to remove the page from your watchlist later, click \"Unwatch\" in the sidebar.",
'removedwatch' => 'Removed from watchlist',
'removedwatchtext' => "The page \"[[:$1]]\" has been removed from your watchlist.",
'watch' => 'Watch',
'watchthispage' => 'Watch this page',
'unwatch' => 'Unwatch',
'unwatchthispage' => 'Stop watching',
'notanarticle' => 'Not a content page',
'watchnochange' => 'None of your watched items was edited in the time period displayed.',
'watchdetails' => '* $1 pages watched not counting talk pages
* [[Special:Watchlist/edit|Show and edit complete watchlist]]
* [[Special:Watchlist/clear|Remove all pages]]',
'wlheader-enotif' => "* E-mail notification is enabled.",
'wlheader-showupdated' => "* Pages which have been changed since you last visited them are shown in '''bold'''",
'watchmethod-recent'=> 'checking recent edits for watched pages',
'watchmethod-list' => 'checking watched pages for recent edits',
'removechecked' => 'Remove checked items from watchlist',
'watchlistcontains' => "Your watchlist contains $1 pages.",
'watcheditlist' => 'Here\'s an alphabetical list of your
watched content pages. Check the boxes of pages you want to remove from your watchlist and click the \'remove checked\' button
at the bottom of the screen (deleting a content page also deletes the accompanying talk page and vice versa).',
'removingchecked' => 'Removing requested items from watchlist...',
'couldntremove' => "Couldn't remove item '$1'...",
'iteminvalidname' => "Problem with item '$1', invalid name...",
'wlnote' => 'Below are the last $1 changes in the last <b>$2</b> hours.',
'wlshowlast' => 'Show last $1 hours $2 days $3',
'wlsaved' => 'This is a saved version of your watchlist.',
'wlhideshowown' => '$1 my edits',
'wlhideshowbots' => '$1 bot edits',
'wldone' => 'Done.',
'enotif_mailer' => '{{SITENAME}} Notification Mailer',
'enotif_reset' => 'Mark all pages visited',
'enotif_newpagetext'=> 'This is a new page.',
'changed' => 'changed',
'created' => 'created',
'enotif_subject' => '{{SITENAME}} page $PAGETITLE has been $CHANGEDORCREATED by $PAGEEDITOR',
'enotif_lastvisited' => 'See $1 for all changes since your last visit.',
'enotif_body' => 'Dear $WATCHINGUSERNAME,
the {{SITENAME}} page $PAGETITLE has been $CHANGEDORCREATED on $PAGEEDITDATE by $PAGEEDITOR, see $PAGETITLE_URL for the current version.
$NEWPAGE
Editor\'s summary: $PAGESUMMARY $PAGEMINOREDIT
Contact the editor:
mail: $PAGEEDITOR_EMAIL
wiki: $PAGEEDITOR_WIKI
There will be no other notifications in case of further changes unless you visit this page. You could also reset the notification flags for all your watched pages on your watchlist.
Your friendly {{SITENAME}} notification system
--
To change your watchlist settings, visit
{{fullurl:{{ns:special}}:Watchlist/edit}}
Feedback and further assistance:
{{fullurl:{{ns:help}}:Contents}}',
# Delete/protect/revert
#
'deletepage' => 'Delete page',
'confirm' => 'Confirm',
'excontent' => "content was: '$1'",
'excontentauthor' => "content was: '$1' (and the only contributor was '$2')",
'exbeforeblank' => "content before blanking was: '$1'",
'exblank' => 'page was empty',
'confirmdelete' => 'Confirm delete',
'deletesub' => "(Deleting \"$1\")",
'historywarning' => 'Warning: The page you are about to delete has a history:',
'confirmdeletetext' => "You are about to permanently delete a page
or image along with all of its history from the database.
Please confirm that you intend to do this, that you understand the
consequences, and that you are doing this in accordance with
[[{{ns:project}}:Policy]].",
'actioncomplete' => 'Action complete',
'deletedtext' => "\"$1\" has been deleted.
See $2 for a record of recent deletions.",
'deletedarticle' => "deleted \"[[$1]]\"",
'dellogpage' => 'Deletion log',
'dellogpagetext' => 'Below is a list of the most recent deletions.',
'deletionlog' => 'deletion log',
'reverted' => 'Reverted to earlier revision',
'deletecomment' => 'Reason for deletion',
'imagereverted' => 'Revert to earlier version was successful.',
'rollback' => 'Roll back edits',
'rollback_short' => 'Rollback',
'rollbacklink' => 'rollback',
'rollbackfailed' => 'Rollback failed',
'cantrollback' => 'Cannot revert edit; last contributor is only author of this page.',
'alreadyrolled' => "Cannot rollback last edit of [[$1]]
by [[User:$2|$2]] ([[User talk:$2|Talk]]); someone else has edited or rolled back the page already.
Last edit was by [[User:$3|$3]] ([[User talk:$3|Talk]]).",
# only shown if there is an edit comment
'editcomment' => "The edit comment was: \"<i>$1</i>\".",
'revertpage' => "Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/$2|$2]] ([[User_talk:$2|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:$1|$1]]",
'sessionfailure' => 'There seems to be a problem with your login session;
this action has been canceled as a precaution against session hijacking.
Please hit "back" and reload the page you came from, then try again.',
'protectlogpage' => 'Protection log',
'protectlogtext' => "Below is a list of page locks and unlocks.",
'protectedarticle' => 'protected "[[$1]]"',
'unprotectedarticle' => 'unprotected "[[$1]]"',
'protectsub' => '(Protecting "$1")',
'confirmprotecttext' => 'Do you really want to protect this page?',
'confirmprotect' => 'Confirm protection',
'protectmoveonly' => 'Protect from moves only',
'protectcomment' => 'Reason for protecting',
'unprotectsub' =>"(Unprotecting \"$1\")",
'confirmunprotecttext' => 'Do you really want to unprotect this page?',
'confirmunprotect' => 'Confirm unprotection',
'unprotectcomment' => 'Reason for unprotecting',
'protect-unchain' => 'Unlock move permissions',
'protect-text' => 'You may view and change the protection level here for the page <strong>$1</strong>.',
'protect-viewtext' => 'Your account does not have permission to change
page protection levels. Here are the current settings for the page <strong>$1</strong>:',
'protect-default' => '(default)',
'protect-level-autoconfirmed' => 'Block unregistered users',
'protect-level-sysop' => 'Sysops only',
# restrictions (nouns)
'restriction-edit' => 'Edit',
'restriction-move' => 'Move',
# Undelete
'undelete' => 'View deleted pages',
'undeletepage' => 'View and restore deleted pages',
'viewdeletedpage' => 'View deleted pages',
'undeletepagetext' => 'The following pages have been deleted but are still in the archive and
can be restored. The archive may be periodically cleaned out.',
'undeleteextrahelp' => "To restore the entire page, leave all checkboxes deselected and
click '''''Restore'''''. To perform a selective restoration, check the boxes corresponding to the
revisions to be restored, and click '''''Restore'''''. Clicking '''''Reset''''' will clear the
comment field and all checkboxes.",
'undeletearticle' => 'Restore deleted page',
'undeleterevisions' => "$1 revisions archived",
'undeletehistory' => 'If you restore the page, all revisions will be restored to the history.
If a new page with the same name has been created since the deletion, the restored
revisions will appear in the prior history, and the current revision of the live page
will not be automatically replaced.',
'undeletehistorynoadmin' => 'This article has been deleted. The reason for deletion is
shown in the summary below, along with details of the users who had edited this page
before deletion. The actual text of these deleted revisions is only available to administrators.',
'undeleterevision' => "Deleted revision as of $1",
'undeletebtn' => 'Restore',
'undeletereset' => 'Reset',
'undeletecomment' => 'Comment:',
'undeletedarticle' => "restored \"[[$1]]\"",
'undeletedrevisions' => "$1 revisions restored",
'undeletedrevisions-files' => "$1 revisions and $2 file(s) restored",
'undeletedfiles' => "$1 file(s) restored",
'cannotundelete' => 'Undelete failed; someone else may have undeleted the page first.',
'undeletedpage' => "<big>'''$1 has been restored'''</big>
Consult the [[Special:Log/delete|deletion log]] for a record of recent deletions and restorations.",
# Namespace form on various pages
'namespace' => 'Namespace:',
'invert' => 'Invert selection',
# Contributions
#
'contributions' => 'User contributions',
'mycontris' => 'My contributions',
'contribsub' => "For $1",
'nocontribs' => 'No changes were found matching these criteria.',
'ucnote' => "Below are this user's last <b>$1</b> changes in the last <b>$2</b> days.",
'uclinks' => "View the last $1 changes; view the last $2 days.",
'uctop' => ' (top)' ,
'newbies' => 'newbies',
'sp-newimages-showfrom' => 'Show new images starting from $1',
'sp-contributions-newest' => 'Newest',
'sp-contributions-oldest' => 'Oldest',
'sp-contributions-newer' => 'Newer $1',
'sp-contributions-older' => 'Older $1',
'sp-contributions-newbies-sub' => 'For newbies',
# What links here
#
'whatlinkshere' => 'What links here',
'whatlinkshere-summary' => '',
'notargettitle' => 'No target',
'notargettext' => 'You have not specified a target page or user
to perform this function on.',
'linklistsub' => '(List of links)',
'linkshere' => "The following pages link to '''[[:$1]]''':",
'nolinkshere' => "No pages link to '''[[:$1]]'''.",
'isredirect' => 'redirect page',
'istemplate' => 'inclusion',
# Block/unblock IP
#
'blockip' => 'Block user',
'blockiptext' => "Use the form below to block write access
from a specific IP address or username.
This should be done only only to prevent vandalism, and in
accordance with [[{{ns:project}}:Policy|policy]].
Fill in a specific reason below (for example, citing particular
pages that were vandalized).",
'ipaddress' => 'IP Address',
'ipadressorusername' => 'IP Address or username',
'ipbexpiry' => 'Expiry',
'ipbreason' => 'Reason',
'ipbanononly' => 'Block anonymous users only',
'ipbcreateaccount' => 'Prevent account creation',
'ipbsubmit' => 'Block this user',
'ipbother' => 'Other time',
'ipboptions' => '2 hours:2 hours,1 day:1 day,3 days:3 days,1 week:1 week,2 weeks:2 weeks,1 month:1 month,3 months:3 months,6 months:6 months,1 year:1 year,infinite:infinite',
'ipbotheroption' => 'other',
'badipaddress' => 'Invalid IP address',
'blockipsuccesssub' => 'Block succeeded',
'blockipsuccesstext' => '[[{{ns:Special}}:Contributions/$1|$1]] has been blocked.
<br />See [[{{ns:Special}}:Ipblocklist|IP block list]] to review blocks.',
'unblockip' => 'Unblock user',
'unblockiptext' => 'Use the form below to restore write access
to a previously blocked IP address or username.',
'ipusubmit' => 'Unblock this address',
'unblocked' => '[[User:$1|$1]] has been unblocked',
'ipblocklist' => 'List of blocked IP addresses and usernames',
'ipblocklist-summary' => '',
'blocklistline' => "$1, $2 blocked $3 ($4)",
'infiniteblock' => 'infinite',
'expiringblock' => 'expires $1',
'anononlyblock' => 'anon. only',
'createaccountblock' => 'account creation blocked',
'ipblocklistempty' => 'The blocklist is empty.',
'blocklink' => 'block',
'unblocklink' => 'unblock',
'contribslink' => 'contribs',
'autoblocker' => 'Autoblocked because your IP address has been recently used by "[[User:$1|$1]]". The reason given for $1\'s block is: "\'\'\'$2\'\'\'"',
'blocklogpage' => 'Block log',
'blocklogentry' => 'blocked "[[$1]]" with an expiry time of $2',
'blocklogtext' => 'This is a log of user blocking and unblocking actions. Automatically
blocked IP addresses are not listed. See the [[Special:Ipblocklist|IP block list]] for
the list of currently operational bans and blocks.',
'unblocklogentry' => 'unblocked $1',
'range_block_disabled' => 'The sysop ability to create range blocks is disabled.',
'ipb_expiry_invalid' => 'Expiry time invalid.',
'ipb_already_blocked' => '"$1" is already blocked',
'ip_range_invalid' => 'Invalid IP range.',
'proxyblocker' => 'Proxy blocker',
'ipb_cant_unblock' => 'Error: Block ID $1 not found. It may have been unblocked already.',
'proxyblockreason' => 'Your IP address has been blocked because it is an open proxy. Please contact your Internet service provider or tech support and inform them of this serious security problem.',
'proxyblocksuccess' => 'Done.',
'sorbs' => 'SORBS DNSBL',
'sorbsreason' => 'Your IP address is listed as an open proxy in the [http://www.sorbs.net SORBS] DNSBL.',
'sorbs_create_account_reason' => 'Your IP address is listed as an open proxy in the [http://www.sorbs.net SORBS] DNSBL. You cannot create an account',
# Developer tools
#
'lockdb' => 'Lock database',
'unlockdb' => 'Unlock database',
'lockdbtext' => 'Locking the database will suspend the ability of all
users to edit pages, change their preferences, edit their watchlists, and
other things requiring changes in the database.
Please confirm that this is what you intend to do, and that you will
unlock the database when your maintenance is done.',
'unlockdbtext' => 'Unlocking the database will restore the ability of all
users to edit pages, change their preferences, edit their watchlists, and
other things requiring changes in the database.
Please confirm that this is what you intend to do.',
'lockconfirm' => 'Yes, I really want to lock the database.',
'unlockconfirm' => 'Yes, I really want to unlock the database.',
'lockbtn' => 'Lock database',
'unlockbtn' => 'Unlock database',
'locknoconfirm' => 'You did not check the confirmation box.',
'lockdbsuccesssub' => 'Database lock succeeded',
'unlockdbsuccesssub' => 'Database lock removed',
'lockdbsuccesstext' => 'The database has been locked.
<br />Remember to [[Special:Unlockdb|remove the lock]] after your maintenance is complete.',
'unlockdbsuccesstext' => 'The database has been unlocked.',
'lockfilenotwritable' => 'The database lock file is not writable. To lock or unlock the database, this needs to be writable by the web server.',
'databasenotlocked' => 'The database is not locked.',
# Make sysop
'makesysoptitle' => 'Make a user into a sysop',
'makesysoptext' => 'This form is used by bureaucrats to turn ordinary users into administrators.
Type the name of the user in the box and press the button to make the user an administrator',
'makesysopname' => 'Name of the user:',
'makesysopsubmit' => 'Make this user into a sysop',
'makesysopok' => "<b>User \"$1\" is now a sysop</b>",
'makesysopfail' => "<b>User \"$1\" could not be made into a sysop. (Did you enter the name correctly?)</b>",
'setbureaucratflag' => 'Set bureaucrat flag',
'rightslog' => 'User rights log',
'rightslogtext' => 'This is a log of changes to user rights.',
'rightslogentry' => 'changed group membership for $1 from $2 to $3',
'rights' => 'Rights:',
'set_user_rights' => 'Set user rights',
'user_rights_set' => "<b>User rights for \"$1\" updated</b>",
'set_rights_fail' => "<b>User rights for \"$1\" could not be set. (Did you enter the name correctly?)</b>",
'makesysop' => 'Make a user into a sysop',
'already_sysop' => 'This user is already an administrator',
'already_bureaucrat' => 'This user is already a bureaucrat',
'rightsnone' => '(none)',
# Move page
#
'movepage' => 'Move page',
'movepagetext' => 'Using the form below will rename a page, moving all
of its history to the new name.
The old title will become a redirect page to the new title.
Links to the old page title will not be changed; be sure to
check for double or broken redirects.
You are responsible for making sure that links continue to
point where they are supposed to go.
Note that the page will \'\'\'not\'\'\' be moved if there is already
a page at the new title, unless it is empty or a redirect and has no
past edit history. This means that you can rename a page back to where
it was just renamed from if you make a mistake, and you cannot overwrite
an existing page.
<b>WARNING!</b>
This can be a drastic and unexpected change for a popular page;
please be sure you understand the consequences of this before
proceeding.',
'movepagetalktext' => 'The associated talk page will be automatically moved along with it \'\'\'unless:\'\'\'
*A non-empty talk page already exists under the new name, or
*You uncheck the box below.
In those cases, you will have to move or merge the page manually if desired.',
'movearticle' => 'Move page',
'movenologin' => 'Not logged in',
'movenologintext' => "You must be a registered user and [[Special:Userlogin|logged in]]
to move a page.",
'newtitle' => 'To new title',
'movepagebtn' => 'Move page',
'pagemovedsub' => 'Move succeeded',
'pagemovedtext' => "Page \"[[$1]]\" moved to \"[[$2]]\".",
'articleexists' => 'A page of that name already exists, or the
name you have chosen is not valid.
Please choose another name.',
'talkexists' => "'''The page itself was moved successfully, but the talk page could not be moved because one already exists at the new title. Please merge them manually.'''",
'movedto' => 'moved to',
'movetalk' => 'Move associated talk page',
'talkpagemoved' => 'The corresponding talk page was also moved.',
'talkpagenotmoved' => 'The corresponding talk page was <strong>not</strong> moved.',
'1movedto2' => '[[$1]] moved to [[$2]]',
'1movedto2_redir' => '[[$1]] moved to [[$2]] over redirect',
'movelogpage' => 'Move log',
'movelogpagetext' => 'Below is a list of page moved.',
'movereason' => 'Reason',
'revertmove' => 'revert',
'delete_and_move' => 'Delete and move',
'delete_and_move_text' =>
'==Deletion required==
The destination article "[[$1]]" already exists. Do you want to delete it to make way for the move?',
'delete_and_move_confirm' => 'Yes, delete the page',
'delete_and_move_reason' => 'Deleted to make way for move',
'selfmove' => "Source and destination titles are the same; can't move a page over itself.",
'immobile_namespace' => "Source or destination title is of a special type; cannot move pages from and into that namespace.",
# Export
'export' => 'Export pages',
'exporttext' => 'You can export the text and editing history of a particular page or
set of pages wrapped in some XML. This can be imported into another wiki using MediaWiki
via the Special:Import page.
To export pages, enter the titles in the text box below, one title per line, and
select whether you want the current version as well as all old versions, with the page
history lines, or just the current version with the info about the last edit.
In the latter case you can also use a link, e.g. [[{{ns:Special}}:Export/{{int:mainpage}}]] for the page {{int:mainpage}}.',
'exportcuronly' => 'Include only the current revision, not the full history',
'exportnohistory' => "----
'''Note:''' Exporting the full history of pages through this form has been disabled due to performance reasons.",
'export-submit' => 'Export',
# Namespace 8 related
'allmessages' => 'System messages',
'allmessagesname' => 'Name',
'allmessagesdefault' => 'Default text',
'allmessagescurrent' => 'Current text',
'allmessagestext' => 'This is a list of system messages available in the MediaWiki namespace.',
'allmessagesnotsupportedUI' => 'Your current interface language <b>$1</b> is not supported by Special:Allmessages at this site.',
'allmessagesnotsupportedDB' => '\'\'\'Special:Allmessages\'\'\' cannot be used because \'\'\'$wgUseDatabaseMessages\'\'\' is switched off.',
'allmessagesfilter' => 'Message name filter:',
'allmessagesmodified' => 'Show only modified',
# Thumbnails
'thumbnail-more' => 'Enlarge',
'missingimage' => '<b>Missing image</b><br /><i>$1</i>',
'filemissing' => 'File missing',
'thumbnail_error' => 'Error creating thumbnail: $1',
# Special:Import
'import' => 'Import pages',
'importinterwiki' => 'Transwiki import',
'import-interwiki-text' => 'Select a wiki and page title to import.
Revision dates and editors\' names will be preserved.
All transwiki import actions are logged at the [[Special:Log/import|import log]].',
'import-interwiki-history' => 'Copy all history versions for this page',
'import-interwiki-submit' => 'Import',
'import-interwiki-namespace' => 'Transfer pages into namespace:',
'importtext' => 'Please export the file from the source wiki using the Special:Export utility, save it to your disk and upload it here.',
'importstart' => "Importing pages...",
'import-revision-count' => '$1 {{PLURAL:$1|revision|revisions}}',
'importnopages' => "No pages to import.",
'importfailed' => "Import failed: $1",
'importunknownsource' => "Unknown import source type",
'importcantopen' => "Couldn't open import file",
'importbadinterwiki' => "Bad interwiki link",
'importnotext' => 'Empty or no text',
'importsuccess' => 'Import succeeded!',
'importhistoryconflict' => 'Conflicting history revision exists (may have imported this page before)',
'importnosources' => 'No transwiki import sources have been defined and direct history uploads are disabled.',
'importnofile' => 'No import file was uploaded.',
'importuploaderror' => 'Upload of import file failed; perhaps the file is bigger than the allowed upload size.',
# import log
'importlogpage' => 'Import log',
'importlogpagetext' => 'Administrative imports of pages with edit history from other wikis.',
'import-logentry-upload' => 'imported $1 by file upload',
'import-logentry-upload-detail' => '$1 revision(s)',
'import-logentry-interwiki' => 'transwikied $1',
'import-logentry-interwiki-detail' => '$1 revision(s) from $2',
# Keyboard access keys for power users
'accesskey-search' => 'f',
'accesskey-minoredit' => 'i',
'accesskey-save' => 's',
'accesskey-preview' => 'p',
'accesskey-diff' => 'v',
'accesskey-compareselectedversions' => 'v',
'accesskey-watch' => 'w',
# tooltip help for some actions, most are in Monobook.js
'tooltip-search' => 'Search {{SITENAME}} [alt-f]',
'tooltip-minoredit' => 'Mark this as a minor edit [alt-i]',
'tooltip-save' => 'Save your changes [alt-s]',
'tooltip-preview' => 'Preview your changes, please use this before saving! [alt-p]',
'tooltip-diff' => 'Show which changes you made to the text. [alt-v]',
'tooltip-compareselectedversions' => 'See the differences between the two selected versions of this page. [alt-v]',
'tooltip-watch' => 'Add this page to your watchlist [alt-w]',
# stylesheets
'Common.css' => '/** CSS placed here will be applied to all skins */',
'Monobook.css' => '/* CSS placed here will affect users of the Monobook skin */',
# Metadata
'nodublincore' => 'Dublin Core RDF metadata disabled for this server.',
'nocreativecommons' => 'Creative Commons RDF metadata disabled for this server.',
'notacceptable' => 'The wiki server can\'t provide data in a format your client can read.',
# Attribution
'anonymous' => 'Anonymous user(s) of {{SITENAME}}',
'siteuser' => '{{SITENAME}} user $1',
'lastmodifiedatby' => 'This page was last modified $2, $1 by $3.', // $1 date, $2 time. $3 user
'and' => 'and',
'othercontribs' => 'Based on work by $1.',
'others' => 'others',
'siteusers' => '{{SITENAME}} user(s) $1',
'creditspage' => 'Page credits',
'nocredits' => 'There is no credits info available for this page.',
# Spam protection
'spamprotectiontitle' => 'Spam protection filter',
'spamprotectiontext' => 'The page you wanted to save was blocked by the spam filter. This is probably caused by a link to an external site.',
'spamprotectionmatch' => 'The following text is what triggered our spam filter: $1',
'subcategorycount' => "There {{PLURAL:$1|is one subcategory|are $1 subcategories}} to this category.",
'categoryarticlecount' => "There {{PLURAL:$1|is one article|are $1 articles}} in this category.",
'listingcontinuesabbrev' => " cont.",
'spambot_username' => 'MediaWiki spam cleanup',
'spam_reverting' => 'Reverting to last version not containing links to $1',
'spam_blanking' => 'All revisions contained links to $1, blanking',
# Info page
'infosubtitle' => 'Information for page',
'numedits' => 'Number of edits (article): $1',
'numtalkedits' => 'Number of edits (discussion page): $1',
'numwatchers' => 'Number of watchers: $1',
'numauthors' => 'Number of distinct authors (article): $1',
'numtalkauthors' => 'Number of distinct authors (discussion page): $1',
# Math options
'mw_math_png' => 'Always render PNG',
'mw_math_simple' => 'HTML if very simple or else PNG',
'mw_math_html' => 'HTML if possible or else PNG',
'mw_math_source' => 'Leave it as TeX (for text browsers)',
'mw_math_modern' => 'Recommended for modern browsers',
'mw_math_mathml' => 'MathML if possible (experimental)',
# Patrolling
'markaspatrolleddiff' => "Mark as patrolled",
'markaspatrolledlink' => "[$1]",
'markaspatrolledtext' => "Mark this article as patrolled",
'markedaspatrolled' => "Marked as patrolled",
'markedaspatrolledtext' => "The selected revision has been marked as patrolled.",
'rcpatroldisabled' => "Recent Changes Patrol disabled",
'rcpatroldisabledtext' => "The Recent Changes Patrol feature is currently disabled.",
'markedaspatrollederror' => "Cannot mark as patrolled",
'markedaspatrollederrortext' => "You need to specify a revision to mark as patrolled.",
# Monobook.js: tooltips and access keys for monobook
'Monobook.js' => '/* tooltips and access keys */
var ta = new Object();
ta[\'pt-userpage\'] = new Array(\'.\',\'My user page\');
ta[\'pt-anonuserpage\'] = new Array(\'.\',\'The user page for the ip you\\\'re editing as\');
ta[\'pt-mytalk\'] = new Array(\'n\',\'My talk page\');
ta[\'pt-anontalk\'] = new Array(\'n\',\'Discussion about edits from this ip address\');
ta[\'pt-preferences\'] = new Array(\'\',\'My preferences\');
ta[\'pt-watchlist\'] = new Array(\'l\',\'The list of pages you\\\'re monitoring for changes.\');
ta[\'pt-mycontris\'] = new Array(\'y\',\'List of my contributions\');
ta[\'pt-login\'] = new Array(\'o\',\'You are encouraged to log in, it is not mandatory however.\');
ta[\'pt-anonlogin\'] = new Array(\'o\',\'You are encouraged to log in, it is not mandatory however.\');
ta[\'pt-logout\'] = new Array(\'o\',\'Log out\');
ta[\'ca-talk\'] = new Array(\'t\',\'Discussion about the content page\');
ta[\'ca-edit\'] = new Array(\'e\',\'You can edit this page. Please use the preview button before saving.\');
ta[\'ca-addsection\'] = new Array(\'+\',\'Add a comment to this discussion.\');
ta[\'ca-viewsource\'] = new Array(\'e\',\'This page is protected. You can view its source.\');
ta[\'ca-history\'] = new Array(\'h\',\'Past versions of this page.\');
ta[\'ca-protect\'] = new Array(\'=\',\'Protect this page\');
ta[\'ca-delete\'] = new Array(\'d\',\'Delete this page\');
ta[\'ca-undelete\'] = new Array(\'d\',\'Restore the edits done to this page before it was deleted\');
ta[\'ca-move\'] = new Array(\'m\',\'Move this page\');
ta[\'ca-watch\'] = new Array(\'w\',\'Add this page to your watchlist\');
ta[\'ca-unwatch\'] = new Array(\'w\',\'Remove this page from your watchlist\');
ta[\'search\'] = new Array(\'f\',\'Search this wiki\');
ta[\'p-logo\'] = new Array(\'\',\'Main Page\');
ta[\'n-mainpage\'] = new Array(\'z\',\'Visit the Main Page\');
ta[\'n-portal\'] = new Array(\'\',\'About the project, what you can do, where to find things\');
ta[\'n-currentevents\'] = new Array(\'\',\'Find background information on current events\');
ta[\'n-recentchanges\'] = new Array(\'r\',\'The list of recent changes in the wiki.\');
ta[\'n-randompage\'] = new Array(\'x\',\'Load a random page\');
ta[\'n-help\'] = new Array(\'\',\'The place to find out.\');
ta[\'n-sitesupport\'] = new Array(\'\',\'Support us\');
ta[\'t-whatlinkshere\'] = new Array(\'j\',\'List of all wiki pages that link here\');
ta[\'t-recentchangeslinked\'] = new Array(\'k\',\'Recent changes in pages linked from this page\');
ta[\'feed-rss\'] = new Array(\'\',\'RSS feed for this page\');
ta[\'feed-atom\'] = new Array(\'\',\'Atom feed for this page\');
ta[\'t-contributions\'] = new Array(\'\',\'View the list of contributions of this user\');
ta[\'t-emailuser\'] = new Array(\'\',\'Send a mail to this user\');
ta[\'t-upload\'] = new Array(\'u\',\'Upload images or media files\');
ta[\'t-specialpages\'] = new Array(\'q\',\'List of all special pages\');
ta[\'ca-nstab-main\'] = new Array(\'c\',\'View the content page\');
ta[\'ca-nstab-user\'] = new Array(\'c\',\'View the user page\');
ta[\'ca-nstab-media\'] = new Array(\'c\',\'View the media page\');
ta[\'ca-nstab-special\'] = new Array(\'\',\'This is a special page, you can\\\'t edit the page itself.\');
ta[\'ca-nstab-project\'] = new Array(\'a\',\'View the project page\');
ta[\'ca-nstab-image\'] = new Array(\'c\',\'View the image page\');
ta[\'ca-nstab-mediawiki\'] = new Array(\'c\',\'View the system message\');
ta[\'ca-nstab-template\'] = new Array(\'c\',\'View the template\');
ta[\'ca-nstab-help\'] = new Array(\'c\',\'View the help page\');
ta[\'ca-nstab-category\'] = new Array(\'c\',\'View the category page\');',
# image deletion
'deletedrevision' => 'Deleted old revision $1.',
# browsing diffs
'previousdiff' => '← Previous diff',
'nextdiff' => 'Next diff →',
'imagemaxsize' => 'Limit images on image description pages to:',
'thumbsize' => 'Thumbnail size:',
'showbigimage' => 'Download high resolution version ($1x$2, $3 KB)',
'newimages' => 'Gallery of new files',
'showhidebots' => '($1 bots)',
'noimages' => 'Nothing to see.',
# short names for language variants used for language conversion links.
# to disable showing a particular link, set it to 'disable', e.g.
# 'variantname-zh-sg' => 'disable',
'variantname-zh-cn' => 'cn',
'variantname-zh-tw' => 'tw',
'variantname-zh-hk' => 'hk',
'variantname-zh-sg' => 'sg',
'variantname-zh' => 'zh',
# variants for Serbian language
'variantname-sr-ec' => 'sr-ec',
'variantname-sr-el' => 'sr-el',
'variantname-sr-jc' => 'sr-jc',
'variantname-sr-jl' => 'sr-jl',
'variantname-sr' => 'sr',
# variants for Kazakh language
'variantname-kk-tr' => 'kk-tr',
'variantname-kk-kz' => 'kk-kz',
'variantname-kk-cn' => 'kk-cn',
'variantname-kk' => 'kk',
# labels for User: and Title: on Special:Log pages
'specialloguserlabel' => 'User:',
'speciallogtitlelabel' => 'Title:',
'passwordtooshort' => 'Your password is too short. It must have at least $1 characters.',
# Media Warning
'mediawarning' => '\'\'\'Warning\'\'\': This file may contain malicious code, by executing it your system may be compromised.<hr />',
'fileinfo' => '$1KB, MIME type: <code>$2</code>',
# Metadata
'metadata' => 'Metadata',
'metadata-help' => 'This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details may not fully reflect the modified image.',
'metadata-expand' => 'Show extended details',
'metadata-collapse' => 'Hide extended details',
'metadata-fields' => 'EXIF metadata fields listed in this message will
be included on image page display when the metadata table
is collapsed. Others will be hidden by default.
* make
* model
* datetimeoriginal
* exposuretime
* fnumber
* focallength',
# Exif tags
'exif-imagewidth' =>'Width',
'exif-imagelength' =>'Height',
'exif-bitspersample' =>'Bits per component',
'exif-compression' =>'Compression scheme',
'exif-photometricinterpretation' =>'Pixel composition',
'exif-orientation' =>'Orientation',
'exif-samplesperpixel' =>'Number of components',
'exif-planarconfiguration' =>'Data arrangement',
'exif-ycbcrsubsampling' =>'Subsampling ratio of Y to C',
'exif-ycbcrpositioning' =>'Y and C positioning',
'exif-xresolution' =>'Horizontal resolution',
'exif-yresolution' =>'Vertical resolution',
'exif-resolutionunit' =>'Unit of X and Y resolution',
'exif-stripoffsets' =>'Image data location',
'exif-rowsperstrip' =>'Number of rows per strip',
'exif-stripbytecounts' =>'Bytes per compressed strip',
'exif-jpeginterchangeformat' =>'Offset to JPEG SOI',
'exif-jpeginterchangeformatlength' =>'Bytes of JPEG data',
'exif-transferfunction' =>'Transfer function',
'exif-whitepoint' =>'White point chromaticity',
'exif-primarychromaticities' =>'Chromaticities of primarities',
'exif-ycbcrcoefficients' =>'Color space transformation matrix coefficients',
'exif-referenceblackwhite' =>'Pair of black and white reference values',
'exif-datetime' =>'File change date and time',
'exif-imagedescription' =>'Image title',
'exif-make' =>'Camera manufacturer',
'exif-model' =>'Camera model',
'exif-software' =>'Software used',
'exif-artist' =>'Author',
'exif-copyright' =>'Copyright holder',
'exif-exifversion' =>'Exif version',
'exif-flashpixversion' =>'Supported Flashpix version',
'exif-colorspace' =>'Color space',
'exif-componentsconfiguration' =>'Meaning of each component',
'exif-compressedbitsperpixel' =>'Image compression mode',
'exif-pixelydimension' =>'Valid image width',
'exif-pixelxdimension' =>'Valid image height',
'exif-makernote' =>'Manufacturer notes',
'exif-usercomment' =>'User comments',
'exif-relatedsoundfile' =>'Related audio file',
'exif-datetimeoriginal' =>'Date and time of data generation',
'exif-datetimedigitized' =>'Date and time of digitizing',
'exif-subsectime' =>'DateTime subseconds',
'exif-subsectimeoriginal' =>'DateTimeOriginal subseconds',
'exif-subsectimedigitized' =>'DateTimeDigitized subseconds',
'exif-exposuretime' =>'Exposure time',
'exif-exposuretime-format' => '$1 sec ($2)',
'exif-fnumber' =>'F Number',
'exif-fnumber-format' =>'f/$1',
'exif-exposureprogram' =>'Exposure Program',
'exif-spectralsensitivity' =>'Spectral sensitivity',
'exif-isospeedratings' =>'ISO speed rating',
'exif-oecf' =>'Optoelectronic conversion factor',
'exif-shutterspeedvalue' =>'Shutter speed',
'exif-aperturevalue' =>'Aperture',
'exif-brightnessvalue' =>'Brightness',
'exif-exposurebiasvalue' =>'Exposure bias',
'exif-maxaperturevalue' =>'Maximum land aperture',
'exif-subjectdistance' =>'Subject distance',
'exif-meteringmode' =>'Metering mode',
'exif-lightsource' =>'Light source',
'exif-flash' =>'Flash',
'exif-focallength' =>'Lens focal length',
'exif-focallength-format' =>'$1 mm',
'exif-subjectarea' =>'Subject area',
'exif-flashenergy' =>'Flash energy',
'exif-spatialfrequencyresponse' =>'Spatial frequency response',
'exif-focalplanexresolution' =>'Focal plane X resolution',
'exif-focalplaneyresolution' =>'Focal plane Y resolution',
'exif-focalplaneresolutionunit' =>'Focal plane resolution unit',
'exif-subjectlocation' =>'Subject location',
'exif-exposureindex' =>'Exposure index',
'exif-sensingmethod' =>'Sensing method',
'exif-filesource' =>'File source',
'exif-scenetype' =>'Scene type',
'exif-cfapattern' =>'CFA pattern',
'exif-customrendered' =>'Custom image processing',
'exif-exposuremode' =>'Exposure mode',
'exif-whitebalance' =>'White Balance',
'exif-digitalzoomratio' =>'Digital zoom ratio',
'exif-focallengthin35mmfilm' =>'Focal length in 35 mm film',
'exif-scenecapturetype' =>'Scene capture type',
'exif-gaincontrol' =>'Scene control',
'exif-contrast' =>'Contrast',
'exif-saturation' =>'Saturation',
'exif-sharpness' =>'Sharpness',
'exif-devicesettingdescription' =>'Device settings description',
'exif-subjectdistancerange' =>'Subject distance range',
'exif-imageuniqueid' =>'Unique image ID',
'exif-gpsversionid' =>'GPS tag version',
'exif-gpslatituderef' =>'North or South Latitude',
'exif-gpslatitude' =>'Latitude',
'exif-gpslongituderef' =>'East or West Longitude',
'exif-gpslongitude' =>'Longitude',
'exif-gpsaltituderef' =>'Altitude reference',
'exif-gpsaltitude' =>'Altitude',
'exif-gpstimestamp' =>'GPS time (atomic clock)',
'exif-gpssatellites' =>'Satellites used for measurement',
'exif-gpsstatus' =>'Receiver status',
'exif-gpsmeasuremode' =>'Measurement mode',
'exif-gpsdop' =>'Measurement precision',
'exif-gpsspeedref' =>'Speed unit',
'exif-gpsspeed' =>'Speed of GPS receiver',
'exif-gpstrackref' =>'Reference for direction of movement',
'exif-gpstrack' =>'Direction of movement',
'exif-gpsimgdirectionref' =>'Reference for direction of image',
'exif-gpsimgdirection' =>'Direction of image',
'exif-gpsmapdatum' =>'Geodetic survey data used',
'exif-gpsdestlatituderef' =>'Reference for latitude of destination',
'exif-gpsdestlatitude' =>'Latitude destination',
'exif-gpsdestlongituderef' =>'Reference for longitude of destination',
'exif-gpsdestlongitude' =>'Longitude of destination',
'exif-gpsdestbearingref' =>'Reference for bearing of destination',
'exif-gpsdestbearing' =>'Bearing of destination',
'exif-gpsdestdistanceref' =>'Reference for distance to destination',
'exif-gpsdestdistance' =>'Distance to destination',
'exif-gpsprocessingmethod' =>'Name of GPS processing method',
'exif-gpsareainformation' =>'Name of GPS area',
'exif-gpsdatestamp' =>'GPS date',
'exif-gpsdifferential' =>'GPS differential correction',
# Make & model, can be wikified in order to link to the camera and model name
'exif-make-value' => '$1',
'exif-model-value' =>'$1',
'exif-software-value' => '$1',
# Exif attributes
'exif-compression-1' => 'Uncompressed',
'exif-compression-6' => 'JPEG',
'exif-photometricinterpretation-2' => 'RGB',
'exif-photometricinterpretation-6' => 'YCbCr',
'exif-orientation-1' => 'Normal', // 0th row: top; 0th column: left
'exif-orientation-2' => 'Flipped horizontally', // 0th row: top; 0th column: right
'exif-orientation-3' => 'Rotated 180°', // 0th row: bottom; 0th column: right
'exif-orientation-4' => 'Flipped vertically', // 0th row: bottom; 0th column: left
'exif-orientation-5' => 'Rotated 90° CCW and flipped vertically', // 0th row: left; 0th column: top
'exif-orientation-6' => 'Rotated 90° CW', // 0th row: right; 0th column: top
'exif-orientation-7' => 'Rotated 90° CW and flipped vertically', // 0th row: right; 0th column: bottom
'exif-orientation-8' => 'Rotated 90° CCW', // 0th row: left; 0th column: bottom
'exif-planarconfiguration-1' => 'chunky format',
'exif-planarconfiguration-2' => 'planar format',
'exif-xyresolution-i' => '$1 dpi',
'exif-xyresolution-c' => '$1 dpc',
'exif-colorspace-1' => 'sRGB',
'exif-colorspace-ffff.h' => 'FFFF.H',
'exif-componentsconfiguration-0' => 'does not exist',
'exif-componentsconfiguration-1' => 'Y',
'exif-componentsconfiguration-2' => 'Cb',
'exif-componentsconfiguration-3' => 'Cr',
'exif-componentsconfiguration-4' => 'R',
'exif-componentsconfiguration-5' => 'G',
'exif-componentsconfiguration-6' => 'B',
'exif-exposureprogram-0' => 'Not defined',
'exif-exposureprogram-1' => 'Manual',
'exif-exposureprogram-2' => 'Normal program',
'exif-exposureprogram-3' => 'Aperture priority',
'exif-exposureprogram-4' => 'Shutter priority',
'exif-exposureprogram-5' => 'Creative program (biased toward depth of field)',
'exif-exposureprogram-6' => 'Action program (biased toward fast shutter speed)',
'exif-exposureprogram-7' => 'Portrait mode (for closeup photos with the background out of focus)',
'exif-exposureprogram-8' => 'Landscape mode (for landscape photos with the background in focus)',
'exif-subjectdistance-value' => '$1 metres',
'exif-meteringmode-0' => 'Unknown',
'exif-meteringmode-1' => 'Average',
'exif-meteringmode-2' => 'CenterWeightedAverage',
'exif-meteringmode-3' => 'Spot',
'exif-meteringmode-4' => 'MultiSpot',
'exif-meteringmode-5' => 'Pattern',
'exif-meteringmode-6' => 'Partial',
'exif-meteringmode-255' => 'Other',
'exif-lightsource-0' => 'Unknown',
'exif-lightsource-1' => 'Daylight',
'exif-lightsource-2' => 'Fluorescent',
'exif-lightsource-3' => 'Tungsten (incandescent light)',
'exif-lightsource-4' => 'Flash',
'exif-lightsource-9' => 'Fine weather',
'exif-lightsource-10' => 'Cloudy weather',
'exif-lightsource-11' => 'Shade',
'exif-lightsource-12' => 'Daylight fluorescent (D 5700 – 7100K)',
'exif-lightsource-13' => 'Day white fluorescent (N 4600 – 5400K)',
'exif-lightsource-14' => 'Cool white fluorescent (W 3900 – 4500K)',
'exif-lightsource-15' => 'White fluorescent (WW 3200 – 3700K)',
'exif-lightsource-17' => 'Standard light A',
'exif-lightsource-18' => 'Standard light B',
'exif-lightsource-19' => 'Standard light C',
'exif-lightsource-20' => 'D55',
'exif-lightsource-21' => 'D65',
'exif-lightsource-22' => 'D75',
'exif-lightsource-23' => 'D50',
'exif-lightsource-24' => 'ISO studio tungsten',
'exif-lightsource-255' => 'Other light source',
'exif-focalplaneresolutionunit-2' => 'inches',
'exif-sensingmethod-1' => 'Undefined',
'exif-sensingmethod-2' => 'One-chip color area sensor',
'exif-sensingmethod-3' => 'Two-chip color area sensor',
'exif-sensingmethod-4' => 'Three-chip color area sensor',
'exif-sensingmethod-5' => 'Color sequential area sensor',
'exif-sensingmethod-7' => 'Trilinear sensor',
'exif-sensingmethod-8' => 'Color sequential linear sensor',
'exif-filesource-3' => 'DSC',
'exif-scenetype-1' => 'A directly photographed image',
'exif-customrendered-0' => 'Normal process',
'exif-customrendered-1' => 'Custom process',
'exif-exposuremode-0' => 'Auto exposure',
'exif-exposuremode-1' => 'Manual exposure',
'exif-exposuremode-2' => 'Auto bracket',
'exif-whitebalance-0' => 'Auto white balance',
'exif-whitebalance-1' => 'Manual white balance',
'exif-scenecapturetype-0' => 'Standard',
'exif-scenecapturetype-1' => 'Landscape',
'exif-scenecapturetype-2' => 'Portrait',
'exif-scenecapturetype-3' => 'Night scene',
'exif-gaincontrol-0' => 'None',
'exif-gaincontrol-1' => 'Low gain up',
'exif-gaincontrol-2' => 'High gain up',
'exif-gaincontrol-3' => 'Low gain down',
'exif-gaincontrol-4' => 'High gain down',
'exif-contrast-0' => 'Normal',
'exif-contrast-1' => 'Soft',
'exif-contrast-2' => 'Hard',
'exif-saturation-0' => 'Normal',
'exif-saturation-1' => 'Low saturation',
'exif-saturation-2' => 'High saturation',
'exif-sharpness-0' => 'Normal',
'exif-sharpness-1' => 'Soft',
'exif-sharpness-2' => 'Hard',
'exif-subjectdistancerange-0' => 'Unknown',
'exif-subjectdistancerange-1' => 'Macro',
'exif-subjectdistancerange-2' => 'Close view',
'exif-subjectdistancerange-3' => 'Distant view',
// Pseudotags used for GPSLatitudeRef and GPSDestLatitudeRef
'exif-gpslatitude-n' => 'North latitude',
'exif-gpslatitude-s' => 'South latitude',
// Pseudotags used for GPSLongitudeRef and GPSDestLongitudeRef
'exif-gpslongitude-e' => 'East longitude',
'exif-gpslongitude-w' => 'West longitude',
'exif-gpsstatus-a' => 'Measurement in progress',
'exif-gpsstatus-v' => 'Measurement interoperability',
'exif-gpsmeasuremode-2' => '2-dimensional measurement',
'exif-gpsmeasuremode-3' => '3-dimensional measurement',
// Pseudotags used for GPSSpeedRef and GPSDestDistanceRef
'exif-gpsspeed-k' => 'Kilometres per hour',
'exif-gpsspeed-m' => 'Miles per hour',
'exif-gpsspeed-n' => 'Knots',
// Pseudotags used for GPSTrackRef, GPSImgDirectionRef and GPSDestBearingRef
'exif-gpsdirection-t' => 'True direction',
'exif-gpsdirection-m' => 'Magnetic direction',
# external editor support
'edit-externally' => 'Edit this file using an external application',
'edit-externally-help' => 'See the [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:External_editors setup instructions] for more information.',
# 'all' in various places, this might be different for inflected languages
'recentchangesall' => 'all',
'imagelistall' => 'all',
'watchlistall1' => 'all',
'watchlistall2' => 'all',
'namespacesall' => 'all',
# E-mail address confirmation
'confirmemail' => 'Confirm E-mail address',
'confirmemail_noemail' => 'You do not have a valid email address set in your [[Special:Preferences|user preferences]].',
'confirmemail_text' => "This wiki requires that you validate your e-mail address
before using e-mail features. Activate the button below to send a confirmation
mail to your address. The mail will include a link containing a code; load the
link in your browser to confirm that your e-mail address is valid.",
'confirmemail_send' => 'Mail a confirmation code',
'confirmemail_sent' => 'Confirmation e-mail sent.',
'confirmemail_sendfailed' => 'Could not send confirmation mail. Check address for invalid characters.',
'confirmemail_invalid' => 'Invalid confirmation code. The code may have expired.',
'confirmemail_needlogin' => 'You need to $1 to confirm your email address.',
'confirmemail_success' => 'Your e-mail address has been confirmed. You may now log in and enjoy the wiki.',
'confirmemail_loggedin' => 'Your e-mail address has now been confirmed.',
'confirmemail_error' => 'Something went wrong saving your confirmation.',
'confirmemail_subject' => '{{SITENAME}} e-mail address confirmation',
'confirmemail_body' => "Someone, probably you from IP address $1, has registered an
account \"$2\" with this e-mail address on {{SITENAME}}.
To confirm that this account really does belong to you and activate
e-mail features on {{SITENAME}}, open this link in your browser:
$3
If this is *not* you, don't follow the link. This confirmation code
will expire at $4.",
# Inputbox extension, may be useful in other contexts as well
'tryexact' => 'Try exact match',
'searchfulltext' => 'Search full text',
'createarticle' => 'Create article',
# Scary transclusion
'scarytranscludedisabled' => '[Interwiki transcluding is disabled]',
'scarytranscludefailed' => '[Template fetch failed for $1; sorry]',
'scarytranscludetoolong' => '[URL is too long; sorry]',
# Trackbacks
'trackbackbox' => '<div id="mw_trackbacks">
Trackbacks for this article:<br />
$1
</div>',
'trackback' => '; $4$5 : [$2 $1]',
'trackbackexcerpt' => '; $4$5 : [$2 $1]: <nowiki>$3</nowiki>',
'trackbackremove' => ' ([$1 Delete])',
'trackbacklink' => 'Trackback',
'trackbackdeleteok' => 'The trackback was successfully deleted.',
# delete conflict
'deletedwhileediting' => 'Warning: This page has been deleted after you started editing!',
'confirmrecreate' => 'User [[User:$1|$1]] ([[User talk:$1|talk]]) deleted this page after you started editing with reason:
: \'\'$2\'\'
Please confirm that really want to recreate this page.',
'recreate' => 'Recreate',
'tooltip-recreate' => 'Recreate the page despite it has been deleted',
'unit-pixel' => 'px',
# HTML dump
'redirectingto' => 'Redirecting to [[$1]]...',
# action=purge
'confirm_purge' => "Clear the cache of this page?\n\n$1",
'confirm_purge_button' => 'OK',
'youhavenewmessagesmulti' => "You have new messages on $1",
'newtalkseperator' => ',_',
'searchcontaining' => "Search for articles containing ''$1''.",
'searchnamed' => "Search for articles named ''$1''.",
'articletitles' => "Articles starting with ''$1''",
'hideresults' => 'Hide results',
# DISPLAYTITLE
'displaytitle' => '(Link to this page as [[$1]])',
'loginlanguagelabel' => 'Language: $1',
# Multipage image navigation
'imgmultipageprev' => '← previous page',
'imgmultipagenext' => 'next page →',
'imgmultigo' => 'Go!',
'imgmultigotopre' => 'Go to page',
'imgmultigotopost' => '',
# Table pager
'ascending_abbrev' => 'asc',
'descending_abbrev' => 'desc',
'table_pager_next' => 'Next page',
'table_pager_prev' => 'Previous page',
'table_pager_first' => 'First page',
'table_pager_last' => 'Last page',
'table_pager_limit' => 'Show $1 items per page',
'table_pager_limit_submit' => 'Go',
'table_pager_empty' => 'No results',
);
?>
</pre>
<!-- End point of the PHP code-->
Wikipedia:Babel
277
1159
2006-10-08T15:12:57Z
Sl
32
'''用户语言模板'''促进各种语言使用者的交流。其主要目的在于方便不谙他种语言的人,能够在不同语言的维基版本中寻求协助。这个构思来自[[Commons:Commons:Babel|维基共享资源]],此外,也在[[meta:Meta:Babel templates|元维基]]和其他专题里施行。欲参与者,请将Babel语言模板加入您的用户首页。
{{Babels|en|nativename=English|zhname=英语}}
{{Babels|wuu|nativename=吴语|zhname=吴语|zero=0}}
{{Babels|zh|nativename=中文|zhname=中文|zero=0}}
{{Babels|zh-yue|nativename=粤语|zhname=粤语|zero=0}}
[[af:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[als:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[am:Wikipedia:ልሳናት]]
[[an:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[ar:ويكيبيديا:بابل]]
[[ast:Uiquipedia:Babel]]
[[be:Вікіпэдыя:Бабілёнская вежа]]
[[bg:Уикипедия:Babel]]
[[br:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[bs:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[ca:Viquipèdia:Babel]]
[[cs:Wikipedie:Babylón]]
[[cv:Википеди:Вавилон]]
[[cy:Wicipedia:Babel]]
[[da:Wikipedia:Babel]]
[[de:Wikipedia:Babel]]
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力学
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/* 爱因斯坦力学 vs. 牛顿力学 */
{{translation|tfrom=[[:en:Mechanics]]}}
'''力学'''是物理学个一只分支,俚主要研究物体受到外力或者勒拉变形辰光个行为,搭仔俚反过来引起个对环境个影响。
研究该星规律个人呢,就叫俚力学家。
==意义搭仔重要性==
力学是物理学里向顶顶根本个规律。俚主要处理人觉着个该个宏观世界,为之讲是关于自然世界个一个交关大个知识实体。宇宙当中个所有物质勒拉四个基本相互作用(或者讲“力”),也就是[[重力]]、[[强相互作用]]、[[弱相互作用]]搭仔[[电磁相互作用]]下底个运动,侪拨拉力学包含勒许。
力学也是所谓[[技术]]个核心之一。技术呢,也就是拿物理知识用到人类社会个发展浪。勒拉该个层面浪个规律,一般性叫俚[[工科]]或者[[应用力学]]。勒拉搿个层面浪,力学就好拿得来设计搭仔分析结构、机制搭机器个行为。搿个领域里向个重要个分支,像[[机械工程]]、[[航天工程]]、[[土木工程]]搭仔[[生物力学]]侪是力学里向衍生出来个。
==经典力学 vs. 量子力学==
力学主要好分成所谓个[[经典力学]]搭仔[[量子力学]]。
从历史浪来讲,经典力学先产生,而量子力学是只相对晏到个发明。经典力学比有文字记载个历史还要来得早,而量子力学一脚要到1900年再出世。普遍浪认为,俚笃组成着现有个对物理本原顶顶靠得住个认识。经典力学外加拨看成是别个所谓[[严格科学]]个样板。勒拉该个方面,理论当中数学浪个严格推导,搭仔勒拉产生搭验证搿星理论辰光实验勒许扮演个决定性个角色,是弗可或缺个。
量子力学呢,勒拉顶顶阔个范畴浪,勒拉俚个形式浪,好看成是拿经典力学作为一只子规律包括勒许;该只子规律呢,只好勒拉一定个限制条件下头成立。根据相似性原理,俚笃内部并呒拨啥矛盾,只勿过各自勒拉特定个条件下头成立。虽然讲历史浪量子力学拨人认为是对经典力学个取代,实际浪,只好勒拉假设搭仔理论基础层面浪再好实梗讲法。勒拉一般性个实际问题当中,归星量子力学解决起来杀鸡用牛刀繁难到要命个问题,经典力学就好解决,为之讲,经典力学还是派得上用场个,外加还用得蛮灵。
==爱因斯坦力学 vs. 牛顿力学==
搭仔量子力学搭经典力学个关系差弗多,爱因斯坦个[[广义相对论]]搭仔[[狭义相对论]]勒拉[[牛顿]]力学搭仔[[伽利略]]力学个基础浪扩展仔力学个范畴,并且对俚笃个理论做着眼小订正。量子力学也要相对论个订正,虽然讲相对论拨归到经典力学里向。
只要当心特定个边界条件,搿个两家头之间就呒拨啥矛盾或者讲冲突。就像勒拉顶顶宽松个意义浪,好拿经典力学搭仔量子力学分别描写成功是处理“大”实体(像引擎部件咾啥)搭仔处理“小”实体(像微粒咾啥),个末也好实梗讲法,相对论力学搭仔非相对论力学是分别用得来处理“快”实体搭仔“慢”实体个。必过,该答个“快”搭仔“慢”侪是相对个概念,决定于观察者个运动状态。搿个也就是讲,所有个力学,弗管俚是经典还是量子,描写起来侪要用着相对论个观点。必过勒拉另外一个方面,作为观察者,俚可以适当个频繁改变俚个位置,实梗呢搿个相对论个考虑也是弗一定必要个。
==Types of mechanical bodies==
Thus the often-used term '''[[Physical body|body]]''' needs to stand for a wide assortment of objects, including particles, [[projectiles]], [[spacecraft]], [[stars]], parts of [[mechanical engineering|machinery]], parts of [[solids]], parts of [[fluids]] ([[gases]] and [[liquids]]), etc.
Other distinctions between the various sub-disciplines of mechanics, concern the nature of the bodies being described. Particles are bodies with little (known) internal structure, treated as mathematical points in classical mechanics. Rigid bodies have size and shape, but retain a simplicity close to that of the particle, adding just a few so-called [[degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)|degrees of freedom]], such as orientation in space.
Otherwise, bodies may be semi-rigid, i.e. [[elasticity (solid mechanics)|elastic]], or non-rigid, i.e. [[fluid]]. These subjects have both classical and quantum divisions of study.
For instance: The motion of a spacecraft, regarding its [[orbit]] and [[attitude]] ([[rotation]]), is described by the relativistic theory of classical mechanics. While analogous motions of an [[atomic nucleus]] are described by quantum mechanics.
== Sub-disciplines in mechanics ==
The following are two lists of various subjects that are studied in mechanics.
Note that there is also the "[[field (physics)|theory of fields]]" which constitutes a separate discipline in physics, formally treated as distinct from mechanics, whether [[classical electromagnetism|classical fields]] or [[quantum field theory|quantum fields]]. But in actual practice, subjects belonging to mechanics and fields are closely interwoven. Thus, for instance, forces that act on particles are frequently derived from fields ([[electromagnetic]] or [[gravitational]]), and particles generate fields by acting as sources. In fact, in quantum mechanics, particles themselves are fields, as described theoretically by the [[wave function]].
=== Classical mechanics ===
The following are described as forming Classical mechanics:
* [[Newtonian mechanics]], the original theory of motion ([[kinematics]]) and forces ([[Dynamics (mechanics)|dynamics]])
* [[Lagrangian mechanics]], a theoretical [[formalism]]
* [[Hamiltonian mechanics]], another theoretical formalism
* [[Celestial mechanics]], the motion of stars, [[galaxies]], etc.
* [[Astrodynamics]], spacecraft [[navigation]], etc.
* [[Solid mechanics]], [[elasticity]], the properties of (semi-)rigid bodies
* [[Acoustics]], [[sound]] in solids, fluids, etc.
* [[Statics]], semi-rigid bodies in [[mechanical equilibrium]]
* [[Fluid mechanics]], the motion of fluids
* [[Continuum mechanics]], mechanics of continua (both solid and fluid)
* [[Hydraulics]], fluids in equilibrium
* [[Applied mechanics|Applied / Engineering mechanics]]
* [[Biomechanics]], solids, fluids, etc. in biology
* [[Statistical mechanics]], large assemblies of particles
* Relativistic or [[Albert Einstein|Einsteinian]] mechanics, universal [[gravitation]]
===Quantum mechanics===
The following are categorized as being part of [[Quantum mechanics]]:
* [[Particle physics]], the motion, structure, and reactions of particles
* [[Nuclear physics]], the motion, structure, and reactions of nuclei
* [[Condensed matter physics]], quantum gases, solids, liquids, etc.
* [[Quantum statistical mechanics]], large assemblies of particles
==See also==
* [[Physics]]
* [[Engineering]]
*[[Applied Mechanics]]
==Professional Organizations==
*[[Applied Mechanics Division]], [[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]]
*Fluid Dynamics Division, [[American Physical Society]]
==External links==
Blogs:
* [http://rodsalgado.blogspot.com/ Mechanics Blog by a Purdue University Professor]
* [http://amdnews.blogspot.com/ Mechanics Blog by a Group of University Professors]
* [http://www.esm.vt.edu/ The Mechanics program at Virginia Tech]
* [http://www.veljkomilkovic.com/OscilacijeEng.html The new mechanical effects] by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veljko_Milković Veljko Milković]
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Help
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关于吴语版Wikipedia个帮忙勒该搭:[[Help:Contents]]
10月1号
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/* 事件 */
==事件==
[[1949年]],中华人民共和国成立。
==节庆==
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{{#if:{{{date_of_launch|{{{rev|{{{current_status|{{{reg|{{{websitelogo|{{{websitename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|{{Cleanup-infobox-transclusion|Infobox Website}}}}
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杨玉环
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'''杨贵妃'''(日脚为农历:719年6月1号-756年7月15号),名'''玉环''',又叫“太真”。是唐玄宗个宠妃,身材丰满,列中国古代四大美人之一。
Template:Encyclopedia
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|width="50%" align="left" style="font-size:95%;border-top:1px dashed #AAAAAA"|'''Sciences [[Sciences humaines|humaines]] et [[Sciences sociales|sociales]]'''<br />
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|<!--{{subst:Lien sur image|image=Sciences exactes.svg|largeur=64px|hauteur=64px|lien=Liste des disciplines scientifiques}}--><div style="position:relative;width:64px;height:64px;z-index:2;overflow:hidden;">[[Image:Sciences exactes.svg|64px]]<div class="nodeco" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;z-index:3;">[[Liste des disciplines scientifiques|<span style="float:left;width:64px;height:64px;font-size:64px;line-height:64px;word-spacing:64px;cursor:pointer;"> </span>]]</div></div>
|width="50%" align="left" style="font-size:95%;border-top:1px dashed #AAAAAA"|'''Sciences [[Science|exactes]] et [[Sciences naturelles|naturelles]]'''<br />
[[Portail:Astronomie|Astronomie]] - [[Portail:Biochimie|Biochimie]] - [[Portail:Biologie|Biologie]] - [[Portail:Botanique|Botanique]] - [[Portail:Chimie|Chimie]] - [[Portail:Cryptologie|Cryptologie]] - [[Portail:logique|Logique]] - [[Portail:Mathématiques|Mathématiques]] - [[Portail:Médecine|Médecine]] - [[Pharmacie]] - [[Portail:Physique|Physique]] - [[Zoologie]]
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|<!--{{subst:Lien sur image|image=fr:Religions.svg|largeur=64px|hauteur=64px|lien=:Catégorie:Croyance}}--><div style="position:relative;width:64px;height:64px;z-index:2;overflow:hidden;">[[Image:Religions.svg|64px]]<div class="nodeco" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;z-index:3;">[[:Catégorie:Croyance|<span style="float:left;width:64px;height:64px;font-size:64px;line-height:64px;word-spacing:64px;cursor:pointer;"> </span>]]</div></div>
|width="50%" align="left" style="font-size:95%;border-top:1px dashed #AAAAAA;"|'''[[Portail:Théopédia|Religions]] et [[croyance]]s'''<br />
[[Athéisme]] - [[Bouddhisme]] - [[Portail:Christianisme|Christianisme]] - [[Ésotérisme]] - [[Hindouisme]] - [[Islam]] - [[Jaïnisme]] - [[Judaïsme]] - [[Mythologie]] - [[Paganisme]] - [[Secte]] - [[Sikhisme]] - [[Taoïsme]] - [[Théologie]]
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|<!--{{subst:Lien sur image|image=Crystal Clear filesystem exec.png|largeur=64px|hauteur=64px|lien=:Catégorie:Technologie}}--><div style="position:relative;width:64px;height:64px;z-index:2;overflow:hidden;">[[Image:Crystal Clear filesystem exec.png|64px]]<div class="nodeco" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;z-index:3;">[[:Catégorie:Technologie|<span style="float:left;width:64px;height:64px;font-size:64px;line-height:64px;word-spacing:64px;cursor:pointer;"> </span>]]</div></div>
|width="50%" align="left" style="font-size:95%;border-top:1px dashed #AAAAAA"|'''[[Technique]]s'''<br />
[[Portail:Astronautique|Astronautique]] - [[Portail:Électricité et Électronique|Électricité et électronique]] - [[Portail:Énergie|Énergie]] - [[Portail:Industrie|Industrie]] - [[Portail:Informatique|Informatique]] - [[Nanotechnologie]] - [[Portail:Robotique|Robotique]] - [[Télécommunications]] -
[[Portail:Transpédia|Transports]]
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'''{{{title}}}'''
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<div style="width:100%; margin-bottom:1em; text-align:center; font-size:95%; font-weight:bold"> {{{introduction}}}
</div>
{{{sections}}}
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蒙古
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侬要寻个词条“蒙古”有多种含义:
* 参考[[蒙古简介]]
* [[外蒙古]]
** 1992年2月之前[[蒙古人民共和国]]
** 1992年2月之后[[蒙古国]]
* [[中华人民共和国]]个[[内蒙古自治区]](又叫[[内蒙古]])
蒙古简介
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'''蒙古'''末,[[亚洲]]中东部[[高原]]地区个泛指。广义浪讲,蒙古包括[[中国]][[新疆]]一部分、[[内蒙古]]、[[蒙古国]],搭[[俄罗斯联邦]]部分地区(如[[唐努乌梁海]])。
勒汉朝之前,主要是[[匈奴]]人勒搿敦住。后来子,匈奴拨汉朝打败之后,又拨了勒[[柔然]]、[[突厥]]、[[回纥]]等民族控制。[[宋朝]]个辰光,[[蒙古人]]迁到搿个地区。实际上,蒙古勒到开始个辰光是拨了[[金朝]]统治个,但是后来子,金朝慢慢笃较衰落,勒[[13世纪]]初,[[蒙古人]]首领[[成吉思汗]]统一了搿个地区所有个蒙古部落,建立[[蒙古帝国]]。后来[[忽必烈]]当蒙古大汗个辰光,统治整个“中央汗国”,范围有刚刚提拉个搿个地区、现在[[中国]]领土个大部分、[[朝鲜半岛]]等,改叫[[元朝]]。[[明朝]]个辰光蒙古人大多数退回转到[[塞外]],一直勒搿个地方生活,直到[[清朝]]灭亡。
[[清朝]]个辰光,蒙古拨分成两部分,北部叫[[外蒙古]],南部叫[[内蒙古]]。[[1921年]],受[[苏俄]]支持,[[外蒙古]]宣布脱离[[中国]]而独立,接下去就成立[[蒙古人民共和国]]。[[1944年]][[外蒙古]]个[[唐努乌梁海]]地区拨并到[[苏联]],其中大部变成[[图瓦共和国]],现在仍是[[俄罗斯]]个一部分。内蒙古勒到[[1947年]]成立[[内蒙古自治区]],是[[中华人民共和国]]个一部分。有关外蒙古独立个具体过程,请看[[外蒙古独立]]。
“蒙古”搿个词语,[[地理]]浪指蒙古高原,比方勒词组“蒙古黄羊”里相个意思。历史浪通常指[[大蒙古国]]或者[[蒙古帝国]]、[[四大汗国]]、[[帖木尔]]帝国等蒙古人建立个国家,比如讲“蒙古西征”。现实生活中指[[蒙古国]]或者[[蒙古族]]。
{{geo-stub}}
<hr align="center" noshade size="4" width="100%">
{{China-Mongol}}
[[category:亚洲地理]]
[[category:亚洲历史]]
[[en:Greater Mongolia]]
[[es:Región de Mongolia]]
[[fi:Mongolia (alue)]]
[[fr:Mongolie (région)]]
[[id:Mongolia (wilayah)]]
[[ja:モンゴル高原]]
[[zh:蒙古]]
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<div class="notice metadata" id="stub" style="font-size: small;">[[Image:Crystal Clear app package network.png|25px]] '''{{PAGENAME}}'''是一个搭[[地理学|地理]]有关个[[Wikipedia:小作品|小作品]]。侬可以通过<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}} 编辑或者修订]</span>扩充其内容。</div><includeonly>[[Category:地理小作品|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly><noinclude>
==使用方法==
勒条目里相加进下头个文字
<pre>{{Geo-stub}}</pre>
有本模板个页面会自动加进[[:Category:地理小作品]]当中。
[[Category:小作品模板|G]]
</noinclude>
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<noinclude>[[Category:民族模板]]</noinclude>
<noinclude>[[Category:中国模板]]</noinclude>
<br clear=all>
<center>
{| id="toc" style="margin: 0 2em 0 2em;"
|-
| style="background:#ccccff" align="center" style="font-size:110%"| '''[[中国]] – [[中国少数民族列表|中华民族]] – [[蒙古族]]'''
|-
|align=center style="font-size:100%"| [[蒙古]] | [[内蒙古]] | [[外蒙古]] | [[蒙古国]] | [[蒙古人种]] | [[蒙古语]]
|-
|align=center style="font-size:100%"| [[蒙古帝国]] | [[元朝]] | [[成吉思汗]] | [[忽必烈]] | [[外蒙古独立]]
|-
|}
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<div class="notice metadata" id="stub" style="font-size: small;">[[Image:Crystal Clear app package network.png|25px]] '''{{PAGENAME}}'''是一个搭[[地理学|地理]]有关个[[Wikipedia:小作品|小作品]]。侬可以通过<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}} 编辑或者修订]</span>扩充其内容。</div><includeonly>[[Category:地理小作品|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly><noinclude>
==使用方法==
勒条目里相加进下头个文字
<pre>{{Geo-stub}}</pre>
有本模板个页面会自动加进[[:Category:地理小作品]]当中。
[[Category:小作品模板|G]]
</noinclude>
外蒙古
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{{geo-stub}}
'''外蒙古'''末,[[中国]][[清朝]]搭民国时期[[中国行政区|行政区域划分]],相对于“[[内蒙古]]”。伊个范围除脱今朝个[[蒙古国]],还包括拨前[[苏联]]吞并个[[唐努乌梁海]]地区。首府为库伦(现在叫[[乌兰巴托]])。
==[[中华民国]](台湾地区)立场==
[[1953年]]2月24日,根据[[联合国]]通过个“[[控苏案]]”,[[中华民国]][[立法院]]废除《[[中苏友好同盟条约]]》,拒绝承认“[[外蒙古独立|蒙古人民共和国独立]]”个事实,宣布《[联合国大会决议案505]]》是外交浪个重大胜利。根据“[[编印我国大陆地区地图注意事项]]”,直到[[1998年]]版的[[中华民国全图]],里相仍有外蒙古地区,中华民国领土最北界线为外蒙古北部个乌梁海盆地[[萨彦岭]]。中华民国中央政府([[行政院]])仍设有部级单位[[蒙藏委员会]],管理“边政”。蒙古特别行政区首府仍为库伦。[[台北市]]仍有库伦街搭归绥街([[呼和浩特]]),侪勒到北市西北[[大同区 (台北市)|大同区]]。
[[2002年]],中华民国[[行政院]]搭[[立法院]]宣布外蒙古搭[[中国大陆]]分离,还勒修订个“[[编印我国大陆地区地图注意事项]]”当中要求弄国界线表示外蒙古搭中国大陆个边界,承认[[蒙古国]]独立现状。弗过,就算台湾搭蒙古个经贸关系勒近年有较大发展,外蒙古地区地位到现在仍有弗清爽个地方。
==[[中华人民共和国]](大陆地区)立场==
中国共产党勒到执政前支持国民政府搭苏联签订《中苏友好同盟条约》。原因是苏联是中华人民共和国最主要个援助者,而外蒙古已经勒事实浪脱离中国统治近三十年。中华人民共和国成立过脱呒得多长时间,[[1949年]][[10月16日]]搭[[蒙古人民共和国]]建交。1950年中国政府毛泽东主席访问苏联,勒签订《中苏友好同盟互助条约》个辰光承认蒙古人民共和国。1950年7月3日,毛泽东接受蒙古人民共和国首任驻华特命全权大使呈递个[[国书]]。1950年代,中国朝蒙古派遣工人帮伊建设。
1953年斯大林去世,赫鲁晓夫上台之后,苏联归还了旅大军港搭东北铁路管理权,但是拒绝讨论外蒙古问题。蒙古人民共和国搭中华人民共和国交换地图,划定边界。1960年代中苏决裂初期,蒙古人民共和国想保持中立,但是后来倒到苏联一边,把大约匝7000名中国援助工人驱逐回中国。
1980年代中期,中蒙关系缓和。1990年,一个蒙古代表团28年来第一趟正式访问中国。1994年两国签订《中蒙友好互助条约》,表示互相尊重国家主权搭领土完整。
==参见==
*[[蒙古国]]
*[[喀尔喀蒙古]]
*[[外蒙古独立]]
<hr align="center" noshade size="4" width="100%">
{{China-Mongol}}
[[en:Outer Mongolia]]
[[es:Mongolia Exterior]]
[[he:מונגוליה החיצונית]]
[[nl:Buiten-Mongolië]]
[[zh:外蒙古]]
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<br clear=all>
<center>
{| id="toc" style="margin: 0 2em 0 2em;"
! align="center" style="background:#ccccff" width="100%" | <div style="float:left;width:50px;"> </div> [[经济互助委员会]]([[1988年]]) || [[Image:JHH.JPG|50px|经互会会旗]]
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 90%;" colspan="2" |
成员国:[[苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟]] | [[波兰人民共和国]] | [[罗马尼亚社会主义共和国]] | [[捷克斯洛伐克社会主义共和国]] | [[保加利亚人民共和国]] | [[蒙古人民共和国]] | [[德意志民主共和国]] | [[越南社会主义共和国]] | [[匈牙利人民共和国]] | [[古巴共和国]]
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 90%;" colspan="2" |
咨询国:[[南斯拉夫社会主义联邦共和国]]
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 90%;" colspan="2" |
退出的国家:[[阿尔巴尼亚社会主义人民共和国]] | [[中华人民共和国]]
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 90%;" colspan="2" |
观察员国:[[老挝|老挝人民共和国]] | [[阿富汗|阿富汗共和国]] | [[安哥拉|安哥拉人民共和国]] | [[埃塞俄比亚|埃塞俄比亚人民民主共和国]] | [[莫桑比克|莫桑比克人民共和国]] | [[也门民主人民共和国]] | [[朝鲜民主主义人民共和国]] | [[尼加拉瓜|尼加拉瓜共和国]] |
|}
</center>
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<br clear=all>
<center>
{| id="toc" style="margin: 0 2em 0 2em;"
! align="center" style="background:#ccccff" width="100%" | <div style="float:left;width:50px;"> </div> [[华沙条约组织]]([[1988年]]) ||
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 90%;" colspan="2" |
[[苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟]] | [[波兰人民共和国]] | [[罗马尼亚社会主义共和国]] | [[捷克斯洛伐克社会主义共和国]] | [[保加利亚人民共和国]] | [[德意志民主共和国]] | [[匈牙利人民共和国]]
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 90%;" colspan="2" |
退出的国家:[[阿尔巴尼亚社会主义人民共和国]]
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 90%;" colspan="2" |
观察员国:[[老挝|老挝人民共和国]] | [[蒙古人民共和国]] | [[越南社会主义共和国]]
|}
蒙古人民共和国
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{{geo-stub}}
<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" width="300px">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:center;">
<tr><td width="140px">[[Image:Flag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1949-1992).svg|140px]]
<td width="140px">[[Image:MGRMGHG_COA.jpg|140px]]
<tr><td width="140px">国旗(1949-1992)
<td width="140px">国徽(1960-1991)
</table>
'''蒙古人民共和国'''([[1924年]]-[[1992年]])(喀尔喀[[蒙古语]]:''Найрамдах Монгол Ард Улсын'',是[[外蒙古]]勒[[1924年]]宣布从[[中华民国]]独立出去之后使用个国名。[[1946年]],蒙古人民共和国获得当时中华民国政府个承认。后来勒1953年,中华民国以苏联违反[[中苏友好同盟条约]]为由,弗承认外蒙古独立,並且宣布外蒙古仍是中华民国个领土。1949年,[[中华人民共和国]]政府也承认蒙古人民共和国合法地位。期间[[蒙古人民革命党]]一例是蒙古唯一个执政党。苏联时期,蒙古国实际上是苏联个附庸国。[[1992年]]2月12日,蒙古人民共和国改国名为[[蒙古国]],更改国旗国徽,宣布放弃[[社会主义]],实行多党制。
==参见==
*[[蒙古国]]
{{China-Mongol}}
[[Category:蒙古历史]]
{{JHH}}
{{华沙条约组织}}
[[de:Mongolische Volksrepublik]]
[[en:People's Republic of Mongolia]]
[[ja:モンゴル人民共和国]]
[[ro:Republica Populară Mongolă]]
[[zh:蒙古人民共和国]]
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{{NavigationBox
| Title = [[上海合作组织]](俄语ШОС)| Image = [[Image:SCO_logo.jpg|70px|上海合作组织会徽]]
| Color =
| List = '''成员国:'''[[中华人民共和国]] · [[俄罗斯]] · [[哈萨克斯坦]] · [[吉尔吉斯斯坦]] · [[塔吉克斯坦]] · [[乌兹别克斯坦]] <br> '''观察员国:'''[[蒙古国]] · [[伊朗]] · [[印度]] · [[巴基斯坦]]
}}
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{{Infobox Country|the=|
国家名称 =蒙古国|
国名 =蒙古|
国旗文件名 =Flag_of_Mongolia.svg|
国徽文件名 =Mongolia_coa.gif|
国家位置图片文件名 =LocationMongolia.png|
国家首都名称 =[[乌兰巴托]]|<!--加[[]]-->
最大城市名称 =
<LI>[[乌兰巴托]]:760,077人([[2000年]])
<LI>[[额尔登特]]:68,310人([[2000年]])
<LI>[[达尔汗]]:65,791人([[2000年]])|
国土面积数据 =1,564,116|
面积排名 =18|
水域率百分比 =0.6|
海域 =|
最高点 =[[友谊峰]]:海拔4362米|
官方语言 =[[蒙古语]]|<!--加[[]]-->
总人口数据 =2,791,272人([[2004年]])|<!--加年份-->
人口排名 =134|
人口密度数据 =1.73人([[2003年]])|<!--加年份-->
人口密度排名 =193|
民族 =
|
宗教 =
|
政治体制 =
|
主要节日 =
<LI>[[国庆节]]-那达慕:[[1921年]][[7月11号]] (从[[中国]]独立)
<LI>获得[[中华民国]]承认:[[1946年]][[1月6号]]
<LI>获得[[中华人民共和国]]承认:[[1949年]][[10月16号]]|
国家元首职称 =总统|
现任国家元首名字 =那木巴尔•恩赫巴亚尔|
政府首脑职称 =总理|
现任政府首脑名字 =米耶贡布•恩赫包勒德|
货币单位 =1[[图格里克|图格里克(MNT)]]=100[[蒙戈]]|<!--加[[]]-->
货币汇率 =|
国内生产总值数据 = $52.3 亿([[2005年]])|<!--加年份-->
人均国内生产总值数据 = $2,046([[2005年]])|<!--加年份-->
中央银行 =|
国家格言 =|
国歌名称 =Bügd Nairamdakh Mongol|
国家象征 =
<LI>|
时区 = UTC+8|
国际域名缩写 =.mn|
国家代码=|
国际电话区号 =976|
}}
'''蒙古国'''('''Монгол улс'''),是勒[[中华人民共和国]]以北、[[俄罗斯联邦]]以南个[[亚洲]]内陆[[国家]]。首都勒[[乌兰巴托]]。原为[[中国]]乌里雅苏台省级行政区、即外蒙古地区。
蒙古国所在地[[蒙古高原]]北部是蒙古族聚居地。中国人普遍把蒙古高原北部称为'''外蒙古'''、而把蒙古高原南部称为[[内蒙古]]。
== 历史 ==
蒙古勒到中国北方,一般中国人称北半部为外蒙古,搭中国传统行省邻近个南半部称为内蒙古。外蒙古勒[[清朝]]个辰光称为“[[喀尔喀蒙古]]”,设[[乌里雅苏台]]将军辖区。东面临近黑龙江将军辖地,西到[[阿尔泰山]]连接[[新疆]],南面到翰海,搭内蒙古相连,北面搭俄罗斯接壤。
外蒙古拨[[苏联]]策动,勒[[20世纪]]从中华民国独立出去,详情参见[[外蒙古独立]]。外蒙古从中国[[辛亥革命]]之后就寻求独立机会。[[1945年]],[[苏联]]控制之下个[[蒙古]]勒[[10月20号]]经过全国全民投票决定从[[中国]]独立,成立蒙古人民共和国,实行[[社会主义]]。[[1961年]],[[蒙古人民共和国]]成为[[联合国]]成员国。苏联解体之后,蒙古失去资助,国力逐点衰退。[[1992年]][[2月12号]]放弃社会主义,实行多党制搭总统制民主,实行议会制。新宪法当天生效,国名改为“蒙古国”。
== 地理 ==
勒[[亚洲中部]]、世界第二大[[内陆国]](第一大为[[哈萨克斯坦]])。大部分地区为[[山地]]或者[[高原]]、平均海拔1600米。西部为山地、[[阿尔泰山]]从西北朝东南延伸、中蒙边界浪个[[友谊峰]]海拔4374米、为全国最高峰、其它[[埃恩赫塔伊万山]]海拔3905米、[[阿格拉山]]海拔3738米、[[尚德山]]海拔2825米、[[扎卢丘特山]]海拔2799米。群山之间多为[[盆地]]搭[[谷地]];东部为地势平缓个高地;南部是占国土面积1/3个[[戈壁]]地区。西部[[湖泊]]较多。主要河流为[[色楞格河]]、[[鄂尔浑河]]、[[科尔布多河]]、[[克鲁伦河]]、[[扎布汗河]]等。最大[[咸水湖]][[乌布苏湖]]面积3350平方千米、最大[[淡水湖]][[哈尔乌苏湖]]、还有[[吉尔吉斯湖]]、[[库苏古尔湖]]、[[阿奇特湖]]等。气候属于典型个[[温带大陆性气候]]、温差大、[[夏季]]短而且干热、[[冬季]]长而且冷、经常有暴风雪、是[[东亚]]"[[寒潮]]"发源地之一。
== 行政区划 ==
蒙古国划分成1市、21省。
{| {{prettytable}}
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
! 盟 (aymag) !! 首府!! 面积 ([[平方公里|sq. km]])!! 人口 !! COK!! 图号
|-
! [[乌兰巴托|乌兰巴托市]](Ulaanbaatar hot)
| [[乌兰巴托]] (Ulaanbaatar)|| 4,700 || 760,077 || 1 || 22
|-
! [[鄂尔浑省]](Orhon)
| [[额尔登特]] (Èrdènèt) || 840 || 71,525 || 35 || 14
|-
! [[达尔汗乌勒省]](Darhan-Uul)
| [[达尔汗]] (Darhan)|| 3,280 || 83,271 || 37 || 5
|-
! [[肯特省]] (Hentiy)
| [[温都尔汗]] (Öndörhaan) || 80,300 || 70,946 || 39 || 11
|-
! [[库苏古尔省]](Hövsgöl)
| [[木伦]] (Mörön) || 100,600 || 119,063 || 41 || 13
|-
! [[科布多省]] (Hovd)
| [[科布多]] (Hovd) || 76,100 || 86,831 || 43 || 12
|-
! [[乌布苏省]] (Uvs)
| [[乌兰固木]] (Ulaangom) || 69,600 || 90,037 || 46 || 20
|-
! [[中央省]] (Töv)
| [[宗莫德]] (Zuunmod) || 74,000 || 99,268 || 47 || 19
|-
! [[色楞格省]] (Selenge)
| [[苏赫巴托尔]] (Sühbaatar)|| 41,200 || 99,950 || 49 || 17
|-
! [[苏赫巴托尔省]] (Sühbaatar)
| [[西乌尔特]] (Baruun-Urt) || 82,300 || 56,166 || 51 || 18
|-
! [[南戈壁省]] (Ömnögovi)
| [[达兰扎达嘎德]] (Dalanzadgad)|| 165,400 || 46,858 || 53 || 16
|-
! [[前杭爱省]] (Övörhangay)
| [[阿尔拜赫雷]] (Arvajhèèr) || 62,900 || 111,420 || 55 || 15
|-
! [[扎布汗省]] (Dzavhan)
| [[乌里雅苏台]] (Uliastaj) || 82,500 || 89,999 || 57 || 21
|-
! [[中戈壁省]] (Dundgovi)
| [[曼达尔戈壁]] (Mandalgov') || 74,700 || 51,517 || 59 || 8
|-
! [[东方省]] (Dornod)
| [[乔巴山 (城市)|乔巴山]] (Čojbalsan) || 123,600 || 75,373 || 61 || 6
|-
! [[东戈壁省]] (Dornogovi)
| [[赛音山达]] (Sajnshand) || 109,500 || 50,575 || 63 || 7
|-
! [[戈壁苏木贝尔省]] (Govisumber)
| [[乔伊尔]] (Čojr) || 5,540 || 12,230 || 64 || 10
|-
! [[戈壁阿尔泰省]] (Govi-Altay)
| [[阿尔泰]] (Altaj) || 141,400 || 63,673 || 65 || 9
|-
! [[布尔干省]] (Bulgan)
| [[布尔干]] (Bulgan) || 48,700 || 61,776 || 67 || 4
|-
! [[巴彦洪戈尔省]] (Bayanhongor)
| [[巴彦洪戈尔]] (Bajanhongor) || 116,000 || 84,779 || 69 || 2
|-
! [[巴彦乌列盖省]] (Bayan-Ölgiy)
| [[乌列盖]] (Ölgij) || 45,700 || 91,068 || 71 || 3
|-
! [[后杭爱省]] (Arhangay)
| [[车车尔勒格]] (Cècèrlèg) || 55,300 || 97,091 || 73 || 1
|}
[[Image:mongol.png|thumb|250px|right|蒙古行政分区]]
[[Image:GobiDessertReliefMap.jpg|thumb|250px|蒙古的地势]]
== 政治 ==
议会制
* [[蒙古人民革命党]]
* [[蒙古民主党]]
* [[蒙古共和党]]
== 人口 ==
[[Image:Mg-map.png|thumb|300px|蒙古地图]]
'''总人口''':2,791,272人(2005年07月)<br />
'''总人口密度''':1.73人/每平方公里(2003年)<br /><br />
蒙古国地广人稀, 南戈壁省人口密度最低, 每平方公里仅0.233人.<br />
官方语言为喀尔喀蒙古语 (详见[[蒙古语]]), 目前通行文字是以[[西里尔字母]] (Cyrillic, 斯拉夫语系) 拼音写成个蒙古文.<br />
老一辈懂俄语、新一辈懂英语.<br />
除脱官方语言外, 另外有15%人口说其它蒙古方言, 少数民族使用土耳其语系方言。<br />
'''人口年龄结构''':<br />
0-14 岁: 28.7% (男性:407,547人; 女性:392,440人)<br />
15-64 岁: 67.7% (男性:943,418人; 女性:945,063人)<br />
65 岁以上: 3.7% (男性:44,413人; 女性:58,391人) (2005)<br />
'''人口平均年龄''':<br />
总平均年龄: 24.28 岁<br />
男性平均年龄: 23.93 岁<br />
女性平均年龄: 24.64 岁 (2005)<br />
'''人口成长率''':<br />
1.45% (2005 统计)<br />
'''出生率''':<br />
21.52 新生儿 / 1,000 人 (2005 统计)<br />
'''死亡率''':<br />
7.03 死亡数 / 1,000 人 (2005 统计)<br />
'''移民率''':<br />
0 移民数 / 1,000 人 (2005 统计)<br />
'''男女人口比例''':<br />
新生儿: 1.05 男性/女性 (2005)<br />
15 岁以下: 1.04 男性/女性 (2005)<br />
15-64 岁: 1 男性/女性 (2005)<br />
65 岁以上: 0.76 男性/女性 (2005)<br />
总计比例: 1 男性/女性 (2005)<br />
'''婴儿死亡率''':<br />
总计: 53.79 死亡数 / 1,000 活产儿 (2005 统计)<br />
男性: 57.25 死亡数 / 1,000 活产儿<br />
女性: 50.16 死亡数 / 1,000 活产儿<br />
'''平均寿命''':<br />
总计: 64.52 岁 (2005 统计)<br />
男性: 62.3 岁<br />
女性: 66.86 岁<br />
'''生育率''':<br />
2.26 胎次/妇女 (2005 统计)<br />
'''识字率''':(定义: 15 岁以上能读写人口)<br />
总计: 97.8%<br />
男性: 98%<br />
女性: 97.5% (2002)<br />
== 经济 ==
地下资源较丰富、[[煤]]、[[萤石]]、[[钨]]、[[金]]、[[铁]]、[[锡]]等蕴藏量侪蛮大。[[铜]]、[[钼]]矿储存量居[[亚洲]]之首。[[森林]]覆盖率为8.2%([[2004年]]12月24日蒙古自然环境部公布)。[[工业]]以[[肉]]、[[乳]]、[[皮革]]等畜产品[[加工业]]为主、[[木材]]加工、[[电力]]、[[纺织]]、[[缝纫]]搭[[采矿业]]为辅。[[畜牧业]]一直是[[国民经济]]个基础、主要养[[羊]]、[[牛]]、[[马]]、[[骆驼]]。[[农业]]以种植[[麦类]]、[[蔬菜]]、[[薯类]]搭[[饲料]]为主。[[库苏古尔湖]]产交关[[鱼类]]。[[哈拉和林古都]]、[[库苏古尔湖]]、[[特列尔吉]]、[[南戈壁]]、[[东戈壁]]搭[[阿尔泰]][[狩猎]]区侪是著名旅游景点。[[交通]]运输主要靠[[铁路]]搭[[公路]]。主要出口[[畜产品]]、进口[[机器设备]]、[[燃料]]、[[工业原料]]搭[[生活日用品]]等。[[蒙古]][[经济]]相对落后、大部分人仍过[[游牧]]生活、搭内蒙蒙族转为定居生活大相径庭。[[苏联]]解体前、接受[[苏联]]大量援助。[[苏联]]解体后、因为[[工业]]基础差、[[生产技术]]落后、[[生态环境]]破坏、[[沙漠化]]严重、基础建设弗足等问题出现、人民生活水平低下。
== 外部链接 ==
* [http://www.pmis.gov.mn/gov_eng.htm 政府网址]
[[Category:亚洲国家]]
[[Category:蒙古]]
{{China-Mongol}}
{{亚洲行政区划}}
{{Shanghai CO}}
[[an:Mongolia]]
[[ar:منغوليا]]
[[ast:Mongolia]]
[[bg:Монголия]]
[[bn:মঙ্গোলিয়া]]
[[bs:Mongolija]]
[[ca:Mongòlia]]
[[cs:Mongolsko]]
[[cu:Мѫголи]]
[[da:Mongoliet]]
[[de:Mongolei]]
[[el:Μογγολία]]
[[en:Mongolia]]
[[eo:Mongolio]]
[[es:Mongolia]]
[[et:Mongoolia]]
[[eu:Mongolia]]
[[fa:مغولستان]]
[[fi:Mongolia]]
[[fr:Mongolie]]
[[fy:Mongoalje]]
[[gl:Mongolia - Монгол Улс]]
[[he:מונגוליה]]
[[hr:Mongolija]]
[[ht:Mongoli]]
[[hu:Mongólia]]
[[id:Mongolia]]
[[ilo:Mongolia]]
[[io:Mongolia]]
[[is:Mongólía]]
[[it:Mongolia]]
[[ja:モンゴル国]]
[[ko:몽골]]
[[ku:Monxoliya]]
[[kw:Mongoli]]
[[la:Mogolia]]
[[li:Mongolië]]
[[lt:Mongolija]]
[[lv:Mongolija]]
[[mi:Mongōria]]
[[mn:Монгол улс]]
[[mo:Монголия]]
[[ms:Mongolia]]
[[nds:Mongolei]]
[[nl:Mongolië]]
[[nn:Mongolia]]
[[no:Mongolia]]
[[nrm:Mongolie]]
[[oc:Mongolia]]
[[os:Монголи]]
[[pam:Mongolia]]
[[pl:Mongolia]]
[[pt:Mongólia]]
[[ro:Mongolia]]
[[ru:Монголия]]
[[sh:Mongolija]]
[[simple:Mongolia]]
[[sk:Mongolsko]]
[[sl:Mongolija]]
[[sq:Mongolia]]
[[sr:Монголија]]
[[sv:Mongoliet]]
[[tg:Муғулистон]]
[[th:ประเทศมองโกเลีย]]
[[tk:Mongoliýa]]
[[tl:Mongolia]]
[[tr:Moğolistan]]
[[ug:موڭغۇلىيە]]
[[uk:Монголія]]
[[vi:Mông Cổ]]
[[zh-min-nan:Bông-kó͘]]
[[zh:蒙古国]]
Image:Mongol.png
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内蒙古
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Redirecting to [[内蒙古自治区]]
#REDIRECT[[内蒙古自治区]]
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Template:内蒙古行政区划
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{| class="toccolours" style="clear: both; margin: 1.5em auto; font-size: 90%;" summary="内蒙古自治区行政区划"
|-
|style="background: #ccf; text-align: center; font-size: 110%; width: 750px;"|'''[[内蒙古自治区]]行政区划'''<small>([[首府]]:[[呼和浩特市]])</small>
|style="width: 50px;"|[[Image:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|50px]]
|-
|colspan="2"|
{| style="margin: 0 0.5em; background: transparent;"
|- style="background: #ececec; vertical-align: text-top;"
!style="width: 7em;"|[[地级市]]、[[盟]]
![[市辖区]]、[[县级市]]、[[县]]、[[旗]]、[[自治旗]]
|- style="vertical-align: text-top;"
|style="text-align: center;"|'''[[呼和浩特市]]''':
||[[回民区]] | [[玉泉区]] | [[新城区 (呼和浩特)|新城区]] | [[赛罕区]] | [[托克托县]] | [[清水河县]] | [[武川县]] | [[和林格尔县]] | [[土默特左旗]]
|- style="vertical-align: text-top;"
|style="text-align: center;"|'''[[包头市]]''':
||[[昆都仑区]] | [[青山区 (包头)|青山区]] | [[东河区]] | [[九原区]] | [[石拐区]] | [[白云矿区]] | [[固阳县]] | [[土默特右旗]] | [[达尔罕茂明安联合旗]]
|- style="vertical-align: text-top;"
|style="text-align: center;"|'''[[乌海市]]''':
||[[海勃湾区]] | [[乌达区]] | [[海南区]]
|- style="vertical-align: text-top;"
|style="text-align: center;"|'''[[赤峰市]]''':
||[[红山区]] | [[元宝山区]] | [[松山区 (赤峰)|松山区]] | [[宁城县]] | [[林西县]] | [[喀喇沁旗]] | [[巴林左旗]] | [[敖汉旗]] | [[阿鲁科尔沁旗]] | [[翁牛特旗]] | [[克什克腾旗]] | [[巴林右旗]]
|- style="vertical-align: text-top;"
|style="text-align: center;"|'''[[通辽市]]''':
||[[科尔沁区]] | [[霍林郭勒市]] | [[开鲁县]] | [[科尔沁左翼中旗]] | [[科尔沁左翼后旗]] | [[库伦旗]] | [[奈曼旗]] | [[扎鲁特旗]]
|- style="vertical-align: text-top;"
|style="text-align: center;"|'''[[鄂尔多斯市]]''':
||[[东胜区]] | [[准格尔旗]] | [[乌审旗]] | [[伊金霍洛旗]] | [[鄂托克旗]] | [[鄂托克前旗]] | [[杭锦旗]] | [[达拉特旗]]
|- style="vertical-align: text-top;"
|style="text-align: center;"|'''[[呼伦贝尔市]]''':
||[[海拉尔区]] | [[满洲里市]] | [[牙克石市]] | [[扎兰屯市]] | [[根河市]] | [[额尔古纳市]] | [[陈巴尔虎旗]] | [[阿荣旗]] | [[新巴尔虎左旗]] | [[新巴尔虎右旗]] | [[鄂伦春自治旗]] | [[莫力达瓦达斡尔族自治旗]] | [[鄂温克族自治旗]]
|- style="vertical-align: text-top;"
|style="text-align: center;"|'''[[巴彦淖尔市]]''':
||[[临河区]] | [[五原县]] | [[磴口县]] | [[杭锦后旗]] | [[乌拉特中旗]] | [[乌拉特前旗]] | [[乌拉特后旗]]
|- style="vertical-align: text-top;"
|style="text-align: center;"|'''[[乌兰察布市]]''':
||[[集宁区]] | [[丰镇市]] | [[兴和县]] | [[卓资县]] | [[商都县]] | [[凉城县]] | [[化德县]] | [[四子王旗]] | [[察哈尔右翼前旗]] | [[察哈尔右翼中旗]] | [[察哈尔右翼后旗]]
|- style="vertical-align: text-top;"
|'''[[锡林郭勒盟]]''':
||[[锡林浩特市]] | [[二连浩特市]] | [[多伦县]] | [[阿巴嘎旗]] | [[西乌珠穆沁旗]] | [[东乌珠穆沁旗]] | [[苏尼特左旗]] | [[苏尼特右旗]] | [[太仆寺旗]] | [[正镶白旗]] | [[正蓝旗]] | [[镶黄旗]]
|- style="vertical-align: text-top;"
|style="text-align: center;"|'''[[兴安盟]]''':
||[[乌兰浩特市]] | [[阿尔山市]] | [[突泉县]] | [[扎赉特旗]] | [[科尔沁右翼前旗]] | [[科尔沁右翼中旗]]
|- style="vertical-align: text-top;"
|style="text-align: center;"|'''[[阿拉善盟]]''':
||[[阿拉善左旗]] | [[阿拉善右旗]] | [[额济纳旗]]
|}
|}
<noinclude>[[Category:中国省级行政区模板]]</noinclude>
Template:Provinces of China
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{| class="toccolours" style="clear: both; margin: 1.5em auto; font-size: 90%;" summary="中华人民共和国省级行政区划"
|-
|style="background: #ccf; text-align: center; font-size: 110%; width: 450px;"|'''[[中华人民共和国行政区划|中华人民共和国省级行政区划]]'''
|style="width: 50px;"|[[Image:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|50px]]
|-
|colspan="2"|
{| style="margin: 0 0.5em; background: transparent;"
|- style="vertical-align: text-top;"
|style="background: #ececec; width: 7em; text-align: center;" valign="center"|'''[[直辖市]]''':
||[[北京市]] | [[天津市]] | [[上海市]] | [[重庆市]]
|- style="vertical-align: text-top;"
|style="background: #ececec; width: 7em; text-align: center;" valign="center"|'''[[省]]''':
||[[黑龙江省]] | [[吉林省]] | [[辽宁省]] | [[山东省]] | [[河北省]] | [[山西省]]<br>[[陕西省]] | [[甘肃省]] | [[青海省]] | [[江苏省]] | [[安徽省]] | [[河南省]] | [[湖北省]]<br>[[浙江省]] | [[江西省]] | [[湖南省]] | [[四川省]] | [[福建省]] | [[广东省]] | [[贵州省]]<br>[[云南省]] | [[海南省]] | [[台湾省]](实际拨[[中华民国]]控制,参见[[台湾问题]])
|- style="vertical-align: text-top;"
|style="background: #ececec; width: 7em; text-align: center;" valign="center"|'''[[自治区]]''':
||[[新疆维吾尔自治区]] | [[内蒙古自治区]] | [[宁夏回族自治区]]<br>[[西藏自治区]] | [[广西壮族自治区]]
|- style="vertical-align: text-top;"
|style="background: #ececec; width: 7em; text-align: center;" valign="center"|'''[[特别行政区]]''':
||[[香港|香港特别行政区]] | [[澳门|澳门特别行政区]]
|}
|}<noinclude>[[Category:中国省级行政区模板]]</noinclude>
Template:Commons
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<div class="infobox sisterproject">[[Image:Commons-logo.svg|left|45px| ]]
<div style="margin-left: 60px;">侬可以勒[[维基共享资源]]里相查找搭搿个条目相关个多媒体资源:
<div style="margin-left: 10px;">'''[[Commons:{{{1|Special:Search/{{PAGENAME}}}}}|{{{2|{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}]]'''</div>
</div>
</div><noinclude>
{{clear}}
----
使用这个模版,可以在维基百科条目中引用其姊妹计划——[[维基共享资源]]的条目。
== 使用说明 ==
如果使用
<nowiki>{{Commons}}</nowiki>
则默认引用当前条目的同名维基共享资源的条目。如果你需要引用其他特定的条目,也可以使用
<nowiki>{{Commons|你需要的条目}}</nowiki>
来引用你需要的条目。还可以使用
<nowiki>{{Commons|你需要的条目|显示名称}}</nowiki>
来引用你需要的条目,并以指定的名称显示。
==参见==
*[[Wikipedia:姊妹计划]]——来获得引用其它维基计划的更多信息。
[[Category:姊妹計劃鏈接模板]]
[[ar:قالب:كومونز]]
[[id:Templat:Commons]]
[[bg:Шаблон:Commons]]
[[ca:Template:Commons]]
[[cs:Šablona:Commons]]
[[da:Skabelon:Commons]]
[[de:Vorlage:Commons1]]
[[en:template:Commons]]
[[et:Mall:Commons]]
[[es:Plantilla:Commons]]
[[eo:Ŝablono:Commons]]
[[fr:Modèle:Commons]]
[[gl:Template:Commons]]
[[io:Template:Commons]]
[[ilo:Template:Commons]]
[[kn:Template:Commons]]
[[ko:Template:Commons]]
[[it:Template:Commons]]
[[he:תבנית:ויקישיתוף]]
[[hu:Sablon:Commons]]
[[nl:Sjabloon:Commons]]
[[ja:Template:Commons]]
[[no:Mal:Commons]]
[[pl:Szablon:Commons]]
[[pt:Predefinição:Commons]]
[[ro:Format:Commons]]
[[ru:Шаблон:Commons]]
[[simple:Template:Commons]]
[[sk:Šablóna:Commons]]
[[sl:Template:Commons]]
[[sr:Шаблон:Commons]]
[[fi:Malline:Commons]]
[[sv:Mall:Commons]]
[[uk:Шаблон:Commons]]
[[vi:Tiêu bản:Commons]]
[[wa:Modele:Commons]]
</noinclude>
内蒙古自治区
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'''内蒙古自治区''',简称'''内蒙古''' ([[蒙古文]]: [[Image:Inner Mongolia in Mongolian.png|35px]] ) ,[[中国]]北部边疆一个[[中国行政区|自治区]]。首府[[呼和浩特]]。
{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" width="310"
|-----
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#D5FFD5" | <font size="+1">'''内蒙古自治区'''</font>
|-----
| align="center" colspan=2 | <font size="-1">''简称:内蒙古''</font>
|-----
| [[首府]] || [[呼和浩特]]
|-----
| [[区委书记]] || [[储波]]
|-----
| [[自治区主席]] || [[杨晶]]
|-----
| [[面积]]<br>- 总面积<br>- 占全国面积%<br>- 水域面积%
| [[中国行政区面积表|第3位]]<br>1,183,000 [[平方千米]]<br>12.3%<br>xx%
|-----
| [[人口]]<br>- 总人口 ([[2001年]]底)<br>- 占全国人口%<br>- [[人口密度]]
| [[中国行政区人口表|第23位]]<br>23,770,000<br>1.86%<br>20.1/平方千米
|-----
| [[国内生产总值]]<br>- 总值 ([[2002年]])<br>- 占全国生产总值%<br>- [[人均国内生产总值]]
| [[中国行政区国内生产总值表|第24位]]<br>1732.48亿[[人民币]]<br>1.69%<br>7290元人民币
|-----
| [[中国行政区|行政区]]类别 || 自治区
|-----
| colspan="2" | <center>[[Image:China-Inner-Mongolia.png]]</center>
|}
== 历史 ==
内蒙古[[阴山]]一带远古人类活动,有悠久历史。[[1973年]]勒[[呼和浩特]]东北发现距今50万年前“[[大窑文化]]”发生了勒搭[[北京]][[周口店]][[北京人]]同一时期个[[旧石器时代]]初期至末期。
[[春秋战国]]之前,北方个游牧民族,比如[[匈奴]]搭[[东胡]]人勒到今朝个内蒙古地区过游牧生活。[[战国 (中国)|战国]]后期,[[燕国]]、[[赵国]]、[[秦国]]领土已经拓展到今朝个内蒙古地区,中原华夏民族开始勒内蒙古南部定居。如[[赵武灵王]]勒今[[呼和浩特]][[托克托县]]境内建[[云中]]城。“赵长城”经过呼和浩特北面个[[大青山]]。燕国大将[[秦开]]打败东胡之后,建“燕北长城”,勒今内蒙古[[赤峰市]]南建右北平部,治所勒[[宁城]]。
[[秦朝]]修建[[万里长城]],连接前面各国修建个长城,来防御匈奴。内蒙古南部,如云中郡,是边防重镇。而北部塞外主要是匈奴人搭[[乌桓]]、[[鲜卑]]等东胡人个领地。[[西汉]]个辰光,[[汉武帝]]打败匈奴,匈奴势力北迁、西迁。整个[[汉朝]]搭伊之后个[[五胡十六国]]、[[南北朝]]时期,南匈奴人搭东胡人逐点逐点搭华夏民族融和,形成今朝汉族个前身。汉朝勒今朝个内蒙古地区设立郡县。如([[前127年]])西汉设置五原郡,管辖个区域相当于今朝[[巴彦淖尔]]盟东部、[[包头]]市搭[[鄂尔多斯]]市(伊克昭盟)[[达拉特旗]]、[[准格尔旗]]等地。[[三国]]时期著名将领[[吕布]]就出生勒搿敦。
[[隋朝|隋]][[唐朝|唐]]辰光[[突厥]]势力勒[[蒙古]]高原非常强大。[[北宋]]辰光,鲜卑人个一支后裔[[契丹]]人创立了[[辽国]],勒今朝内蒙古[[赤峰市]][[巴林左旗]]附近建立了蒙古草原浪第一个都城上京。辽拨[[金朝|金]]灭脱之后,鲜卑人另外一支后裔[[蒙古人]]进了搿个地区,[[成吉思汗]]建立[[蒙古帝国]]。[[明朝]]成立后蒙古人势力退回到塞外,内蒙古地区北部是蒙古人[[北元]]个疆域,南部是明朝对抗北元个前线。[[清朝]]个[[满族]]通过联姻或者征服个方式把整个蒙古加进版图。清朝个辰光通常把蒙古以大漠为界,分为“内扎萨克蒙古”搭“外扎萨克蒙古”。其中前面搿个演变成今朝个内蒙古自治区,后面搿个演变成今朝个蒙古国。清朝灭亡之后[[外蒙古独立|外蒙古走向独立]],而内蒙古一直拨[[中华民国]]统治,分为几个省。[[抗日战争]]期间,内蒙古一部分地区曾经拨了日本人占领,[[德王]]为首个一帮人搭[[日本]]人合作,成立“[[蒙疆联合自治政府]]”等机构,管理内蒙古地区。
[[1947年]],勒[[中华人民共和国]]成立之前,[[中国共产党]]就受[[苏联]]政策个影响成立了内蒙古自治区,包括当时个[[察哈尔省]]、[[兴安]]省搭[[宁夏|宁夏省]]、[[热河]]省搭[[绥远]]省个部分地区。
== 地理 ==
内蒙古自治区是中国第一个实行民族区域自治个自治区([[1947年]],勒[[新中国]]成立之前)。
*横跨东北、华北、西北([[三北]]),接邻八个省区:[[黑龙江省|黑龙江]]、[[吉林]]、[[辽宁]]、[[河北]]、[[山西]]、[[陕西]]、[[甘肃]]和[[宁夏]]
*接壤国家:[[蒙古国]]和[[俄罗斯]]
内蒙古有18个[[边境口岸]],其中[[满洲里]]口岸是中国大陆最大个陆路口岸,[[二连浩特]]是对[[蒙古国]]最大个边境口岸。
*主要城市:[[呼和浩特]]、[[包头]]、[[鄂尔多斯]]、[[乌兰察布]]、[[赤峰]]、[[呼伦贝尔]]搭[[乌海]]
==行政区划==
现在有9[[地级市]],3[[盟]],一龙总21[[市辖区]],11[[县级市]],17[[县]],49[[旗]],3[[自治旗]]。''参见:[[内蒙古行政区划]]''
[[地级行政区]]共计12个,即9个地级市和3个盟。<br>'''9个[[地级市]]''':<br>•[[呼和浩特|呼和浩特市]](自治区[[首府]])<br>•[[包头|包头市]]<br>•[[乌海|乌海市]]<br>•[[赤峰|赤峰市]]<br>•[[通辽|通辽市]]<br>•[[鄂尔多斯|鄂尔多斯市]]<br>•[[呼伦贝尔|呼伦贝尔市]]<br>•[[巴彦淖尔|巴彦淖尔市]]<br>•[[乌兰察布|乌兰察布市]]<br>'''3个[[盟]]''':<br>•[[锡林郭勒盟]]<br>•[[阿拉善盟]]<br>•[[兴安盟]]
'''11个[[县级市]]''':<br>•[[阿尔山|阿尔山市]]([[兴安盟]]):<br>•[[额尔古纳|额尔古纳市]]([[呼伦贝尔|呼伦贝尔市]]):<br>•[[二连浩特|二连浩特市]]([[锡林郭勒|锡林郭勒盟]]):<br>•[[丰镇|丰镇市]]([[乌兰察布|乌兰察布市]]):<br>•[[根河|根河市]]([[呼伦贝尔|呼伦贝尔市]]):<br>•[[霍林郭勒|霍林郭勒市]]([[通辽|通辽市]]):<br>•[[满洲里|满洲里市]]([[呼伦贝尔|呼伦贝尔市]]):<br>•[[乌兰浩特|乌兰浩特市]]([[兴安盟]]):<br>•[[锡林浩特|锡林浩特市]]([[锡林郭勒|锡林郭勒盟]])<br>•[[牙克石|牙克石市]]([[呼伦贝尔|呼伦贝尔市]]):<br>•[[扎兰屯|扎兰屯市]]([[呼伦贝尔|呼伦贝尔市]])
== 经济 ==
内蒙古优势产业:能源、化工、冶金、装备制造、农畜产品加工、高新技术
[[呼和浩特]]、[[包头]]、[[鄂尔多斯]]三市个[[GDP]]占全自治区的51.8%
[[2005年]]全自治区GDP比2000年翻了一番多,[[人均GDP]]超过中国大陆平均水平。
===经济发展优势===
*资源优势:资源丰富,储量大开发条件好。
*地理优势:边境口岸多,搭京津、东北、西北经济技术合作关系密切。
*地广人稀:方便收缩生产力布局,劳动力朝城镇转移,恢复、保护[[生态环境]]。
*[[酒泉卫星发射中心]] 勒[[阿拉善盟]]境內
===资源和物产===
[[草原]]、[[森林]]搭[[人均耕地]]面积居全国第一,[[稀土]]储量居世界首位
内蒙古是中国最大个草原牧区,畜牧业发达,通辽地区号称“肥牛之乡”,其活牛存栏量120万头,其中供应[[香港]]个[[科尔沁]]种[[西门塔尔牛]]是通辽肥牛当中个上品。{{fact}}
== 人口资料 ==
内蒙古自治区[[蒙古族]]人口已经远远超过[[蒙古国]]([[外蒙古]])个蒙古族人口总数(大约匝250万)。
以[[汉族]]为主体(1847万,占79%),其次是[[蒙古族]](400万,占17%),还有[[满族|满]](50万)、[[回族|回]](21万)、[[达斡尔族|达斡尔]](7.7万)、[[鄂温克族|鄂温克]](2.6万)、[[朝鲜族|朝鲜]](2.2万)、[[俄罗斯族|俄罗斯]](5020人)、[[鄂伦春族|鄂伦春]](3573人)、[[锡伯族|锡伯]](3023人)等49个民族。
== 文化 ==
全区一龙总有1个[[国家重点风景名胜区]]、1个[[国家历史文化名城]]、36个[[全国重点文物保护单位]]
国家重点风景名胜区:
[[扎兰屯]]
国家历史文化名城:
[[呼和浩特]]
== 旅游 ==
*[[成吉思汗陵]]
*[[大兴安岭]]
==教育==
*[[内蒙古大学]]
*[[内蒙古民族大学]]
*[[内蒙古工业大学]]
*[[内蒙古农业大学]]
*[[内蒙古师范大学]]
*[[内蒙古科技大学]]
*[[内蒙古医学院]]
*[[内蒙古财经学院]]
*[[赤峰学院]]
*[[呼伦贝尔学院]]
*[[乌兰察布职业学院]]
*[[集宁教育学院]]
==蛮有影响个学者==
**[[李博]]
**[[旭日干]]
==建国之后主要领导人==
*[[区委书记]]
**[[乌兰夫]]
**[[解学恭]]
**[[尤太忠]]
**[[周惠]]
**[[张曙光]]
**[[王群]]
**[[刘明祖]]
**[[储波]]
*主席
**[[乌兰夫]]
**[[滕海清]]
**[[尤太忠]]
**[[孔飞]]
**[[布赫]]
**[[乌力吉]]
**[[云布龙]]
**[[乌云其木格]]
**[[杨晶]]
==外部链接==
* [http://www.nmg.gov.cn/ 内蒙古政府官方网站]
<hr align="center" noshade size="4" width="100%">
{{内蒙古行政区划}}
{{Provinces_of_China}}
{{commons|Inner Mogolia}}
[[Category:中国省级行政区]]
[[category:蒙古族]]
[[category:蒙古历史]]
[[ar:منغوليا الداخلية]]
[[bg:Вътрешна Монголия]]
[[br:Mongolia an Diabarzh]]
[[bs:Unutarnja Mongolija]]
[[cs:Vnitřní Mongolsko]]
[[da:Indre Mongoliet]]
[[de:Innere Mongolei]]
[[en:Inner Mongolia]]
[[eo:Interna Mongolio]]
[[es:Mongolia Interior]]
[[et:Sise-Mongoolia]]
[[fi:Sisä-Mongolia]]
[[fr:Mongolie intérieure]]
[[he:מונגוליה הפנימית]]
[[hr:Unutarnja Mongolija]]
[[id:Mongolia Dalam]]
[[ja:内モンゴル自治区]]
[[ka:შიგა მონღოლეთი]]
[[ko:네이멍구 자치구]]
[[nl:Binnen-Mongolië]]
[[pl:Mongolia Wewnętrzna]]
[[pt:Mongólia Interior]]
[[ro:Mongolia Interioară]]
[[ru:Внутренняя Монголия]]
[[sv:Inre Mongoliet]]
[[ug:ئىچكى موڭغۇل ئاپتونوم رايونى]]
[[zh:内蒙古自治区]]
Template:UN Security Council
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{| style="clear: both; margin: 0.5em auto; text-align: center;" class="toccolours"
|-
! style="background: lightsteelblue; padding-left: 60px;" | [[联合国]][[联合国安全理事会|安理会]]成员国
| width="50" | [[Image:Flag of the United Nations.svg|50px|Flag of the UN]]
|-
! colspan="2" | 常任理事国
|-
| colspan="2" | [[中华人民共和国|中国]] - [[法国]] - [[俄罗斯]] - [[英国]] - [[美国]]
|-
! colspan="2" | 任期到[[2006年]][[12月31号]]终止个非常任理事国
|-
| colspan="2" | [[阿根廷]] - [[丹麦]] - [[希腊]] - [[日本]] - [[坦桑尼亚]]
|-
! colspan="2" | 任期到[[2007年]][[12月31号]]终止个非常任理事国
|-
| colspan="2" | [[刚果共和国|刚果]] - [[加纳]] - [[秘鲁]] - [[卡塔尔]] - [[斯洛伐克]]
|}
Template:CnPublicationLaw
306
1233
2006-10-11T02:21:18Z
Amor
23
<!--googleoff: all-->
<div style="clear: both; width: 70%; margin: 0 auto 1em; border: solid #FF0000 1px; background: #FFFFdd; text-align: center; font-size: 90%;">
'''注意''':根据中华人民共和国《[[s:出版管理条例|出版管理条例]]》第2章第20条规定: <br>要勒勒[[中国大陆]]出版搭居条目有关个,必须获得有关部门许可。<br>参看[[Wikipedia:内容声明]]。
</div>[[category:中国大陆重大选题条目]]
<noinclude>
<!--googleon: all-->
==相关的法律法规==
*[[s:互联网出版管理暂行规定]]
*[[s:图书、期刊、音像制品、电子出版物重大选题备案办法]]
*[http://www.gapp.gov.cn/GalaxyPortal/integration/trsww/getdatadetail.jsp?unid=4957 互联网出版重大选题备案]
*[http://www.gapp.gov.cn/GalaxyPortal/inner/zsww/zongsu3.jsp?articleid=5330&boardpid=105&boardid1=11501010111507 关于对描写党和国家主要领导人的出版物加强管理的规定]
*[http://www.gapp.gov.cn/GalaxyPortal/inner/zsww/zongsu3.jsp?articleid=5328&boardpid=105&boardid1=11501010111507 关于出版“文化大革命”图书问题的若干规定]
*[http://www.china.org.cn/chinese/zhuanti/198464.htm 计算机信息网络国际联网安全保护管理办法]
==相关条文==
===互联网出版管理暂行规定===
第十六条 互联网出版机构出版涉及国家安全、社会安定等方面的重大选题,应当依照重大选题备案的规定,报新闻出版总署备案。未经备案的重大选题,不得出版。
第十七条 互联网出版不得载有以下内容:
:(一)反对宪法确定的基本原则的;
:(二)危害国家统一、主权和领土完整的;
:(三)泄露国家秘密、危害国家安全或者损害国家荣誉和利益的;
:(四)煽动民族仇恨、民族歧视,破坏民族团结,或者侵害民族风俗、习惯的;
:(五)宣扬邪教、迷信的;
:(六)散布谣言,扰乱社会秩序,破坏社会稳定的;
:(七)宣扬淫秽、赌博、暴力或者教唆犯罪的;
:(八)侮辱或者诽谤他人,侵害他人合法权益的;
:(九)危害社会公德或者民族优秀文化传统的;
:(十)有法律、行政法规和国家规定禁止的其他内容的。
第十八 条以未成年人为对象的互联网出版内容不得含有诱发未成年人模仿违反社会公德的行为和违法犯罪的行为的内容,以及恐怖、残酷等妨害未成年人身心健康的内容。
第十九条 互联网出版的内容不真实或不公正,致使公民、法人或者其他组织合法利益受到侵害的,互联网出版机构应当公开更正,消除影响,并依法承担民事责任。
===图书、期刊、音像制品、电子出版物重大选题备案办法===
第三条 本办法所称重大选题,是指涉及国家安全、社会安定等方面的内容,对国家的政治、经济、文化、军事等会产生较大影响的选题,具体包括:
:(一)有关党和国家的重要文件、文献选题;
:(二)有关党和国家曾任和现任主要领导人的著作、文章以及有关其生活和工作情况的选题;
:(三)涉及党和国家秘密的选题;
:(四)集中介绍政府机构设置和党政领导干部情况的选题,
:(五)涉及民族问题和宗教问题的选题;
:(六)涉及我国国防建设及我军各个历史时期的战役、战斗、工作、生活和重要人物的选题;
:(七)涉及“文化大革命”的选题;
:(八)涉及中共党史上的重大历史事件和重要历史人物的选题,
:(九)涉及国民党上层人物和其他上层统战对象的选题;
:(十)涉及前苏联、东欧以及其他兄弟党和国家重大事件和主要领导人的选题;
:(十一)涉及中国国界的各类地图选题;
:(十二)涉及香港特别行政区和澳门、台湾地区图书的选题;
:(十三)大型古籍白话今译的选题(指500万字以及500万字以上的项目);
:(十四)引进版动画读物的选题;
:(十五)以单位名称、通讯地址等为内容的各类“名录”的选题;
===关于对描写党和国家主要领导人的出版物加强管理的规定===
一、本规定所称党和国家和主要领导人指:现任或曾任党中央政治局的常委,国家主席、副主席,国务院总理,全国人大常务委员会委员长,中央顾问委员会主任,全国政协主席。本规定所称描写党和国家主要领导人的出版物指:专门描写、记述上述人物的专著、传记、回忆录、纪实文学、报告文学等。
===计算机信息网络国际联网安全保护管理办法===
第五条 任何单位和个人不得利用国际联网'''制作、复制、查阅和传播'''下列信息:
:(一)煽动抗拒、破坏宪法和法律、行政法规实施的;
:(二)煽动颠覆国家政权,推翻社会主义制度的;
:(三)煽动分裂国家、破坏国家统一的;
:(四)煽动民族仇恨、民族歧视,破坏民族团结的;
:(五)捏造或者歪曲事实,散布谣言,扰乱社会秩序的;
:(六)宣扬封建迷信、淫秽、色情、赌博、暴力、凶杀、恐怖,教唆犯罪的;
:(七)公然侮辱他人或者捏造事实诽谤他人的;
:(八)损害国家机关信誉的;
:(九)其他违反宪法和法律、行政法规的。
</noinclude>
朝鲜民主主义人民共和国
308
1237
2006-10-11T02:33:54Z
Amor
23
Redirecting to [[朝鲜]]
#REDIRECT[[朝鲜]]
中华人民共和国
309
2140
2006-10-19T01:26:27Z
208.45.211.2
人均GDP
<references />{{CnPublicationLaw}}
{{Infobox Country|the=|
国家名称 =-中华人民共和国-|
国名 =中华人民共和国|
国旗文件名 =Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China.svg |
国徽文件名 = china_guohui.png|20px |
国家位置图片文件名 =LocationPRChina.png|
国家首都名称 =[[北京]]|
最大城市名称 =[[重庆]](辖区面积)[[上海]](辖区人口)|
最大经济城市 =[[上海]]|
国土面积数据 =9,633,296|
面积排名 =4|
水域率百分比 =2.8|
官方语言 = 普通话(汉语)|
总人口数据 = 1,313,973,713人([[2006年]][[7月]],[https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ch.html],大陆內地)|
人口排名 =[[国家人口列表|1]]|
人口密度数据 =135.4|
主要节日 =
<li>[[国庆节]]:[[10月1日]]([[1949年]]起)|
政治体制 =共产党领导个一党领导,多党合作制度|
国家元首职称 =国家主席|
现任国家元首名字 =胡锦涛|
政府首脑职称 =国务院总理|
现任政府首脑名字 =温家宝|
货币单位 =[[人民币]]元|
货币代码 = CNY|
国内生产总值数据 =22257亿[[美元]](2005年)(来源:[[中华人民共和国国家统计局]])|
人均国内生产总值数据 =$7476 [[美元]](2005年)(84th)
中央银行 =[[中国人民银行]]|
国家格言 =无|
国歌名称 =[[中华人民共和国国歌]]([[义勇军进行曲]])|
时区 =UTC+8|
国际域名缩写 =[[.cn]]|
国际电话区号 =86|
国家象征 = 暂无|
国家国花 = 牡丹花|
国家代码 =CHN|
}}
'''中华人民共和国'''末,[[亚洲]]东部一个国家、勒到[[太平洋]]西岸,陆上从东北到西南分别搭亚洲十几个国家接壤,海上从东部到南部分别隔[[黄海]]、[[东海]]、[[南海]]搭[[朝鲜半岛]]、[[日本]]列岛、[[东南亚]]隔海相望,首都[[北京]]。中华人民共和国目前直接管辖[[中国]]22个[[省]]、5个少数民族[[自治区]]搭4个[[直辖市]],而且对2个[[特别行政区]]行使[[国防]]搭[[外交]]主权;[[国土]]总面积大约963.32万平方千米,仅次于[[俄罗斯]]、[[加拿大]],居世界[[国家面积列表|第三]],[[陆地]]总面积约936.2万平方千米,仅次于[[俄罗斯]],列世界第二;[[人口]]超过13亿,是世界上人口[[国家人口列表|最多]]个国家,占全球人口个五分之一。
<!--简明重要阐释-->
<!--台湾问题-->
==历史==
''参见:[[中国历史]]、[[中华人民共和国历史]]、[[香港历史]]、[[澳门历史]]。''
==地理==
''参见:[[中国地理]]''
==行政区划==
''参见:[[中国行政区划]]、[[中华人民共和国行政区划]]''
===省级行政单位搭主要城市列表===
* (括号里相为简称或者别称)
22个省
*[[河北省]](冀)、[[山西省]](晋)
*[[辽宁省]](辽)、[[吉林省]](吉)、[[黑龙江省]](黑)
*[[江苏省]](苏)、[[浙江省]](浙)、[[安徽省]](皖)、[[福建省]](闽)、[[江西省]](赣)、[[山东省]](鲁)
*[[河南省]](豫)、[[湖北省]](鄂)、[[湖南省]](湘)、[[广东省]](粤)、[[台湾省]] (台)(弗勒实际统治)、 [[海南省]](琼)
*[[四川省]](川、蜀)、[[贵州省]](黔、贵)、[[云南省]](滇、云)
*[[陕西省]](陕、秦)、[[甘肃省]](甘、陇)、[[青海省]](青)
4个[[直辖市]]:
*[[北京]]市(京)
*[[天津]]市(津)
*[[上海]]市(沪或申)
*[[重庆]]市(渝)
5个[[自治区]]:
*[[内蒙古自治区]](内蒙古)
*[[广西壮族自治区]](桂)
*[[西藏自治区]](藏)
*[[宁夏回族自治区]](宁)
*[[新疆维吾尔自治区]](新)
2个[[特别行政区]]:
*[[澳门]]特别行政区(澳)
*[[香港]]特别行政区(港)
特大城市:[[北京]]、[[上海]]、 [[武汉]](汉)、 [[重庆]](渝) 、[[天津]] 、[[沈阳]]、 [[台北]](弗勒实际统治) 、[[香港]]、 [[南京]](宁)、[[广州]] (穗)
==政治==
''参见:[[中国政治]]、[[台湾问题]]''
==经济==
''请参见:[[中国经济]]、[[中华人民共和国经济]]''
==媒体==
''参见: [[中华人民共和国媒体]]''
==国防==
''参见:[[中华人民共和国军事]]''、''[[中国人民解放军]]''
==人口==
''参见:[[中国人口]]''
==教育==
== 宗教 ==
参见:''[[中国宗教]]''
==文化==
''参看:[[中国文化]]''
==参考文献==
==外部链接==
*[http://www.gov.cn/ 中华人民共和国中央人民政府门户网站]
*[http://www.china.org.cn/chinese/index.htm 中国网]——国务院新闻办公室
{{亚洲行政区划}}
{{APEC}}
{{Shanghai CO}}
{{UN Security Council}}
[[Category:中华人民共和国]]
[[Category:中国| ]]
[[Category:亚洲国家]]
[[Category:社会主义国家]]
[[af:Volksrepubliek van Sjina]]
[[als:Volksrepublik China]]
[[ang:Folces Lēodþing Cīnan]]
[[ar:الصين]]
[[ast:China]]
[[be:Кітай]]
[[bg:Китайска народна република]]
[[bn:চীন]]
[[bs:Narodna Republika Kina]]
[[ca:República Popular de la Xina]]
[[chr:ᏥᎾ]]
[[cs:Čínská lidová republika]]
[[cv:Китай]]
[[cy:Gweriniaeth Pobl China]]
[[da:Folkerepublikken Kina]]
[[de:Volksrepublik China]]
[[el:Λαϊκή Δημοκρατία της Κίνας]]
[[en:People's Republic of China]]
[[eo:Ĉinio]]
[[es:República Popular China]]
[[et:Hiina]]
[[eu:Txina]]
[[fa:جمهوری خلق چین]]
[[fi:Kiina]]
[[fr:République populaire de Chine]]
[[gu:ચીન]]
[[he:הרפובליקה העממית של סין]]
[[hi:चीन]]
[[hr:Kina]]
[[ht:Chin]]
[[hu:Kína]]
[[ia:China]]
[[id:Republik Rakyat Tiongkok]]
[[io:Chinia]]
[[is:Alþýðulýðveldið Kína]]
[[it:Cina]]
[[ja:中華人民共和国]]
[[ka:ჩინეთი]]
[[kk:Қытай]]
[[ko:중화인민공화국]]
[[ku:Çîn]]
[[la:Respublica Populi Sinarum]]
[[lt:Kinija]]
[[lv:Ķīna]]
[[mk:Кина]]
[[mn:Бүгд Найрамдах Хятад Ард Улс]]
[[ms:Republik Rakyat China]]
[[nds:Volksrepubliek China]]
[[nl:Volksrepubliek China]]
[[nn:Folkerepublikken Kina]]
[[no:Folkerepublikken Kina]]
[[pl:Chińska Republika Ludowa]]
[[pt:República Popular da China]]
[[ro:Republica Populară Chineză]]
[[ru:Китай]]
[[sa:चीन]]
[[simple:People's Republic of China]]
[[sk:Čínska ľudová republika]]
[[sl:Kitajska]]
[[sr:Народна република Кина]]
[[sv:Kina]]
[[ta:சீன மக்கள் குடியரசு]]
[[th:สาธารณรัฐประชาชนจีน]]
[[tl:Tsina]]
[[tr:Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti]]
[[uk:Китай]]
[[vi:Cộng hòa Nhân dân Trung Hoa]]
[[yi:כינע]]
[[za:Cunghvaz Yinzminz Gunghozgoz]]
[[zh-min-nan:Tiong-hoâ Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok]]
[[zh:中华人民共和国]]
中国大陆
310
1239
2006-10-11T02:35:53Z
Amor
23
Redirecting to [[中华人民共和国]]
#REDIRECT[[中华人民共和国]]
Image:800px-ApecLogo-2003.jpg
311
1240
2006-10-11T02:37:28Z
Amor
23
Image:ApecLogo-2003.jpg
312
1241
2006-10-11T02:38:36Z
Amor
23
中国
313
2069
2006-10-18T03:47:02Z
130.220.79.98
侬要寻个“'''中国'''”有多种意义。请勒到下头列表里相选择:
* 历史浪个[[中原地区]]
* [[大中华地区]]
** [[中华人民共和国]]('''[[中国大陆]]''')
** [[中华民国]](现在'''中国'''[[台湾]])
** '''中国'''[[香港]]特别行政区
** '''中国'''[[澳门]]特别行政区
* [[日本]]个[[中国地区]]
器官收获
314
1249
2006-10-11T03:02:48Z
Amor
23
{{current}}
'''器官收获'''(英文 Organ Harvesting),是指获得器官、组织等等用来移植手术。目前有星[[法轮功]]练习者指控[[中国]][[政府]]对法轮功练习者进行非法器官收获。目前事态还勒到进行当中。
[[en:Organ Harvesting]]
东亚
315
1254
2006-10-11T04:03:35Z
Amor
23
[[Image:LocationEastAsia.PNG|thumb|right|300px|东亚个范围]]
'''东亚'''末,就是[[亚洲]]东部,包括下头几个地区:
*[[大中华地区]]
**[[中国大陆]]
**[[香港]]
**[[澳门]]
**[[台湾]]
*[[日本]]
**[[日本|日本群岛]]
**[[琉球群岛|琉球]]
*[[朝鲜半岛]]
**[[朝鲜]]
**[[韩国]]
*[[蒙古国]]
但是,[[东南亚]]国家经常拨[[西方]]学者纳入东亚个范围。西方学者搭媒体有时候把东亚细分成[[东北亚]](包括大中华地区、日本、朝鲜半岛搭蒙古)搭[[东南亚]]。
[[俄罗斯]]远东地区有星辰光也归进东亚。
6,640,000 平方公里,占全部大陆面积个大约 15% 。人口 15 亿以上,亚洲全部个 40 %,相当于世界全部个 1/4 ,东亚是世界人口密度最高个地区之一。平均人口密度是 1 平方公里 230 个人,相当于全世界平均个 5 倍。
==地理==
东亚地区勒亚洲东部,太平洋西岸。地势西高东低,西部多高原山地,东部多平原丘陵。
==气候==
东部沿海地区[[季风气候]]突出,是世界上最典型个[[亚热带季风气候|亚热带]]、[[温带季风气候]]区,即[[东亚季风区]],气候湿润温和;西部内陆地区[[温带大陆性气候]]典型,属[[干旱、半干旱气候区]];青藏高原地区为[[高寒气候]]区。
==历史==
东亚[[封建社会]]个[[历史]]有2000年,[[中国]]汉文化对搿个地区个影响深远,[[日本]]、[[朝鲜]]、[[越南]]侪受伊影响。近代之前,[[中国]]勒搿个地区一直是老大哥。
==经济与文化==
[[居民]]组成以[[黄种人]]为主,集中勒沿海[[平原]]。主要民族有[[汉族]],[[满洲族]],[[蒙古族]],[[朝鲜族]],[[大和族]]等。
经济差异大:
[[中国大陆]]近年经济崛起,东部沿海地区条件优越,[[人口]]密集,[[农业]]、[[制造业]]搭[[重工业]]较发达,近年积极发展[[航运业]]搭[[物流业]],也是[[稻]]、[[茶叶]]、[[蚕丝]]个重要产区。西部内陆地区条件忒般,经济落后、[[人口]]稀少;弗过因为[[草原]]广阔,[[畜牧业]]、畜产品加工搭[[采矿业]]发达。
日本经济发达,经济以[[服务业]]、[[航运业]]、[[金融业]]、[[高科技]]、[[科研]]搭[[教育]]为主,弗但是[[发达国家]],而且算得上世界浪数一数二个[[经济强国]]。
韩国、香港搭台湾经济发达,经济、生活水平达[[发达国家]]水平。韩国搭台湾个经济以高科技、科研、重工业搭旅游业为主;香港个经济以服务业、航运业、物流业、金融业搭旅游业为主,近年开始发展高科技、科研搭教育。
澳门经济发展有一定基础,经济以[[旅游业]]搭[[博彩业]]为主。
蒙古经济落后,经济以畜牧业为主。
要是把东南亚国家也算进去个说法,经济差异也大来交关。
[[新加坡]]经济发达,经济、生活水平达[[发达国家]]水平,经济以服务业、航运业、物流业、金融业、科研、旅游业为主,近年积极发展高科技搭教育。
[[马来西亚]]搭[[泰国]]经济发展有一定基础,经济以旅游业、制造业、农业搭渔业为主,近年积极发展航运业搭物流业。
[[越南]]、[[菲律宾]]搭[[印度尼西亚]]经济比较落后,经济只有旅游业、制造业、农业搭渔业。
[[缅甸]]、[[柬埔寨]]、[[老挝]]搭[[东帝汶]]经济落后,缅甸、柬埔寨搭老挝个经济只有旅游业搭农业;东帝汶个经济只有渔业搭[[石油出口]]。
[[文莱]]经济並弗发达,经济以[[石油出口]]搭[[天然气出口]]为主,财富搭[[中东]][[产油国]]一样,只集中勒少数[[富裕阶层]]。
{{亚洲行政区划}}
[[Category:亚洲地理]]
[[ar:شرق آسيا]]
[[bg:Източна Азия]]
[[zh-min-nan:Tang-a]]
[[de:Ostasien]]
[[es:Extremo Oriente]]
[[eo:Orienta Azio]]
[[fr:Asie de l'Est]]
[[he:מזרח אסיה]]
[[gl:Extremo Oriente]]
[[ko:동아시아]]
[[vi:Đông Á]]
[[ja:東アジア]]
[[id:Asia Timur]]
[[ms:Asia Timur]]
[[nl:Oost-Azië]]
[[pl:Daleki Wschód]]
[[pt:Extremo Oriente]]
[[ro:Asia Răsăriteană]]
[[ru:Восточная Азия]]
[[scn:Asia livanti]]
[[fi:Itä-Aasia]]
[[sv:Östasien]]
[[th:เอเชียตะวันออก]]
[[zh:东亚]]
北亚
316
1255
2006-10-11T04:14:26Z
Amor
23
'''北亚'''有两个定义。其中一个定义,是指[[俄罗斯]][[亚洲]]部分,主要是指[[西伯利亚]]、搭[[阿尔泰山脉]]以北个地区,占亚洲面积个三分之一。过去也有把[[蒙古]]包括进北亚范围之内。还一个定义,是指[[东北亚]],即[[大中华地区]]加上[[日本]]、[[韩国]],甚至[[蒙古]]。居是一个商业浪相对[[东南亚]]个地理划分。一般来说,前面一种说法比较普遍。
==亚俄搭蒙古==
北亚地区包括[[亚俄]]搭[[蒙古]]两个地区。
匈奴民族勒古代建了[[匈奴王国]]。匈奴王国之后分裂成[[北匈奴]]搭[[南匈奴]]。此外,[[柔然王国]]也认为是由匈奴民族建立个。居四个国家先后勒蒙古称王称霸。[[6世纪|6]]-[[13世纪|13世纪]],先后出现了[[突厥王国]]、[[薛延陀王国]]、[[回纥王国]](后来改称回鹘王国)搭[[黠戛斯王国]]等国家,称霸中亚搭蒙古。[[1206年]],[[铁木真]]统一蒙古,建立北到吉尔吉斯,西到叙利亚,东到太平洋,南到波斯个[[蒙古帝国]]。后来子只保住了北亚东部;忽必烈把国名改成[[元朝]],並且称霸中国。勒西伯利亚,则有白帐{朮赤王朝}搭蓝帐{朮赤王朝}两个蒙古帝国封国;白帐勒14世纪灭脱蓝帐,改称金帐。先后出现过蒙古王国,西伯利亚王国搭土尔扈特王国(俄罗斯个附庸国),但是分别拨后金,俄罗斯搭清朝灭脱。从1771到1911,北亚一直拨俄罗斯,清朝搭后来个中国统治。
勒[[1911年]],俄罗斯策动蒙古独立,蒙古变成伊个附庸国;[[1915年]]成为中国自治领;[[1921年]],俄罗斯帮伊独立,蒙古照样又成为伊附庸国;[[1924年]],外蒙古成为苏维埃共和国([[蒙古人民共和国]]);[[1990年]],蒙古人民共和国放弃社会主义,並且勒1992改国名为[[蒙古国]]到乃歇。
{{亚洲行政区划}}
[[Category:亚洲地理]]
[[en:North Asia]]
[[id:Asia Utara]]
[[ja:北アジア]]
[[ko:북아시아]]
[[tl:Hilagang Asya]]
[[zh:北亚]]
各国首都列表
317
1258
2006-10-11T04:31:10Z
Amor
23
==说明==
下头'''各国首都列表'''列出了[[世界政区|世界各国]]搭部分特殊行政地区个[[首都]]或首府,除了少部分有特殊情况个国家之外,国家或行政地区个首都,侪是以行政中心所在地为准。
本列表采用[[汉语拼音]]或是以各国国名罗马拼音字母顺序分列个方式。
[[#按照国家汉语拼音排序|按照国家'''汉语拼音'''排序]]:__NOTOC__
[[#A |A]] [[#B |B]] [[#C |C]] [[#D |D]] [[#E |E]] [[#F |F]] [[#G |G]] [[#H |H-I]] [[#J |J]] [[#L |K]] [[#L |L]] [[#M |M]] [[#N |N-O]] [[#P |P]] [[#Q |Q]] [[#R |R]] [[#S |S]] [[#T |T-U-V]] [[#W |W]] [[#X |X]] [[#Y |Y]] [[#Z |Z]]
[[#按照首都汉语拼音排序|按照首都'''汉语拼音'''排序]]:__NOTOC__
[[#A|A]] [[#B|B]] [[#C|C]] [[#D|D]] [[#E|E]] [[#F|F]] [[#G|G]] [[#H|H-I]] [[#J|J]] [[#K|K]] [[#L|L]] [[#M|M]] [[#N|N-O]] [[#P|P]] [[#Q|Q]] [[#R|R]] [[#S|S]] [[#T|T-U-V]] [[#W|W]] [[#X|X]] [[#Y |Y-Z]]
==按照国家汉语拼音排序==
=== A ===
* [[阿尔巴尼亚]] - '''[[地拉那]]'''
* [[阿尔及利亚]] - '''[[阿尔及尔]]'''
* [[阿富汗]] - '''[[喀布尔]]'''
* [[阿根廷]] - '''[[布宜诺斯艾利斯]]'''
* [[阿拉伯联合酋长国]] - '''[[阿布扎比]]'''
* [[阿曼]] - '''[[马斯喀特]]'''
* [[阿塞拜疆]] - '''[[巴库]]'''
* [[埃及]] - '''[[开罗]]'''
* [[埃塞俄比亚]] - '''[[亚的斯亚贝巴]]'''
* [[爱尔兰共和国]] - '''[[都柏林]]'''
* [[爱沙尼亚]] - '''[[塔林]]'''
* [[安道尔]] - '''[[安道尔城]]'''
* [[安哥拉]] - '''[[罗安达]]'''
* [[安提瓜和巴布达]] - '''[[圣约翰市 (安提瓜和巴布达)|圣约翰]]'''
* [[奥地利]] - '''[[维也纳]]'''
* [[澳大利亚]] - '''[[堪培拉]]'''
=== B ===
* [[巴巴多斯]] - '''[[布里奇敦]]'''
* [[巴布亚新几内亚]] - '''[[莫尔兹比港]]'''
* [[巴哈马]] - '''[[拿骚]]'''
* [[巴基斯坦]] - '''[[伊斯兰堡]]'''
* [[巴拉圭]] - '''[[亚松森]]'''
* [[巴勒斯坦]] - '''[[耶路撒冷]]'''(参看[[巴以冲突]])
* [[巴林]] - '''[[麦纳麦]]'''
* [[巴拿马]] - '''[[巴拿马城]]'''
* [[巴西]] - '''[[巴西利亚]]'''
* [[白俄罗斯]] - '''[[明斯克]]'''
* [[保加利亚]] - '''[[索菲亚]]'''
* [[贝宁]] - '''[[波多诺伏]]'''(官方),'''[[科托努]]'''(实际)
* [[比利时]] - '''[[布鲁塞尔]]'''
* [[秘鲁]] - '''[[利马]]'''
* [[冰岛]] - '''[[雷克雅未克]]'''
* [[波兰]] - '''[[华沙]]'''
* [[波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那]] - '''[[萨拉热窝]]'''
* [[玻利维亚]] - '''[[拉巴斯]]'''(行政和立法),'''[[苏克雷]]'''(司法)
* [[伯利兹]] - '''[[贝尔莫潘]]'''
* [[博茨瓦纳]] - '''[[哈博罗内]]'''
* [[不丹]] - '''[[廷布]]'''
* [[布基纳法索]] - '''[[瓦加杜古]]'''
* [[布隆迪]] - '''[[布琼布拉]]'''
=== C ===
* [[朝鲜]]- '''[[平壤]]'''
* [[赤道几内亚]] - '''[[马拉博]]'''
=== D ===
* [[丹麦]] - '''[[哥本哈根]]'''
* [[德国]] - '''[[柏林]]'''
* [[东帝汶]] - '''[[帝力]]'''
* [[多哥]] - '''[[洛美]]'''
* [[多米尼加]] - '''[[圣多明各]]'''
* [[多米尼克]] - '''[[罗索]]'''
=== E ===
* [[俄罗斯]] - '''[[莫斯科]]'''
* [[厄瓜多尔]] - '''[[基多]]'''
* [[厄立特里亚]] - '''[[阿斯马拉]]'''
=== F ===
* [[法国]] - '''[[巴黎]]'''
* [[梵蒂冈]] - '''[[梵蒂冈城]]'''
* [[菲律宾]] - '''[[马尼拉]]'''
* [[斐济]] - '''[[苏瓦]]'''
* [[芬兰]] - '''[[赫尔辛基]]'''
* [[佛得角]] - '''[[普拉亚]]'''
=== G ===
* [[冈比亚]] - '''[[班珠尔]]'''
* [[刚果共和国]] - '''[[布拉柴维尔]]'''
* [[刚果民主共和国]] - '''[[金沙萨]]'''
* [[哥伦比亚]] - '''[[圣菲波哥大]]'''
* [[哥斯达黎加]] - '''[[圣何塞]]'''
* [[格林纳达]] - '''[[圣乔治]]'''
* [[格鲁吉亚]] - '''[[第比利斯]]'''
* [[根西岛]](英国)- '''[[圣彼得港]]'''
* [[古巴]] - '''[[哈瓦那]]'''
* [[圭亚那]] - '''[[乔治敦]]'''
=== H ===
* [[哈萨克斯坦]] - '''[[阿斯塔纳]]'''
* [[海地]] - '''[[太子港]]'''
* [[韩国]] - '''[[首尔]]'''
* [[荷兰]] - '''[[阿姆斯特丹]]'''(官方),'''[[海牙]]'''(行政)
* [[蒙特尼哥罗|黑山]]- '''[[波德戈里察]]'''
* [[洪都拉斯]] - '''[[特古西加尔巴]]'''
=== J ===
* [[基里巴斯]] - '''[[塔拉瓦]]'''
* [[吉布提]] - '''[[吉布提 (城市)|吉布提]]'''
* [[吉尔吉斯斯坦]] - '''[[比什凯克]]'''
* [[几内亚]] - '''[[科纳克里]]'''
* [[几内亚比绍]] - '''[[比绍]]'''
* [[加拿大]] - '''[[渥太华]]'''
* [[加纳]] - '''[[阿克拉]]'''
* [[加蓬]] - '''[[利伯维尔]]'''
* [[柬埔寨]] - '''[[金边]]'''
* [[捷克]] - '''[[布拉格]]'''
* [[津巴布韦]] - '''[[哈拉雷]]'''
=== K ===
* [[喀麦隆]] - '''[[雅温得]]'''
* [[卡塔尔]] - '''[[多哈]]'''
* [[科摩罗]] - '''[[莫罗尼]]'''
* [[科特迪瓦]] - '''[[亚穆苏克罗]]'''(官方),'''[[阿比让]]'''(行政)
* [[科威特]] - '''[[科威特城]]'''
* [[克罗地亚]] - '''[[萨格勒布]]'''
* [[肯尼亚]] - '''[[内罗毕]]'''
=== L ===
* [[拉脱维亚]] - '''[[里加]]'''
* [[莱索托]] - '''[[马塞卢]]'''
* [[老挝]] - '''[[万象]]'''
* [[黎巴嫩]] - '''[[贝鲁特]]'''
* [[立陶宛]] - '''[[维尔纽斯]]'''
* [[利比里亚]] - '''[[蒙罗维亚]]'''
* [[利比亚]] - '''[[的黎波里]]'''
* [[列支敦士登]] - '''[[瓦杜兹]]'''
* [[卢森堡]] - '''[[卢森堡 (城市)|卢森堡]]'''
* [[卢旺达]] - '''[[基加利]]'''
* [[罗马尼亚]] - '''[[布加勒斯特]]'''
=== M ===
* [[马达加斯加]] - '''[[塔那那利佛]]'''
* [[马尔代夫]] - '''[[马累]]'''
* [[马耳他]] - '''[[瓦莱塔]]'''
* [[马拉维]] - '''[[利隆圭]]'''
* [[马来西亚]] - '''[[吉隆坡]]'''(立法),'''[[布城]]'''(行政)
* [[马里]] - '''[[巴马科]]'''
* [[马其顿]] - '''[[斯科普里]]'''
* [[马绍尔群岛]] - '''[[马久罗]]'''
* [[毛里求斯]] - '''[[路易港]]'''
* [[毛里塔尼亚]] - '''[[努瓦克肖特]]'''
* [[美国]] - '''[[华盛顿哥伦比亚特区]]'''
* [[蒙古]] - '''[[乌兰巴托]]'''
* [[孟加拉国国]] - '''[[达卡]]'''
* [[密克罗尼西亚联邦]] - '''[[帕利基尔]]'''
* [[缅甸]] - '''[[奈比多]]'''
* [[摩尔多瓦]] - '''[[基希讷乌]]'''
* [[摩洛哥]] - '''[[拉巴特]]'''
* [[摩纳哥]] - '''[[摩纳哥]]'''
* [[莫桑比克]] - '''[[马普托]]'''
* [[墨西哥]] - '''[[墨西哥城]]'''
=== N ===
* [[纳米比亚]] - '''[[温得和克]]'''
* [[南非]] - '''[[开普敦]]'''(国会所在地);'''[[比勒陀利亚]]'''(行政首都);'''[[布隆方丹]]'''(司法首都)
* [[瑙鲁]] - '''[[亚伦]]'''
* [[尼泊尔]] - '''[[加德满都]]'''
* [[尼加拉瓜]] - '''[[马那瓜]]'''
* [[尼日尔]] - '''[[尼亚美]]'''
* [[尼日利亚]] - '''[[阿布贾]]'''
* [[纽埃]] - '''[[阿洛菲]]'''
* [[挪威]] - '''[[奥斯陆]]'''
=== P ===
* [[帕劳]] - '''[[科罗尔]]'''
* [[葡萄牙]] - '''[[里斯本]]'''
=== R ===
* [[日本]] - '''[[东京]]'''
* [[瑞典]] - '''[[斯德哥尔摩]]'''
* [[瑞士]] - '''[[伯尔尼]]'''
=== S ===
* [[萨尔瓦多]] - '''[[圣萨尔瓦多]]'''
* [[萨摩亚]] - '''[[阿皮亚]]'''
* [[塞尔维亚]] - '''[[贝尔格莱德]]'''
* [[塞拉利昂]] - '''[[弗里敦]]'''
* [[塞内加尔]] - '''[[达喀尔]]'''
* [[塞浦路斯]] - '''[[尼科西亚]]'''
* [[塞舌尔]] - '''[[维多利亚]]'''
* [[沙特阿拉伯]] - '''[[利雅得]]'''
* [[圣多美和普林西比]] - '''[[圣多美]]'''
* [[圣基茨和尼维斯]] - '''[[巴斯特尔]]'''
* [[圣卢西亚]] - '''[[卡斯特里]]'''
* [[圣马力诺]] - '''[[圣马力诺 (城市)|圣马力诺]]'''
* [[圣文森特和格林纳丁斯]] - '''[[金斯敦]]'''
* [[斯里兰卡]] - '''[[科伦坡]]'''(行政),'''[[科特]]'''(立法)
* [[斯洛伐克]] - '''[[布拉迪斯拉发]]'''
* [[斯洛文尼亚]] - '''[[卢布尔雅那]]'''
* [[斯威士兰]] - '''[[姆巴巴纳]]'''
* [[苏丹共和国|苏丹]] - '''[[喀土穆]]'''
* [[苏里南]] - '''[[帕拉马里博]]'''
* [[所罗门群岛]] - '''[[霍尼亚拉]]'''
* [[索马里]] - '''[[摩加迪沙]]'''
=== T ===
* [[塔吉克斯坦]] - '''[[杜尚别]]'''
* [[泰国]] - '''[[曼谷]]'''
* [[坦桑尼亚]] - '''[[多多马]]'''(官方),'''[[达累斯萨拉姆]]'''(行政)
* [[汤加]] - '''[[努库阿洛法]]'''
* [[特立尼达和多巴哥]] - '''[[西班牙港]]'''
* [[突尼斯]] - '''[[突尼斯]]'''
* [[图瓦卢]] - '''[[富纳富提]]'''
* [[土耳其]] - '''[[安卡拉]]'''
* [[土库曼斯坦]]- '''[[阿什哈巴德]]'''
=== W ===
* [[瓦努阿图]] - '''[[维拉港]]'''
* [[危地马拉]] - '''[[危地马拉城]]'''
* [[委内瑞拉]] - '''[[加拉加斯]]'''
* [[文莱]] - '''[[斯里巴加湾市]]'''
* [[乌干达]] - '''[[坎帕拉]]'''
* [[乌克兰]] - '''[[基辅]]'''
* [[乌拉圭]] - '''[[蒙得维的亚]]'''
* [[乌兹别克斯坦]] - '''[[塔什干]]'''
=== X ===
* [[西班牙]] - '''[[马德里]]'''
* [[西撒哈拉]] - '''[[阿尤恩]]'''
* [[希腊]] - '''[[雅典]]'''
* [[新加坡]] - '''[[新加坡]]'''
* [[新西兰]] - '''[[惠灵顿]]'''
* [[匈牙利]] - '''[[布达佩斯]]'''
* [[叙利亚]] - '''[[大马士革]]'''
=== Y ===
* [[牙买加]] - '''[[京斯敦]]'''
* [[亚美尼亚]] - '''[[埃里温]]'''
* [[也门]] - '''[[萨那]]'''
* [[伊拉克]] - '''[[巴格达]]'''
* [[伊朗]] - '''[[德黑兰]]'''
* [[以色列]] - '''[[耶路撒冷]]'''
* [[意大利]] - '''[[罗马市|罗马]]'''
* [[印度]] - '''[[新德里]]'''
* [[印度尼西亚]] - '''[[雅加达]]'''
* [[英国]] - '''[[伦敦]]'''
* [[约旦]] - '''[[安曼]]'''
* [[越南]] - '''[[河内]]'''
=== Z ===
* [[赞比亚]] - '''[[卢萨卡]]'''
* [[乍得]] - '''[[恩贾梅纳]]'''
* [[智利]] - '''[[圣地亚哥]]'''(司法和行政),'''[[瓦尔帕莱索]]'''(立法)
* [[中非共和国|中非]] - '''[[班吉]]'''
* [[中华民国]](台湾省) - '''[[台北市|台北]]'''(参见[[台湾问题]])
* [[中华人民共和国]] - '''[[北京]]'''
''[[#依汉语拼音排序|依'''汉语拼音''排序]]''
==按照首都汉语拼音排序==
=== A ===
*[[阿比让]](行政) - [[科特迪瓦]]
*[[阿布贾]] - [[尼日利亚]]
*[[阿布扎比]] - [[阿拉伯联合酋长国]]
*[[阿尔及尔]] - [[阿尔及利亚]]
*[[阿克拉]] - [[加纳]]
*[[阿洛菲]] - [[纽埃]]
*[[阿姆斯特丹]](官方) - [[荷兰]]
*[[阿皮亚]] - [[萨摩亚]]
*[[阿什哈巴德]] - [[土库曼斯坦]]
*[[阿斯马拉]] - [[厄立特里亚]]
*[[阿斯塔纳]] - [[哈萨克斯坦]]
*[[阿尤恩]] - [[西撒哈拉]]
*[[埃里温]] - [[亚美尼亚]]
*[[安道尔城]] - [[安道尔]]
*[[安卡拉]] - [[土耳其]]
*[[安曼]] - [[约旦]]
*[[奥斯陆]] - [[挪威]]
=== B ===
*[[巴格达]] - [[伊拉克]]
*[[巴库]] - [[阿塞拜疆]]
*[[巴黎]] - [[法国]]
*[[巴马科]] - [[马里]]
*[[巴拿马城]] - [[巴拿马]]
*[[巴斯特尔]] - [[圣基茨和尼维斯]]
*[[巴西利亚]] - [[巴西]]
*[[柏林]] - [[德国]]
*[[班吉]] - [[中非]]
*[[班珠尔]] - [[冈比亚]]
*[[北京]] - [[中华人民共和国]]
*[[贝尔格莱德]](行政和立法) - [[塞尔维亚和黑山]]
*[[贝尔莫潘]] - [[伯利兹]]
*[[贝鲁特]] - [[黎巴嫩]]
*[[比勒陀利亚]](行政首都) - [[南非]]
*[[比绍]] - [[几内亚比绍]]
*[[比什凯克]] - [[吉尔吉斯斯坦]]
*[[彬马那]] - [[缅甸]]
*[[波德戈里察]](司法) - [[塞尔维亚和黑山]]
*[[波多诺伏]](官方) - [[贝宁]]
*[[伯尔尼]] - [[瑞士]]
*[[布城]](行政) - [[马来西亚]]
*[[布达佩斯]] - [[匈牙利]]
*[[布加勒斯特]] - [[罗马尼亚]]
*[[布拉柴维尔]] - [[刚果共和国]]
*[[布拉迪斯拉发]] - [[斯洛伐克]]
*[[布拉格]] - [[捷克]]
*[[布里奇敦]] - [[巴巴多斯]]
*[[布隆方丹]](司法首都) - [[南非]]
*[[布鲁塞尔]] - [[比利时]]
*[[布琼布拉]] - [[布隆迪]]
*[[布宜诺斯艾利斯]] - [[阿根廷]]
=== D ===
*[[达喀尔]] - [[塞内加尔]]
*[[达卡]] - [[孟加拉国国]]
*[[达累斯萨拉姆]](行政) - [[坦桑尼亚]]
*[[大马士革]] - [[叙利亚]]
*[[德黑兰]] - [[伊朗]]
*[[的黎波里]] - [[利比亚]]
*[[地拉那]] - [[阿尔巴尼亚]]
*[[帝力]] - [[东帝汶]]
*[[第比利斯]] - [[格鲁吉亚]]
*[[东京]] - [[日本]]
*[[都柏林]] - [[爱尔兰共和国]]
*[[杜尚别]] - [[塔吉克斯坦]]
*[[多多马]](官方) - [[坦桑尼亚]]
*[[多哈]] - [[卡塔尔]]
=== E ===
*[[恩贾梅纳]] - [[乍得]]
=== F ===
*[[梵蒂冈城]] - [[梵蒂冈]]
*[[弗里敦]] - [[塞拉利昂]]
*[[富纳富提]] - [[图瓦卢]]
=== G ===
*[[哥本哈根]] - [[丹麦]]
=== H ===
*[[哈博罗内]] - [[博茨瓦纳]]
*[[哈拉雷]] - [[津巴布韦]]
*[[哈瓦那]] - [[古巴]]
*[[海牙]](行政) - [[荷兰]]
*[[河内]] - [[越南]]
*[[赫尔辛基]] - [[芬兰]]
*[[华沙]] - [[波兰]]
*[[华盛顿哥伦比亚特区]] - [[美国]]
*[[惠灵顿]] - [[新西兰]]
*[[霍尼亚拉]] - [[所罗门群岛]]
=== J ===
*[[基多]] - [[厄瓜多尔]]
*[[基辅]] - [[乌克兰]]
*[[基加利]] - [[卢旺达]]
*[[基希讷乌]] - [[摩尔多瓦]]
*[[吉布提]] - [[吉布提]]
*[[吉隆坡]](立法) - [[马来西亚]]
*[[加德满都]] - [[尼泊尔]]
*[[加拉加斯]] - [[委内瑞拉]]
*[[金边]] - [[柬埔寨]]
*[[金沙萨]] - [[刚果民主共和国]]
*[[金斯敦]] - [[圣文森特和格林纳丁斯]]
*[[金斯敦]] - [[牙买加]]
=== K ===
*[[喀布尔]] - [[阿富汗]]
*[[喀土穆]] - [[苏丹共和国|苏丹]]
*[[卡斯特里]] - [[圣卢西亚]]
*[[开罗]] - [[埃及]]
*[[开普敦]](国会所在地) - [[南非]]
*[[堪培拉]] - [[澳大利亚]]
*[[坎帕拉]] - [[乌干达]]
*[[科伦坡]](行政) - [[斯里兰卡]]
*[[科罗尔]] - [[帕劳]]
*[[科纳克里]] - [[几内亚]]
*[[科特]](立法) - [[斯里兰卡]]
*[[科托努]](实际) - [[贝宁]]
*[[科威特城]] - [[科威特]]
=== L ===
*[[拉巴斯]](行政和立法) - [[玻利维亚]]
*[[拉巴特]] - [[摩洛哥]]
*[[雷克雅未克]] - [[冰岛]]
*[[里加]] - [[拉脱维亚]]
*[[里斯本]] - [[葡萄牙]]
*[[利伯维尔]] - [[加蓬]]
*[[利隆圭]] - [[马拉维]]
*[[利马]] - [[秘鲁]]
*[[利雅得]] - [[沙特阿拉伯]]
*[[卢布尔雅那]] - [[斯洛文尼亚]]
*[[卢萨卡]] - [[赞比亚]]
*[[卢森堡]] - [[卢森堡]]
*[[路易港]] - [[毛里求斯]]
*[[伦敦]] - [[英国]]
*[[罗安达]] - [[安哥拉]]
*[[罗马市|罗马]] - [[意大利]]
*[[罗索]] - [[多米尼克]]
*[[洛美]] - [[多哥]]
=== M ===
*[[马德里]] - [[西班牙]]
*[[马拉博]] - [[赤道几内亚]]
*[[马累]] - [[马尔代夫]]
*[[马那瓜]] - [[尼加拉瓜]]
*[[马尼拉]] - [[菲律宾]]
*[[马普托]] - [[莫桑比克]]
*[[马塞卢]] - [[莱索托]]
*[[马斯喀特]] - [[阿曼]]
*[[马朱罗]] - [[马绍尔群岛]]
*[[麦纳麦]] - [[巴林]]
*[[曼谷]] - [[泰国]]
*[[蒙得维的亚]] - [[乌拉圭]]
*[[蒙罗维亚]] - [[利比里亚]]
*[[明斯克]] - [[白俄罗斯]]
*[[摩加迪沙]] - [[索马里]]
*[[摩纳哥城]] - [[摩纳哥]]
*[[莫尔兹比港]] - [[巴布亚新几内亚]]
*[[莫罗尼]] - [[科摩罗]]
*[[莫斯科]] - [[俄罗斯]]
*[[墨西哥城]] - [[墨西哥]]
*[[姆巴巴纳]] - [[斯威士兰]]
=== N ===
*[[拿骚]] - [[巴哈马]]
*[[内罗毕]] - [[肯尼亚]]
*[[尼科西亚]] - [[塞浦路斯]]
*[[尼亚美]] - [[尼日尔]]
*[[努库阿洛法]] - [[汤加]]
*[[努瓦克肖特]] - [[毛里塔尼亚]]
=== P ===
*[[帕拉马里博]] - [[苏里南]]
*[[帕利基尔]] - [[密克罗尼西亚联邦]]
*[[平壤]] - [[朝鲜]]
*[[普拉亚]] - [[佛得角]]
=== Q ===
*[[乔治敦]] - [[圭亚那]]
*[[萨格勒布]] - [[克罗地亚]]
=== S ===
*[[萨拉热窝]] - [[波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那]]
*[[萨那]] - [[也门]]
*[[圣彼得港]] - [[根西岛]]([[英国]])
*[[圣地亚哥]](司法和行政) - [[智利]]
*[[圣多美]] - [[圣多美和普林西比]]
*[[圣多明各]] - [[多米尼加]]
*[[圣菲波哥大]] - [[哥伦比亚]]
*[[圣何塞]] - [[哥斯达黎加]]
*[[圣马力诺]] - [[圣马力诺]]
*[[圣乔治]] - [[格林纳达]]
*[[圣萨尔瓦多]] - [[萨尔瓦多]]
*[[圣约翰]] - [[安提瓜和巴布达]]
*[[首尔]] - [[韩国]]
=== T ===
*[[斯德哥尔摩]] - [[瑞典]]
*[[斯科普里]] - [[马其顿]]
*[[斯里巴加湾市]] - [[文莱]]
*[[苏克雷]](司法) - [[玻利维亚]]
*[[苏瓦]] - [[斐济]]
*[[索菲亚]] - [[保加利亚]]
*[[塔拉瓦]] - [[基里巴斯]]
*[[塔林]] - [[爱沙尼亚]]
*[[塔那那利佛]] - [[马达加斯加]]
*[[塔什干]] - [[乌兹别克斯坦]]
*[[台北市|台北]](参见台湾问题) - [[中华民国]]
*[[太子港]] - [[海地]]
*[[特古西加尔巴]] - [[洪都拉斯]]
*[[廷布]] - [[不丹]]
*[[突尼斯]] - [[突尼斯]]
=== W ===
*[[瓦杜兹]] - [[列支敦士登]]
*[[瓦尔帕莱索]](立法) - [[智利]]
*[[瓦加杜古]] - [[布基纳法索]]
*[[瓦莱塔]] - [[马耳他]]
*[[万象]] - [[老挝]]
*[[危地马拉城]] - [[危地马拉]]
*[[维多利亚]] - [[塞舌尔]]
*[[维尔纽斯]] - [[立陶宛]]
*[[维拉港]] - [[瓦努阿图]]
*[[维也纳]] - [[奥地利]]
*[[温得和克]] - [[纳米比亚]]
*[[渥太华]] - [[加拿大]]
*[[乌兰巴托]] - [[蒙古]]
=== X ===
*[[西班牙港]] - [[特立尼达和多巴哥]]
*[[新德里]] - [[印度]]
*[[新加坡]] - [[新加坡]]
=== Y ===
*[[雅典]] - [[希腊]]
*[[雅加达]] - [[印度尼西亚]]
*[[雅温得]] - [[喀麦隆]]
*[[亚的斯亚贝巴]] - [[埃塞俄比亚]]
*[[亚伦]] - [[瑙鲁]]
*[[亚穆苏克罗]](官方) - [[科特迪瓦]]
*[[亚松森]] - [[巴拉圭]]
*[[耶路撒冷]] - [[以色列]]
*[[耶路撒冷]](参看[[巴以冲突]]) - [[巴勒斯坦]]
*[[伊斯兰堡]] - [[巴基斯坦]]
==参考文献==
* Geographica-The Complete Illustrated World Reference (1999), Random House Australia/Periplus, ISBN 962593622X
* Financial Times World Desk Reference, 5th Edition (2003), Dorling Kindersley, UK , ISBN 0-7513-4889-9
* [http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/ World Fact Book(美国中央情报局(CIA))]
* 中文繁体地名翻译参考:
** [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/webapp/lp.asp?ctNode=272&CtUnit=30&BaseDSD=30 世界各国与地区信息(中华民国(台湾)外交部)]
** [http://www.post.gov.tw/post/internet/f_searchzone/sz_a_e_info.jsp 国外邮政国名/地区名中英文对照表(中华民国(台湾),中华邮政)]
** [http://www.nict.gov.tw/tc/dic/index1.php 学术名词信息网(中华民国(台湾),国立编译馆)]
[[Category:城市列表]]
[[Category:首都|*]]
[[category:各国城市]]
[[af:Lys van hoofstede]]
[[ca:Llista de capitals d'estats independents]]
[[cv:Тěнчери тěп хуласен списокě]]
[[de:Liste der Hauptstädte der Welt]]
[[el:Κατάλογος εθνικών πρωτευουσών]]
[[en:List of national capitals]]
[[fi:Pääkaupunki]]
[[fr:Capitale]]
[[hu:A világ fővárosai]]
[[it:Elenco delle capitali di stato]]
[[ja:首都の一覧]]
[[ko:세계의 수도 (나라이름 순)]]
[[la:Capita mundi]]
[[nl:Lijst van hoofdsteden]]
[[pl:Stolice państw świata]]
[[ro:Lista capitalelor şi oraşelor prinicipale după ţară]]
[[ru:Список столиц мира]]
[[sr:Листа држава по главним градовима]]
[[tet:Nasaun sira-nia Naran no Kapitál sira]]
[[tl:Punong lungsod]]
[[zh-min-nan:Siú-to• lia̍t-toaⁿ]]
[[zh:各国首都列表]]
世界地理索引
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{{Lists by country}}
这是一个'''世界各个国家(或地区)的列表''',不仅包括被国际广泛承认的国家,也包括[[未被国际普遍承认的国家列表|未被国际普遍承认的国家]]和[[海外属地]],[[自治区]]与其他特殊政区。
本表包含两个部分:'''[[#按英文字母排序的列表|第一个部分]]'''中所有国家(或地区)将按照英文字母排序,并将提供中文简称、全称以及英文简称的-{A|zh-cn:信息;zh-tw:訊息}-,其中海外属地,自治区与其他特殊政区用浅蓝色标记,未被国际普遍承认的国家用绿色标记。'''[[#按大洲排序的列表|第二个部分]]'''中所有国家(或地区)将按照大洲排序,仅提供中文简称的信息。
你還可以參照[[国家人口列表|按人口排列]]、[[国家面积列表|按面积排列]]、[[国家人口密度列表|按人口密度排列]]、[[国家国内生产总值列表|按GDP排列]]或[[参考目录]]。
==按英文字母排序的列表==
{| id="toc" border="0"
! {{MediaWiki:Toc}}:
|[[#A|A]] [[#B|B]] [[#C|C]] [[#D|D]] [[#E|E]] [[#F|F]] [[#G|G]] [[#H|H]] [[#I|I]] [[#J|J]] [[#K|K]] [[#L|L]] [[#M|M]] [[#N|N]] [[#O|O]] [[#P|P]] [[#Q|Q]] [[#R|R]] [[#S|S]] [[#T|T]] [[#U|U]] [[#V|V]] [[#W|W]] [[#X|X]] [[#Y|Y]] [[#Z|Z]]__NOTOC__
|}
===A===
{|border=0 cellpadding=1 cellspacing=1 width=75% align="center"
|- bgcolor=#99CCFF
! width="33%" | 国家或地区
! width="34%" | 中文全称
! width="33%" | 原名称
|-bgcolor='#99FF99'
| {{ABKHAZIA}} || 阿布哈兹 || Абхазия/აფხაზეთი/Аҧсны
|-
| {{AFG}} || 阿富汗伊斯兰共和国 || افغانستان
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| {{ALA}}(芬兰) || 奥兰群岛 || Landskapet Åland
|-
| {{ALB}} || 阿尔巴尼亚共和国 || Shqipëria
|-
| {{ALG}} || 阿尔及利亚人民民主共和国 || الجزائر
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| {{ASA}}(美国) || 美属萨摩亚 || American Samoa
|-
| {{AND}} || 安道尔公国 || Andorra
|-
| {{ANG}} || 安哥拉共和国 || Angola
|-
| {{AIA}} || 安圭拉 || Anguilla
|-
| {{ATG}} || 安提瓜和巴布达 || Antigua and Barbuda
|-
| {{ARG}} || 阿根廷共和国 || Argentina
|-
| {{ARM}} || 亚美尼亚共和国 || Հայաստան
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| {{ABW}}(荷兰) || 阿鲁巴 || Aruba
|-
| {{AUT}} || 奥地利共和国 || Österreich
|-
| {{AUS}} || 澳大利亚联邦 || Australia
|-
| {{AZE}} || 阿塞拜疆共和国 || Azərbaycan, آذربایجان
|}
===B===
{|border=0 cellpadding=1 cellspacing=1 width=75% align="center"
|- bgcolor=#99CCFF
! width="33%" | 国家或地区
! width="34%" | 中文全称
! width="33%" | 原名称
|-
| {{BAH}} || 巴哈马联邦 || Bahamas, The
|-
| {{BHR}} || 巴林王国 || بحرين, Bahrain
|-
| {{BAN}} || 孟加拉人民共和国 || গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ
|-
| {{BAR}} || 巴巴多斯 || Barbados
|-
| {{BLR}} || 白俄罗斯共和国 || Беларусь
|-
| {{BEL}} || 比利时王国 || België, Belgique, Belgien
|-
| {{BLZ}} || 伯利兹 || Belize
|-
| {{BEN}} || 贝宁共和国 || Bénin
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| {{BER}}(英国) || 百慕大 || Bermuda
|-
| {{BHU}} || 不丹王国 || འབྲུག་ཡུལ
|-
| {{BOL}} || 玻利维亚共和国 || Bolivia
|-
| {{BIH}} || 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 || Bosna i Hercegovina, Босна и Херцеговина
|-
| {{BOT}} || 博茨瓦纳共和国 || Botswana
|-
| {{BRA}} || 巴西联邦共和国 || Brasil
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| {{IOT}}(英国) || 英属印度洋领地 || British Indian Ocean Territory
|-
| {{BRU}} || 文莱达鲁萨兰国 || Brunei, برني
|-
| {{BUL}} || 保加利亚共和国 || България
|-
| {{BFA}} || 布基纳法索 || Burkina Faso
|-
| {{BDI}} || 布隆迪共和国 || Burundi
|}
===C===
{|border=0 cellpadding=1 cellspacing=1 width=75% align="center"
|- bgcolor=#99CCFF
! width="33%" | 国家或地区
! width="34%" | 中文全称
! width="33%" | 原名称
|-
| {{CAM}} || 柬埔寨王国 || [[Image:Cambodia5.png]]
|-
| {{CMR}} || 喀麦隆共和国 || Cameroun, Cameroon
|-
| {{CAN}} || 加拿大 || Canada
|-
| {{CPV}} || 佛得角共和国 || Cape Verde
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| {{CAY}}(英国) || 开曼群岛 || Cayman Islands
|-
| {{CAF}} || 中非共和国 || République Centrafricaine, Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka
|-
| {{CHA}} || 乍得共和国 || Tchad, تشاد
|-
| {{CHI}} || 智利共和国 || Chile
|-
| {{PRC}} || 中华人民共和国 || 中国(中国大陆、内地)
|-bgcolor='#99FF99'
| {{ROC}} || 中华民国 || 中华民国(台湾)
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| [[Image:Flag of Christmas Island.svg|25px|圣诞岛]] [[圣诞岛]](澳大利亚) || 圣诞岛 || Christmas lsland
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| [[Image:Flag of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands.svg|25px|科科斯(基林)群岛]] [[科科斯(基林)群岛]](澳大利亚) || 科科斯(基林)群岛 || Cocos (Keeling) Islands
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| {{COK}}(新西兰) || 库克群岛 || Cook Islands
|-
| {{COL}} || 哥伦比亚共和国 || Colombia
|-
| {{COM}} || 科摩罗联盟 || Comores, Komori, القمر
|-
| {{CGO}} || 刚果共和国 || République du Congo
|-
| {{DRC}} || 刚果民主共和国 || République démocratique du Congo
|-
| {{CRC}} || 哥斯达黎加共和国 || Costa Rica
|-
| {{CIV}} || 科特迪瓦共和国 || Côte d'Ivoire
|-
| {{CRO}} || 克罗地亚共和国 || Hrvatska
|-
| {{CUB}} || 古巴共和国 || Cuba
|-
| {{CYP}} || 塞浦路斯共和国 || Κύπρος, Kıbrıs
|-
| {{CZE}} || 捷克共和国 || Česká republika
|}
===D===
{|border=0 cellpadding=1 cellspacing=1 width=75% align="center"
|- bgcolor=#99CCFF
! width="33%" | 国家或地区
! width="34%" | 中文全称
! width="33%" | 原名称
|-
| {{DNK}} || 丹麦王国 || Danmark
|-
| {{DJI}} || 吉布提共和国 || جيبوتي, Djibouti
|-
| {{DOM}} || 多米尼克国 || Dominica
|-
| {{DMA}} || 多米尼加共和国 || República Dominicana
|}
===E===
{|border=0 cellpadding=1 cellspacing=1 width=75% align="center"
|- bgcolor=#99CCFF
! width="33%" | 国家或地区
! width="34%" | 中文全称
! width="33%" | 原名称
|-
| {{ECU}} || 厄瓜多尔共和国 || Ecuador
|-
| {{EGY}} || 埃及阿拉伯共和国 || مصر
|-
| {{ESA}} || 萨尔瓦多共和国 || El Salvador
|-
| {{EQG}} || 赤道几内亚共和国 || República de Guinea Ecuatorial
|-
| {{ERI}} || 厄立特里亚国 || ኤርትራ, إريتريا
|-
| {{EST}} || 爱沙尼亚共和国 || Eesti
|-
| {{ETH}} || 埃塞俄比亚联邦民主共和国 || ኢትዮጵያ
|}
===F===
{|border=0 cellpadding=1 cellspacing=1 width=75% align="center"
|- bgcolor=#99CCFF
! width="33%" | 国家或地区
! width="34%" | 中文全称
! width="33%" | 原名称
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| {{FLK}}(英国) || 福克兰群岛 || Falkland Islands, Islas Malvinas
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| {{FRO}}(丹麦) || 法罗群岛 || Føroyar, Færøerne
|-
| {{FIJ}} || 斐济群岛共和国 || Fiji, Viti, फ़िजी, فجى
|-
| {{FIN}} || 芬兰共和国 || Suomi
|-
| {{FRA}} || 法兰西共和国 || La France
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| {{PYF}}(法国) || 法属波利尼西亚 || La Polynésie française
|}
===G===
{|border=0 cellpadding=1 cellspacing=1 width=75% align="center"
|- bgcolor=#99CCFF
! width="33%" | 国家或地区
! width="34%" | 中文全称
! width="33%" | 英文简称
|-
| {{GAB}} || 加蓬共和国 || Gabon
|-
| {{GAM}} || 冈比亚共和国 || Gambia, The
|-
| {{GEO}} || 格鲁吉亚 || Georgia
|-
| {{DEU}} || 德意志联邦共和国 || Germany
|-
| {{GHA}} || 加纳共和国 || Ghana
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| {{GIB}}(英国) || 直布罗陀 || Gibraltar
|-
| {{GRC}} || 希腊共和国 || Greece
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| {{GRL}}(丹麦) || 格陵兰 || Greenland
|-
| {{GRD}} || 格林纳达 || Grenada
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| {{GUM}}(美国) || 关岛 || Guam
|-
| {{GUA}} || 危地马拉共和国 || Guatemala
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| {{GGY}}(英国) || 根西岛 || Guernsey
|-
| {{GUI}} || 几内亚共和国 || Guinea
|-
| {{GBS}} || 几内亚比绍共和国 || Guinea-Bissau
|-
| {{GUY}} || 圭亚那合作共和国 || Guyana
|}
===H===
{|border=0 cellpadding=1 cellspacing=1 width=75% align="center"
|- bgcolor=#99CCFF
! width="32%" | 国家或地区
! width="35%" | 中文全称
! width="33%" | 英文简称
|-
| {{HAI}} || 海地共和国 || Haiti
|-
| {{HON}} || 洪都拉斯共和国 || Honduras
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| {{HKG}}(中华人民共和国) || 中华人民共和国香港特别行政区 || Hong Kong
|-
| {{HUN}} || 匈牙利共和国 || Hungary
|}
===I===
{|border=0 cellpadding=1 cellspacing=1 width=75% align="center"
|- bgcolor=#99CCFF
! width="33%" | 国家或地区
! width="34%" | 中文全称
! width="33%" | 英文简称
|-
| {{ISL}} || 冰岛共和国 || Iceland
|-
| {{IND}} || 印度共和国 || India
|-
| {{IDN}} || 印度尼西亚共和国 || Indonesia
|-
| {{IRN}} || 伊朗伊斯兰共和国 || Iran
|-
| {{IRQ}} || 伊拉克共和国 || Iraq
|-
| {{IRL}} || 爱尔兰 || Ireland
|-
| {{ISR}} || 以色列国 || Israel
|-
| {{ITA}} || 意大利共和国 || Italy
|}
===J===
{|border=0 cellpadding=1 cellspacing=1 width=75% align="center"
|- bgcolor=#99CCFF
! width="33%" | 国家或地区
! width="34%" | 中文全称
! width="33%" | 英文简称
|-
| {{JAM}} || 牙买加共和国 || Jamaica
|-
| {{JPN}} || 日本国 || Japan
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| {{JEY}}(英国) || 泽西岛 || Jersey
|-
| {{JOR}} || 约旦哈希姆王国 || Jordan
|}
===K===
{|border=0 cellpadding=1 cellspacing=1 width=75% align="center"
|- bgcolor=#99CCFF
! width="33%" | 国家或地区
! width="34%" | 中文全称
! width="33%" | 英文简称
|-
| {{KAZ}} || 哈萨克斯坦共和国 || Kazakhstan
|-
| {{KEN}} || 肯尼亚共和国 || Kenya
|-
| {{KIR}} || 基里巴斯共和国 || Kiribati
|-
| {{PRK}} || 朝鲜民主主义人民共和国 || Korea (Democratic People's Republic of)
|-
| {{KOR}} || 大韩民国 || Korea (Republic of)
|-bgcolor='#99FF99'
| [[Image:Flag of the United Nations.svg|25px|科索沃]] [[科索沃]](塞尔维亚) || 科索沃和梅托希亚自治省 || Kosovo
|-
| {{KUW}} || 科威特国 || Kuwait
|-
| {{KYR}} || 吉尔吉斯斯坦共和国 || Kyrgyzstan
|}
===L===
{|border=0 cellpadding=1 cellspacing=1 width=75% align="center"
|- bgcolor=#99CCFF
! width="33%" | 国家或地区
! width="34%" | 中文全称
! width="33%" | 英文简称
|-
| {{LAO}} || 老挝人民民主共和国 || Laos
|-
| {{LAT}} || 拉托维亚共和国 || Latvia
|-
| {{LEB}} || 黎巴嫩共和国 || Lebanon
|-
| {{LES}} || 莱索托王国 || Lesotho
|-
| {{LBR}} || 利比里亚共和国 || Liberia
|-
| {{LBA}} || 大利比亚阿拉伯人民社会主义群众国 || Libyan
|-
| {{LIE}} || 列支敦士登大公国 || Liechtenstein
|-
| {{LTU}} || 立陶宛共和国 || Lithuania
|-
| {{LUX}} || 卢森堡大公国 || Luxembourg
|}
===M===
{|border=0 cellpadding=1 cellspacing=1 width=75% align="center"
|- bgcolor=#99CCFF
! width="32%" | 国家或地区
! width="35%" | 中文全称
! width="33%" | 英文简称
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| {{MAC}}(中华人民共和国) || 中华人民共和国澳门特别行政区 || Macau
|-
| {{MKD}} || 马其顿共和国 || Macedonia
|-
| {{MAD}} || 马达加斯加共和国 || Madagascar
|-
| {{MWI}} || 马拉维共和国 || Malawi
|-
| {{MAS}} || 马来西亚 || Malaysia
|-
| {{MDV}} || 马尔代夫共和国 || Maldives
|-
| {{MLI}} || 马里共和国 || Mali
|-
| {{MLT}} || 马耳他共和国 || Malta
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| {{IMN}}(英国) || 马恩岛 || Isle of Man
|-
| {{MHL}} || 马绍尔群岛共和国 || Marshall Islands
|-
| {{MTN}} || 毛里塔尼亚伊斯兰共和国 || Mauritania
|-
| {{MRI}} || 毛里求斯共和国 || Mauritius
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| [[Image:Flag of France.svg|25px|马约特]] [[马约特]](法国) || 马约特 || Mayotte
|-
| {{MEX}} || 墨西哥合众国 || Mexico
|-
| {{MIC}} || 密克罗尼西亚联邦 || Micronesia
|-
| {{MOL}} || 摩尔多瓦共和国 || Moldova
|-
| {{MON}} || 摩纳哥大公国 || Monaco
|-
| {{MGL}} || 蒙古国 || Mongolia
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Montenegro.svg|25px|黑山]] [[蒙特內哥羅|-{zh-tw:蒙特內哥羅;zh-hk:黑山;zh-cn:黑山}-]] || -{zh-tw:蒙特內哥羅;zh-hk:黑山;zh-cn:黑山}-共和国 || Montenegro
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| {{MSR}}(英国) || 蒙特塞拉特 || Montserrat
|-
| {{MAR}} || 摩洛哥王国 || Morocco
|-
| {{MOZ}} || 莫桑比克共和国 || Mozambique
|-
| {{MYA}} || 缅甸联邦 || Myanmar
|}
===N===
{|border=0 cellpadding=1 cellspacing=1 width=75% align="center"
|- bgcolor=#99CCFF
! width="33%" | 国家或地区
! width="34%" | 中文全称
! width="33%" | 英文简称
|-bgcolor='#99FF99'
| [[Image:Flag of Nagorno-Karabakh.svg|25px|纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫]] [[纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫]] || 纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫共和国 || Nagorno-Karabakh
|-
| {{NAM}} || 纳米比亚共和国 || Namibia
|-
| {{NRU}} || 瑙鲁共和国 || Nauru
|-
| {{NEP}} || 尼泊尔王国 || Nepal
|-
| {{NLD}} || 荷兰王国 || Netherlands
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| {{ANT}}(荷兰) || 荷属安的列斯 || Netherlands Antilles
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| {{NCL}}(法国) || 新喀里多尼亚 || New Caledonia
|-
| {{NZL}} || 新西兰 || New Zealand
|-
| {{NIC}} || 尼加拉瓜共和国 || Nicaragua
|-
| {{NIG}} || 尼日尔共和国 || Niger
|-
| {{NGA}} || 尼日利亚联邦共和国 || Nigeria
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| {{NIU}}(新西兰) || 纽埃 || Niue
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| {{NFK}}(澳大利亚) || 诺福克岛 || Norfolk Island
|-bgcolor='#99FF99'
| {{N CYPRUS}} || 北塞浦路斯土耳其共和国 || Northern Cyprus
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| {{MNP}}(美国) || 北马里亚纳群岛自由联邦 || Northern Mariana Islands
|-
| {{NOR}} || 挪威王国 || Norway
|}
===O===
{|border=0 cellpadding=1 cellspacing=1 width=75% align="center"
|- bgcolor=#99CCFF
! width="33%" | 国家或地区
! width="34%" | 中文全称
! width="33%" | 英文简称
|-
| {{OMA}} || 阿曼苏丹国 || Oman
|}
===P===
{|border=0 cellpadding=1 cellspacing=1 width=75% align="center"
|- bgcolor=#99CCFF
! width="33%" | 国家或地区
! width="34%" | 中文全称
! width="33%" | 英文简称
|-
| {{PAK}} || 巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国 || Pakistan
|-
| {{PLW}} || 帕劳共和国 || Palau
|-bgcolor='#99FF99'
| {{PLE}} || 巴勒斯坦国 || Palestine
|-
| {{PAN}} || 巴拿马共和国 || Panama
|-
| {{PNG}} || 巴布亚新几内亚独立国 || Papua New Guinea
|-
| {{PAR}} || 巴拉圭共和国 || Paraguay
|-
| {{PER}} || 秘鲁共和国 || Peru
|-
| {{PHI}} || 菲律宾共和国 || Philippines
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| {{PCN}}(英国) || 皮特开恩群岛 || Pitcairn Islands
|-
| {{POL}} || 波兰共和国 || Poland
|-
| {{POR}} || 葡萄牙共和国 || Portugal
|-bgcolor='#99FF99'
| [[Image:Flag of Transnistria.svg|25px|德涅斯特河沿岸共和国]] [[德涅斯特河沿岸共和国]] || 德涅斯特河沿岸共和国 || Pridnestrovie
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| {{PRI}}(美国) || 波多黎各自由邦 || Puerto Rico
|}
===Q===
{|border=0 cellpadding=1 cellspacing=1 width=75% align="center"
|- bgcolor=#99CCFF
! width="33%" | 国家或地区
! width="34%" | 中文全称
! width="33%" | 英文简称
|-
| {{QAT}} || 卡塔尔酋长国 || Qatar
|}
===R===
{|border=0 cellpadding=1 cellspacing=1 width=75% align="center"
|- bgcolor=#99CCFF
! width="33%" | 国家或地区
! width="34%" | 中文全称
! width="33%" | 英文简称
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| {{REU}}(法国) || 留尼汪 || Réunion
|-
| {{ROM}} || 罗马尼亚 || Romania
|-
| {{RUS}} || 俄罗斯联邦 || Russia
|-
| {{RWA}} || 卢旺达共和国 || Rwanda
|}
===S===
{|border=0 cellpadding=1 cellspacing=1 width=75% align="center"
|- bgcolor=#99CCFF
! width="33%" | 国家或地区
! width="34%" | 中文全称
! width="33%" | 英文简称
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| {{SHN}}(英国) || 圣赫勒拿 || Saint Helena
|-
| {{SKN}} || 圣基茨和尼维斯联邦 || Saint Kitts and Nevis
|-
| {{LCA}} || 圣卢西亚 || Saint Lucia
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| {{SPM}}(法国) || 圣皮埃尔和密克隆群岛 || Saint Pierre and Miquelon
|-
| {{VIN}} || 圣文森特和格林纳丁斯 || Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
|-
| {{SAMOA}} || 萨摩亚独立国 || Samoa
|-
| {{SMR}} || 圣马力诺共和国 || San Marino
|-
| {{STP}} || 圣多美和普林西比民主共和国 || São Tomé and Príncipe
|-
| {{SAU}} || 沙特阿拉伯王国 || Saudi Arabia
|-
| {{SEN}} || 塞内加尔共和国 || Senegal
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Serbia (state).svg|25px|塞尔维亚]] [[塞尔维亚]] || 塞尔维亚 || Serbia
|-
| {{SEY}} || 塞舌尔共和国 || Seychelles
|-
| {{SLE}} || 塞拉利昂共和国 || Sierra Leone
|-
| {{SIN}} || 新加坡共和国 || Singapore
|-
| {{SVK}} || 斯洛伐克共和国 || Slovakia
|-
| {{SVN}} || 斯洛文尼亚共和国 || Slovenia
|-
| {{SOL}} || 所罗门群岛 || Solomon Islands
|-
| {{SOM}} || 索马里 || Somali
|-bgcolor='#99FF99'
| [[Image:Flag of Somaliland.svg|25px|索马里兰]] [[索马里兰]] || 索马里兰共和国 || Somaliland
|-
| {{RSA}} || 南非共和国 || South Africa
|-bgcolor='#99FF99'
| [[Image:Flag of South Ossetia.svg|25px|南奥塞梯]] [[南奥塞梯]] || 南奥塞梯共和国 || South Ossetia
|-
| {{ESP}} || 西班牙王国 || Spain
|-
| {{SRI}} || 斯里兰卡民主社会主义共和国 || Sri Lanka
|-
| {{SUD}} || 苏丹共和国 || Sudan
|-
| {{SUR}} || 苏里南共和国 || Suriname
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| [[Image:Flag of Norway.svg|25px|斯瓦尔巴群岛]] [[斯瓦尔巴群岛]](挪威) || 斯瓦尔巴群岛 || Svalbard
|-
| {{SWZ}} || 斯威士兰王国 || Swaziland
|-
| {{SWE}} || 瑞典王国 || Sweden
|-
| {{SUI}} || 瑞士邦联 || Switzerland
|-
| {{SYR}} || 阿拉伯叙利亚共和国 || Syrian
|}
===T===
{|border=0 cellpadding=1 cellspacing=1 width=75% align="center"
|- bgcolor=#99CCFF
! width="33%" | 国家或地区
! width="34%" | 中文全称
! width="33%" | 英文简称
|-
| {{TAJ}} || 塔吉克斯坦共和国 || Tajikistan
|-
| {{TAN}} || 坦桑尼亚联合共和国 || Tanzania
|-
| {{THA}} || 泰王国 || Thailand
|-
| {{TLS}} || 东帝汶民主共和国 || Timor-Leste
|-
| {{TOG}} || 多哥共和国 || Togo
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| [[Image:Flag of Tokelau (local).svg|25px|托克劳]] [[托克劳]](新西兰) || 托克劳 || Tokelau
|-
| {{TGA}} || 汤加王国 || Tonga
|-
| {{TRI}} || 特立尼达和多巴哥共和国 || Trinidad and Tobago
|-
| {{TUN}} || 突尼斯共和国 || Tunisia
|-
| {{TUR}} || 土耳其共和国 || Turkey
|-
| {{TKM}} || 土库曼斯坦 || Turkmenistan
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| {{TCA}}(英国) || 特克斯与凯科斯群岛 ||Turks and Caicos Islands
|-
| {{TUV}} || 图瓦卢 || Tuvalu
|}
===U===
{|border=0 cellpadding=1 cellspacing=1 width=75% align="center"
|- bgcolor=#99CCFF
! width="33%" | 国家或地区
! width="34%" | 中文全称
! width="33%" | 英文简称
|-
| {{UGA}} || 乌干达共和国 || Uganda
|-
| {{UKR}} || 乌克兰 || Ukraine
|-
| {{ARE}} || 阿拉伯联合酋长国 || United Arab Emirates
|-
| {{UK}} || 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 || United Kingdom
|-
| {{USA}} || 美利坚合众国 || United States
|-
| {{URU}} || 乌拉圭东岸共和国 || Uruguay
|-
| {{UZB}} || 乌兹别克斯坦共和国 || Uzbekistan
|}
===V===
{|border=0 cellpadding=1 cellspacing=1 width=75% align="center"
|- bgcolor=#99CCFF
! width="33%" | 国家或地区
! width="34%" | 中文全称
! width="33%" | 英文简称
|-
| {{VAN}} || 瓦努阿图共和国 || Vanuatu
|-
| {{VAT}} || 梵蒂冈城国 || Vatican City
|-
| {{VEN}} || 委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国 || Venezuela
|-
| {{VIE}} || 越南社会主义共和国 || Vietnam
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| {{VGB}}(英国) || 英属维京群岛 || Virgin Islands, British
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| {{VIR}}(美国) || 美属维京群岛 || Virgin Islands, United States
|}
===W===
{|border=0 cellpadding=1 cellspacing=1 width=75% align="center"
|- bgcolor=#99CCFF
! width="33%" | 国家或地区
! width="34%" | 中文全称
! width="33%" | 英文简称
|-bgcolor='#CCFFFF'
| [[Image:Flag of Wallis and Futuna.svg|25px|瓦利斯和富图纳群岛]] [[瓦利斯和富图纳群岛]](法国) || 瓦利斯和富图纳群岛 || Wallis and Futuna
|-bgcolor='#99FF99'
| [[Image:Flag of Western Sahara.svg|25px|西撒哈拉]] [[西撒哈拉]] || 西撒哈拉 || Western Sahara
|}
===Y===
{|border=0 cellpadding=1 cellspacing=1 width=75% align="center"
|- bgcolor=#99CCFF
! width="33%" | 国家或地区
! width="34%" | 中文全称
! width="33%" | 英文简称
|-
| {{YEM}} || 也门共和国 || Yemen
|}
===Z===
{|border=0 cellpadding=1 cellspacing=1 width=75% align="center"
|- bgcolor=#99CCFF
! width="33%" | 国家或地区
! width="34%" | 中文全称
! width="33%" | 英文简称
|-
| {{ZAM}} || 赞比亚共和国 || Zambia
|-
| {{ZIM}} || 津巴布韦共和国 || Zimbabwe
|}
==按大洲排序的列表==
{| id="toc" border="0"
! {{MediaWiki:Toc}}:
|[[#非洲|非洲]] [[#美洲|美洲]] [[#南極洲|南極洲]] [[#亞洲|亞洲]] [[#歐洲|歐洲]] [[#大洋洲|大洋洲]] __NOTOC__
|}
===非洲===
{{Africa}}
===美洲===
{{America}}
===南極洲===
{{Antarctica}}
===亞洲===
{{Asia}}
===歐洲===
{{Europe}}
===大洋洲===
{{Oceania}}
==參考文獻==
* Geographica-The Complete Illustrated World Reference (1999), Random House Australia/Periplus, ISBN 962593622X
* Financial Times World Desk Reference, 5th Edition (2003), Dorling Kindersley, UK , ISBN 0-7513-4889-9
* [http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/ World Fact Book by CIA]
* [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/webapp/lp.asp?ctNode=272&CtUnit=30&BaseDSD=30 中華民國外交部,世界各國與地區資訊]
* [http://www.post.gov.tw/post/internet/f_searchzone/sz_a_e_info.jsp (中華民國)中華郵政-國外郵政國名/地區名中英文對照表]
* [http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/gjhdq/default.htm 中华人民共和国外交部,国家和地区]
* [http://www.hongkongpost.com/chi/news_publications/po_guide/oversea.htm 香港郵政 - 郵政指南 附錄:海外郵政—運送目的地的服務資料] 國家地區名稱與中國大陸用詞大同小異
[[Category:國家列表]]
[[als:Liste unabhängiger Staaten]]
[[an:Estatos d'o mundo]]
[[ar:قائمة الدول]]
[[ast:Llista de países]]
[[az:Dünya ölkələri]]
[[be:Сьпіс краінаў і тэрыторыяў паводле альфабэту]]
[[bg:Списък на страните]]
[[bn:সার্বভৌম রাষ্ট্রসমূহের তালিকা]]
[[bs:Spisak država]]
[[bug:Daftar ᨓᨊᨘᨕ ᨓᨊᨘᨕ ᨑᨗ ᨒᨗᨊᨚ]]
[[ca:Llista d'estats independents i territoris dependents]]
[[cs:Seznam států světa]]
[[cy:Gwledydd y byd]]
[[da:Verdens lande]]
[[de:Liste unabhängiger Staaten]]
[[el:Κατάλογος χωρών]]
[[en:List of countries]]
[[eo:Listo de sendependaj ŝtatoj]]
[[es:Portal:Países/Lista alfabética]]
[[et:Maailma riikide loend]]
[[fa:فهرست کشورهای جهان]]
[[fi:Luettelo valtioista]]
[[fiu-vro:Maailma riike lipuq]]
[[fr:Liste des pays du monde]]
[[fur:Liste di Stâts dal mont]]
[[gl:Lista de países]]
[[hi:देशों की सूची]]
[[hr:Popis država]]
[[hu:Országok listája]]
[[ia:Paises del mundo]]
[[id:Daftar negara di dunia]]
[[ie:Liste del landes del munde]]
[[ilo:Listaan dagiti pagilian ti lubong]]
[[it:Stati del mondo]]
[[ja:国の一覧]]
[[ka:მსოფლიოს ქვეყნები]]
[[km:បញ្ជីរាយនាមប្រទេស]]
[[ko:나라 목록]]
[[ky:Дүйнө өлкөлөрү]]
[[la:Nationes mundi]]
[[lad:Lista de paises]]
[[lb:Lëscht vun de Länner vun der Welt]]
[[ln:Molɔngɔ́ ya bisé ya mokili]]
[[lt:Šalių sąrašas]]
[[lv:Valstis]]
[[mg:Lisitry ny firenena]]
[[mo:Листэ де стате суверане]]
[[ms:Daftar negara]]
[[nah:Altépetl]]
[[nl:Landen van de wereld]]
[[nn:Verdas land]]
[[no:Liste over stater]]
[[nrm:Liste des pays du monde]]
[[oc:Païses]]
[[os:Бæстæты номхыгъд]]
[[pl:Państwa świata]]
[[ps:نور هېوادونه]]
[[pt:Lista de países]]
[[rm:Glista dals stadis independents]]
[[rmy:Thema la sundalake]]
[[ro:Listă de state suverane]]
[[ru:Алфавитный список стран и территорий]]
[[scn:Lista dî Paisi dû Munnu]]
[[sh:Spisak država]]
[[simple:List of countries]]
[[sk:Zoznam štátov]]
[[sl:Seznam suverenih držav]]
[[sr:Списак држава]]
[[su:Daptar nagara]]
[[sv:Lista över länder]]
[[sw:Madola]]
[[ta:உலக நாடுகளின் பட்டியல்]]
[[th:รายชื่อประเทศ ดินแดน และ เขตการปกครอง]]
[[tl:Talaan ng mga bansa]]
[[tpi:Jiograpi]]
[[tr:Ülkeler]]
[[tt:Däwlätlär isemlege]]
[[uk:Список країн]]
[[ur:ممالک]]
[[vi:Danh sách các nước và vùng lãnh thổ]]
[[yi:רשימה פֿון לענדער פֿון װעלט]]
[[zh-min-nan:Kok-ka lia̍t-toaⁿ]]
Template:欧洲行政区划
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<br clear="all" />
{| align="center" id="toc" cellspacing="0"
|- bgcolor="#ccccff"
! align="center" width="100%" |[[欧洲]]
|-
| colspan = "2" |
{|
| align="right" style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: center;" width="15%"| [[西欧]]
| vertical-align: center;|:
| align="left" style="font-size: 90%;" width="85%"| [[比利时]] | [[法国]] | [[爱尔兰共和国|爱尔兰]] | [[卢森堡]] | [[摩纳哥]] | [[荷兰]] | [[英国]]
|-
| align="right" style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: center;" | [[北欧]]
| vertical-align: center;|:
| align="left" style="font-size: 90%;" | [[丹麦]] | [[芬兰]] | [[冰岛]] | [[挪威]] | [[瑞典]]
|-
| align="right" style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: center;" | [[中欧]]
| vertical-align: center;|:
| align="left" style="font-size: 90%;" | [[奥地利]] | [[捷克]] | [[德国]] | [[匈牙利]] | [[列支敦斯登]] | [[波兰]] | [[斯洛伐克]] | [[瑞士]]
|-
| align="right" style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: center;" | [[东欧]]
| vertical-align: center;|:
| align="left" style="font-size: 90%;" | [[白俄罗斯]] | [[爱沙尼亚]] | [[拉脱维亚]] | [[立陶宛]] | [[摩尔多瓦]] | [[俄罗斯]] | [[乌克兰]]
|-
| align="right" style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: center;" | [[南欧]]
| vertical-align: center;|:
| align="left" style="font-size: 90%;" | [[阿尔巴尼亚]] | [[安道尔]] | [[波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那]] | [[保加利亚]] | [[克罗地亚]] | [[塞浦路斯]] | [[希腊]] | [[意大利]] | [[马其顿共和国|马其顿]] | [[马耳他]] | [[黑山共和国]] | [[葡萄牙]] | [[罗马尼亚]] | [[圣马力诺]] | [[塞尔维亚]] | [[斯洛文尼亚]] | [[西班牙]] | [[土耳其]] | [[梵蒂冈]]
|-
| align="right" style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: center;" | 海外[[属地]]搭 <br />其它特殊政区
| vertical-align: center;|:
| align="left" style="font-size: 90%;" | [[法罗群岛]] (丹麦) | [[直布罗陀]] (英国) | [[根西岛]] (英国) | [[马恩岛]] (英国) | [[扬马延岛]] (挪威) | [[泽西岛]] (英国) | [[斯瓦尔巴群岛]] (挪威)
|}
|- bgcolor="#ccccff"
| align="center" width="100%" | [[世界地理索引]] | [[非洲]] | [[美洲]] | [[南极洲]] | [[亚洲]] | [[大洋洲]] | [[各国首都列表|各国首都]]
| align="right"|
|}
<noinclude>
[[Category:欧洲国家模板]]
[[ar:قالب:دول أوروبا]]
[[de:Vorlage:Navigationsleiste Staaten in Europa]]
[[en:Template:Europe]]
[[sr:Европа]]
[[sv:Mall:Europa]]
</noinclude>
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<br clear="all" />
{| align="center" id="toc" cellspacing="0"
|- bgcolor="#ccccff"
| align="center" width="100%" | [[大洋洲]]
|-
| colspan = "2" |
{|
| align="right" style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: center;" width="15%"| 独立国家
| vertical-align: center;|:
| align="left" style="font-size: 90%;" width="85%"| [[澳大利亚]] | [[斐济]] | [[基里巴斯]] | [[马绍尔群岛]] | [[密克罗尼西亚]] | [[瑙鲁]] | [[新西兰]] | [[帕劳]] | [[巴布亚新几内亚]] | [[萨摩亚]] | [[所罗门群岛]] | [[汤加]] | [[图瓦卢]] | [[瓦努阿图]]
|-
| align="right" style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: center;" | 海外[[属地]]搭<br>其它特殊政区
| vertical-align: center;|:
| align="left" style="font-size: 90%;" | [[美属萨摩亚]](美国) | [[阿什莫尔和卡捷岛]](澳大利亚) | [[豪兰和贝克群岛]](美国) | [[圣诞岛]](澳大利亚) | [[科科斯(基林)群岛]](澳大利亚) | [[库克群岛]](新西兰) | [[珊瑚海群岛]](澳大利亚) | [[法属波利尼西亚]](法国) | [[关岛]](美国) | [[贾维斯岛]](美国) | [[约翰斯顿岛]](美国) | [[金曼礁]](美国) | [[中途岛]](美国) | [[新喀里多尼亚]](法国) | [[纽埃]](新西兰) | [[诺福克岛]](澳大利亚) | [[北马里亚纳群岛]](美国) | [[巴尔米拉环礁]](美国) | [[皮特开恩群岛]](英国) | [[托克劳]](新西兰) | [[威克岛]](美国) | [[瓦利斯和富图纳群岛]](法国)
|}
|- bgcolor="#ccccff"
| align="center" width="100%" | [[世界地理索引]] | [[非洲]] | [[美洲]] | [[南极洲]] | [[亚洲]] | [[欧洲]] | [[各国首都列表|各国首都]]
| align="right"|
|}
<noinclude>
[[Category:大洋洲国家模板]]
[[en:Template:Oceania]]
</noinclude>
Template:Ref
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<noinclude><font color="red"><big>'''This template is deprecated. Use the [[:en:User:Cyde/Ref converter|Ref converter]] to replace it with the newer [[m:Cite/Cite.php|Cite.php]] style.'''</big></font><br /></noinclude><span class="reference"><sup id="ref_{{{1}}}" class="plainlinksneverexpand">[{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}#endnote_{{{1}}}]</sup></span><noinclude>
See also: [[:en:Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles]][[en:Template:Ref]][[Category:页面信息模板|注]]</noinclude>
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<cite id="endnote_{{{1}}}" style="font-style: normal;">[[#ref_{{{1}}}|'''^''']]</cite> <noinclude>
[[en:Template:Note]]
[[Category:页面信息模板|注]]
</noinclude>
Image:Qing 1700s.PNG
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Template:中国历史
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<table width="10%" align="right" cellspacing="1px" style="border:1px solid #BBBBBB; margin-left:5px;margin-bottom:5px; font-size: 80%;">
<tr>
<td colspan="7" bgcolor="#EFEEEE" align="center">[[Image:History of China.gif|135px|中国历史]]<br />'''[[中国历史]]系列条目'''</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7" bgcolor="#FFFFF1" align="center" >'''[[黃河史前文化|史前文化]]'''</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7" bgcolor="#FFE1FF" align="center" >'''[[中国传说时代|传说时代]]'''</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7" bgcolor="#FFFFE1" align="center" >'''[[三皇五帝]]'''</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7" bgcolor="#E1FFE1" nowrap align="center">'''[[夏朝|夏]]'''</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7" bgcolor="#FFEcE1" nowrap align="center">'''[[商朝|商]]'''</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="5" bgcolor="#FFE1FF" nowrap align="right">[[西周]] </td>
<td colspan="2" rowspan="3" bgcolor="#FFE1FF" align="center">'''[[周朝|周]]'''</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="3" align="center">[[春秋时期|春秋]]</td>
<td rowspan="2" colspan="2" bgcolor="#FFE1FF" align="center">[[东周]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#E1FFE1" colspan="3" align="center">[[战国 (中国)|战国]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7" bgcolor="#FFECE1" align="center">'''[[秦朝|秦]]'''</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4" bgcolor="#E1FFE1" align="center">[[西汉]]</td>
<td colspan="3" rowspan="3" bgcolor="#E1FFE1" align="center">'''[[汉朝|汉]]'''</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4" bgcolor="#FFFFE1" align="center">[[新朝]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4" bgcolor="#E1FFE1" align="center">[[东汉]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7" bgcolor="#FFE1FF" align="center">'''[[三国]]''' </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#FFECE1" colspan="2" align="center" nowrap>[[西晋]]</td>
<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#FFECE1" align="center">'''[[晋朝|晋]]'''</td>
<td colspan="3" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#FFFFE1" nowrap align="center">'''[[十六国]]'''</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#FFECE1" colspan="2" align="center">[[东晋]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7" bgcolor="#E1FFE1" align="center">'''[[南北朝]]'''</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7" bgcolor="#FFECE1" align="center">'''[[隋朝|隋]]'''</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7" bgcolor="#FFE1FF" align="center">'''[[唐朝|唐]]'''<br />(另见[[武周]])</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7" bgcolor="#E1FFE1" align="center">[[五代十国]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#FFECE1" colspan="2" align="center">[[北宋]]</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#FFECE1" align="center">'''[[宋朝|宋]]'''</td>
<td colspan="4" bgcolor="#FFE1FF" align="center">'''[[辽朝|辽]]'''<br />([[西辽]])</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#FFECE1" colspan="2" align="center">[[南宋]]</td>
<td bgcolor="#E1FFE1" colspan="2" align="center">'''[[金朝|金]]'''</td>
<td bgcolor="#FFFFE1" colspan="2" align="center">'''[[西夏]]'''</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7" bgcolor="#FFE1FF" align="center">'''[[元朝|元]]'''</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7" bgcolor="#E1FFE1" align="center">'''[[明朝|明]]'''</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7" bgcolor="#FFECE1" align="center">'''[[清朝|清]]''' </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7" bgcolor="#E1FFE1" align="center">'''[[中华民国历史|中华民国]]'''</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" bgcolor="#FFE1FF" align="center">'''[[中华人民共和国史|中华人民<br>共和国]]'''</td>
<td colspan="4" bgcolor="#E1FFE1" align="center">'''[[中华民国历史#国府迁台|中华民国]]'''<br />(参见[[台湾问题]])</td>
</tr>
</table>
<noinclude>[[Category:中国历史模板]]</noinclude>
Template:香港历史
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{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border: 1px solid #3D5354; width: 180px;"
!style="border-bottom:1px solid #707070; background: #efefef;"|
[[Image:hkhist.png]]
|-style="background:#f7f8ff;"
|style="border-bottom: 1px solid; text-align: center;"|<small>本条目为'''[[香港历史]]'''系列之一</small>
|-
|style="border-top:1px solid; font-size: 95%; padding: 0 0.5em;"|
[[香港历史年表]]
|-
|style="border-top:1px solid; font-size:95%; padding: 0 0.5em;"|
'''[[香港史前时期]]'''<br />
'''[[香港秦朝至元朝历史]]'''<br />
'''[[香港明朝历史]]'''<br />
'''[[香港清朝初期历史]]'''<br />
'''[[香港殖民地史]]'''<br />
:'''[[香港割让]]'''<br />
::<small>[[第一次鸦片战争]]
::<small>[[第二次鸦片战争]]
:'''[[香港开埠初期历史]]''' (1841年至1900年) <br />
:'''[[香港20世纪初历史]]''' (1900年至1941年)<br />
::<small>[[香港保卫战]]</small>
:'''[[香港日治时期]]'''<br />
:[[香港1950年代|50年代]]<br />
:[[香港1960年代|60年代]]<br />
:[[香港1970年代|70年代]]<br />
:[[香港1980年代|80年代]]<br />
:[[香港1990年代|90年代]]<br />
'''[[香港特别行政区史]]'''<br />
:[[香港主权移交]]<br />
|-
|style="border-top:1px solid; font-size:95%; padding: 0 0.5em;"|
'''[[香港教育史]]'''<br />
'''[[香港经济史]]'''<br />
'''[[香港军事史]]'''<br />
'''[[香港航空史]]'''<br />
|-
|style="border-top:1px solid; font-size:95%; padding: 0 0.5em;"|
'''[[香港法定古迹列表|香港法定古迹]]'''
|-
|style="border-top:1px solid; font-size:85%; padding: 0 0.5em;"|
另请参见:<br />[[中国历史]] [[英国历史]]
|-
|style="border-top:1px solid; font-size:95%; background:#efefef; text-align: center; padding: 0 0.5em;"|
'''其它香港系列'''
|-
|style="border-top:1px solid; font-size:95%; text-align: center; padding: 0 0.5em;"|
'''[[香港文化|文化]]''' - '''[[香港经济|经济]]''' <br> '''[[香港地理|地理]]''' - '''[[香港政治|政治]]''' - '''[[香港教育|教育]]''' <br>'''[[Portal:香港|香港主题首页]]'''
|}<noinclude>
[[Category:香港模板]]
</noinclude>
Template:日本历史
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{| style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" align=right cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0
! colspan=2 style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background:#ccccff" align="center" | [[日本历史]]系列
|-
| colspan=2 style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #ececec;" | [[旧石器时代(日本)|旧石器时代]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #ffffff;" | [[绳文时代]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #ececec;" | [[弥生时代]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #ffffff;" | [[大和时代]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #ececec;" | —[[古坟时代]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #ffffff;" | —[[飞鸟时代]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #ececec;" | [[奈良时代]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #ffffff;" | [[平安时代]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #ececec;" | [[鎌倉時代]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #ffffff;" | [[室町时代]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #ececec;" | [[战国 (日本)|战国时代]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #ffffff;" | [[安土桃山时代]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #ececec;" | [[江户时代]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #ffffff;" | [[明治]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #ececec;" | [[大正]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #ffffff;" | [[昭和]]前期
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #ececec;" | —[[大日本帝国]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #ffffff;" | [[昭和]]后期
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #ececec;" | [[平成]]
|}
<includeonly>[[Category:日本历史]]</includeonly><noinclude>
[[Category:历史模板|史]]</noinclude>
Template:Link FA
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<span class="FA" id="{{{1}}}" style="display:none;" />
<noinclude>
{{sprotected}}
[[ar:قالب:Link FA]]
[[bg:Шаблон:Link FA]]
[[br:Patrom:Liamm PuB]]
[[bs:Šablon:Link FA]]
[[ca:Plantilla:Enllaç AD]]
[[da:Skabelon:Link FA]]
[[de:Vorlage:Link FA]]
[[el:Πρότυπο:Link FA]]
[[en:Template:Link FA]]
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[[et:Mall:Link FA]]
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[[fo:Fyrimynd:Link FA]]
[[fr:Modèle:Lien AdQ]]
[[gl:Template:Link FA]]
[[he:תבנית:Link FA]]
[[hu:Sablon:Link FA]]
[[it:Template:Link AdQ]]
[[ja:Template:Link FA]]
[[ka:თარგი:Link FA]]
[[lv:Template:Link FA]]
[[mk:Шаблон:Link FA]]
[[no:Mal:Link UA]]
[[os:Шаблон:Link FA]]
[[pl:Szablon:Link FA]]
[[pt:Predefinição:Link FA]]
[[ro:Format:Legătură AF]]
[[ru:Шаблон:Link FA]]
[[simple:Template:Link FA]]
[[sl:Predloga:Povezava z izbranimi]]
[[sr:Шаблон:Link FA]]
[[sv:Mall:UA]]
[[ta:வார்ப்புரு:Link FA]]
[[th:แม่แบบ:Link FA]]
[[tr:Şablon:Link FA]]
[[uk:Шаблон:Link FA]]
[[vi:Tiêu bản:Liên kết chọn lọc]]
[[zh:Link FA]]
</noinclude>
Template:Esoteric
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1286
2006-10-11T09:46:21Z
Amor
23
{| summary="警告框:本模板包含複雜的結構" class="messagebox" style="clear: both;"
| style="align: center" | [[Image:Exquisite-khelpcenter.png|50px|Comment]]
| style="width: 95%; padding: 0.4em; font-size: 90%" | 這個模版包含了一个或数个'''可选'''参数:使用前请参阅[[Template talk:{{PAGENAME}}#Usage|讨论页]]。
这个模版的结构非常精密,除非您確認非常了解它的用途和构造细节,'''并且'''能夠修复这个修改所有可能引起的变更,否則請不要隨意更動這個模板。所有实验性的步骤请在[[Template:沙盒|沙盒模版]]内,或是您的用户页内進行。
|}<includeonly>[[Category:精密模板|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly><noinclude>
----
{| summary="A second, <noinclude>, box, specifying that the code of the former box is itself simple: rather, the code of templates which it marks may be complicated" class="messagebox"
|-
| align="center" | [[Image:Exquisite-khelpcenter.png|50px|Comment]]
| style="align: left; width: 95%; font-size: 90%"|事实上,'''本模版'''使用的结构非常简单,但所有出现上述消息框的模版都是精密模版。
|}
这个模版使用于结构精密的模版页面
[[Category:模板页的模板|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[en:Template:Esoteric]]
[[fr:Modèle:Ésotérique]]
[[mk:Езотерика]]
[[ka:თარგი:Esoteric]]
[[ro:Format:Ezoteric]]
</noinclude>
Template:沙盒
329
1287
2006-10-11T09:48:44Z
Amor
23
<noinclude>{{sandbox}}</noinclude>
<!-- 請在這行文字底下進行您的測試,請不要刪除或變更這行文字以及這行文字以上的部份。-->
{| class="infobox" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan="2"|{{#if:{{{Image|}}}|[[Image:{{{Image}}}|{{#if:{{{imgwidth|}}}|{{{imgwidth}}}px{{!}}}}{{PAGENAME}}{{lc:{{PAGENAME}}}}]]|<div style="font-size:2.5em;line-height:1em"><span lang="ru">{{#if:{{{nc|}}}|{{{nc}}}|{{#if:{{{uc|}}}|{{{uc}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}} {{#if:{{{lc|}}}|{{{lc}}}|{{lc:{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}</span> <span style="font-style:italic" lang="ru">{{#if:{{{nc|}}}|{{{nc}}}|{{#if:{{{uc|}}}|{{{uc}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}} {{#if:{{{lc|}}}|{{{lc}}}|{{lc:{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}</span></div>}}
|-
!colspan="2" bgcolor="#ccccff"|西里尔字母 <span style="font-size:120%" lang="ru">{{#if:{{{nc|}}}|{{{nc}}}|{{#if:{{{lc|}}}|{{{lc}}}|{{lc:{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}</span>
|-
{{#if:{{{nc|}}}||{{!}}align="left"{{!}}[[大寫字母]]
{{!}}style="font-size:120%" lang="ru"{{!}}{{#if:{{{uc|}}}|{{{uc}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}
{{!}}-
{{!}}align="left"{{!}}[[小寫字母]]
{{!}}style="font-size:120%" lang="ru"{{!}}{{#if:{{{lc|}}}|{{{lc}}}|{{lc:{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}
|-
{{#switch:{{{lc|}}}|
|г
|д
|и
|й
|п
|т={{!}}align="left" style="font-size:90%"{{!}}斜體小寫字母
{{!}}style="font-size:120%;font-style:italic" lang="ru"{{!}}{{#if:{{{lc|}}}|{{{lc}}}|{{lc:{{PAGENAME}}}}}}
|{{ns:0}}
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|-
{{#if:{{{ulc|}}}|
{{!}}style="font-size:90%;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"{{!}}[[Unicode]]編碼
{{!}}style="font-size:90%"{{!}}{{#if:{{{nc|}}}||大寫:[http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/{{{uuc}}}/index.htm U+{{{uuc}}}]<br />小寫}}:[http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/{{{ulc}}}/index.htm U+{{{ulc}}}]}}
|-
|colspan="2"|
{| width="100%"
!colspan="7" style="background:#ccccff"|[[西里尔字母]]
|-class="nounderlines" lang="ru" style="text-align:center"
|style="width:14%"|[[А]]
|style="width:14%"|[[Б]]
|style="width:14%"|[[В]]
|style="width:14%"|[[Г]]
|style="width:14%"|[[Ґ]]
|style="width:14%"|[[Ѓ]]
|style="width:14%"|[[Д]]
|-class="nounderlines" lang="ru" style="text-align:center"
|[[Ђ]]
|[[Е]]
|[[Ё]]
|[[Є]]
|[[Ж]]
|[[З]]
|[[Ѕ]]
|-class="nounderlines" lang="ru" style="text-align:center"
|[[И]]
|[[І]]
|[[Ї]]
|[[Й]]
|[[Ј]]
|[[К]]
|[[Ќ]]
|-class="nounderlines" lang="ru" style="text-align:center"
|[[Л]]
|[[Љ]]
|[[М]]
|[[Н]]
|[[Њ]]
|[[О]]
|[[П]]
|-class="nounderlines" lang="ru" style="text-align:center"
|[[Р]]
|[[С]]
|[[Т]]
|[[Ћ]]
|[[У]]
|[[Ў]]
|[[Ф]]
|-class="nounderlines" lang="ru" style="text-align:center"
|[[Х]]
|[[Ц]]
|[[Ч]]
|[[Џ]]
|[[Ш]]
|[[Щ]]
|[[Ъ]]
|-class="nounderlines" lang="ru" style="text-align:center"
|[[Ы]]
|[[Ь]]
|[[Э]]
|[[Ю]]
|[[Я]]
|
|
|-
!colspan="7" style="font-weight:normal;background:#f0f0f0"|非[[斯拉夫语族|斯拉夫]]字母
|-class="nounderlines" lang="ru" style="text-align:center"
|[[Ӑ]]
|[[Ә]]
|[[Ӕ]]
|[[Ҕ]]
|[[Ӗ]]
|[[Ғ]]
|[[Ӏ]]
|-class="nounderlines" lang="ru" style="text-align:center"
|[[Ӂ]]
|[[Җ]]
|[[Ӝ]]
|[[Ҙ]]
|[[Ӟ]]
|[[Ӡ]]
|[[Ӣ]]
|-class="nounderlines" lang="ru" style="text-align:center"
|[[Ӥ]]
|[[Ҡ]]
|[[Қ]]
|[[Ҟ]]
|[[Ҝ]]
|[[Ң]]
|[[Ҥ]]
|-class="nounderlines" lang="ru" style="text-align:center"
|[[Ө]]
|[[Ӧ]]
|[[Ҧ]]
|[[Ҫ]]
|[[Ҷ]]
|[[Ҹ]]
|[[Ӵ]]
|-class="nounderlines" lang="ru" style="text-align:center"
|[[Ҽ]]
|[[Ҿ]]
|[[Ҩ]]
|[[Ҳ]]
|[[Һ]]
|[[Ҭ]]
|[[Ҵ]]
|-class="nounderlines" lang="ru" style="text-align:center"
|[[Ӳ]]
|[[Ӯ]]
|[[Ү]]
|[[Ұ]]
|[[Ӱ]]
|
|
|-
!colspan="7" style="font-weight:normal;background:#f0f0f0"|[[早期西里尔字母]]
|-class="nounderlines" lang="ru" style="text-align:center"
|[[Ҁ]]
|[[Ѹ]]
|[[Ѡ]]
|[[Ѿ]]
|[[Ѻ]]
|[[Ѣ]]
|[[Я|ІА]]
|-class="nounderlines" lang="ru" style="text-align:center"
|[[Ѥ]]
|[[Yus|Ѧ]]
|[[Yus|Ѫ]]
|[[Yus|Ѩ]]
|[[Yus|Ѭ]]
|[[Ѯ]]
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|-class="nounderlines" lang="ru" style="text-align:center"
|[[Ѳ]]
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|
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|}
|}
Template:Sandbox
330
1288
2006-10-11T09:49:29Z
Amor
23
<!--
注意:这不是一个沙盒!!!
这是一个放置于沙盒顶端的模版。
如果你想练习编辑,请不要在这个模版上进行。
你可以通过在搜索中输入“WP:SB”或“Wikipedia:沙盒”找到真正的沙盒
再次申明,这个模版不是用于试验的!
这个沙盒模版位于http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/template:Sandbox
-->
<noinclude>
{| class="messagebox" style="border:2px solid #99B; padding:0px; font-size:0.9em;"
|-
| [[Image:Crystal_Clear_action_button_cancel.png|none|30px]]
| '''請勿將本頁面用作''測試用途''。'''本頁面僅為[[Wikipedia:沙盒]]使用模板頁面。因此,想要進行測試的使用者應該在[[Wikipedia:沙盒]]進行測試,而''不是''這裡。
這個頁面''只應''在沙盒標題需要調整時才被編輯。
|}
[[Category:頁面訊息模板]]
----
</noinclude><div class="messagebox" style="padding:10px; margin: 20px auto; width: 96%;" style="font-size: 90%;">
<div style="border: 1px solid black; padding:5px; margin: 10px; font-size: small; background: #eeeeee; white-space: nowrap; float: right;">'''快捷方式:'''[[WP:SB]]<br />参见与更多信息:[[Wikipedia:使用指南|使用指南]]</div>
欢迎来到'''维基百科:沙盒'''!
本页是练习页面编辑技术的试验页面。请在此随意的进行格式的练习。开始编辑请点击'''<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}} 这里编辑]</span>'''或者点击页面顶端的'''<font color=#002BB8>编辑本页</font>''',当你完成编辑后,请单击'''保存本页'''按钮,在这个页面编辑的内容将'''不会'''永久保存。
请不要在此存放你为维基百科的条目或者其它有益的内容,在此编辑的内容正如在沙灘上所寫的文字,退潮时就會消失。而'''沙盒'''中所寫的內容,不久也會消去。但是请不要在沙盒里写有攻击性或者诽谤中伤他人的内容。
如果您有对[[维基百科]]有任何问题,请不要放在这儿,而应该去[[Wikipedia:常見問題解答|常見問題解答]]看看,或到[[Wikipedia:互助客栈|互助客棧]]里询问。谢谢!
试验其他沙盒:[[Wikipedia:沙盒|主沙盒]] | [[Wikipedia:使用指南 (编辑)/沙盒|使用指南沙盒一]] | [[Wikipedia:使用指南 (格式)/沙盒|使用指南沙盒二]] | [[Wikipedia:使用指南 (维基百科链接)/沙盒|使用指南沙盒三]] | [[Wikipedia:使用指南 (相关站点链接)/沙盒|使用指南沙盒四]] | [[Wikipedia:使用指南 (外部链接)/沙盒|使用指南沙盒五]] | [[Template:沙盒|模版测试沙盒]]
想要一個自己的沙盒,請建立一個[[Wikipedia:用户页|用户頁]]。
</div>
----
<!--其他語言的沙盒-->
[[af:Wikipedia:Sandput]]
[[als:Wikipedia:Spielwiese]]
[[ang:Wikipedia:Sandbox]]
[[ar:Wikipedia:Sandbox]]
[[bg:Уикипедия:Пясъчник]]
[[bn:Wikipedia:Sandbox]]
[[ca:Viquipèdia:Pàgina de proves]]
[[cs:Wikipedie:P%C3%ADskovi%C5%A1t%C4%9B]]
[[cy:Wicipedia:Bocs_swnd]]
[[da:Wikipedia:Sandkassen]]
[[de:Wikipedia:Spielwiese]]
[[el:Wikipedia:Αμμοδοχείο]]
[[en:Wikipedia:Sandbox]]
[[eo:Vikipedio:Testejo]]
[[es:Wikipedia:Zona de pruebas]]
[[fi:Wikipedia:Hiekkalaatikko]]
[[fr:Wikipédia:Bac à sable]]
[[fy:Wikipedy:Kladblok]]
[[ga:Vicipid:Clár dubh]]
[[gd:Tigh-cluiche]]
[[he:ויקיפדיה:ארגז חול]]
[[hu:Wikipédia:Homokozó]]
[[ia:Wikipedia:Sabliera]]
[[id:Wikipedia:Bak pasir]]
[[it:Wikipedia:Sandbox]]
[[ja:Wikipedia:サンドボックス]]
[[ko:위키백과:모래상자]]
[[la:Wikipedia:Pagina experimentalis]]
[[li:Wikipedia:Zandjbak]]
[[mg:Wikipedia:Fasika toerana]]
[[mi:Wikipedia:Papa tākaro]]
[[ml:Wikipedia:Sandbox]]
[[ms:Sandbox]]
[[na:Wikipedia:Eraũrõ egato]]
[[nds:Wikipedia:Speelwisch]]
[[nl:Wikipedia:Zandbak]]
[[nn:Wikipedia:Sankasse]]
[[no:Wikipedia:Sandkasse]]
[[pl:Wikipedia:Brudnopis]]
[[pt:Wikipedia:Página de testes]]
[[ro:Wikipedia:Cutia cu nisip]]
[[ru:Википедия:Песочница]]
[[si:Wikipedia:Peskovnik]]
[[simple:Wikipedia:Sandbox]]
[[sr:Википедија:Песак]]
[[sq:Wikipedia:Livadhi]]
[[sh:Wikipedia:Eksperimenti]]
[[sv:Wikipedia:Sandlådan]]
[[th:วิกิพีเดีย:กระบะทราย]]
[[tr:Vikipedi:Deneme tahtası]]
[[vi:Wikipedia:Ch%E1%BB%97_th%E1%BB%AD]]
</div>
User:Pill
331
1290
2006-10-11T18:25:20Z
Pill
44
<div style="border-top:1px solid #AAAAAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA; margin: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-top:0.8em;">
{| width=100% border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F9F9F9;"
|- valign="top"
| width="100%" style="text-align:center" | [[:de:User:Pill|German user page]] | [[User talk:Pill|Talk page]] | [[User:Pill/monobook.js|monobook]]
|}
</div>
{| style="clear: all; float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #99B3FF; background-color: #FFFFFF;"
! [[Wikipedia:Babel|Babel]]
|-
| {{User de}}
|-
| {{User en-2}}
|-
| {{User la-2}}
|-
| {{User it-1}}
|-
| {{User wuu-0}}
|}
I am [[:de:User:Pill|Pill]].
:''Please use my [[:de:User talk:Pill|German talk page]] to leave me messages.''
User:Pill/monobook.js
332
1291
2006-10-11T18:25:54Z
Pill
44
//<nowiki> Admin-like RC Patrol tools
document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="'
+ 'http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:VoA/monobook.js'
+ '&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript&dontcountme=s"></script>');
//</nowiki>
// [[w:en:User:Lupin/popups.js]]
document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="'
+ 'http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Lupin/popups.js'
+ '&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript&dontcountme=s"></script>');
User:Koavf
333
1293
2006-10-12T00:22:54Z
Koavf
47
[[:en:User:Koavf|!!!!!]]
User:Farm
334
1296
2006-10-12T01:43:56Z
Farm
48
俄刚常熟胡
Wikipedia talk:红茶坊
335
1297
2006-10-12T03:25:25Z
58.20.97.80
西文个人名么,勿可能侪用罗马字个。反则话,封面勒“诺贝尔”个名字格么要咋弄弄呢?
User talk:Farm
336
1301
2006-10-12T07:30:56Z
Lieukehli
24
常熟朋友,欢迎来该搭孛相。'''胡/话'''弗论是勒普通话还是勒吴语里向音侪是弗同个。汉字主要是表意文字,可以用来记录弗同个语言,其个读音勒弗同语言里各有自家一套系统个读法,并弗是北方话专用个,所以用普通话个近音汉字来替代吴音个汉字并弗可取。请参考[[Help:Contents|帮忙]]搭仔[[Words_to_use|常用吴语特色词汇]]--[[User:Lieukehli|Lieukehli]] 07:30, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
----
舟山市
337
2109
2006-10-18T08:07:33Z
Dzochithin
49
{| border="1" align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #ffffff; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: small;"
|-
|+<big>'''舟山市'''</big>
|-
| '''[[中国行政区|行政区]]类别'''
| [[市]]
|-
| '''市政府所在地'''
| [[定海区]]<br/>
|-
| '''[[面积]]'''
| [[平方公里]]
|-
| '''位置'''<br/>- [[经度]]<br/>- [[纬度]]
|<br/>东经 - <br/>北纬 -
|-
| [[气候]]
| 亚热带海洋性季风气候
|-
| '''平均[[气温]]'''
| ℃
|-
| '''平均[[雨水]]'''
| 毫米
|-
| '''[[人口]]'''
| 万人([[2004年]]末)
|-
| '''[[中华民族|民族]]'''
| 绝大多数为[[汉族]],也有别样个
|-
| '''[[地区生产总值]](GDP)'''<br/>'''- 人均'''
| [[人民币]]亿元(2004年末)<br/>人民币 元
|-
| ''' 一二三产业比例'''<br/>- [[第一产业]]<br/>- [[第二产业]]<br/>- [[第三产业]]
| ([[2002年]])<br/>%<br/>%<br/>%
|-
| '''识字率'''
| %(2004年末)
|-
| '''市[[党委]][[书记]]'''
|
|-
| '''[[市长]]'''
|
|-
| '''[[中国电话区号列表|电话区号]]'''
| 0580<br/>
|-
| '''[[邮政编码]]'''
| 316000<br/>
|-
| '''[[中国机动车牌照列表|机动车牌照]]'''
| 浙L<br/>
|}
'''舟山市'''是[[中华人民共和国]][[浙江省]]下头个一个[[地级市]]
==基本情况==
位置来拉[[长江]]、[[钱塘江]]、[[甬江]]三江口外厢[[东海]]洋面上。全市大大小小岛屿总共有搭1,391个,其中本岛[[舟山岛]]是中国第四大岛。别样个大眼岛屿还有搭[[岱山]]、[[六横]]、[[衢山]]、[[泗礁]]、[[金塘]]格当。
[[新石器时代]]辰光,舟山已经有人类活动个迹象。到中国[[唐朝]][[玄宗皇帝]][[开元]]辰光,舟山群岛第一个县政府成立,名字呕[[翁山县]],到[[长庆]]年间撤消。[[宋朝]]辰光呕[[昌国县]],[[元朝]]搭其升格为昌国州,[[朱元璋]]当皇帝后,独怕沿海老百姓里通外国,格么昌国州被撤消,老百姓统被别了[[浙江]]大陆。一直到[[清朝]][[康熙皇帝]]辰光,因为[[台湾]]个[[郑成功]]被打倒,政府重新来勒舟山设立了个县政府,名字呕[[定海县]]。
[[第一次鸦片战争]]辰光,[[英国]]人打进舟山,因为舟山特别个地理位置,[[道光廿一年]],舟山被升格为[[定海直隶厅]],[[辛亥革命]]后,又恢复成定海县。1987年,舟山市成立。
==经济==
[[抲鱼]]搭[[晒盐]]噶,是舟山市个传统行业。刚即,搭海洋有关的加工业已经花明噶发达。
==旅游==
[[普驼山风景区]]搭[[嵊泗列岛风景区]]噶是国家级风景名胜区,[[岱山]]搭[[桃花]]噶是浙江省级风景名胜区。
==行政区划==
舟山市下头有搭2个区、2个县:
*区:[[定海区]]、[[普陀区]]
*县:[[岱山县]]、[[嵊泗县]]
==闲话==
通用[[吴语]][[舟山话]],搭大陆个[[宁波话]]噶基本呒哪啥各样,大多数舟山人老底子统搭[[宁波]]噶辗来。
==交通==
==文化==
[[浙江海洋学院]]
==人物==
*[[金維映]]
*[[張阿英]]
*[[喬石]]
*[[三毛]]
*[[董浩雲]]
*[[董建華]]
{{浙江省行政区划}}
{{Provinces_of_China}}
[[Category:地理]]
[[ja:舟山市]]
[[de:Zhoushan]]
[[en:Zhoushan]]
[[fr:Zhoushan]]
[[zh:舟山市]]
郑成功
338
1308
2006-10-12T07:52:21Z
Dzochithin
49
明朝末年个民族英雄。
Category:浙江人
339
1310
2006-10-12T07:57:43Z
Dzochithin
49
富士山
340
1339
2006-10-13T12:38:11Z
61.248.143.148
[[日本]]顶高峰
东京都
341
1312
2006-10-12T08:03:29Z
Dzochithin
49
日本首都。行政上包括23个区搭一堆市、町、村
日本个皇宫来拉东京个千代田区。
与那国岛
342
1313
2006-10-12T08:05:11Z
Dzochithin
49
日本搭中国台湾噶顶近个一个岛,上头有一个地方政府——与那国町,刚即属于日本个冲绳县
爱媛县
343
1315
2006-10-12T08:07:04Z
Dzochithin
49
位于[[日本]][[四国岛]]上头个一个县,日本爱情电视连续剧[[《东京爱情故事》]]个主人公[[永尾完治]]是荡个县个。
朱元璋
344
2122
2006-10-18T21:14:59Z
137.226.77.2
/* 幼年 */
{| cellSpacing=1 width="200" align="right" cellPadding=1 border=1
|+ '''朱元璋'''
|-----
| width=71 | [[表字|字]] || 國瑞
|-----
| width=71 | [[年號]] || 洪武
|-----
| width=71 | [[廟號]] || 太祖
|-----
| width=71 | [[謚號]] || 開天行道肇紀立極大聖至神仁文義武俊德成功高皇帝
|-----
| width=71 | 在世 || [[1328年]]—[[1398年]]
|-----
| width=71 | 在位 || [[1368年]]—[[1398年]]
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|
[[Image:Hongwu1.jpg|250px|thumb|明太祖-朱元璋]]
[[Image:Zhu Yuanzhang.gif|250px|thumb|明太祖-朱元璋]]
|}
'''明太祖朱元璋'''末([[1328年]][[10月21号]]—[[1398年]][[6月24号]]),[[明朝]]開國皇帝([[1368年]] - [[1398年]]在位)。
==幼年==
朱元璋生勒勒[[元朝]][[天順帝]][[天曆]]元年([[1328年]])[[9月18号]]未時。爷叫朱世珍。娘是陳氏。朱元璋祖籍為[[江蘇]][[沛縣]],祖宗勒到[[濠州]](今朝[[安徽]][[鳳陽]])定居。因为生个辰光,身浪向有蟲勒爬,所以原名'''蟲扒''',後来勒皇覺寺才改名为'''重八''',弗久之后改為'''朱興宗'''。參加[[元末農民起義]]後改名為朱元璋,字'''國瑞'''。朱元璋幼年辰光曾经搭地主放牛。至正四年([[1344年]])淮北大旱,朱元璋个爷娘、兄弟先後过世,弗得已去[[皇覺寺]]做和尚。
==紅巾軍時期==
至正十二年([[1352年]])好朋友[[湯和]]來信勸伊參加[[紅巾軍]],投靠[[郭子興]],后来因为指揮有方,弗过几天就由一个小軍官逐点升為元帥,而且寻仔郭子兴个養女馬氏做娘子(後来為有名的[[马皇后]])。至正十六年([[1356年]])朱元璋攻佔[[集慶]],把搿敦作為自家个根據地,而且改名為[[應天府]]。
==吳王時期==
朱元璋採取朱升"高築牆、廣積糧、緩稱王"个建議,採取穩健進攻措施,打敗脱[[徐壽輝]]、[[陳友諒]]搭[[張士誠]]个勢力。至正二十一年([[1361年]])朱元璋受[[小明王]][[韓林兒]]封,做吳國公。[[1364年]]自封為吳王,同年把[[小明王]]沉入長江。
==建都開國==
至正廿八年([[1368年]])正月初四(1月23号),朱元璋勒應天稱帝,建國號大明,年號[[洪武]]。改應天為"[[南京]]",[[開封]]為"[[北京]]"。同年閏七月,大將[[徐達]]攻克大都,[[元朝]]灭亡。洪武十四年([[1381年]])征服[[雲南]],中國大體浪統一。
==分封功臣諸子==
洪武元年,大封諸將為公侯。初封六公,其中以六大將、一大臣為開國元勳。分別為:中山王徐達、開平王[[常遇春]]、歧陽王[[李文忠]]、寧河王[[鄧愈]]、東甌王[[湯和]]、宋國公[[馮勝]]、宣國公[[李善長]]。
洪武二年(1369年)正月初十日,朱元璋命於雞鳴山立功臣廟。當時他告諭[[中書省]]臣說:元末政亂,禍及生靈。我倡義臨濠,以全鄉曲。繼率英賢渡大江,遂西取[[武昌]],東定[[姑蘇]],北下[[中原]],南平[[閩]]廣,越十有六載,始克混一。每念諸將相從,捐驅戮力,開拓疆宇,有共事而不睹其成,建功而未其報。追思功勞,痛切我懷。因此,命有司立功臣廟,序其封爵,為像以祀。人孰無死,死而不朽,乃為可貴如諸將者,生建忠勇之命,死有無窮之榮;身雖殁而名永不磨滅。六月初三日廟成,朱元璋親定功臣位次,以徐達為首,次常遇春、李文忠、鄧愈、湯和、[[沐英]]、[[胡大海]]、[[馮國用]]、[[趙德勝]]、[[耿再成]]、[[華高]]、[[丁德興]]、[[俞通海]]、[[張德勝]]、[[吳良]]、[[吳楨]]、[[曹良臣]]、[[康茂才]]、[[吳復]]、[[茅成]]、[[孫興祖]]凡二十一人。死者像祀,生者虛位。又以[[廖永安]]、俞通海、張德勝、[[桑世杰]]、耿再成、胡大海、丁德興七人配享太廟。此位次,屢經删汰,並非洪武二年所定名單位次。
朱元璋共有二十六子,嫡長子為皇太子,其餘皆分封為王,又分封一個從孫為王,使之出鎮全國險要。一部分鎮守北方以防蒙古的侵擾,稱邊王。他們東起遼東,西迄甘肅,各守據點,保衛著邊疆,如燕王[[朱棣]]鎮北平(今北京)、寧王[[朱權]]鎮大寧(今內蒙古昭烏達盟寧城縣大明城)、谷王[[朱穗]]鎮宣府(今河北宣化),等稱為"守邊"九王。餘下則星羅棋布,分駐內地。如周王鎮[[開封]]、楚王鎮[[武昌]]、潭王鎮[[長沙]]、蜀王鎮[[成都]]、魯王鎮[[兗州]]等。諸王中,以北方邊王的勢力最大。如寧王有甲士八萬,戰車六千。而燕王和晉王權力尤高,如中央派來的宋國公馮勝、穎國公[[傅友德]]等均受其節制,甚至朱元璋允許此二王擴展其軍事勢力,軍中事大者方才奏聞,但直接導致了[[建文帝]]的[[靖難之變]]。
==追擊北元==
朱元璋曾多次籌劃北伐[[蒙古]]以保障北方邊塞的安寧。期間勝多敗少,並曾成功在甘肅擊敗[[王保保]]、在[[東北]]逼降[[納哈出]]、在[[蒙古高原]]幾乎活捉元主[[脫古思帖木兒]],但[[1372年]]大將軍[[徐達]]率領的明朝精兵在[[和林]]為王保保所擊敗,迫使朱元璋放棄了佔據整個蒙古故地的企圖。
==刑罰過當==
明朝穩定之後,朱元璋為明朝制訂了包括《[[大明律]]》在內的一系列嚴格的典章制度,但由於皇帝本人的性格和經歷等諸多方面的原因,在處罰罪犯時,朱元璋往往並不按照《[[大明律]]》的規定來施刑,而是大開殺戒。
由於其出生貧苦,朱元璋極為痛恨魚肉百姓,徇私枉法的官員,曾規定[[貪污]]60兩白銀就要被處死,處死後亦須接受'''剝皮實草'''之刑,此指死囚被剝皮後,所剩餘的皮囊將會以稻草充塞,製成人偶(亦有一說法是說將所剩餘的皮囊充氣、定型,製成燈籠),以收殺雞儆猴之效,剝皮實草之刑亦為朱元璋所常用。
在其主政期間,處死了大批不法貪官,包括開國將領[[朱亮祖]],女婿駙馬都尉[[歐陽倫]],其中甚至因為[[郭桓案]],[[空印案]]殺死數萬名官員。但很多官員都是被冤殺。而空印案本身被認為是無中生有,是由於皇帝自己的猜疑造成的。
由於朱元璋的吏治嚴厲,在明初相當長一段時間,官員腐敗的情況得到有效遏制。同時,由於擔心皇太子[[朱標]]文弱,恐怕日後不足以駕馭虎臣虎將,為確保朱家天下的穩固,朱元璋在帝國邊務穩定後開始大規模誅戮功臣,先後炮製了洪武十三年[[1380年]]的[[胡惟庸]]案、洪武二十六年[[1393年]]的[[藍玉]]案等大規模的案件,株連人數達到4萬5千餘人,包括宰相李善長,胡惟庸,[[汪廣洋]],大將藍玉、[[傅友德]]、[[馮勝]]等開國功臣給清掃一空。
==體恤平民==
朱元璋雖然對官員要求極為嚴厲,但非常注意減輕民間普通百姓的負擔,在主政期間,基本上實現了[[輕徭薄賦]],同時多次救濟災民。社會生產力在其統治期間得到了很大的恢復,人口穩定成長。
朱元璋生活儉樸,工作勤奮,在明南京皇宮內,沒有設立[[御花園]],只有[[御菜園]],其中種滿蔬菜,供給皇宮。
皇后馬氏死於[[1382年]][[9月17日]]。
洪武三十一年([[1398年]])閏五月,朱元璋駕崩於應天皇宮。葬[[紫金山]][[明孝陵|孝陵]]。朱元璋遗诏46位嫔妃为其殉葬。中国汉族终止了一千多年的殉葬制度为朱元璋重新启动,直到[[明英宗]]时方才废止。
==家族列表==
*父親 仁祖淳皇帝 朱世珍(原名朱五四)
*母親 淳皇后陳氏
*兄弟姊妹
**[[朱興隆]],南昌王
*皇后 [[孝慈高皇后 (明)|孝慈昭憲至仁文德承天順聖高皇后]]馬氏,[[宿州]]人,卒于1382年,壽51歲。父馬公母鄭媼(公與媼非正式名字),[[郭子興]]義女。
*妃:
#[[成穆貴妃(明)|成穆貴妃]]孫氏,[[陳州]]人,卒於1374年,壽32歲。兄孫藩,元帥[[馬世熊]]義女。
#[[淑妃(明太祖)|淑妃]]李氏,[[壽州]]人,父李傑。
#[[寧妃(明太祖)|寧妃]]郭氏,[[濠州]]人,父[[郭山甫]],兄郭興、郭英。
===子女===
子
*[[朱標]],長子,懿文太子 (孝慈高皇后出) ,逝于1392年,長子[[朱允炆]]拨立為皇太孫,繼明太祖帝位
*[[朱樉]],次子,秦愍王 (孝慈高皇后出)
*[[朱棡]],三子,晉恭王 (孝慈高皇后出)
*[[朱棣]],四子,[[明成祖]] (碩妃出,但自稱孝慈高皇后出)
*[[朱橚]],五子,周定王 (孝慈高皇后出)
*[[朱楨]],六子,楚昭王 (胡充妃出)
*[[朱榑]]([[1364年]]-[[1428年]]),七子,齊王([[永樂]]朝廢為庶人)(達定妃出)
*[[朱梓]]([[1369年]]-[[1390年]]),八子,潭王([[洪武]]朝自焚死)(達定妃出)
*[[朱杞]],九子,趙王(幼殤)
*[[朱檀]],十子,魯荒王 (郭寧妃出)
*[[朱椿]]([[1371年]]-[[1423年]]),十一子,蜀獻王 (郭惠妃出)
*[[朱柏]]([[1371年]]-[[1399年]]),十二子,湘獻王 (胡順妃出)
*[[朱桂]]([[1374年]]-[[1446年]]),十三子,代簡王 (郭惠妃出)
*[[朱柍]],十四子,肅莊王 (郜氏出)
*[[朱植]],十五子,遼簡王 (韓妃出)
*[[朱栴]],十六子,慶靖王 (余妃出)
*[[朱權]],十七子,寧獻王 (楊妃出)
*[[朱楩]],十八子,岷莊王 (周妃出)
*[[朱橞]],十九子,谷王([[永樂]]朝廢為庶人)(郭惠妃出)
*[[朱松]],二十子,韓憲王 (周妃出)
*[[朱模]],二十一子,沈簡王 (趙貴妃出)
*[[朱楹]],二十二子,安惠王
*[[朱桱]],二十三子,唐定王 (李賢妃出)
*[[朱棟]],二十四子,郢靖王 (劉惠妃出)
*[[朱㰘]],二十五子,伊歷王 (葛麗妃出)
*[[朱楠]],二十六子。
公主
#[[臨安公主]],1376年下嫁韓國公李善長子李祺(-1403年),1421年卒。
#[[寧國公主]],母孝慈高皇后,1378年下嫁汝南侯[[梅思祖]]從子梅殷(淮安總兵官),1434年卒。
#崇寧公主,1384年下嫁牛城,未幾薨。
#[[安慶公主]],母孝慈高皇后,1381年下嫁歐陽倫。
#汝寧公主,1382年下嫁吉安侯陸仲亨子陸賢。
#[[懷慶公主]],母[[成穆貴妃(明)|成穆貴妃]]孫氏,1382年下嫁永春侯王寧,子王貞亮。
#[[大名公主]],1382年下嫁灤城侯李堅,1426年卒,子李莊。
#福清公主,母安妃鄭氏,1385年下嫁鳳翔侯張龍子張麟。麟未嗣侯卒。永樂十五年(1417年)卒。
#[[壽春公主]],洪武十九年(1386年)下嫁穎國公傅友德子傅忠,1388年卒。
#十公主,早薨。
#[[南康公主]],洪武二十一年(1388年)下嫁東川侯[[胡海]]子胡觀(自縊死),1438年卒。
#[[永嘉公主]],母惠妃郭氏,洪武二十二(1389年)年下嫁武定侯郭英子郭鎮,1455年卒。
#十三公主,早薨。
#[[含山公主]],母高麗妃韓氏,洪武二十七年(1394年)下嫁尹清(掌後府都督事),1462年卒,壽82歲。
#[[汝陽公主]],母惠妃郭氏,洪武二十七年(1392年)下嫁謝達(前府都督僉事)。
#[[寶慶公主]],太祖最幼女(父崩時,年3歲),1413年下嫁趙輝(南京都督),1433年卒。
#福成公主,父南昌王(朱興隆),母王氏,嫁王克恭。王克恭曾任福建行省參政,後改福州衛指揮使。
#[[慶陽公主]],蒙城王(仁祖朱世珍弟壽春王之子)女,嫁黃琛(淮安衛指揮使)。
==傳說==
*傳說朱元璋曾经是[[明教]]門徒,立國之後以"明"為國號(小說[[倚天屠龍記]]以此為題材)。
==外部連結==
* [http://military.china.com/zh_cn/history2/06/11027560/20050527/12350884.html 朱元璋容貌之謎]
{{中國開國皇帝|─|長孫[[明惠帝]]|[[元惠宗]]|大明皇帝|1368-1398|[[中國皇帝#明|中國皇帝]]|1368-1398}}
[[Category:明朝皇帝]]
[[Category:明朝政治人物]]
[[Category:明朝軍事人物]]
[[Category:安徽人]]
[[Category:1328年出生]]
[[Category:1398年逝世]]
[[Category:倚天屠龙记]]
[[de:Hongwu]]
[[en:Hongwu Emperor]]
[[fr:Hongwu]]
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[[ko:홍무제]]
[[nl:Hongwu]]
[[sv:Zhu Yuanzhang]]
[[th:จักรพรรดิหงหวู่]]
[[zh:朱元璋]]
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嫦蛾奔月
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[[Image:changebenyue.jpg|right|thumb|嫦蛾奔月]]
'''嫦蛾奔月''',中国古典[[传说]]。传说勒拉远古辰光,天浪向有十只[[太阳]]。大力士英雄[[后羿]]射脱仔九只太阳,第十只太阳吓来拉,只好乖乖听话,按时起落,造福人民。
后来,后羿寻着[[嫦娥]]做娘子。
有一天,后羿得着一包弗死药,只要吃下去弗死药,就会得成仙升天。后羿回转去仔就拿弗死药交拨拉嫦娥。
哪里晓得,后羿个徒弟[[蓬蒙]]想要偷吃弗死药,渠趁后羿出门个辰光偷偷里爬进嫦娥个房间,逼渠拿弗死药交出来。嫦娥弗肯,就拿弗死药侪喫下去,咯老就变成仔仙女,一脚飞到月宫(月亮)里向。
Image:Changebenyue.jpg
352
1329
2006-10-13T04:14:43Z
Amor
23
后羿
353
2056
2006-10-18T03:09:24Z
130.220.79.98
[[Image:houyi.jpg|right|thumb|后羿]]
'''[[羿]]'''或'''后羿'''是[[传说]]当中[[夏朝|夏代]][[部落]]东夷族有窮氏首领,擅长[[射箭]],推翻夏代统治,但是后来因为弗擅长治理,拨明氏[[寒浞]]杀脱。'''后羿'''也是传说里相[[尧]]辰光个一个壯士。居兩人经常拨混为一谈。因为伊俚侪是傳說人物﹐而伊俚生活个夏朝仍分有文字留傳,所以至今也弗能確定或證實伊俚兩人个關係。
==后羿射日==
传说[[尧]]辰光,十日(指[[太陽]])並出,百草枯,毒蛇猛兽为害,'''[[后羿]]'''射去九[[日]],为民除害。
也有说法,射日者名平羿,夏时个后羿为[[有穷氏]]国君,因善于射箭,自比平羿,而名后羿。“后羿”个说法符合夏朝辰光稱呼國君為“-后-”的習慣。
[[category:中国上古人物]]
[[category:夏朝人]]
[[en:Houyi]]
[[fr:Houyi]]
[[ja:ゲイ (中国神話)]]
[[ko:예]]
[[th:โฮวอี้]]
[[zh:后羿]]
Image:Houyi.jpg
354
1334
2006-10-13T04:30:08Z
Amor
23
羿
355
1336
2006-10-13T07:32:15Z
130.220.79.178
Redirecting to [[后羿]]
#REDIRECT[[后羿]]
MediaWiki:Monobook.js
356
1933
2006-10-15T18:56:10Z
Wtzdj
18
/* tooltips and access keys */
var ta = new Object();
ta['pt-userpage'] = new Array('.','我个用户页');
ta['pt-anonuserpage'] = new Array('.','The user page for the ip you\'re editing as');
ta['pt-mytalk'] = new Array('n','我个讲张页');
ta['pt-anontalk'] = new Array('n','Discussion about edits from this ip address');
ta['pt-preferences'] = new Array('','我个偏好');
ta['pt-watchlist'] = new Array('l','The list of pages you\'re monitoring for changes.');
ta['pt-mycontris'] = new Array('y','我个贡献列表');
ta['pt-login'] = new Array('o','鼓励大家登录,必过倒也弗是必须个。');
ta['pt-anonlogin'] = new Array('o','鼓励登录,必过倒也弗是必须个。');
ta['pt-logout'] = new Array('o','登出');
ta['ca-talk'] = new Array('t','讨论内容页');
ta['ca-edit'] = new Array('e','该篇文章倷可以编辑。请勒拉保存前头先预览。');
ta['ca-addsection'] = new Array('+','加个评论到搿个讨论里向');
ta['ca-viewsource'] = new Array('e','该只页面拨保护勒浪,必过倷可以查看源码。');
ta['ca-history'] = new Array('h','该只页面老早个版本。');
ta['ca-protect'] = new Array('=','保护该只页面');
ta['ca-delete'] = new Array('d','删脱该只页面');
ta['ca-undelete'] = new Array('d','Restore the edits done to this page before it was deleted');
ta['ca-move'] = new Array('m','移动该只页面');
ta['ca-watch'] = new Array('w','Add this page to your watchlist');
ta['ca-unwatch'] = new Array('w','Remove this page from your watchlist');
ta['search'] = new Array('f','勒拉该只维基里向寻');
ta['p-logo'] = new Array('','封面');
ta['n-mainpage'] = new Array('z','访问封面');
ta['n-portal'] = new Array('','About the project, what you can do, where to find things');
ta['n-currentevents'] = new Array('','Find background information on current events');
ta['n-recentchanges'] = new Array('r','The list of recent changes in the wiki.');
ta['n-randompage'] = new Array('x','Load a random page');
ta['n-help'] = new Array('','The place to find out.');
ta['n-sitesupport'] = new Array('','支持倪');
ta['t-whatlinkshere'] = new Array('j','List of all wiki pages that link here');
ta['t-recentchangeslinked'] = new Array('k','Recent changes in pages linked from this page');
ta['feed-rss'] = new Array('','RSS feed for this page');
ta['feed-atom'] = new Array('','Atom feed for this page');
ta['t-contributions'] = new Array('','View the list of contributions of this user');
ta['t-emailuser'] = new Array('','发封信拨该个用户');
ta['t-upload'] = new Array('u','上载图片或者媒体文件');
ta['t-specialpages'] = new Array('q','亨白浪当个特殊页面列表');
ta['ca-nstab-main'] = new Array('c','望内容页');
ta['ca-nstab-user'] = new Array('c','望用户页');
ta['ca-nstab-media'] = new Array('c','望媒体页');
ta['ca-nstab-special'] = new Array('','该个是只特殊页面,倷弗好编辑俚');
ta['ca-nstab-project'] = new Array('a','望项目页');
ta['ca-nstab-image'] = new Array('c','望图片页');
ta['ca-nstab-mediawiki'] = new Array('c','望系统音讯');
ta['ca-nstab-template'] = new Array('c','望模板');
ta['ca-nstab-help'] = new Array('c','望帮忙页面');
ta['ca-nstab-category'] = new Array('c','望分类页面');
MediaWiki:Allmessages
357
1343
2006-10-14T17:30:31Z
Wtzdj
18
系统音讯
MediaWiki:Contribslink
358
1344
2006-10-14T17:32:09Z
Wtzdj
18
贡献
MediaWiki:Createaccount
359
1508
2006-10-14T19:30:40Z
Wtzdj
18
新开户头
MediaWiki:Yourname
360
1346
2006-10-14T17:38:47Z
Wtzdj
18
用户名
MediaWiki:Yournick
361
1347
2006-10-14T17:39:09Z
Wtzdj
18
绰号:
MediaWiki:Yourpassword
362
1348
2006-10-14T17:39:29Z
Wtzdj
18
密码
MediaWiki:Yourpasswordagain
363
1349
2006-10-14T17:39:51Z
Wtzdj
18
再打一遍密码
MediaWiki:Yourlanguage
364
1350
2006-10-14T17:40:32Z
Wtzdj
18
言话:
MediaWiki:Wrongpassword
365
1973
2006-10-16T09:44:57Z
Wtzdj
18
密码弗对吤。请倷再试试看。
MediaWiki:Wldone
366
1352
2006-10-14T17:43:18Z
Wtzdj
18
好哉。
MediaWiki:Welcomecreation
367
1353
2006-10-14T17:45:48Z
Wtzdj
18
== 欢迎, $1! ==
倷个户头已经建立哉。覅忘记脱改动倷个{{SITENAME}}偏好噢。
MediaWiki:Wednesday
368
1354
2006-10-14T17:46:54Z
Wtzdj
18
礼拜三
MediaWiki:Watchthisupload
369
1355
2006-10-14T17:47:26Z
Wtzdj
18
监控该只页面
MediaWiki:Watchthispage
370
1356
2006-10-14T17:47:35Z
Wtzdj
18
监控该只页面
MediaWiki:Watchthis
371
1357
2006-10-14T17:47:45Z
Wtzdj
18
监控该只页面
MediaWiki:Watchlistcontains
372
1358
2006-10-14T17:48:34Z
Wtzdj
18
倷个监控列表包括$1只页面。
MediaWiki:Watchlistclearbutton
373
1359
2006-10-14T17:48:55Z
Wtzdj
18
清空监控列表
MediaWiki:Watchlist
374
1360
2006-10-14T17:49:14Z
Wtzdj
18
我个监控列表
MediaWiki:Watch
375
1361
2006-10-14T17:49:47Z
Wtzdj
18
监控
MediaWiki:Viewsource
376
1507
2006-10-14T19:29:29Z
Wtzdj
18
源码
MediaWiki:Viewtalkpage
377
1712
2006-10-15T00:35:02Z
Wtzdj
18
查看讨论页
MediaWiki:Viewhelppage
378
1713
2006-10-15T00:35:19Z
Wtzdj
18
查看帮忙页
MediaWiki:Viewdeletedpage
379
1365
2006-10-14T17:51:37Z
Wtzdj
18
望望删脱个页面
MediaWiki:Viewdeleted
380
1366
2006-10-14T17:51:59Z
Wtzdj
18
望望$1看?
MediaWiki:Version
381
1367
2006-10-14T17:52:13Z
Wtzdj
18
版本
MediaWiki:Variantname-zh-tw
382
1368
2006-10-14T17:52:27Z
Wtzdj
18
台湾
MediaWiki:Userstats
383
1369
2006-10-14T17:52:54Z
Wtzdj
18
用户资料
MediaWiki:Username
384
1370
2006-10-14T17:53:15Z
Wtzdj
18
用户名:
MediaWiki:Userlogout
385
1371
2006-10-14T17:53:32Z
Wtzdj
18
登出
MediaWiki:Userlogin
386
1509
2006-10-14T19:31:12Z
Wtzdj
18
登录 / 新开户头
MediaWiki:Userexists
387
1373
2006-10-14T17:54:57Z
Wtzdj
18
输入个用户名已经拨人注脱哉。请再选个两样个用户名。
MediaWiki:Uploadwarning
388
1374
2006-10-14T17:55:17Z
Wtzdj
18
上载警告
MediaWiki:Uploaderror
389
1375
2006-10-14T17:57:20Z
Wtzdj
18
上载出错
MediaWiki:Uploadedfiles
390
1376
2006-10-14T17:57:42Z
Wtzdj
18
已经上载个文件
MediaWiki:Uploadbtn
391
1377
2006-10-14T17:58:05Z
Wtzdj
18
上载文件
MediaWiki:Upload
392
1378
2006-10-14T17:58:23Z
Wtzdj
18
上载文件
MediaWiki:Unwatchthispage
393
1379
2006-10-14T17:58:48Z
Wtzdj
18
停止监控
MediaWiki:Unwatch
394
1380
2006-10-14T17:59:17Z
Wtzdj
18
覅监控
MediaWiki:Unprotectthispage
395
1381
2006-10-14T18:00:03Z
Wtzdj
18
覅保护搿只页面
MediaWiki:Unprotectcomment
396
1382
2006-10-14T18:00:31Z
Wtzdj
18
覅保护搿只页面个道理
MediaWiki:Unprotect
397
1383
2006-10-14T18:00:48Z
Wtzdj
18
覅保护
MediaWiki:Underline-always
398
1384
2006-10-14T18:01:09Z
Wtzdj
18
总归
MediaWiki:Underline-default
399
1385
2006-10-14T18:01:24Z
Wtzdj
18
浏览器默认
MediaWiki:Underline-never
400
1386
2006-10-14T18:01:37Z
Wtzdj
18
从来弗
MediaWiki:Undeletepage
401
1387
2006-10-14T18:02:08Z
Wtzdj
18
查看搭仔恢复删脱个页面
MediaWiki:Tuesday
402
1388
2006-10-14T18:02:31Z
Wtzdj
18
礼拜两
MediaWiki:Tooltip-watch
403
1389
2006-10-14T18:03:07Z
Wtzdj
18
拿搿只页面加到倷监控列表里向去 [alt-w]
MediaWiki:Tooltip-preview
404
1391
2006-10-14T18:04:55Z
Wtzdj
18
预览倷个改变,请倷勒拉保存前头用用俚! [alt-p]
MediaWiki:Tooltip-save
405
1392
2006-10-14T18:05:16Z
Wtzdj
18
保存倷个改变 [alt-s]
MediaWiki:Tooltip-search
406
1393
2006-10-14T18:05:45Z
Wtzdj
18
勒拉{{SITENAME}}里向寻 [alt-f]
MediaWiki:Tooltip-minoredit
407
1394
2006-10-14T18:06:24Z
Wtzdj
18
拿该趟编辑标记成小改动 [alt-i]
MediaWiki:Tooltip-diff
408
1395
2006-10-14T18:06:58Z
Wtzdj
18
显示倷对文章所作个改变 [alt-v]
MediaWiki:Toolbox
409
1810
2006-10-15T16:25:41Z
Wtzdj
18
家生
MediaWiki:Tog-watchlisthideown
410
1397
2006-10-14T18:10:03Z
Wtzdj
18
勒拉监控列表里向囥脱我个编辑
MediaWiki:Tog-watchlisthidebots
411
1398
2006-10-14T18:10:33Z
Wtzdj
18
勒拉监控列表里向囥脱机器人个编辑
MediaWiki:Toc
412
1399
2006-10-14T18:12:52Z
Wtzdj
18
内容
MediaWiki:Thursday
413
1400
2006-10-14T18:13:15Z
Wtzdj
18
礼拜四
MediaWiki:Thumbnail-more
414
1401
2006-10-14T18:13:28Z
Wtzdj
18
放大
MediaWiki:Talk
415
1402
2006-10-14T18:13:53Z
Wtzdj
18
讨论
MediaWiki:Sunday
416
1403
2006-10-14T18:14:36Z
Wtzdj
18
礼拜天
MediaWiki:Summary
417
1404
2006-10-14T18:14:49Z
Wtzdj
18
总结
MediaWiki:Statistics
418
1405
2006-10-14T18:15:04Z
Wtzdj
18
统计
MediaWiki:Successfulupload
419
1406
2006-10-14T18:16:16Z
Wtzdj
18
上载成功哉
MediaWiki:Specialpages
420
1407
2006-10-14T18:17:07Z
Wtzdj
18
特殊页面
MediaWiki:Specialpage
421
1408
2006-10-14T18:17:22Z
Wtzdj
18
特殊页面
MediaWiki:Skin
422
1409
2006-10-14T18:17:47Z
Wtzdj
18
皮肤
MediaWiki:Sitesupport
423
1410
2006-10-14T18:18:07Z
Wtzdj
18
捐款
MediaWiki:Showpreview
424
1411
2006-10-14T18:18:29Z
Wtzdj
18
显示预览
MediaWiki:Shortpages
425
1412
2006-10-14T18:18:43Z
Wtzdj
18
短页面
MediaWiki:Set user rights
426
1413
2006-10-14T18:18:59Z
Wtzdj
18
设定用户权限
MediaWiki:September-gen
427
1414
2006-10-14T18:19:14Z
Wtzdj
18
九月
MediaWiki:September
428
1415
2006-10-14T18:19:25Z
Wtzdj
18
九月
MediaWiki:Searchresultshead
429
1416
2006-10-14T18:19:51Z
Wtzdj
18
搜索
MediaWiki:Searchresults
430
1417
2006-10-14T18:20:06Z
Wtzdj
18
搜索结果
MediaWiki:Search
431
1811
2006-10-15T16:26:35Z
Wtzdj
18
搜寻
MediaWiki:Searchbutton
432
1419
2006-10-14T18:21:04Z
Wtzdj
18
寻罢
MediaWiki:Saveprefs
433
1420
2006-10-14T18:21:18Z
Wtzdj
18
保存
MediaWiki:Saturday
434
1421
2006-10-14T18:21:46Z
Wtzdj
18
礼拜六
MediaWiki:Revhistory
435
1422
2006-10-14T18:22:14Z
Wtzdj
18
修订历史
MediaWiki:Rev-delundel
436
1423
2006-10-14T18:22:49Z
Wtzdj
18
显示/囥脱
MediaWiki:Reupload
437
1424
2006-10-14T18:23:26Z
Wtzdj
18
重新上载
MediaWiki:Restriction-move
438
1425
2006-10-14T18:23:39Z
Wtzdj
18
移动
MediaWiki:Restriction-edit
439
1426
2006-10-14T18:23:50Z
Wtzdj
18
编辑
MediaWiki:Renameusersubmit
440
1427
2006-10-14T18:24:53Z
Wtzdj
18
发送
MediaWiki:Renameusernew
441
1430
2006-10-14T18:25:37Z
Wtzdj
18
新个用户名:
MediaWiki:Renameuserold
442
1429
2006-10-14T18:25:25Z
Wtzdj
18
现在个用户名:
MediaWiki:Renameuser
443
1431
2006-10-14T18:25:58Z
Wtzdj
18
重命名用户
MediaWiki:Removedwatch
444
1432
2006-10-14T18:27:08Z
Wtzdj
18
登监控列表里向拿脱哉
MediaWiki:Redirectpagesub
445
1433
2006-10-14T18:27:40Z
Wtzdj
18
重定向页面
MediaWiki:Recentchanges
446
1434
2006-10-14T18:28:14Z
Wtzdj
18
近段辰光个改动
MediaWiki:Rcshowhideanons
447
1435
2006-10-14T18:29:15Z
Wtzdj
18
$1 匿名用户
MediaWiki:Rcshowhidebots
448
1436
2006-10-14T18:29:30Z
Wtzdj
18
$1 机器人
MediaWiki:Rcshowhideliu
449
1437
2006-10-14T18:30:19Z
Wtzdj
18
$1 登录个用户
MediaWiki:Rcshowhidemine
450
1438
2006-10-14T18:30:33Z
Wtzdj
18
$1 我个改动
MediaWiki:Rcshowhideminor
451
1439
2006-10-14T18:31:22Z
Wtzdj
18
$1 小改动
MediaWiki:Rclistfrom
452
1906
2006-10-15T18:21:52Z
Wtzdj
18
显示 $1 以来个新改动
MediaWiki:Randompage
453
1441
2006-10-14T18:33:36Z
Wtzdj
18
随机页面
MediaWiki:Qbspecialpages
454
1442
2006-10-14T18:33:52Z
Wtzdj
18
特殊页面
MediaWiki:Qbedit
455
1443
2006-10-14T18:34:26Z
Wtzdj
18
编辑
MediaWiki:Proxyblocksuccess
456
1444
2006-10-14T18:34:54Z
Wtzdj
18
好哉。
MediaWiki:Protect
457
1445
2006-10-14T18:35:14Z
Wtzdj
18
保护
MediaWiki:Print
458
1446
2006-10-14T18:35:27Z
Wtzdj
18
打印
MediaWiki:Printableversion
459
1447
2006-10-14T18:35:43Z
Wtzdj
18
好打印个版本
MediaWiki:About
460
1448
2006-10-14T18:39:17Z
Wtzdj
18
关于
MediaWiki:April-gen
461
1449
2006-10-14T18:39:42Z
Wtzdj
18
四月
MediaWiki:August
462
1450
2006-10-14T18:39:56Z
Wtzdj
18
八月
MediaWiki:Categories
463
1451
2006-10-14T18:40:56Z
Wtzdj
18
分类
MediaWiki:Categorytree
464
1452
2006-10-14T18:41:11Z
Wtzdj
18
分类树
MediaWiki:Categorytree-mode-all
465
1453
2006-10-14T18:41:26Z
Wtzdj
18
所有页面
MediaWiki:Categorytree-no-subcategories
466
1454
2006-10-14T18:41:46Z
Wtzdj
18
呒拨子分类
MediaWiki:Categorytree-nothing-found
467
1455
2006-10-14T18:42:06Z
Wtzdj
18
一样也朆寻着
MediaWiki:Categorytree-show-list
468
1456
2006-10-14T18:42:23Z
Wtzdj
18
显示成功列表
MediaWiki:Categorytree-show-tree
469
1457
2006-10-14T18:42:37Z
Wtzdj
18
显示成功树
MediaWiki:Categorytree-tab
470
1458
2006-10-14T18:42:50Z
Wtzdj
18
树形
MediaWiki:Cite
471
1459
2006-10-14T18:43:04Z
Wtzdj
18
引用
MediaWiki:Cite article link
472
1460
2006-10-14T18:43:19Z
Wtzdj
18
引用该篇文章
MediaWiki:Clearwatchlist
473
1461
2006-10-14T18:43:45Z
Wtzdj
18
清空监控列表
MediaWiki:Contributions
474
1462
2006-10-14T18:44:07Z
Wtzdj
18
用户贡献
MediaWiki:Currentevents
475
1466
2006-10-14T18:45:54Z
Wtzdj
18
近段辰光个事体
MediaWiki:Currentevents-url
476
1498
2006-10-14T19:16:11Z
Wtzdj
18
Current events
MediaWiki:Portal
477
1467
2006-10-14T18:46:59Z
Wtzdj
18
社区门荡
MediaWiki:Portal-url
478
1496
2006-10-14T19:12:36Z
Wtzdj
18
Project:Community Portal
MediaWiki:Preferences
479
1469
2006-10-14T18:48:01Z
Wtzdj
18
偏好
MediaWiki:Prefs-watchlist
480
1470
2006-10-14T18:48:21Z
Wtzdj
18
监控列表
MediaWiki:Prefs-personal
481
1471
2006-10-14T18:48:38Z
Wtzdj
18
用户档案
MediaWiki:Preview
482
1472
2006-10-14T18:48:49Z
Wtzdj
18
预览
MediaWiki:Previewnote
483
1473
2006-10-14T18:49:35Z
Wtzdj
18
<strong>该个还只是预览;改动还朆保存!</strong>
MediaWiki:Protect-default
484
1474
2006-10-14T18:49:53Z
Wtzdj
18
(默认)
MediaWiki:Protectcomment
485
1475
2006-10-14T18:50:21Z
Wtzdj
18
保护理由
MediaWiki:Protectedpage
486
1476
2006-10-14T18:50:39Z
Wtzdj
18
拨保护个页面
MediaWiki:Help
487
1477
2006-10-14T18:56:57Z
Wtzdj
18
帮助
MediaWiki:Jumptonavigation
488
1478
2006-10-14T18:57:31Z
Wtzdj
18
导航
MediaWiki:June
489
1479
2006-10-14T18:58:10Z
Wtzdj
18
六月
MediaWiki:Link tip
490
1480
2006-10-14T18:58:29Z
Wtzdj
18
内部链接
MediaWiki:Listusers
491
1481
2006-10-14T18:58:44Z
Wtzdj
18
用户列表
MediaWiki:Localtime
492
1482
2006-10-14T18:59:00Z
Wtzdj
18
当地辰光
MediaWiki:Loginsuccesstitle
493
1483
2006-10-14T18:59:31Z
Wtzdj
18
登录成功
MediaWiki:Logout
494
1484
2006-10-14T18:59:42Z
Wtzdj
18
登出
MediaWiki:Recentchangeslinked
495
1485
2006-10-14T19:00:45Z
Wtzdj
18
搭界个改动
MediaWiki:Whatlinkshere
496
1486
2006-10-14T19:03:22Z
Wtzdj
18
链进来点啥
MediaWiki:Permalink
497
1487
2006-10-14T19:04:25Z
Wtzdj
18
永久链接
MediaWiki:Navigation
498
1488
2006-10-14T19:05:11Z
Wtzdj
18
导航
MediaWiki:Otherlanguages
499
1812
2006-10-15T16:28:11Z
Wtzdj
18
别样言话版本
MediaWiki:Hide
500
1490
2006-10-14T19:08:32Z
Wtzdj
18
囥脱
MediaWiki:Hidetoc
501
1491
2006-10-14T19:08:44Z
Wtzdj
18
囥脱
MediaWiki:Histfirst
502
1492
2006-10-14T19:08:59Z
Wtzdj
18
顶早
MediaWiki:Histlast
503
1493
2006-10-14T19:09:13Z
Wtzdj
18
顶晏
MediaWiki:History
504
1494
2006-10-14T19:09:31Z
Wtzdj
18
页面历史
MediaWiki:History short
505
1495
2006-10-14T19:09:43Z
Wtzdj
18
历史
MediaWiki:Categorytree-go
506
1499
2006-10-14T19:17:23Z
Wtzdj
18
显示树形
MediaWiki:Show
507
1500
2006-10-14T19:18:32Z
Wtzdj
18
显示
MediaWiki:Showdiff
508
1501
2006-10-14T19:20:23Z
Wtzdj
18
显示改动
MediaWiki:Sitesupport-url
509
1502
2006-10-14T19:22:01Z
Wtzdj
18
http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/资助
MediaWiki:Mypreferences
510
1934
2006-10-15T18:56:33Z
Wtzdj
18
我个偏好
MediaWiki:Mycontris
511
1504
2006-10-14T19:25:18Z
Wtzdj
18
我个贡献
MediaWiki:Mytalk
512
1505
2006-10-14T19:26:46Z
Wtzdj
18
我个对话
MediaWiki:Nstab-main
513
1506
2006-10-14T19:28:38Z
Wtzdj
18
文章
MediaWiki:Edit
514
1510
2006-10-14T19:34:49Z
Wtzdj
18
编辑
MediaWiki:Editold
515
1511
2006-10-14T19:40:05Z
Wtzdj
18
编辑
MediaWiki:Editsection
516
1512
2006-10-14T19:40:16Z
Wtzdj
18
编辑
MediaWiki:Emailuser
517
1513
2006-10-14T19:40:52Z
Wtzdj
18
发E-mail拨该个用户
MediaWiki:Enotif newpagetext
518
1514
2006-10-14T19:41:15Z
Wtzdj
18
该个是一只新页面。
MediaWiki:Exif-artist
519
1515
2006-10-14T19:41:32Z
Wtzdj
18
作者
MediaWiki:Exif-componentsconfiguration-0
520
1516
2006-10-14T19:41:48Z
Wtzdj
18
弗存在
MediaWiki:February
521
1517
2006-10-14T19:43:08Z
Wtzdj
18
两月
MediaWiki:Filedesc
522
1518
2006-10-14T19:43:27Z
Wtzdj
18
小结
MediaWiki:Friday
523
1519
2006-10-14T19:43:47Z
Wtzdj
18
礼拜五
MediaWiki:Fileuploadsummary
524
1520
2006-10-14T19:44:00Z
Wtzdj
18
小结:
MediaWiki:History-feed-title
525
1521
2006-10-14T19:45:02Z
Wtzdj
18
校订历史
MediaWiki:Ilsubmit
526
1522
2006-10-14T19:45:31Z
Wtzdj
18
搜寻
MediaWiki:Image tip
527
1523
2006-10-14T19:45:51Z
Wtzdj
18
嵌入图片
MediaWiki:Imagelinks
528
1524
2006-10-14T19:46:03Z
Wtzdj
18
链接
MediaWiki:Imagelist
529
1525
2006-10-14T19:46:18Z
Wtzdj
18
文件列表
MediaWiki:Imagelist date
530
1526
2006-10-14T19:46:29Z
Wtzdj
18
日脚
MediaWiki:Imagelist name
531
1527
2006-10-14T19:46:40Z
Wtzdj
18
名字
MediaWiki:Imagelist description
532
1528
2006-10-14T19:46:51Z
Wtzdj
18
描述
MediaWiki:Imagelist search for
533
1529
2006-10-14T19:47:09Z
Wtzdj
18
寻图片名字:
MediaWiki:Imagelist size
534
1616
2006-10-14T21:48:42Z
Wtzdj
18
尺寸 (bytes)
MediaWiki:Imagelist user
535
1531
2006-10-14T19:47:35Z
Wtzdj
18
用户
MediaWiki:Imagelistall
536
1532
2006-10-14T19:47:47Z
Wtzdj
18
所有
MediaWiki:Imgdelete
537
1533
2006-10-14T19:48:07Z
Wtzdj
18
删
MediaWiki:Imghistory
538
1534
2006-10-14T19:48:20Z
Wtzdj
18
文件历史
MediaWiki:Ipbreason
539
1535
2006-10-14T19:49:06Z
Wtzdj
18
理由
MediaWiki:Italic sample
540
1536
2006-10-14T19:49:26Z
Wtzdj
18
斜体文字
MediaWiki:Italic tip
541
1537
2006-10-14T19:49:37Z
Wtzdj
18
斜体文字
MediaWiki:January
542
1538
2006-10-14T19:49:48Z
Wtzdj
18
一月
MediaWiki:January-gen
543
1539
2006-10-14T19:49:58Z
Wtzdj
18
一月
MediaWiki:July
544
1540
2006-10-14T19:50:10Z
Wtzdj
18
七月
MediaWiki:July-gen
545
1541
2006-10-14T19:50:23Z
Wtzdj
18
七月
MediaWiki:Delete
546
1542
2006-10-14T19:53:41Z
Wtzdj
18
删脱
MediaWiki:Move
547
1543
2006-10-14T19:54:15Z
Wtzdj
18
移动
MediaWiki:Aboutsite
548
1545
2006-10-14T21:11:53Z
Wtzdj
18
关于 {{SITENAME}}
MediaWiki:Addedwatch
549
1546
2006-10-14T21:12:27Z
Wtzdj
18
加到监控列表哉
MediaWiki:Allmessagesdefault
550
1547
2006-10-14T21:13:11Z
Wtzdj
18
默认文本
MediaWiki:Allmessagescurrent
551
1548
2006-10-14T21:13:24Z
Wtzdj
18
当前文本
MediaWiki:Anoneditwarning
552
1549
2006-10-14T21:15:51Z
Wtzdj
18
'''警告:''' 倷朆登录。倷个IP地址会拨记录勒该页面个编辑历史里向。
MediaWiki:Blocklink
553
1746
2006-10-15T09:54:28Z
Wtzdj
18
封禁
MediaWiki:Boardvote days
554
1552
2006-10-14T21:18:33Z
Wtzdj
18
日
MediaWiki:Boardvote dumplink
555
1553
2006-10-14T21:18:57Z
Wtzdj
18
揿该答
MediaWiki:Cancel
556
1554
2006-10-14T21:19:27Z
Wtzdj
18
取消
MediaWiki:Category header
557
1555
2006-10-14T21:20:03Z
Wtzdj
18
勒拉分类 "$1" 里向个文章
MediaWiki:Categorypage
558
1556
2006-10-14T21:20:25Z
Wtzdj
18
查看分类页面
MediaWiki:Categorytree-mode-categories
559
1557
2006-10-14T21:20:50Z
Wtzdj
18
仅分类
MediaWiki:Categorytree-mode-pages
560
1558
2006-10-14T21:21:28Z
Wtzdj
18
除脱图片以外个页面
MediaWiki:Categorytree-no-pages
561
1559
2006-10-14T21:21:57Z
Wtzdj
18
呒拨页面或者子分类
MediaWiki:Changed
562
1560
2006-10-14T21:22:32Z
Wtzdj
18
改变哉
MediaWiki:Changepassword
563
1561
2006-10-14T21:22:44Z
Wtzdj
18
改密码
MediaWiki:Changes
564
1562
2006-10-14T21:22:55Z
Wtzdj
18
改动
MediaWiki:Cite submit
565
1563
2006-10-14T21:23:15Z
Wtzdj
18
引用
MediaWiki:Confirm
566
1564
2006-10-14T21:23:39Z
Wtzdj
18
确认
MediaWiki:Compareselectedversions
567
1565
2006-10-14T21:23:58Z
Wtzdj
18
比较选中个版本
MediaWiki:Confirmdelete
568
1566
2006-10-14T21:24:11Z
Wtzdj
18
确认删除
MediaWiki:Confirmemail
569
1567
2006-10-14T21:24:34Z
Wtzdj
18
确认电子邮件地址
MediaWiki:Confirmemail send
570
1568
2006-10-14T21:25:14Z
Wtzdj
18
发送确认码
MediaWiki:Confirmprotect
571
1569
2006-10-14T21:25:33Z
Wtzdj
18
确认保护
MediaWiki:Confirmprotecttext
572
1570
2006-10-14T21:25:53Z
Wtzdj
18
倷真个要保护该只页面?
MediaWiki:Confirmunprotect
573
1571
2006-10-14T21:26:16Z
Wtzdj
18
确认覅保护
MediaWiki:Confirmunprotecttext
574
1572
2006-10-14T21:26:39Z
Wtzdj
18
倷真个覅保护该只页面哉?
MediaWiki:Createarticle
575
1573
2006-10-14T21:27:19Z
Wtzdj
18
建立新文章
MediaWiki:Created
576
1574
2006-10-14T21:27:48Z
Wtzdj
18
建立哉
MediaWiki:Cur
577
1936
2006-10-15T19:00:06Z
Wtzdj
18
当前
MediaWiki:Datetime
578
1576
2006-10-14T21:29:07Z
Wtzdj
18
日脚搭仔辰光
MediaWiki:Dateformat
579
1578
2006-10-14T21:30:30Z
Wtzdj
18
日脚格式
MediaWiki:December
580
1579
2006-10-14T21:31:43Z
Wtzdj
18
十二月
MediaWiki:December-gen
581
1580
2006-10-14T21:31:56Z
Wtzdj
18
十二月
MediaWiki:Default
582
1581
2006-10-14T21:32:06Z
Wtzdj
18
默认
MediaWiki:Delete and move
583
1582
2006-10-14T21:32:47Z
Wtzdj
18
删脱搭仔移动
MediaWiki:Delete and move confirm
584
1584
2006-10-14T21:33:25Z
Wtzdj
18
对哉,删脱该只页面。
MediaWiki:Deletecomment
585
1585
2006-10-14T21:33:53Z
Wtzdj
18
删脱俚个理由
MediaWiki:Deletedarticle
586
1586
2006-10-14T21:34:37Z
Wtzdj
18
"[[$1]]" 已经删脱哉
MediaWiki:Deletedrev
587
1587
2006-10-14T21:34:56Z
Wtzdj
18
[已删]
MediaWiki:Deleteimg
588
1588
2006-10-14T21:35:20Z
Wtzdj
18
删
MediaWiki:Deletepage
589
1589
2006-10-14T21:35:45Z
Wtzdj
18
删脱页面
MediaWiki:Destfilename
590
1590
2006-10-14T21:36:04Z
Wtzdj
18
目标文件名
MediaWiki:Descending abbrev
591
1591
2006-10-14T21:36:29Z
Wtzdj
18
降序
MediaWiki:Diff
592
1593
2006-10-14T21:37:11Z
Wtzdj
18
两样
MediaWiki:Download
593
1594
2006-10-14T21:37:48Z
Wtzdj
18
下载
MediaWiki:Editconflict
594
1595
2006-10-14T21:38:09Z
Wtzdj
18
编辑冲突: $1
MediaWiki:Edit-externally
595
1596
2006-10-14T21:38:48Z
Wtzdj
18
用外部应用程序来编辑该只文件
MediaWiki:Editcurrent
596
1597
2006-10-14T21:39:22Z
Wtzdj
18
编辑该只页面个当前版本
MediaWiki:Editthispage
597
1598
2006-10-14T21:40:07Z
Wtzdj
18
编辑该只页面
MediaWiki:Filename
598
1599
2006-10-14T21:41:40Z
Wtzdj
18
文件名
MediaWiki:Filemissing
599
1601
2006-10-14T21:42:13Z
Wtzdj
18
文件寻弗着哉
MediaWiki:Filenotfound
600
1603
2006-10-14T21:42:43Z
Wtzdj
18
寻弗着文件 "$1"。
MediaWiki:Filepath
601
1604
2006-10-14T21:43:06Z
Wtzdj
18
文件路径
MediaWiki:Filepath page
602
1605
2006-10-14T21:43:17Z
Wtzdj
18
文件:
MediaWiki:Filepath submit
603
1607
2006-10-14T21:43:39Z
Wtzdj
18
路径
MediaWiki:Files
604
1608
2006-10-14T21:43:51Z
Wtzdj
18
文件
MediaWiki:Filesource
605
1609
2006-10-14T21:43:57Z
Wtzdj
18
来源
MediaWiki:Filestatus
606
1610
2006-10-14T21:44:20Z
Wtzdj
18
版权状态
MediaWiki:Getimagelist
607
1611
2006-10-14T21:44:40Z
Wtzdj
18
获取文件列表
MediaWiki:Gotaccount
608
1612
2006-10-14T21:45:10Z
Wtzdj
18
已经有仔帐号哉? $1。
MediaWiki:Gotaccountlink
609
1613
2006-10-14T21:45:28Z
Wtzdj
18
登录
MediaWiki:Groups
610
1614
2006-10-14T21:45:57Z
Wtzdj
18
用户组
MediaWiki:Hist
611
1615
2006-10-14T21:46:09Z
Wtzdj
18
历史
MediaWiki:Imgfile
612
1617
2006-10-14T21:56:09Z
Wtzdj
18
源文件
MediaWiki:Imgdesc
613
1618
2006-10-14T21:56:34Z
Wtzdj
18
描述页
MediaWiki:Imglegend
614
1619
2006-10-14T21:58:22Z
Wtzdj
18
说明: (描述页) = 显示/编辑文件描述部分。
MediaWiki:October
615
1718
2006-10-15T00:48:28Z
Wtzdj
18
十月
MediaWiki:Oct
616
1892
2006-10-15T17:35:40Z
Wtzdj
18
十月
MediaWiki:October-gen
617
1719
2006-10-15T00:48:47Z
Wtzdj
18
十月
MediaWiki:Oldpassword
618
1623
2006-10-14T22:00:37Z
Wtzdj
18
旧密码:
MediaWiki:Pagemovedsub
619
1624
2006-10-14T22:00:58Z
Wtzdj
18
移动成功哉
MediaWiki:Personaltools
620
1625
2006-10-14T22:01:25Z
Wtzdj
18
个人工具
MediaWiki:Recentchangestext
621
1627
2006-10-14T22:03:44Z
Wtzdj
18
登该个页面浪跟踪最近对维基百科个改动。
MediaWiki:Remembermypassword
622
1908
2006-10-15T18:26:33Z
Wtzdj
18
登该台电脑浪记牢我个登录
MediaWiki:Uploadnologin
623
1629
2006-10-14T22:12:03Z
Wtzdj
18
朆登录
MediaWiki:Unusedimages
624
1630
2006-10-14T22:13:01Z
Wtzdj
18
弗勒浪使用个文件
MediaWiki:April
625
1632
2006-10-14T23:12:42Z
Wtzdj
18
四月
MediaWiki:Apr
626
1633
2006-10-14T23:12:54Z
Wtzdj
18
四月
MediaWiki:Accountcreated
627
1634
2006-10-14T23:20:49Z
Wtzdj
18
户头开好哉
MediaWiki:August-gen
628
1635
2006-10-14T23:21:43Z
Wtzdj
18
八月
MediaWiki:Aug
629
1636
2006-10-14T23:21:55Z
Wtzdj
18
八月
MediaWiki:Ascending abbrev
630
1637
2006-10-14T23:22:07Z
Wtzdj
18
升序
MediaWiki:Dec
631
1638
2006-10-14T23:23:09Z
Wtzdj
18
十二月
MediaWiki:Deletethispage
632
1639
2006-10-14T23:23:31Z
Wtzdj
18
删脱该只页面
MediaWiki:Feb
633
1640
2006-10-14T23:25:21Z
Wtzdj
18
两月
MediaWiki:February-gen
634
1641
2006-10-14T23:25:32Z
Wtzdj
18
两月
MediaWiki:Fri
635
1642
2006-10-14T23:25:52Z
Wtzdj
18
礼拜五
MediaWiki:May-gen
636
1643
2006-10-14T23:28:35Z
Wtzdj
18
五月
MediaWiki:May
637
1644
2006-10-14T23:28:48Z
Wtzdj
18
五月
MediaWiki:May long
638
1645
2006-10-14T23:28:57Z
Wtzdj
18
五月
MediaWiki:Minoredit
639
1646
2006-10-14T23:29:18Z
Wtzdj
18
该个是个小改动
MediaWiki:Minoreditletter
640
1647
2006-10-14T23:29:29Z
Wtzdj
18
小
MediaWiki:Mon
641
1648
2006-10-14T23:29:46Z
Wtzdj
18
礼拜一
MediaWiki:Monday
642
1649
2006-10-14T23:29:55Z
Wtzdj
18
礼拜一
MediaWiki:Moredotdotdot
643
1650
2006-10-14T23:30:09Z
Wtzdj
18
还有...
MediaWiki:Movearticle
644
1651
2006-10-14T23:30:31Z
Wtzdj
18
移动页面
MediaWiki:Movedto
645
1652
2006-10-14T23:30:46Z
Wtzdj
18
移到
MediaWiki:Movenologin
646
1653
2006-10-14T23:31:08Z
Wtzdj
18
朆登录
MediaWiki:Movepage
647
1654
2006-10-14T23:31:28Z
Wtzdj
18
移动页面
MediaWiki:Movepagebtn
648
1655
2006-10-14T23:31:42Z
Wtzdj
18
移动页面
MediaWiki:Movereason
649
1656
2006-10-14T23:32:35Z
Wtzdj
18
理由
MediaWiki:Namespacesall
650
1671
2006-10-14T23:41:52Z
Wtzdj
18
全部
MediaWiki:Newpageletter
651
1658
2006-10-14T23:33:27Z
Wtzdj
18
新
MediaWiki:Newpages
652
1659
2006-10-14T23:33:42Z
Wtzdj
18
新页面
MediaWiki:Newpages-username
653
1660
2006-10-14T23:35:43Z
Wtzdj
18
用户名:
MediaWiki:Newpassword
654
1909
2006-10-15T18:27:27Z
Wtzdj
18
新密码:
MediaWiki:Newuserlog-create-entry
655
1662
2006-10-14T23:36:09Z
Wtzdj
18
新用户
MediaWiki:Newuserlogpage
656
1663
2006-10-14T23:36:34Z
Wtzdj
18
用户注册日志
MediaWiki:Nologinlink
657
1664
2006-10-14T23:37:49Z
Wtzdj
18
新开户头
MediaWiki:Nosuchspecialpage
658
1665
2006-10-14T23:38:18Z
Wtzdj
18
呒拨实梗个特殊页面
MediaWiki:Notloggedin
659
1666
2006-10-14T23:38:59Z
Wtzdj
18
朆登录
MediaWiki:November
660
1667
2006-10-14T23:39:10Z
Wtzdj
18
十一月
MediaWiki:Nov
661
1668
2006-10-14T23:39:21Z
Wtzdj
18
十一月
MediaWiki:November-gen
662
1669
2006-10-14T23:39:30Z
Wtzdj
18
十一月
MediaWiki:Nowatchlist
663
1670
2006-10-14T23:39:56Z
Wtzdj
18
倷个监控列表是空个。
MediaWiki:Newarticle
664
1672
2006-10-14T23:42:50Z
Wtzdj
18
(新)
MediaWiki:Newimages
665
1673
2006-10-14T23:43:36Z
Wtzdj
18
新文件陈列室
MediaWiki:Newpage
666
1674
2006-10-14T23:43:51Z
Wtzdj
18
新页面
MediaWiki:Nosuchaction
667
1675
2006-10-14T23:44:44Z
Wtzdj
18
呒拨实梗个操作
MediaWiki:Note
668
1676
2006-10-14T23:45:35Z
Wtzdj
18
<strong>注意:</strong>
MediaWiki:Nstab-help
669
1677
2006-10-14T23:46:42Z
Wtzdj
18
帮助页面
MediaWiki:Nstab-media
670
1678
2006-10-14T23:46:56Z
Wtzdj
18
媒体页面
MediaWiki:Nstab-project
671
1679
2006-10-14T23:47:12Z
Wtzdj
18
项目页面
MediaWiki:Nstab-template
672
1680
2006-10-14T23:47:24Z
Wtzdj
18
模板
MediaWiki:Nstab-special
673
1681
2006-10-14T23:47:43Z
Wtzdj
18
特殊
MediaWiki:Nstab-user
674
1682
2006-10-14T23:47:58Z
Wtzdj
18
用户页面
MediaWiki:Orig
675
1683
2006-10-14T23:48:30Z
Wtzdj
18
原版
MediaWiki:Popularpages
676
1684
2006-10-14T23:48:58Z
Wtzdj
18
热门页面
MediaWiki:Postcomment
677
1685
2006-10-14T23:49:14Z
Wtzdj
18
发表评论
MediaWiki:Powersearch
678
1686
2006-10-14T23:49:26Z
Wtzdj
18
搜寻
MediaWiki:Prefs-rc
679
1687
2006-10-14T23:49:45Z
Wtzdj
18
近段辰光个改动
MediaWiki:Prefsnologin
680
1688
2006-10-14T23:50:00Z
Wtzdj
18
朆登录
MediaWiki:Privacy
681
1689
2006-10-14T23:51:27Z
Wtzdj
18
隐私政策
MediaWiki:Protectthispage
682
1690
2006-10-14T23:51:58Z
Wtzdj
18
保护该个页面
MediaWiki:Qbpageoptions
683
1691
2006-10-14T23:52:35Z
Wtzdj
18
该只页面
MediaWiki:Recentchangesall
684
1692
2006-10-14T23:52:58Z
Wtzdj
18
全部
MediaWiki:Sat
685
1693
2006-10-15T00:00:32Z
Wtzdj
18
礼拜六
MediaWiki:Savefile
686
1694
2006-10-15T00:03:10Z
Wtzdj
18
保存文件
MediaWiki:Searchfulltext
687
1695
2006-10-15T00:03:30Z
Wtzdj
18
全文搜寻
MediaWiki:Sep
688
1696
2006-10-15T00:03:53Z
Wtzdj
18
九月
MediaWiki:Servertime
689
1697
2006-10-15T00:06:02Z
Wtzdj
18
服务器辰光
MediaWiki:Sun
690
1698
2006-10-15T00:10:00Z
Wtzdj
18
礼拜天
MediaWiki:Table pager first
691
1699
2006-10-15T00:10:26Z
Wtzdj
18
头一页
MediaWiki:Table pager last
692
1700
2006-10-15T00:10:43Z
Wtzdj
18
压末一页
MediaWiki:Table pager next
693
1701
2006-10-15T00:11:09Z
Wtzdj
18
下页
MediaWiki:Table pager prev
694
1702
2006-10-15T00:11:27Z
Wtzdj
18
上页
MediaWiki:Thu
695
1703
2006-10-15T00:11:50Z
Wtzdj
18
礼拜四
MediaWiki:Timezonelegend
696
1704
2006-10-15T00:12:09Z
Wtzdj
18
时区
MediaWiki:Tue
697
1705
2006-10-15T00:12:46Z
Wtzdj
18
礼拜两
MediaWiki:Wed
698
1706
2006-10-15T00:16:46Z
Wtzdj
18
礼拜三
Wikipedia:POTD row/October , 2006
699
1708
2006-10-15T00:27:31Z
Wtzdj
18
[[Wikipedia:POTD row/October , 2006]] moved to [[Wikipedia:POTD row/十月 , 2006]]
#REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:POTD row/十月 , 2006]]
Wikipedia:Featured article/October, 2006
700
1711
2006-10-15T00:28:16Z
Wtzdj
18
[[Wikipedia:Featured article/October, 2006]] moved to [[Wikipedia:Featured article/十月, 2006]]
#REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Featured article/十月, 2006]]
MediaWiki:Accmailtext
701
1720
2006-10-15T09:31:58Z
Wtzdj
18
"$1" 个密码已经发送到 $2 哉。
MediaWiki:Accmailtitle
702
1721
2006-10-15T09:32:22Z
Wtzdj
18
密码已发送哉。
MediaWiki:Accountcreatedtext
703
1722
2006-10-15T09:33:33Z
Wtzdj
18
$1 个户头已经建立哉。
MediaWiki:Allarticles
704
1723
2006-10-15T09:33:50Z
Wtzdj
18
全部文章
MediaWiki:Allinnamespace
705
1724
2006-10-15T09:34:15Z
Wtzdj
18
所有页面 ($1 名字空间)
MediaWiki:Allmessagesname
706
1725
2006-10-15T09:35:22Z
Wtzdj
18
名字
MediaWiki:Allmessagesmodified
707
1726
2006-10-15T09:35:41Z
Wtzdj
18
只显示修订过个
MediaWiki:Allmessagesfilter
708
1727
2006-10-15T09:36:18Z
Wtzdj
18
音讯名字过滤:
MediaWiki:AllmessagesnotsupportedDB
709
1728
2006-10-15T09:37:41Z
Wtzdj
18
'''Special:Allmessages''' 呒处显示,因为 '''$wgUseDatabaseMessages''' 关勒浪。
MediaWiki:AllmessagesnotsupportedUI
710
1729
2006-10-15T09:41:44Z
Wtzdj
18
倷当前个界面言话 <b>$1</b> 本站 Special:Allmessages 弗支持。
MediaWiki:Allmessagestext
711
1730
2006-10-15T09:43:03Z
Wtzdj
18
该个是MediaWiki名字空间里可用个系统音讯列表。
MediaWiki:Allnotinnamespace
712
1731
2006-10-15T09:43:36Z
Wtzdj
18
全部页面 (弗勒 $1 名字空间里向)
MediaWiki:Allpages
713
1732
2006-10-15T09:43:57Z
Wtzdj
18
全部页面
MediaWiki:Allowemail
714
1733
2006-10-15T09:44:38Z
Wtzdj
18
接受别个用户个电子邮件
MediaWiki:Allpagesnext
715
1734
2006-10-15T09:45:44Z
Wtzdj
18
下底
MediaWiki:Allpagesfrom
716
1735
2006-10-15T09:47:19Z
Wtzdj
18
显示个页面开始于:
MediaWiki:Allpagesprefix
717
1736
2006-10-15T09:48:52Z
Wtzdj
18
显示个页面有下底个前缀:
MediaWiki:Allpagesprev
718
1737
2006-10-15T09:49:11Z
Wtzdj
18
前头
MediaWiki:Ancientpages
719
1738
2006-10-15T09:49:44Z
Wtzdj
18
顶顶老个页面
MediaWiki:And
720
1739
2006-10-15T09:50:01Z
Wtzdj
18
搭仔
MediaWiki:Anonymous
721
1740
2006-10-15T09:50:58Z
Wtzdj
18
{{SITENAME}}浪个匿名用户
MediaWiki:Anontalk
722
1896
2006-10-15T17:46:20Z
Wtzdj
18
该只 IP 个讲张页面
MediaWiki:Article
723
1742
2006-10-15T09:52:21Z
Wtzdj
18
内容页面
MediaWiki:Articlepage
724
1743
2006-10-15T09:52:50Z
Wtzdj
18
查看内容页面
MediaWiki:Articletitles
725
1744
2006-10-15T09:53:13Z
Wtzdj
18
以 ''$1'' 开头个文章
MediaWiki:Autoredircomment
726
1745
2006-10-15T09:53:44Z
Wtzdj
18
重定向到 [[$1]]
MediaWiki:Cantcreateaccounttitle
727
1747
2006-10-15T09:55:14Z
Wtzdj
18
呒处建立帐户
MediaWiki:Savearticle
728
1748
2006-10-15T09:55:50Z
Wtzdj
18
保存页面
MediaWiki:Savedprefs
729
1749
2006-10-15T09:56:28Z
Wtzdj
18
倷个偏好已经保存哉。
MediaWiki:Searchcontaining
730
1750
2006-10-15T09:57:06Z
Wtzdj
18
搜寻里向有 ''$1'' 个文章。
MediaWiki:Shareduploadwiki-linktext
731
1751
2006-10-15T09:59:51Z
Wtzdj
18
文件描述页面
MediaWiki:Sitestats
732
1752
2006-10-15T10:01:43Z
Wtzdj
18
{{SITENAME}} 统计
MediaWiki:Sitematrix
733
1753
2006-10-15T10:02:29Z
Wtzdj
18
维基媒体基金会维基列表
MediaWiki:Sig tip
734
1754
2006-10-15T10:03:40Z
Wtzdj
18
倷个签名搭仔辰光记录
MediaWiki:Showtoc
735
1755
2006-10-15T10:03:54Z
Wtzdj
18
显示
MediaWiki:Sitestatstext
736
1756
2006-10-15T10:05:57Z
Wtzdj
18
数据库里向亨白浪当有 '''$1''' 只页面。
This includes "talk" pages, pages about {{SITENAME}}, minimal "stub"
pages, redirects, and others that probably don't qualify as content pages.
Excluding those, there are '''$2''' pages that are probably legitimate
content pages.
亨白浪当上载着 '''$8''' 只文件。
There have been a total of '''$3''' page views, and '''$4''' page edits
since the wiki was setup.
That comes to '''$5''' average edits per page, and '''$6''' views per edit.
The [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Job_queue job queue] length is '''$7'''.
MediaWiki:Sp-contributions-newer
737
1757
2006-10-15T10:06:58Z
Wtzdj
18
新点个 $1
MediaWiki:Sp-contributions-newest
738
1758
2006-10-15T10:07:13Z
Wtzdj
18
顶新个
MediaWiki:Sp-contributions-older
739
1759
2006-10-15T10:07:30Z
Wtzdj
18
旧点个 $1
MediaWiki:Sp-contributions-oldest
740
1760
2006-10-15T10:07:46Z
Wtzdj
18
顶旧个
MediaWiki:Talkpage
741
1761
2006-10-15T10:08:29Z
Wtzdj
18
讨论该只页面
Wikipedia talk:红茶坊/吴语维基百科所使用个言话
742
1764
2006-10-15T13:26:34Z
Wtzdj
18
移到讨论正文
MediaWiki:1movedto2
743
1766
2006-10-15T15:06:09Z
Wtzdj
18
[[$1]] 移动到 [[$2]]
MediaWiki:1movedto2 redir
744
1767
2006-10-15T15:06:48Z
Wtzdj
18
[[$1]] 移动到 [[$2]] 通过重定向
MediaWiki:Addedwatchtext
745
1768
2006-10-15T15:14:37Z
Wtzdj
18
该个页面 "[[:$1]]" 已经加到倷个[[Special:Watchlist|监控列表]]哉。
将来对该页面个改动搭仔搭界个讲张页个改动会列表勒该面,并且页面会勒拉[[Special:Recentchanges|近段辰光个改变列表]]里向显示成功''黑体''',实梗好外加便当拿俚拣出来。
假使倷歇仔两日又想拿该个页面登倷个监控列表里向拿脱个说法,登勒侧条里向点击“覅监控”。
MediaWiki:Articleexists
746
1769
2006-10-15T15:17:18Z
Wtzdj
18
叫该个名字个页面已经勒浪哉,要么倷拣个名字是无效个。请重新拣个名字。
MediaWiki:Badfiletype
747
1770
2006-10-15T15:18:20Z
Wtzdj
18
".$1" 弗是推荐图片格式。
MediaWiki:Badipaddress
748
1771
2006-10-15T15:18:57Z
Wtzdj
18
无效 IP 地址
MediaWiki:Badretype
749
1772
2006-10-15T15:19:49Z
Wtzdj
18
倷输入个密码搭倪个档案弗配。
MediaWiki:Badsig
750
1773
2006-10-15T15:20:58Z
Wtzdj
18
无效原始签名;检查 HTML 标签。
MediaWiki:Badtitle
751
1774
2006-10-15T15:21:27Z
Wtzdj
18
该只标题弗来三
MediaWiki:Blocklogpage
752
1775
2006-10-15T15:22:22Z
Wtzdj
18
封禁日志
MediaWiki:Blocklogtext
753
1777
2006-10-15T15:25:27Z
Wtzdj
18
该个是用户封禁搭仔解禁操作个记录。自动封禁个IP地址弗会列勒该答。到[[Special:Ipblocklist|IP 封禁列表]]去看当前生效个封禁列表。
MediaWiki:Bold sample
754
1778
2006-10-15T15:26:33Z
Wtzdj
18
黑体文本
MediaWiki:Bold tip
755
1779
2006-10-15T15:26:49Z
Wtzdj
18
黑体文本
MediaWiki:Brokenredirects
756
1780
2006-10-15T15:27:16Z
Wtzdj
18
坏脱个重定向
MediaWiki:Brokenredirectstext
757
1781
2006-10-15T15:28:28Z
Wtzdj
18
下底个重定向链到弗存在个页面:
MediaWiki:Categorytree-expand
758
1785
2006-10-15T15:31:11Z
Wtzdj
18
放开来
MediaWiki:Categorytree-category
759
1783
2006-10-15T15:29:37Z
Wtzdj
18
分类
MediaWiki:Categorytree-collapse
760
1784
2006-10-15T15:30:49Z
Wtzdj
18
抈出来
MediaWiki:Categorytree-too-many-subcats
761
1786
2006-10-15T15:32:29Z
Wtzdj
18
子分类忒多哉,显示弗过来哉。
MediaWiki:Cite page
762
1787
2006-10-15T15:32:51Z
Wtzdj
18
页面:
MediaWiki:Confirmemail loggedin
763
1788
2006-10-15T15:34:01Z
Wtzdj
18
倷个电子邮件地址已经拨确认哉。
MediaWiki:Copyrightpage
764
1789
2006-10-15T15:34:49Z
Wtzdj
18
Project:版权
MediaWiki:Datedefault
765
1790
2006-10-15T15:35:43Z
Wtzdj
18
呒拨偏好
MediaWiki:Deletedrevision
766
1791
2006-10-15T15:36:38Z
Wtzdj
18
拨删脱个旧修订 $1。
MediaWiki:Dellogpage
767
1792
2006-10-15T15:37:27Z
Wtzdj
18
删脱日志
MediaWiki:Deletionlog
768
1793
2006-10-15T15:37:46Z
Wtzdj
18
删脱日志
MediaWiki:Emailsend
769
1794
2006-10-15T15:38:31Z
Wtzdj
18
发罢
MediaWiki:Emailsent
770
1795
2006-10-15T15:38:51Z
Wtzdj
18
电子邮件发出去哉
MediaWiki:Emailsenttext
771
1796
2006-10-15T15:40:19Z
Wtzdj
18
倷个电子邮件讯息已经拨发送哉。
MediaWiki:Emailsubject
772
1797
2006-10-15T15:40:41Z
Wtzdj
18
主题
MediaWiki:Emailto
773
1798
2006-10-15T15:40:56Z
Wtzdj
18
发拨
MediaWiki:Hideresults
774
1799
2006-10-15T15:42:18Z
Wtzdj
18
囥脱结果
MediaWiki:Historywarning
775
1801
2006-10-15T15:43:15Z
Wtzdj
18
警告:倷要删脱个该只页面有历史:
MediaWiki:Ignorewarning
776
1802
2006-10-15T15:43:57Z
Wtzdj
18
弗管警告,随便哪亨要保存文件。
MediaWiki:Ignorewarnings
777
1803
2006-10-15T15:44:45Z
Wtzdj
18
弗管啥警告侪覅管俚
MediaWiki:Ipaddress
778
1804
2006-10-15T15:45:30Z
Wtzdj
18
IP 地址
MediaWiki:Login
779
1805
2006-10-15T15:46:19Z
Wtzdj
18
登录
MediaWiki:Uploadlog
780
1817
2006-10-15T16:43:22Z
Wtzdj
18
文件上载日志
MediaWiki:Uploadlogpage
781
1818
2006-10-15T16:43:39Z
Wtzdj
18
文件上载日志
MediaWiki:Uploadnewversion-linktext
782
1819
2006-10-15T16:44:05Z
Wtzdj
18
上载该文件个新版
MediaWiki:Uploadlogpagetext
783
1820
2006-10-15T16:44:43Z
Wtzdj
18
下底是最近上载文件列表。
MediaWiki:Uploadnologintext
784
1821
2006-10-15T16:45:48Z
Wtzdj
18
倷板定要[[Special:Userlogin|登录]]仔再好上载文件。
MediaWiki:Userpage
785
1822
2006-10-15T16:46:30Z
Wtzdj
18
查看用户页面
MediaWiki:Userrights-user-editname
786
1823
2006-10-15T16:46:49Z
Wtzdj
18
输入用户名:
MediaWiki:Userstatstext
787
1824
2006-10-15T16:48:19Z
Wtzdj
18
亨白浪当有 '''$1''' 个登记户头,搿里向
'''$2''' (或 '''$4%''') 个是 $5。
MediaWiki:Viewpagelogs
788
1825
2006-10-15T16:48:51Z
Wtzdj
18
查看该页面日志
MediaWiki:Watcheditlist
789
1921
2006-10-15T18:41:56Z
Wtzdj
18
该答是照字母顺序排列个倷个监控页面列表。要是倷要拿一只页面登监控列表里向拿脱,个末就勒俚旁边个方框里向扎只扎勾,实梗再点击屏幕底里个“拿脱扎扎勾个”揿钮(删脱一只内容页面个同时也删脱俚个讲张页,反之亦然)。
MediaWiki:Watchlistall1
790
1827
2006-10-15T16:55:44Z
Wtzdj
18
全部
MediaWiki:Watchlistall2
791
1828
2006-10-15T16:55:55Z
Wtzdj
18
全部
MediaWiki:Watchlistcleartext
792
1829
2006-10-15T16:56:36Z
Wtzdj
18
倷拿定主张要拿俚笃拿脱哉?
MediaWiki:Watchlistcount
793
1830
2006-10-15T16:58:03Z
Wtzdj
18
'''勒倷个监控列表里向有 {{PLURAL:$1|$1 item|$1 只条目}},包括讲张页。'''
MediaWiki:Watchnologin
794
1831
2006-10-15T16:58:25Z
Wtzdj
18
朆登录
MediaWiki:Speciallogtitlelabel
795
1832
2006-10-15T17:00:38Z
Wtzdj
18
标题:
MediaWiki:Specialloguserlabel
796
1833
2006-10-15T17:00:51Z
Wtzdj
18
用户:
MediaWiki:Skinpreview
797
1834
2006-10-15T17:01:12Z
Wtzdj
18
(预览)
MediaWiki:Searchsubtitleinvalid
798
1835
2006-10-15T17:01:44Z
Wtzdj
18
倷搜寻 '''$1'''
MediaWiki:Searchsubtitle
799
1836
2006-10-15T17:02:03Z
Wtzdj
18
倷搜寻 '''[[:$1]]'''
MediaWiki:Rollbacklink
800
1837
2006-10-15T17:02:24Z
Wtzdj
18
恢复
MediaWiki:Rollbackfailed
801
1838
2006-10-15T17:02:38Z
Wtzdj
18
恢复失败
MediaWiki:Rollback short
802
1839
2006-10-15T17:02:48Z
Wtzdj
18
恢复
MediaWiki:Rollback
803
1840
2006-10-15T17:03:01Z
Wtzdj
18
恢复编辑
MediaWiki:Protectlogpage
804
1841
2006-10-15T17:04:14Z
Wtzdj
18
保护日志
MediaWiki:Nologin
805
1842
2006-10-15T17:05:52Z
Wtzdj
18
还呒拨户头?$1。
MediaWiki:Nolinkstoimage
806
1843
2006-10-15T17:06:42Z
Wtzdj
18
呒拨页面链接到该只文件。
MediaWiki:Nolinkshere
807
1844
2006-10-15T17:07:12Z
Wtzdj
18
呒拨页面链接到 '''[[:$1]]'''。
MediaWiki:Noimage-linktext
808
1845
2006-10-15T17:07:27Z
Wtzdj
18
上载俚
MediaWiki:Noimage
809
1846
2006-10-15T17:08:01Z
Wtzdj
18
呒拨叫该个名字个文件,倷可以$1。
MediaWiki:Nohistory
810
1847
2006-10-15T17:08:27Z
Wtzdj
18
该只页面呒拨编辑历史。
MediaWiki:Noexactmatch
811
1848
2006-10-15T17:09:25Z
Wtzdj
18
'''呒拨叫"$1"个页面。''' 倷可以[[:$1|建立该只页面]]。
MediaWiki:Nextrevision
812
1849
2006-10-15T17:09:56Z
Wtzdj
18
新点个版本→
MediaWiki:Nextpage
813
1850
2006-10-15T17:10:11Z
Wtzdj
18
下页 ($1)
MediaWiki:Newwindow
814
1851
2006-10-15T17:10:51Z
Wtzdj
18
(勒新窗盘里向打开)
MediaWiki:Newuserlogpagetext
815
1852
2006-10-15T17:11:17Z
Wtzdj
18
该个是用户注册日志
MediaWiki:Newmessageslink
816
1853
2006-10-15T17:11:42Z
Wtzdj
18
新讯息
MediaWiki:Namespace
817
1855
2006-10-15T17:12:49Z
Wtzdj
18
名字空间:
MediaWiki:Mypage
818
1856
2006-10-15T17:13:37Z
Wtzdj
18
我个页面
MediaWiki:Movenologintext
819
1857
2006-10-15T17:14:47Z
Wtzdj
18
倷板定要是已登记用户且勒拉[[Special:Userlogin|登录]]状态下头再好移动页面。
MediaWiki:Movelogpagetext
820
1858
2006-10-15T17:15:26Z
Wtzdj
18
下底是拨移动个页面列表。
MediaWiki:Movelogpage
821
1859
2006-10-15T17:15:40Z
Wtzdj
18
移动日志
MediaWiki:Mostrevisions
822
1860
2006-10-15T17:16:06Z
Wtzdj
18
修订过顶顶多趟数个文章
MediaWiki:Mostlinkedcategories
823
1863
2006-10-15T17:17:14Z
Wtzdj
18
链进去顶多个分类
MediaWiki:Mostlinked
824
1862
2006-10-15T17:17:01Z
Wtzdj
18
链进去顶多个页面
MediaWiki:Mostimages
825
1864
2006-10-15T17:17:39Z
Wtzdj
18
链进去顶多个图片
MediaWiki:Mostcategories
826
1865
2006-10-15T17:18:07Z
Wtzdj
18
分类顶多个文章
MediaWiki:March
827
1866
2006-10-15T17:18:54Z
Wtzdj
18
三月
MediaWiki:Mar
828
1867
2006-10-15T17:19:05Z
Wtzdj
18
三月
MediaWiki:March-gen
829
1868
2006-10-15T17:19:14Z
Wtzdj
18
三月
MediaWiki:Makesysopname
830
1869
2006-10-15T17:19:32Z
Wtzdj
18
用户个名字:
MediaWiki:Makebot-username
831
1870
2006-10-15T17:19:49Z
Wtzdj
18
用户名:
MediaWiki:Makebot-logpage
832
1871
2006-10-15T17:20:06Z
Wtzdj
18
机器人状态日志
MediaWiki:Mailmypassword
833
1872
2006-10-15T17:21:04Z
Wtzdj
18
电子邮件发送密码
MediaWiki:Longpages
834
1873
2006-10-15T17:21:23Z
Wtzdj
18
长页面
MediaWiki:Logouttitle
835
1874
2006-10-15T17:21:42Z
Wtzdj
18
用户登出
MediaWiki:Logouttext
836
1875
2006-10-15T17:24:34Z
Wtzdj
18
<strong>倷已经登出哉。</strong><br />
倷可以继续匿名使用{{SITENAME}} ,倷也可以再次以相同或者两样个用户名登录。注意,有星页面作兴还是会搭倷登出前头一样显示,一脚到倷清脱倷个浏览器缓存。
MediaWiki:Loginreqtitle
837
1876
2006-10-15T17:24:54Z
Wtzdj
18
必须登录
MediaWiki:Loginreqlink
838
1877
2006-10-15T17:25:07Z
Wtzdj
18
登录
MediaWiki:Loginpagetitle
839
1878
2006-10-15T17:25:28Z
Wtzdj
18
用户登录
MediaWiki:Loginerror
840
1879
2006-10-15T17:25:50Z
Wtzdj
18
登录错误
MediaWiki:Log
841
1880
2006-10-15T17:26:06Z
Wtzdj
18
日志
MediaWiki:Last
842
1881
2006-10-15T17:26:54Z
Wtzdj
18
上个
MediaWiki:June-gen
843
1882
2006-10-15T17:27:18Z
Wtzdj
18
六月
MediaWiki:Jun
844
1883
2006-10-15T17:27:28Z
Wtzdj
18
六月
MediaWiki:Jumptosearch
845
1884
2006-10-15T17:27:42Z
Wtzdj
18
搜寻
MediaWiki:Jumpto
846
1885
2006-10-15T17:27:58Z
Wtzdj
18
跳到:
MediaWiki:Ipbsubmit
847
1886
2006-10-15T17:28:31Z
Wtzdj
18
封杀该个用户
MediaWiki:Isredirect
848
1887
2006-10-15T17:28:47Z
Wtzdj
18
重定向页面
MediaWiki:Jan
849
1888
2006-10-15T17:29:20Z
Wtzdj
18
一月
MediaWiki:Jul
850
1889
2006-10-15T17:29:47Z
Wtzdj
18
七月
MediaWiki:Edithelp
851
1890
2006-10-15T17:31:20Z
Wtzdj
18
编辑帮助
MediaWiki:Aboutpage
852
1894
2006-10-15T17:39:22Z
Wtzdj
18
Wikipedia:关于
MediaWiki:Actioncomplete
853
1895
2006-10-15T17:40:16Z
Wtzdj
18
操作完成哉
MediaWiki:Confirmrecreate
854
1897
2006-10-15T17:48:37Z
Wtzdj
18
用户[[User:$1|$1]] ([[User talk:$1|讲张]])勒拉倷开始编辑该页面之后拿俚删脱,理由是:
: ''$2''
请拿定章程,倷阿是真个要重建该页面。
MediaWiki:Movetalk
855
1898
2006-10-15T17:50:08Z
Wtzdj
18
移动搭界个对话页面
MediaWiki:Movethispage
856
1899
2006-10-15T17:50:25Z
Wtzdj
18
移动该只页面
MediaWiki:Revertpage
857
1900
2006-10-15T17:52:36Z
Wtzdj
18
恢复[[Special:Contributions/$2|$2]] ([[User_talk:$2|讲张]])个改动;恢复到[[User:$1|$1]]个上一版本
MediaWiki:Rcnote
858
1903
2006-10-15T18:06:10Z
Wtzdj
18
下底是勒拉上个 <strong>$2</strong> 日里向个(该歇辰光:$3)最近 <strong>$1</strong> 趟改动。
MediaWiki:Rclinks
859
1904
2006-10-15T18:08:45Z
Wtzdj
18
显示勒拉上个 $2 日里向个最近 $1 趟改动<br/>$3
MediaWiki:Tog-rememberpassword
860
1907
2006-10-15T18:26:17Z
Wtzdj
18
登该台电脑浪记牢我个登录
MediaWiki:Retypenew
861
1910
2006-10-15T18:28:04Z
Wtzdj
18
再打一遍新密码:
MediaWiki:Youremail
862
1911
2006-10-15T18:28:51Z
Wtzdj
18
电子邮箱 *:
MediaWiki:Uid
863
1912
2006-10-15T18:29:48Z
Wtzdj
18
开户编号:
MediaWiki:Emailauthenticated
864
1913
2006-10-15T18:30:47Z
Wtzdj
18
倷个电子邮箱地址勒拉 $1 验证过哉。
MediaWiki:Prefs-help-email
865
1914
2006-10-15T18:33:02Z
Wtzdj
18
* 电子邮箱(备选):让别人家好通过倷个用户页或者用户讲张页面联系着倷,用弗着暴露倷个身份。
MediaWiki:Textboxsize
866
1915
2006-10-15T18:34:39Z
Wtzdj
18
编辑
MediaWiki:Wlshowlast
867
1916
2006-10-15T18:36:29Z
Wtzdj
18
显示上个 $1 个钟头 $2 日 $3
MediaWiki:Wlhideshowbots
868
1917
2006-10-15T18:37:11Z
Wtzdj
18
$1 机器人编辑
MediaWiki:Wlhideshowown
869
1918
2006-10-15T18:37:39Z
Wtzdj
18
$1 我个编辑
MediaWiki:Watchdetails
870
1920
2006-10-15T18:40:47Z
Wtzdj
18
* {{PLURAL:$1|$1 page|$1 只页面}}勒拉监控当中,弗算讲张页面
* [[Special:Watchlist/edit|显示搭仔编辑原只头监控列表]]
* [[Special:Watchlist/clear|全部拿脱]]
MediaWiki:Removechecked
871
1923
2006-10-15T18:43:57Z
Wtzdj
18
拿脱监控列表里向扎扎勾个
MediaWiki:Lastmodifiedat
872
1925
2006-10-15T18:45:52Z
Wtzdj
18
该只页面上趟子改动勒拉 $2, $1。
MediaWiki:Lastmodifiedatby
873
1926
2006-10-15T18:47:07Z
Wtzdj
18
该只页面上趟子勒拉 $2, $1 拨$3改动。
MediaWiki:Viewprevnext
874
1927
2006-10-15T18:49:23Z
Wtzdj
18
查看 ($1) ($2) ($3).
MediaWiki:Uctop
875
1929
2006-10-15T18:51:11Z
Wtzdj
18
(顶浪)
MediaWiki:Contribsub
876
1931
2006-10-15T18:53:50Z
Wtzdj
18
$1
MediaWiki:Invert
877
1935
2006-10-15T18:58:56Z
Wtzdj
18
反选择
MediaWiki:Prevn
878
1937
2006-10-15T19:01:05Z
Wtzdj
18
上个 $1
MediaWiki:Nextn
879
1938
2006-10-15T19:02:28Z
Wtzdj
18
下个 $1
MediaWiki:Histlegend
880
1939
2006-10-15T19:09:38Z
Wtzdj
18
选择比较版本:标记要比较个两只版本,回车或者揿页面底里个揿钮。<br/>
图例:(当前) = 搭当前版本有啥两样,
(上个) = 搭上个版本有啥两样,小 = 小改动。
MediaWiki:Prefs-watchlist-days
881
1940
2006-10-15T19:17:41Z
Wtzdj
18
勒拉监控列表里向显示个日数:
MediaWiki:Prefs-watchlist-edits
882
1941
2006-10-15T19:18:46Z
Wtzdj
18
勒拉扩展个监控列表里向显示个编辑趟数:
MediaWiki:Tog-extendwatchlist
883
1942
2006-10-15T19:19:56Z
Wtzdj
18
扩展监控列表来显示亨白浪当个好应用个改动
MediaWiki:Recentchangescount
884
1943
2006-10-15T19:21:08Z
Wtzdj
18
近段辰光个改动标题数:
MediaWiki:Tog-hideminor
885
1944
2006-10-15T19:21:57Z
Wtzdj
18
勒拉近段辰光个改动里向囥脱小改动
MediaWiki:Tog-usenewrc
886
1945
2006-10-15T19:22:55Z
Wtzdj
18
强化版近段辰光个改动 (JavaScript)
MediaWiki:Uploadtext
887
1947
2006-10-15T19:29:04Z
Wtzdj
18
拿下头只表格来上载文件。要查看或者搜寻之前上载个图片个说法,请到[[Special:Imagelist|已上载文件列表]],上载搭仔删脱也记录勒拉[[Special:Log/upload|上载日志]]里向。
要勒拉页面里向摆进图片个说法,用下头该种形式个链接
'''<nowiki>[[{{ns:image}}:文件.jpg]]</nowiki>''',
'''<nowiki>[[{{ns:image}}:文件.png|替代文本]]</nowiki>''' 或者用
'''<nowiki>[[{{ns:media}}:文件.ogg]]</nowiki>''' 直接链到文件。
MediaWiki:Sourcefilename
888
1948
2006-10-15T19:30:05Z
Wtzdj
18
源文件
MediaWiki:Table pager limit
889
1949
2006-10-15T19:31:49Z
Wtzdj
18
显示 $1 条每页
MediaWiki:Uploadedimage
890
1950
2006-10-15T19:33:27Z
Wtzdj
18
上载 "[[$1]]"
MediaWiki:Loginsuccess
891
1951
2006-10-15T19:43:16Z
Wtzdj
18
'''倷现在以 "$1" 个身份登录到{{SITENAME}}。 '''
MediaWiki:Returnto
892
1952
2006-10-15T19:44:11Z
Wtzdj
18
回到 $1。
浙江省
893
2082
2006-10-18T04:17:00Z
Amor
23
'''浙江省'''(苏州言话: [[IPA]] <font face="lucida sans unicode">[ʦəʔ][kɒ̃][sã]</font>)是[[中华人民共和国]]个一个省。简称'''浙'''。逆时针搭[[上海市]]、[[江苏省]]、[[安徽省]]、[[江西省]]搭[[福建省]]ka相邻,东向靠[[东海]]。[[省会]]来勒[[杭州]]。
<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" width="320">
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#FFDF80"><font size="+1">'''浙江省'''</font></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan=2><font size="-1">''略称:浙''</font></td></tr>
<tr><td>省会</td><td>[[杭州]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[面积]]<br>- 总面积<br>- 面积/总面积(%)<br>- 水域面积(%)</td>
<td>[[中国各省面积|第25位]]<br>101,800 [[平方公里|km<SUP>2</SUP>]]<br>1.06%<br>xx%</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[人口]]<br>- 总人口 (2001年度)<br>- 人口/总人口(%)<br>- [[人口密度]]</td>
<td>[[中国各省人口|第10位]]<br>46,130,000
<br>3.61%<br>453/km<SUP>2</SUP></td></tr>
<tr><td>省内生产总值<br>- 全国总数 (2002年)<br>- 省内生产总值/[[国内生产总值|GDP]]%<br>人均省内生产总值</td>
<td>[[中国各省省内生产总值|第4位]]<br>7670亿[[人民元]]<br>7.49%<br>14500人民元</td></tr>
<tr><td>行政种类</td><td>省</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"><center>[[Image:Zhejiang-map1.gif|thumb|325px|浙江勒中国个位置]]</center></td></tr>
</table>
== 历史沿革 ==
[[春秋時代]]辰光个[[越]]国来勒宕里,北面一部分算[[吴 (春秋)|吴]]国,[[战国时代]]后期算[[楚 (春秋)|楚]]国。[[秦始皇]]统一后,现在个浙江大部分地方属于[[会稽郡]]。[[汉]]代[[扬州]]个,[[三国时代]]属于首都来建邺([[南京]])个[[吴 (三国)|吴]]国领土。唐代一起先设江南道,后分为江南东道搭仔江南西道,今浙江大部勒拉江南东道里向,分为宣歙观察使、浙西观察使、浙东观察使。宋代,设两浙路,后分为两浙西路搭仔两浙东路,包括现浙江大部分地区与上海苏南[[吴语]]地区。[[五代十国]]時代,首都来勒[[杭州]]个[[吴越]]国成立。[[北宋]]南渡后又定勒临安(杭州),讴[[南宋]]。[[元 (王朝)|元]]代全境属于[[江浙行省]],[[明]]代因定都南京,成立南直隶,浙西部分拨拆分,今苏南搭仔上海嘉兴湖州部分归南直隶,剩下来个部分归浙江布政司。其后因剩下来个浙江布政司辖区过小,达弗到一个省个规模,就拿嘉兴湖州还拨浙江布政司。“浙江”作为省级行政区划个名字搭仔辖地搭今朝已经基本呒啥两样。[[清]]代成立浙江省。
== 地理 ==
逆时针搭[[上海市]]、[[江苏省]]、[[安徽省]]、[[江西省]]搭[[福建省]]ka相邻,东向靠[[东海]]。沿海有舟山群岛格当2千多兴岛屿分布,各省中岛屿顶多。内陆地区属于丘陵地帯,[[天台山]]、[[四明山]]、[[天目山]]、[[洞宫山]]格当分布。
==行政区划==
11地级市,下级行政单位有的区、县级市、县。
*[[杭州市]] ([[上城区]] [[下城区]] [[江干区]] [[拱墅区]] [[西湖区]] [[滨江区]] [[萧山区]] [[余杭区]] [[建徳市]] [[富阳市]] [[临安市]] [[桐庐县]] [[淳安县]])
*[[宁波市]] ([[海曙区]] [[江东区]] [[江北区]] [[北仑区]] 镇海区 鄞州区 余姚市 慈溪市 奉化市 象山县 宁海县)
*[[温州市]] (鹿城区 龙湾区 瓯海区 瑞安市 乐清市 [[洞头县]] 永嘉县 平阳县 苍南县 文成县 泰顺县)
*[[嘉兴市]] ([[南湖区]] [[秀洲区]] [[海宁市]] [[平湖市]] [[桐乡市]] [[嘉善县]] [[海盐县]])
*[[湖州市]] ([[吴兴区]] [[南浔区]] [[徳清县]] [[长兴县]] [[安吉县]])
*[[绍兴市]] (越城区 诸暨市 上虞市 嵊州市 [[绍兴县]] 新昌县)
*[[金华市]] (婺城区 金东区 兰溪市 [[义乌市]] 东阳市 永康市 武义县 浦江县 磐安县)
*[[衢州市]] (柯城区 衢江区 江山市 常山县 开化县 龙游县)
*[[舟山市]]( [[定海区]] [[普陀区]] [[岱山县]] [[嵊泗县]])
*[[台州市]] (椒江区 黄岩区 [[路桥区]] 温岭市 [[临海市]] [[玉环县]] 三门县 天台县 仙居县)
*[[丽水市 (浙江省)|丽水市]] (莲都区 [[龙泉市]] [[青田县]] 缙云县 遂昌县 松阳县 云和县 庆元县 [[景宁畲族自治县]])
== 経済 ==
== 文化 ==
== 友好城市 ==
== 主要旅游地 ==
*[[西湖 (杭州市)|西湖]]
*[[千岛湖]]
*[[富春江]]
*[[天台山]]
*[[普陀山]]
== 主要教育机关 ==
* [[浙江大学]]
* [[浙江工商大学]]
* [[浙江工业大学]]
* [[浙江师范大学]]
* [[宁波大学]]
==外部链接==
*[http://www.zhejiang.gov.cn/ 浙江省人民政府]
[[Category:浙江省]]
{{Provinces_of_China}}
[[cs:Če-ťiang]]
[[da:Zhejiang]]
[[de:Zhejiang]]
[[en:Zhejiang]]
[[es:Zhejiang]]
[[fi:Zhejiang]]
[[fr:Zhejiang]]
[[he:ג'ג'יאנג]]
[[id:Zhejiang]]
[[it:Zhejiang]]
[[ko:저장 성]]
[[nl:Zhejiang]]
[[no:Zhejiang]]
[[pl:Zhejiang]]
[[pt:Zhejiang]]
[[ru:Чжэцзян]]
[[sv:Zhejiang]]
[[ug:جېجياڭ ئۆلكىسى]]
[[ja:浙江省]]
[[zh:浙江省]]
舟山
894
1960
2006-10-16T08:59:47Z
Dzochithin
49
[[舟山]] 移动到 [[舟山市]]
#REDIRECT [[舟山市]]
嘉兴
895
1969
2006-10-16T09:03:58Z
Dzochithin
49
[[嘉兴]] 移动到 [[嘉兴市]]
#REDIRECT [[嘉兴市]]
MediaWiki:Common.css
896
2048
2006-10-17T09:24:16Z
Wtzdj
18
/* Common CSS for all skins */
/* Notice to Administrators! Any changes to Monobook.css or Common.css should be first proposed to [[Wikipedia:Village Pump]]. Thank you. */
/*<pre><nowiki>*/
/* wikitable/prettytable class for skinning normal tables */
table.wikitable,
table.prettytable {
margin: 1em 1em 1em 0;
background: #f9f9f9;
border: 1px #aaaaaa solid;
border-collapse: collapse;
}
table.wikitable th, table.wikitable td,
table.prettytable th, table.prettytable td {
border: 1px #aaaaaa solid;
padding: 0.2em;
}
table.wikitable th,
table.prettytable th {
background: #f2f2f2;
text-align: center;
}
table.wikitable caption,
table.prettytable caption {
margin-left: inherit;
margin-right: inherit;
}
/* Style for "notices" */
.notice {
text-align: justify;
margin: 1em;
padding: 0.2em;
}
#disambig {
border-top: 3px double #cccccc;
border-bottom: 3px double #cccccc;
}
#spoiler {
border-top: 2px solid #ddd;
border-bottom:2px solid #ddd;
}
/* Standard talk template style */
.Talk-Notice {
border: 1px solid #C0C090;
background-color: #F8EABA;
margin-bottom: 3px;
width: 80%;
border-spacing: 3px;
margin-left: auto;
margin-right: auto;
}
.Talk-Notice:after {
content: "The CSS for this template should be changed. See [[Wikipedia:Template Standardisation]].";
}
/* Make template background appear correctly on all browsers */
.Talk-Notice td {
background: inherit;
}
/* Metadata */
table.metadata {
border: 1px solid #aaaaaa;
display: none;
speak: none;
}
.metadata-label {
color: #aaaaaa;
}
/* Makes redirects appear in italics on [[Special:Allpages]] */
.allpagesredirect {
font-style: italic;
}
/* Choose whether to have AD/BC dates or CE/BCE dates*/
/* First, the default : display both : See templates ADCE and BCEBC for how these are used*/
.Use_Default_Date_Convention { display: inline; }
.Use_AD_and_BC { display: none; }
.Use_BCE_and_CE { display: none; }
/* If you want to display AD and BC add the following to User:You/monobook.css page */
/*
.Use_Default_Date_Convention { display: none; }
.Use_AD_and_BC { display:inline; }
.Use_BCE_and_CE { display:none; }
*/
/*If you want to display CE and BCE add the following to User:You/monobook.css page */
/*
.Use_Default_Date_Convention { display: none; }
.Use_AD_and_BC { display:none; }
.Use_BCE_and_CE {display:inline; }
*/
/* Class for links with loudspeaker icon next to them */
.audiolink a{
background: url("http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Loudspeaker.png") center left no-repeat !important;
padding-left: 16px !important;
padding-right: 0 !important;
}
/* Icons for medialist templates [[Template:Listen]], [[Template:Multi-listen_start]], [[Template:Video]], [[Template:Multi-video_start]] */
div.listenlist {
background: url("http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gnome-speakernotes.png/30px-Gnome-speakernotes.png");
padding-left: 40px;
}
div.videolist {
background: url("http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Video.svg/40px-Video.svg.png");
padding-left: 50px;
}
div.multivideolist {
background: url("http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/FilmRoll-small.png/40px-FilmRoll-small.png");
padding-left: 50px;
}
/* Style rules for media list templates */
div.medialist {
min-height: 50px;
margin: 1em;
background-position: top left;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
}
div.medialist ul {
list-style-type: none;
list-style-image: none;
margin: 0;
}
div.medialist ul li {
padding-bottom: 0.5em;
}
div.medialist ul li li {
font-size: 91%;
padding-bottom: 0;
}
/*Add formatting to make sure that "external references" from [[Template:Ref]] do
not get URL expansion, not even when printed. The mechanism up to MediaWiki 1.4 was
that the HTML code contained a SPAN following the anchor A; this SPAN had the class
"urlexpansion", which was not displayed on screen, but was shown when the medium was
"print". The rules below ensure (a) that there is no extra padding to the right of
the anchor (displayed as "[<number>]"), (b) that there is no "external link arrow" for
the link, and (c) that this SPAN of class "urlexpansion" is never shown.
~~~~
*/
.plainlinksneverexpand {
background: none ! important;
padding: 0 ! important;
}
.plainlinksneverexpand .urlexpansion {
display: none ! important;
}
/* Make sure that ext links displayed within "plainlinksneverexpand" don't get
the arrow...
*/
.plainlinksneverexpand a {
background: none !important;
padding: 0 !important;
}
/* With MediaWiki 1.5, the mechanism has changed: instead of a SPAN of class "urlexpansion"
following the anchor A, the anchor itself now has class "external autonumber" and the
expansion is inserted when printing (see the common printing style sheet at
http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/commonPrint.css) using the ":after" pseudo-
element of CSS. We have to switch this off for links due to Template:Ref!
~~~~
*/
.plainlinksneverexpand a.external.text:after {
display: none !important;
}
.plainlinksneverexpand a.external.autonumber:after {
display: none !important;
}
/* Merge template style */
.messagebox {
border: 1px solid #aaaaaa;
background-color: #f9f9f9;
width: 80%;
margin: 0 auto 1em auto;
padding: .2em;
text-align: justify;
}
.messagebox.merge {
border: 1px solid #cf9fff;
background-color: #f5edf5;
text-align: center;
}
.messagebox.cleanup {
border: 1px solid #9f9fff;
background-color: #efefff;
text-align: center;
}
.messagebox.standard-talk {
border: 1px solid #c0c090;
background-color: #f8eaba;
}
/* Infobox template style */
.infobox {
border: 1px solid #aaaaaa;
background-color: #f9f9f9;
color: black;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
margin-left: 1em;
padding: 0.2em;
float: right;
clear: right;
}
.infobox td,
.infobox th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.infobox caption {
font-size: larger;
margin-left: inherit;
}
.infobox.bordered {
border-collapse: collapse;
}
.infobox.bordered td,
.infobox.bordered th {
border: 1px solid #aaaaaa;
}
.infobox.bordered .borderless td,
.infobox.bordered .borderless th {
border: 0;
}
.infobox.sisterproject {
width: 20em;
font-size: 90%;
}
/* Support for Template:IPA, Template:Unicode and Template:Polytonic. The inherit declaration resets the font for all browsers except MSIE6. The empty comment must remain. */
.IPA {
font-family: Chrysanthi Unicode, Doulos SIL, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, DejaVu Sans, Bitstream Cyberbit, Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode, Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro, Matrix Unicode;
font-family /**/:inherit;
}
.Unicode {
font-family: TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Visual Geez Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode;
font-family /**/:inherit;
}
.latinx {
font-family: TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Microsoft Sans Serif;
font-family /**/:inherit;
}
.polytonic, .interwiki-el a {
font-family: Athena, Gentium, Palatino Linotype, Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Code2000;
font-family /**/:inherit;
}
.mufi {
font-family: Alphabetum, Cardo, LeedsUni, Junicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, ALPHA-Demo;
}
.interwiki-ja a {
font-family: "Meiryo", "MS PMincho", "MS Mincho", "MS PGothic", "MS Gothic", "Arial Unicode MS";
}
.interwiki-ko a {
font-family: "Malgun Gothic", "Gulim", "Dotum", "Arial Unicode MS";
}
.interwiki-ru a, .interwiki-uk a, .interwiki-be a, .interwiki-bg a,
.interwiki-sr a, .interwiki-mk a, .interwiki-os a, .interwiki-tg a,
.interwiki-mo a,.interwiki-kk a, .interwiki-ky a, .interwiki-tt a,
.interwiki-ba a, .interwiki-cv a, .interwiki-mn a, .interwiki-xal a,
.interwiki-udm a,.interwiki-ab a, .interwiki-av a, .interwiki-ce a {
/* 西里爾字母 */
font-family: "Times CY", "Times New Roman", Times, serif;
}
.interwiki-ar a, .interwiki-fa a, .interwiki-ur a, .interwiki-ug a {
/* 阿拉伯字母 */
font-family: "Arial Unicode MS", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Times New Roman", Times, serif;
direction: rtl;
}
.interwiki-he a, .interwiki-yi a {
/* 希伯來字母 */
font-family: Cardo, "Arial Unicode MS", Code2000, David, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;
direction: rtl;
}
.interwiki-af a, .interwiki-als a, .interwiki-an a, .interwiki-ang a,
.interwiki-ast a, .interwiki-az a, .interwiki-ba a, .interwiki-bat-smg a,
.interwiki-bm a, .interwiki-br a, .interwiki-bs a, .interwiki-ca a,
.interwiki-ceb a, .interwiki-co a, .interwiki-cs a, .interwiki-csb a,
.interwiki-cy a, .interwiki-da a, .interwiki-de a, .interwiki-en a,
.interwiki-eo a, .interwiki-es a, .interwiki-et a, .interwiki-eu a,
.interwiki-ff a, .interwiki-fi a, .interwiki-fiu-vro a, .interwiki-fo a,
.interwiki-fr a, .interwiki-frp a, .interwiki-fur a, .interwiki-fy a,
.interwiki-ga a, .interwiki-gd a, .interwiki-gl a, .interwiki-gv a,
.interwiki-ha a, .interwiki-hr a, .interwiki-ht a, .interwiki-hu a,
.interwiki-ia a, .interwiki-id a, .interwiki-ie a, .interwiki-ilo a,
.interwiki-io a, .interwiki-is a, .interwiki-it a, .interwiki-jbo a,
.interwiki-jv a, .interwiki-kg a, .interwiki-ksh a, .interwiki-ku a,
.interwiki-kw a, .interwiki-la a, .interwiki-lad a, .interwiki-lb a,
.interwiki-li a, .interwiki-lij a, .interwiki-lmo a, .interwiki-ln a,
.interwiki-lt a, .interwiki-lv a, .interwiki-map-bms a, .interwiki-mi a,
.interwiki-ms a, .interwiki-na a, .interwiki-nap a, .interwiki-nds a,
.interwiki-nl a, .interwiki-nn a, .interwiki-no a, .interwiki-nrm a,
.interwiki-oc a, .interwiki-om a, .interwiki-os a, .interwiki-pam a,
.interwiki-pl a, .interwiki-pms a, .interwiki-pt a, .interwiki-rm a,
.interwiki-ro a, .interwiki-sc a, .interwiki-scn a, .interwiki-sco a,
.interwiki-se a, .interwiki-simple a, .interwiki-sk a, .interwiki-sl a,
.interwiki-so a, .interwiki-sq a, .interwiki-su a, .interwiki-sv a,
.interwiki-sw a, .interwiki-tet a, .interwiki-tpi a, .interwiki-tk a,
.interwiki-tl a, .interwiki-tw a, .interwiki-tr a, .interwiki-uz a,
.interwiki-vec a, .interwiki-vi a, .interwiki-wa a, .interwiki-war a,
.interwiki-wo a, .interwiki-yo a, interwiki-cdo a, .interwiki-zh-min-nan a {
font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, serif;
}
#wpSave {
font-weight: bold;
}
/* hiddenStructure from Monobook - allows selective hiding of markup in templates */
.hiddenStructure {
display: none;
speak: none;
}
/* Removes underlines from links */
.nounderlines a {
text-decoration: none;
}
/* CSS for testing a new Main Page design, see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Usability/Main Page]] */
#EnWpMainPage { width: 100%; margin-top: 1em; }
#EnWpMainPage h2 { font-size: 130%; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; }
#EnWpMpMargin { margin-right: 13.8em; }
#EnWpMpCol1 { float: left; clear: left; width: 50%; }
#EnWpMpCol2 { width: 49.9%; float: left; }
#EnWpMpBrowse { background: #f8fcff url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9f/MP-three-books.png) no-repeat 180% 9%; border: 1px solid #c7c7c7; }
#EnWpMpBrowseCats li { font-size: 85%; margin-left: 1em; line-height: 1.5; }
#EnWpMpBrowseCats h3 { font-size: 120%; margin: .2em 0 .1em -.8em; padding: 0; font-weight: normal; }
#EnWpMpBrowseCats h3 a { font-weight: bold; }
#EnWpMpBook { background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7e/MP-open-book.png); }
#EnWpMpFeaturedPic { text-align: center; margin: 0 0 .5em; font-size: 85%; font-weight: bold; }
#EnWpMpFeaturedPic h2 { font-size: 145%; text-align: left; }
.EnWpMpBrowseRight { float: right; width: 12.7em; }
.EnWpMpBrowseBottom { margin: 1em 0; }
.EnWpMpBrowseBottom #EnWpMpBrowseCats li, .EnWpMpBrowseBottom #EnWpMpUsefulLinks, .EnWpMpBrowseBottom #EnWpMpFeaturedPic { float: left; width: 24%; margin: 0; line-height: normal; }
.EnWpMpBrowseBottom #EnWpMpBrowseCats h3 { margin-left: 0; }
#EnWpMpUsefulLinks { clear: left; }
#EnWpMpSearch { background: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/MP-magnifying-glass.png) no-repeat top right; }
#EnWpMpSearch input { vertical-align: middle; }
#EnWpMpSearchInner { float: right; width: 20em; text-align: center; }
#bodySearchMP { margin: 0; padding: 0; }
#bodySearchMP .bodySearchWrap { float: right; width: 17.5em; text-align: left; padding: .8em 0; }
#bodySearchMP label { display: block; font-size: 95%; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: -.2em; }
#bodySearchMP .bodySearchBtnGo { font-weight: bold; padding-left: .3em; padding-right: .3em; margin-left: .5em; }
.EnWpMpContentBox { border: 1px solid; margin-bottom: .9em; }
#EnWpMpCol2 .EnWpMpContentBox { margin-left: .9em; }
.EnWpMpImage { float: right; margin: 0 0 .2em .2em; }
.EnWpMpImage img { position: relative; z-index: 3; }
#EnWpMpSisterProjects { float: left; width: 49%; }
.EnWpMpSisterProject { float: left; width: 17em; margin: 0; height: 5.5em; margin: 0; }
.EnWpMpSisterImg { float: left; width: 40px; height: 100%; }
#EnWpMpOtherLangs { margin-left: 50%; }
#EnWpMainPageNoCSS { display: none; }
#EnWpMpBook2 { background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/MP-open-book2.png); }
#EnWpMpSearch2 { background: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3a/MP-magnifying-glass2.png) no-repeat top right; }
/* Custom link colors for use in [[MediaWiki:Edittools]] */
.charboxblack a:link, .charboxblack a:hover, .charboxblack a:visited, .charboxblack a:active { color: black; }
.charboxsilver a:link, .charboxsilver a:hover, .charboxsilver a:visited, .charboxsilver a:active { color: silver; }
.charboxgray a:link, .charboxgray a:hover, .charboxgray a:visited, .charboxgray a:active { color: gray; }
.charboxwhite a:link, .charboxwhite a:hover, .charboxwhite a:visited, .charboxwhite a:active { color: white; }
.charboxmaroon a:link, .charboxmaroon a:hover, .charboxmaroon a:visited, .charboxmaroon a:active { color: maroon; }
.charboxred a:link, .charboxred a:hover, .charboxred a:visited, .charboxred a:active { color: red; }
.charboxpurple a:link, .charboxpurple a:hover, .charboxpurple a:visited, .charboxpurple a:active { color: purple; }
.charboxfuchsia a:link, .charboxfuchsia a:hover, .charboxfuchsia a:visited, .charboxfuchsia a:active { color: fuchsia; }
.charboxgreen a:link, .charboxgreen a:hover, .charboxgreen a:visited, .charboxgreen a:active { color: green; }
.charboxlime a:link, .charboxlime a:hover, .charboxlime a:visited, .charboxlime a:active { color: lime; }
.charboxolive a:link, .charboxolive a:hover, .charboxolive a:visited, .charboxolive a:active { color: olive; }
.charboxyellow a:link, .charboxyellow a:hover, .charboxyellow a:visited, .charboxyellow a:active { color: yellow; }
.charboxnavy a:link, .charboxnavy a:hover, .charboxnavy a:visited, .charboxnavy a:active { color: navy; }
.charboxblue a:link, .charboxblue a:hover, .charboxblue a:visited, .charboxblue a:active { color: blue; }
.charboxteal a:link, .charboxteal a:hover, .charboxteal a:visited, .charboxteal a:active { color: teal; }
.charboxaqua a:link, .charboxaqua a:hover, .charboxaqua a:visited, .charboxaqua a:active { color: aqua; }
/* custom edits */
.allpagesredirect a:link { color:#0066ff;}
/* 维基共享资源图像巡视格式 */
/* 链接 */
.tickerDiffLink { } /* diff links in ticker */
.tickerMiscLink { } /* misc links in ticker */
/* 去除引点 */
.tickerList ul, .tickerList ul li { list-style: none; text-indent:-2em; margin-left:2em; text-align:left; }
.tickerList ul ul, .tickerList ul ul li { list-style: none; text-indent:0; margin-left:1.5em; text-align:left; }
/* 各种记录格式 */
.tickerEntry_deleted { } /* 图像删除记录 */
.tickerEntry_replaced { } /* 图像替换记录 */
.tickerEntry_tagged { } /* 加上或删去问题模板的图像记录 */
.tickerEntry_redir { } /* 图像重新定向记录 */
.tickerEntry_recat { } /* 图像重新分类记录 */
.tickerEntry_notify { } /* 全界的更改记录 */
.tickerEntry_changed { } /* 一般的更改记录 */
/* 各种行为格式 */
.tickerAction_deleted:before { content:"(×)"; color: #FF0000; font-family:monospace; font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; background: pink; }
.tickerAction_replaced:before { content:" REPL "; color: #CC88FF; font-family:monospace; font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; }
.tickerAction_addedBad:before { content:" +VfD "; color: #FF8800; font-family:monospace; font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; }
.tickerAction_removedBad:before { content:" -VfD "; color: #00BB00; font-family:monospace; font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; }
.tickerAction_addedGood:before { content:" +OK "; color: #00BB00; font-family:monospace; font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; }
.tickerAction_removedGood:before { content:" -OK "; color: #FF8800; font-family:monospace; font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; }
/* 巡视功能使用列表 */
.tickerUsage { font-size:80%; }
/* 每次记录应用用于多数图像的模板 */
.tickerTemplateEntry { font-weight: bold; }
/* 每次记录应用次要记录---应用模板的某图像 */
.tickerSubEntry { }
/* 次要记录格式 */
.tickerMinorEntry { color:#666; } /* minor entry */
.tickerMinorEntry a,
.tickerMinorEntry a:link,
.tickerMinorEntry a:visited { color:#669; }
#bodyContent .tickerMinorEntry a.extiw,
#bodyContent .tickerMinorEntry a.extiw:link,
#bodyContent .tickerMinorEntry a.extiw:visited { color:#669; }
/*</nowiki></pre>*/
User:Wtzdj/common.css
897
1977
2006-10-16T11:22:24Z
Wtzdj
18
/* Common CSS for all skins */
/* Notice to Administrators! Any changes to Monobook.css or Common.css should be first proposed to [[Wikipedia:Village Pump]]. Thank you. */
/*<pre><nowiki>*/
/* wikitable/prettytable class for skinning normal tables */
table.wikitable,
table.prettytable {
margin: 1em 1em 1em 0;
background: #f9f9f9;
border: 1px #aaaaaa solid;
border-collapse: collapse;
}
table.wikitable th, table.wikitable td,
table.prettytable th, table.prettytable td {
border: 1px #aaaaaa solid;
padding: 0.2em;
}
table.wikitable th,
table.prettytable th {
background: #f2f2f2;
text-align: center;
}
table.wikitable caption,
table.prettytable caption {
margin-left: inherit;
margin-right: inherit;
}
/* Style for "notices" */
.notice {
text-align: justify;
margin: 1em;
padding: 0.2em;
}
#disambig {
border-top: 3px double #cccccc;
border-bottom: 3px double #cccccc;
}
#spoiler {
border-top: 2px solid #ddd;
border-bottom:2px solid #ddd;
}
/* Standard talk template style */
.Talk-Notice {
border: 1px solid #C0C090;
background-color: #F8EABA;
margin-bottom: 3px;
width: 80%;
border-spacing: 3px;
margin-left: auto;
margin-right: auto;
}
.Talk-Notice:after {
content: "The CSS for this template should be changed. See [[Wikipedia:Template Standardisation]].";
}
/* Make template background appear correctly on all browsers */
.Talk-Notice td {
background: inherit;
}
/* Metadata */
table.metadata {
border: 1px solid #aaaaaa;
display: none;
speak: none;
}
.metadata-label {
color: #aaaaaa;
}
/* Makes redirects appear in italics on [[Special:Allpages]] */
.allpagesredirect {
font-style: italic;
}
/* Choose whether to have AD/BC dates or CE/BCE dates*/
/* First, the default : display both : See templates ADCE and BCEBC for how these are used*/
.Use_Default_Date_Convention { display: inline; }
.Use_AD_and_BC { display: none; }
.Use_BCE_and_CE { display: none; }
/* If you want to display AD and BC add the following to User:You/monobook.css page */
/*
.Use_Default_Date_Convention { display: none; }
.Use_AD_and_BC { display:inline; }
.Use_BCE_and_CE { display:none; }
*/
/*If you want to display CE and BCE add the following to User:You/monobook.css page */
/*
.Use_Default_Date_Convention { display: none; }
.Use_AD_and_BC { display:none; }
.Use_BCE_and_CE {display:inline; }
*/
/* Class for links with loudspeaker icon next to them */
.audiolink a{
background: url("http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Loudspeaker.png") center left no-repeat !important;
padding-left: 16px !important;
padding-right: 0 !important;
}
/* Icons for medialist templates [[Template:Listen]], [[Template:Multi-listen_start]], [[Template:Video]], [[Template:Multi-video_start]] */
div.listenlist {
background: url("http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gnome-speakernotes.png/30px-Gnome-speakernotes.png");
padding-left: 40px;
}
div.videolist {
background: url("http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Video.svg/40px-Video.svg.png");
padding-left: 50px;
}
div.multivideolist {
background: url("http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/FilmRoll-small.png/40px-FilmRoll-small.png");
padding-left: 50px;
}
/* Style rules for media list templates */
div.medialist {
min-height: 50px;
margin: 1em;
background-position: top left;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
}
div.medialist ul {
list-style-type: none;
list-style-image: none;
margin: 0;
}
div.medialist ul li {
padding-bottom: 0.5em;
}
div.medialist ul li li {
font-size: 91%;
padding-bottom: 0;
}
/*Add formatting to make sure that "external references" from [[Template:Ref]] do
not get URL expansion, not even when printed. The mechanism up to MediaWiki 1.4 was
that the HTML code contained a SPAN following the anchor A; this SPAN had the class
"urlexpansion", which was not displayed on screen, but was shown when the medium was
"print". The rules below ensure (a) that there is no extra padding to the right of
the anchor (displayed as "[<number>]"), (b) that there is no "external link arrow" for
the link, and (c) that this SPAN of class "urlexpansion" is never shown.
~~~~
*/
.plainlinksneverexpand {
background: none ! important;
padding: 0 ! important;
}
.plainlinksneverexpand .urlexpansion {
display: none ! important;
}
/* Make sure that ext links displayed within "plainlinksneverexpand" don't get
the arrow...
*/
.plainlinksneverexpand a {
background: none !important;
padding: 0 !important;
}
/* With MediaWiki 1.5, the mechanism has changed: instead of a SPAN of class "urlexpansion"
following the anchor A, the anchor itself now has class "external autonumber" and the
expansion is inserted when printing (see the common printing style sheet at
http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/commonPrint.css) using the ":after" pseudo-
element of CSS. We have to switch this off for links due to Template:Ref!
~~~~
*/
.plainlinksneverexpand a.external.text:after {
display: none !important;
}
.plainlinksneverexpand a.external.autonumber:after {
display: none !important;
}
/* Merge template style */
.messagebox {
border: 1px solid #aaaaaa;
background-color: #f9f9f9;
width: 80%;
margin: 0 auto 1em auto;
padding: .2em;
text-align: justify;
}
.messagebox.merge {
border: 1px solid #cf9fff;
background-color: #f5edf5;
text-align: center;
}
.messagebox.cleanup {
border: 1px solid #9f9fff;
background-color: #efefff;
text-align: center;
}
.messagebox.standard-talk {
border: 1px solid #c0c090;
background-color: #f8eaba;
}
/* Infobox template style */
.infobox {
border: 1px solid #aaaaaa;
background-color: #f9f9f9;
color: black;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
margin-left: 1em;
padding: 0.2em;
float: right;
clear: right;
}
.infobox td,
.infobox th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.infobox caption {
font-size: larger;
margin-left: inherit;
}
.infobox.bordered {
border-collapse: collapse;
}
.infobox.bordered td,
.infobox.bordered th {
border: 1px solid #aaaaaa;
}
.infobox.bordered .borderless td,
.infobox.bordered .borderless th {
border: 0;
}
.infobox.sisterproject {
width: 20em;
font-size: 90%;
}
/* Support for Template:IPA, Template:Unicode and Template:Polytonic. The inherit declaration resets the font for all browsers except MSIE6. The empty comment must remain. */
.IPA {
font-family: Chrysanthi Unicode, Doulos SIL, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, DejaVu Sans, Bitstream Cyberbit, Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode, Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro, Matrix Unicode;
font-family /**/:inherit;
}
.Unicode {
font-family: TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Visual Geez Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode;
font-family /**/:inherit;
}
.latinx {
font-family: TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Microsoft Sans Serif;
font-family /**/:inherit;
}
.polytonic, .interwiki-el a {
font-family: Athena, Gentium, Palatino Linotype, Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Code2000;
font-family /**/:inherit;
}
.mufi {
font-family: Alphabetum, Cardo, LeedsUni, Junicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, ALPHA-Demo;
}
.interwiki-ja a {
font-family: "Meiryo", "MS PMincho", "MS Mincho", "MS PGothic", "MS Gothic", "Arial Unicode MS";
}
.interwiki-ko a {
font-family: "Malgun Gothic", "Gulim", "Dotum", "Arial Unicode MS";
}
.interwiki-ru a, .interwiki-uk a, .interwiki-be a, .interwiki-bg a,
.interwiki-sr a, .interwiki-mk a, .interwiki-os a, .interwiki-tg a,
.interwiki-mo a,.interwiki-kk a, .interwiki-ky a, .interwiki-tt a,
.interwiki-ba a, .interwiki-cv a, .interwiki-mn a, .interwiki-xal a,
.interwiki-udm a,.interwiki-ab a, .interwiki-av a, .interwiki-ce a {
/* 西里爾字母 */
font-family: "Times CY", "Times New Roman", Times, serif;
}
.interwiki-ar a, .interwiki-fa a, .interwiki-ur a, .interwiki-ug a {
/* 阿拉伯字母 */
font-family: "Arial Unicode MS", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Times New Roman", Times, serif;
direction: rtl;
}
.interwiki-he a, .interwiki-yi a {
/* 希伯來字母 */
font-family: Cardo, "Arial Unicode MS", Code2000, David, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;
direction: rtl;
}
.interwiki-af a, .interwiki-als a, .interwiki-an a, .interwiki-ang a,
.interwiki-ast a, .interwiki-az a, .interwiki-ba a, .interwiki-bat-smg a,
.interwiki-bm a, .interwiki-br a, .interwiki-bs a, .interwiki-ca a,
.interwiki-ceb a, .interwiki-co a, .interwiki-cs a, .interwiki-csb a,
.interwiki-cy a, .interwiki-da a, .interwiki-de a, .interwiki-en a,
.interwiki-eo a, .interwiki-es a, .interwiki-et a, .interwiki-eu a,
.interwiki-ff a, .interwiki-fi a, .interwiki-fiu-vro a, .interwiki-fo a,
.interwiki-fr a, .interwiki-frp a, .interwiki-fur a, .interwiki-fy a,
.interwiki-ga a, .interwiki-gd a, .interwiki-gl a, .interwiki-gv a,
.interwiki-ha a, .interwiki-hr a, .interwiki-ht a, .interwiki-hu a,
.interwiki-ia a, .interwiki-id a, .interwiki-ie a, .interwiki-ilo a,
.interwiki-io a, .interwiki-is a, .interwiki-it a, .interwiki-jbo a,
.interwiki-jv a, .interwiki-kg a, .interwiki-ksh a, .interwiki-ku a,
.interwiki-kw a, .interwiki-la a, .interwiki-lad a, .interwiki-lb a,
.interwiki-li a, .interwiki-lij a, .interwiki-lmo a, .interwiki-ln a,
.interwiki-lt a, .interwiki-lv a, .interwiki-map-bms a, .interwiki-mi a,
.interwiki-ms a, .interwiki-na a, .interwiki-nap a, .interwiki-nds a,
.interwiki-nl a, .interwiki-nn a, .interwiki-no a, .interwiki-nrm a,
.interwiki-oc a, .interwiki-om a, .interwiki-os a, .interwiki-pam a,
.interwiki-pl a, .interwiki-pms a, .interwiki-pt a, .interwiki-rm a,
.interwiki-ro a, .interwiki-sc a, .interwiki-scn a, .interwiki-sco a,
.interwiki-se a, .interwiki-simple a, .interwiki-sk a, .interwiki-sl a,
.interwiki-so a, .interwiki-sq a, .interwiki-su a, .interwiki-sv a,
.interwiki-sw a, .interwiki-tet a, .interwiki-tpi a, .interwiki-tk a,
.interwiki-tl a, .interwiki-tw a, .interwiki-tr a, .interwiki-uz a,
.interwiki-vec a, .interwiki-vi a, .interwiki-wa a, .interwiki-war a,
.interwiki-wo a, .interwiki-yo a, interwiki-cdo a, .interwiki-zh-min-nan a {
font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, serif;
}
#wpSave {
font-weight: bold;
}
/* hiddenStructure from Monobook - allows selective hiding of markup in templates */
.hiddenStructure {
display: none;
speak: none;
}
/* Removes underlines from links */
.nounderlines a {
text-decoration: none;
}
/* CSS for testing a new Main Page design, see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Usability/Main Page]] */
#EnWpMainPage { width: 100%; margin-top: 1em; }
#EnWpMainPage h2 { font-size: 130%; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; }
#EnWpMpMargin { margin-right: 13.8em; }
#EnWpMpCol1 { float: left; clear: left; width: 50%; }
#EnWpMpCol2 { width: 49.9%; float: left; }
#EnWpMpBrowse { background: #f8fcff url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9f/MP-three-books.png) no-repeat 180% 9%; border: 1px solid #c7c7c7; }
#EnWpMpBrowseCats li { font-size: 85%; margin-left: 1em; line-height: 1.5; }
#EnWpMpBrowseCats h3 { font-size: 120%; margin: .2em 0 .1em -.8em; padding: 0; font-weight: normal; }
#EnWpMpBrowseCats h3 a { font-weight: bold; }
#EnWpMpBook { background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7e/MP-open-book.png); }
#EnWpMpFeaturedPic { text-align: center; margin: 0 0 .5em; font-size: 85%; font-weight: bold; }
#EnWpMpFeaturedPic h2 { font-size: 145%; text-align: left; }
.EnWpMpBrowseRight { float: right; width: 12.7em; }
.EnWpMpBrowseBottom { margin: 1em 0; }
.EnWpMpBrowseBottom #EnWpMpBrowseCats li, .EnWpMpBrowseBottom #EnWpMpUsefulLinks, .EnWpMpBrowseBottom #EnWpMpFeaturedPic { float: left; width: 24%; margin: 0; line-height: normal; }
.EnWpMpBrowseBottom #EnWpMpBrowseCats h3 { margin-left: 0; }
#EnWpMpUsefulLinks { clear: left; }
#EnWpMpSearch { background: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/MP-magnifying-glass.png) no-repeat top right; }
#EnWpMpSearch input { vertical-align: middle; }
#EnWpMpSearchInner { float: right; width: 20em; text-align: center; }
#bodySearchMP { margin: 0; padding: 0; }
#bodySearchMP .bodySearchWrap { float: right; width: 17.5em; text-align: left; padding: .8em 0; }
#bodySearchMP label { display: block; font-size: 95%; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: -.2em; }
#bodySearchMP .bodySearchBtnGo { font-weight: bold; padding-left: .3em; padding-right: .3em; margin-left: .5em; }
.EnWpMpContentBox { border: 1px solid; margin-bottom: .9em; }
#EnWpMpCol2 .EnWpMpContentBox { margin-left: .9em; }
.EnWpMpImage { float: right; margin: 0 0 .2em .2em; }
.EnWpMpImage img { position: relative; z-index: 3; }
#EnWpMpSisterProjects { float: left; width: 49%; }
.EnWpMpSisterProject { float: left; width: 17em; margin: 0; height: 5.5em; margin: 0; }
.EnWpMpSisterImg { float: left; width: 40px; height: 100%; }
#EnWpMpOtherLangs { margin-left: 50%; }
#EnWpMainPageNoCSS { display: none; }
#EnWpMpBook2 { background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/MP-open-book2.png); }
#EnWpMpSearch2 { background: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3a/MP-magnifying-glass2.png) no-repeat top right; }
/* Custom link colors for use in [[MediaWiki:Edittools]] */
.charboxblack a:link, .charboxblack a:hover, .charboxblack a:visited, .charboxblack a:active { color: black; }
.charboxsilver a:link, .charboxsilver a:hover, .charboxsilver a:visited, .charboxsilver a:active { color: silver; }
.charboxgray a:link, .charboxgray a:hover, .charboxgray a:visited, .charboxgray a:active { color: gray; }
.charboxwhite a:link, .charboxwhite a:hover, .charboxwhite a:visited, .charboxwhite a:active { color: white; }
.charboxmaroon a:link, .charboxmaroon a:hover, .charboxmaroon a:visited, .charboxmaroon a:active { color: maroon; }
.charboxred a:link, .charboxred a:hover, .charboxred a:visited, .charboxred a:active { color: red; }
.charboxpurple a:link, .charboxpurple a:hover, .charboxpurple a:visited, .charboxpurple a:active { color: purple; }
.charboxfuchsia a:link, .charboxfuchsia a:hover, .charboxfuchsia a:visited, .charboxfuchsia a:active { color: fuchsia; }
.charboxgreen a:link, .charboxgreen a:hover, .charboxgreen a:visited, .charboxgreen a:active { color: green; }
.charboxlime a:link, .charboxlime a:hover, .charboxlime a:visited, .charboxlime a:active { color: lime; }
.charboxolive a:link, .charboxolive a:hover, .charboxolive a:visited, .charboxolive a:active { color: olive; }
.charboxyellow a:link, .charboxyellow a:hover, .charboxyellow a:visited, .charboxyellow a:active { color: yellow; }
.charboxnavy a:link, .charboxnavy a:hover, .charboxnavy a:visited, .charboxnavy a:active { color: navy; }
.charboxblue a:link, .charboxblue a:hover, .charboxblue a:visited, .charboxblue a:active { color: blue; }
.charboxteal a:link, .charboxteal a:hover, .charboxteal a:visited, .charboxteal a:active { color: teal; }
.charboxaqua a:link, .charboxaqua a:hover, .charboxaqua a:visited, .charboxaqua a:active { color: aqua; }
/* custom edits */
.allpagesredirect a:link { color:#0066ff;}
/* 维基共享资源图像巡视格式 */
/* 链接 */
.tickerDiffLink { } /* diff links in ticker */
.tickerMiscLink { } /* misc links in ticker */
/* 去除引点 */
.tickerList ul, .tickerList ul li { list-style: none; text-indent:-2em; margin-left:2em; text-align:left; }
.tickerList ul ul, .tickerList ul ul li { list-style: none; text-indent:0; margin-left:1.5em; text-align:left; }
/* 各种记录格式 */
.tickerEntry_deleted { } /* 图像删除记录 */
.tickerEntry_replaced { } /* 图像替换记录 */
.tickerEntry_tagged { } /* 加上或删去问题模板的图像记录 */
.tickerEntry_redir { } /* 图像重新定向记录 */
.tickerEntry_recat { } /* 图像重新分类记录 */
.tickerEntry_notify { } /* 全界的更改记录 */
.tickerEntry_changed { } /* 一般的更改记录 */
/* 各种行为格式 */
.tickerAction_deleted:before { content:"(×)"; color: #FF0000; font-family:monospace; font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; background: pink; }
.tickerAction_replaced:before { content:" REPL "; color: #CC88FF; font-family:monospace; font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; }
.tickerAction_addedBad:before { content:" +VfD "; color: #FF8800; font-family:monospace; font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; }
.tickerAction_removedBad:before { content:" -VfD "; color: #00BB00; font-family:monospace; font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; }
.tickerAction_addedGood:before { content:" +OK "; color: #00BB00; font-family:monospace; font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; }
.tickerAction_removedGood:before { content:" -OK "; color: #FF8800; font-family:monospace; font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; }
/* 巡视功能使用列表 */
.tickerUsage { font-size:80%; }
/* 每次记录应用用于多数图像的模板 */
.tickerTemplateEntry { font-weight: bold; }
/* 每次记录应用次要记录---应用模板的某图像 */
.tickerSubEntry { }
/* 次要记录格式 */
.tickerMinorEntry { color:#666; } /* minor entry */
.tickerMinorEntry a,
.tickerMinorEntry a:link,
.tickerMinorEntry a:visited { color:#669; }
#bodyContent .tickerMinorEntry a.extiw,
#bodyContent .tickerMinorEntry a.extiw:link,
#bodyContent .tickerMinorEntry a.extiw:visited { color:#669; }
/*</nowiki></pre>*/
User:Wtzdj/monobook.css
898
2053
2006-10-17T09:44:43Z
Wtzdj
18
/* 管理員請注意! 對 Monobook.css 或 Common.css 做出任何修改之前,
請先到 [[Wikipedia:互助客栈]] 提出。 另外,請不要修改此頁,而應該修改
[[MediaWiki:Common.css]] ,除非修改後無反應。
要測試請使用您自己用戶名的 Monobook.css 。 多謝合作。 */
/*<pre><nowiki>*/
/* Donations link to be uncommented during fundraising drives */
#siteNotice {
margin-top:5px;
padding-left: 4px;
font-style: italic;
text-align: center;
}
/*
#fundraising {
text-align: center;
border: 1px solid gray;
padding: 5px;
}
*/
/****************************/
/* BEGIN LIGHT BLUE SECTION */
/****************************/
/* Make all non-namespace pages have a light blue content area. This is done by
setting the background color for all #content areas to light blue and then
overriding it for any #content enclosed in a .ns-0 (main namespace). I then
do the same for the "tab" background colors. --Lupo */
#content {
background: #F8FCFF; /* a light blue */
}
#content div.thumb {
border-color: #F8FCFF;
}
.ns-0 * #content {
background: white;
}
#mytabs li {
background: #F8FCFF;
}
.ns-0 * #mytabs li {
background: white;
}
#mytabs li a {
background-color: #F8FCFF;
}
.ns-0 * #mytabs li a {
background-color: white;
}
#p-cactions li a, #p-cactions li a:hover, #p-cactions li.selected a {
background-color: #F8FCFF;
}
.ns-0 * #p-cactions li a {
background-color: #fbfbfb;
}
.ns-0 * #p-cactions li.selected a, .ns-0 * #p-cactions li a:hover {
background-color: white;
}
.ns-0 * #content div.thumb {
border-color: white;
}
/**************************/
/* END LIGHT BLUE SECTION */
/**************************/
/* Display "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" */
#siteSub {
display: inline;
font-size: 92%;
font-weight: normal;
}
#bodyContent #siteSub a {
color: #000;
text-decoration: none;
background-color: transparent;
background-image: none;
padding-right: 0;
}
/* Bold 'edit this page' link to encourage newcomers */
#ca-edit a { font-weight: bold !important; }
/* Display "User $1, you are already logged in!"
([[MediaWiki:Alreadyloggedin]]) in red and bold */
div.alreadyloggedin { color: red; font-weight: bold; }
@media print {
/* Do not print edit link in templates using Template:Ed
Do not print certain classes that shouldn't appear on paper */
.editlink, .noprint, .metadata, .dablink { display: none }
#content { background: #FFFFFF; } /* white background on print */
}
/* Accessibility experiment: make diff changes not just colour-based */
.diffchange {
font-weight: bold;
background-color: inherit;
}
td.diff-addedline, td.diff-deletedline, td.diff-context {
font-size: 85%;
color: inherit;
}
#pt-login {
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 110%;
}
form#userlogin {
float: left;
padding: 1em 1em .7em 1em;
background-color: #ffffe6;
border: 2px solid #fc6;
color: #000;
margin-right: 2em;
}
form#userlogin table {
float: left;
background-color: #ffffe6;
color: #000;
}
p.error {
font-weight: bold;
}
/* Class styles */
/* .toccolours added here because version in
monobook/main.css wasn't being used by the print style */
.toccolours {
border:1px solid #aaaaaa;
background-color:#f9f9f9;
padding:5px;
font-size: 95%;
}
/* Remove padding from external links displayed without icon */
#bodyContent .plainlinks a {padding: 0 !important}
#p-nav h5 {
display: none;
}
.portlet a {
text-decoration: none;
}
.portlet a:hover {
text-decoration: underline;
}
#p-nav .pBody {
padding-right: 0;
}
#p-nav a {
display: block;
width: 100%;
}
/* Special characters list below edit window works better without underlining */
#editpage-specialchars a { text-decoration: none; }
#editpage-specialchars a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
/* If you don't want to see special characters list at all,
put the following line in your User:You/monobook.css file
(and remove the slash-asterisk comments) */
/* #editpage-specialchars { display: none; } */
/* Makes the background of a framed image white instead of gray. */
/* Only visible with transparent images. */
/* See #Framed_image_background_color */
div.thumb div a img {
background-color:#ffffff;
}
/* To position the spoken article link at the top of page
Commented out while sitenotice present */
#spoken {
position: absolute;
float: right;
text-align: right;
font-size: 90%;
right: 0;
z-index: 1;
background: none;
border-bottom-style: none;
top: -2.2em;
display: block !important;
}
/* try adding here, this had no effect in [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] */
.plainlinksneverexpand a.external.text:after {
display: none !important
}
/* Standard Navigationsleisten.*/
div.Boxmerge,
div.NavFrame {
margin: 0px;
padding: 2px;
border: 1px solid #aaaaaa;
text-align: center;
border-collapse: collapse;
font-size: 95%;
}
div.Boxmerge div.NavFrame {
border-style: none;
border-style: hidden;
}
div.NavFrame + div.NavFrame {
border-top-style: none;
border-top-style: hidden;
}
div.NavPic {
background-color: #ffffff;
margin: 0px;
padding: 2px;
float: left;
}
div.NavFrame div.NavHead {
height: 1.6em;
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 100%;
background-color: #efefef;
position:relative;
}
div.NavFrame p {
font-size: 100%;
}
div.NavFrame div.NavContent {
font-size: 100%;
}
div.NavFrame div.NavContent p {
font-size: 100%;
}
div.NavEnd {
margin: 0px;
padding: 0px;
line-height: 1px;
clear: both;
}
a.NavToggle {
position:absolute;
top:0px;
right:3px;
font-weight:normal;
font-size:smaller;
}
/* enlarge font-size for zh fonts */
#bodyContent { font-size:118% }
/* Fix Fontsize */
.portlet h5,
.portlet ul,
#toc .toctoggle {
font-size: 100%;
}
.pBody,
#footer,
div.thumb div {
font-size: 95%;
}
h2 {
font-weight: bold;
}
/*
ul {
margin: 0.5em 0 0 1.5em;
}
*/
/* siteNotice 去掉斜体 */
#siteNotice {
font-style: normal;
}
/* Do not expand kvaleberg.com-URLs for printing */
#content span.coordinates a.external.text:after, #content span.coordinates a.external.autonumber:after {
content: "";
}
/* Formatierung betrifft Vorlagen: Geokoordinate, Koordinate2 & Koordinate3 */
#coordinates {
position:absolute; z-index:1; border:none; background:none; right:12px; top:1.3em; float:right; margin:0.0em;
padding:0.0em; line-height:1.5em; text-align:right; text-indent:0; font-size:85%; text-transform:none; white-space:normal;
}
/* kleines Globus-Symbol neben der Geookordinate anzeigen */
#coordinates a[href ^="http://"] {
background: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/de/d/d4/Gnome-globe.png) center right no-repeat; padding-right: 18px !important;
}
/* custom edits */
#catlinks { padding-top:1px; padding-bottom:1px;}
/*</nowiki></pre>*/
MediaWiki:Monobook.css
899
2047
2006-10-17T09:23:08Z
Wtzdj
18
/* 管理員請注意! 對 Monobook.css 或 Common.css 做出任何修改之前,
請先到 [[Wikipedia:互助客栈]] 提出。 另外,請不要修改此頁,而應該修改
[[MediaWiki:Common.css]] ,除非修改後無反應。
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Image:8900 3105 080c572b1620294.gif
900
1991
2006-10-16T11:45:49Z
Mla
59
球面镜成像
901
2004
2006-10-16T12:14:51Z
Mla
59
'''球面镜'''个镜面是球面个一部分。球面镜有两种:用球个内表面作镜面个叫'''凹面镜''';用球个外表面作镜面个叫'''凸面镜'''。勿管事凹面镜还是凸面镜,伊拉对光个[[反射]]侪遵循[[光个反射定律]]。
==球面镜个焦点==
所有个球面镜侪有得[[焦点]]。凹面镜个焦点辣通过[[球心]]个直射[[光线]]高头,焦点到通过球心直射光线入射点距离=球面半径-球面半径/根号2。
国际音标
902
2143
2006-10-19T08:28:19Z
Dzochithin
49
[[IPA]] 移动到 [[国际音标]]: 简称“IPA”的太多,包括国际认证组织、国际药学文摘、国际语音学协会(International Phonetic Association)、 国际音标(International Phonetic Alphabet)等。
用IPA做名字,易混淆
IPA:是英文International Phonetic Alphabet个缩写,意思就是 国际音标。渠是现在通行个表音个系统
吴 (三国)
903
2059
2006-10-18T03:20:09Z
130.220.79.98
吴
904
2147
2006-10-19T08:38:15Z
Dzochithin
49
'''吴'''(Wu)是有多种意思个字,侬要寻个是否是:
* 语言浪
**[[吴语]],汉藏语系个一个分支
**[[北吴]]方言
**[[南吴]]方言
**[[吴音]],日本汉字发音
* 历史浪
**[[春秋时代]]辰光个[[吴国(春秋)]]
**[[三国]]辰光个[[吴(三国)]]国
**[[吴越国]]
* 地理浪
**[[吴越地区]]
**[[东吴]]
*人个姓氏[[吴(姓氏)]]
*勒<<[[说文解字]]>>等辞典工具书里向个[[吴(解释)]]
吴(三国)
905
2070
2006-10-18T03:51:18Z
130.220.79.98
'''吴'''国,三国辰光搭[[魏]]国,[[蜀]]国并立存在个国家。从力量相对弱小成为霸主之一。
吴越地区
906
2073
2006-10-18T03:56:39Z
130.220.79.98
'''吴越地区''',也叫[[江浙]]地区。勒勒长江下游,主要勒到江南面,有时候[[江南]]也是指搿个地区。
Image:Zhejiang-map1.gif
907
2077
2006-10-18T04:09:07Z
Amor
23
俄罗斯
908
2115
2006-10-18T12:21:57Z
Silentsound
28
/* 人口 */
{{translation}}
{{Infobox Country|
国家名称 =Российская Федерация<br>俄罗斯联邦|
国名=俄罗斯联邦|
国旗文件名=Flag of Russia.svg|
国徽文件名=Russia coa.png|
国家位置图片文件名=LocationRussia.png|
国家首都名称=[[莫斯科]]|
货币代码=RUB|
最大城市名称=[[莫斯科]]|
国土面积数据=17,075,200|
面积排名=1|
水域率百分比=0.5%|
海域=|
官方语言=[[俄语]]|
总人口数据=143,974,059([[2004年]]中估计数)|
人口排名=7|
人口密度数据=8|
人口密度排名=178|
民族=|
宗教=|
主要节日=|
政治体制=|
国家元首职称=总统|
现任国家元首名字=弗拉基米尔·普京|
政府首脑职称=总理|
现任政府首脑名字=米哈伊尔·弗拉德科夫|
货币单位=[[卢布]]|
国内生产总值数据=1.60 千亿[[美元]](列第9位)|
购买力平价数据=|
人均国内生产总值数据=11,209 美元(列第61位)|
中央银行=俄罗斯中央银行|
国家格言=|
国歌名称=[[俄羅斯聯邦國歌|俄罗斯联邦颂]]|
国家象征=
<LI>国花:[[葵花]]|
时区=UTC +2至+12|
国际域名缩写=.ru|
国家代码=|
国际电话区号=+7|
}}
'''俄罗斯联邦'''(Российская Федерация ),简称'''俄罗斯'''(Русская)或者'''俄国'''(Россия),是世界浪[[国家面积列表|面积最大]]个国家,地跨欧亚两大洲。俄罗斯联邦搭以下几个国家接壤(逆时针方向):[[挪威]]、[[芬兰]]、[[爱沙尼亚]]、[[拉脱维亚]]、[[白俄罗斯]]、[[立陶宛]]、[[波兰]]、[[乌克兰]]、[[格鲁吉亚]]、[[阿塞拜疆]]、[[哈萨克斯坦]]、[[中華人民共和國]]、[[蒙古]]、[[朝鲜]],搭[[日本]]、[[美国]]、[[加拿大]]隔海相望。绵延个海岸线从[[北冰洋]]一直延伸到北[[太平洋]],还包括内陆海[[黑海]]搭[[裏海|里海]]。作为[[前苏联]]主要加盟共和国,俄罗斯联邦仍是一个非常有影响力个国家,特别勒勒由12个前苏联加盟共和国组成个[[独联体]]组织里向。[[1991年]],苏联解体,俄罗斯继承苏联,成为[[联合国]][[安全理事会]]([[安理会]])[[常任理事国]],并对议案拥有[[否决权]]。
==历史==
''请参见:[[俄罗斯历史]]''
俄罗斯最早个政权是[[維京人]]建立个[[基輔羅斯]]公國(Киевская Русь)。
[[中世纪]]后期俄罗斯建立了[[莫斯科大公国]]并逐点发展成一个帝国,从[[15世纪]]起开始朝[[亚洲]]扩张。勒历代[[沙皇]]统治期间,[[俄罗斯帝国]]勒[[18世纪]]开始现代化并且到处扩张,从[[中国]]抢了交关土地,包括[[外東北]]、[[庫頁島]]搭[[新疆]]西部,成为[[欧洲]]列強之一。然[[20世纪]]初开始,俄国个实力开始倒退,人民也对现状越来越弗满。[[第一次世界大战]]辰光,俄国勒军事浪惨败。接下去俄国国内出现内战,后来[[十月革命]]勒[[1917年]]爆发。
之後弗久,共產黨勒[[列寧]]領導之下取得政權,[[苏联|苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟]]也由此成立。勒[[斯大林]]领导辰光,蘇聯由一個農業國迅速工業化,並且實行農業集體化。[[第二次世界大战]]中对[[纳粹德国]]个胜利,使得苏联发展成为[[冷战]]中个[[超级大国]](还有一个是[[美国]]),并侵占中国[[唐努乌梁海]]、[[黑瞎子岛]]等土地,而且策划[[外蒙古]]脫離中國獨立。到了[[1980年代]]末期,苏联进行多项改革,但是仍无法改变苏联[[1991年]][[苏联解体|解体]]个命运。搿一年个[[8月24号]],俄罗斯苏维埃联邦共和国宣布独立,成为俄罗斯联邦。从此以后,俄罗斯联邦虽然仍是一个大国,但是一例有经济困境。
==政治==
''请参见:[[俄罗斯政治]]''
俄罗斯联邦实行个是联邦民主制。[[总统]]是国家元首,任期4年,由人民直接选举产生。总统有相当大个行政权力,有权任命[[总理]]等高级官员,但必须经议会批准。总统同时也是武装部队个首领搭国家安全会议主席。并且可以弗经过议会直接颁布法令。
俄罗斯联邦议会,简称联邦议会(Федеральное Собрание),由上下两院组成。上院联邦会议(Совет Федерации)有178名代表,任期4年,89个地方分区可以任命2名代表,下院[[国家杜马]](Государственная Дума)有450名代表,任期4年,其中225人由国民代表大会选举产生,另外225人则按比例从全国政党中选出组成。
==行政区==
''参见:[[俄罗斯行政区]]''
俄罗斯联邦由89个弗同个行政分区组成。联邦有21个享有极大自由个共和国。搿星共和国往往是俄罗斯联邦个少数民族聚居区。剩下来个行政区包括了49个州(Области )搭6个区(Края)。当中有10个自治区域搭1个自治州。除此之外,还有两个联邦城市,[[莫斯科]]搭[[圣彼得堡]]。[[2000年]],按照[[总统]][[普京]]个指示,俄罗斯联邦再分作7个按地域分界、包含行政分区个联邦区域。
==地理==
''请参见:[[俄罗斯地理]]''
俄罗斯联邦跨越了欧亚大陆的北部大部分地区,地势及气候变化多端。全境大部分地区属于[[平原]],特别是欧洲部分以及亚洲的[[西伯利亚]]地区。南部平原大部分是干旷草原,而北部平原则大部分是森林地区。山脉多集中在南部边境,例如[[大高加索山脉]]和[[萨彦-贝加尔山脉]]。比较中央的[[乌拉尔山脉]]则是欧洲和亚洲的主要分界线。
[[Image:Rs-map.jpg|450px|right]]
俄罗斯联邦拥有绵延37,000公里的海岸线,跨越了北冰洋和太平洋,以及内陆的[[黑海]]和[[裏海|里海]]。一些小的海域则属于大洋的一部分:[[巴伦支海]]、[[白海]]和[[东西伯利亚海]]等属于北冰洋,而[[白令海]]和[[日本海]]等则属于太平洋。
很多条大河流经平原到达海洋。主要的河流包括了[[伏尔加河]]、[[颚毕河]]、[[叶尼塞河]]、[[勒拿河]]以及[[阿穆尔河]](即[[黑龙江]])。主要湖泊有[[贝加尔湖]]、[[拉多加湖]]和[[奥涅加湖]]等。
*[[俄罗斯城市列表]]
==经济==
在[[苏联解体]]后的十多年间,俄罗斯联邦依然挣扎着建立现代化的[[市场经济]]以及实现较强的经济增长。俄罗斯联邦的行政和立法机构也意识到,国家的工业基础以及进一步的改革面临了严重的问题,并使俄罗斯联邦的经济在苏联解体后连续5年下滑。
[[1997年]]俄罗斯联邦经济有所复苏。[[1998年]]的财政危机导致了当年8月[[卢布]]的贬值,债务的加剧以及人民生活水平的严重下滑。但是在1999至2001年年间,凭借着较高的石油价格和疲软的卢布,俄罗斯联邦的经济再度复苏,平均每年增长6%。
这次的复苏,再加上新政府对基础经济进行的改革,已经提升了投资者对俄罗斯联邦的信心。但是俄罗斯联邦依然十分倚赖天然资源的出口,特别是占总出口80%的[[石油]]、[[天然气]]、[[金属]]以及[[木材]]。
[[2005年]]底,俄罗斯[[国民生产总值]]由[[1999年]]的1570亿美元恢复增长到约7500亿美元,黄金[[外汇储备]]由[[1998年]]底的不足100亿美元增长到1822亿美元。
==人口==
''请参见:[[俄罗斯人口]]''
俄罗斯2006年人口1.42亿。人口持续减少,每年减少约70万,主要原因是担心住房、医疗和教育等问题,大多数俄罗斯家庭选择只养一个小人。
由于俄罗斯联邦广阔个幅员,所以人口密度较低;大部分人口主要侪住勒垃俄罗斯联邦个欧洲部分,乌拉尔山脉地区以及西伯利亚个东南部。俄罗斯联邦内也有交关少数民族以及土著人口。总人口个80%以上是[[俄罗斯人]],剩下来个包括[[巴什基尔人]]、[[车臣人]]、[[楚瓦什人]]、[[鞑靼人]]、[[日耳曼人]]、[[乌克兰人]]、[[达格斯坦人]]、[[朝鲜人]]、[[犹太人]]搭仔[[白俄罗斯人]]等。
[[俄语]]是唯一个官方语言,但是勿同个共和国经常拿自家个民族语言作为共和国内个官方语言。[[东正教]]是联邦内个主要宗教,其他个宗教包括[[伊斯兰教]]、[[基督教新教]]、[[罗马天主教]]跟[[佛教]]等。
==文化==
''请参见:[[俄罗斯文化]]''
*[[俄国人列表]]
*[[俄国文学]]
*[[俄国诗人]]
*[[俄罗斯大学列表]]
*[[:Category:俄國音樂家|俄國音樂家]]
==军事==
苏联解体后,俄罗斯继承了苏联的大部分军事力量,为有世界影响的军事强国之一。俄罗斯正规军由陆军 、海军、空军、国土防空军和战略火箭军组成。有着规模庞大的核武库,根据其官方在2005年宣布的结果,俄罗斯的核弹头数量为:4732枚。
==外交关系==
*[[中俄关系]]
沙皇俄国原是欧洲国家,与中国并不接壤。沙俄自[[清代]]以来,通过战争、条约、诡计占领了中国的许多领土,是占领中国领土最多的国家。被沙俄占领的中国领土包括(自东向西):库页岛、乌苏里江以东土地、黑龙江北至[[外兴安岭]]土地、[[贝加尔湖]]以东土地、[[唐努乌梁海]]等。另外,沙俄在[[外蒙古独立]]事件中起了关键性的作用。
在[[20世纪]]的最后几年,中俄两国政府在[[黑瞎子岛]]划定边界,中国收回被俄罗斯实际控制的此岛的一半,另一半划入俄罗斯疆界,历史上这个岛是属于中国的。
由于俄国的原因,[[蒙古]]以及[[巴尔喀什湖]]以东、以南的许多土地也不再是中国的[[领土]]。
透過中俄多次磋商和簽訂協定,當在[[2004年]]《中華人民共和國和俄羅斯聯邦關於中俄國界東段的補充協定》後,兩國在領土爭拗問題大致上解決。中俄兩國現處於持續發展戰略和經濟的友好關係,可從中俄在反恐﹑反分裂國家(中國的西藏問題;俄國的車臣問題)的一致立場,俄國表明優先輸出該國原油予中國,和中俄在2005年將會進行聯合軍事演習等看到。
''<small>参见[[俄美关系]]和[[俄日关系]]</small>''
自[[日本]]在第二次世界大戰被[[蘇聯]]佔據[[北方四島]],兩個國家仍未有簽訂和約,理論上兩國仍處於作戰對抗狀態。自1990年代[[葉利欽]]作為俄羅斯联邦總統,日俄開始對北方四島進行談判,但雙方分歧仍然存在。
而民間的日俄合作漸見興起。例如日本人到南庫頁島旅遊。
''<small>参见[[俄欧关系]]</small>''
==其他主题==
*[[俄罗斯通讯]]
*[[俄罗斯交通]]
*[[俄罗斯军事]]
*[[俄罗斯外交]]
*[[俄罗斯旅游]]
*[[俄白联盟]]
==外部链接==
{{commons|Category:俄罗斯}}
*[http://www.gov.ru/ Gov.ru] - 俄国官方网站
*[http://www.kremlin.ru/ Kremlin] - 俄罗斯联邦总统官方网站
*[http://www.council.gov.ru/index_e.htm Federative Council] - 上院官方网站
*[http://www.duma.ru/ Duma] - 下院(杜马)官方网站
*[http://www.worldmapfinder.com/Cn/Europe/Russia/ 俄罗斯地图 (中文)]
*[http://rusnews.cn/ 俄罗斯新闻网(俄新社中文网站)]
{{亚洲行政区划}}
{{欧洲行政区划}}
{{APEC}}
{{G8}}
{{CIS}}
{{Shanghai CO}}
{{OIC}}
{{UN Security Council}}
[[Category:俄罗斯]]
{{Link FA|ja}}
{{Link FA|id}}
{{Link FA|vi}}
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[[als:Russland]]
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[[ar:روسيا]]
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[[cs:Rusko]]
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[[cy:Ffederasiwn Rwsia]]
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[[en:Russia]]
[[eo:Rusio]]
[[es:Rusia]]
[[et:Venemaa]]
[[eu:Errusia]]
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[[fi:Venäjä]]
[[fo:Russland]]
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[[fur:Russie]]
[[fy:Ruslân]]
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[[gd:An Ruis]]
[[gl:Rusia - Россия]]
[[got:𐍂𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳]]
[[he:רוסיה]]
[[hi:रुस]]
[[hr:Rusija]]
[[ht:Risi]]
[[hu:Oroszország]]
[[hy:Ռուսաստան]]
[[ia:Russia]]
[[id:Rusia]]
[[ie:Russia]]
[[ilo:Russia]]
[[io:Rusia]]
[[is:Rússland]]
[[it:Russia]]
[[iu:ᐅᓛᓴ]]
[[ja:ロシア]]
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[[kg:Rusia]]
[[kk:Ресей]]
[[ko:러시아]]
[[ks:रूस]]
[[ku:Rûsya]]
[[kv:Россия]]
[[kw:Russi]]
[[ky:Россия]]
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[[lb:Russland]]
[[li:Rösland]]
[[lt:Rusija]]
[[lv:Krievija]]
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[[pt:Rússia]]
[[ro:Rusia]]
[[roa-rup:Arusia]]
[[ru:Россия]]
[[scn:Russia]]
[[sco:Roushie]]
[[se:Ruošša]]
[[sh:Rusija]]
[[simple:Russia]]
[[sk:Rusko]]
[[sl:Rusija]]
[[sq:Rusia]]
[[sr:Русија]]
[[su:Rusia]]
[[sv:Ryssland]]
[[ta:ரஷ்யா]]
[[te:రష్యా]]
[[tg:Русия]]
[[th:สหพันธรัฐรัสเซีย]]
[[tk:Russiýa]]
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[[uz:Rossiya Federatsiyasi]]
[[vi:Nga]]
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[[zh-classical:俄羅斯]]
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<div style="clear:both;" class="NavFrame">
<div class="NavHead" style="background-color:#bbccee;"> '''[[八国集团]]''' '''(G8)'''</div>
<div class="NavContent" style="font-size:100%; padding:2px;">
{{CAN}} {{FRA}} {{GER}} {{ITA}} {{JPN}} {{RUS}} {{UK}} {{USA}}
</div>
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[[Image:Flag of Russia.svg|25px|俄罗斯]] [[俄罗斯]]<noinclude>[[Category:歐洲國家模板]]</noinclude>
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<noinclude>[[Category:亚洲国家模板]][[Category:欧洲国家模板]][[en:Template:Commonwealth of Independent States]]</noinclude>
<br clear=all>
{| id="toc" style="margin: 0 2em 0 2em;"
! align="center" style="background:#ccccff" width="100%" | <div style="float:left;width:50px;"> </div>'''[[独立国家联合体]]'''|| [[Image:Flag of the CIS.svg|75px|獨立國協會旗]]
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 90%;" | [[亞美尼亞]] | [[阿塞拜疆]] | [[白俄罗斯]] | [[格鲁吉亚]] | [[哈萨克斯坦]] | [[吉尔吉斯斯坦]] | [[摩尔多瓦]] | [[俄罗斯]] | [[塔吉克斯坦]] | [[土库曼斯坦]] | [[乌克兰]] | [[乌兹别克斯坦]]
|}
</center>
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{| class="toccolours" align="center" style="margin:1em 2em; text-align:center; clear:both"
|-
! width="100%" style="background:#ccccff;" | '''[[伊斯兰会议组织]]成员国及观察员'''
| [[Image:Flag of OIC.svg|55px|伊斯兰会议组织旗帜]]
|-
|style="font-size: 90%;" colspan="2"| [[阿富汗]] | [[阿尔巴尼亚]] | [[阿尔及利亚]] | [[阿塞拜疆]] | [[巴林]] | [[孟加拉国]] | [[贝宁]] | [[布吉納法索]] | [[文莱]] | [[喀麦隆]] | [[乍得]] | [[科摩罗]] | [[科特迪瓦]] | [[吉布提]] | [[埃及]] | [[加蓬]] | [[冈比亚]] | [[几内亚]] | [[几内亚比绍]] | [[圭亚那]] | [[印度尼西亚]] | [[伊朗]] | [[伊拉克]] | [[约旦]] | [[科威特]] | [[哈萨克斯坦]] | [[吉尔吉斯斯坦]] | [[黎巴嫩]] | [[利比亚]] | [[马尔代夫]] | [[马来西亚]] | [[马里]] | [[毛里塔尼亚]] | [[摩洛哥]] | [[莫桑比克]] | [[尼日尔]] | [[奈及利亞]] | [[阿曼]] | [[巴基斯坦]] | [[巴勒斯坦|巴勒斯坦国]] | [[卡塔尔]] | [[沙特阿拉伯]] | [[塞内加尔]] | [[塞拉利昂]] | [[索马里]] | [[苏丹共和国|苏丹]] | [[蘇利南]] | [[叙利亚]] | [[塔吉克斯坦]] | [[土耳其]] | [[突尼斯]] | [[多哥]] | [[土库曼斯坦]] | [[乌干达]] | [[乌兹别克斯坦]] | [[阿拉伯联合酋长国]] | [[也门]]
|-
|style="font-size: 90%;" colspan="2"| '''观察员国:''' [[波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那]] | [[中非共和國]] | [[俄罗斯]] | [[泰国]]
|-
|style="font-size: 90%;" colspan="2"| '''穆斯林组织和团体观察成员:''' [[摩洛国家解放阵线|摩洛国家解放阵线(MNLF) ]] | [[北賽普勒斯土耳其共和國|北塞浦路斯土耳其共和国]]
|-
|style="font-size: 90%;" colspan="2"| '''国际组织观察员:''' [[经济合作组织|经济合作组织(ECO)]] | [[非洲统一组织]] | [[阿拉伯国家联盟]] | [[不结盟运动]] | [[联合国]]
|}
衢州
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{| border="1" align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #ffffff; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: small;"
|-
|+<big>'''衢州市'''</big>
|-
| '''[[中国行政区|行政区]]类别'''
| [[市]]
|-
| '''市政府所在地'''
| [[柯城区]]<br/>
|-
| '''[[面积]]'''
| 8836[[平方公里]]
|-
| '''位置'''<br/>- [[经度]]<br/>- [[纬度]]
|<br/>东经118°01′-119°20′ <br/>北纬28°14′-29°30′
|-
| [[气候]]
| 亚热带季风性湿润气候
|-
| '''平均[[气温]]'''
| 16.3-17.3℃
|-
| '''平均[[雨水]]'''
| 1843毫米
|-
| '''[[人口]]'''
| 245.57万人([[2004年]]末)
|-
| '''[[中华民族|民族]]'''
| 绝大多数是汉族江浙民系,少数民族主要是畲族
|-
| '''[[人均可支配收入]]'''
| 人民币 13006元
|-
| '''[[GDP]]总量'''
| 人民币 325.54亿元 ([[2005年]]末)
|-
| ''' 一二三产业比例'''<br/>- [[第一产业]]<br/>- [[第二产业]]<br/>- [[第三产业]]
| ([[2004年]])<br/>14.7%<br/>45.9%<br/>39.4%
|-
| '''识字率'''
| 99.42%(2004年末)
|-
| '''市[[党委]][[书记]]'''
| 厉志海
|-
| '''[[市长]]'''
| 孙建国
|-
| '''[[中国电话区号列表|电话区号]]'''
| 0570<br/>
|-
| '''[[邮政编码]]'''
| 324000<br/>
|-
| '''[[中国机动车牌照列表|机动车牌照]]'''
| 浙H<br/>
|}
'''衢州市'''(衢州话:[[IPA]] <font face="lucida sans unicode">[ʤɥ ʨiɯ zɿ]</font>)是[[中华人民共和国]][[浙江省]]下底个一个[[地级市]],简称柯。立勒浙江省个最西面,衢江(钱塘江上游段)沿岸,浙赣线上头。省内同[[金华]]、[[杭州]]、[[丽水]]三市隔近,省外同[[安徽]]、[[江西]]、[[福建]]三省交界,地理位置交关要紧,历来是兵家必争之地。
==历史==
衢州个节是中国历史文化名城之一。
[[东汉]]年间置新安县,[[晋朝]]改信安县;[[唐朝]]改西安县;1949年,立老早衢县县城设衢州市;1985年5月,国务院批准撤销金华地区建制,衢州升为省辖市、辖4县1市1区;2001年撤销衢县,设立衢江区。
==行政区划==
现辖2[[市辖区]],1[[县级市]],3[[县]]。
* 市辖区:[[柯城]]、[[衢江]]。
* 县级市:[[江山]]。
* 县:[[龙游]]、[[常山]]、[[开化]]。
==地理==
衢州市立勒金衢盆地个西面,南、北、西面统是丘陵,中央同东面是平原。
==方言==
衢州地区个方言统算是[[吴语]](弗过也有别样个说话,比方讲客家话、畲话、福建话、江西话,个星说话基本高头是老早个移民带来个),其中衢州跟龙游方言属于吴语金衢片,江山、常山、开化个方言属于吴语上丽片上山小片。
[[衢州话]];[[江山话]];[[常山话]]、[[龙游话]]、[[衢江话]]、[[开化话]]。
==交通==
衢州素有四省通衢之称。
*[[浙赣铁路]]
*[[杭金衢高速公路]]
*[[衢州民航机场]]
*[[衢州港]](在建)
==经济==
衢州是个工业城市,衢州化学工业公司是全省最大个化工企业。
衢州地区盛产毛竹,特色农业较为发达。
==物产==
*矿藏有煤、铁、石灰石、大理石等,储量居全省之首;
*农产水稻、油菜籽、衢橘、柚、茶叶、乌桕等;
*土特产有衢红橘、山辣椒、常山雅菇、冬笋、蜡纸、开化“龙顶茶”、江山“绿牡丹”、莹白瓷、香肠、猴头补酒等。
==名胜古迹==
*[[南宗孔氏家庙]]
*[[烂柯山]]
*[[古田山]]
*[[钱江源国家森林公园]]
*[[仙霞关]]
*[[龙游石窟]]
*[[江郎山]]
== 外部链接 ==
*[http://www.quzhou.gov.cn/ 衢州政务网 ]
*[http://www.qzdaily.com.cn/index.htm 衢州日报 ]
[[Category:浙江城市]]
[[Category:浙江行政区划]]
[[Category:国家历史文化名城|浙]]
[[de:Quzhou]]
[[en:Quzhou]]
[[fr:Quzhou]]
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Daka ho!
联合国安理会
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{{translation}}
[[Image:Securitycouncil.jpg|right|thumb|350px|聯合國安全理事會會議廳]]
'''联合国安全理事会'''(简称'''联合国安理会'''、'''安理会''',[[阿拉伯文]]{{IPA|: مجلس الأمن الأمم المتحدة;}} [[英文]]{{IPA|: United Nations Security Council;}} [[法文]]{{IPA|: Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies;}} [[俄文]]{{IPA|: Совет Безопасности Организации Объединённых Наций;}} [[西班牙文]]{{IPA|: Consejo de Seguridad de Naciones Unidas}})是[[联合国]]中最有权力的机构,负责维持国际间的和平与安全。根据《[[联合国宪章]]》,安理会与其他联合国机构不同,它做出的决定必须被相关成员国遵守与执行。联合国安理会的首次会议在[[1946年]][[1月17日]]召开,安理会所做出的决定被称为[[联合国安全理事会决议]]。
== 成员 ==
安理会拥有5名常任理事国,这5个国家是[[第二次世界大战]]的5个战胜国:[[美国]]、[[苏联]]、[[英国]]、[[中国]]以及[[法国]]。;[[1991年]]苏联解体后,[[苏联]]在安理会的席位则由[[俄罗斯联邦]]接替。
除常任理事国外,安理会组成成员还有非常任理事国,非常任理事国原有6个,自[[1966年]]起,非常任理事国的名额增至10个。非常任理事国由联合国大会选出,任期2年,每年换选5个,新的非常任理事国在每年的[[1月1日]]就任。成员国由各地区首先选出,然后由联合国大会确认。[[非洲]]、[[亚洲]]、[[拉丁美洲]]与[[西欧]]各有2个名额,[[东欧]]有1个名额,[[阿拉伯]]国家1个名额两届交替从亚洲或非洲的阿拉伯国家中选出。
安理会成员国必须有一名代表常驻联合国,以确保安理会可以在任何时候召开会议。这个规定是从[[国际联盟]]的失败教训中总结到的,因为国际联盟正是由于无法快速对危机作出反应而导致其失败。
安理会的任何决议需要至少9张赞成票。任何一个常任理事国的反对(即[[否决权|否决票]])都会使一个议案无法通过,即使该议案获得了足够的票数。但弃权不被视作是否决。
在安理会认为必要时,联合国的其他成员国可以参加安理会讨论。近年安理会在该政策上十分宽松,使得很多国家都可以参与讨论。
=== 常任理事国 ===
{{main|常任理事国}}
*[[大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯合王國]](英國)
*[[法蘭西共和國]](法國)
*[[俄羅斯聯邦]](俄國)——1991年前是[[蘇維埃社會主義共和國聯邦]](蘇聯)。苏维埃社会主义共和国联邦是联合国的创始成员,从[[1945年]][[10月24日]]起就是会员国。俄罗斯联邦[[俄罗斯总统|总统]][[鲍里斯·叶利钦]]在[[1991年]][[12月24日]]的信中通知[[联合国秘书长|秘书长]],俄罗斯联邦在[[独立国家联合体]]11个成员国的支持下,继承苏联在安全理事会和联合国所有其他机关的成员资格。
*[[美利堅合眾國]](美國)
*[[中華人民共和國]](中國)——[[1971年]]為[[中華民國]],[[中華民國]]是联合国的创始成员,於[[國共內戰|內戰]]後退守[[台灣]]。於[[1971年]]時聯合國通過[[聯合國大會2758號決議]],[[中華人民共和國]]取代[[中華民國]]成為联合国的成员及常任理事国。
===非常任理事国===
{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
<!--{| border=1 -->
|'''年份'''||'''非常任理事国名单'''
|-
|[[1946年]]||[[澳大利亚]]、[[巴西]]、[[埃及]]、[[墨西哥]]、[[荷兰]]、[[波兰]]
|-
|[[1947年]]||[[澳大利亚]]、[[比利时]]、[[巴西]]、[[哥伦比亚]]、[[波兰]]、[[阿拉伯叙利亚共和国]]
|-
|[[1948年]]||[[阿根廷]]、[[比利时]]、[[加拿大]]、[[哥伦比亚]]、[[阿拉伯叙利亚共和国]]、[[乌克兰苏维埃社会主义共和国]]
|-
|[[1949年]]||[[阿根廷]]、[[加拿大]]、[[古巴]]、[[埃及]]、[[挪威]]、[[乌克兰苏维埃社会主义共和国]]
|-
|[[1950年]]||[[古巴]]、[[厄瓜多尔]]、[[埃及]]、[[印度]]、[[挪威]]、[[南斯拉夫]]
|-
|[[1951年]]||[[巴西]]、[[厄瓜多尔]]、[[印度]]、[[荷兰]]、[[土耳其]]、[[南斯拉夫]]
|-
|[[1952年]]||[[巴西]]、[[智利]]、[[希腊]]、[[荷兰]]、[[巴基斯坦]]、[[土耳其]]
|-
|[[1953年]]||[[智利]]、[[哥伦比亚]]、[[丹麦]]、[[希腊]]、[[黎巴嫩]]、[[巴基斯坦]]
|-
|[[1954年]]||[[巴西]]、[[哥伦比亚]]、[[丹麦]]、[[黎巴嫩]]、[[新西兰]]、[[土耳其]]
|-
|[[1955年]]||[[比利时]]、[[巴西]]、[[伊朗伊斯兰共和国]]、[[新西兰]]、[[秘鲁]]、[[土耳其]]
|-
|[[1956年]]||[[澳大利亚]]、[[比利时]]、[[古巴]]、[[伊朗伊斯兰共和国]]、[[秘鲁]]、[[南斯拉夫]]
|-
|[[1957年]]||[[澳大利亚]]、[[哥伦比亚]]、[[古巴]]、[[伊拉克]]、[[菲律宾]]、[[瑞典]]
|-
|[[1958年]]||[[加拿大]]、[[哥伦比亚]]、[[伊拉克]]、[[日本]]、[[巴拿马]]、[[瑞典]]
|-
|[[1959年]]||[[阿根廷]]、[[加拿大]]、[[意大利]]、[[日本]]、[[巴拿马]]、[[突尼斯]]
|-
|[[1960年]]||[[阿根廷]]、[[锡兰]]、[[厄瓜多尔]]、[[意大利]]、[[波兰]]、[[突尼斯]]
|-
|[[1961年]]||[[锡兰]]、[[智利]]、[[厄瓜多尔]]、[[利比里亚]]、[[土耳其]]、[[阿拉伯联合共和国]]
|-
|[[1962年]]||[[智利]]、[[加纳]]、[[爱尔兰]]、[[罗马尼亚]]、[[阿拉伯联合共和国]]、[[委内瑞拉]]
|-
|[[1963年]]||[[巴西]]、[[加纳]]、[[摩洛哥]]、[[挪威]]、[[菲律宾]]、[[委内瑞拉]]
|-
|[[1964年]]||[[玻利维亚]]、[[巴西]]、[[捷克斯洛伐克]]、[[科特迪瓦|象牙海岸共和国]]、[[摩洛哥]]、[[挪威]]
|-
|[[1965年]]||[[玻利维亚]]、[[科特迪瓦|象牙海岸共和国]]、[[约旦]]、[[马来西亚]]、[[荷兰]]、[[乌拉圭]]
|-
|[[1966年]]||[[阿根廷]]、[[保加利亚]]、[[日本]]、[[约旦]]、[[马里]]、[[荷兰]]、[[新西兰]]、[[尼日利亚]]、[[乌干达]]、[[乌拉圭]](''从本年开始非常任理事国数目增至10个'')
|-
|[[1967年]]||[[阿根廷]]、[[巴西]]、[[保加利亚]]、[[加拿大]]、[[丹麦]]、[[埃塞俄比亚]]、[[印度]]、[[日本]]、[[马里]]、[[尼日利亚]]
|-
|[[1968年]]||[[阿尔及利亚]]、[[巴西]]、[[加拿大]]、[[丹麦]]、[[埃塞俄比亚]]、[[匈牙利]]、[[印度]]、[[巴基斯坦]]、[[巴拉圭]]、[[塞内加尔]]
|-
|[[1969年]]||[[阿尔及利亚]]、[[哥伦比亚]]、[[芬兰]]、[[匈牙利]]、[[尼泊尔]]、[[巴基斯坦]]、[[巴拉圭]]、[[塞内加尔]]、[[西班牙]]、[[赞比亚]]
|-
|[[1970年]]||[[布隆迪]]、[[哥伦比亚]]、[[芬兰]]、[[尼泊尔]]、[[尼加拉瓜]]、[[波兰]]、[[塞拉利昂]]、[[西班牙]]、[[阿拉伯叙利亚共和国]]、[[赞比亚]]
|-
|[[1971年]]||[[阿根廷]]、[[布隆迪]]、[[比利时]]、[[意大利]]、[[日本]]、[[尼加拉瓜]]、[[波兰]]、[[塞拉利昂]]、[[索马里]]、[[阿拉伯叙利亚共和国]]
|-
|[[1972年]]||[[阿根廷]]、[[比利时]]、[[几内亚]]、[[印度]]、[[意大利]]、[[日本]]、[[巴拿马]]、[[索马里]]、[[苏丹共和国|苏丹]]、[[南斯拉夫]]
|-
|[[1973年]]||[[澳大利亚]]、[[奥地利]]、[[几内亚]]、[[印度]]、[[印度尼西亚]]、[[肯尼亚]]、[[巴拿马]]、[[秘鲁]]、[[苏丹共和国|苏丹]]、[[南斯拉夫]]
|-
|[[1974年]]||[[澳大利亚]]、[[奥地利]]、[[白俄罗斯苏维埃社会主义共和国]]、[[喀麦隆]]、[[哥斯达黎加]]、[[印度尼西亚]]、[[伊拉克]]、[[肯尼亚]]、[[毛里塔尼亚]]、[[秘鲁]]
|-
|[[1975年]]||[[白俄罗斯苏维埃社会主义共和国]]、[[喀麦隆]]、[[哥斯达黎加]]、[[圭亚那]]、[[伊拉克]]、[[意大利]]、[[日本]]、[[毛里塔尼亚]]、[[瑞典]]、[[坦桑尼亚联合共和国]]
|-
|[[1976年]]||[[贝宁]]、[[圭亚那]]、[[意大利]]、[[日本]]、[[阿拉伯利比亚民众国]]、[[巴基斯坦]]、[[巴拿马]]、[[罗马尼亚]]、[[瑞典]]、[[坦桑尼亚联合共和国]]
|-
|[[1977年]]||[[贝宁]]、[[加拿大]]、[[德国]]、[[印度]]、[[阿拉伯利比亚民众国]]、[[毛里求斯]]、[[巴基斯坦]]、[[巴拿马]]、[[罗马尼亚]]、[[委内瑞拉]]
|-
|[[1978年]]||[[玻利维亚]]、[[加拿大]]、[[捷克斯洛伐克]]、[[加蓬]]、[[德国]]、[[印度]]、[[科威特]]、[[毛里求斯]]、[[尼日利亚]]、[[委内瑞拉]]
|-
|[[1979年]]||[[孟加拉国]]、[[玻利维亚]]、[[捷克斯洛伐克]]、[[加蓬]]、[[牙买加]]、[[科威特]]、[[尼日利亚]]、[[挪威]]、[[葡萄牙]]、[[赞比亚]]
|-
|[[1980年]]||[[孟加拉国]]、[[德意志民主共和国]]、[[牙买加]]、[[墨西哥]]、[[尼日尔]]、[[挪威]]、[[菲律宾]]、[[葡萄牙]]、[[突尼斯]]、[[赞比亚]]
|-
|[[1981年]]||[[德意志民主共和国]]、[[爱尔兰]]、[[日本]]、[[墨西哥]]、[[尼日尔]]、[[巴拿马]]、[[菲律宾]]、[[西班牙]]、[[突尼斯]]、[[乌干达]]
|-
|[[1982年]]||[[圭亚那]]、[[爱尔兰]]、[[日本]]、[[约旦]]、[[巴拿马]]、[[波兰]]、[[西班牙]]、[[多哥]]、[[乌干达]]、[[扎伊尔]]
|-
|[[1983年]]||[[圭亚那]]、[[约旦]]、[[马耳他]]、[[荷兰]]、[[尼加拉瓜]]、[[巴基斯坦]]、[[波兰]]、[[多哥]]、[[扎伊尔]]、[[津巴布韦]]
|-
|[[1984年]]||[[布基纳法索]]、[[埃及]]、[[印度]]、[[马耳他]]、[[荷兰]]、[[尼加拉瓜]]、[[巴基斯坦]]、[[秘鲁]]、[[乌克兰苏维埃社会主义共和国]]、[[津巴布韦]]
|-
|[[1985年]]||[[澳大利亚]]、[[布基纳法索]]、[[丹麦]]、[[埃及]]、[[印度]]、[[马达加斯加]]、[[秘鲁]]、[[泰国]]、[[特立尼达和多巴哥]]、[[乌克兰苏维埃社会主义共和国]]
|-
|[[1986年]]||[[澳大利亚]]、[[保加利亚]]、[[刚果]]、[[丹麦]]、[[加纳]]、[[马达加斯加]]、[[泰国]]、[[特立尼达和多巴哥]]、[[阿拉伯联合酋长国]]、[[委内瑞拉]]
|-
|[[1987年]]||[[阿根廷]]、[[保加利亚]]、[[刚果]]、[[德国]]、[[加纳]]、[[意大利]]、[[日本]]、[[阿拉伯联合酋长国]]、[[委内瑞拉]]、[[赞比亚]]
|-
|[[1988年]]||[[阿尔及利亚]]、[[阿根廷]]、[[巴西]]、[[德国]]、[[意大利]]、[[日本]]、[[尼泊尔]]、[[塞内加尔]]、[[南斯拉夫]]、[[赞比亚]]
|-
|[[1989年]]||[[阿尔及利亚]]、[[巴西]]、[[加拿大]]、[[哥伦比亚]]、[[埃塞俄比亚]]、[[芬兰]]、[[马来西亚]]、[[尼泊尔]]、[[塞内加尔]]、[[南斯拉夫]]
|-
|[[1990年]]||[[加拿大]]、[[哥伦比亚]]、[[科特迪瓦]]、[[古巴]]、[[埃塞俄比亚]]、[[芬兰]]、[[马来西亚]]、[[罗马尼亚]]、[[也门]]、[[扎伊尔]]
|-
|[[1991年]]||[[奥地利]]、[[比利时]]、[[科特迪瓦]]、[[古巴]]、[[厄瓜多尔]]、[[印度]]、[[罗马尼亚]]、[[也门]]、[[扎伊尔]]、[[津巴布韦]]
|-
|[[1992年]]||[[奥地利]]、[[比利时]]、[[佛得角]]、[[厄瓜多尔]]、[[匈牙利]]、[[印度]]、[[日本]]、[[摩洛哥]]、[[委内瑞拉]]、[[津巴布韦]]
|-
|[[1993年]]||[[巴西]]、[[佛得角]]、[[吉布提]]、[[匈牙利]]、[[日本]]、[[摩洛哥]]、[[新西兰]]、[[巴基斯坦]]、[[西班牙]]、[[委内瑞拉]]
|-
|[[1994年]]||[[阿根廷]]、[[巴西]]、[[捷克共和国]]、[[吉布提]]、[[新西兰]]、[[尼日利亚]]、[[阿曼]]、[[巴基斯坦]]、[[卢旺达]]、[[西班牙]]
|-
|[[1995年]]||[[阿根廷]]、[[博茨瓦纳]]、[[捷克共和国]]、[[德国]]、[[洪都拉斯]]、[[印度尼西亚]]、[[意大利]]、[[尼日利亚]]、[[阿曼]]、[[卢旺达]]
|-
|[[1996年]]||[[博茨瓦纳]]、[[智利]]、[[埃及]]、[[德国]]、[[几内亚比绍]]、[[洪都拉斯]]、[[印度尼西亚]]、[[意大利]]、[[波兰]]、[[大韩民国]]
|-
|[[1997年]]||[[智利]]、[[哥斯达黎加]]、[[埃及]]、[[几内亚比绍]]、[[日本]]、[[肯尼亚]]、[[波兰]]、[[葡萄牙]]、[[大韩民国]]、[[瑞典]]
|-
|[[1998年]]||[[巴林]]、[[巴西]]、[[哥斯达黎加]]、[[加蓬]]、[[冈比亚]]、[[日本]]、[[肯尼亚]]、[[葡萄牙]]、[[斯洛文尼亚]]、[[瑞典]]
|-
|[[1999年]]||[[阿根廷]]、[[巴林]]、[[巴西]]、[[加拿大]]、[[加蓬]]、[[冈比亚]]、[[马来西亚]]、[[纳米比亚]]、[[荷兰]]、[[斯洛文尼亚]]
|-
|[[2000年]]||[[阿根廷]]、[[孟加拉国]]、[[加拿大]]、[[牙买加]]、[[马来西亚]]、[[马里]]、[[纳米比亚]]、[[荷兰]]、[[突尼斯]]、[[乌干达]]
|-
|[[2001年]]||[[孟加拉国]]、[[哥伦比亚]]、[[爱尔兰]]、[[牙买加]]、[[马里]]、[[毛里求斯]]、[[挪威]]、[[新加坡]]、[[突尼斯]]、[[乌干达]]
|-
|[[2002年]]||[[保加利亚]]、[[喀麦隆]]、[[哥伦比亚]]、[[几内亚]]、[[爱尔兰]]、[[毛里求斯]]、[[墨西哥]]、[[挪威]]、[[新加坡]]、[[阿拉伯叙利亚共和国]]
|-
|[[2003年]]||[[安哥拉]]、[[保加利亚]]、[[喀麦隆]]、[[智利]]、[[德国]]、[[几内亚]]、[[墨西哥]]、[[巴基斯坦]]、[[西班牙]]、[[阿拉伯叙利亚共和国]]
|-
|[[2004年]]||[[阿尔及利亚]]、[[安哥拉]]、[[贝宁]]、[[巴西]]、[[智利]]、[[德国]]、[[巴基斯坦]]、[[菲律宾]]、[[罗马尼亚]]、[[西班牙]]
|-
|[[2005年]]||[[丹麦]]、[[希腊]]、[[日本]]、[[阿根廷]]、[[坦桑尼亚]]、[[阿尔及利亚]]、[[安哥拉]]、[[贝宁]]、[[巴西]]、[[智利]]
|-
|[[2006年]]||[[卡塔尔]]、[[刚果]]、[[斯洛伐克]]、[[秘鲁]]、[[加纳]]、[[丹麦]]、[[希腊]]、[[日本]]、[[阿根廷]]、[[坦桑尼亚]]
|-
|[[2007年]]||[[卡塔尔]]、[[刚果]]、[[斯洛伐克]]、[[秘鲁]]、[[加纳]]、[[比利时]]、[[意大利]]、[[南非]]、[[印度尼西亚]]、……(一个[[南美洲]]国家还未选出)
|-
|[[2008年]]||[[比利时]]、[[意大利]]、[[南非]]、[[印度尼西亚]]……(''一个[[南美洲]]国家还未选出,另外五个将于2007年11月左右选出'')
|}
以下这些国家自联合国成立至今从未担任过安全理事会成员国:
[[阿富汗]] 、[[阿尔巴尼亚]]、[[安道尔]]、[[安提瓜和巴布达]]、[[亚美尼亚]]、[[阿塞拜疆]]、[[巴哈马]]、[[巴巴多斯]]、[[伯利兹]]、[[不丹]]、[[波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那]]、[[文莱达鲁萨兰国]]、[[柬埔寨]]、[[中非共和国]]、[[乍得]]、[[科摩罗]]、[[克罗地亚]]、[[塞浦路斯]]、[[朝鲜民主主义人民共和国]]、[[多米尼克]]、[[多米尼加共和国]]、[[萨尔瓦多]]、[[赤道几内亚]]、[[厄立特里亚]]、[[爱沙尼亚]]、[[斐济]]、[[格鲁吉亚]]、[[格林纳达]]、[[危地马拉]]、[[海地]]、[[冰岛]]、[[以色列]]、[[哈萨克斯坦]]、[[基里巴斯共和国]]、[[吉尔吉斯斯坦]]、[[老挝人民民主共和国]]、[[拉脱维亚]]、[[莱索托]]、[[列支敦士登]]、[[立陶宛]]、[[卢森堡]]、[[马拉维]]、[[马尔代夫]]、[[马绍尔群岛]]、[[密克罗尼西亚联邦]]、[[摩纳哥]]、[[蒙古]]、[[莫桑比克]]、[[缅甸]]、[[瑙鲁]]、[[帕劳]]、[[巴布亚新几内亚]]、[[摩尔多瓦共和国]]、[[圣基茨和尼维斯]]、[[圣卢西亚]]、[[圣文森特和格林纳丁斯]]、[[萨摩亚]]、[[圣马力诺]]、[[圣多美和普林西比]]、[[沙特阿拉伯]]、[[塞舌尔]]、[[所罗门群岛]]、[[苏里南]]、[[斯威士兰]]、[[瑞士]]、[[塔吉克斯坦]]、[[马其顿共和国|前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国]]、[[东帝汶]]、[[汤加]]、[[土库曼斯坦]]、[[图瓦卢]]、[[乌兹别克斯坦]]、[[瓦努阿图]]、[[越南]]、[[黑山共和国|黑山]]
== 安理会主席国 ==
== 安理会的角色 ==
联合国宪章第六章《争端之和平解决》中规定,安理会“可以调查可能引起国际摩擦的任何争端或局势”并在局势可能危及国际和平与安全的时候“建议调解这些争端的方法或解决条件”。这些建议对成员国是非强制性的。
宪章第七章则赋予了安理会更大的权限来应付“威胁和平、破坏和平以及侵略行为”。在这种情况下,安理会不但可以提出建议,还可以采取行动,包括采用武力来“维护或恢复国际和平与安全”。这是[[1950年]]联合国军队在[[朝鲜]]、[[1991年]]联合国军在[[伊拉克]]与[[科威特]]的法律依据。安理会根据宪章第七章所做出的决定,如实施经济制裁等,对成员国是强制性的。
联合国在国际[[共同防御]]中的角色是由联合国宪章定义的,它赋予安理会以下职权:
*依照联合国的宗旨和原则来维护国际和平与安全;
*调查可能引起国际摩擦的任何争端或局势;
*建议调解这些争端的方法或解决条件;
*制定计划以处理对[[和平]]的威胁或侵略行为,并建议应采取的行动;
*促请各会员国实施[[经济制裁]]和除使用武力以外的其他措施以防止或制止侵略;
*对侵略者采取军事行动;
*就接纳新会员国以及各国加入《[[国际法院规约]]》的条件提出建议;
*在“战略地区”行使联合国的[[托管]]职能;
*就[[联合国秘书长|秘书长]]的任命向[[联合国大会|大会]]提出建议,并与大会共同选举[[国际法院]]的法官。
联合国帮助防止一些国际冲突发展成为更严重的争端,它为谈判与辩论有关问题提供了场所,也向有关地区派出了联合国赞助的调查小组、调停人员以及观察人员。[[联合国维和部队]]也可在必要时候行动,这支部队的人员与装备都由成员国提供。但是也有一些冲突被证明是在联合国干预的能力之外的。联合国维和努力成功的关键在于冲突各方是否愿意通过政治途径和平解决争端。
== 决议 ==
''请参见:[http://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Wikisource:%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%89%E7%90%86%E6%9C%83%E6%B1%BA%E8%AD%B0 联合国安理会决议]''
安理会决议的强制性一直是争议的焦点。不过一般都同意,如果有关决议是根据联合国宪章第七章(针对威胁和平、破坏和平以及侵略行为作出的决议)所作出的话,那么有关决议应该具有强制性。但是安理会也可在宪章第六章所界定的情况下(和平解决争端)通过决议,大多数政府不认为针对这种情况的决议是强制性的。不过此外有关组织内部的决议(如接受新的成员国)则都应该是强制性的。
安理会的构成也常常引起争议。现有的5个常任理事国被批评是二战的产物,而不是当前国际局势的真实反映,也没有代表发展中国家的利益。但是,由于改变安理会的构成需要修改联合国的宪章,从而需要获得所有5个常任理事国的同意,因此近期内是无法改变的。
== 参见 ==
*[[联合国]]
*[[联合国成员国列表]]
*[[联合国机构]]
*[[联合国安全理事会决议]]
*[[联合国大会]]
*[[联合国经济及社会理事会]]
*[[联合国托管理事会]]
*[[联合国秘书处]]
*[[国际法庭]]
== 外部链接 ==
*[http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/prinorgs/sc/index.html 联合国安理会]
*[http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/data/vetotab.htm 安理会否决权使用情况统计]
{{UN Security Council}}
{{UN}}
[[ar:مجلس الأمن]]
[[bg:Съвет за сигурност на ООН]]
[[ca:Consell de Seguretat de l'ONU]]
[[cs:Rada bezpečnosti OSN]]
[[da:FNs sikkerhedsråd]]
[[de:Sicherheitsrat der Vereinten Nationen]]
[[el:Συμβούλιο Ασφαλείας του Οργανισμού Ηνωμένων Εθνών]]
[[en:United Nations Security Council]]
[[es:Consejo de Seguridad de Naciones Unidas]]
[[fa:شورای امنیت]]
[[fi:Yhdistyneiden kansakuntien turvallisuusneuvosto]]
[[fr:Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies]]
[[frp:Consèly de sècuritât des Nacions unies]]
[[gl:Consello de Seguridade das Nacións Unidas]]
[[he:מועצת הביטחון]]
[[id:Dewan Keamanan PBB]]
[[it:Consiglio di Sicurezza delle Nazioni Unite]]
[[ja:国際連合安全保障理事会]]
[[ka:გაეროს უშიშროების საბჭო]]
[[ko:UN 안전보장이사회]]
[[mk:Совет на безбедност на ОН]]
[[ms:Majlis Keselamatan PBB]]
[[nl:Veiligheidsraad van de Verenigde Naties]]
[[no:FNs sikkerhetsråd]]
[[pl:Rada Bezpieczeństwa ONZ]]
[[pt:Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas]]
[[ru:Совет Безопасности ООН]]
[[sco:Unitit Nations Security Cooncil]]
[[simple:United Nations Security Council]]
[[sl:Varnostni svet OZN]]
[[sr:Савет безбедности Уједињених нација]]
[[sv:FN:s säkerhetsråd]]
[[th:คณะมนตรีความมั่นคงแห่งสหประชาชาติ]]
[[tl:Kapulungang Panseguridad ng Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]]
[[tr:Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi]]
[[vi:Hội đồng Bảo an Liên Hiệp Quốc]]
[[zh-yue:聯合國安全理事會]]
[[zh-min-nan:An-chôan Lí-sū-hōe]]
[[zh:联合国安理会]]
Template:IPA
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2006-10-18T23:55:52Z
Amor
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<span title="国际音标" class="IPA">{{{1}}}</span><noinclude>
[[en:Template:IPA]]
[[ru:Шаблон:МФА]]
[[vi:Tiêu bản:IPA]]
[[Category:语言模板|I]]
</noinclude>
Image:Securitycouncil.jpg
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2006-10-18T23:57:04Z
Amor
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Template:UN
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2006-10-18T23:58:13Z
Amor
23
<div style="margin:0 auto; clear: both; width: 90%;" class="toccolours">
[[Image:Flag of the United Nations.svg|65px|right|联合国旗]]
<div style="background:#BFD7FF; text-align: center; font-size: 18px; padding: 12px;">'''[[联合国]]'''</div>
<div style="clear: both; margin-left: 20px;">
'''[[联合国机构]]:''' [[联合国大会|大会]] |
[[联合国安全理事会|安全理事会]] |
[[联合国经济及社会理事会|经济及社会理事会]] |
[[联合国托管理事会|托管理事会]] |
[[联合国秘书处|秘书处]] |
[[国际法院]]
'''[[联合国决议]]:''' [[联合国大会决议|大会决议]] | [[联合国安全理事会决议|安理会决议]]</div>
</div><includeonly>[[Category:联合国]]</includeonly><noinclude>
[[Category:政治模板]]
</noinclude>
安理会
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2139
2006-10-18T23:59:52Z
Amor
23
重定向到 [[联合国安理会]]
#REDIRECT[[联合国安理会]]
台州中学
930
2141
2006-10-19T05:04:12Z
220.167.43.68
台州中学,校址在浙江省临海市个北山路上面。台州中学早先为清朝同治六年(1867年)办起个“三台书院”(顶早叫广文书院),光绪二十八年(1902年)秋,台州太守徐承礼奉诏令把“三台书院”改名字叫“三台中学堂”,1907年改名字叫“官立台州府中学堂”,民国元年(1912年)改名字叫“浙江省第六中学校”,1937年改名字叫“浙江省台州中学”,1956年改名字叫“临海第一中学”,1981年确定为浙江省首批办好的十八所重点中学之一,1985年恢复“浙江省台州中学”个原名。1996年4月确认为浙江省一级重点中学,1998年被教育部确认为全国现代教育技术实验学校。
在台州中学个历史上,朱自清、郑振铎个些人曾在个头教过书。柔石、尉健行、朱洗个些人阿都是校友。台州中学个校训是“求真 务实 敬业 乐群”,个枪个校长是叶良文。
IPA
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2144
2006-10-19T08:28:19Z
Dzochithin
49
[[IPA]] 移动到 [[国际音标]]: 简称“IPA”的太多,包括国际认证组织、国际药学文摘、国际语音学协会(International Phonetic Association)、 国际音标(International Phonetic Alphabet)等。
用IPA做名字,易混淆
#REDIRECT [[国际音标]]
Wikipedia talk:Words to use
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2145
2006-10-19T08:31:15Z
Wtzdj
18
咦用“亦”,苏州发入声,故用“亦”较合适。 --[[User:Klutz|Klutz]]
最最近音变,苏州话文献侪是舒声。呒拨文献支持,不予考虑。且此字广为使用,呒拨道理根据苏州一地当代音变改动。 -- [[User:Wtzdj|吴人]] 08:31, 19 十月 2006 (UTC)
Talk:清朝
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2148
2006-10-19T10:53:40Z
84.136.76.151
为撒哟钢桑黑额五啦。
柯城
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2156
2006-10-19T17:49:13Z
Salome
62
衢州市市区同政府所在地。著名个围棋发祥地[[烂柯山]]就立勒柯城区石室乡,再么就是全国仅有个两座孔氏家庙之一——南宗孔氏家庙立勒市区新桥街,每年统会有祭孔仪式立勒居里举行。
衢江
935
2150
2006-10-19T17:24:23Z
Salome
62
老早个衢县,两零零一年个时光撤销衢县,设立衢江区。
江山
936
2159
2006-10-19T17:55:04Z
Salome
62
衢州市唯一一个县级市,江山市个特色农业交关有名。有名个旅游风景点有廿八都同江郎山。
龙游
937
2153
2006-10-19T17:35:01Z
Salome
62
龙游县立勒衢州东面,同[[金华]]市个兰溪隔近。
龙游是早先姑篾国个都城,个节龙游个龙游石窟就是老早越国同姑篾国同盟练兵个荡户。
老早个龙游人交关会做生意,是[[中国]]十大商帮个其中一个,有“遍地龙游”之称。
龙游个私营企业相对来讲比较发达,再么就是竹制品,通常出口到东南亚、[[日本]]、[[韩国]]跟欧美市场。
个节立勒中国影视界交关有名个女演员[[周迅]]就是衢州龙游人,周迅也是衢州市个义务旅游形象大使。
常山
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2154
2006-10-19T17:38:31Z
Salome
62
常山是衢州市下底个一个县,立勒衢州市西面,东、西、南、北分别同衢江区、江西省、江山市、开化县隔近,居个县盛产水果,常山胡柚驰名中外。
开化
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2161
2006-10-19T18:17:28Z
Salome
62
开化是衢州市下底个一个县,立勒衢州地区个西北角落头,生态环境交关赞,是钱塘江个源头。
县内有钱江源[[国家森林公园]];还有物种丰富、古木参天个古田山国家级[[自然保护区]]。
南宗孔氏家庙
940
2222
2006-10-21T06:52:50Z
Salome
62
衢州南宗孔氏家庙立勒市区新桥街,是全国仅有个两座孔氏家庙之一。孔庙,是我拉国家历代祭祀儒家学派创始人、思想家同教育家孔端友随牢宋高宗赵构南泼,立衢州建立孔氏家庙,孔子后裔于孙立衢州度过了800多于春秋。衢州作为孔子后裔个第二故乡,向有“东南阴里”、“南方圣地”之称。
衢州孔氏家庙始建于宋朝宝佑三年,“规模宏大,间至二百余,盼同曲阜家庙”。后头屡毁屡建,三易其址,弗过统仿牢曲阜家庙个格局建造。个节个孔庙,是立勒明朝正德十五年个时光修建,占地11亩。后头,又立勒清朝康熙、雍正、乾隆、道光年间多次修缮。抗战时期,日本佬个殿堂改为马厩,个让家庙遭到严重破坏。文革期间,弗少珍贵个碑刻同木雕让毁,孔庙又遭受一趟劫难。党内十一届三中全会之后,市政府同省文物局对修复孔氏家庙交关重视,自1985年开始陆续拨款修缮残存古建筑,一刮拉搭去掉钞票52万块洋钿。个节,家庙中轴线还有思鲁阁等建筑已经修整完毕,并于1989年元旦前夕正式对外开放,接待海内外观光客。衢州城里新桥街46号个孔氏家庙,庙门是一座单糖歇山顶建筑,立石须弥座个围墙衬托下底,见着交关威严庄重。庙门上方,悬挂牢一块由当代著名书法家沙孟海题字个“衢州孔氏家庙”匾额,字体苍劲有力。正门两边一对石狮子,显示出圣地个尊严。听讲,庙门是根据明代衢州孔氏家庙图,结合清代建筑个风格重新设计证。一座全部由青石铺成个170个方米个俏台。挨牢来人放阳台阶,个是历代专门用来把祖行礼个约历, 岁过俏台,登5 级台阶,让来到庙内个最高建筑,这是一座重棺歇山顶历代建筑物,殿阁雄伟、气势弗凡。任巫馅之闸挂方“大成殿”原额,厂棺挂牢“生民来有”愿须,为清代雍正皇帝砌笔。殿里头一块清代康熙皇帝撰写个“万世师表”原额。悬挂在正殿上方。大殿高23米 ,长同宽各9 米。殿内一刮拉搭有米质圆柱12根。其中最多时个圆柱周长1 . 80米,大家伸展双臂也包围弗起来。成败柱西,就是思鲁阁,个节让来孔氏家庙陈列着先圣遗像碑跟孔子同渠官夫人楷木像。
修缮后个衢州孔氏家庙,虽然弗如兴盛时光个规模,弗过个并弗影响大家对我拉国家古代伟大思想家、教育家孔子个纪念。渠弗仅是一处有意义个人文景观,而且对我拉了解跟研究孔氏南宗个建立、发展同变迁同有非同一般个历史价值。
衢州市
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2006-10-19T21:30:27Z
Salome
62
[[衢州市]] 移动到 [[衢州]]
#REDIRECT [[衢州]]
烂柯山
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2170
2006-10-19T22:24:15Z
Salome
62
烂柯山,立勒衢州市郊15公里个石室乡,也叫石室山、石桥山。柯,是斧头柄个意思,“烂柯”居个名称个由来,要从一个古老个传说话开来。
民国《县志》上头讲:《遗愁集》记载,晋代有个名叫王质个樵夫,一日上山砍柴走勒一个石室中,看见两个老人家坐勒里头着围棋,渠就走上去立勒边央看。老人家担渠一枚枣核样个物事,含勒嘴巴里来肚皮弗饿么嘴巴也弗燥。一局还朆着完,王质车过头来一看,发现砍柴用个斧头柄亦讲烂掉去啦。王质豪扫落山归去,哪晓着屋里厢面目全非,老早个父老乡亲老就弗在凡间。问来讲,亦讲两代过去,从此以后就有了“烂柯棋根”之说。弗过据晋虞喜《志林》记载,王质立石室看见个着棋个人,弗是两个老人家,而是两个麻头鬼。
还有一种讲法是郦道元个《水经注》中记载王质砍柴到石室中,并弗是看童子着棋,而是听四个细伢儿弹琴唱歌,一个心思。结果连斧头柄笃烂掉去了。
反正就是讲,居是一个交关古老个老古话,有关樵人进山、看仙人对奕。斧柄烂尽个情节,流传甚广,以烂柯山遗迹自称者,全国各地并弗少见。弗过衢州烂柯山,是唯一让我拉国家道教个道书列为“洞天福地”跟“青霞第八洞天”个。啥哩是“洞天福地”来?就是讲道教传说中神仙居住个名山胜境。唐代杜光庭《洞天福地岳读名山记》一书中记载,全国有“十大洞天”、“三十六小洞天”跟“七十二福地”。才会大家一致公认,衢州弗仅是烂柯山的发源地,而且还是中国围棋个棋根之乡。“烂柯”个典故,也老早就盛传棋界,久负胜名。
关于烂柯山个传说,古书上头个记载比较简单,流传勒当地个民间传说,就交关详尽生动,引人入胜。讲是立勒老早,衢州府有户人家,全家三口人,一个瞎子嬷嬷跟孙子、孙囡儿。因家境贫寒,靠孙王质上山砍柴立个里维持生活。有一日,有两个过路人经过王质个屋门口,肚皮交关,就向瞎嬷嬷借灶烧饭。弗过,王质砍柴朆归来,屋里头呒柴。过路客讲弗打紧个,其中一个人索性拿腿骨扦了灶头里当柴烧。二个好佬烧了一锅面,一家喫了一碗,留落来一大碗当作酬谢就告辞转去。王质砍柴转来,看见桌子上有一大碗面,抱牢来就开始喫。渠讲渠从过来朆喫过个恁好喫个面,就问嬷嬷是啥荡户弄来个。嬷嬷一五一十个拿事体原原本本讲了一卯凑。王质听个云里雾里,就立居个时候渠发现自家屋里个桌子、板凳个腿骨统让烧焦掉啦,顿时心旺起来,拿了一把斧头蹩出去。一蹩蹩到城南一座山上,也弗见踪影,就看见有两个人立勒洞里头着棋。王质本来就是个棋迷,看见渠拉两个人着棋着笃兴,就用斧头柄往地上头一垫,坐勒边央看棋。个两个人一边着棋一边立个里吃桃,还掰了半个桃担来王质,王质边吃边看,还朆讲喫完,掼勒地上头个桃核亦讲发芽长成桃树。居个时光,两个老人家同渠讲:“你还勿好转去,看你个斧头柄笃烂掉了呢。”王质往地上头一看,吓着一记,豪扫落山归去,弗过归去个路统变掉去啦。渠边走边问,好弗容易走到城里,弗过连自家屋里笃寻弗着,各么渠就去问隔壁邻舍儿,才晓着嬷嬷死掉亦讲好几百年,后代玄孙个胡子笃亦讲花白啦。渠感叹道:“山中方一日,世上几千年!”。滩头里头个掰两个闸面条、着棋个人,一个是铁拐李,还有一个就是吕洞宾。从此以后,大家就拿个座山叫做烂柯山。
衢州话
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2006-10-19T23:05:31Z
Salome
62
'''衢州话'''是讲[[衢州]]城里人讲个说话,属于[[吴语]][[金衢片]],通行于衢州市区、巨化生活区同市郊,使用人口抲吗有40万,城里人同乡里人叫衢州话城里天或者城里腔互作区别。
衢州话最大个语音特点是保留了中古[[全浊声母]],声母分清音送气、弗送气同浊音三组,保留入声韵,此外,衢州话个词汇也更加古老,分[[文白异读]],语法也同普通话还有其他汉语方言有较大差别。
==语音==
*'''<下底是城里新派口音>'''
===声母===
*衢州话声母有36个,分为清音弗送气音、清音送气音、全浊音、次浊音
「'''注''':[ ]里头个是国际音标; - 后头个是罗马字转写」:
巴{{IPA|[p]}}-p ; 怕{{IPA|[pʰ]}}-ph ; 爬{{IPA|[b]}}-b ;迷{{IPA|[m]}}-m ;方{{IPA|[f]}}-f; 房{{IPA|[fv]}}-v
丁{{IPA|[t]}}-t ; 听{{IPA|[tʰ]}}-th; 停{{IPA|[d]}}-d ; 拿{{IPA|[n]}}-n ; 来{{IPA|[l]}}-l
增{{IPA|[ʦ]}}-ts ;寸{{IPA|[ʦʰ]}}-tsh ;存{{IPA|[ʣ]}}-dz ;森{{IPA|[s]}}-s; 时{{IPA|[z]}}-z ;遂{{IPA|[sz]}}-z
九{{IPA|[ʨ]}}-c ; 秋{{IPA|[ʨʰ]}}-ch ;求{{IPA|[ʥ]}}-dj ;心{{IPA|[ɕ]}}-sh ;寻{{IPA|[ʑ]}}-zh
真{{IPA|[ʧ]}}-tsr ; 春{{IPA|[ʧʰ]}}-tr ; 陈{{IPA|[ʤ]}}-dr ;双{{IPA|[ʃ]}}-sr ; 床{{IPA|[ʒ]}}-zr ;宁{{IPA|[ɳ]}}-n
公{{IPA|[k]}}-k ;空{{IPA|[kʰ]}}-kh ;共{{IPA|[g]}}-g ;咬{{IPA|[ŋ]}}-ng ;
好{{IPA|[x]}}-h ;或{{IPA|[ɦ]/[ɣ]}}-r ; 爱{{IPA|[ʔ]}}-q ;
''移{{IPA|[j]}}-j ;吴{{IPA|[w]}}-w''
*{{IPA|[m]}} {{IPA|[n]}} {{IPA|[l]}} {{IPA|[ɳ]}} {{IPA|[ŋ]}}还可以再分紧喉次浊(阴调时):{{IPA|[ʔm]}} {{IPA|[ʔn]}} {{IPA|[ʔl]}} {{IPA|[ʔɳ]}} {{IPA|[ʔŋ]}}。
*[fv]是[sz]分别是[v]、[z]个清化<清音浊流>,弗过浊音音位还是保留用来区别对应个清音[f][s]<讲说话个时光通常还是真浊音>。
*嫌{{IPA|[ɦie]}}同盐{{IPA|[je]}}个发音一样 ,嫌是匣母字,盐是以母字 ;湖{{IPA|[ɦu]}}跟吴{{IPA|[w]}}亦是个嫩样子,{{IPA|[w]}}是由于吴个疑母脱落。{{IPA|[ɦ]}}跟{{IPA|[i]}}拼、{{IPA|[ɦ]}}跟{{IPA|[u]}}拼自然而然就成了{{IPA|[j]}}同{{IPA|[w]}},个两个声母也可以弗单独列出来。
*{{IPA|[ʔ]}}作为声母个时光是零声母,就是讲没有声母(发音前喉咙收紧) ;作为韵尾个时光是入声喉塞。
*{{IPA|[ʨ]}}组跟{{IPA|[ʧ]}}组有法合并,前头个拼齐齿呼、撮口呼,后头个拼开口呼、合口呼。
===韵母===
*衢州话有韵母44个,包括单元音韵、复元音韵、鼻音韵、鼻化音韵跟[[入声]]韵:
姆{{IPA|[m]}}-m ; 鱼{{IPA|[ŋ]}}-ng ; 尔{{IPA|[ɫ]}}-el ; 试{{IPA|[ɿ]}}-iz
水{{IPA|[ɥ]}}-w ; 去{{IPA|[i]}}-i ; 布{{IPA|[u]}}-u ; 雨{{IPA|[y]}}-y
家{{IPA|[ɑ]}}-a ; 谢{{IPA|[iɑ]}}-ia ; 瓜{{IPA|[uɑ]}}-ua
菜{{IPA|[E]}}-e ; 快{{IPA|[uE]}}-ue
走{{IPA|[ɘɪ]}}-ei ; 会{{IPA|[uɘɪ]}}-uei
包{{IPA|[ɔ]}}-o ; 表{{IPA|[iɔ]}}-io
勾{{IPA|[ɤ]}}-eu ; 九{{IPA|[iɯ]}}-iu
南{{IPA|[ə]}}-oe ; 官{{IPA|[uə]}}-uoe ;捐{{IPA|[yə]}}-ye
变{{IPA|[ie]}}-ie
三{{IPA|[æ]}}-ae ; 惯{{IPA|[uæ]}}-uae
本{{IPA|[ən]}}-en ; 金{{IPA|[iɲ]}}-in ; 昏{{IPA|[uən]}}-un ; 运{{IPA|[yɲ]}}-yn
打{{IPA|[ã]}}-an ; 两{{IPA|[iã]}}-ian ; 昌{{IPA|[uã]}}-uan
方{{IPA|[ɒ̃]}}-aon ;旺{{IPA|[iɒ̃]}}-iaon ; 光{{IPA|[uɒ̃]}}-uaon
公{{IPA|[oŋ]}}-on ;窘{{IPA|[ioŋ]}}-ion
六{{IPA|[əʔ]}}-eq ; 业{{IPA|[iɘʔ]}}-ieq ; 国{{IPA|[uəʔ]}}-ueq ; 肉{{IPA|[yəʔ]}}-yeq
脱{{IPA|[ənʔ]}}-enq[~衣裳]
白{{IPA|[Aʔ]}}-aq ; 弱{{IPA|[iAʔ]}}-iaq ; 划{{IPA|[uAʔ]}}-uaq
*新派(80年以后超生个人)拿原先“也、戒”个星字个文读韵{{IPA|[iɛ]}}并到{{IPA|[ie]}}里头
*鼻化失落,老派“三”读{{IPA|[sæ̃]}},中派新派基本上读{{IPA|[sæ]}},有星新派读{{IPA|[sɛ]}}
*入声合并,老派还有星字有法读{{IPA|[uoʔ]}},比方讲<学>,中派已经拿{{IPA|[oʔ]}}组全部并到{{IPA|[əʔ]}}组,新派又拿一星撮口、合口介音脱落,譬如“局、菊、竹、郭”。
*{{IPA|[tʰənʔ]}}是“脱”字个白读音<“脱”个文读音是{{IPA|[tʰəʔ]}}>,抲吗是“脱儿”个儿化合音<衢州话个儿化读{{IPA|[ɳi]}}>。
===声调===
*衢州话有声调7个:
阴平434 江天飞空
阳平323 来同鱼头
阴上45 懂纸古口
阳去31 外地路道
阴去53 对去马你
阳入12 六肉白石
阴入55 各黑出脱
===连读变调===
*衢州话个连读变调交关丰富,单字调同连续调个声调一般来讲弗一样,有星时光声母也会发生变化,譬如:
**单字调:十{{IPA|[ʒəʔ]}}'''12''' ;
**连续调:十三{{IPA|[ʒəʔ]}}{{IPA|[sæ]}}'''12'''/434 ;三十{{IPA|[sæ]}}{{IPA|[ʃəʔ]}}434/'''55'''
**单字调:夹{{IPA|[kAʔ]}}'''55''' ;
**连续调:夹掉{{IPA|[kAʔ]}}{{IPA|[tɔ]}}'''55'''/53 ;皮夹{{IPA|[bi]}}{{IPA|[gAʔ]}}323/'''12''' ,
**单字调:头{{IPA|[dɘɪ]}}'''323''' ;
**连续调:头发{{IPA|[dɘɪ]}}{{IPA|[fAʔ]}}'''323'''/55 ;凑人头{{IPA|[ʦʰɘɪ]}}{{IPA|[ɳiɲ]}}{{IPA|[dɘɪ]}}53/323/'''31''' ;轧姘头{{IPA|[gAʔ]}}{{IPA|[pʰiɲ]}}{{IPA|[dɘɪ]}}12/45/'''53'''
==词汇==
==='''代词'''===
*你{{IPA|[ɳi<sup>53</sup>]}}(衢州话受杭州话影响,取代了老早个“尔”-{{IPA|[n]}})——你,您
*我{{IPA|[ŋu<sup>53</sup>]}}(韵母高化,原来个读音是{{IPA|[ŋɑ]}})——我
*渠{{IPA|[gi<sup>323</sup>]}}(源自“渠”,居个字弗变,弗过韵母单化、高化啦)——他,她,它
*你达{{IPA|[ɳi<sup>53</sup>dAʔ<sup>12</sup>}}、你拉-{{IPA|[ɳi<sup>53</sup>lAʔ<sup>12</sup>]}}(源自“尔耷”-{{IPA|[n][tAʔ]}},“耷”是复数人称个词缀,“耷”先浊化成{{IPA|[dAʔ]}},然后中派同新派又拿渠流化成“拉”-{{IPA|[lAʔ]}}——你们
*我达{{IPA|[ŋu<sup>53</sup>dAʔ<sup>12</sup>]}}、我拉{{IPA|[ŋu<sup>53</sup>lAʔ<sup>12</sup>}}(源自“我耷”)——我们、咱们
*渠达{{IPA|[gi<sup>323</sup>dAʔ<sup>12</sup>]}}、渠拉{{IPA|[gi<sup>323</sup>lAʔ<sup>12</sup>]}}(源自“渠耷”)——他们
*啥人{{IPA|[sɑ<sup>53</sup>ɳiɲ<sup>323</sup>}}、啥哩人{{IPA|[sɑ<sup>53</sup>li<sup>53</sup>ɳiɲ<sup>323</sup>]}}——什么人
*哪个{{IPA|[nɑ<sup>53</sup>ku<sup>53</sup>]}}——谁
*己裏[搿一里]{{IPA|[ki<sup>53</sup>li<sup>31</sup>]}}——近指這裡
*搿里{{IPA|[kəʔ<sup>55</sup>li<sup>31</sup>]}}——中近指这里
*彼裏[掰一里] {{IPA|[pi<sup>53</sup>li<sup>31</sup>]}}——中指那裡
*掰里{{IPA|[pəʔ<sup>55</sup>li<sup>31</sup>]}}——中遠指那里
*旁里{{IPA|[bɒ̃<sup>323</sup>li<sup>31</sup>]}}——远指那里
*哪里{{IPA|[nɑ<sup>53</sup>li<sup>31</sup>]}}——哪里
*啥荡戶{{IPA|[sɑ<sup>53</sup>dɒ̃<sup>31</sup>ɦu<sup>31</sup>]}}、啥地方{{IPA|[sɑ<sup>53</sup>di<sup>31</sup>fɒ̃<sup>434</sup>]}}——什么地方
==='''称谓名词'''===
姆妈-m ma-妈妈
爸爸-ba pa-爸爸
娘-nian-母親
老子-lo tsiz-父亲
嫲嫲-ma ma-奶奶
爺爺-ja ja-爺爺
阿婆-qaq bu-外婆
阿公-qaq kon-外公
娘娘-nian nian-姑姑
姑父-ku vu-姑父
阿姨-qaq ji-阿姨
姨爹-ji tia-姨父
阿哥-qaq ku-哥哥
老相-lo shian-兄長
姊姊-tsiz tsiz/阿姊-qaq tsiz--姐姐、大姐
大姊-da tsiz-姐
妹儿-mei ni-妹妹
弟弟-di di-弟弟
兄弟-sron di-泛指弟妹後輩
儿-ni-儿子
囡儿-na ni-女儿、女孩子
伢儿-nga ni-男孩子
侄囡儿-dreq na ni-侄女
阿舅-qaq djiu-舅舅
新妇-shin vu-媳妇
婆-bu-婆婆、丈夫的母亲
公-kon-丈夫的父親
大伯-da paq-伯伯
老公-lo kon-丈夫
老嫲-lo ma-老婆
娘老子-nian lo tsiz-父母、双亲
晚娘-mae nian-继母
晚老子-mae lo tsiz-继父
==='''动词'''===
揿-chin-按
蹅-tsha-踩
敲-kho-打
掼-guae-扔
撮-tsheq-捡
拣-kae-挑选
望-maon-看
绷-pian-拉
佝-kei/keu-蹲
寻-zhin-找
踡-troe-跪
归-tsrw-回来
喫-chieq-吃、喝、吸
拗-qo-折
踪-tson-跳
撩-lio-挑逗
揎-shye-打人、踢人
约-qiaq-捡,拾
搡-son-推
隑-ge-斜靠
焐-qu-使温暖
肯-khen-愿意
熬-ngo-忍
睏-khun-睡
闶-khaon-藏
忖-tshen-想 [want]
幻-ruae-以爲,想 [think]
懂-ton-想象 [know]
滗-pieq-挡牢容器里个固体物质拿液体倾倒出来
偃-qie-躲藏
抠-khei\kheu-挖
饫-qy-喂
浪-laon-晾晒
甩-se-使脱水
蹩-bieq-追
搣-mieq-用手姆指头扭动某样物事让渠转动,亦引申为拿糖果放到嘴巴里品尝<咩-mieq>。
呗-pei-指动物叼个动作
潽-phu-液体从容器里溢出
渤-beq-液体从容器里溢出
滮-pio-液体喷射从小孔里出来
揩-khe-擦拭
擤-hen-擤鼻涕
闸-zaq-用水煮
躔-droe-胡搅蛮缠
挶-dreq-缠着,卷起
==='''固有詞'''===
*'''A'''
特为-deq wei-故意
呒-m-没有
垃圾-leq seq-垃圾
洋火-jian hu-火柴
洋锹-jian chio-铁锹
阳沟坑-jian kei chian-阴沟
茅坑-mo chian-厕所
落雨-leq qy-下雨
落班-leq pae-下班
打秋风-tan chiu fon-揩油
出烂污-treq lan qu-出差错
联对-lie tei-对联
闹热-no nieq-热闹
背脊-pei cieq-脊背
绝世-djieq srw-少见
事体-ziz thi-事情
炮仗-pho tsran-爆竹
老凯-lo khe-扑克
洒茶-se dza-倒茶
一记-qieq tsiz-一下
一卯-qieq mo-一次
旧年-djiu nie-去年
筷儿-khue ni-筷子
藐-mio-野草莓
冻块-ton khuei-冻疮
蚊虫-men dron-蚊子
虼蚤-keq tso-跳蚤
鹿角-leq keq-动物的角
戳心-treq shin-讨厌
惹人-tsa nin-烦人
惹-zo-招惹
*'''B'''
肚皮-du bi-肚子
嬉-siz-玩
着棋-draq dziz-下棋
火着-hu draq-着火
熟套-zreq tho-熟悉
嘴尖-tsei cie-挑食
硬扎-nian tsaq-硬实
扎实-tsaq zreq-拼命地
硬跄-nian chian-为人忠实
打抢-tan chian-抢劫
果儿-ku ni-米饼
五更-ng cian-早上
日中-nieq tsron-中午
黄昏-raon hun-晚上
夜里头-jia li dei-深夜
日里-nieq li-白天
星宿-shin shiu-指熬夜的人
老佛-lo veq-泛指菩萨、如来佛等神灵
撞-draon-遇到
假使-cia siz-假如
鸡子-tsiz tsiz-鸡蛋
蚕豆-zoe dei-豌豆
吃弗落-chieq feq leq-吃不消
夯弗落-raon feq leq-吃不消
滓滓渣渣-tsiz tsiz tsa tsa-乱七八糟
报-po-告诉
老佛书-lo veq srw-连环画、小人书
米胖糕-mi phaon ko-胖米糕
清板-chin pae-干净、整洁
清水-chin srw-清爽、朴素
蛐蟮-treq zroe-蚯蚓
做生活-tsu shian ruaq-做生计
空捞捞-khon lo lo-空忙
"污"-qu-屎
"澍"-srw-尿
讲破-kaon phe-说白了
作兴-tseq shin-索性、干脆
绕嘴-nio tsei-说谎
跷子-chio tsiz-瘸子
多笃紧-tu teq cin-多得很
*'''C'''
猢狲-rueq sen-猴子
落苏-leq su-茄子
学堂-rueq daon-学校
镬-rueq-炒菜的锅子
洋袜-jian maq-袜子
勿是-veq ziz-不是
否个-vei keq-不是的
缚-veq-捆绑
燥-so-干燥
面嘴-mie tsei-脸
欢喜-huoe siz-喜欢
讲舌话-kaon zreq rua-讲话,说话
天罗-thie lu-丝瓜
番茄-fae ka-西红柿
番米-fae mi-玉米
番椒-fae cio-辣椒
婆儿-bu ni-南瓜
白婆-baq bu-瓠
蹶去-tsraq khi-摔跤
汤婆子-thaon bu tsiz-暖壶
篾席-mieq zhieq-竹席
莴苣-qu dzrw-莴笋
甮-vion-不用
老菱-lo lin-菱角
大栗-du lieq-板栗
屋里-queq li-家里
归去-tsrw khi-回去
呒花头-m hua dei-没花招
划算-rua soe-看着办
额壳-niaq kheq-额头
眼睛子-ngae cin tsiz-眼睛
眼乌珠-ngae qu tsrw-眼珠
项颈-ngaon cin-脖子
屁娘(爿)-phi nian (bae)-屁股
*'''D'''
屌-tio-\屪子-lio tsiz-男阴
屄-pi/phieq-女阴
奶奶-ne ne-乳房
脚踏车-ciaq d(l)aq tra-自行车
摩达卡-mu daq kha-摩托车,源自英语motocar
洗浴-siz jyeq-\淴浴-hueq jyeq-洗澡
川葱-troe tson-旱芹
脚骨-ciaq kueq-脚
手骨-shiu kueq-手
直横-dreq ruan-横竖、迟早
日头孔-nieq dei khon-太阳
做啥-tsu sa-干什么、做什么
交关-cio kuae-\为显-wei shie-很、非常
铅板-khae pae-硬币
否着-vei draq-不行、不可以
会着-wei draq-可以
仰向天-nian zhian thie-朝天
抹脚布-maq ciaq pu-抹布
面布-mie pu-毛巾
着力-draq lieq-吃力
泥污搭浆-nie qu taq cian-泥泞
心燥-shin so-想找异性
贼骨头-zeq kueq dei-小偷
懒病骨头-lae bin kueq dei-指懒惰的人
一色一样-qieq seq qieq jian-一模一样
轧姘头-gaq phin dei-通奸、婚外恋
乌抹漆黑-qu ma chieq heq-很黑
才记-ze tsiz-\头先-dei shie-刚才、刚刚
*'''E'''
搭界-taq ka-瓜葛
才会-ze wei-所以
本身-pen sren-本来
晓弗着-shio feq draq-不知道
推板-thei pae-差点
挨板-nge pae-肯定的
豪扫-ro so-快一点、赶快
刹刮-saq kuaq-迅速
蛤蟆-ga ma-蟾蜍
三弗三-sae feq sae-经常
时光-ziz kuaon-时候
田畈-die fae-田野
热络-nieq laq-亲热
铜钿-don die-钱
钞票-tsho phio-钱、收入
活紧-ruaq cin-威风
刁-tio-狡猾
噱头噱脑-sreq dei sreq no-形容爱摆空架子或投机取巧的人
刹剌-saq laq-栅栏<stockade?>,刹剌门引申为近视眼
戆驮-gandu-笨蛋<gander?>
戆愚-gagu-白痴
痦子-qu tsiz-顽固的人
愚子-ngu tsiz-原本指鹅蛋,比喻不知灵活应变的人
辣婆-laq bu-泼辣的女人
辣腿-laq thei-流氓
激人-cieq nin-受催促、骚扰使人感到厌烦
倒霉-to mei-难为情
晦气-huei tshiz-倒霉
潜心-djie shin-专心
==语法==
衢州话个语法跟多数吴语一样,弗过同普通话推板蛮多,主要是立语序同构词法上,有星时光同普通话勘勘好倒转来。
===语序===
譬如:
*你我个朋友啘。
Ni ngukeq bonjiu que .
意为:你是我朋友。類似于[[日语]]个"{{lang|ja|あなたは私の友達だよ.}}"。句末语气助词"啘"相当于前头个句日语个"{{lang|ja|だよ}}",表示肯定,无法省略。
*渠你老师啘,要尊重人家你。
Gi ni losiz que ,qio tsendron ninka ni .
意为:他可是你的老师啊,你要尊重他。
*铅笔借支我好伐?
Khaepiq cia tsiz ngu ho faq ?
意为:借我一支铅笔好吗?
*再喫碗饭添你,多吃些啊。
Tse chiequoevae thie ni ,tu chieq shin qa.
意为:你再吃一碗饭,多吃些。
*感冒药喫嘞朆你,覅記弗着掉唻!
Koemojiaq chieq leq ven ni ,fio tsizfeqdraq to le !
意为:你吃过感冒药了吗?不要忘记啊!
===构词法===
*欢喜-huoe siz-喜欢
*闹热-no nieq-热闹
*人客-nin chiaq-客人
*火着-hu draq-着火
*头先-dei shie-先头
*联对-lie tei-对联
*项颈-ngaon cin-颈项
*背脊-pei cieq-脊背
*墙围-zhian wei-围墙
===语气助词===
衢州話个語氣助詞有相當个語法修飾功能
*啊-qa-啊<相當於"您慢走啊"的啊,有敬語作用>
*啘-que-呀、啊!
*喏-no-呢!
*哇-quaq-啊?<疑問句>
*唻-le-呢?
*咯-lo-呀、啊。
*咓-qua-哇!
*嘎-kaq-的嗎?
*伐-faq-嗎?
*吤-ke-的呀!
*嗰-keq-的!<肯定句中>
*嘰-ki-的。<否定句中>
*哎-qe-哎、嗨<打招呼回應或叫住某人>
*唩-que-喂!<打電話或者叫牢遠處个人>
*喲-jio-哦?喲、真个啊?
*呃-qoe-嗯。
*唉-qe-唔!<贊同某人觀點,拖長音>
*哈-raq-啊?<質疑>
*啦-laq-啦?
*噢-qo-哎,好的!
*噎-jie-啊~<看見腻腥个東西>
*吖噎-qaq jie-哎呀<表示遺憾、惋惜>
*嗯-n/ng-嗯?
==文白异读==
衢州话分[[文白异读]],文读音多用于来自普通话个词汇、科学术语、成语同专有名词等。白读音用于本土固有词。
*'''文读音'''————————'''白读音'''
学生-zreq sen——————学生-rueq shian-
日本-zreq pen——————日子-nieq tsiz-
回归-ruei kuei——————归来-tsrw le-
高贵-ko kuei———————价钿贵-ka die tsrw-
大衣柜-da qi guei————大衣柜-da qi drw-
人民币-zren min bi————上海人-zran he nin-
鬼魂-kuei run——————麻豆鬼-ma dei tsrw-
味精-vi cin————————味道-mi do-
肥胖-vi phaon———————肥皂-bi zo-
二十-el zreq————————廿二-nie ni-
加减法-cia cie faq—————增加-tsen ka-\减掉-kae to-
下降-zhia cian———————下降-ra kaon-
界限-cie zhie———————搭界-taq ka-
晚上-quae zran———————晚一点-man qieq tie-
千瓦-chie qua———————瓦片-nga phie-
横道-ren do————————直横-dreq ruan-
生命-sen min———————生病-shian bin-
儿童-el don————————囡儿-na ni-
鸟类-nio lei———————鸟儿-tio ni-
支撑-tsiz tshen—————撑阳伞-chian jian sae-
更正-ken tsren——————五更-ng cian-
午睡-qu zei————————端午节-toe ng cieq-
木耳-meq el————————耳朵-ni tu-
围巾-wei cin————————围裙-jy dren-
===伪文读===
解放来,交关多人个文白读概念变个模糊,特别是个几年来,一星新派个讹读为显严重。
*例如
**大部分时光"县"字讹读成{{IPA|[ʑie]}} ,正确个读音是{{IPA|[ɦyə]}}<衢州"县西街、县学街"等地名仍就读正确音,读音跟“远”一样>。
**"如"字文读音一星中派同绝大多数新派读{{IPA|[lu]}},正确的文读音为{{IPA|[ʒɥ]}},音同"徐"<日母字文读音一般统是居个声母> ,也有读{{IPA|[ɦy]}}个,譬如"弗如" ;居个字个白读音是{{IPA|[ɳiɯ]}},音同"牛",譬如"如来佛主"。
**疑母字新派有星字声母弗读鼻音,譬如"原"字正确个读法是{{IPA|[ɳyə]}},新派一些人读{{IPA|[ɦyə]}}。
==历史==
衢州话在历史上受到[[浙江官话]][[杭州话]]个影响交关大,导致衢州城里人无法同乡里人通话,反倒有法比较容易个理解太湖片的个一星方言。衢州、金华等地方言个文读系统实际上就是浙江官话个地域变体。
杭州话对衢州话个影响主要表现在下底几个方面
*人称代词“你”取代原来个“尔”。
*音系统上头主要是麻韵朆高化(大多数佳、泰、皆、夬韵高化弗同麻韵相混)还有就是流摄一三等相混统有读-ei-。
*声调方面,衢州话七个声调中阴平、阳平、阴去、阴入、阳入五个调个调值与杭州话完全相同,变调类型开始转变,单字调简化(80年前衢州话8个声调,个节只有7个)。
*文读音个昌盛,衢州话个文白读交关丰富,一星文读音仿自杭州话。
*引进了一些杭州话个词汇,譬如:莫牢牢-meqlolo,空捞捞-khonlolo,事体-zizthi,做啥-tsusa,哪个-naku;衢州中老年人拿钞票叫作"牙-ja",听讲是宋明时光个“牙行”、“牙侩”一词衍生过来个,杭州话立明代以前就立街巷个口语之中了。
*非组读[p]组的字较少;知组读[t]组字极少。
再么就是,[[上海话]]和[[绍兴话]]对衢州话也有一星影响,主要是浙赣线个关系。
==相关条目==
*[[吴语]]
*[[江山话]]
==外部链接==
*[http://wu-chinese.zanhe.com/ 江南雅音话吴语]
*[http://www.sinolect.org/bbs/ 清籁吴语论坛]
[[Category:吴语]]
[[Category:衢州]]
[[zh:衢州话]]
Talk:衢州话
944
2173
2006-10-20T01:57:09Z
Lieukehli
24
wiki化建议
“伪文读”不是一个学界的专用术语,而且“伪”的提法不够中立,和Wikipedia精神冲突,建议修改成“非传统文读”或者“新派文读”--[[User:Lieukehli|Lieukehli]] 01:57, 20 十月 2006 (UTC)
南澳大学
945
2203
2006-10-20T07:21:54Z
Amor
23
[[Image:Unisa.jpg|thumb|325px|right|南澳大学一景]]
'''南澳大学''',也叫"南澳大利亚大学"(University of South Australia, 简称UniSA),勒了[[澳大利亚]]南部个[[南澳大利亚州]]。一龙总伊有5个校区,基本分布勒了南澳大利亚州首府[[阿德来得]]([[Adelaide]])。南澳大学是南澳州最大个教研大学,门类非常齐全。大学有 5 个校区,有 30,000 多多元化背景个学生子,其中包括80多个国家个 9,000 多个留学生。南澳大学开设有本科课程搭研究型研究生课程。搿个大学勒到当地非常受欢迎,但是大学因为是[[TAFE]]出身(技术类),综合排名弗是太靠前,但是有星指标排名非常前。
==专业==
南澳大学勒交关领域设立了290 多个获得国际认可个[[学位]]课程:
*[[工程]]、[[信息技术]]搭[[生物技术]]
*自然环境搭人为环境
*[[护理]]、保健搭医药科学
*[[教育]]、社会科学搭[[文科]]
*[[商业]]、管理搭商科
== 外部链接 ==
*[http://www.unisa.edu.au/] - 南澳大学网站首页
*[http://www.unisa.edu.au/inthome/otherlang/chinesesimp.asp]- 南澳大学简体中文介绍及招生说明
*[http://www.askynz.com/australia/unsa.htm]-南澳大学介绍
*[http://www.cheeredu.com.cn/au/article/nanaodaxue.htm]-介绍
*[http://edu.sina.com.cn/l/2002-12-08/35265.html]-新浪网介绍
[[category:大学]]
[[category:澳大利亚大学]]
[[category:教育]]
[[en:University of South Australia]]
Image:Unisa.jpg
946
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2006-10-20T05:50:38Z
Amor
23
南澳大利亚大学
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2006-10-20T05:53:35Z
Amor
23
重定向到 [[南澳大学]]
#REDIRECT[[南澳大学]]
阿德来得
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2006-10-20T06:09:33Z
Amor
23
'''阿德来得''',[[澳大利亚]][[南澳大利亚州]]首府。
{{澳大利亚州首府}}
Adelaide
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2006-10-20T05:55:48Z
Amor
23
重定向到 [[阿德来得]]
#REDIRECT[[阿德来得]]
阿得雷德
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2006-10-20T05:57:15Z
Amor
23
重定向到 [[阿德来得]]
#REDIRECT[[阿德来得]]
阿德莱德
951
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2006-10-20T06:00:04Z
Amor
23
重定向到 [[阿德来得]]
#REDIRECT[[阿德来得]]
Template:澳大利亚州首府
952
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2006-10-20T06:09:03Z
Amor
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{| align=center id=toc cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0
!align=center bgcolor=#CCCCFF colspan=8|[[澳大利亚]][[首府]] 表
|-
|[[国家搭澳大利亚首都行政区]]
|align=center|[[新南威尔士]]
|align=center|[[北部领土]]
|align=center|[[昆士兰]]
|align=center|[[南澳大利亚]]
|align=center|[[塔斯玛尼亚]]
|align=center|[[维克多利亚]]
|align=center|[[西澳大利亚]]
|-
!align=center|[[堪培拉]]
![[悉尼]]
![[达尔文]]
![[布里司班]]
![[阿德来得]]
![[霍巴特]]
![[墨尔本]]
![[珀斯]]
|-
|align=center colspan=8|<small>[[其他澳大利亚城市]]</small>
|}<noinclude>
[[Category:澳大利亚地理|{{PAGENAME}}]]
</noinclude>
TAFE
953
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2006-10-20T07:10:45Z
Amor
23
''' TAFE'''是英文'''Technical and Further Education'''(技术搭继续教育学院) 个简称,是[[澳大利亚]]一个成人教育组织。伊俚提供多门类个职业培训(也叫"后初等教育"或者第3等教育)课程。学生子可以选个科目有:护理,旅游,建筑,秘书,艺术,电脑编程搭社区工作等等。
TAFE有好星学堂,名字可以叫某某学院(College/Institute)。伊可以是私人办学,也可以是政府办学。搿点搭高中,大学弗同。勒澳大利亚,高中搭大学基本侪是政府办个。近年来,TAFE接受个学生子越来越多,有一个原因是澳大利亚规定,勒澳大利亚接受高等教育2年就可以申请[[永久居民]]([[PR]],Permanent Resident),之后还有机会申请[[移民]],其中也包括TAFE学堂。
==颁发个证书或者文凭==
TAFE 一般可以颁发一种文凭,比[[本科]]稍微低一眼眼(根据澳大利亚文凭框架)。
有好星情况之下,学生子勒到TAFE拿个文凭可以部分转成[[学分]],这样子,学生子可以继续勒大学深造,而不要去修学过个知识。
==各个地方个TAFE==
===新南威尔士===
有11个TAFE学堂勒[[新南威尔士]] :
* [[Sydney Institute of Technology]]
* [[Western Institute of TAFE]]
* [[South Western Sydney Institute of TAFE]]
* [[North Sydney Institute]]
* [[Western Sydney Institute of TAFE]]
* [[Hunter Institute of TAFE]]
* [[North Coast Institute of TAFE]]
* [[New England Institute]]
* [[Illawarra Institute]]
* [[Riverina Institute]]
===维克多利亚===
[[维克多利亚]]有搿星:
* [[Bendigo Regional Institute of TAFE]] (地点: Bendigo-Echuca)
* [[Box Hill Institute]] (地点: 东墨尔本 Eastern Melbourne)
* [[Chisholm Institute]] (地点: 东南墨尔本 South East Melbourne)
* [[East Gippsland Institute of TAFE]] (地点: East Gippsland)
* [[GippsTAFE]] (地点: West and South Gippsland)
* [[Gordon Institute of TAFE]] (地点: Geelong)
* [[Goulburn Ovens Institute of TAFE]] (地点:东北。维克多利亚 North East Victoria)
* [[Holmesglen Institute of TAFE]] (地点:东墨尔本 Eastern Melbourne)
* [[Kangan Batman TAFE]] (地点:西北墨尔本 North West Melbourne, 专长: 汽车)
* [[Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE]] (地点:东北墨尔本 North East Melbourne)
* [[RMIT University]] (专长: 图像 Graphics, 印刷 Printing, 纺织 Textiles)
* [[South West Institute of TAFE]] (地点: Western District)
* [[Sunraysia Institute of TAFE]] (地点:西北维克多利亚 North West Victoria)
* [[Swinburne University of Technology]] (地点: 东墨尔本 Eastern Melbourne)
* [[University of Ballarat]] (地点: Ballarat-Wimmera)
* [[University of Melbourne]] (专长: 农业 Agriculture)
* [[Victoria University of Technology | Victoria University]] (地点:西墨尔本 Western Melbourne)
* [[William Angliss Institute of TAFE]] (专长:护理 Hospitality)
* [[Wodonga Institute of TAFE]] (地点: Wodonga)
===昆士兰===
勒到[[昆士兰]]有:
* [[Barrier Reef Institute of TAFE]]
* [[The Bremer Institute of TAFE | Bremer Institute of TAFE]]
* [[Brisbane North Institute of TAFE ]]
* [[Central Queensland Institute of TAFE]]
* [[Gold Coast Institute of TAFE]]
* [[Metropolitan South Institute of TAFE]]
* [[Mt Isa Institute of TAFE]]
* [[Open Learning Institute of TAFE]]
* [[Southbank Institute of TAFE]]
* [[Southern Queensland Institute of TAFE]]
* [[Sunshine Coast Institute of TAFE]]
* [[Trade and Technician Skills Institute]]
* [[Tropical North Queensland TAFE]]
* [[Wide Bay Institute of TAFE]]
===南澳大利亚===
勒[[南澳大利亚]]州, 也叫"TAFE SA"(SA是南澳大利亚英文个缩写) :
* [[TAFE SA Adelaide North]]
* [[TAFE SA Adelaide South]]
* [[TAFE SA Regional]]
===西澳大利亚===
[[Image:Central TAFE, Perth, Western Australia.jpg|thumb|right|250px|珀斯中央TAFE校区]]
勒[[西澳大利亚]]有:
* [[Central TAFE]]
* [[Challenger TAFE]]
* [[Swan TAFE]]
* [[West Coast TAFE]]
* [[Kimberley TAFE]]
* [[Pilbara TAFE]]
* [[Central West TAFE]]
* [[CY O’Connor College of TAFE]]
* [[South West Regional College of TAFE]]
* [[Great Southern TAFE]]
* [[Curtin Vocational Training and Education Centre]]勒到[[Curtin University of Technology]]里向
* [[Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts]]勒到[[Edith Cowan University]]里向
===塔斯玛尼亚===
勒[[塔斯玛尼亚]], 有:
* [[Institute of TAFE Tasmania]] (总) [http://www.tafe.tas.edu.au/institute/campuses.htm]
* [[Drysdale Institute]] ( [[旅游]]搭[[护理]]) [http://www.tafe.tas.edu.au/TAFEAPP.ASP?WCI=SigList&id=11]
===澳大利亚首都行政区===
勒到[[澳大利亚首都行政区]]有:
* [[Canberra Institute of Technology]]
* [[Australian Defence Force Academy]]
===北部领土===
勒到[[北部领土]]有:
* [[Charles Darwin University]]
* [[Batchelor Institute of Indigenous Tertiary Education]]
==参见==
*[[澳大利亚教育]]
*[[注册过个培训机构]]
*[[职业培训]]
==外部链接==
===TAFE网站===
*[http://www.tafe.nsw.edu.au TAFE NSW]
*[http://www.tafe.vic.gov.au TAFE Victoria]
**[http://www.vtac.edu.au/pdf/guide/tafecourses.pdf Victorian TAFE Courses ]
*[http://www.tafe.qld.gov.au TAFE QLD]
**[http://ttsi.tafe.qld.gov.au/ Trade and Technician Skills Institute]
*[http://www.tafe.sa.edu.au TAFE SA]
*[http://www.tafe.wa.edu.au TAFE WA]
*[http://www.tafe.tas.edu.au TAFE Tasmania]
*[http://www.cit.act.edu.au Canberra Institute of Technology]
===VET===
*[http://www.dest.gov.au/ Department of Education, Science and Training] (DEST)
*[http://www.ncver.edu.au/ National Centre for Vocational Education Research] (NCVER)
*[http://www.flexiblelearning.net.au/ Australian Flexible Learning Framework] (FLX)
*[http://www.austafe.edu.au/ National Association of TAFE Managers] - (AUSTAFE Inc.)
*[http://www.ntis.gov.au/ National Training Information Service] (NTIS - database of VET providers and qualifications)
===职业导向===
[http://www.myfuture.edu.au Australian Government myfuture portal: career guide] Registration required
[[en:Technical and Further Education]]
[[ja:TAFE]]
[[Category:澳大利亚教育]]
[[Category:职业培训]]
[[Category:TAFE]]
[[Category:教育]]
沙叶新
954
2208
2006-10-20T08:41:48Z
Lieukehli
24
'''沙叶新'''(1939年-),[[南京]]人,後移居[[上海]],[[中国大陆]]作家,曾经化名“少十斤”。故昔底勒高中个辰光沙叶新就业余创作,发表过小说搭仔诗歌。1957年进[[华东师范大学]]中文系读书,1961年进[[上海戏剧学院]]创作研究班读书,1963年7月毕业後到[[上海人民艺术剧院]]当编剧。1965年写仔第一只剧本《一分钱》,七十年代末到八十年代末创作个《[[假如我是真的]]》、《大幕已经拉开》等话剧剧本侪引起交关大个社会反响。1985年任上海人民艺术剧院院长,1993年为勒打破剧院领导终身制辞脱院长个位置。
==著名言论==
*“挨批,得奖;再批,再得奖。” (总结自家得奖个规律)
*“我,沙叶新。上海人民艺术剧院院长——暂时的;剧作家——永久的;某某理事、某某教授、其某顾问、某某副主席——都是挂名的。”(沙叶新名片浪向个衔头)
*“一年三百六十五天,一日三餐,都由妻子将我精心饲养。结婚前,我毛重105市斤,如今重达150多市斤,一身肉都是我妻子精心饲养的成绩。俗话说,饮水思源,我是见肉思妻啊!” <!--来源:侨报 -->
*“沙叶新,曾化名少十斤。少十斤为沙叶新的右半,可见此人不左:砍去一半,也不过十斤,又足见他无足轻重,一共只有20斤。沙叶新于1939年出品,因是回族,曾信奉伊斯兰,且又姓沙,可能原产地为沙特阿拉伯,后组装于中国南京。休形矮胖,属于三等残废,但他身残志不残,立志写作,一回生,二回熟,百折不回;箪食瓢饮,回也不改其乐,终于成为回族作家。沙叶新1957年侥幸地考入华东师大中文系,1961年又意外地被送到上海戏剧学院研究生班深造。 1985年身不由己担任上海人民艺术剧院院长,1991年又己不由身地挂命为上海戏剧家协会副主席。作品以戏剧为主,多有争议,得过奖,也挨过批。编剧以前叫作剧,指九天以为证,他绝不是恶作剧。”
*“对上海男人印象很多是误解!上海男人绝对不是像中央电视台小品里演的,像巩汉林表演的那种上海男人形像,那么畏缩和猥琐。说话嗲嗲的,戴着眼镜的,瘦瘦的、娘娘腔的,好像是同性恋似的。不是那么回事。问题是两种价值观,问题是你从什么角度去看上海男人。我认为上海男人很可爱。”
*“沉默可以不可以?不撒谎,不表态,保持沉默可以不可以?最重要的把脑袋长在自己的脖子上。” (回答学生个问题——“大学生如何对待谎言?”)
==作品搭奖项==
===话剧===
*《假如我是真的》
*《陈毅市长》(获1980—1981年“全国优秀剧本创作奖”、“全国少数民族文学创作奖”)
*《马克思“秘史”》
*《寻找男子汉》(获第三届“上海艺术节创作演出奖”)
*《耶稣·孔子·披头士列侬》
*《太阳·雪·人》
*《东京的月亮》
*《边疆新苗:六场话剧》1977
*《尊严》1998
===喜剧===
*《一分钱》
*《约会》(获“上海优秀创作奖”)
===电影===
*《寻找男子汉》(1988年12月获首届振兴广西文艺创作铜鼓奖“作品奖”)
===电视剧===
*《陈毅与刺客》(获电视剧第三届“金鹰奖”二等奖)
*《百老汇 100号》
*《绿卡族》
===随笔、杂文及其他文集===
*《阅世戏言:沙叶新幽默作品50篇》1995
*《阅世戏言:沙叶新幽默作品精选》2001
*《沙叶新谐趣美文》 1999
*《精神家园》 1995
*《自由的笑声》
*《沙叶新的鼻子:人生与艺术》1993
*《耶稣.孔子.披头士列浓》1989
*《沙叶新剧作选》1986
*《中国动物各阶级分析》
*《“书生”与“梁效”刍议》
*《沙叶新买菜记》
*《为东南大学百年校庆所作的演讲 》
*《“检讨”文化》
*《“表态” 文化》
*《“宣传”文化》
*《腐败文化》
*《粪土当年郭沫若?》
*《精神与使命——我的心路历程》
*《“阅世戏言”谐亦庄》
*《兰陵王胡雪桦:孤独的家园》
*《男儿当自强》
*《第一桶金》
*《少年岂识情滋味》
===别个奖项===
*1988年12月曾获第一届“振兴话剧奖”优秀编剧奖。
==曾经担当个职务搭仔参与个社会组织==
*中国戏剧家协会常务理事
*中国戏剧家协会创作委员会副主任
*中国作家协会会员
*上海戏剧家协会副主席
*上海作家协会理事
*上海市文学艺术界联合会委员
==外部链接==
http://www.zijin.net/get/shayexin/index.shtml
http://www.ccrs.org.cn/article_view.asp?ID=36
User:长夜无风
955
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2006-10-20T09:39:29Z
长夜无风
66
来自于中文维基百科。
Portal:科技
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Wtzdj
18
[[AODV]]
宋高宗
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宋高宗(1107年—1187年)名赵构,南宋开国皇帝,北宋皇帝宋徽宗第九子,宋钦宗之弟。曾拨封为“康王”。
在位年头
1127年—1162年
年号
建炎 1127年—1130年
绍兴 1131年—1162年
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<charinsert>Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π</charinsert> ·
<charinsert>Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ</charinsert> ·
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</div>
Wikipedia:Sandbox
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此地用来练习编辑。
徐汇区
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2006-10-21T13:47:14Z
Micky2006
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