Wikipedia http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.9alpha first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk Image Image talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk 1 sysop 1823 2004-05-26T12:25:32Z Srtxg 1 uploaded "Steag_armani2.jpg" Below is a list of the most recent file uploads. All times shown are server time (UTC). <ul><li>12:25, 26 May 2004 [[User:Srtxg|Srtxg]] uploaded "[[:Image:Steag_armani2.jpg|Steag_armani2.jpg]]"</li> <li>12:15, 26 May 2004 [[User:Srtxg|Srtxg]] uploaded "[[:Image:Steag_armani.jpg|Steag_armani.jpg]]" <em>(Steagul aromânilor)</em></li> <li>12:14, 26 May 2004 [[User:Srtxg|Srtxg]] uploaded "[[:Image:Steag_armani2.jpg|Steag_armani2.jpg]]" <em>(Steag aromâni 2)</em></li> <li>12:12, 26 May 2004 [[User:Srtxg|Srtxg]] uploaded "[[:Image:Armaneashti.jpg|Armaneashti.jpg]]"</li> </ul> 2 sysop 1824 2006-12-23T04:30:51Z Below is a list of the most recent deletions. All times shown are server time (UTC). <ul> </ul> 3 6608 2006-07-21T14:19:30Z 82.77.20.218 dbl redir #REDIRECT [[Prota frãndzã]] 4 sysop 1826 2006-12-23T04:30:51Z This is a log of user blocking and unblocking actions. Automatically blocked IP addresses are not be listed. See the [[Special:Ipblocklist|IP block list]] for the list of currently operational bans and blocks. 5 8612 2006-11-20T23:38:00Z 4.234.12.209 '''Limba armãneascã''' easte unã limbã di gruplu di not-datlu a [[limbi romaniţi|limbilor romanitse (neolatine)]]. {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" width="300" ! colspan="3" bgcolor="lawngreen" style="font-size:120%"|Armãneashce |- |valign="top"|Sã-zburashce tu: |colspan="2" |[[Gãrtsia]], [[Vurgarii|Vurgaria]], [[Arbinishia]], [[Republica Machedonia]],[[Romãnia]], shi tu [[Sãrghia]] |- | valign="top"|Numir di zburãtori: |colspan="2"|500.000-2.000.000 tu Balcanlu. Tu lume s-mindueashce cã sãntu cama di 4.000.000 |- | valign="top"|Pricade tu grupa di limbe cai le-zburãscu populile fãrã stat-a lor | valign="top"|Grupa linguisticã <br>[[Limbe]]: |[[Limbe indoeuropeane]]<br> &nbsp;[[Limbe latinitse]]<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;[[Limbe latinitse di Not-Datlu]]<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Armãneascã''' |- ! colspan="3" bgcolor="lawngreen"|Codlu di limba: |- |ISO 639-1||colspan="2"|- |- |ISO 639-2||colspan="2"|rup |- |SIL||colspan="2"|RUP (Codlu di limba armãneascã) |} Cama di 3.000.000 di [[Armãnj]] dit [[Machidunii|Machedonia]], [[Arbinuşii|Arbinishia]], [[Sârbii|Sãrbia]], [[Românii|Romania]], [[Vurgarii|Vurgaria]] shi [[Gãrtsia]] zburãscu armãneashce. Limba armãneascã ira formatã cu agiutorlu-a limbilor veclji di Balcan limba thraco-illirã, epiroticã, thessalicã shi machedonichescã veacljã. Dupu vinirã-a Romanjlor pi Balcanlu, Armãnjlji s-featsirã ca popul shi u-formarã limba-a lor ca limba neolatinã. Cu agiutorlu di bisericã, tsi ira sum patronatlu-a Patriarhului di Constandinopole, multsã zboarã gãrtseshci intrarã tu limba armãneascã, a cu vinire-a Turcului Ottoman pi Balcanlu, shi multsã zboarã ãnturtseshci. Ashi pãnã ahurhita-a etãljei XIX, Armãnjlji le-ufilizirã yramile gãrtseshci, cum le-ufilizirã sh-alantile popule. Ashi tutile lucre scriate tu Metropola armãnescã '''[[Moscopole]]''' ira scriate cu aiste yrame. Tu anlu [[1809]], Ioryi Constantin Roja u-publicã vivlia "Puteare-a ghiuvusariljei a limbãljei a noastrã cu yrame latinicheshci" cu tsi Armãnjlji u-alãxescu abetsedã. Dupu atsea shi vivliile armãneshci s-publicã sade cu aiste yrame - latinicheshci cu tsi Armãnjlji u-spun pricãdeare-a lor latinicheascã. Ashi shi Mihail Boiagi u-publica gramatica armãneascã sum titlu "Γραμματική ρωμανική ητοί βλαχική" tu anlu [[1813]] tu Vienni. Ashi ira publicate shi Dictsionarle armãneshci al Shtefan Mihaileanu, Ioannis Dalametra, Tache Papahagi, etc. ma multsã di nãsh ufilizirã yrame romãneshci tsi nu pricat tu alfabeta armãnescã cu tsi tu al Deftherlu Congres Armãnescu tsãnut Freiburg ([[1988]]) s-aduse detsizia s-hibã arcate di tu abetseda aiste yrame. Ti jale, propaganda romãnescã nica le-tsãne pozitsiile shi nica featse pit satelitile-a ljei s-hibã ufilizitã unã pseftã-abetseda armãneascã tsi nu u-achicãsescu tuts. ==Ligãturi== *[http://www.geocities.com/armaneasca Bana Armãneascã] *[http://www.geocities.com/zborlu Zborlu a Nostru] *[http://www.vlachophiles.net/buletin.htm Sutsata Culturalã Armãnescã Athina: Buletin di Presã] *[http://www.armanami.org/curs.htm Cursu di scriari armãneascã, anyrapsit di Tiberius Cunia] *[http://www.vlahoi.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=20&Itemid=30 Articlu ti Limba armãneascã (ellinica)] *[http://www.vlahoi.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=19&Itemid=29 Scriate documente pi armãneashce (ellinica)] [[Category:Limbe]] [[af:Aroemeens]] [[de:Aromunische Sprache]] [[el:Βλάχικη γλώσσα]] [[en:Aromanian language]] [[es:Idioma arumano]] [[fr:Aroumain]] [[hu:Aromun nyelv]] [[ia:Lingua aromanian]] [[it:lingua arumena]] [[ja:アルーマニア語]] [[la:Lingua Aromena]] [[li:Aroemeens]] [[mk:Влашки јазик]] [[nds:Arumuunsche Spraak]] [[nl:Aroemeens]] [[pl:Język arumuński]] [[pt:Macedo-Romeno]] [[ro:Limba aromână]] [[ru:Арумынский язык]] [[sv:Arumänska]] 6 6204 2006-05-20T17:45:28Z Srtxg 1 [[en:User:Srtxg]] [[wa:Uzeu:Pablo]] {{Babel|rup-0|wa|es|fr|en-1|eo-1}} I don't speak Aromanian, so I won't be very often here; if you want to send me a message use my talk pages on [[:en:User talk:Srtxg|English]] or [[:wa:Uzeu copene:Pablo|Walloon]] wikipedias instead. 7 1829 2004-05-26T12:12:15Z Srtxg 1 8 1830 2004-05-26T12:14:37Z Srtxg 1 Steag aromâni 2 Steag aromâni 2 9 1831 2004-05-26T12:15:41Z Srtxg 1 Steagul aromânilor Steagul aromânilor 10 5936 2006-02-28T18:40:18Z 194.150.216.212 '''Bana Armâneascâ''' easti unâ revistâ di informatsii shi culturâ a armânjlorù di pisti tutu, editatâ Bucureshti di iaturlu Dumitru Piceava. ==Ligâturi externi== *http://www.geocities.com/armaneasca/ - Bana Armâneascâ pi internetu 11 sysop 5066 2005-11-09T23:04:15Z MediaWiki default [[$1]] moved to [[$2]] 12 sysop 1834 2005-06-25T11:20:47Z MediaWiki default About 13 sysop 1835 2005-06-25T11:20:47Z MediaWiki default Project:About 14 sysop 1836 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default About Wikipedia 15 sysop 1837 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default + 16 sysop 1838 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default n 17 sysop 1839 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default . 18 sysop 1840 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default a 19 sysop 1841 2005-06-25T11:20:47Z MediaWiki default v 20 sysop 1842 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default &lt;accesskey-contributions&gt; 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See $1. 173 sysop 1995 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Developer access required 174 sysop 1996 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default diff 175 sysop 1997 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default (Difference between revisions) 176 sysop 1998 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Disambiguation pages 177 sysop 3650 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Template:disambig 178 sysop 2000 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default The following pages link to a <i>disambiguation page</i>. They should link to the appropriate topic instead.<br />A page is treated as disambiguation if it is linked from $1.<br />Links from other namespaces are <i>not</i> listed here. 179 sysop 2001 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Project:General_disclaimer 180 sysop 2002 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Disclaimers 181 sysop 3655 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Double redirects 182 sysop 2004 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Each row contains links to the first and second redirect, as well as the first line of the second redirect text, usually giving the "real" target page, which the first redirect should point to. 183 sysop 4826 2005-08-19T23:34:23Z MediaWiki default Edit 184 sysop 2006 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default The edit comment was: "<i>$1</i>". 185 sysop 2007 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Edit conflict: $1 186 sysop 2008 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Edit the current version of this page 187 sysop 2009 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Editing help 188 sysop 2010 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Help:Editing 189 sysop 2011 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Editing $1 190 sysop 2974 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default <strong>WARNING: You are editing an out-of-date revision of this page. If you save it, any changes made since this revision will be lost.</strong> 191 sysop 2013 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default edit 192 sysop 2014 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Edit this page 193 sysop 2015 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Disable e-mail from other users 194 sysop 5553 2005-12-22T07:36:10Z MediaWiki default <div style="width:30em">* Optional. An e-mail lets others contact you on this site without revealing your address, and lets us send you a new password if you forget it.<br /><br />Your real name will be used to give you attribution for your work.</div> 195 sysop 2017 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default From 196 sysop 2018 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Message 197 sysop 2019 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default E-mail user 198 sysop 2020 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default If this user has entered a valid e-mail address in his or her user preferences, the form below will send a single message. The e-mail address you entered in your user preferences will appear as the "From" address of the mail, so the recipient will be able to reply. 199 sysop 2021 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Send 200 sysop 2022 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default E-mail sent 201 sysop 2023 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Your e-mail message has been sent. 202 sysop 2024 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Subject 203 sysop 2025 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default To 204 sysop 2026 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default E-mail this user 205 sysop 2027 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Enter a reason for the lock, including an estimate of when the lock will be released 206 sysop 2028 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Error 207 sysop 2029 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Error 208 sysop 2986 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default content before blanking was: '$1' 209 sysop 2031 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default page was empty 210 sysop 2987 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default content was: '$1' 211 sysop 5555 2005-12-22T07:36:11Z MediaWiki default Someone else has changed this page since you started editing it. The upper text area contains the page text as it currently exists. Your changes are shown in the lower text area. You will have to merge your changes into the existing text. <b>Only</b> the text in the upper text area will be saved when you press "Save page".<br /> 212 sysop 2034 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Export pages 213 sysop 2035 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Include only the current revision, not the full history 214 sysop 6323 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default You can export the text and editing history of a particular page or set of pages wrapped in some XML. This can be imported into another wiki using MediaWiki via the Special:Import page. To export pages, enter the titles in the text box below, one title per line, and select whether you want the current version as well as all old versions, with the page history lines, or just the current version with the info about the last edit. In the latter case you can also use a link, e.g. [[{{ns:Special}}:Export/{{int:mainpage}}]] for the page {{int:mainpage}}. 215 sysop 2037 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default http://www.example.com link title 216 sysop 2038 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default External link (remember http:// prefix) 217 sysop 2039 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default FAQ 218 sysop 2040 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Project:FAQ 219 sysop 2041 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Feed: 220 sysop 2042 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Could not copy file "$1" to "$2". 221 sysop 2043 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Could not delete file "$1". 222 sysop 2044 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Summary 223 sysop 2045 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Filename 224 sysop 2046 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Could not find file "$1". 225 sysop 2047 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Could not rename file "$1" to "$2". 226 sysop 2048 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Source 227 sysop 2049 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Copyright status 228 sysop 2050 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default File $1 uploaded successfully. Please follow this link: $2 to the description page and fill in information about the file, such as where it came from, when it was created and by whom, and anything else you may know about it. If this is an image, you can insert it like this: <tt><nowiki>[[Image:$1|thumb|Description]]</nowiki></tt> 229 sysop 2051 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Error: could not submit form 230 sysop 2052 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default From Wikipedia 231 sysop 3227 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default fetching file list 232 sysop 2054 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Go 233 sysop 3228 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default <form method="get" action="http://www.google.com/search" id="googlesearch"> <input type="hidden" name="domains" value="{{SERVER}}" /> <input type="hidden" name="num" value="50" /> <input type="hidden" name="ie" value="$2" /> <input type="hidden" name="oe" value="$2" /> <input type="text" name="q" size="31" maxlength="255" value="$1" /> <input type="submit" name="btnG" value="$3" /> <div> <input type="radio" name="sitesearch" id="gwiki" value="{{SERVER}}" checked="checked" /><label for="gwiki">{{SITENAME}}</label> <input type="radio" name="sitesearch" id="gWWW" value="" /><label for="gWWW">WWW</label> </div> </form> 234 sysop 2056 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Fill in from browser 235 sysop 2057 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Headline text 236 sysop 2058 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Level 2 headline 237 sysop 2059 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Help 238 sysop 2060 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Help:Contents 239 sysop 4011 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Hide 240 sysop 2062 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default hide 241 sysop 2063 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default hist 242 sysop 2064 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Diff selection: mark the radio boxes of the versions to compare and hit enter or the button at the bottom.<br /> Legend: (cur) = difference with current version, (last) = difference with preceding version, M = minor edit. 243 sysop 2065 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Page history 244 sysop 2066 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default History 245 sysop 5864 2006-02-26T02:03:19Z MediaWiki default Warning: The page you are about to delete has a history: 246 sysop 2068 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Horizontal line (use sparingly) 247 sysop 2069 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Ignore warning and save file anyway. 248 sysop 2070 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Show all images with names matching 249 sysop 2071 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Search 250 sysop 2072 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Example.jpg 251 sysop 2073 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Embedded image 252 sysop 3254 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Links 253 sysop 3255 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default File list 254 sysop 6365 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default Below is a list of '''$1''' {{plural:$1|file|files}} sorted $2. 255 sysop 2077 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default View image page 256 sysop 2078 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Revert to earlier version was successful. 257 sysop 2079 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default del 258 sysop 2080 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default desc 259 sysop 3258 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. <br /><i>Click on date to see the file uploaded on that date</i>. 260 sysop 4038 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default File history 261 sysop 4040 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Legend: (desc) = show/edit file description. 262 sysop 2084 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Import pages 263 sysop 2085 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Import failed: $1 264 sysop 2086 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Conflicting history revision exists (may have imported this page before) 265 sysop 2087 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Empty or no text 266 sysop 2088 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Import succeeded! 267 sysop 2089 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Please export the file from the source wiki using the Special:Export utility, save it to your disk and upload it here. 268 sysop 2090 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Click a button to get an example text 269 sysop 2091 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Please enter the text you want to be formatted.\n It will be shown in the infobox for copy and pasting.\nExample:\n$1\nwill become:\n$2 270 sysop 2092 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Internal error 271 sysop 2093 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Interlanguage links 272 sysop 5559 2005-12-22T07:36:12Z MediaWiki default Invalid IP range. 273 sysop 3265 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default IP Address 274 sysop 2096 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Expiry time invalid. 275 sysop 2097 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Expiry 276 sysop 2098 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default List of blocked IP addresses and usernames 277 sysop 2099 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Reason 278 sysop 2100 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Block this user 279 sysop 2101 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Unblock this address 280 sysop 3270 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default "[[$1]]" unblocked 281 sysop 2103 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default ISBN 282 sysop 2104 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default redirect page 283 sysop 2105 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Italic text 284 sysop 2106 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Italic text 285 sysop 2107 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Problem with item '$1', invalid name... 286 sysop 6397 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default It is recommended that files do not exceed $1 bytes in size; this file is $2 bytes 287 sysop 2109 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default last 288 sysop 2110 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default This page was last modified $1. 289 sysop 2111 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default This page was last modified $1 by $2. 290 sysop 2112 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Line $1: 291 sysop 2113 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Link title 292 sysop 2114 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Internal link 293 sysop 2115 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default (List of links) 294 sysop 6988 2006-08-31T19:10:51Z MediaWiki default The following pages link to '''[[:$1]]''': 295 sysop 3272 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default The following pages link to this file: 296 sysop 2118 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default /^([a-z]+)(.*)$/sD 297 sysop 2119 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default list 298 sysop 2120 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default User list 299 sysop 2121 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Loading page history 300 sysop 2122 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default loading revision for diff 301 sysop 3273 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Local time 302 sysop 2124 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Lock database 303 sysop 2125 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Yes, I really want to lock the database. 304 sysop 2126 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Lock database 305 sysop 2127 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Database lock succeeded 306 sysop 6990 2006-08-31T19:10:51Z MediaWiki default The database has been locked. <br />Remember to [[Special:Unlockdb|remove the lock]] after your maintenance is complete. 307 sysop 2129 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Locking the database will suspend the ability of all users to edit pages, change their preferences, edit their watchlists, and other things requiring changes in the database. Please confirm that this is what you intend to do, and that you will unlock the database when your maintenance is done. 308 sysop 2130 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default You did not check the confirmation box. 309 sysop 2131 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Log in 310 sysop 5392 2005-12-02T02:40:47Z MediaWiki default 311 sysop 2133 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Login error 312 sysop 2134 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default User login 313 sysop 2135 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default <b>There has been a problem with your login.</b><br />Try again! 314 sysop 2136 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default You must have cookies enabled to log in to {{SITENAME}}. 315 sysop 2137 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default You must [[special:Userlogin|login]] to view other pages. 316 sysop 2138 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Login Required 317 sysop 5394 2005-12-02T02:40:47Z MediaWiki default '''You are now logged in to {{SITENAME}} as "$1".''' 318 sysop 2140 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Login successful 319 sysop 2141 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Log out 320 sysop 5485 2005-12-02T04:14:08Z MediaWiki default <strong>You are now logged out.</strong><br /> You can continue to use {{SITENAME}} anonymously, or you can log in again as the same or as a different user. Note that some pages may continue to be displayed as if you were still logged in, until you clear your browser cache. 321 sysop 2143 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default User logout 322 sysop 2144 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Orphaned pages 323 sysop 2145 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Long pages 324 sysop 3275 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default <strong>WARNING: This page is $1 kilobytes long; some browsers may have problems editing pages approaching or longer than 32kb. Please consider breaking the page into smaller sections.</strong> 325 sysop 2147 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Error sending mail: $1 326 sysop 5398 2005-12-02T02:40:47Z MediaWiki default E-mail password 327 sysop 2149 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default No send address 328 sysop 3276 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default You must be [[Special:Userlogin|logged in]] and have a valid e-mail address in your [[Special:Preferences|preferences]] to send e-mail to other users. 329 sysop 2151 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Main Page 330 sysop 6407 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default Consult the [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using the wiki software. == Getting started == * [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Configuration_settings Configuration settings list] * [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:FAQ MediaWiki FAQ] * [http://mail.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/mediawiki-announce MediaWiki release mailing list] 331 sysop 6034 2006-03-28T06:28:54Z MediaWiki default <big>'''MediaWiki has been successfully installed.'''</big> 332 sysop 2154 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Maintenance page 333 sysop 2155 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Back to Maintenance Page 334 sysop 2156 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default This page includes several handy tools for everyday maintenance. Some of these functions tend to stress the database, so please do not hit reload after every item you fixed ;-) 335 sysop 2157 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Make a user into a sysop 336 sysop 2158 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default <b>User "$1" could not be made into a sysop. (Did you enter the name correctly?)</b> 337 sysop 2159 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Name of the user: 338 sysop 2160 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default <b>User "$1" is now a sysop</b> 339 sysop 2161 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Make this user into a sysop 340 sysop 2162 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default This form is used by bureaucrats to turn ordinary users into administrators. Type the name of the user in the box and press the button to make the user an administrator 341 sysop 2163 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Make a user into a sysop 342 sysop 2164 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default The query "$1" matched $2 page titles and the text of $3 pages. 343 sysop 3278 2005-07-03T13:26:01Z MediaWiki default Math 344 sysop 2166 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Can't write to or create math output directory 345 sysop 2167 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Can't write to or create math temp directory 346 sysop 2168 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Failed to parse 347 sysop 2169 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default PNG conversion failed; check for correct installation of latex, dvips, gs, and convert 348 sysop 2170 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default lexing error 349 sysop 2171 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure. 350 sysop 2172 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Insert formula here 351 sysop 2173 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default syntax error 352 sysop 2174 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Mathematical formula (LaTeX) 353 sysop 2175 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default unknown error 354 sysop 5878 2006-02-26T02:03:19Z MediaWiki default unknown function 355 sysop 3279 2005-07-03T13:26:01Z MediaWiki default Example.ogg 356 sysop 2178 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Media file link 357 sysop 4171 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default File names must be at least three letters. 358 sysop 4173 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default This is a minor edit 359 sysop 2181 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default m 360 sysop 2182 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Pages with misspellings 361 sysop 2183 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default List of common misspellings 362 sysop 2184 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default The following pages contain a common misspelling, which are listed on $1. The correct spelling might be given (like this). 363 sysop 4950 2005-09-05T09:50:50Z MediaWiki default The database did not find the text of a page that it should have found, named "$1". This is usually caused by following an outdated diff or history link to a page that has been deleted. If this is not the case, you may have found a bug in the software. Please report this to an administrator, making note of the URL. 364 sysop 5565 2005-12-22T07:36:12Z MediaWiki default <b>Missing image</b><br /><i>$1</i> 365 sysop 2187 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Missing Language Links 366 sysop 2188 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Find missing language links for 367 sysop 2189 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default These pages do <i>not</i> link to their counterpart in $1. Redirects and subpages are <i>not</i> shown. 368 sysop 2190 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default More... 369 sysop 2191 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Move 370 sysop 2192 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Move page 371 sysop 2193 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default moved to 372 sysop 2194 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Not logged in 373 sysop 3287 2005-07-03T13:26:01Z MediaWiki default You must be a registered user and [[Special:Userlogin|logged in]] to move a page. 374 sysop 2196 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Move page 375 sysop 2197 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Move page 376 sysop 6413 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default The associated talk page will be automatically moved along with it '''unless:''' *A non-empty talk page already exists under the new name, or *You uncheck the box below. In those cases, you will have to move or merge the page manually if desired. 377 sysop 3288 2005-07-03T13:26:01Z MediaWiki default Using the form below will rename a page, moving all of its history to the new name. The old title will become a redirect page to the new title. Links to the old page title will not be changed; be sure to check for double or broken redirects. You are responsible for making sure that links continue to point where they are supposed to go. Note that the page will '''not''' be moved if there is already a page at the new title, unless it is empty or a redirect and has no past edit history. This means that you can rename a page back to where it was just renamed from if you make a mistake, and you cannot overwrite an existing page. <b>WARNING!</b> This can be a drastic and unexpected change for a popular page; please be sure you understand the consequences of this before proceeding. 378 sysop 6040 2006-03-28T06:28:54Z MediaWiki default Move associated talk page 379 sysop 2201 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Move this page 380 sysop 2202 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default My contributions 381 sysop 2203 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default My page 382 sysop 2204 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default My talk 383 sysop 2205 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Navigation 384 sysop 6415 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default $1 {{PLURAL:$1|byte|bytes}} 385 sysop 2207 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default $1 changes 386 sysop 2208 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default (New) 387 sysop 6419 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default You've followed a link to a page that doesn't exist yet. To create the page, start typing in the box below (see the [[{{ns:help}}:Contents|help page]] for more info). If you are here by mistake, just click your browser's '''back''' button. 388 sysop 2210 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default You have $1. 389 sysop 2211 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default new messages 390 sysop 2212 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default New page 391 sysop 2213 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default N 392 sysop 2214 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default New pages 393 sysop 5149 2005-11-09T23:04:31Z MediaWiki default New password: 394 sysop 2216 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default To new title 395 sysop 2217 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default (new users only) 396 sysop 2218 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default next 397 sysop 2219 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default next $1 398 sysop 6421 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default $1 {{PLURAL:$1|link|links}} 399 sysop 2221 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default You must affirm that your upload does not violate any copyrights. 400 sysop 6425 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default There is currently no text in this page, you can [[{{ns:special}}:Search/{{PAGENAME}}|search for this page title]] in other pages or [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}} edit this page]. 401 sysop 2223 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default You must supply a reason for the block. 402 sysop 2224 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Sorry! The wiki is experiencing some technical difficulties, and cannot contact the database server. <br /> $1 403 sysop 2225 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default No changes were found matching these criteria. 404 sysop 2226 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default {{SITENAME}} uses cookies to log in users. You have cookies disabled. Please enable them and try again. 405 sysop 2227 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default The user account was created, but you are not logged in. {{SITENAME}} uses cookies to log in users. You have cookies disabled. Please enable them, then log in with your new username and password. 406 sysop 2228 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Creative Commons RDF metadata disabled for this server. 407 sysop 2229 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Could not select database $1 408 sysop 2230 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Dublin Core RDF metadata disabled for this server. 409 sysop 2231 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default There is no e-mail address recorded for user "$1". 410 sysop 2232 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default This user has not specified a valid e-mail address, or has chosen not to receive e-mail from other users. 411 sysop 2233 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default No e-mail address 412 sysop 5881 2006-02-26T02:03:20Z MediaWiki default '''There is no page titled "$1".''' You can [[$1|create this page]]. 413 sysop 2235 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default There is no edit history for this page. 414 sysop 6997 2006-08-31T19:10:51Z MediaWiki default No pages link to '''[[:$1]]'''. 415 sysop 3295 2005-07-03T13:26:01Z MediaWiki default There are no pages that link to this file. 416 sysop 2238 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default You have not specified a valid user name. 417 sysop 6998 2006-08-31T19:10:51Z MediaWiki default '''Note''': Unsuccessful searches are often caused by searching for common words like "have" and "from", which are not indexed, or by specifying more than one search term (only pages containing all of the search terms will appear in the result). 418 sysop 3296 2005-07-03T13:26:01Z MediaWiki default You have requested an invalid special page, a list of valid special pages may be found at [[{{ns:special}}:Specialpages]]. 419 sysop 2241 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default No such action 420 sysop 2242 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default The action specified by the URL is not recognized by the wiki 421 sysop 2243 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default No such special page 422 sysop 5410 2005-12-02T02:40:48Z MediaWiki default There is no user by the name "$1". Check your spelling, or create a new account. 423 sysop 2245 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default The wiki server can't provide data in a format your client can read. 424 sysop 2246 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Not a content page 425 sysop 2247 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default You have not specified a target page or user to perform this function on. 426 sysop 2248 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default No target 427 sysop 5883 2006-02-26T02:03:20Z MediaWiki default <strong>Note:</strong> 428 sysop 2250 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default No page text matches 429 sysop 2251 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default No page title matches 430 sysop 2252 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Not logged in 431 sysop 2253 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default You have no items on your watchlist. 432 sysop 2254 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Insert non-formatted text here 433 sysop 2255 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Ignore wiki formatting 434 sysop 2256 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Category 435 sysop 8265 2006-10-25T19:52:20Z MediaWiki default 129 Help page 436 sysop 3297 2005-07-03T13:26:01Z MediaWiki default File 437 sysop 2259 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Article 438 sysop 4280 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Media page 439 sysop 2261 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Message 440 sysop 2262 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Special 441 sysop 2263 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Template 442 sysop 2264 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default User page 443 sysop 4286 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Project page 444 sysop 6437 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default $1 {{PLURAL:$1|view|views}} 445 sysop 2267 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default OK 446 sysop 5160 2005-11-09T23:04:35Z MediaWiki default Old password: 447 sysop 2269 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default orig 448 sysop 2270 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Orphaned pages 449 sysop 2271 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Based on work by $1. 450 sysop 4303 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default In other languages 451 sysop 2273 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Move succeeded 452 sysop 2274 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Page "[[$1]]" moved to "[[$2]]". 453 sysop 2275 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default $1 - {{SITENAME}} 454 sysop 6441 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default Someone (probably you, from IP address $1) requested that we send you a new password for {{SITENAME}} ($4). The password for user "$2" is now "$3". You should log in and change your password now. If someone else made this request or if you have remembered your password and you no longer wish to change it, you may ignore this message and continue using your old password. 455 sysop 2277 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Password reminder from {{SITENAME}} 456 sysop 2278 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default A new password has been sent to the e-mail address registered for "$1". Please log in again after you receive it. 457 sysop 6443 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default The following data is cached and may not be up to date. 458 sysop 4962 2005-09-05T09:50:51Z MediaWiki default Sorry! This feature has been temporarily disabled because it slows the database down to the point that no one can use the wiki. 459 sysop 4964 2005-09-05T09:50:51Z MediaWiki default Here is a saved copy from $1: 460 sysop 2282 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Personal tools 461 sysop 2283 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Popular pages 462 sysop 2284 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Community portal 463 sysop 2285 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Project:Community Portal 464 sysop 2286 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Post a comment 465 sysop 2287 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default {{SITENAME}} is powered by [http://www.mediawiki.org/ MediaWiki], an open source wiki engine. 466 sysop 2288 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Search 467 sysop 6447 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default Search in namespaces:<br />$1<br />$2 List redirects<br />Search for $3 $9 468 sysop 2290 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Preferences 469 sysop 2291 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default * <strong>Real name</strong> (optional): if you choose to provide it this will be used for giving you attribution for your work.<br /> * <strong>Email</strong> (optional): Enables people to contact you through the website without you having to reveal your email address to them, and it can be used to send you a new password if you forget it. 470 sysop 3304 2005-07-03T13:26:01Z MediaWiki default Misc 471 sysop 5162 2005-11-09T23:04:36Z MediaWiki default User profile 472 sysop 5164 2005-11-09T23:04:36Z MediaWiki default Recent changes 473 sysop 2295 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default You are logged in as "$1". Your internal ID number is $2. See [[Project:User preferences help]] for help deciphering the options. 474 sysop 2296 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Not logged in 475 sysop 4335 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default You must be [[Special:Userlogin|logged in]] to set user preferences. 476 sysop 2298 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Preferences have been reset from storage. 477 sysop 2299 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Preview 478 sysop 6457 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default This preview reflects the text in the upper text editing area as it will appear if you choose to save. 479 sysop 5166 2005-11-09T23:04:36Z MediaWiki default <strong>This is only a preview; changes have not yet been saved!</strong> 480 sysop 2302 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default previous $1 481 sysop 2303 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Printable version 482 sysop 2304 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default (From {{SERVER}}) 483 sysop 2305 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Protect 484 sysop 2306 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Reason for protecting 485 sysop 3309 2005-07-03T13:26:01Z MediaWiki default protected "[[$1]]" 486 sysop 2308 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Protected page 487 sysop 6465 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default <strong>WARNING: This page has been locked so that only users with sysop privileges can edit it.</strong> 488 sysop 6467 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default This page has been locked to prevent editing. You can view and copy the source of this page: 489 sysop 6469 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default Protection log 490 sysop 6471 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default Below is a list of page locks and unlocks. 491 sysop 2313 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Protect page 492 sysop 2314 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default (give a reason) 493 sysop 2315 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default (Protecting "$1") 494 sysop 2316 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Protect this page 495 sysop 2317 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Proxy blocker 496 sysop 2318 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Your IP address has been blocked because it is an open proxy. Please contact your Internet service provider or tech support and inform them of this serious security problem. 497 sysop 5585 2005-12-22T07:36:13Z MediaWiki default Done. 498 sysop 2320 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Browse 499 sysop 2321 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Edit 500 sysop 2322 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Find 501 sysop 2323 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default My pages 502 sysop 2324 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Context 503 sysop 2325 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default This page 504 sysop 2326 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Quickbar 505 sysop 2327 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Special pages 506 sysop 2328 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Submit query 507 sysop 2329 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Query successful 508 sysop 2330 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Random page 509 sysop 2331 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default The sysop ability to create range blocks is disabled. 510 sysop 2332 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default in $4 form; $1 minor edits; $2 secondary namespaces; $3 multiple edits. 511 sysop 2333 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Show last $1 changes in last $2 days<br />$3 512 sysop 2334 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Show new changes starting from $1 513 sysop 2335 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default ; $1 edits from logged in users 514 sysop 2336 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Loading recent changes 515 sysop 2337 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default (to pages linked from "$1") 516 sysop 6475 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default Below are the last <strong>$1</strong> changes in the last <strong>$2</strong> days, as of $3. 517 sysop 2339 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Below are the changes since <b>$2</b> (up to <b>$1</b> shown). 518 sysop 2340 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Database locked 519 sysop 4971 2005-09-05T09:50:52Z MediaWiki default The database is currently locked to new entries and other modifications, probably for routine database maintenance, after which it will be back to normal. The administrator who locked it offered this explanation: $1 520 sysop 3313 2005-07-03T13:26:01Z MediaWiki default <strong>WARNING: The database has been locked for maintenance, so you will not be able to save your edits right now. You may wish to cut-n-paste the text into a text file and save it for later.</strong> 521 sysop 2343 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Recent changes 522 sysop 5169 2005-11-09T23:04:38Z MediaWiki default Titles in recent changes: 523 sysop 2345 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Related changes 524 sysop 2346 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Track the most recent changes to the wiki on this page. 525 sysop 2347 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default (Redirected from $1) 526 sysop 8270 2006-10-25T19:52:22Z MediaWiki default 129 Remember my login on this computer 527 sysop 2349 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Remove checked items from watchlist 528 sysop 2350 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Removed from watchlist 529 sysop 6489 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default The page "[[:$1]]" has been removed from your watchlist. 530 sysop 2352 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Removing requested items from watchlist... 531 sysop 3317 2005-07-03T13:26:01Z MediaWiki default Reset 532 sysop 6491 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default {{PLURAL:$1|one deleted edit|$1 deleted edits}} 533 sysop 5175 2005-11-09T23:04:39Z MediaWiki default Hits per page: 534 sysop 2356 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Retrieved from "$1" 535 sysop 2357 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Return to $1. 536 sysop 5177 2005-11-09T23:04:39Z MediaWiki default Retype new password: 537 sysop 2359 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Re-upload 538 sysop 2360 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Return to the upload form. 539 sysop 2361 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Reverted to earlier revision 540 sysop 2362 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default rev 541 sysop 6493 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/$2|$2]] ([[User_talk:$2|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:$1|$1]] 542 sysop 2364 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Revision history 543 sysop 2365 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Revision as of $1 544 sysop 2366 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Revision not found 545 sysop 5586 2005-12-22T07:36:14Z MediaWiki default The old revision of the page you asked for could not be found. Please check the URL you used to access this page. 546 sysop 4422 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc$1.txt 547 sysop 2369 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Rights: 548 sysop 2370 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Roll back edits 549 sysop 2371 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Rollback 550 sysop 2372 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Rollback failed 551 sysop 2373 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default rollback 552 sysop 5180 2005-11-09T23:04:41Z MediaWiki default Rows: 553 sysop 2375 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Save page 554 sysop 2376 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Your preferences have been saved. 555 sysop 2377 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Save file 556 sysop 3322 2005-07-03T13:26:01Z MediaWiki default Save 557 sysop 2379 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Search 558 sysop 3326 2005-07-03T13:26:01Z MediaWiki default {{SITENAME}} search is disabled. You can search via Google in the meantime. Note that their indexes of {{SITENAME}} content may be out of date. 559 sysop 2381 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default Wikipedia:Searching 560 sysop 2382 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default Searching Wikipedia 561 sysop 2383 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default For query "$1" 562 sysop 2384 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Search results 563 sysop 3328 2005-07-03T13:26:01Z MediaWiki default Search 564 sysop 6501 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default For more information about searching {{SITENAME}}, see [[{{ns:project}}:Searching|Searching {{SITENAME}}]]. 565 sysop 2387 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default (section) 566 sysop 2388 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Select a newer version for comparison 567 sysop 2389 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Select an older version for comparison 568 sysop 2390 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Only read-only queries are allowed. 569 sysop 5896 2006-02-26T02:03:20Z MediaWiki default Self-linking pages 570 sysop 5898 2006-02-26T02:03:20Z MediaWiki default The following pages link to themselves: 571 sysop 2393 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default There were serious xhtml markup errors detected by tidy. 572 sysop 3330 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Server time 573 sysop 2395 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default <b>User rights for "$1" could not be set. (Did you enter the name correctly?)</b> 574 sysop 2396 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Set user rights 575 sysop 2397 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Set bureaucrat flag 576 sysop 2398 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Short pages 577 sysop 4980 2005-09-05T09:50:52Z MediaWiki default Show 578 sysop 5904 2006-02-26T02:03:20Z MediaWiki default $1 minor edits | $2 bots | $3 logged in users | $4 patrolled edits 579 sysop 2401 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Showing below up to <b>$1</b> results starting with #<b>$2</b>. 580 sysop 2402 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Showing below <b>$3</b> results starting with #<b>$2</b>. 581 sysop 3335 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Show last $1 files sorted $2. 582 sysop 2404 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Show preview 583 sysop 2405 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default show 584 sysop 2406 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Your signature with timestamp 585 sysop 4482 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default {{SITENAME}} statistics 586 sysop 6078 2006-03-28T06:28:58Z MediaWiki default There are '''$1''' total pages in the database. This includes "talk" pages, pages about {{SITENAME}}, minimal "stub" pages, redirects, and others that probably don't qualify as content pages. Excluding those, there are '''$2''' pages that are probably legitimate content pages. '''$8''' files have been uploaded. There have been a total of '''$3''' page views, and '''$4''' page edits since the wiki was setup. That comes to '''$5''' average edits per page, and '''$6''' views per edit. The [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Job_queue job queue] length is '''$7'''. 587 sysop 5588 2005-12-22T07:36:14Z MediaWiki default 588 sysop 3337 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Donations 589 sysop 2411 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default {{SITENAME}} 590 sysop 4489 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default {{SITENAME}} user $1 591 sysop 4491 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default {{SITENAME}} user(s) $1 592 sysop 2414 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Skin 593 sysop 2415 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default The page you wanted to save was blocked by the spam filter. This is probably caused by a link to an external site. 594 sysop 2416 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Spam protection filter 595 sysop 2417 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Special Page 596 sysop 2418 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Special pages 597 sysop 2419 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Special pages for all users 598 sysop 2420 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Please note that all queries are logged. 599 sysop 2421 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Enter query 600 sysop 2422 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Statistics 601 sysop 2423 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Stored version 602 sysop 5189 2005-11-09T23:04:45Z MediaWiki default Threshold for stub display: 603 sysop 2425 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Subcategories 604 sysop 2426 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Subject/headline 605 sysop 2427 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default View subject 606 sysop 2428 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Successful upload 607 sysop 2429 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Summary 608 sysop 2430 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default For sysop use only 609 sysop 4520 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default The action you have requested can only be performed by users with "sysop" capability. See $1. 610 sysop 2432 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Sysop access required 611 sysop 2433 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default table 612 sysop 2434 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Discussion 613 sysop 6080 2006-03-28T06:28:59Z MediaWiki default '''The page itself was moved successfully, but the talk page could not be moved because one already exists at the new title. Please merge them manually.''' 614 sysop 2436 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Discuss this page 615 sysop 2437 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default The corresponding talk page was also moved. 616 sysop 2438 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default The corresponding talk page was <strong>not</strong> moved. 617 sysop 2439 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default <!-- MediaWiki:talkpagetext --> 618 sysop 2440 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Editing 619 sysop 2441 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Page text matches 620 sysop 2442 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default View or restore $1? 621 sysop 2443 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Enlarge 622 sysop 3341 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Offset¹ 623 sysop 3342 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default The number of hours your local time differs from server time (UTC). 624 sysop 2446 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Article title matches 625 sysop 4542 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Contents 626 sysop 2448 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Toolbox 627 sysop 2449 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default Add a comment to this page. [alt-+] 628 sysop 2450 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default Discussion about edits from this ip address [alt-n] 629 sysop 2451 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default The user page for the ip you're editing as [alt-.] 630 sysop 2452 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default View the content page [alt-a] 631 sysop 2453 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default Atom feed for this page 632 sysop 2454 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default See the differences between the two selected versions of this page. [alt-v] 633 sysop 2455 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default View the list of contributions of this user 634 sysop 2456 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default Find background information on current events 635 sysop 2457 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default Delete this page [alt-d] 636 sysop 2458 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default You can edit this page. Please use the preview button before saving. [alt-e] 637 sysop 2459 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default Send a mail to this user 638 sysop 2460 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default The place to find out. 639 sysop 2461 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default Past versions of this page, [alt-h] 640 sysop 2462 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default You are encouraged to log in, it is not mandatory however. [alt-o] 641 sysop 2463 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default Log out [alt-o] 642 sysop 2464 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default Visit the Main Page [alt-z] 643 sysop 2465 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Mark this as a minor edit [alt-i] 644 sysop 2466 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default Move this page [alt-m] 645 sysop 2467 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default List of my contributions [alt-y] 646 sysop 2468 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default My talk page [alt-n] 647 sysop 2469 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default You don't have the permissions to move this page 648 sysop 2470 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default About the project, what you can do, where to find things 649 sysop 2471 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default My preferences 650 sysop 2472 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Preview your changes, please use this before saving! [alt-p] 651 sysop 2473 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default Protect this page [alt-=] 652 sysop 2474 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default Load a random page [alt-x] 653 sysop 2475 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default The list of recent changes in the wiki. [alt-r] 654 sysop 2476 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default Recent changes in pages linking to this page [alt-c] 655 sysop 2477 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default RSS feed for this page 656 sysop 2478 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Save your changes [alt-s] 657 sysop 4577 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Search {{SITENAME}} [alt-f] 658 sysop 2480 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default Support Wikipedia 659 sysop 2481 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default This is a special page, you can't edit the page itself. 660 sysop 2482 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default List of all special pages [alt-q] 661 sysop 2483 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default Discussion about the content page [alt-t] 662 sysop 2484 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default Restore $1 deleted edits to this page [alt-d] 663 sysop 2485 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default Remove this page from your watchlist [alt-w] 664 sysop 2486 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default Upload images or media files [alt-u] 665 sysop 2487 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default My user page [alt-.] 666 sysop 2488 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default This page is protected. You can view it's source. [alt-e] 667 sysop 2489 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Add this page to your watchlist [alt-w] 668 sysop 2490 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default The list of pages you're monitoring for changes. [alt-l] 669 sysop 2491 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default List of all wiki pages that link here [alt-b] 670 sysop 2492 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default View the last $1 changes; view the last $2 days. 671 sysop 2493 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Below are this user's last <b>$1</b> changes in the last <b>$2</b> days. 672 sysop 2494 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default (top) 673 sysop 2495 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Unblock user 674 sysop 2496 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Use the form below to restore write access to a previously blocked IP address or username. 675 sysop 2497 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default unblock 676 sysop 4600 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default unblocked $1 677 sysop 4999 2005-09-05T09:50:53Z MediaWiki default View deleted pages 678 sysop 6535 2006-07-01T19:05:42Z MediaWiki default Undelete {{PLURAL:$1|one edit|$1 edits}} 679 sysop 2501 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Restore deleted page 680 sysop 6537 2006-07-01T19:05:42Z MediaWiki default Restore 681 sysop 3357 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default restored "[[$1]]" 682 sysop 5211 2005-11-09T23:04:47Z MediaWiki default [[:$1|$1]] has been successfully restored. See [[Special:Log/delete]] for a record of recent deletions and restorations. 683 sysop 2505 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default If you restore the page, all revisions will be restored to the history. If a new page with the same name has been created since the deletion, the restored revisions will appear in the prior history, and the current revision of the live page will not be automatically replaced. 684 sysop 2506 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default View and restore deleted pages 685 sysop 2507 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default The following pages have been deleted but are still in the archive and can be restored. The archive may be periodically cleaned out. 686 sysop 2508 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Deleted revision as of $1 687 sysop 2509 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default $1 revisions archived 688 sysop 2510 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Unexpected value: "$1"="$2". 689 sysop 2511 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Unlock database 690 sysop 2512 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Yes, I really want to unlock the database. 691 sysop 2513 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Unlock database 692 sysop 2514 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Database lock removed 693 sysop 2515 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default The database has been unlocked. 694 sysop 2516 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Unlocking the database will restore the ability of all users to edit pages, change their preferences, edit their watchlists, and other things requiring changes in the database. Please confirm that this is what you intend to do. 695 sysop 4630 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default unprotect 696 sysop 2518 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Reason for unprotecting 697 sysop 3358 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default unprotected "[[$1]]" 698 sysop 2520 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default (Unprotecting "$1") 699 sysop 2521 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Unprotect this page 700 sysop 3359 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Unused files 701 sysop 2523 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default <p>Please note that other web sites may link to an image with a direct URL, and so may still be listed here despite being in active use.</p> 702 sysop 2524 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Unwatch 703 sysop 2525 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Stop watching 704 sysop 2526 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default (Updated) 705 sysop 2527 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Upload file 706 sysop 2528 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Upload file 707 sysop 5923 2006-02-26T02:03:21Z MediaWiki default Uploads disabled 708 sysop 2530 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Uploaded files 709 sysop 3361 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default uploaded "[[$1]]" 710 sysop 2532 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Upload error 711 sysop 2533 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Upload images, sounds, documents etc. 712 sysop 2534 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Upload images 713 sysop 2535 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default upload log 714 sysop 6557 2006-07-01T19:05:42Z MediaWiki default Upload log 715 sysop 2537 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Below is a list of the most recent file uploads. 716 sysop 2538 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Not logged in 717 sysop 3363 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default You must be [[Special:Userlogin|logged in]] to upload files. 718 sysop 6561 2006-07-01T19:05:42Z MediaWiki default Use the form below to upload files, to view or search previously uploaded images go to the [[Special:Imagelist|list of uploaded files]], uploads and deletions are also logged in the [[Special:Log/upload|upload log]]. To include the image in a page, use a link in the form '''<nowiki>[[{{ns:image}}:File.jpg]]</nowiki>''', '''<nowiki>[[{{ns:image}}:File.png|alt text]]</nowiki>''' or '''<nowiki>[[{{ns:media}}:File.ogg]]</nowiki>''' for directly linking to the file. 719 sysop 2541 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Upload warning 720 sysop 2542 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default <b>User rights for "$1" updated</b> 721 sysop 2543 2004-06-02T09:56:30Z MediaWiki default '''Note:''' After saving, you have to tell your bowser to get the new version: '''Mozilla:''' click ''reload''(or ''ctrl-r''), '''IE / Opera:''' ''ctrl-f5'', '''Safari:''' ''cmd-r'', '''Konqueror''' ''ctrl-r''. 722 sysop 2544 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default <strong>Tip:</strong> Use the 'Show preview' button to test your new CSS/JS before saving. 723 sysop 2545 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default '''Remember that you are only previewing your user CSS, it has not yet been saved!''' 724 sysop 5446 2005-12-02T02:40:50Z MediaWiki default Username entered already in use. Please choose a different name. 725 sysop 2547 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default '''Remember that you are only testing/previewing your user JavaScript, it has not yet been saved!''' 726 sysop 5448 2005-12-02T02:40:50Z MediaWiki default Log in / create account 727 sysop 2549 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Log out 728 sysop 5929 2006-02-26T02:03:21Z MediaWiki default Mail object returned error: 729 sysop 2551 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default View user page 730 sysop 2552 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default User statistics 731 sysop 7021 2006-08-31T19:10:54Z MediaWiki default There are '''$1''' registered users, of which '''$2''' (or '''$4%''') are $5. 732 sysop 2554 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Version 733 sysop 6563 2006-07-01T19:05:42Z MediaWiki default This page has been accessed {{plural:$1|one time|$1 times}}. 734 sysop 2556 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default View ($1) ($2) ($3). 735 sysop 2557 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default View source 736 sysop 2558 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default View discussion 737 sysop 2559 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Wanted pages 738 sysop 2560 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Watch 739 sysop 8292 2006-10-25T19:52:27Z MediaWiki default 129 * {{PLURAL:$1|$1 page|$1 pages}} watched not counting talk pages * [[Special:Watchlist/edit|Show and edit complete watchlist]] * [[Special:Watchlist/clear|Remove all pages]] 740 sysop 3409 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Here's an alphabetical list of your watched content pages. Check the boxes of pages you want to remove from your watchlist and click the 'remove checked' button at the bottom of the screen (deleting a content page also deletes the accompanying talk page and vice versa). 741 sysop 2563 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default My watchlist 742 sysop 2564 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Your watchlist contains $1 pages. 743 sysop 2565 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default (for user "$1") 744 sysop 2566 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default checking watched pages for recent edits 745 sysop 2567 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default checking recent edits for watched pages 746 sysop 4759 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default None of your watched items was edited in the time period displayed. 747 sysop 2569 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Not logged in 748 sysop 4762 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default You must be [[Special:Userlogin|logged in]] to modify your watchlist. 749 sysop 2571 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Watch this page 750 sysop 2572 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Watch this page 751 sysop 2573 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default == Welcome, $1! == Your account has been created. Don't forget to change your {{SITENAME}} preferences. 752 sysop 2574 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default What links here 753 sysop 2575 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default To be allowed to create accounts in this Wiki you have to [[Special:Userlogin|log]] in and have the appropriate permissions. 754 sysop 2576 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default You are not allowed to create an account 755 sysop 6581 2006-07-01T19:05:42Z MediaWiki default You have to $1 to edit pages. 756 sysop 2578 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Login required to edit 757 sysop 2579 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default You have to [[Special:Userlogin|login]] to read pages. 758 sysop 2580 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Login required to read 759 sysop 2581 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default View project page 760 sysop 2582 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default {{SITENAME}} 761 sysop 2583 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Below are the last $1 changes in the last <b>$2</b> hours. 762 sysop 2584 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default This is a saved version of your watchlist. 763 sysop 2585 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Show last $1 hours $2 days $3 764 sysop 5020 2005-09-05T09:50:53Z MediaWiki default Incorrect parameters to wfQuery()<br /> Function: $1<br /> Query: $2 765 sysop 5459 2005-12-02T02:40:51Z MediaWiki default Incorrect password entered. Please try again. 766 sysop 2588 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Differences 767 sysop 8298 2006-10-25T19:52:28Z MediaWiki default 129 E-mail *: 768 sysop 4792 2005-07-29T11:05:51Z MediaWiki default Username 769 sysop 5236 2005-11-09T23:04:56Z MediaWiki default Nickname: 770 sysop 3424 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Password 771 sysop 2593 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Retype password 772 sysop 8299 2006-10-25T19:52:28Z MediaWiki default 129 Real name *: 773 sysop 2595 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Your text 774 2596 2004-06-02T09:56:31Z MediaWiki default {{int:allmessagestext}} <table border=1 width=100%><tr><td> '''Name''' </td><td> '''Default text''' </td><td> '''Current text''' </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:1movedto2&action=edit 1movedto2]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:1movedto2|Talk]] </td><td> $1 moved to $2 </td><td> {{int:1movedto2}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:About&action=edit about]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:About|Talk]] </td><td> About </td><td> {{int:About}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Aboutpage&action=edit aboutpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Aboutpage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:About </td><td> {{int:Aboutpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Aboutwikipedia&action=edit aboutwikipedia]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Aboutwikipedia|Talk]] </td><td> About Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Aboutwikipedia}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-addsection&action=edit accesskey-addsection]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-addsection|Talk]] </td><td> + </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-addsection}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-anontalk&action=edit accesskey-anontalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-anontalk|Talk]] </td><td> n </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-anontalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-anonuserpage&action=edit accesskey-anonuserpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-anonuserpage|Talk]] </td><td> . </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-anonuserpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-article&action=edit accesskey-article]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-article|Talk]] </td><td> a </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-article}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-compareselectedversions&action=edit accesskey-compareselectedversions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-compareselectedversions|Talk]] </td><td> v </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-compareselectedversions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-contributions&action=edit accesskey-contributions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-contributions|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;lt;accesskey-contributions&amp;gt; </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-contributions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-currentevents&action=edit accesskey-currentevents]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-currentevents|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;lt;accesskey-currentevents&amp;gt; </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-currentevents}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-delete&action=edit accesskey-delete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-delete|Talk]] </td><td> d </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-delete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-edit&action=edit accesskey-edit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-edit|Talk]] </td><td> e </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-edit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-emailuser&action=edit accesskey-emailuser]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-emailuser|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;lt;accesskey-emailuser&amp;gt; </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-emailuser}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-help&action=edit accesskey-help]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-help|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;lt;accesskey-help&amp;gt; </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-help}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-history&action=edit accesskey-history]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-history|Talk]] </td><td> h </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-history}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-login&action=edit accesskey-login]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-login|Talk]] </td><td> o </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-login}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-logout&action=edit accesskey-logout]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-logout|Talk]] </td><td> o </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-logout}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-mainpage&action=edit accesskey-mainpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-mainpage|Talk]] </td><td> z </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-mainpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-minoredit&action=edit accesskey-minoredit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-minoredit|Talk]] </td><td> i </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-minoredit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-move&action=edit accesskey-move]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-move|Talk]] </td><td> m </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-move}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-mycontris&action=edit accesskey-mycontris]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-mycontris|Talk]] </td><td> y </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-mycontris}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-mytalk&action=edit accesskey-mytalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-mytalk|Talk]] </td><td> n </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-mytalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-portal&action=edit accesskey-portal]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-portal|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;lt;accesskey-portal&amp;gt; </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-portal}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-preferences&action=edit accesskey-preferences]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-preferences|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;lt;accesskey-preferences&amp;gt; </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-preferences}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-preview&action=edit accesskey-preview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-preview|Talk]] </td><td> p </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-preview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-protect&action=edit accesskey-protect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-protect|Talk]] </td><td> = </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-protect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-randompage&action=edit accesskey-randompage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-randompage|Talk]] </td><td> x </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-randompage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-recentchanges&action=edit accesskey-recentchanges]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-recentchanges|Talk]] </td><td> r </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-recentchanges}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-recentchangeslinked&action=edit accesskey-recentchangeslinked]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-recentchangeslinked|Talk]] </td><td> c </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-recentchangeslinked}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-save&action=edit accesskey-save]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-save|Talk]] </td><td> s </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-save}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-search&action=edit accesskey-search]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-search|Talk]] </td><td> f </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-search}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-sitesupport&action=edit accesskey-sitesupport]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-sitesupport|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;lt;accesskey-sitesupport&amp;gt; </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-sitesupport}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-specialpage&action=edit accesskey-specialpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-specialpage|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;lt;accesskey-specialpage&amp;gt; </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-specialpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-specialpages&action=edit accesskey-specialpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-specialpages|Talk]] </td><td> q </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-specialpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-talk&action=edit accesskey-talk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-talk|Talk]] </td><td> t </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-talk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-undelete&action=edit accesskey-undelete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-undelete|Talk]] </td><td> d </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-undelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-unwatch&action=edit accesskey-unwatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-unwatch|Talk]] </td><td> w </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-unwatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-upload&action=edit accesskey-upload]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-upload|Talk]] </td><td> u </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-upload}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-userpage&action=edit accesskey-userpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-userpage|Talk]] </td><td> . </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-userpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-viewsource&action=edit accesskey-viewsource]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-viewsource|Talk]] </td><td> e </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-viewsource}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-watch&action=edit accesskey-watch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-watch|Talk]] </td><td> w </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-watch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-watchlist&action=edit accesskey-watchlist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-watchlist|Talk]] </td><td> l </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-watchlist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-whatlinkshere&action=edit accesskey-whatlinkshere]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-whatlinkshere|Talk]] </td><td> b </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-whatlinkshere}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accmailtext&action=edit accmailtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accmailtext|Talk]] </td><td> The Password for &#39;$1&#39; has been sent to $2. </td><td> {{int:Accmailtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accmailtitle&action=edit accmailtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accmailtitle|Talk]] </td><td> Password sent. </td><td> {{int:Accmailtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Actioncomplete&action=edit actioncomplete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Actioncomplete|Talk]] </td><td> Action complete </td><td> {{int:Actioncomplete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Addedwatch&action=edit addedwatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Addedwatch|Talk]] </td><td> Added to watchlist </td><td> {{int:Addedwatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Addedwatchtext&action=edit addedwatchtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Addedwatchtext|Talk]] </td><td> The page &quot;$1&quot; has been added to your &#91;&#91;Special:Watchlist&#124;watchlist]]. Future changes to this page and its associated Talk page will be listed there, and the page will appear &#39;&#39;&#39;bolded&#39;&#39;&#39; in the &#91;&#91;Special:Recentchanges&#124;list of recent changes]] to make it easier to pick out. &lt;p&gt;If you want to remove the page from your watchlist later, click &quot;Stop watching&quot; in the sidebar. </td><td> {{int:Addedwatchtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Addsection&action=edit addsection]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Addsection|Talk]] </td><td> + </td><td> {{int:Addsection}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Administrators&action=edit administrators]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Administrators|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:Administrators </td><td> {{int:Administrators}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Affirmation&action=edit affirmation]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Affirmation|Talk]] </td><td> I affirm that the copyright holder of this file agrees to license it under the terms of the $1. </td><td> {{int:Affirmation}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:All&action=edit all]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:All|Talk]] </td><td> all </td><td> {{int:All}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Allmessages&action=edit allmessages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Allmessages|Talk]] </td><td> All system messages </td><td> {{int:Allmessages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Allmessagestext&action=edit allmessagestext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Allmessagestext|Talk]] </td><td> This is a list of all system messages available in the MediaWiki: namespace. </td><td> {{int:Allmessagestext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Allpages&action=edit allpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Allpages|Talk]] </td><td> All pages </td><td> {{int:Allpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Alphaindexline&action=edit alphaindexline]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Alphaindexline|Talk]] </td><td> $1 to $2 </td><td> {{int:Alphaindexline}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Alreadyloggedin&action=edit alreadyloggedin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Alreadyloggedin|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;font color=red&gt;&lt;b&gt;User $1, you are already logged in!&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt; </td><td> {{int:Alreadyloggedin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Alreadyrolled&action=edit alreadyrolled]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Alreadyrolled|Talk]] </td><td> Cannot rollback last edit of &#91;&#91;$1]] by &#91;&#91;User:$2&#124;$2]] (&#91;&#91;User talk:$2&#124;Talk]]); someone else has edited or rolled back the page already. Last edit was by &#91;&#91;User:$3&#124;$3]] (&#91;&#91;User talk:$3&#124;Talk]]). </td><td> {{int:Alreadyrolled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ancientpages&action=edit ancientpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ancientpages|Talk]] </td><td> Oldest pages </td><td> {{int:Ancientpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:And&action=edit and]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:And|Talk]] </td><td> and </td><td> {{int:And}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Anontalk&action=edit anontalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Anontalk|Talk]] </td><td> Talk for this IP </td><td> {{int:Anontalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Anontalkpagetext&action=edit anontalkpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Anontalkpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> ----&#39;&#39;This is the discussion page for an anonymous user who has not created an account yet or who does not use it. We therefore have to use the numerical &#91;&#91;IP address]] to identify him/her. Such an IP address can be shared by several users. If you are an anonymous user and feel that irrelevant comments have been directed at you, please &#91;&#91;Special:Userlogin&#124;create an account or log in]] to avoid future confusion with other anonymous users.&#39;&#39; </td><td> {{int:Anontalkpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Anonymous&action=edit anonymous]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Anonymous|Talk]] </td><td> Anonymous user(s) of Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Anonymous}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Article&action=edit article]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Article|Talk]] </td><td> Content page </td><td> {{int:Article}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Articleexists&action=edit articleexists]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Articleexists|Talk]] </td><td> A page of that name already exists, or the name you have chosen is not valid. Please choose another name. </td><td> {{int:Articleexists}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Articlepage&action=edit articlepage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Articlepage|Talk]] </td><td> View content page </td><td> {{int:Articlepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Asksql&action=edit asksql]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Asksql|Talk]] </td><td> SQL query </td><td> {{int:Asksql}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Asksqltext&action=edit asksqltext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Asksqltext|Talk]] </td><td> Use the form below to make a direct query of the database. Use single quotes (&#39;like this&#39;) to delimit string literals. This can often add considerable load to the server, so please use this function sparingly. </td><td> {{int:Asksqltext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Autoblocker&action=edit autoblocker]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Autoblocker|Talk]] </td><td> Autoblocked because you share an IP address with &quot;$1&quot;. Reason &quot;$2&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Autoblocker}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badarticleerror&action=edit badarticleerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badarticleerror|Talk]] </td><td> This action cannot be performed on this page. </td><td> {{int:Badarticleerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badfilename&action=edit badfilename]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badfilename|Talk]] </td><td> Image name has been changed to &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Badfilename}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badfiletype&action=edit badfiletype]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badfiletype|Talk]] </td><td> &quot;.$1&quot; is not a recommended image file format. </td><td> {{int:Badfiletype}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badipaddress&action=edit badipaddress]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badipaddress|Talk]] </td><td> Invalid IP address </td><td> {{int:Badipaddress}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badquery&action=edit badquery]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badquery|Talk]] </td><td> Badly formed search query </td><td> {{int:Badquery}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badquerytext&action=edit badquerytext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badquerytext|Talk]] </td><td> We could not process your query. This is probably because you have attempted to search for a word fewer than three letters long, which is not yet supported. It could also be that you have mistyped the expression, for example &quot;fish and and scales&quot;. Please try another query. </td><td> {{int:Badquerytext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badretype&action=edit badretype]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badretype|Talk]] </td><td> The passwords you entered do not match. </td><td> {{int:Badretype}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badtitle&action=edit badtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badtitle|Talk]] </td><td> Bad title </td><td> {{int:Badtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badtitletext&action=edit badtitletext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badtitletext|Talk]] </td><td> The requested page title was invalid, empty, or an incorrectly linked inter-language or inter-wiki title. </td><td> {{int:Badtitletext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blanknamespace&action=edit blanknamespace]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blanknamespace|Talk]] </td><td> (Main) </td><td> {{int:Blanknamespace}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockedtext&action=edit blockedtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blockedtext|Talk]] </td><td> Your user name or IP address has been blocked by $1. The reason given is this:&lt;br /&gt;&#39;&#39;$2&#39;&#39;&lt;p&gt;You may contact $1 or one of the other &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Administrators&#124;administrators]] to discuss the block. Note that you may not use the &quot;email this user&quot; feature unless you have a valid email address registered in your &#91;&#91;Special:Preferences&#124;user preferences]]. Your IP address is $3. Please include this address in any queries you make. </td><td> {{int:Blockedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockedtitle&action=edit blockedtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blockedtitle|Talk]] </td><td> User is blocked </td><td> {{int:Blockedtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockip&action=edit blockip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blockip|Talk]] </td><td> Block user </td><td> {{int:Blockip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockipsuccesssub&action=edit blockipsuccesssub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blockipsuccesssub|Talk]] </td><td> Block succeeded </td><td> {{int:Blockipsuccesssub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockipsuccesstext&action=edit blockipsuccesstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blockipsuccesstext|Talk]] </td><td> &quot;$1&quot; has been blocked. &lt;br /&gt;See &#91;&#91;Special:Ipblocklist&#124;IP block list]] to review blocks. </td><td> {{int:Blockipsuccesstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockiptext&action=edit blockiptext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blockiptext|Talk]] </td><td> Use the form below to block write access from a specific IP address or username. This should be done only only to prevent vandalism, and in accordance with &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Policy&#124;policy]]. Fill in a specific reason below (for example, citing particular pages that were vandalized). </td><td> {{int:Blockiptext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklink&action=edit blocklink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blocklink|Talk]] </td><td> block </td><td> {{int:Blocklink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklistline&action=edit blocklistline]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blocklistline|Talk]] </td><td> $1, $2 blocked $3 (expires $4) </td><td> {{int:Blocklistline}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklogentry&action=edit blocklogentry]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blocklogentry|Talk]] </td><td> blocked &quot;$1&quot; with an expiry time of $2 </td><td> {{int:Blocklogentry}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklogpage&action=edit blocklogpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blocklogpage|Talk]] </td><td> Block_log </td><td> {{int:Blocklogpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklogtext&action=edit blocklogtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blocklogtext|Talk]] </td><td> This is a log of user blocking and unblocking actions. Automatically blocked IP addresses are not be listed. See the &#91;&#91;Special:Ipblocklist&#124;IP block list]] for the list of currently operational bans and blocks. </td><td> {{int:Blocklogtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bold_sample&action=edit bold_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bold_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Bold text </td><td> {{int:Bold_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bold_tip&action=edit bold_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bold_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Bold text </td><td> {{int:Bold_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Booksources&action=edit booksources]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Booksources|Talk]] </td><td> Book sources </td><td> {{int:Booksources}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Booksourcetext&action=edit booksourcetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Booksourcetext|Talk]] </td><td> Below is a list of links to other sites that sell new and used books, and may also have further information about books you are looking for.Wikipedia is not affiliated with any of these businesses, and this list should not be construed as an endorsement. </td><td> {{int:Booksourcetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Brokenredirects&action=edit brokenredirects]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Brokenredirects|Talk]] </td><td> Broken Redirects </td><td> {{int:Brokenredirects}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Brokenredirectstext&action=edit brokenredirectstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Brokenredirectstext|Talk]] </td><td> The following redirects link to a non-existing pages. </td><td> {{int:Brokenredirectstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bugreports&action=edit bugreports]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bugreports|Talk]] </td><td> Bug reports </td><td> {{int:Bugreports}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bugreportspage&action=edit bugreportspage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bugreportspage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:Bug_reports </td><td> {{int:Bugreportspage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucratlog&action=edit bureaucratlog]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bureaucratlog|Talk]] </td><td> Bureaucrat_log </td><td> {{int:Bureaucratlog}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucratlogentry&action=edit bureaucratlogentry]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bureaucratlogentry|Talk]] </td><td> Rights for user &quot;$1&quot; set &quot;$2&quot; </td><td> {{int:Bureaucratlogentry}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucrattext&action=edit bureaucrattext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bureaucrattext|Talk]] </td><td> The action you have requested can only be performed by sysops with &quot;bureaucrat&quot; status. </td><td> {{int:Bureaucrattext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucrattitle&action=edit bureaucrattitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bureaucrattitle|Talk]] </td><td> Bureaucrat access required </td><td> {{int:Bureaucrattitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bydate&action=edit bydate]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bydate|Talk]] </td><td> by date </td><td> {{int:Bydate}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Byname&action=edit byname]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Byname|Talk]] </td><td> by name </td><td> {{int:Byname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bysize&action=edit bysize]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bysize|Talk]] </td><td> by size </td><td> {{int:Bysize}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cachederror&action=edit cachederror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Cachederror|Talk]] </td><td> The following is a cached copy of the requested page, and may not be up to date. </td><td> {{int:Cachederror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cancel&action=edit cancel]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Cancel|Talk]] </td><td> Cancel </td><td> {{int:Cancel}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cannotdelete&action=edit cannotdelete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Cannotdelete|Talk]] </td><td> Could not delete the page or image specified. (It may have already been deleted by someone else.) </td><td> {{int:Cannotdelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cantrollback&action=edit cantrollback]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Cantrollback|Talk]] </td><td> Cannot revert edit; last contributor is only author of this page. </td><td> {{int:Cantrollback}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Categories&action=edit categories]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Categories|Talk]] </td><td> Categories </td><td> {{int:Categories}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Category&action=edit category]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Category|Talk]] </td><td> category </td><td> {{int:Category}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Category_header&action=edit category_header]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Category_header|Talk]] </td><td> Articles in category &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Category_header}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Changepassword&action=edit changepassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Changepassword|Talk]] </td><td> Change password </td><td> {{int:Changepassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Changes&action=edit changes]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Changes|Talk]] </td><td> changes </td><td> {{int:Changes}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Columns&action=edit columns]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Columns|Talk]] </td><td> Columns </td><td> {{int:Columns}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Commentedit&action=edit commentedit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Commentedit|Talk]] </td><td> (comment) </td><td> {{int:Commentedit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Compareselectedversions&action=edit compareselectedversions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Compareselectedversions|Talk]] </td><td> Compare selected versions </td><td> {{int:Compareselectedversions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirm&action=edit confirm]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirm|Talk]] </td><td> Confirm </td><td> {{int:Confirm}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmcheck&action=edit confirmcheck]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmcheck|Talk]] </td><td> Yes, I really want to delete this. </td><td> {{int:Confirmcheck}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmdelete&action=edit confirmdelete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmdelete|Talk]] </td><td> Confirm delete </td><td> {{int:Confirmdelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmdeletetext&action=edit confirmdeletetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmdeletetext|Talk]] </td><td> You are about to permanently delete a page or image along with all of its history from the database. Please confirm that you intend to do this, that you understand the consequences, and that you are doing this in accordance with &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Policy]]. </td><td> {{int:Confirmdeletetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmprotect&action=edit confirmprotect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmprotect|Talk]] </td><td> Confirm protection </td><td> {{int:Confirmprotect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmprotecttext&action=edit confirmprotecttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmprotecttext|Talk]] </td><td> Do you really want to protect this page? </td><td> {{int:Confirmprotecttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmunprotect&action=edit confirmunprotect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmunprotect|Talk]] </td><td> Confirm unprotection </td><td> {{int:Confirmunprotect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmunprotecttext&action=edit confirmunprotecttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmunprotecttext|Talk]] </td><td> Do you really want to unprotect this page? </td><td> {{int:Confirmunprotecttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contextchars&action=edit contextchars]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Contextchars|Talk]] </td><td> Characters of context per line </td><td> {{int:Contextchars}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contextlines&action=edit contextlines]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Contextlines|Talk]] </td><td> Lines to show per hit </td><td> {{int:Contextlines}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contribslink&action=edit contribslink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Contribslink|Talk]] </td><td> contribs </td><td> {{int:Contribslink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contribsub&action=edit contribsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Contribsub|Talk]] </td><td> For $1 </td><td> {{int:Contribsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contributions&action=edit contributions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Contributions|Talk]] </td><td> User contributions </td><td> {{int:Contributions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyright&action=edit copyright]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Copyright|Talk]] </td><td> Content is available under $1. </td><td> {{int:Copyright}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyrightpage&action=edit copyrightpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Copyrightpage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:Copyrights </td><td> {{int:Copyrightpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyrightpagename&action=edit copyrightpagename]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Copyrightpagename|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia copyright </td><td> {{int:Copyrightpagename}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyrightwarning&action=edit copyrightwarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Copyrightwarning|Talk]] </td><td> Please note that all contributions to Wikipedia are considered to be released under the GNU Free Documentation License (see $1 for details). If you don&#39;t want your writing to be edited mercilessly and redistributed at will, then don&#39;t submit it here.&lt;br /&gt; You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource. &lt;strong&gt;DO NOT SUBMIT COPYRIGHTED WORK WITHOUT PERMISSION!&lt;/strong&gt; </td><td> {{int:Copyrightwarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Couldntremove&action=edit couldntremove]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Couldntremove|Talk]] </td><td> Couldn&#39;t remove item &#39;$1&#39;... </td><td> {{int:Couldntremove}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Createaccount&action=edit createaccount]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Createaccount|Talk]] </td><td> Create new account </td><td> {{int:Createaccount}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Createaccountmail&action=edit createaccountmail]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Createaccountmail|Talk]] </td><td> by email </td><td> {{int:Createaccountmail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cur&action=edit cur]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Cur|Talk]] </td><td> cur </td><td> {{int:Cur}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Currentevents&action=edit currentevents]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Currentevents|Talk]] </td><td> Current events </td><td> {{int:Currentevents}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Currentrev&action=edit currentrev]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Currentrev|Talk]] </td><td> Current revision </td><td> {{int:Currentrev}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Databaseerror&action=edit databaseerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Databaseerror|Talk]] </td><td> Database error </td><td> {{int:Databaseerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dateformat&action=edit dateformat]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Dateformat|Talk]] </td><td> Date format </td><td> {{int:Dateformat}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dberrortext&action=edit dberrortext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Dberrortext|Talk]] </td><td> A database query syntax error has occurred. This could be because of an illegal search query (see $5), or it may indicate a bug in the software. The last attempted database query was: &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;tt&gt;$1&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; from within function &quot;&lt;tt&gt;$2&lt;/tt&gt;&quot;. MySQL returned error &quot;&lt;tt&gt;$3: $4&lt;/tt&gt;&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Dberrortext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dberrortextcl&action=edit dberrortextcl]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Dberrortextcl|Talk]] </td><td> A database query syntax error has occurred. The last attempted database query was: &quot;$1&quot; from within function &quot;$2&quot;. MySQL returned error &quot;$3: $4&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Dberrortextcl}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deadendpages&action=edit deadendpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deadendpages|Talk]] </td><td> Dead-end pages </td><td> {{int:Deadendpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Debug&action=edit debug]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Debug|Talk]] </td><td> Debug </td><td> {{int:Debug}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Defaultns&action=edit defaultns]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Defaultns|Talk]] </td><td> Search in these namespaces by default: </td><td> {{int:Defaultns}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Defemailsubject&action=edit defemailsubject]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Defemailsubject|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia e-mail </td><td> {{int:Defemailsubject}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Delete&action=edit delete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Delete|Talk]] </td><td> Delete </td><td> {{int:Delete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletecomment&action=edit deletecomment]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletecomment|Talk]] </td><td> Reason for deletion </td><td> {{int:Deletecomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletedarticle&action=edit deletedarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletedarticle|Talk]] </td><td> deleted &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Deletedarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletedtext&action=edit deletedtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletedtext|Talk]] </td><td> &quot;$1&quot; has been deleted. See $2 for a record of recent deletions. </td><td> {{int:Deletedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deleteimg&action=edit deleteimg]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deleteimg|Talk]] </td><td> del </td><td> {{int:Deleteimg}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletepage&action=edit deletepage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletepage|Talk]] </td><td> Delete page </td><td> {{int:Deletepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletesub&action=edit deletesub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletesub|Talk]] </td><td> (Deleting &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{int:Deletesub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletethispage&action=edit deletethispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletethispage|Talk]] </td><td> Delete this page </td><td> {{int:Deletethispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletionlog&action=edit deletionlog]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletionlog|Talk]] </td><td> deletion log </td><td> {{int:Deletionlog}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dellogpage&action=edit dellogpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Dellogpage|Talk]] </td><td> Deletion_log </td><td> {{int:Dellogpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dellogpagetext&action=edit dellogpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Dellogpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> Below is a list of the most recent deletions. All times shown are server time (UTC). &lt;ul&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; </td><td> {{int:Dellogpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Developerspheading&action=edit developerspheading]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Developerspheading|Talk]] </td><td> For developer use only </td><td> {{int:Developerspheading}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Developertext&action=edit developertext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Developertext|Talk]] </td><td> The action you have requested can only be performed by users with &quot;developer&quot; status. See $1. </td><td> {{int:Developertext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Developertitle&action=edit developertitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Developertitle|Talk]] </td><td> Developer access required </td><td> {{int:Developertitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Diff&action=edit diff]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Diff|Talk]] </td><td> diff </td><td> {{int:Diff}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Difference&action=edit difference]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Difference|Talk]] </td><td> (Difference between revisions) </td><td> {{int:Difference}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disambiguations&action=edit disambiguations]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Disambiguations|Talk]] </td><td> Disambiguation pages </td><td> {{int:Disambiguations}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disambiguationspage&action=edit disambiguationspage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Disambiguationspage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:Links_to_disambiguating_pages </td><td> {{int:Disambiguationspage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disambiguationstext&action=edit disambiguationstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Disambiguationstext|Talk]] </td><td> The following pages link to a &lt;i&gt;disambiguation page&lt;/i&gt;. They should link to the appropriate topic instead.&lt;br /&gt;A page is treated as dismbiguation if it is linked from $1.&lt;br /&gt;Links from other namespaces are &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; listed here. </td><td> {{int:Disambiguationstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disclaimerpage&action=edit disclaimerpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Disclaimerpage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:General_disclaimer </td><td> {{int:Disclaimerpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disclaimers&action=edit disclaimers]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Disclaimers|Talk]] </td><td> Disclaimers </td><td> {{int:Disclaimers}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Doubleredirects&action=edit doubleredirects]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Doubleredirects|Talk]] </td><td> Double Redirects </td><td> {{int:Doubleredirects}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Doubleredirectstext&action=edit doubleredirectstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Doubleredirectstext|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;Attention:&lt;/b&gt; This list may contain false positives. That usually means there is additional text with links below the first #REDIRECT.&lt;br /&gt; Each row contains links to the first and second redirect, as well as the first line of the second redirect text, usually giving the &quot;real&quot; target page, which the first redirect should point to. </td><td> {{int:Doubleredirectstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Edit&action=edit edit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Edit|Talk]] </td><td> Edit </td><td> {{int:Edit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editcomment&action=edit editcomment]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editcomment|Talk]] </td><td> The edit comment was: &quot;&lt;i&gt;$1&lt;/i&gt;&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Editcomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editconflict&action=edit editconflict]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editconflict|Talk]] </td><td> Edit conflict: $1 </td><td> {{int:Editconflict}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editcurrent&action=edit editcurrent]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editcurrent|Talk]] </td><td> Edit the current version of this page </td><td> {{int:Editcurrent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Edithelp&action=edit edithelp]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Edithelp|Talk]] </td><td> Editing help </td><td> {{int:Edithelp}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Edithelppage&action=edit edithelppage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Edithelppage|Talk]] </td><td> Help:Editing </td><td> {{int:Edithelppage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editing&action=edit editing]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editing|Talk]] </td><td> Editing $1 </td><td> {{int:Editing}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editingold&action=edit editingold]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editingold|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;WARNING: You are editing an out-of-date revision of this page. If you save it, any changes made since this revision will be lost.&lt;/strong&gt; </td><td> {{int:Editingold}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editsection&action=edit editsection]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editsection|Talk]] </td><td> edit </td><td> {{int:Editsection}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editthispage&action=edit editthispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editthispage|Talk]] </td><td> Edit this page </td><td> {{int:Editthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailflag&action=edit emailflag]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailflag|Talk]] </td><td> Disable e-mail from other users </td><td> {{int:Emailflag}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailforlost&action=edit emailforlost]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailforlost|Talk]] </td><td> Fields marked with a star (*) are optional. Storing an email address enables people to contact you through the website without you having to reveal your email address to them, and it can be used to send you a new password if you forget it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Your real name, if you choose to provide it, will be used for giving you attribution for your work. </td><td> {{int:Emailforlost}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailfrom&action=edit emailfrom]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailfrom|Talk]] </td><td> From </td><td> {{int:Emailfrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailmessage&action=edit emailmessage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailmessage|Talk]] </td><td> Message </td><td> {{int:Emailmessage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailpage&action=edit emailpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailpage|Talk]] </td><td> E-mail user </td><td> {{int:Emailpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailpagetext&action=edit emailpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> If this user has entered a valid e-mail address in his or her user preferences, the form below will send a single message. The e-mail address you entered in your user preferences will appear as the &quot;From&quot; address of the mail, so the recipient will be able to reply. </td><td> {{int:Emailpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsend&action=edit emailsend]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailsend|Talk]] </td><td> Send </td><td> {{int:Emailsend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsent&action=edit emailsent]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailsent|Talk]] </td><td> E-mail sent </td><td> {{int:Emailsent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsenttext&action=edit emailsenttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailsenttext|Talk]] </td><td> Your e-mail message has been sent. </td><td> {{int:Emailsenttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsubject&action=edit emailsubject]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailsubject|Talk]] </td><td> Subject </td><td> {{int:Emailsubject}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailto&action=edit emailto]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailto|Talk]] </td><td> To </td><td> {{int:Emailto}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailuser&action=edit emailuser]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailuser|Talk]] </td><td> E-mail this user </td><td> {{int:Emailuser}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Enterlockreason&action=edit enterlockreason]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Enterlockreason|Talk]] </td><td> Enter a reason for the lock, including an estimate of when the lock will be released </td><td> {{int:Enterlockreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Error&action=edit error]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Error|Talk]] </td><td> Error </td><td> {{int:Error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Errorpagetitle&action=edit errorpagetitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Errorpagetitle|Talk]] </td><td> Error </td><td> {{int:Errorpagetitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exbeforeblank&action=edit exbeforeblank]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Exbeforeblank|Talk]] </td><td> content before blanking was: </td><td> {{int:Exbeforeblank}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exblank&action=edit exblank]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Exblank|Talk]] </td><td> page was empty </td><td> {{int:Exblank}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Excontent&action=edit excontent]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Excontent|Talk]] </td><td> content was: </td><td> {{int:Excontent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Explainconflict&action=edit explainconflict]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Explainconflict|Talk]] </td><td> Someone else has changed this page since you started editing it. The upper text area contains the page text as it currently exists. Your changes are shown in the lower text area. You will have to merge your changes into the existing text. &lt;b&gt;Only&lt;/b&gt; the text in the upper text area will be saved when you press &quot;Save page&quot;. &lt;p&gt; </td><td> {{int:Explainconflict}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Export&action=edit export]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Export|Talk]] </td><td> Export pages </td><td> {{int:Export}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exportcuronly&action=edit exportcuronly]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Exportcuronly|Talk]] </td><td> Include only the current revision, not the full history </td><td> {{int:Exportcuronly}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exporttext&action=edit exporttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Exporttext|Talk]] </td><td> You can export the text and editing history of a particular page or set of pages wrapped in some XML; this can then be imported into another wiki running MediaWiki software, transformed, or just kept for your private amusement. </td><td> {{int:Exporttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Extlink_sample&action=edit extlink_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Extlink_sample|Talk]] </td><td> http&#58;//www.example.com link title </td><td> {{int:Extlink_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Extlink_tip&action=edit extlink_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Extlink_tip|Talk]] </td><td> External link (remember http&#58;// prefix) </td><td> {{int:Extlink_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Faq&action=edit faq]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Faq|Talk]] </td><td> FAQ </td><td> {{int:Faq}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Faqpage&action=edit faqpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Faqpage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:FAQ </td><td> {{int:Faqpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Feedlinks&action=edit feedlinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Feedlinks|Talk]] </td><td> Feed: </td><td> {{int:Feedlinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filecopyerror&action=edit filecopyerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filecopyerror|Talk]] </td><td> Could not copy file &quot;$1&quot; to &quot;$2&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Filecopyerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filedeleteerror&action=edit filedeleteerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filedeleteerror|Talk]] </td><td> Could not delete file &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Filedeleteerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filedesc&action=edit filedesc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filedesc|Talk]] </td><td> Summary </td><td> {{int:Filedesc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filename&action=edit filename]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filename|Talk]] </td><td> Filename </td><td> {{int:Filename}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filenotfound&action=edit filenotfound]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filenotfound|Talk]] </td><td> Could not find file &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Filenotfound}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filerenameerror&action=edit filerenameerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filerenameerror|Talk]] </td><td> Could not rename file &quot;$1&quot; to &quot;$2&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Filerenameerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filesource&action=edit filesource]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filesource|Talk]] </td><td> Source </td><td> {{int:Filesource}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filestatus&action=edit filestatus]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filestatus|Talk]] </td><td> Copyright status </td><td> {{int:Filestatus}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Fileuploaded&action=edit fileuploaded]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Fileuploaded|Talk]] </td><td> File &quot;$1&quot; uploaded successfully. Please follow this link: $2 to the description page and fill in information about the file, such as where it came from, when it was created and by whom, and anything else you may know about it. </td><td> {{int:Fileuploaded}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Formerror&action=edit formerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Formerror|Talk]] </td><td> Error: could not submit form </td><td> {{int:Formerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Fromwikipedia&action=edit fromwikipedia]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Fromwikipedia|Talk]] </td><td> From Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Fromwikipedia}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Getimagelist&action=edit getimagelist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Getimagelist|Talk]] </td><td> fetching image list </td><td> {{int:Getimagelist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Go&action=edit go]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Go|Talk]] </td><td> Go </td><td> {{int:Go}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Googlesearch&action=edit googlesearch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Googlesearch|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;!-- SiteSearch Google --&gt; &lt;FORM method=GET action=&quot;http&#58;//www.google.com/search&quot;&gt; &lt;TABLE bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt; &lt;A HREF=&quot;http&#58;//www.google.com/&quot;&gt; &lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http&#58;//www.google.com/logos/Logo_40wht.gif&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; ALT=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;INPUT TYPE=text name=q size=31 maxlength=255 value=&quot;$1&quot;&gt; &lt;INPUT type=submit name=btnG VALUE=&quot;Google Search&quot;&gt; &lt;font size=-1&gt; &lt;input type=hidden name=domains value=&quot;{{SERVER}}&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&quot;&quot;&gt; WWW &lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&quot;{{SERVER}}&quot; checked&gt; {{SERVER}} &lt;br /&gt; &lt;input type=&#39;hidden&#39; name=&#39;ie&#39; value=&#39;$2&#39;&gt; &lt;input type=&#39;hidden&#39; name=&#39;oe&#39; value=&#39;$2&#39;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt; &lt;/FORM&gt; &lt;!-- SiteSearch Google --&gt; </td><td> {{int:Googlesearch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Guesstimezone&action=edit guesstimezone]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Guesstimezone|Talk]] </td><td> Fill in from browser </td><td> {{int:Guesstimezone}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Headline_sample&action=edit headline_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Headline_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Headline text </td><td> {{int:Headline_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Headline_tip&action=edit headline_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Headline_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Level 2 headline </td><td> {{int:Headline_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Help&action=edit help]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Help|Talk]] </td><td> Help </td><td> {{int:Help}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Helppage&action=edit helppage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Helppage|Talk]] </td><td> Help:Contents </td><td> {{int:Helppage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hide&action=edit hide]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Hide|Talk]] </td><td> hide </td><td> {{int:Hide}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hidetoc&action=edit hidetoc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Hidetoc|Talk]] </td><td> hide </td><td> {{int:Hidetoc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hist&action=edit hist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Hist|Talk]] </td><td> hist </td><td> {{int:Hist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Histlegend&action=edit histlegend]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Histlegend|Talk]] </td><td> Diff selection: mark the radio boxes of the versions to compare and hit enter or the button at the bottom.&lt;br/&gt; Legend: (cur) = difference with current version, (last) = difference with preceding version, M = minor edit. </td><td> {{int:Histlegend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:History&action=edit history]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:History|Talk]] </td><td> Page history </td><td> {{int:History}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:History_short&action=edit history_short]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:History_short|Talk]] </td><td> History </td><td> {{int:History_short}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Historywarning&action=edit historywarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Historywarning|Talk]] </td><td> Warning: The page you are about to delete has a history: </td><td> {{int:Historywarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hr_tip&action=edit hr_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Hr_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Horizontal line (use sparingly) </td><td> {{int:Hr_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ignorewarning&action=edit ignorewarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ignorewarning|Talk]] </td><td> Ignore warning and save file anyway. </td><td> {{int:Ignorewarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ilshowmatch&action=edit ilshowmatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ilshowmatch|Talk]] </td><td> Show all images with names matching </td><td> {{int:Ilshowmatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ilsubmit&action=edit ilsubmit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ilsubmit|Talk]] </td><td> Search </td><td> {{int:Ilsubmit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Image_sample&action=edit image_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Image_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Example.jpg </td><td> {{int:Image_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Image_tip&action=edit image_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Image_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Embedded image </td><td> {{int:Image_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagelinks&action=edit imagelinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imagelinks|Talk]] </td><td> Image links </td><td> {{int:Imagelinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagelist&action=edit imagelist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imagelist|Talk]] </td><td> Image list </td><td> {{int:Imagelist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagelisttext&action=edit imagelisttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imagelisttext|Talk]] </td><td> Below is a list of $1 images sorted $2. </td><td> {{int:Imagelisttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagepage&action=edit imagepage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imagepage|Talk]] </td><td> View image page </td><td> {{int:Imagepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagereverted&action=edit imagereverted]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imagereverted|Talk]] </td><td> Revert to earlier version was successful. </td><td> {{int:Imagereverted}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imgdelete&action=edit imgdelete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imgdelete|Talk]] </td><td> del </td><td> {{int:Imgdelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imgdesc&action=edit imgdesc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imgdesc|Talk]] </td><td> desc </td><td> {{int:Imgdesc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imghistlegend&action=edit imghistlegend]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imghistlegend|Talk]] </td><td> Legend: (cur) = this is the current image, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Click on date to see image uploaded on that date&lt;/i&gt;. </td><td> {{int:Imghistlegend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imghistory&action=edit imghistory]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imghistory|Talk]] </td><td> Image history </td><td> {{int:Imghistory}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imglegend&action=edit imglegend]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imglegend|Talk]] </td><td> Legend: (desc) = show/edit image description. </td><td> {{int:Imglegend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Import&action=edit import]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Import|Talk]] </td><td> Import pages </td><td> {{int:Import}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Importfailed&action=edit importfailed]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Importfailed|Talk]] </td><td> Import failed: $1 </td><td> {{int:Importfailed}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Importhistoryconflict&action=edit importhistoryconflict]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Importhistoryconflict|Talk]] </td><td> Conflicting history revision exists (may have imported this page before) </td><td> {{int:Importhistoryconflict}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Importnotext&action=edit importnotext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Importnotext|Talk]] </td><td> Empty or no text </td><td> {{int:Importnotext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Importsuccess&action=edit importsuccess]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Importsuccess|Talk]] </td><td> Import succeeded! </td><td> {{int:Importsuccess}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Importtext&action=edit importtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Importtext|Talk]] </td><td> Please export the file from the source wiki using the Special:Export utility, save it to your disk and upload it here. </td><td> {{int:Importtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Infobox&action=edit infobox]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Infobox|Talk]] </td><td> Click a button to get an example text </td><td> {{int:Infobox}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Infobox_alert&action=edit infobox_alert]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Infobox_alert|Talk]] </td><td> Please enter the text you want to be formatted.\n It will be shown in the infobox for copy and pasting.\nExample:\n$1\nwill become:\n$2 </td><td> {{int:Infobox_alert}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Internalerror&action=edit internalerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Internalerror|Talk]] </td><td> Internal error </td><td> {{int:Internalerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Intl&action=edit intl]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Intl|Talk]] </td><td> Interlanguage links </td><td> {{int:Intl}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ip_range_invalid&action=edit ip_range_invalid]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ip_range_invalid|Talk]] </td><td> Invalid IP range. </td><td> {{int:Ip_range_invalid}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipaddress&action=edit ipaddress]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipaddress|Talk]] </td><td> IP Address/username </td><td> {{int:Ipaddress}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipb_expiry_invalid&action=edit ipb_expiry_invalid]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipb_expiry_invalid|Talk]] </td><td> Expiry time invalid. </td><td> {{int:Ipb_expiry_invalid}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipbexpiry&action=edit ipbexpiry]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipbexpiry|Talk]] </td><td> Expiry </td><td> {{int:Ipbexpiry}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipblocklist&action=edit ipblocklist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipblocklist|Talk]] </td><td> List of blocked IP addresses and usernames </td><td> {{int:Ipblocklist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipbreason&action=edit ipbreason]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipbreason|Talk]] </td><td> Reason </td><td> {{int:Ipbreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipbsubmit&action=edit ipbsubmit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipbsubmit|Talk]] </td><td> Block this user </td><td> {{int:Ipbsubmit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipusubmit&action=edit ipusubmit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipusubmit|Talk]] </td><td> Unblock this address </td><td> {{int:Ipusubmit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipusuccess&action=edit ipusuccess]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipusuccess|Talk]] </td><td> &quot;$1&quot; unblocked </td><td> {{int:Ipusuccess}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Isbn&action=edit isbn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Isbn|Talk]] </td><td> ISBN </td><td> {{int:Isbn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Isredirect&action=edit isredirect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Isredirect|Talk]] </td><td> redirect page </td><td> {{int:Isredirect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Italic_sample&action=edit italic_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Italic_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Italic text </td><td> {{int:Italic_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Italic_tip&action=edit italic_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Italic_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Italic text </td><td> {{int:Italic_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Iteminvalidname&action=edit iteminvalidname]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Iteminvalidname|Talk]] </td><td> Problem with item &#39;$1&#39;, invalid name... </td><td> {{int:Iteminvalidname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Largefile&action=edit largefile]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Largefile|Talk]] </td><td> It is recommended that images not exceed 100k in size. </td><td> {{int:Largefile}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Last&action=edit last]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Last|Talk]] </td><td> last </td><td> {{int:Last}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lastmodified&action=edit lastmodified]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lastmodified|Talk]] </td><td> This page was last modified $1. </td><td> {{int:Lastmodified}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lastmodifiedby&action=edit lastmodifiedby]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lastmodifiedby|Talk]] </td><td> This page was last modified $1 by $2. </td><td> {{int:Lastmodifiedby}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lineno&action=edit lineno]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lineno|Talk]] </td><td> Line $1: </td><td> {{int:Lineno}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Link_sample&action=edit link_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Link_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Link title </td><td> {{int:Link_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Link_tip&action=edit link_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Link_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Internal link </td><td> {{int:Link_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linklistsub&action=edit linklistsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Linklistsub|Talk]] </td><td> (List of links) </td><td> {{int:Linklistsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linkshere&action=edit linkshere]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Linkshere|Talk]] </td><td> The following pages link to here: </td><td> {{int:Linkshere}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linkstoimage&action=edit linkstoimage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Linkstoimage|Talk]] </td><td> The following pages link to this image: </td><td> {{int:Linkstoimage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linktrail&action=edit linktrail]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Linktrail|Talk]] </td><td> /^(&#91;a-z]+)(.*)$/sD </td><td> {{int:Linktrail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Listform&action=edit listform]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Listform|Talk]] </td><td> list </td><td> {{int:Listform}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Listusers&action=edit listusers]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Listusers|Talk]] </td><td> User list </td><td> {{int:Listusers}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loadhist&action=edit loadhist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loadhist|Talk]] </td><td> Loading page history </td><td> {{int:Loadhist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loadingrev&action=edit loadingrev]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loadingrev|Talk]] </td><td> loading revision for diff </td><td> {{int:Loadingrev}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Localtime&action=edit localtime]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Localtime|Talk]] </td><td> Local time display </td><td> {{int:Localtime}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockbtn&action=edit lockbtn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lockbtn|Talk]] </td><td> Lock database </td><td> {{int:Lockbtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockconfirm&action=edit lockconfirm]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lockconfirm|Talk]] </td><td> Yes, I really want to lock the database. </td><td> {{int:Lockconfirm}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdb&action=edit lockdb]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lockdb|Talk]] </td><td> Lock database </td><td> {{int:Lockdb}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdbsuccesssub&action=edit lockdbsuccesssub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lockdbsuccesssub|Talk]] </td><td> Database lock succeeded </td><td> {{int:Lockdbsuccesssub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdbsuccesstext&action=edit lockdbsuccesstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lockdbsuccesstext|Talk]] </td><td> The database has been locked. &lt;br /&gt;Remember to remove the lock after your maintenance is complete. </td><td> {{int:Lockdbsuccesstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdbtext&action=edit lockdbtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lockdbtext|Talk]] </td><td> Locking the database will suspend the ability of all users to edit pages, change their preferences, edit their watchlists, and other things requiring changes in the database. Please confirm that this is what you intend to do, and that you will unlock the database when your maintenance is done. </td><td> {{int:Lockdbtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Locknoconfirm&action=edit locknoconfirm]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Locknoconfirm|Talk]] </td><td> You did not check the confirmation box. </td><td> {{int:Locknoconfirm}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Login&action=edit login]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Login|Talk]] </td><td> Log in </td><td> {{int:Login}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginend&action=edit loginend]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginend|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;nbsp; </td><td> {{int:Loginend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginerror&action=edit loginerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginerror|Talk]] </td><td> Login error </td><td> {{int:Loginerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginpagetitle&action=edit loginpagetitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginpagetitle|Talk]] </td><td> User login </td><td> {{int:Loginpagetitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginproblem&action=edit loginproblem]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginproblem|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;There has been a problem with your login.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Try again! </td><td> {{int:Loginproblem}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginprompt&action=edit loginprompt]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginprompt|Talk]] </td><td> You must have cookies enabled to log in to Wikipedia. </td><td> {{int:Loginprompt}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginreqtext&action=edit loginreqtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginreqtext|Talk]] </td><td> You must &#91;&#91;special:Userlogin&#124;login]] to view other pages. </td><td> {{int:Loginreqtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginreqtitle&action=edit loginreqtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginreqtitle|Talk]] </td><td> Login Required </td><td> {{int:Loginreqtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginsuccess&action=edit loginsuccess]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginsuccess|Talk]] </td><td> You are now logged in to Wikipedia as &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Loginsuccess}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginsuccesstitle&action=edit loginsuccesstitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginsuccesstitle|Talk]] </td><td> Login successful </td><td> {{int:Loginsuccesstitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Logout&action=edit logout]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Logout|Talk]] </td><td> Log out </td><td> {{int:Logout}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Logouttext&action=edit logouttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Logouttext|Talk]] </td><td> You are now logged out. You can continue to use Wikipedia anonymously, or you can log in again as the same or as a different user. Note that some pages may continue to be displayed as if you were still logged in, until you clear your browser cache </td><td> {{int:Logouttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Logouttitle&action=edit logouttitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Logouttitle|Talk]] </td><td> User logout </td><td> {{int:Logouttitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lonelypages&action=edit lonelypages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lonelypages|Talk]] </td><td> Orphaned pages </td><td> {{int:Lonelypages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Longpages&action=edit longpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Longpages|Talk]] </td><td> Long pages </td><td> {{int:Longpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Longpagewarning&action=edit longpagewarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Longpagewarning|Talk]] </td><td> WARNING: This page is $1 kilobytes long; some browsers may have problems editing pages approaching or longer than 32kb. Please consider breaking the page into smaller sections. </td><td> {{int:Longpagewarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailerror&action=edit mailerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mailerror|Talk]] </td><td> Error sending mail: $1 </td><td> {{int:Mailerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailmypassword&action=edit mailmypassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mailmypassword|Talk]] </td><td> Mail me a new password </td><td> {{int:Mailmypassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailnologin&action=edit mailnologin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mailnologin|Talk]] </td><td> No send address </td><td> {{int:Mailnologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailnologintext&action=edit mailnologintext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mailnologintext|Talk]] </td><td> You must be &lt;a href=&quot;{{localurl:Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; and have a valid e-mail address in your &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Preferences&quot;&gt;preferences&lt;/a&gt; to send e-mail to other users. </td><td> {{int:Mailnologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mainpage&action=edit mainpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mainpage|Talk]] </td><td> Main Page </td><td> {{int:Mainpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mainpagedocfooter&action=edit mainpagedocfooter]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mainpagedocfooter|Talk]] </td><td> Please see &#91;http&#58;//meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_i18n documentation on customizing the interface] and the &#91;http&#58;//meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_User%27s_Guide User&#39;s Guide] for usage and configuration help. </td><td> {{int:Mainpagedocfooter}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mainpagetext&action=edit mainpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mainpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> Wiki software successfully installed. </td><td> {{int:Mainpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Maintenance&action=edit maintenance]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Maintenance|Talk]] </td><td> Maintenance page </td><td> {{int:Maintenance}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Maintenancebacklink&action=edit maintenancebacklink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Maintenancebacklink|Talk]] </td><td> Back to Maintenance Page </td><td> {{int:Maintenancebacklink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Maintnancepagetext&action=edit maintnancepagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Maintnancepagetext|Talk]] </td><td> This page includes several handy tools for everyday maintenance. Some of these functions tend to stress the database, so please do not hit reload after every item you fixed ;-) </td><td> {{int:Maintnancepagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysop&action=edit makesysop]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysop|Talk]] </td><td> Make a user into a sysop </td><td> {{int:Makesysop}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopfail&action=edit makesysopfail]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysopfail|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;User &quot;$1&quot; could not be made into a sysop. (Did you enter the name correctly?)&lt;/b&gt; </td><td> {{int:Makesysopfail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopname&action=edit makesysopname]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysopname|Talk]] </td><td> Name of the user: </td><td> {{int:Makesysopname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopok&action=edit makesysopok]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysopok|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;User &quot;$1&quot; is now a sysop&lt;/b&gt; </td><td> {{int:Makesysopok}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopsubmit&action=edit makesysopsubmit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysopsubmit|Talk]] </td><td> Make this user into a sysop </td><td> {{int:Makesysopsubmit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysoptext&action=edit makesysoptext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysoptext|Talk]] </td><td> This form is used by bureaucrats to turn ordinary users into administrators. Type the name of the user in the box and press the button to make the user an administrator </td><td> {{int:Makesysoptext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysoptitle&action=edit makesysoptitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysoptitle|Talk]] </td><td> Make a user into a sysop </td><td> {{int:Makesysoptitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Matchtotals&action=edit matchtotals]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Matchtotals|Talk]] </td><td> The query &quot;$1&quot; matched $2 page titles and the text of $3 pages. </td><td> {{int:Matchtotals}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math&action=edit math]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math|Talk]] </td><td> Rendering math </td><td> {{int:Math}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_bad_output&action=edit math_bad_output]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_bad_output|Talk]] </td><td> Can&#39;t write to or create math output directory </td><td> {{int:Math_bad_output}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_bad_tmpdir&action=edit math_bad_tmpdir]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_bad_tmpdir|Talk]] </td><td> Can&#39;t write to or create math temp directory </td><td> {{int:Math_bad_tmpdir}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_failure&action=edit math_failure]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_failure|Talk]] </td><td> Failed to parse </td><td> {{int:Math_failure}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_image_error&action=edit math_image_error]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_image_error|Talk]] </td><td> PNG conversion failed; check for correct installation of latex, dvips, gs, and convert </td><td> {{int:Math_image_error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_lexing_error&action=edit math_lexing_error]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_lexing_error|Talk]] </td><td> lexing error </td><td> {{int:Math_lexing_error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_notexvc&action=edit math_notexvc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_notexvc|Talk]] </td><td> Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure. </td><td> {{int:Math_notexvc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_sample&action=edit math_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Insert formula here </td><td> {{int:Math_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_syntax_error&action=edit math_syntax_error]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_syntax_error|Talk]] </td><td> syntax error </td><td> {{int:Math_syntax_error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_tip&action=edit math_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Mathematical formula (LaTeX) </td><td> {{int:Math_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_unknown_error&action=edit math_unknown_error]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_unknown_error|Talk]] </td><td> unknown error </td><td> {{int:Math_unknown_error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_unknown_function&action=edit math_unknown_function]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_unknown_function|Talk]] </td><td> unknown function </td><td> {{int:Math_unknown_function}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Media_sample&action=edit media_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Media_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Example.mp3 </td><td> {{int:Media_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Media_tip&action=edit media_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Media_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Media file link </td><td> {{int:Media_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Minlength&action=edit minlength]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Minlength|Talk]] </td><td> Image names must be at least three letters. </td><td> {{int:Minlength}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Minoredit&action=edit minoredit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Minoredit|Talk]] </td><td> This is a minor edit </td><td> {{int:Minoredit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Minoreditletter&action=edit minoreditletter]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Minoreditletter|Talk]] </td><td> M </td><td> {{int:Minoreditletter}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mispeelings&action=edit mispeelings]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mispeelings|Talk]] </td><td> Pages with misspellings </td><td> {{int:Mispeelings}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mispeelingspage&action=edit mispeelingspage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mispeelingspage|Talk]] </td><td> List of common misspellings </td><td> {{int:Mispeelingspage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mispeelingstext&action=edit mispeelingstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mispeelingstext|Talk]] </td><td> The following pages contain a common misspelling, which are listed on $1. The correct spelling might be given (like this). </td><td> {{int:Mispeelingstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missingarticle&action=edit missingarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Missingarticle|Talk]] </td><td> The database did not find the text of a page that it should have found, named &quot;$1&quot;. &lt;p&gt;This is usually caused by following an outdated diff or history link to a page that has been deleted. &lt;p&gt;If this is not the case, you may have found a bug in the software. Please report this to an administrator, making note of the URL. </td><td> {{int:Missingarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missingimage&action=edit missingimage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Missingimage|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;Missing image&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;$1&lt;/i&gt; </td><td> {{int:Missingimage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missinglanguagelinks&action=edit missinglanguagelinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Missinglanguagelinks|Talk]] </td><td> Missing Language Links </td><td> {{int:Missinglanguagelinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missinglanguagelinksbutton&action=edit missinglanguagelinksbutton]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Missinglanguagelinksbutton|Talk]] </td><td> Find missing language links for </td><td> {{int:Missinglanguagelinksbutton}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missinglanguagelinkstext&action=edit missinglanguagelinkstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Missinglanguagelinkstext|Talk]] </td><td> These pages do &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; link to their counterpart in $1. Redirects and subpages are &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; shown. </td><td> {{int:Missinglanguagelinkstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Moredotdotdot&action=edit moredotdotdot]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Moredotdotdot|Talk]] </td><td> More... </td><td> {{int:Moredotdotdot}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Move&action=edit move]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Move|Talk]] </td><td> Move </td><td> {{int:Move}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movearticle&action=edit movearticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movearticle|Talk]] </td><td> Move page </td><td> {{int:Movearticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movedto&action=edit movedto]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movedto|Talk]] </td><td> moved to </td><td> {{int:Movedto}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movenologin&action=edit movenologin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movenologin|Talk]] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{int:Movenologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movenologintext&action=edit movenologintext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movenologintext|Talk]] </td><td> You must be a registered user and &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; to move a page. </td><td> {{int:Movenologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepage&action=edit movepage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movepage|Talk]] </td><td> Move page </td><td> {{int:Movepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepagebtn&action=edit movepagebtn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movepagebtn|Talk]] </td><td> Move page </td><td> {{int:Movepagebtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepagetalktext&action=edit movepagetalktext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movepagetalktext|Talk]] </td><td> The associated talk page, if any, will be automatically moved along with it &#39;&#39;&#39;unless:&#39;&#39;&#39; *You are moving the page across namespaces, *A non-empty talk page already exists under the new name, or *You uncheck the box below. In those cases, you will have to move or merge the page manually if desired. </td><td> {{int:Movepagetalktext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepagetext&action=edit movepagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movepagetext|Talk]] </td><td> Using the form below will rename a page, moving all of its history to the new name. The old title will become a redirect page to the new title. Links to the old page title will not be changed; be sure to &#91;&#91;Special:Maintenance&#124;check]] for double or broken redirects. You are responsible for making sure that links continue to point where they are supposed to go. Note that the page will &#39;&#39;&#39;not&#39;&#39;&#39; be moved if there is already a page at the new title, unless it is empty or a redirect and has no past edit history. This means that you can rename a page back to where it was just renamed from if you make a mistake, and you cannot overwrite an existing page. &lt;b&gt;WARNING!&lt;/b&gt; This can be a drastic and unexpected change for a popular page; please be sure you understand the consequences of this before proceeding. </td><td> {{int:Movepagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movetalk&action=edit movetalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movetalk|Talk]] </td><td> Move &quot;talk&quot; page as well, if applicable. </td><td> {{int:Movetalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movethispage&action=edit movethispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movethispage|Talk]] </td><td> Move this page </td><td> {{int:Movethispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mycontris&action=edit mycontris]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mycontris|Talk]] </td><td> My contributions </td><td> {{int:Mycontris}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mypage&action=edit mypage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mypage|Talk]] </td><td> My page </td><td> {{int:Mypage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mytalk&action=edit mytalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mytalk|Talk]] </td><td> My talk </td><td> {{int:Mytalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Navigation&action=edit navigation]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Navigation|Talk]] </td><td> Navigation </td><td> {{int:Navigation}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nbytes&action=edit nbytes]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nbytes|Talk]] </td><td> $1 bytes </td><td> {{int:Nbytes}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nchanges&action=edit nchanges]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nchanges|Talk]] </td><td> $1 changes </td><td> {{int:Nchanges}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newarticle&action=edit newarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newarticle|Talk]] </td><td> (New) </td><td> {{int:Newarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newarticletext&action=edit newarticletext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newarticletext|Talk]] </td><td> You&#39;ve followed a link to a page that doesn&#39;t exist yet. To create the page, start typing in the box below (see the &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Help&#124;help page]] for more info). If you are here by mistake, just click your browser&#39;s &#39;&#39;&#39;back&#39;&#39;&#39; button. </td><td> {{int:Newarticletext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newmessages&action=edit newmessages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newmessages|Talk]] </td><td> You have $1. </td><td> {{int:Newmessages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newmessageslink&action=edit newmessageslink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newmessageslink|Talk]] </td><td> new messages </td><td> {{int:Newmessageslink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpage&action=edit newpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newpage|Talk]] </td><td> New page </td><td> {{int:Newpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpageletter&action=edit newpageletter]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newpageletter|Talk]] </td><td> N </td><td> {{int:Newpageletter}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpages&action=edit newpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newpages|Talk]] </td><td> New pages </td><td> {{int:Newpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpassword&action=edit newpassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newpassword|Talk]] </td><td> New password </td><td> {{int:Newpassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newtitle&action=edit newtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newtitle|Talk]] </td><td> To new title </td><td> {{int:Newtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newusersonly&action=edit newusersonly]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newusersonly|Talk]] </td><td> (new users only) </td><td> {{int:Newusersonly}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Next&action=edit next]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Next|Talk]] </td><td> next </td><td> {{int:Next}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nextn&action=edit nextn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nextn|Talk]] </td><td> next $1 </td><td> {{int:Nextn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nlinks&action=edit nlinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nlinks|Talk]] </td><td> $1 links </td><td> {{int:Nlinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noaffirmation&action=edit noaffirmation]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noaffirmation|Talk]] </td><td> You must affirm that your upload does not violate any copyrights. </td><td> {{int:Noaffirmation}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noarticletext&action=edit noarticletext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noarticletext|Talk]] </td><td> (There is currently no text in this page) </td><td> {{int:Noarticletext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noblockreason&action=edit noblockreason]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noblockreason|Talk]] </td><td> You must supply a reason for the block. </td><td> {{int:Noblockreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noconnect&action=edit noconnect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noconnect|Talk]] </td><td> Sorry! The wiki is experiencing some technical difficulties, and cannot contact the database server. </td><td> {{int:Noconnect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocontribs&action=edit nocontribs]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nocontribs|Talk]] </td><td> No changes were found matching these criteria. </td><td> {{int:Nocontribs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocookieslogin&action=edit nocookieslogin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nocookieslogin|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia uses cookies to log in users. You have cookies disabled. Please enable them and try again. </td><td> {{int:Nocookieslogin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocookiesnew&action=edit nocookiesnew]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nocookiesnew|Talk]] </td><td> The user account was created, but you are not logged in. Wikipedia uses cookies to log in users. You have cookies disabled. Please enable them, then log in with your new username and password. </td><td> {{int:Nocookiesnew}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocreativecommons&action=edit nocreativecommons]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nocreativecommons|Talk]] </td><td> Creative Commons RDF metadata disabled for this server. </td><td> {{int:Nocreativecommons}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nodb&action=edit nodb]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nodb|Talk]] </td><td> Could not select database $1 </td><td> {{int:Nodb}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nodublincore&action=edit nodublincore]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nodublincore|Talk]] </td><td> Dublin Core RDF metadata disabled for this server. </td><td> {{int:Nodublincore}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noemail&action=edit noemail]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noemail|Talk]] </td><td> There is no e-mail address recorded for user &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Noemail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noemailtext&action=edit noemailtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noemailtext|Talk]] </td><td> This user has not specified a valid e-mail address, or has chosen not to receive e-mail from other users. </td><td> {{int:Noemailtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noemailtitle&action=edit noemailtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noemailtitle|Talk]] </td><td> No e-mail address </td><td> {{int:Noemailtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nogomatch&action=edit nogomatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nogomatch|Talk]] </td><td> No page with this exact title exists, trying full text search. </td><td> {{int:Nogomatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nohistory&action=edit nohistory]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nohistory|Talk]] </td><td> There is no edit history for this page. </td><td> {{int:Nohistory}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nolinkshere&action=edit nolinkshere]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nolinkshere|Talk]] </td><td> No pages link to here. </td><td> {{int:Nolinkshere}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nolinkstoimage&action=edit nolinkstoimage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nolinkstoimage|Talk]] </td><td> There are no pages that link to this image. </td><td> {{int:Nolinkstoimage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noname&action=edit noname]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noname|Talk]] </td><td> You have not specified a valid user name. </td><td> {{int:Noname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nonefound&action=edit nonefound]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nonefound|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;Note&lt;/strong&gt;: unsuccessful searches are often caused by searching for common words like &quot;have&quot; and &quot;from&quot;, which are not indexed, or by specifying more than one search term (only pages containing all of the search terms will appear in the result). </td><td> {{int:Nonefound}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nospecialpagetext&action=edit nospecialpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nospecialpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> You have requested a special page that is not recognized by the wiki. </td><td> {{int:Nospecialpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchaction&action=edit nosuchaction]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nosuchaction|Talk]] </td><td> No such action </td><td> {{int:Nosuchaction}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchactiontext&action=edit nosuchactiontext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nosuchactiontext|Talk]] </td><td> The action specified by the URL is not recognized by the wiki </td><td> {{int:Nosuchactiontext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchspecialpage&action=edit nosuchspecialpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nosuchspecialpage|Talk]] </td><td> No such special page </td><td> {{int:Nosuchspecialpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchuser&action=edit nosuchuser]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nosuchuser|Talk]] </td><td> There is no user by the name &quot;$1&quot;. Check your spelling, or use the form below to create a new user account. </td><td> {{int:Nosuchuser}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notacceptable&action=edit notacceptable]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notacceptable|Talk]] </td><td> The wiki server can&#39;t provide data in a format your client can read. </td><td> {{int:Notacceptable}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notanarticle&action=edit notanarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notanarticle|Talk]] </td><td> Not a content page </td><td> {{int:Notanarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notargettext&action=edit notargettext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notargettext|Talk]] </td><td> You have not specified a target page or user to perform this function on. </td><td> {{int:Notargettext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notargettitle&action=edit notargettitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notargettitle|Talk]] </td><td> No target </td><td> {{int:Notargettitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Note&action=edit note]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Note|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;Note:&lt;/strong&gt; </td><td> {{int:Note}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notextmatches&action=edit notextmatches]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notextmatches|Talk]] </td><td> No page text matches </td><td> {{int:Notextmatches}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notitlematches&action=edit notitlematches]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notitlematches|Talk]] </td><td> No page title matches </td><td> {{int:Notitlematches}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notloggedin&action=edit notloggedin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notloggedin|Talk]] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{int:Notloggedin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nowatchlist&action=edit nowatchlist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nowatchlist|Talk]] </td><td> You have no items on your watchlist. </td><td> {{int:Nowatchlist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nowiki_sample&action=edit nowiki_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nowiki_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Insert non-formatted text here </td><td> {{int:Nowiki_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nowiki_tip&action=edit nowiki_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nowiki_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Ignore wiki formatting </td><td> {{int:Nowiki_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-category&action=edit nstab-category]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-category|Talk]] </td><td> Category </td><td> {{int:Nstab-category}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-help&action=edit nstab-help]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-help|Talk]] </td><td> Help </td><td> {{int:Nstab-help}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-image&action=edit nstab-image]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-image|Talk]] </td><td> Image </td><td> {{int:Nstab-image}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-main&action=edit nstab-main]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-main|Talk]] </td><td> Article </td><td> {{int:Nstab-main}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-media&action=edit nstab-media]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-media|Talk]] </td><td> Media </td><td> {{int:Nstab-media}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-mediawiki&action=edit nstab-mediawiki]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-mediawiki|Talk]] </td><td> Message </td><td> {{int:Nstab-mediawiki}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-special&action=edit nstab-special]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-special|Talk]] </td><td> Special </td><td> {{int:Nstab-special}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-template&action=edit nstab-template]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-template|Talk]] </td><td> Template </td><td> {{int:Nstab-template}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-user&action=edit nstab-user]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-user|Talk]] </td><td> User page </td><td> {{int:Nstab-user}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-wp&action=edit nstab-wp]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-wp|Talk]] </td><td> About </td><td> {{int:Nstab-wp}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nviews&action=edit nviews]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nviews|Talk]] </td><td> $1 views </td><td> {{int:Nviews}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ok&action=edit ok]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ok|Talk]] </td><td> OK </td><td> {{int:Ok}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Oldpassword&action=edit oldpassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Oldpassword|Talk]] </td><td> Old password </td><td> {{int:Oldpassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Orig&action=edit orig]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Orig|Talk]] </td><td> orig </td><td> {{int:Orig}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Orphans&action=edit orphans]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Orphans|Talk]] </td><td> Orphaned pages </td><td> {{int:Orphans}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Othercontribs&action=edit othercontribs]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Othercontribs|Talk]] </td><td> Based on work by $1. </td><td> {{int:Othercontribs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Otherlanguages&action=edit otherlanguages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Otherlanguages|Talk]] </td><td> Other languages </td><td> {{int:Otherlanguages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Pagemovedsub&action=edit pagemovedsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Pagemovedsub|Talk]] </td><td> Move succeeded </td><td> {{int:Pagemovedsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Pagemovedtext&action=edit pagemovedtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Pagemovedtext|Talk]] </td><td> Page &quot;&#91;&#91;$1]]&quot; moved to &quot;&#91;&#91;$2]]&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Pagemovedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Pagetitle&action=edit pagetitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Pagetitle|Talk]] </td><td> $1 - Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Pagetitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Passwordremindertext&action=edit passwordremindertext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Passwordremindertext|Talk]] </td><td> Someone (probably you, from IP address $1) requested that we send you a new Wikipedia login password. The password for user &quot;$2&quot; is now &quot;$3&quot;. You should log in and change your password now. </td><td> {{int:Passwordremindertext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Passwordremindertitle&action=edit passwordremindertitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Passwordremindertitle|Talk]] </td><td> Password reminder from Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Passwordremindertitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Passwordsent&action=edit passwordsent]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Passwordsent|Talk]] </td><td> A new password has been sent to the e-mail address registered for &quot;$1&quot;. Please log in again after you receive it. </td><td> {{int:Passwordsent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Perfcached&action=edit perfcached]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Perfcached|Talk]] </td><td> The following data is cached and may not be completely up to date: </td><td> {{int:Perfcached}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Perfdisabled&action=edit perfdisabled]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Perfdisabled|Talk]] </td><td> Sorry! This feature has been temporarily disabled because it slows the database down to the point that no one can use the wiki. </td><td> {{int:Perfdisabled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Perfdisabledsub&action=edit perfdisabledsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Perfdisabledsub|Talk]] </td><td> Here&#39;s a saved copy from $1: </td><td> {{int:Perfdisabledsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Personaltools&action=edit personaltools]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Personaltools|Talk]] </td><td> Personal tools </td><td> {{int:Personaltools}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Popularpages&action=edit popularpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Popularpages|Talk]] </td><td> Popular pages </td><td> {{int:Popularpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Portal&action=edit portal]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Portal|Talk]] </td><td> Community portal </td><td> {{int:Portal}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Portal-url&action=edit portal-url]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Portal-url|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:Community Portal </td><td> {{int:Portal-url}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Postcomment&action=edit postcomment]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Postcomment|Talk]] </td><td> Post a comment </td><td> {{int:Postcomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Poweredby&action=edit poweredby]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Poweredby|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia is powered by &#91;http&#58;//www.mediawiki.org/ MediaWiki], an open source wiki engine. </td><td> {{int:Poweredby}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Powersearch&action=edit powersearch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Powersearch|Talk]] </td><td> Search </td><td> {{int:Powersearch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Powersearchtext&action=edit powersearchtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Powersearchtext|Talk]] </td><td> Search in namespaces :&lt;br /&gt; $1&lt;br /&gt; $2 List redirects &amp;nbsp; Search for $3 $9 </td><td> {{int:Powersearchtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Preferences&action=edit preferences]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Preferences|Talk]] </td><td> Preferences </td><td> {{int:Preferences}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefs-help-userdata&action=edit prefs-help-userdata]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefs-help-userdata|Talk]] </td><td> * &lt;strong&gt;Real name&lt;/strong&gt; (optional): if you choose to provide it this will be used for giving you attribution for your work.&lt;br/&gt; * &lt;strong&gt;Email&lt;/strong&gt; (optional): Enables people to contact you through the website without you having to reveal your email address to them, and it can be used to send you a new password if you forget it. </td><td> {{int:Prefs-help-userdata}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefs-misc&action=edit prefs-misc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefs-misc|Talk]] </td><td> Misc settings </td><td> {{int:Prefs-misc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefs-personal&action=edit prefs-personal]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefs-personal|Talk]] </td><td> User data </td><td> {{int:Prefs-personal}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefs-rc&action=edit prefs-rc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefs-rc|Talk]] </td><td> Recent changes and stub display </td><td> {{int:Prefs-rc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefslogintext&action=edit prefslogintext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefslogintext|Talk]] </td><td> You are logged in as &quot;$1&quot;. Your internal ID number is $2. See &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:User preferences help]] for help deciphering the options. </td><td> {{int:Prefslogintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefsnologin&action=edit prefsnologin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefsnologin|Talk]] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{int:Prefsnologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefsnologintext&action=edit prefsnologintext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefsnologintext|Talk]] </td><td> You must be &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; to set user preferences. </td><td> {{int:Prefsnologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefsreset&action=edit prefsreset]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefsreset|Talk]] </td><td> Preferences have been reset from storage. </td><td> {{int:Prefsreset}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Preview&action=edit preview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Preview|Talk]] </td><td> Preview </td><td> {{int:Preview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Previewconflict&action=edit previewconflict]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Previewconflict|Talk]] </td><td> This preview reflects the text in the upper text editing area as it will appear if you choose to save. </td><td> {{int:Previewconflict}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Previewnote&action=edit previewnote]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Previewnote|Talk]] </td><td> Remember that this is only a preview, and has not yet been saved! </td><td> {{int:Previewnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prevn&action=edit prevn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prevn|Talk]] </td><td> previous $1 </td><td> {{int:Prevn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Printableversion&action=edit printableversion]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Printableversion|Talk]] </td><td> Printable version </td><td> {{int:Printableversion}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Printsubtitle&action=edit printsubtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Printsubtitle|Talk]] </td><td> (From http&#58;//roa-rup.wikipedia.org) </td><td> {{int:Printsubtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protect&action=edit protect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protect|Talk]] </td><td> Protect </td><td> {{int:Protect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectcomment&action=edit protectcomment]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectcomment|Talk]] </td><td> Reason for protecting </td><td> {{int:Protectcomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedarticle&action=edit protectedarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectedarticle|Talk]] </td><td> protected &#91;&#91;$1]] </td><td> {{int:Protectedarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedpage&action=edit protectedpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectedpage|Talk]] </td><td> Protected page </td><td> {{int:Protectedpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedpagewarning&action=edit protectedpagewarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectedpagewarning|Talk]] </td><td> WARNING: This page has been locked so that only users with sysop privileges can edit it. Be sure you are following the &lt;a href=&#39;/w/wiki.phtml/Wikipedia:Protected_page_guidelines&#39;&gt;protected page guidelines&lt;/a&gt;. </td><td> {{int:Protectedpagewarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedtext&action=edit protectedtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectedtext|Talk]] </td><td> This page has been locked to prevent editing; there are a number of reasons why this may be so, please see &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Protected page]]. You can view and copy the source of this page: </td><td> {{int:Protectedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectlogpage&action=edit protectlogpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectlogpage|Talk]] </td><td> Protection_log </td><td> {{int:Protectlogpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectlogtext&action=edit protectlogtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectlogtext|Talk]] </td><td> Below is a list of page locks/unlocks. See &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Protected page]] for more information. </td><td> {{int:Protectlogtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectpage&action=edit protectpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectpage|Talk]] </td><td> Protect page </td><td> {{int:Protectpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectreason&action=edit protectreason]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectreason|Talk]] </td><td> (give a reason) </td><td> {{int:Protectreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectsub&action=edit protectsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectsub|Talk]] </td><td> (Protecting &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{int:Protectsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectthispage&action=edit protectthispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectthispage|Talk]] </td><td> Protect this page </td><td> {{int:Protectthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Proxyblocker&action=edit proxyblocker]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Proxyblocker|Talk]] </td><td> Proxy blocker </td><td> {{int:Proxyblocker}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Proxyblockreason&action=edit proxyblockreason]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Proxyblockreason|Talk]] </td><td> Your IP address has been blocked because it is an open proxy. Please contact your Internet service provider or tech support and inform them of this serious security problem. </td><td> {{int:Proxyblockreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Proxyblocksuccess&action=edit proxyblocksuccess]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Proxyblocksuccess|Talk]] </td><td> Done. </td><td> {{int:Proxyblocksuccess}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbbrowse&action=edit qbbrowse]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbbrowse|Talk]] </td><td> Browse </td><td> {{int:Qbbrowse}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbedit&action=edit qbedit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbedit|Talk]] </td><td> Edit </td><td> {{int:Qbedit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbfind&action=edit qbfind]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbfind|Talk]] </td><td> Find </td><td> {{int:Qbfind}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbmyoptions&action=edit qbmyoptions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbmyoptions|Talk]] </td><td> My pages </td><td> {{int:Qbmyoptions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbpageinfo&action=edit qbpageinfo]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbpageinfo|Talk]] </td><td> Context </td><td> {{int:Qbpageinfo}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbpageoptions&action=edit qbpageoptions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbpageoptions|Talk]] </td><td> This page </td><td> {{int:Qbpageoptions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbsettings&action=edit qbsettings]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbsettings|Talk]] </td><td> Quickbar settings </td><td> {{int:Qbsettings}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbspecialpages&action=edit qbspecialpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbspecialpages|Talk]] </td><td> Special pages </td><td> {{int:Qbspecialpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Querybtn&action=edit querybtn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Querybtn|Talk]] </td><td> Submit query </td><td> {{int:Querybtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Querysuccessful&action=edit querysuccessful]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Querysuccessful|Talk]] </td><td> Query successful </td><td> {{int:Querysuccessful}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Randompage&action=edit randompage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Randompage|Talk]] </td><td> Random page </td><td> {{int:Randompage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Range_block_disabled&action=edit range_block_disabled]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Range_block_disabled|Talk]] </td><td> The sysop ability to create range blocks is disabled. </td><td> {{int:Range_block_disabled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rchide&action=edit rchide]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rchide|Talk]] </td><td> in $4 form; $1 minor edits; $2 secondary namespaces; $3 multiple edits. </td><td> {{int:Rchide}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rclinks&action=edit rclinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rclinks|Talk]] </td><td> Show last $1 changes in last $2 days&lt;br /&gt;$3 </td><td> {{int:Rclinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rclistfrom&action=edit rclistfrom]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rclistfrom|Talk]] </td><td> Show new changes starting from $1 </td><td> {{int:Rclistfrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcliu&action=edit rcliu]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rcliu|Talk]] </td><td> ; $1 edits from logged in users </td><td> {{int:Rcliu}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcloaderr&action=edit rcloaderr]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rcloaderr|Talk]] </td><td> Loading recent changes </td><td> {{int:Rcloaderr}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rclsub&action=edit rclsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rclsub|Talk]] </td><td> (to pages linked from &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{int:Rclsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcnote&action=edit rcnote]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rcnote|Talk]] </td><td> Below are the last &lt;strong&gt;$1&lt;/strong&gt; changes in last &lt;strong&gt;$2&lt;/strong&gt; days. </td><td> {{int:Rcnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcnotefrom&action=edit rcnotefrom]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rcnotefrom|Talk]] </td><td> Below are the changes since &lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt; (up to &lt;b&gt;$1&lt;/b&gt; shown). </td><td> {{int:Rcnotefrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Readonly&action=edit readonly]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Readonly|Talk]] </td><td> Database locked </td><td> {{int:Readonly}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Readonlytext&action=edit readonlytext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Readonlytext|Talk]] </td><td> The database is currently locked to new entries and other modifications, probably for routine database maintenance, after which it will be back to normal. The administrator who locked it offered this explanation: &lt;p&gt;$1 </td><td> {{int:Readonlytext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Readonlywarning&action=edit readonlywarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Readonlywarning|Talk]] </td><td> WARNING: The database has been locked for maintenance, so you will not be able to save your edits right now. You may wish to cut-n-paste the text into a text file and save it for later. </td><td> {{int:Readonlywarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchanges&action=edit recentchanges]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Recentchanges|Talk]] </td><td> Recent changes </td><td> {{int:Recentchanges}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchangescount&action=edit recentchangescount]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Recentchangescount|Talk]] </td><td> Number of titles in recent changes </td><td> {{int:Recentchangescount}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchangeslinked&action=edit recentchangeslinked]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Recentchangeslinked|Talk]] </td><td> Related changes </td><td> {{int:Recentchangeslinked}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchangestext&action=edit recentchangestext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Recentchangestext|Talk]] </td><td> Track the most recent changes to the wiki on this page. </td><td> {{int:Recentchangestext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Redirectedfrom&action=edit redirectedfrom]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Redirectedfrom|Talk]] </td><td> (Redirected from $1) </td><td> {{int:Redirectedfrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Remembermypassword&action=edit remembermypassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Remembermypassword|Talk]] </td><td> Remember my password across sessions. </td><td> {{int:Remembermypassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removechecked&action=edit removechecked]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Removechecked|Talk]] </td><td> Remove checked items from watchlist </td><td> {{int:Removechecked}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removedwatch&action=edit removedwatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Removedwatch|Talk]] </td><td> Removed from watchlist </td><td> {{int:Removedwatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removedwatchtext&action=edit removedwatchtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Removedwatchtext|Talk]] </td><td> The page &quot;$1&quot; has been removed from your watchlist. </td><td> {{int:Removedwatchtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removingchecked&action=edit removingchecked]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Removingchecked|Talk]] </td><td> Removing requested items from watchlist... </td><td> {{int:Removingchecked}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Resetprefs&action=edit resetprefs]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Resetprefs|Talk]] </td><td> Reset preferences </td><td> {{int:Resetprefs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Restorelink&action=edit restorelink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Restorelink|Talk]] </td><td> $1 deleted edits </td><td> {{int:Restorelink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Resultsperpage&action=edit resultsperpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Resultsperpage|Talk]] </td><td> Hits to show per page </td><td> {{int:Resultsperpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Retrievedfrom&action=edit retrievedfrom]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Retrievedfrom|Talk]] </td><td> Retrieved from &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Retrievedfrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Returnto&action=edit returnto]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Returnto|Talk]] </td><td> Return to $1. </td><td> {{int:Returnto}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Retypenew&action=edit retypenew]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Retypenew|Talk]] </td><td> Retype new password </td><td> {{int:Retypenew}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Reupload&action=edit reupload]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Reupload|Talk]] </td><td> Re-upload </td><td> {{int:Reupload}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Reuploaddesc&action=edit reuploaddesc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Reuploaddesc|Talk]] </td><td> Return to the upload form. </td><td> {{int:Reuploaddesc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Reverted&action=edit reverted]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Reverted|Talk]] </td><td> Reverted to earlier revision </td><td> {{int:Reverted}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revertimg&action=edit revertimg]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Revertimg|Talk]] </td><td> rev </td><td> {{int:Revertimg}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revertpage&action=edit revertpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Revertpage|Talk]] </td><td> Reverted edit of $2, changed back to last version by $1 </td><td> {{int:Revertpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revhistory&action=edit revhistory]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Revhistory|Talk]] </td><td> Revision history </td><td> {{int:Revhistory}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revisionasof&action=edit revisionasof]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Revisionasof|Talk]] </td><td> Revision as of $1 </td><td> {{int:Revisionasof}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revnotfound&action=edit revnotfound]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Revnotfound|Talk]] </td><td> Revision not found </td><td> {{int:Revnotfound}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revnotfoundtext&action=edit revnotfoundtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Revnotfoundtext|Talk]] </td><td> The old revision of the page you asked for could not be found. Please check the URL you used to access this page. </td><td> {{int:Revnotfoundtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rfcurl&action=edit rfcurl]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rfcurl|Talk]] </td><td> http&#58;//www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc$1.html </td><td> {{int:Rfcurl}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rights&action=edit rights]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rights|Talk]] </td><td> Rights: </td><td> {{int:Rights}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollback&action=edit rollback]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rollback|Talk]] </td><td> Roll back edits </td><td> {{int:Rollback}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollback_short&action=edit rollback_short]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rollback_short|Talk]] </td><td> Rollback </td><td> {{int:Rollback_short}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollbackfailed&action=edit rollbackfailed]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rollbackfailed|Talk]] </td><td> Rollback failed </td><td> {{int:Rollbackfailed}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollbacklink&action=edit rollbacklink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rollbacklink|Talk]] </td><td> rollback </td><td> {{int:Rollbacklink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rows&action=edit rows]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rows|Talk]] </td><td> Rows </td><td> {{int:Rows}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Savearticle&action=edit savearticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Savearticle|Talk]] </td><td> Save page </td><td> {{int:Savearticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Savedprefs&action=edit savedprefs]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Savedprefs|Talk]] </td><td> Your preferences have been saved. </td><td> {{int:Savedprefs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Savefile&action=edit savefile]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Savefile|Talk]] </td><td> Save file </td><td> {{int:Savefile}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Saveprefs&action=edit saveprefs]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Saveprefs|Talk]] </td><td> Save preferences </td><td> {{int:Saveprefs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Search&action=edit search]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Search|Talk]] </td><td> Search </td><td> {{int:Search}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchdisabled&action=edit searchdisabled]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchdisabled|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;p&gt;Sorry! Full text search has been disabled temporarily, for performance reasons. In the meantime, you can use the Google search below, which may be out of date.&lt;/p&gt; </td><td> {{int:Searchdisabled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchhelppage&action=edit searchhelppage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchhelppage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:Searching </td><td> {{int:Searchhelppage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchingwikipedia&action=edit searchingwikipedia]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchingwikipedia|Talk]] </td><td> Searching Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Searchingwikipedia}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchquery&action=edit searchquery]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchquery|Talk]] </td><td> For query &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Searchquery}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchresults&action=edit searchresults]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchresults|Talk]] </td><td> Search results </td><td> {{int:Searchresults}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchresultshead&action=edit searchresultshead]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchresultshead|Talk]] </td><td> Search result settings </td><td> {{int:Searchresultshead}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchresulttext&action=edit searchresulttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchresulttext|Talk]] </td><td> For more information about searching Wikipedia, see $1. </td><td> {{int:Searchresulttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sectionedit&action=edit sectionedit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sectionedit|Talk]] </td><td> (section) </td><td> {{int:Sectionedit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selectnewerversionfordiff&action=edit selectnewerversionfordiff]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Selectnewerversionfordiff|Talk]] </td><td> Select a newer version for comparison </td><td> {{int:Selectnewerversionfordiff}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selectolderversionfordiff&action=edit selectolderversionfordiff]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Selectolderversionfordiff|Talk]] </td><td> Select an older version for comparison </td><td> {{int:Selectolderversionfordiff}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selectonly&action=edit selectonly]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Selectonly|Talk]] </td><td> Only read-only queries are allowed. </td><td> {{int:Selectonly}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selflinks&action=edit selflinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Selflinks|Talk]] </td><td> Pages with Self Links </td><td> {{int:Selflinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selflinkstext&action=edit selflinkstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Selflinkstext|Talk]] </td><td> The following pages contain a link to themselves, which they should not. </td><td> {{int:Selflinkstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Seriousxhtmlerrors&action=edit seriousxhtmlerrors]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Seriousxhtmlerrors|Talk]] </td><td> There were serious xhtml markup errors detected by tidy. </td><td> {{int:Seriousxhtmlerrors}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Servertime&action=edit servertime]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Servertime|Talk]] </td><td> Server time is now </td><td> {{int:Servertime}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Set_rights_fail&action=edit set_rights_fail]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Set_rights_fail|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;User rights for &quot;$1&quot; could not be set. (Did you enter the name correctly?)&lt;/b&gt; </td><td> {{int:Set_rights_fail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Set_user_rights&action=edit set_user_rights]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Set_user_rights|Talk]] </td><td> Set user rights </td><td> {{int:Set_user_rights}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Setbureaucratflag&action=edit setbureaucratflag]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Setbureaucratflag|Talk]] </td><td> Set bureaucrat flag </td><td> {{int:Setbureaucratflag}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Shortpages&action=edit shortpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Shortpages|Talk]] </td><td> Short pages </td><td> {{int:Shortpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Show&action=edit show]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Show|Talk]] </td><td> show </td><td> {{int:Show}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showhideminor&action=edit showhideminor]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Showhideminor|Talk]] </td><td> $1 minor edits &#124; $2 bots &#124; $3 logged in users </td><td> {{int:Showhideminor}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showingresults&action=edit showingresults]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Showingresults|Talk]] </td><td> Showing below &lt;b&gt;$1&lt;/b&gt; results starting with #&lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt;. </td><td> {{int:Showingresults}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showingresultsnum&action=edit showingresultsnum]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Showingresultsnum|Talk]] </td><td> Showing below &lt;b&gt;$3&lt;/b&gt; results starting with #&lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt;. </td><td> {{int:Showingresultsnum}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showlast&action=edit showlast]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Showlast|Talk]] </td><td> Show last $1 images sorted $2. </td><td> {{int:Showlast}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showpreview&action=edit showpreview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Showpreview|Talk]] </td><td> Show preview </td><td> {{int:Showpreview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showtoc&action=edit showtoc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Showtoc|Talk]] </td><td> show </td><td> {{int:Showtoc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sig_tip&action=edit sig_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sig_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Your signature with timestamp </td><td> {{int:Sig_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitestats&action=edit sitestats]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sitestats|Talk]] </td><td> Site statistics </td><td> {{int:Sitestats}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitestatstext&action=edit sitestatstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sitestatstext|Talk]] </td><td> There are &#39;&#39;&#39;$1&#39;&#39;&#39; total pages in the database. This includes &quot;talk&quot; pages, pages about Wikipedia, minimal &quot;stub&quot; pages, redirects, and others that probably don&#39;t qualify as content pages. Excluding those, there are &#39;&#39;&#39;$2&#39;&#39;&#39; pages that are probably legitimate content pages. There have been a total of &#39;&#39;&#39;$3&#39;&#39;&#39; page views, and &#39;&#39;&#39;$4&#39;&#39;&#39; page edits since the wiki was setup. That comes to &#39;&#39;&#39;$5&#39;&#39;&#39; average edits per page, and &#39;&#39;&#39;$6&#39;&#39;&#39; views per edit. </td><td> {{int:Sitestatstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitesubtitle&action=edit sitesubtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sitesubtitle|Talk]] </td><td> The Free Encyclopedia </td><td> {{int:Sitesubtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitesupport&action=edit sitesupport]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sitesupport|Talk]] </td><td> Donations </td><td> {{int:Sitesupport}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitetitle&action=edit sitetitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sitetitle|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Sitetitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Siteuser&action=edit siteuser]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Siteuser|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia user $1 </td><td> {{int:Siteuser}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Siteusers&action=edit siteusers]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Siteusers|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia user(s) $1 </td><td> {{int:Siteusers}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Skin&action=edit skin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Skin|Talk]] </td><td> Skin </td><td> {{int:Skin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Spamprotectiontext&action=edit spamprotectiontext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Spamprotectiontext|Talk]] </td><td> The page you wanted to save was blocked by the spam filter. This is probably caused by a link to an external site. You might want to check the following regular expression for patterns that are currently blocked: </td><td> {{int:Spamprotectiontext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Spamprotectiontitle&action=edit spamprotectiontitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Spamprotectiontitle|Talk]] </td><td> Spam protection filter </td><td> {{int:Spamprotectiontitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Specialpage&action=edit specialpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Specialpage|Talk]] </td><td> Special Page </td><td> {{int:Specialpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Specialpages&action=edit specialpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Specialpages|Talk]] </td><td> Special pages </td><td> {{int:Specialpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Spheading&action=edit spheading]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Spheading|Talk]] </td><td> Special pages for all users </td><td> {{int:Spheading}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sqlislogged&action=edit sqlislogged]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sqlislogged|Talk]] </td><td> Please note that all queries are logged. </td><td> {{int:Sqlislogged}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sqlquery&action=edit sqlquery]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sqlquery|Talk]] </td><td> Enter query </td><td> {{int:Sqlquery}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Statistics&action=edit statistics]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Statistics|Talk]] </td><td> Statistics </td><td> {{int:Statistics}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Storedversion&action=edit storedversion]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Storedversion|Talk]] </td><td> Stored version </td><td> {{int:Storedversion}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Stubthreshold&action=edit stubthreshold]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Stubthreshold|Talk]] </td><td> Threshold for stub display </td><td> {{int:Stubthreshold}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Subcategories&action=edit subcategories]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Subcategories|Talk]] </td><td> Subcategories </td><td> {{int:Subcategories}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Subject&action=edit subject]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Subject|Talk]] </td><td> Subject/headline </td><td> {{int:Subject}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Subjectpage&action=edit subjectpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Subjectpage|Talk]] </td><td> View subject </td><td> {{int:Subjectpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Successfulupload&action=edit successfulupload]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Successfulupload|Talk]] </td><td> Successful upload </td><td> {{int:Successfulupload}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Summary&action=edit summary]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Summary|Talk]] </td><td> Summary </td><td> {{int:Summary}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sysopspheading&action=edit sysopspheading]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sysopspheading|Talk]] </td><td> For sysop use only </td><td> {{int:Sysopspheading}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sysoptext&action=edit sysoptext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sysoptext|Talk]] </td><td> The action you have requested can only be performed by users with &quot;sysop&quot; status. See $1. </td><td> {{int:Sysoptext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sysoptitle&action=edit sysoptitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sysoptitle|Talk]] </td><td> Sysop access required </td><td> {{int:Sysoptitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tableform&action=edit tableform]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tableform|Talk]] </td><td> table </td><td> {{int:Tableform}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talk&action=edit talk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Talk|Talk]] </td><td> Discussion </td><td> {{int:Talk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkexists&action=edit talkexists]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Talkexists|Talk]] </td><td> The page itself was moved successfully, but the talk page could not be moved because one already exists at the new title. Please merge them manually. </td><td> {{int:Talkexists}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpage&action=edit talkpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Talkpage|Talk]] </td><td> Discuss this page </td><td> {{int:Talkpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpagemoved&action=edit talkpagemoved]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Talkpagemoved|Talk]] </td><td> The corresponding talk page was also moved. </td><td> {{int:Talkpagemoved}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpagenotmoved&action=edit talkpagenotmoved]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Talkpagenotmoved|Talk]] </td><td> The corresponding talk page was &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; moved. </td><td> {{int:Talkpagenotmoved}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpagetext&action=edit talkpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Talkpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;!-- MediaWiki:talkpagetext --&gt; </td><td> {{int:Talkpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Textboxsize&action=edit textboxsize]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Textboxsize|Talk]] </td><td> Textbox dimensions </td><td> {{int:Textboxsize}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Textmatches&action=edit textmatches]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Textmatches|Talk]] </td><td> Page text matches </td><td> {{int:Textmatches}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Thisisdeleted&action=edit thisisdeleted]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Thisisdeleted|Talk]] </td><td> View or restore $1? </td><td> {{int:Thisisdeleted}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Thumbnail-more&action=edit thumbnail-more]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Thumbnail-more|Talk]] </td><td> Enlarge </td><td> {{int:Thumbnail-more}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Timezoneoffset&action=edit timezoneoffset]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Timezoneoffset|Talk]] </td><td> Offset </td><td> {{int:Timezoneoffset}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Timezonetext&action=edit timezonetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Timezonetext|Talk]] </td><td> Enter number of hours your local time differs from server time (UTC). </td><td> {{int:Timezonetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Titlematches&action=edit titlematches]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Titlematches|Talk]] </td><td> Article title matches </td><td> {{int:Titlematches}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Toc&action=edit toc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Toc|Talk]] </td><td> Table of contents </td><td> {{int:Toc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Toolbox&action=edit toolbox]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Toolbox|Talk]] </td><td> Toolbox </td><td> {{int:Toolbox}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-addsection&action=edit tooltip-addsection]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-addsection|Talk]] </td><td> Add a comment to this page. &#91;alt-+] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-addsection}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-anontalk&action=edit tooltip-anontalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-anontalk|Talk]] </td><td> Discussion about edits from this ip address &#91;alt-n] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-anontalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-anonuserpage&action=edit tooltip-anonuserpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-anonuserpage|Talk]] </td><td> The user page for the ip you&#39;re editing as &#91;alt-.] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-anonuserpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-article&action=edit tooltip-article]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-article|Talk]] </td><td> View the content page &#91;alt-a] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-article}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-atom&action=edit tooltip-atom]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-atom|Talk]] </td><td> Atom feed for this page </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-atom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-compareselectedversions&action=edit tooltip-compareselectedversions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-compareselectedversions|Talk]] </td><td> See the differences between the two selected versions of this page. &#91;alt-v] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-compareselectedversions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-contributions&action=edit tooltip-contributions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-contributions|Talk]] </td><td> View the list of contributions of this user </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-contributions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-currentevents&action=edit tooltip-currentevents]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-currentevents|Talk]] </td><td> Find background information on current events </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-currentevents}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-delete&action=edit tooltip-delete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-delete|Talk]] </td><td> Delete this page &#91;alt-d] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-delete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-edit&action=edit tooltip-edit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-edit|Talk]] </td><td> You can edit this page. Please use the preview button before saving. &#91;alt-e] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-edit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-emailuser&action=edit tooltip-emailuser]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-emailuser|Talk]] </td><td> Send a mail to this user </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-emailuser}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-help&action=edit tooltip-help]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-help|Talk]] </td><td> The place to find out. </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-help}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-history&action=edit tooltip-history]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-history|Talk]] </td><td> Past versions of this page, &#91;alt-h] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-history}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-login&action=edit tooltip-login]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-login|Talk]] </td><td> You are encouraged to log in, it is not mandatory however. &#91;alt-o] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-login}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-logout&action=edit tooltip-logout]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-logout|Talk]] </td><td> Log out &#91;alt-o] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-logout}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-mainpage&action=edit tooltip-mainpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-mainpage|Talk]] </td><td> Visit the Main Page &#91;alt-z] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-mainpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-minoredit&action=edit tooltip-minoredit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-minoredit|Talk]] </td><td> Mark this as a minor edit &#91;alt-i] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-minoredit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-move&action=edit tooltip-move]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-move|Talk]] </td><td> Move this page &#91;alt-m] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-move}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-mycontris&action=edit tooltip-mycontris]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-mycontris|Talk]] </td><td> List of my contributions &#91;alt-y] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-mycontris}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-mytalk&action=edit tooltip-mytalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-mytalk|Talk]] </td><td> My talk page &#91;alt-n] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-mytalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-nomove&action=edit tooltip-nomove]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-nomove|Talk]] </td><td> You don&#39;t have the permissions to move this page </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-nomove}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-portal&action=edit tooltip-portal]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-portal|Talk]] </td><td> About the project, what you can do, where to find things </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-portal}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-preferences&action=edit tooltip-preferences]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-preferences|Talk]] </td><td> My preferences </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-preferences}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-preview&action=edit tooltip-preview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-preview|Talk]] </td><td> Preview your changes, please use this before saving! &#91;alt-p] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-preview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-protect&action=edit tooltip-protect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-protect|Talk]] </td><td> Protect this page &#91;alt-=] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-protect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-randompage&action=edit tooltip-randompage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-randompage|Talk]] </td><td> Load a random page &#91;alt-x] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-randompage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-recentchanges&action=edit tooltip-recentchanges]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-recentchanges|Talk]] </td><td> The list of recent changes in the wiki. &#91;alt-r] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-recentchanges}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-recentchangeslinked&action=edit tooltip-recentchangeslinked]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-recentchangeslinked|Talk]] </td><td> Recent changes in pages linking to this page &#91;alt-c] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-recentchangeslinked}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-rss&action=edit tooltip-rss]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-rss|Talk]] </td><td> RSS feed for this page </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-rss}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-save&action=edit tooltip-save]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-save|Talk]] </td><td> Save you changes &#91;alt-s] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-save}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-search&action=edit tooltip-search]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-search|Talk]] </td><td> Search this wiki &#91;alt-f] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-search}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-sitesupport&action=edit tooltip-sitesupport]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-sitesupport|Talk]] </td><td> Support Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-sitesupport}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-specialpage&action=edit tooltip-specialpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-specialpage|Talk]] </td><td> This is a special page, you can&#39;t edit the page itself. </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-specialpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-specialpages&action=edit tooltip-specialpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-specialpages|Talk]] </td><td> List of all special pages &#91;alt-q] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-specialpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-talk&action=edit tooltip-talk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-talk|Talk]] </td><td> Discussion about the content page &#91;alt-t] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-talk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-undelete&action=edit tooltip-undelete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-undelete|Talk]] </td><td> Restore $1 deleted edits to this page &#91;alt-d] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-undelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-unwatch&action=edit tooltip-unwatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-unwatch|Talk]] </td><td> Remove this page from your watchlist &#91;alt-w] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-unwatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-upload&action=edit tooltip-upload]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-upload|Talk]] </td><td> Upload images or media files &#91;alt-u] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-upload}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-userpage&action=edit tooltip-userpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-userpage|Talk]] </td><td> My user page &#91;alt-.] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-userpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-viewsource&action=edit tooltip-viewsource]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-viewsource|Talk]] </td><td> This page is protected. You can view it&#39;s source. &#91;alt-e] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-viewsource}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-watch&action=edit tooltip-watch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-watch|Talk]] </td><td> Add this page to your watchlist &#91;alt-w] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-watch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-watchlist&action=edit tooltip-watchlist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-watchlist|Talk]] </td><td> The list of pages you&#39;re monitoring for changes. &#91;alt-l] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-watchlist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-whatlinkshere&action=edit tooltip-whatlinkshere]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-whatlinkshere|Talk]] </td><td> List of all wiki pages that link here &#91;alt-b] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-whatlinkshere}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uclinks&action=edit uclinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uclinks|Talk]] </td><td> View the last $1 changes; view the last $2 days. </td><td> {{int:Uclinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ucnote&action=edit ucnote]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ucnote|Talk]] </td><td> Below are this user&#39;s last &lt;b&gt;$1&lt;/b&gt; changes in the last &lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt; days. </td><td> {{int:Ucnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uctop&action=edit uctop]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uctop|Talk]] </td><td> (top) </td><td> {{int:Uctop}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblockip&action=edit unblockip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unblockip|Talk]] </td><td> Unblock user </td><td> {{int:Unblockip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblockiptext&action=edit unblockiptext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unblockiptext|Talk]] </td><td> Use the form below to restore write access to a previously blocked IP address or username. </td><td> {{int:Unblockiptext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblocklink&action=edit unblocklink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unblocklink|Talk]] </td><td> unblock </td><td> {{int:Unblocklink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblocklogentry&action=edit unblocklogentry]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unblocklogentry|Talk]] </td><td> unblocked &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Unblocklogentry}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undelete&action=edit undelete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undelete|Talk]] </td><td> Restore deleted page </td><td> {{int:Undelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undelete_short&action=edit undelete_short]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undelete_short|Talk]] </td><td> Undelete </td><td> {{int:Undelete_short}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletearticle&action=edit undeletearticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletearticle|Talk]] </td><td> Restore deleted page </td><td> {{int:Undeletearticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletebtn&action=edit undeletebtn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletebtn|Talk]] </td><td> Restore! </td><td> {{int:Undeletebtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletedarticle&action=edit undeletedarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletedarticle|Talk]] </td><td> restored &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Undeletedarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletedtext&action=edit undeletedtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletedtext|Talk]] </td><td> &#91;&#91;$1]] has been successfully restored. See &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Deletion_log]] for a record of recent deletions and restorations. </td><td> {{int:Undeletedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletehistory&action=edit undeletehistory]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletehistory|Talk]] </td><td> If you restore the page, all revisions will be restored to the history. If a new page with the same name has been created since the deletion, the restored revisions will appear in the prior history, and the current revision of the live page will not be automatically replaced. </td><td> {{int:Undeletehistory}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletepage&action=edit undeletepage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletepage|Talk]] </td><td> View and restore deleted pages </td><td> {{int:Undeletepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletepagetext&action=edit undeletepagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletepagetext|Talk]] </td><td> The following pages have been deleted but are still in the archive and can be restored. The archive may be periodically cleaned out. </td><td> {{int:Undeletepagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeleterevision&action=edit undeleterevision]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeleterevision|Talk]] </td><td> Deleted revision as of $1 </td><td> {{int:Undeleterevision}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeleterevisions&action=edit undeleterevisions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeleterevisions|Talk]] </td><td> $1 revisions archived </td><td> {{int:Undeleterevisions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unexpected&action=edit unexpected]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unexpected|Talk]] </td><td> Unexpected value: &quot;$1&quot;=&quot;$2&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Unexpected}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockbtn&action=edit unlockbtn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockbtn|Talk]] </td><td> Unlock database </td><td> {{int:Unlockbtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockconfirm&action=edit unlockconfirm]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockconfirm|Talk]] </td><td> Yes, I really want to unlock the database. </td><td> {{int:Unlockconfirm}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdb&action=edit unlockdb]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockdb|Talk]] </td><td> Unlock database </td><td> {{int:Unlockdb}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdbsuccesssub&action=edit unlockdbsuccesssub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockdbsuccesssub|Talk]] </td><td> Database lock removed </td><td> {{int:Unlockdbsuccesssub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdbsuccesstext&action=edit unlockdbsuccesstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockdbsuccesstext|Talk]] </td><td> The database has been unlocked. </td><td> {{int:Unlockdbsuccesstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdbtext&action=edit unlockdbtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockdbtext|Talk]] </td><td> Unlocking the database will restore the ability of all users to edit pages, change their preferences, edit their watchlists, and other things requiring changes in the database. Please confirm that this is what you intend to do. </td><td> {{int:Unlockdbtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotect&action=edit unprotect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unprotect|Talk]] </td><td> Unprotect </td><td> {{int:Unprotect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotectcomment&action=edit unprotectcomment]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unprotectcomment|Talk]] </td><td> Reason for unprotecting </td><td> {{int:Unprotectcomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotectedarticle&action=edit unprotectedarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unprotectedarticle|Talk]] </td><td> unprotected &#91;&#91;$1]] </td><td> {{int:Unprotectedarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotectsub&action=edit unprotectsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unprotectsub|Talk]] </td><td> (Unprotecting &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{int:Unprotectsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotectthispage&action=edit unprotectthispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unprotectthispage|Talk]] </td><td> Unprotect this page </td><td> {{int:Unprotectthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unusedimages&action=edit unusedimages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unusedimages|Talk]] </td><td> Unused images </td><td> {{int:Unusedimages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unusedimagestext&action=edit unusedimagestext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unusedimagestext|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;p&gt;Please note that other web sites may link to an image with a direct URL, and so may still be listed here despite being in active use. </td><td> {{int:Unusedimagestext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unwatch&action=edit unwatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unwatch|Talk]] </td><td> Unwatch </td><td> {{int:Unwatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unwatchthispage&action=edit unwatchthispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unwatchthispage|Talk]] </td><td> Stop watching </td><td> {{int:Unwatchthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Updated&action=edit updated]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Updated|Talk]] </td><td> (Updated) </td><td> {{int:Updated}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Upload&action=edit upload]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Upload|Talk]] </td><td> Upload file </td><td> {{int:Upload}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadbtn&action=edit uploadbtn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadbtn|Talk]] </td><td> Upload file </td><td> {{int:Uploadbtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploaddisabled&action=edit uploaddisabled]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploaddisabled|Talk]] </td><td> Sorry, uploading is disabled. </td><td> {{int:Uploaddisabled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadedfiles&action=edit uploadedfiles]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadedfiles|Talk]] </td><td> Uploaded files </td><td> {{int:Uploadedfiles}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadedimage&action=edit uploadedimage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadedimage|Talk]] </td><td> uploaded &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Uploadedimage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploaderror&action=edit uploaderror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploaderror|Talk]] </td><td> Upload error </td><td> {{int:Uploaderror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadfile&action=edit uploadfile]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadfile|Talk]] </td><td> Upload images, sounds, documents etc. </td><td> {{int:Uploadfile}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlink&action=edit uploadlink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadlink|Talk]] </td><td> Upload images </td><td> {{int:Uploadlink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlog&action=edit uploadlog]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadlog|Talk]] </td><td> upload log </td><td> {{int:Uploadlog}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlogpage&action=edit uploadlogpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadlogpage|Talk]] </td><td> Upload_log </td><td> {{int:Uploadlogpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlogpagetext&action=edit uploadlogpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadlogpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> Below is a list of the most recent file uploads. All times shown are server time (UTC). &lt;ul&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; </td><td> {{int:Uploadlogpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadnologin&action=edit uploadnologin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadnologin|Talk]] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{int:Uploadnologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadnologintext&action=edit uploadnologintext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadnologintext|Talk]] </td><td> You must be &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; to upload files. </td><td> {{int:Uploadnologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadtext&action=edit uploadtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadtext|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;STOP!&lt;/strong&gt; Before you upload here, make sure to read and follow the &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Image_use_policy&quot;&gt;image use policy&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;p&gt;If a file with the name you are specifying already exists on the wiki, it&#39;ll be replaced without warning. So unless you mean to update a file, it&#39;s a good idea to first check if such a file exists. &lt;p&gt;To view or search previously uploaded images, go to the &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Imagelist&quot;&gt;list of uploaded images&lt;/a&gt;. Uploads and deletions are logged on the &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Wikipedia:Upload_log&quot;&gt;upload log&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use the form below to upload new image files for use in illustrating your pages. On most browsers, you will see a &quot;Browse...&quot; button, which will bring up your operating system&#39;s standard file open dialog. Choosing a file will fill the name of that file into the text field next to the button. You must also check the box affirming that you are not violating any copyrights by uploading the file. Press the &quot;Upload&quot; button to finish the upload. This may take some time if you have a slow internet connection. &lt;p&gt;The preferred formats are JPEG for photographic images, PNG for drawings and other iconic images, and OGG for sounds. Please name your files descriptively to avoid confusion. To include the image in a page, use a link in the form &lt;b&gt;&#91;&#91;Image:file.jpg]]&lt;/b&gt; or &lt;b&gt;&#91;&#91;Image:file.ogg]]&lt;/b&gt; for sounds. &lt;p&gt;Please note that as with wiki pages, others may edit or delete your uploads if they think it serves the project, and you may be blocked from uploading if you abuse the system. </td><td> {{int:Uploadtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadwarning&action=edit uploadwarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadwarning|Talk]] </td><td> Upload warning </td><td> {{int:Uploadwarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:User_rights_set&action=edit user_rights_set]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:User_rights_set|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;User rights for &quot;$1&quot; updated&lt;/b&gt; </td><td> {{int:User_rights_set}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Usercssjs&action=edit usercssjs]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Usercssjs|Talk]] </td><td> &#39;&#39;&#39;Note:&#39;&#39;&#39; After saving, you have to tell your bowser to get the new version: &#39;&#39;&#39;Mozilla:&#39;&#39;&#39; click &#39;&#39;reload&#39;&#39;(or &#39;&#39;ctrl-r&#39;&#39;), &#39;&#39;&#39;IE / Opera:&#39;&#39;&#39; &#39;&#39;ctrl-f5&#39;&#39;, &#39;&#39;&#39;Safari:&#39;&#39;&#39; &#39;&#39;cmd-r&#39;&#39;, &#39;&#39;&#39;Konqueror&#39;&#39;&#39; &#39;&#39;ctrl-r&#39;&#39;. </td><td> {{int:Usercssjs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Usercssjsyoucanpreview&action=edit usercssjsyoucanpreview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Usercssjsyoucanpreview|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;Tip:&lt;/strong&gt; Use the &#39;Show preview&#39; button to test your new css/js before saving. </td><td> {{int:Usercssjsyoucanpreview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Usercsspreview&action=edit usercsspreview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Usercsspreview|Talk]] </td><td> &#39;&#39;&#39;Remember that you are only previewing your user css, it has not yet been saved!&#39;&#39;&#39; </td><td> {{int:Usercsspreview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userexists&action=edit userexists]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userexists|Talk]] </td><td> The user name you entered is already in use. Please choose a different name. </td><td> {{int:Userexists}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userjspreview&action=edit userjspreview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userjspreview|Talk]] </td><td> &#39;&#39;&#39;Remember that you are only testing/previewing your user javascript, it has not yet been saved!&#39;&#39;&#39; </td><td> {{int:Userjspreview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userlogin&action=edit userlogin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userlogin|Talk]] </td><td> Log in </td><td> {{int:Userlogin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userlogout&action=edit userlogout]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userlogout|Talk]] </td><td> Log out </td><td> {{int:Userlogout}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Usermailererror&action=edit usermailererror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Usermailererror|Talk]] </td><td> Mail object returned error: </td><td> {{int:Usermailererror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userpage&action=edit userpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userpage|Talk]] </td><td> View user page </td><td> {{int:Userpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userstats&action=edit userstats]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userstats|Talk]] </td><td> User statistics </td><td> {{int:Userstats}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userstatstext&action=edit userstatstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userstatstext|Talk]] </td><td> There are &#39;&#39;&#39;$1&#39;&#39;&#39; registered users. &#39;&#39;&#39;$2&#39;&#39;&#39; of these are administrators (see $3). </td><td> {{int:Userstatstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Version&action=edit version]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Version|Talk]] </td><td> Version </td><td> {{int:Version}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewcount&action=edit viewcount]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Viewcount|Talk]] </td><td> This page has been accessed $1 times. </td><td> {{int:Viewcount}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewprevnext&action=edit viewprevnext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Viewprevnext|Talk]] </td><td> View ($1) ($2) ($3). </td><td> {{int:Viewprevnext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewsource&action=edit viewsource]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Viewsource|Talk]] </td><td> View source </td><td> {{int:Viewsource}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewtalkpage&action=edit viewtalkpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Viewtalkpage|Talk]] </td><td> View discussion </td><td> {{int:Viewtalkpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wantedpages&action=edit wantedpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wantedpages|Talk]] </td><td> Wanted pages </td><td> {{int:Wantedpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watch&action=edit watch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watch|Talk]] </td><td> Watch </td><td> {{int:Watch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchdetails&action=edit watchdetails]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchdetails|Talk]] </td><td> ($1 pages watched not counting talk pages; $2 total pages edited since cutoff; $3... &lt;a href=&#39;$4&#39;&gt;show and edit complete list&lt;/a&gt;.) </td><td> {{int:Watchdetails}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watcheditlist&action=edit watcheditlist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watcheditlist|Talk]] </td><td> Here&#39;s an alphabetical list of your watched pages. Check the boxes of pages you want to remove from your watchlist and click the &#39;remove checked&#39; button at the bottom of the screen. </td><td> {{int:Watcheditlist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchlist&action=edit watchlist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchlist|Talk]] </td><td> My watchlist </td><td> {{int:Watchlist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchlistcontains&action=edit watchlistcontains]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchlistcontains|Talk]] </td><td> Your watchlist contains $1 pages. </td><td> {{int:Watchlistcontains}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchlistsub&action=edit watchlistsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchlistsub|Talk]] </td><td> (for user &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{int:Watchlistsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchmethod-list&action=edit watchmethod-list]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchmethod-list|Talk]] </td><td> checking watched pages for recent edits </td><td> {{int:Watchmethod-list}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchmethod-recent&action=edit watchmethod-recent]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchmethod-recent|Talk]] </td><td> checking recent edits for watched pages </td><td> {{int:Watchmethod-recent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchnochange&action=edit watchnochange]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchnochange|Talk]] </td><td> None of your watched items were edited in the time period displayed. </td><td> {{int:Watchnochange}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchnologin&action=edit watchnologin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchnologin|Talk]] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{int:Watchnologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchnologintext&action=edit watchnologintext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchnologintext|Talk]] </td><td> You must be &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; to modify your watchlist. </td><td> {{int:Watchnologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchthis&action=edit watchthis]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchthis|Talk]] </td><td> Watch this page </td><td> {{int:Watchthis}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchthispage&action=edit watchthispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchthispage|Talk]] </td><td> Watch this page </td><td> {{int:Watchthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Welcomecreation&action=edit welcomecreation]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Welcomecreation|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;h2&gt;Welcome, $1!&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Your account has been created. Don&#39;t forget to change your Wikipedia preferences. </td><td> {{int:Welcomecreation}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whatlinkshere&action=edit whatlinkshere]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whatlinkshere|Talk]] </td><td> What links here </td><td> {{int:Whatlinkshere}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistacctext&action=edit whitelistacctext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistacctext|Talk]] </td><td> To be allowed to create accounts in this Wiki you have to &#91;&#91;Special:Userlogin&#124;log]] in and have the appropriate permissions. </td><td> {{int:Whitelistacctext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistacctitle&action=edit whitelistacctitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistacctitle|Talk]] </td><td> You are not allowed to create an account </td><td> {{int:Whitelistacctitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistedittext&action=edit whitelistedittext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistedittext|Talk]] </td><td> You have to &#91;&#91;Special:Userlogin&#124;login]] to edit pages. </td><td> {{int:Whitelistedittext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistedittitle&action=edit whitelistedittitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistedittitle|Talk]] </td><td> Login required to edit </td><td> {{int:Whitelistedittitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistreadtext&action=edit whitelistreadtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistreadtext|Talk]] </td><td> You have to &#91;&#91;Special:Userlogin&#124;login]] to read pages. </td><td> {{int:Whitelistreadtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistreadtitle&action=edit whitelistreadtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistreadtitle|Talk]] </td><td> Login required to read </td><td> {{int:Whitelistreadtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wikipediapage&action=edit wikipediapage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wikipediapage|Talk]] </td><td> View project page </td><td> {{int:Wikipediapage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wikititlesuffix&action=edit wikititlesuffix]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wikititlesuffix|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Wikititlesuffix}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wlnote&action=edit wlnote]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wlnote|Talk]] </td><td> Below are the last $1 changes in the last &lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt; hours. </td><td> {{int:Wlnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wlsaved&action=edit wlsaved]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wlsaved|Talk]] </td><td> This is a saved version of your watchlist. </td><td> {{int:Wlsaved}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wlshowlast&action=edit wlshowlast]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wlshowlast|Talk]] </td><td> Show last $1 hours $2 days $3 </td><td> {{int:Wlshowlast}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wrong_wfQuery_params&action=edit wrong_wfQuery_params]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wrong_wfQuery_params|Talk]] </td><td> Incorrect parameters to wfQuery()&lt;br /&gt; Function: $1&lt;br /&gt; Query: $2 </td><td> {{int:Wrong_wfQuery_params}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wrongpassword&action=edit wrongpassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wrongpassword|Talk]] </td><td> The password you entered is incorrect. Please try again. </td><td> {{int:Wrongpassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourdiff&action=edit yourdiff]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yourdiff|Talk]] </td><td> Differences </td><td> {{int:Yourdiff}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Youremail&action=edit youremail]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Youremail|Talk]] </td><td> Your email* </td><td> {{int:Youremail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourname&action=edit yourname]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yourname|Talk]] </td><td> Your user name </td><td> {{int:Yourname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yournick&action=edit yournick]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yournick|Talk]] </td><td> Your nickname (for signatures) </td><td> {{int:Yournick}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourpassword&action=edit yourpassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yourpassword|Talk]] </td><td> Your password </td><td> {{int:Yourpassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourpasswordagain&action=edit yourpasswordagain]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yourpasswordagain|Talk]] </td><td> Retype password </td><td> {{int:Yourpasswordagain}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourrealname&action=edit yourrealname]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yourrealname|Talk]] </td><td> Your real name* </td><td> {{int:Yourrealname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourtext&action=edit yourtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yourtext|Talk]] </td><td> Your text </td><td> {{int:Yourtext}} </td></tr></table> 775 2597 2004-06-03T09:22:32Z Template namespace initialisation script MediaWiki:All system messages moved to Template:All system messages #REDIRECT [[Template:All system messages]] 776 2598 2005-06-20T12:46:03Z Danutz 4 #REDIRECT [[Armãneshce]] 777 8359 2006-10-29T02:10:32Z 218.166.212.246 /* Wikimania 2007 Team Bulletin */ <font color="green">'''<small>Ghini vinitù tu Fântânâ! Scriets ân aistâ padzinâ cafi tu subiectu "Uichipedia".</small>'''</font> == Stewards election == Hello, The stewards election has started on [[m:Stewards/elections 2005]]. Anyone can vote provided that he has a valid account on meta with a link to at least one user page, on a project where the editor is a participant, with at least 3 months participation to the project. Stewards can give sysop right on projects where there are no local bureaucrate. Please vote ! [[User:Yann|Yann]] 17:27, 21 May 2005 (UTC) PS: Please translate this. Thanks. [[User:Yann|Yann]] 17:27, 21 May 2005 (UTC) == Localized date formats need to be verified == Dear Wikipedians, I need your help to look at date formats for your language. I created a large '''list of formats [[:en:user:Yurik/Formats|here]]'''. Please take a look and fix any mistakes or add any new formats. This will help interwiki bot to match [[:en:April 1]], [[:fr:1 avril]], [[:ru:1 апреля]], [[:zh:4月1日]], and all other sites together. ''What's needed:'' '''Look [[:en:user:Yurik/Formats|here]]''' at every format for your language, fix any mistakes, note any exceptions (some languages have 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc naming schemas, or year 1 is written as '1 (year)' unlike all other years). Also, I would like to receive a bot status on your site for my bot [[User:YurikBot]]. It will be mostly involved in interwikies. Thank you!!! You can contact me at [[:en:user talk:Yurik|en:Yurik]] (--[[User:70.192.56.68|70.192.56.68]] 22:29, 24 September 2005 (UTC)) == Interwiki Bot Status == Hi. I would like to get my interwiki bot [[user:YurikBot|YurikBot]] marked as a bot in your language. The bot is already operating in almost 50 languages, and it would lower the server load and improve the quality of articles if all interwikies are updated at the same time. You can read more or ask questions [[:en:user talk:Yurik|here]]. I always run the latest version of the [[meta:Pywikipediabot|Pywikipediabot]] (i am also one of the developers of this project). The request for the bot status is [[meta:Requests for bot status#en:User:YurikBot|here]]. Please support. Thank you. --[[:en:user:Yurik|Yurik (en)]] 23:38, 5 January 2006 (UTC) ==Please, help slavonians!== Please, help us to open Wikipedia on Surzhyk language! We need just your support vote here http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages#Surzhyk_.2819_Support.2C_11_Oppose.29 Thank you so much! --[http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA:Dmitry_Nikitin Dmitry Nikitin] ==Wikimania 2007 Team Bulletin== Published by the Wikimania 2007 Taipei Team, ''[http://wikimania2007.wikimedia.org/wiki/Team_Bulletin Wikimania 2007 Team Bulletin]'' provides the latest news of the Team's organizing work to everyone who is interested in Wikimania; it also gives the Team chances to announce calls for help/participation, so assistance in human and other resources can be sought in a wider range. ''Team Bulletin'' is published at [http://wikimania2007.wikimedia.org/ the official website of Wikimania 2007] and released to the public domain. [http://wikimania2007.wikimedia.org/wiki/Team_Bulletin/20061021 Issue 1] and [http://wikimania2007.wikimedia.org/wiki/Team_Bulletin/20061028 Issue 2] has already published.--[[User:218.166.212.246|218.166.212.246]] 02:08, 29 October 2006 (UTC) <!--- notes about interwikis: at ca:Viquipèdia:La taverna interwikis are (hidden) in ca:Template:Taverna , at fy:Wikipedy:Oerlis_side interwikis are (hidden) in fy:De_kroech , at he:ויקיפדיה:מזנון interwikis are (hidden) in he:תבנית:מזנון , at is:Wikipedia:Potturinn interwikis are (hidden) in is:Snið:Potturinn , at nl:Wikipedia:De kroeg interwikis are (hidden) in nl:Sjabloon:De kroeg ; to [[User:Gangleri|my]] opinion interwikis should not be used in templates, linking should be easy especially for "newbies" ---> [[af:Wikipedia:Geselshoekie]] [[ar:ويكيبيديا:الميدان]] [[bg:Уикипедия:Разговори]] [[br:Wikipedia:An ti-chopin]] [[bs:Wikipedia:Kahvana]] [[ca:Viquipèdia:La taverna]] [[cs:Wikipedie:Pod lípou]] [[cy:Wicipedia:Y Caffi]] [[da:Wikipedia:Landsbybrønden]] [[de:Wikipedia:Forum]] [[en:Wikipedia:Village pump]] [[eo:Vikipedio:Babilejo]] [[es:Wikipedia:Café]] [[et:Vikipeedia:Üldine arutelu]] [[eu:Wikipedia:Txokoa]] [[fr:Wikipédia:Le Bistro]] [[fi:Wikipedia:Kahvihuone]] [[fy:Wikipedy:Oerlis side]] [[ga:Vicipéid:Halla baile]] [[gl:Wikipedia:A Taberna]] [[gu:Wikipedia:ચોતરો]] [[he:ויקיפדיה:מזנון]] [[hi:विकिपीडिया:गाँव का पम्प]] [[hr:Wikipedia:Kafić]] [[hu:Wikipédia:Kocsmafal]] [[ia:Wikipedia:Taverna]] [[id:Wikipedia:Warung Kopi]] [[is:Wikipedia:Potturinn]] [[it:Wikipedia:Bar]] [[ja:Wikipedia:井戸端]] [[ko:위키백과:사랑방]] [[la:Wikipedia:Taberna]] [[lb:Wikipedia:De Stamminet]] [[li:Wikipedia:De kaffee]] [[mi:Wikipedia:Körero]] [[ms:Wikipedia:Kedai Kopi]] [[nah:Wikipedia:Tlatlahtoaloyan]] [[nb:Wikipedia:Vannposten]] [[nl:Wikipedia:De kroeg]] [[nn:Wikipedia:Samfunnshuset]] [[oc:Oiquipedià:La tavèrna]] [[pl:Wikipedia:Kawiarenka pod Wesołym Encyklopedystą]] [[pt:Wikipedia:Esplanada]] [[ro:Wikipedia:Cafenea]] [[ru:Википедия:Форум]] [[scn:Wikipedia:Circulu]] [[simple:Wikipedia:Simple talk]] [[sk:Wikipédia:Krčma]] [[sl:Wikipedija:Pod lipo]] [[sq:Wikipedia:Kuvendi]] [[sr:Википедија:Трг]] [[su:Wikipédia:Padungdengan]] [[sv:Wikipedia:Bybrunnen]] [[th:วิกิพีเดีย:สภากาแฟ]] [[vi:Wikipedia:Thảo Luận]] [[zh:Wikipedia:互助客栈]] 778 8812 2006-12-22T22:17:54Z Thijs!bot 143 robot Adding: [[arc:ܘܝܟܝܦܕܝܐ]] Removing: [[mo:Википедия]] '''Wikipedia''' easte un proectu internatsional cai va s-facã unã [[entsiclopedia]] completã shi orighinalã pi armãneashce cu colaboratsia-a cathi unãljei individua. Contsãnirea ali Wikipedia easte scriatã sum [[GNU Free Documentation License]], tsi va s-dzãcã cã easte dip liber. *[http://www.yamour.com/evolution/wikipedia.html Evolutsia ali Wikipedia tu chirolu] (norme di [http://www.yamour.com ufilizire]) [[af:Wikipedia]] [[als:Wikipedia]] [[am:ዊኪፔድያ]] [[an:Biquipedia]] [[ang:Wicipǣdia]] [[ar:ويكيبيديا]] [[arc:ܘܝܟܝܦܕܝܐ]] [[ast:Uiquipedia]] [[ay:Wikipedia]] [[bat-smg:Vikipedėjė]] [[be:Вікіпэдыя]] [[bg:Уикипедия]] [[bm:Wikipedia]] [[bn:উইকিপিডিয়া]] [[bpy:উইকিপিডিয়া]] [[br:Wikipedia]] [[bs:Wikipedia]] [[ca:Viquipèdia]] [[ceb:Wikipedya]] [[chr:ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ]] [[chy:Wikipedia]] [[co:Wikipedia]] [[cr:ᐎᑭᐱᑎᔭ]] [[cs:Wikipedie]] [[csb:Wikipedijô]] [[cu:Википедї]] [[cv:Википеди]] [[cy:Wicipedia]] [[da:Wikipedia]] [[de:Wikipedia]] [[diq:Wikipedia]] [[dv:ވިކިޕީޑިއާ]] [[el:Βικιπαίδεια]] [[en:Wikipedia]] [[eo:Vikipedio]] [[es:Wikipedia]] [[et:Vikipeedia]] [[eu:Wikipedia]] [[fa:ویکی‌پدیا]] [[fi:Wikipedia]] [[fiu-vro:Vikipeediä]] [[fj:Wikipedia]] [[fo:Wikipedia]] [[fr:Wikipédia]] [[frp:Vuiquipèdia]] [[fur:Vichipedie]] [[fy:Wikipedy]] [[ga:Vicipéid]] [[gd:Wikipedia]] [[gl:Wikipedia]] [[gu:વિકિપીડિયા]] [[gv:Wikipedia]] [[he:ויקיפדיה]] [[hi:विकिपीडिया]] [[hr:Wikipedija]] [[hsb:Wikipedija]] [[ht:Wikipedia]] [[hu:Wikipédia]] [[hy:Վիքիփեդիա]] [[ia:Wikipedia]] [[id:Wikipedia]] [[ilo:Wikipedia]] [[io:Wikipedio]] [[is:Wikipedia]] [[it:Wikipedia]] [[ja:ウィキペディア]] [[jbo:uikipedias]] [[jv:Wikipedia]] [[ka:ვიკიპედია]] [[kk:Уикипедия]] [[kl:Wikipedia]] [[kn:ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ]] [[ko:위키백과]] [[ksh:Wikkipedija]] [[ku:Wikipedia]] [[kw:Wikipedia]] [[la:Vicipaedia]] [[lad:ויקיפידיה]] [[lb:Wikipedia]] [[li:Wikipedia]] [[lmo:Wikipedia]] [[ln:Wikipedia]] [[lt:Vikipedija]] [[lv:Vikipēdija]] [[mg:Wikipedia]] [[mi:Wikipedia]] [[mk:Википедија]] [[ml:വിക്കിപീഡിയ]] [[mr:विकिपिडीया]] [[ms:Wikipedia]] [[mt:Wikipedija]] [[na:Wikipedia]] [[nah:Huiquipedia]] [[nds:Wikipedia]] [[nds-nl:Wikipedia]] [[ng:Wikipedia]] [[nl:Wikipedia]] [[nn:Wikipedia]] [[no:Wikipedia]] [[nrm:Viqùipédie]] [[oc:Wikipèdia]] [[os:Википеди]] [[pa:ਵਿਕਿਪੀਡਿਆ]] [[pap:Wikipedia]] [[pl:Wikipedia]] [[pt:Wikipédia]] [[qu:Wikipidiya]] [[rmy:Vikipidiya]] [[ro:Wikipedia]] [[ru:Википедия]] [[sc:Wikipedia]] [[scn:Wikipedia]] [[sco:Wikipaedia]] [[sh:Wikipedia]] [[si:විකිපීඩියා]] [[simple:Wikipedia]] [[sk:Wikipédia]] [[sl:Wikipedija]] [[so:Wikipedia]] [[sq:Wikipedia]] [[sr:Википедија]] [[su:Wikipédia]] [[sv:Wikipedia]] [[sw:Wikipedia]] [[ta:விக்கிபீடியா]] [[tg:Википедиа]] [[th:วิกิพีเดีย]] [[tl:Wikipedia]] [[tpi:Wikipedia]] [[tr:Vikipedi]] [[tt:Wikipedia]] [[uk:Вікіпедія]] [[uz:Vikipediya]] [[vec:Wikipedia]] [[vi:Wikipedia]] [[wa:Wikipedia]] [[war:Wikipedia]] [[yi:‫װיקיפּעדיע]] [[zh:维基百科]] [[zh-classical:維基大典]] [[zh-min-nan:Wikipedia]] [[zh-yue:維基百科]] 779 4806 2005-08-16T23:15:20Z E23 37 rv spam ==Pi armâneashti== Participats tu transpunerea pi [[armâneashti]] a licentsiljei GNU ti documentatsii liberâ. ==Pi inglezeashti== Version 1.2, November 2002 <pre> Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. </pre> 0. PREAMBLE The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others. This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software. We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law. 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For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text. A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition. The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License. 2. VERBATIM COPYING You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies. 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects. If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages. If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public. It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document. 4. MODIFICATIONS You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version: * A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission. * B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement. * C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher. * D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. * E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices. * F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below. * G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice. * H. Include an unaltered copy of this License. * I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence. * J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. * K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein. * L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. * M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version. * N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. * O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard. You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version. 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers. The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work. In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements." 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects. You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document. 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document. If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate. 8. TRANSLATION Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail. If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title. 9. TERMINATION You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance. 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/. Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. == How to use this License for your documents == To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page: Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this: with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation. If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software. ==Pi româneashti== <b>Licenţa GNU pentru Documentaţie liberă (GNU Free Documentation Licence)</b> versiunea 1.2 din noiembrie 2002. Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Oricine poate copia şi distribui copii identice ale acestui document, dar modificarea lui nu este permisă. 0. PREAMBUL Scopul acestei Licenţe este de a conferi unui set de instrucţiuni, manual şcolar sau altui document folositor "libertate", înţeleasă în sensul următor: asigură tuturor libertatea de a copia şi redistribui textul, cu sau fără modificări, în scopuri comerciale şi necomerciale. Ca scop secundar, această Licenţă rezervă pentru autor şi editor dreptul de a fi creditaţi pentru munca lor şi de a nu fi responsabili pentru modificările efectuate de alţii. Acestă Licenţă conferă un fel de "stânguri de autor" ("copyleft"), ceea ce înseamnă că lucrările derivate trebuie să fie şi ele libere în sensul de mai sus. Această Licenţă este inspirată de Licenţa Publică Generală GNU (GNU General Public License, GNU GPL), care este o licenţă similară concepută pentru a acoperi softul liber. Această Licenţă a fost scrisă pentru a acoperi manuale pentru soft liber, pentru că softul liber necesită documentaţie liberă: un program trebuie însoţit de manuale care oferă aceeaşi libertate în folosire ca şi softul. Acestă Licenţă nu este limitată la manuale pentru soft şi poate fi folosită pentru a acoperi orice lucrare, indiferent de subiect sau de modul de publicare. Această Licenţă este recomandată în principal pentru lucrări care servesc drept referinţă sau au fost scrise în scop de instruire. 1. APLICABILITATE ŞI DEFINIŢII Această Licenţă se aplică oricărui manual sau lucrări, în orice mediu, care conţine o notă inclusă de către deţinătorul dreptului de autor ce permite distribuţia sub acoperirea acestei Licenţe. Această notă conferă dreptul universal (world-wide), fără indemnizaţie şi nelimitat ca durată de a folosi această lucrare în condiţiile descrise de această Licenţă. Termenul "Documentul" folosit mai jos se referă la manualul sau lucrearea acoperită de Licenţă. Orice membru al publicului este un beneficiar al acestei Licenţe şi va fi desemnat prin termenul "Dvs." sau prin folosirea persoanei a doua. Se consideră în mod automat că aţi acceptat termenii acestei Licenţe dacă copiaţi, modificaţi sau distribuiţi Documentul într-un mod ce necesită permisiunea autorului în conformitate cu legea drepturilor de autor. O "Versiune Modificată" a Documentului este orice lucrare conţinând Documentul sau o porţiune din Document, copiată identic sau cu modificări şi/sau tradusă într-o altă limbă. O "Secţiune Secundară" este o anexă cu titlu, sau o secţiune menţionată în cuprins care are ca scop exclusiv descrierea relaţiei editorilor sau a autorilor Documentului cu subiectul Documentului (sau cu subiecte legate de acesta) şi care nu conţine subiecte incluse în mod direct în subiectul Documentului. (Aşadar, dacă Documentul este în parte manual de matematică, o Secţiune Secundară nu poate conţine explicaţii matematice.) Relaţia poate fi o conexiune istorică cu subiectul sau cu problemele înrudite cu subiectul, sau puncte de vedere legale, comerciale, filozofice, etice sau politice legate de acesta. "Secţiunile Invariante" sunt anumite Secţiuni Secundare ale căror titluri sunt specificate ca fiind titluri de Secţiuni Invariante din Document în nota ce permite distribuţia Documentului sub acoperirea acestei Licenţe. Dacă o secţiune nu este conformă cu definiţia de mai sus a unei Secţiuni Secundare ea nu poate fi desemnată drept Secţiune Invariantă. Documentul poate să nu conţină nici o Secţiune Invariantă. Dacă Documentul nu specifică nici o Secţiune Invariantă se consideră că nu există nici una. "Textele De Copertă" sunt pasaje scurte de text care sunt listate ca Texte Pentru Coperta I (coperta din faţă) şi Texte Pentru Coperta IV (coperta din spate) în nota ce permite distribuţia Documentului sub acoperirea acestei Licenţe. Un Text Pentru Coperta I poate avea cel mult 5 cuvinte, iar un Text Pentru Coperta IV poate avea cel mult 25 de cuvinte. O copie "Transparentă" a Documentului este o copie în format electronic, reprezentată într-un format a cărui specificaţie este disponibilă publicului, care este uşor de modificat folosind un editor de text generic sau (pentru imagini compuse din pixeli) un editor grafic generic sau (pentru desene) un editor larg răspândit de grafică vectorială, şi care poate fi folosit de către programe de formatare de text sau de către programe de conversie în alte formate care pot fi folosite ca intrare de către programe de formatare a textului. O copie făcută într-un format de fişier Transparent dar care prin prezenţa sau absenţa anumitor elemente specifice formatului descurajează sau împiedică modificările ulterioare nu este o copie Transparentă. Un format grafic - o imagine - nu este un format Transparent dacă este folosit pentru a reprezenta o cantitate substanţială de text. O copie care nu este "Transparentă" este "Opacă". Exemple de formate compatibile cu copiile Transparente includ: text ASCII fără marcare, format de intrare Texinfo, format de intrare LaTeX, SGML şi XML folosind un DTD public, HTML simplu şi standard, fişiere PostScript şi PDF modificabile. Exemple de formate Transparente pentru imagine includ PNG, XCF şi JPG. Formatele Opace includ formate de text ce pot fi citite şi editate doar de procesoare de text particulare (proprietary), SGML şi XML pentru care DTD-ul şi/sau uneltele de procesare nu sunt disponibile, HTML generat automat, documente PostScript şi PDF produse de diverse procesoare de text exclusiv în scopul printării/afişării. "Pagina de Titlu" înseamnă, pentru o carte tipărită, pagina cu titlul şi paginile următoare necesare pentru a tipări lizibil materialul care trebuie tipărit conform acestei Licenţe pe Pagina de Titlu. Pentru lucrări care nu au o pagină cu titlu propriu-zisă "Pagina de Titlu" este textul aflat lângă principala apariţie a titlului lucrării, precedând începutul corpului Documentului. O secţiune "Numită XYZ" este o secţiune din Document al cărei titlu este fie XYZ sau conţine XYZ în paranteze după textul care traduce XYZ în altă limbă. (Aici XYZ înlocuieşte nume specifice ce vor fi menţionate mai jos, ca de exemplu "Mulţumiri", "Dedicaţii", "Giruri" (Endorsement) şi "Istorie".) A "Păstra Titlul" unei astfel de secţiuni atunci când modificaţi Documentul înseamnă că aceasta rămâne "Numită XYZ" conform acestei definiţii. Documentul poate include Limitări de Responsabilitate (Warranty Disclaimers) ataşate notificării care afirmă că această Licenţă se aplică Documentului. Aceste Limitări de Responsabilitate se consideră a fi incluse pentru referinţă în această Licenţă: orice alte implicaţii pe care aceste Limitări de Responsabilitate le-ar putea avea sunt nule şi nu au nici un efect asupra înţelesului acestei Licenţe. 2. COPII IDENTICE Puteţi copia şi distribui Documentul pe orice mediu, comercial sau necomercial, atâta timp cât această Licenţă, notificările de drepturi de autor şi notificarea de licenţă care spune că această Licenţă se aplică acestui Document sunt reproduse în toate copiile, şi atâta timp cât nu adăugaţi nici un fel de altă condiţie în afară de cele prezente în această Licenţă. Nu aveţi dreptul să luaţi măsuri tehnice de a obstrucţiona sau controla citirea sau recopierea copiilor pe care le faceţi sau le distribuiţi. Aveţi totuşi dreptul să acceptaţi compensaţii în schimbul copiilor. Dacă distribuiţi un număr suficient de mare de copii trebuie să respectaţi şi condiţiile din secţiunea 3. Aveţi de asemenea dreptul să împrumutaţi copii în aceleaşi condiţii ca cele de mai sus, şi aveţi dreptul să afişaţi copii. 3. COPIEREA ÎN CANTITĂŢI MARI Dacă publicaţi copii tipărite (sau copii în medii care folosesc de obicei coperţi tipărite) ale Documentului, în număr mai mare de 100 şi dacă notificarea de licenţă a Documentului cere Texte de Copertă, trebuie să includeţi copiile pe coperţi care să conţină, clar şi lizibil, toate aceste Texte de Copertă: Textele Pentru Coperta I pe coperta I şi Texte Pentru Coperta IV pe coperta IV. Ambele coperţi trebuie de asemenea să vă identifice în mod clar şi lizibil ca editor al respectivelor copii. Coperta I trebuie să prezinte titlul în întregime, cu toate cuvintele din titlu la fel de vizibile şi proeminente. Puteţi adăuga alte materiale pe copertă în plus. Copierea cu modificările limitate la coperţi, atâta timp cât satisfac aceste condiţii, pot fi tratate în toate celelalte aspecte ca şi copii identice. Dacă textele necesare pentru oricare dintre coperţi sunt prea voluminoase pentru a încăpea în mod lizibil, trebuie să le includeţi pe primele în ordinea originală (atâtea câte încap în mod rezonabil) pe coperta efectivă şi să continuaţi cu restul pe pagini adiacente. Dacă publicaţi sau distribuiţi copii Opace ale documentului în număr mai mare de 100, trebuie ori să includeţi câte o copie Transparentă în format electronic împreună cu fiecare copie Opacă, sau să specificaţi în sau împreună cu fiecare copie Opacă o locaţie de reţea electronică la care publicul general care foloseşte reţeaua să aibă acces pentru a descărca, folosind un protocol standard public, copii complete Transparente ale documentului, fără adăugarea oricărui material adiţional. Dacă folosiţi a doua opţiune trebuie să faceţi demersuri rezonabil de prudente ca atunci când începeţi distribuirea copiilor Opace să vă asiguraţi că această copie Transparentă va rămâne accesibilă în acest fel la locaţia respectivă timp de cel puţin un an după distribuţia ultimei copii Opace (în mod direct sau prin agenţi sau distribuitori) a acelei ediţii pentru public. Se cere, dar nu în mod necesar, să contactaţi autorii Documentului cu o perioadă bună înainte de a distribui orice cantitate mare de copii, pentru a le da ocazia să vă pună la dispoziţie o versiune actualizată a Documentului. 4. MODIFICĂRI Puteţi copia şi distribui o Versiune Modificată a Documentului în condiţiile secţiunilor 2 şi 3 de mai sus, cu condiţia de a acoperi Versiunea Modificată sub exact această Licenţă, cu Versiunea Modificată ţinând locul Documentului, astfel licenţiind distribuirea şi modificările Versiunii Modificate oricui intră în posesia unei copii ale acesteia. În plus, trebuie să faceţi următoarele lucruri în Versiunea Modificată: * A. Folosiţi în Pagina de Titlu (şi pe coperţi, dacă există) un titlu diferit de cel al Documentului, şi de versiunile sale anterioare (care trebuie, dacă există, să fie listate în secţiunea de Istorie a Documentului). Puteţi folosi acelaşi titlu ca o versiune anterioară dacă editorul original al acelei copii vă dă permisiunea. * B. Listaţi pe Pagina de Titlu, ca autori, una sau mai multe dintre persoanele sau entităţile responsabile în calitate de autori pentru modificările Versiunii Modificate, împreună cu cel puţin cinci dintre autorii principali ai Documentului (toţi autorii principali, dacă are mai puţin de cinci), în afară de cazul că aceştia vă eliberează de această obligaţie. * C. Includeţi pe Pagina de Titlu numele editorului Versiunii Modificate în calitate de editor. * D. Păstraţi toate notificările de drepturi de autor ale Documentului. * E. Adăugaţi o notificare de drepturi de autori relevantă pentru modificările Dvs. adiacent celorlalte notificări de drepturi de autor. * F. Includeţi, imediat după notificările de drepturi de autor, o notificare de licenţă dând permisiune publică de a folosi Versiunea Modificată în condiţiile acestei Licenţe, sub forma prezentată în Apendicele de mai jos. * G. Păstraţi în acea notificare de licenţă lista integrală a Secţiunilor Invariante şi Textele de Copertă necesare date în notificarea de licenţă a Documentului. * H. Includeţi o copie nealterată a acestei Licenţe. * I. Păstraţi secţiunea Numită "Istorie", Păstraţi-i Titlul şi adăugaţi-i un element care să indice măcar titlul, anul, noii autori şi editorul Versiunii Modificate aşa cum este dat pe Pagina de Titlu. Dacă nu există o secţiune Numită "Istorie" în Document, creaţi una în care indicaţi titlul, anul, autorii şi editorul Documentului aşa cum este dat pe Pagina de Titlu al acestuia şi apoi adăugaţi un element care să descrie Versiunea Modificată aşa cum a fost cerut în fraza precedentă. * J. Păstraţi locaţia de reţea, dacă există, dată în Document pentru acces public la o copie Transparentă a Documentului, cât şi locaţiile de reţea date în Document pentru versiunile mai vechi pe care s-a bazat acesta. Acestea pot fi incluse în secţiunea Numită "Istorie". Puteţi omite locaţia de reţea a unei lucrări care a fost publicată cu cel puţin patru ani înainte de Documentul în sine, sau dacă editorul original al versiunii la care se referă vă dă permisiunea. * K. Pentru orice secţiune Numită "Mulţumiri" sau "Dedicaţii" Păstraţi Titlul secţiunii şi păstraţi în secţiunile respective toată substanţa şi tonul mulţumirilor şi dedicaţiilor fiecărui contribuitor. * L. Păstraţi toate Secţiunile Invariante ale Documentului, nealterate ca text şi ca titluri. Numerotarea secţiunilor sau echivalentul numerotării nu sunt considerate ca făcând parte din titlurile secţiunilor. * M. Ştergeţi orice secţiune Numită "Giruri". O astfel de secţiune nu poate fi inclusă în Versiunea Modificată. * N. Nu modificaţi titlul nici unei secţiuni existente pentru a fi Numită "Giruri" sau pentru a intra în conflict cu vreo Secţiune Invariantă. * O. Păstraţi toate Limitările de Responsabilitate. Dacă Versiunea Modificată include secţiuni noi incluse în titlu sau anexe care se califică drept Secţiuni Secundare şi nu conţin material copiat din Document, aveţi dreptul la alegerea Dvs. să numiţi unele sau toate acestea ca fiind secţiuni invariante. Pentru a face aceasta, adăugaţi-le titlurile la lista de Secţiuni Invariante în notificarea de licenţă a Versiunii Modificate. Aceste titluri trebuie să fie distincte faţă de toate celelalte titlurile de secţiune. Puteţi adăuga o secţiune Numită "Giruri" doar dacă aceasta conţine numai girurile a diverse entităţi asupra Versiunii Modificate - de exemplu recenzii sau faptul că textul a fost aprobat de o organizaţie ca fiind o definiţie autoritară a unui standard. Puteţi adăuga un pasaj de cel mult cinci cuvinte ca Text Pentru Coperta I şi un pasaj de cel mult 25 de cuvinte ca Text Pentru Coperta IV la sfârşitul Textelor De Copertă în Versiunea Modificată. Numai un singur pasaj poate fi adăugat la Textul Pentru Coperta I şi unul la Textul Pentru Coperta IV de către (sau prin aranjament cu) orice entitate. Dacă Documentul conţine deja texte de copertă pentru coperta respectivă, adăugat în prealabil de Dvs. sau prin aranjament cu aceeaşi entitate în numele căreia acţionaţi, atunci nu puteţi adăuga un altul, însă puteţi să-l înlocuiţi pe cel vechi numai cu permisiunea explicită a editorului anterior care l-a adăugat pe cel vechi. Autorul (autorii) şi editorul (editorii) Documentului nu vă dau prin această Licenţă permisiunea de a le folosi numele pentru publicitate sau pentru a pretinde sau implica vreo girare a oricărei Versiuni Modificate. 5. COMBINAREA DOCUMENTELOR Puteţi combina Documentul cu alte documente acoperite de această Licenţă sub termenii definiţi în secţiunea 4 de mai sus pentru versiuni modificate, cu condiţia să includeţi în versiunea combinată toate Secţiunile Invariante ale tuturor documentelor originale, nemodificate, şi să le listaţi pe toate ca Secţiuni Invariante ale versiunii combinate în notificarea de licenţă, cât şi să păstraţi toate Limitările de Responsabilitate. Versiunea modificată nu trebuie să conţină decât o singură copie a acestei Licenţe, iar duplicatele identice ale Secţiunilor Invariante pot fi înlocuite cu o singură copie. Dacă există Secţiuni Invariante cu nume identice şi conţinut diferit, schimbaţi-le numele adăugând la sfârşitul titlului, în paranteză, ori numele autorului sau al editorului original al acelei secţiuni dacă acesta este cunoscut, ori un număr unic. Faceţi aceleaşi modificări respective titlurilor secţiunilor în lista de Secţiuni Invariante din notificarea de licenţă a versiunii combinate. În versiunea combinată trebuie să combinaţi şi toate secţiunile Numite "Istorie" din diversele documente originale, creând o secţiune unică Numită "Istorie"; la fel trebuie să combinaţi şi toate secţiunile Numite "Mulţumiri" cât şi cele Numite "Dedicaţii". Trebuie să ştergeţi toate secţiunile Numite "Giruri". 6. COLECŢII DE DOCUMENTE Puteţi crea o colecţie formată din Document şi alte documente acoperite de această Licenţă şi să înlocuiţi copiile individuale ale acestei Licenţe din diversele documente cu o singură copie care să fie inclusă în colecţie cu condiţia să urmaţi regulile acestei Licenţe pentru copii identice pentru fiecare document în toate celelalte privinţe. Puteţi să extrageţi un document dintr-o astfel de colecţie şi să-l distribuiţi individual sub această Licenţă cu condiţia de a include o copie a acestei Licenţe în documentul extras şi să urmaţi condiţiile acestei Licenţe în toate celelalte privinţe în legătură cu copiile identice ale acelui document. 7. AGREGAREA CU LUCRĂRI INDEPENDENTE O compilaţie a Documentului sau a unui derivat al său cu orice document sau lucrare separată independentă, în sau pe un volum de stocare sau distribuire se numeşte "agregat" dacă drepturile de autor rezultate în urma compilării nu sunt folosite pentru a limita drepturile legale ale utilizatorilor compilaţiei mai mult decât permit lucrările individuale. Când Documentul este inclus într-un agregat, această Licenţă nu se aplică celorlalte lucrări din agregat care nu sunt ele însele rezultate derivate ale Documentului. Dacă cerinţele legate de Textele de Copertă din secţiunea 3 se aplică acestor copii ale Documentului, atunci dacă Documentul este mai puţin de jumătate din întregul agregat atunci Textele de Copertă ale Documentului pot fi puse pe coperţi care să separe Documentul în cadrul agregatului, sau pe un echivalent electronic al acestora, dacă Documentul se prezintă în format electronic. Altfel ele trebuie să apară pe coperţile tipărite care îmbracă întreg agregatul. 8. TRADUCERE Traducerea este considerată o formă de modificare, drept care puteţi distribui traduceri ale Documentului sub cerinţele secţiunii 4. Înlocuirea Secţiunilor Invariante cu traduceri ale acestora necesită permisiune specială din partea celor care deţin drepturile de autor, însă puteţi include traduceri ale unora dintre sau tuturor Secţiunilor Invariante împreună cu variantele originale ale acestora. Puteţi include o traducere a acestei Licenţe cât şi toate notificările de licenţă din Document, cât şi Limitările de Responsabilitate atâta timp cât includeţi şi versiunea originală în engleză a acestei Licenţe, plus versiunile originale ale respectivelor notificări de licenţă şi limitări de responsabilitate. În cazul apariţiei oricăror discrepanţe între versiunea tradusă şi versiunea originală a acestei Licenţe, a vreunei notificări de licenţă sau a vreunei limitări de responsabilitate, versiunea originală are prioritate. Dacă vreo secţiune din Document este Numită "Mulţumiri", "Dedicaţii" sau "Istorie" cerinţa (din secţiunea 4) de a-i Păstra Titlul (secţiunea 1) va necesita în mod normal schimbarea titlului în sine. 9. REZILIERE Nu puteţi copia, modifica, sublicenţia sau distribui Documentul decât în condiţiile specificate explicit în această Licenţă. Orice copiere, modificare sau redistribuire a Documentului în vreo altă condiţie este nulă şi vă va anula în mod automat drepturile conferite de această Licenţă. Pe de altă parte, terţilor cărora le veţi fi transmis copii sau drepturi în conformitate cu această Licenţă nu li se vor anula aceste drepturi atâta timp cât i se conformează. 10. VERSIUNI VIITOARE ALE ACESTEI LICENŢE Fundaţia Free Software (Free Software Foundation) poate publica versiuni noi, revizuite ale acestei Licenţe (GNU Free Documentation License) din timp în timp. Aceste noi versiuni vor păstra spiritul acestei versiuni dar pot diferi în privinţa detaliilor, cu scopul de a se adresa unor noi probleme reale sau potenţiale. Vezi http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/. Fiecărei versiuni ale acestei Licenţe îi este asociat un număr de versiune distinct. Dacă Documentul specifică un anumit număr de versiune "sau orice versiune ulterioară" al acestei Licenţe, aveţi de ales între a vă conforma termenilor şi condiţiilor ori ale versiunii specificate explicit sau ale oricărei variante ulterioare publicate (nu ca variantă preliminară) de către Free Software Foundation. Dacă Documentul nu specifică un număr de versiune al acestei Licenţe atunci puteţi alege orice versiune publicată (nu ca variantă preliminară) de către Free Software Foundation. [[ro:GNU FDL]] 780 2602 2004-06-21T10:12:00Z 213.164.241.16 #REDIRECT [[GNU FDL]] 781 2603 2004-06-21T10:16:53Z 213.164.241.16 #REDIRECT [[GNU FDL]] 782 sysop 2604 2004-07-24T01:42:20Z 207.142.131.244 <table> <tr><td align="right"><a href="/w/wiki.phtml?title=Special:Allpages&amp;from=Armaneashti" title ="Special:Allpages">Armaneashti</a></td><td> to </td><td align="left">Uichipedia:Zonâ di probâ</td></tr> </table> 783 5063 2005-11-08T04:10:30Z Korg 40 Rv : spam I'm sorry, I don't know where else to ask... I collect the word for the number 47 ("forty-seven") in as many languages as possible. Can someone please tell me how to say it in Aromanian? Thanks. - [[de:Benutzer:N-true|André]] ([mailto:andrew1985@gmx.de]) == Plural of Aromanian 'vatra'? == Hi, I want to ask what is the plural of Aromanian word 'vatra' eng. 'hearth, fire place' I found the singular form in Belimace poem but I need to know also the plural form. (Dimândarea pãrinteascã - Belimace) El în vatra-lji pãrinteascã Fumealjia s'nu-shi hãriseascã; Di fumelji curunji s'nu bashe, Nat în leagãn shi nu nfashe! Thanks and Best Regards, marius == Gand == Hey, how you doing. I'm a Romanian. I want to know whether Aromanians also have the word 'Gand' for 'thought' and 'Ganduri' (thoughts) as in Daco-Romanian. Thanks. [[User:64.12.116.10|64.12.116.10]] 06:53, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC) * Hi, if I remember correctly the word "gând" is of Hungarian origin. Beautiful word, by the way, great resonance espacially in plural form "gânduri" -- thanks, Hungary :) -- Adrian 'Gandi' (to think) is considered by many Romanian etymological dictionaries to be "from Hungarian", while 'Cugeta' (to think) is the original Romanian word inherited from Latin (>cogitare). Both are used in Daco-Romanian, and they're both nice words. Recently, a linguist (Sorin Paliga) has pointed out that even 'gand' may be native to Daco-Romanian, and he derives 'gand' from the Indo-European root *ghend, 'to grasp, hence to understand', from which comes the *hend part in 'comprehend'. The word may well be Indo-European, and not Finno-Ugric, thus not native to Hungarian at all, and both 'cugeta' (from Latin) and 'gandi' (from an Indo-European language) would be native to Daco-Romanian. This theory is supported by many cognates in Albanian, Greek, Latin, and Baltic. The Hungarian "etymology" is an old assumption. What I was asking here is whether or not the word is found in Aromanian---and the absence of the word (I assume it is absent) in Aromanian does not prove or even indicate a non-Indo-European origin for the word. (Decius) 784 7727 2006-09-25T23:32:03Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 I just made it in Aromanian, hope you won't get angry [[:ro:Utilizator:Danutz|Tu frãndzã-a ufilizãtorlui pi romãneashce]] 785 6732 2006-08-20T11:23:17Z Jean 119 Aista easti unâ '''listâ di ufilisitorlji''' ân proiectu [[Uichipedia]]. *[[User:Danutz|Danutz]] *[[User:Latinus|Latinus]] *[[User:Ronline|Ronline]] *[[User:Jean|Jean]] [[cs:Wikipedie:Wikipedisté]] [[da:Wikipedia:Wikipedianerer]] [[de:Wikipedia:Die Wikipedianer]] [[en:Wikipedia:Wikipedians]] [[eo:Vikipedio:Vikipediistoj]] [[es:Wikipedia:Wikipedistas]] [[fr:Wikipédia:Participants]] [[ko:위키백과:위키백과사전가]] [[nl:Wikipedia:Wikipedianen]] [[pl:Wikipedia:Twórcy Polskiej Wikipedii]] [[ro:Wikipedia:Wikipedist]] [[sl:Wikipedija:Wikipedisti]] [[simple:Wikipedians]] [[sv:Wikipedia:Wikipedianer]] [[zh:Wikipedia:Wikipedia&#20154;]] 786 7754 2006-09-28T20:29:57Z Danutz 4 [[:ro:Discuţie_Utilizator:Danutz|Tu padzina di discutsii]] '''armãneashce''' 787 2609 2004-07-07T08:46:47Z 80.23.201.173 Hehe, Am citit si eu oleaca di aromana si am inteles tot. Acuma vobesc oleaca cu antologisme desi eu sint moldovean si nu sint sigur ca sint multe cuvinte comune. Spor! Dalvi 788 2610 2004-07-07T10:46:47Z 193.230.240.14 Bine ai venit la Wikipedia. Te invităm să participi la proiectul nostru în cadrul Wikipediei pentru vorbitorii de limbă română (care reuneşte România, Republica Moldova, Bucovina, Voivodina şi restul ţărilor în care româna este vorbită). Adresa este http://ro.wikipedia.org/. 789 7079 2006-09-14T07:26:44Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Tată a nostru''' easte pãlãcãrie [[Creshtinism|crishcinã]]. ==Tatã a nostru pi armãneshce== Tatã a nostru<br> Cai eshci ãn tser,<br> S-ayisescã Numa a Ta,<br> S-yinã Vãsilia a Ta,<br> S-facă vrerea a Ta,<br> Ashi cum sh-ãn tser,<br> Ahi sh-pi tutã-n loc.<br> Pãne a nostrã atsea di cathi dzuã dã-nã-u a nao sh-azã<br> Shi ljartã-nã-le amãrtiile-a nostre<br> Ashi cumu le-ljirtãm shi noi-a tsilor cai nã-fac amãrtie.<br> Shi nu nã-du tu pirazmo,<br> ma aveglji-nã di atselu arãolu.<br> Cã a Ta easte Vãsilia shi Putere<br> a Tatãlui sh-a Hiljlui shi-a Spiritlui Ayiu,<br> Tora, totana shi tu eta etilor.<br> Amin. [[als:Vaterunser]] [[ang:Fæder ūre]] [[be:Ойча наш]] [[chr:ᎣᎩᏙᏓ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎮᎯ]] [[cs:Otčenáš]] [[da:Fader vor]] [[de:Vaterunser]] [[et:Meieisapalve]] [[es:Padrenuestro]] [[eo:Patro Nia]] [[fj:Lord's Prayer]] [[fo:Faðir vár]] [[fr:Notre Père]] [[fur:Pari Nestri]] [[gd:Urnaigh an Tighearna]] [[gl:Noso Pai]] [[got:𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰 𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌰𐍂]] [[ko:주기도문]] [[hi:विनय से स्वामी]] [[id:Bapa Kami]] [[io:Patro nia]] [[is:Faðir vor]] [[it:Padre Nostro]] [[jv:Kanjeng Rama]] [[kw:Pader]] [[ku:Bavê me]] [[la:Pater noster]] [[hu:Miatyánk]] [[mi:Inoi a te Ariki]] [[my:Lord's Prayer]] [[nl:Onzevader]] [[nds-nl:Onzevaor]] [[nds:Vadderunser]] [[ja:主の祈り]] [[no:Fader vår]] [[pl:Ojcze nasz]] [[pt:Pai Nosso]] [[ru:Отче Наш]] [[sm:Tatalo o le Alii]] [[sv:Herrens bön]] [[tl:Ama Namin]] [[th:การอธิษฐานของศาสนาคริสต์]] [[vo:Pleked Söla]] [[fiu-vro:Mi Esä]] [[zh:主禱文]] 790 2612 2004-08-07T16:39:46Z Danutz 4 Tatăl nostru moved to Tată a nostru #REDIRECT [[Tată a nostru]] 791 8739 2006-12-17T06:31:53Z Escarbot 112 robot Adding: ar, bg, bs, ca, el, et, eu, fa, fi, he, hr, it, ja, ka, lt, no, pt, ru, sk, sl, sr, tr, vi Modifying: es '''Mein Kampf''' carte tsi ira scriatã di [[Adolf Hitler]] tu anjlji [[1925]] shi [[1926]]. [[ar:كفاحي]] [[bg:Моята борба]] [[bs:Mein Kampf]] [[ca:Mein Kampf]] [[da:Mein Kampf]] [[de:Mein Kampf]] [[el:Ο Αγών μου]] [[en:Mein Kampf]] [[eo:Mein Kampf]] [[es:Mi lucha]] [[et:Mein Kampf]] [[eu:Mein Kampf]] [[fa:نبرد من]] [[fi:Taisteluni]] [[fr:Mein Kampf]] [[he:מיין קמפף]] [[hr:Mein Kampf]] [[id:Mein Kampf]] [[it:Mein Kampf]] [[ja:我が闘争]] [[ka:ჩემი ბრძოლა]] [[lt:Mano kova]] [[nl:Mein Kampf]] [[no:Mein Kampf]] [[pl:Mein Kampf]] [[pt:Mein Kampf]] [[ro:Mein Kampf]] [[ru:Моя борьба]] [[simple:Mein Kampf]] [[sk:Mein Kampf]] [[sl:Moj boj]] [[sr:Мајн кампф]] [[sv:Mein Kampf]] [[tr:Kavgam (kitap)]] [[vi:Mein Kampf]] [[zh:我的奋斗]] 792 8755 2006-12-18T00:46:04Z Thijs!bot 143 robot Removing: [[mo:Гречия]] [[Image:Flag of Greece.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Gãrtsia]] [[Image:Coat of arms of Greece.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Gãrtsia]] [[Image:LocationGreece.png|thumb|250px|right|Gãrtsia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Gãrtsia''' icã '''Elladhã''' (gãr:''Ελληνική Δημοκρατία'') easte un stat tu Not-Datlu ali [[Europa]] membru ali [[Unia Europeanã]]. S-pistipseashce cã Gãrtsia easte protlu stat tu Balcanlu. Populatsia ali Gãrtsie easte misticatã, ma nai cama mare parte u-fac Gretslji, cai sãntu nai cama vecljul lao tu [[Europa]], cu tsivilizatsia tsi s-duse pãnã la chirolu al Alexandru atsel Marle, a di alante ethnie sãntu shi: Armãnjlji, Slavovurgãrlji, Turtsãlji shi Arbineshlji. Capitala: [[Athina]] (Αθήνα) *[[Machedonia Gãrtseascã|Machedonia Gãrtsescã]] *[http://www.olympion.de/greek-embassies-worldwide.html Lista di ambashadile ali Gãrtsia tu Lume] [[Category:Europa]] [[category:Unia Europeanã]] [[category:Stat]] [[Category:Gãrtsia]] [[af:Griekeland]] [[als:Griechenland]] [[an:Grezia]] [[ar:يونان]] [[arc:ܝܘܢܢ]] [[ast:Grecia]] [[az:Yunanıstan]] [[bat-smg:Graikėjė]] [[be:Грэцыя]] [[bg:Гърция]] [[bn:গ্রীস]] [[br:Gres (bro)]] [[bs:Grčka]] [[ca:Grècia]] [[cs:Řecko]] [[cy:Gwlad Groeg]] [[da:Grækenland]] [[de:Griechenland]] [[el:Ελλάδα]] [[en:Greece]] [[eo:Grekio]] [[es:Grecia]] [[et:Kreeka]] [[eu:Grezia]] [[fa:یونان]] [[fi:Kreikka]] [[fiu-vro:Kriika]] [[fo:Grikkaland]] [[fr:Grèce]] [[fy:Grikelân]] [[ga:An Ghréig]] [[gd:A' Ghrèig]] [[gl:Grecia - Ελλάδα]] [[he:יוון]] [[hi:ग्रीस]] [[hr:Grčka]] [[hsb:Grjekska]] [[hu:Görögország]] [[hy:Հունաստան]] [[ia:Grecia]] [[id:Yunani]] [[ilo:Grecia]] [[io:Grekia]] [[is:Grikkland]] [[it:Grecia]] [[ja:ギリシャ]] [[ka:საბერძნეთი]] [[ko:그리스]] [[ku:Yewnanistan]] [[kw:Pow Grek]] [[la:Graecia]] [[lb:Griicheland]] [[li:Griekeland]] [[lt:Graikija]] [[lv:Grieķija]] [[mk:Грција]] [[ml:ഗ്രീസ്]] [[ms:Yunani]] [[na:Greece]] [[nds:Grekenland]] [[nds-nl:Griekenlaand]] [[ne:ग्रीस]] [[nl:Griekenland]] [[nn:Hellas]] [[no:Hellas]] [[oc:Grècia]] [[os:Греци]] [[pam:Greece]] [[pl:Grecja]] [[pms:Grecia]] [[ps:يونان]] [[pt:Grécia]] [[qu:Grisiya]] [[ro:Grecia]] [[ru:Греция]] [[scn:Grecia]] [[sh:Grčka]] [[simple:Greece]] [[sk:Grécko]] [[sl:Grčija]] [[sq:Greqia]] [[sr:Грчка]] [[sv:Grekland]] [[tet:Grésia]] [[tg:Юнон]] [[th:ประเทศกรีซ]] [[tl:Gresya]] [[tpi:Gris]] [[tr:Yunanistan]] [[udm:Греция]] [[ug:گرېتسىيە]] [[uk:Греція]] [[vi:Hy Lạp]] [[vo:Grikän]] [[zh:希腊]] [[zh-min-nan:Hi-lia̍p]] 793 8731 2006-12-15T22:42:49Z Thijs!bot 143 robot Modifying: [[oc:Macedònia (estat)]], [[uk:Македонія]] [[Image:Macedonia.JPG|180px|thumb|Machedonia]] '''Machedonia''' ( [[Limba gãrtseascã|el]]: ''Μακεδονία'', [[Limba vurgarica|bg]]: ''Македония'' [[limba slavovurgarica|mk]]: ''Македонија'') easte raion tu Peninsula Balcanicã, [[Evropa|Europa]]. Machidunia, pi teritoria di azã pricad: *52% [[Gãrtsia]] ([[Machedonia Gãrtseascã|Machedonia Gãrtsescã]]), *38% [[Republica Ex-Iugoslavã ali Machedonia|REI Machedonia]] ([[Machedonia di Avardarlu]]) shi *10% [[Vurgaria]] ([[Pirin Machedonia|Machedonia di Pirinlu]]). Cãsãbãlu capital: [[Sãrunã]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[als:Republik Makedonien]] [[ar:مقدونيا]] [[arc:ܡܩܕܘܢܝܐ]] [[ast:República de Macedonia]] [[be:Рэспубліка Македонія]] [[bg:Република Македония]] [[br:Republik Makedonia]] [[bs:Republika Makedonija]] [[ca:República de Macedònia]] [[cs:Republika Makedonie]] [[cy:Gweriniaeth Macedonia]] [[da:Makedonien]] [[de:Mazedonien]] [[el:Πρώην Γιουγκοσλαβική Δημοκρατία της Μακεδονίας]] [[en:Republic of Macedonia]] [[eo:Respubliko de Makedonio]] [[es:República de Macedonia]] [[et:Makedoonia]] [[eu:Mazedoniako Errepublika]] [[fa:مقدونیه]] [[fi:Makedonian tasavalta]] [[fiu-vro:Makõdoonia]] [[fr:Macédoine (pays)]] [[fy:Masedoanje]] [[gl:Macedonia (ARIM) - Македонија (ПЈРМ)]] [[he:מקדוניה]] [[hr:Republika Makedonija]] [[hsb:Makedonska]] [[hu:Macedónia]] [[hy:Մակեդոնիա]] [[id:Republik Makedonia]] [[io:Macedonia]] [[is:Lýðveldið Makedónía]] [[it:Repubblica di Macedonia]] [[ja:マケドニア共和国]] [[ko:마케도니아 공화국]] [[ku:Komara Makedonyayê]] [[li:Macedonië (land)]] [[lt:Makedonija]] [[lv:Maķedonijas Republika]] [[mk:Република Македонија]] [[ms:Republik Macedonia]] [[nds:Makedonien (Land)]] [[ne:म्यासेडोनिया]] [[nl:Macedonië (land)]] [[nn:Republikken Makedonia]] [[no:Republikken Makedonia]] [[oc:Macedònia (estat)]] [[pam:Republic of Macedonia]] [[pl:Macedonia]] [[ps:مقدونيه]] [[pt:República da Macedónia]] [[rmy:Republika Makedoniya]] [[ro:Republica Macedonia]] [[ru:Республика Македония]] [[scn:Macidonia (ex Ripubblica jugoslava di)]] [[se:Makedonia]] [[sh:Republika Makedonija]] [[simple:Republic of Macedonia]] [[sk:Macedónsko]] [[sl:Makedonija]] [[sq:Ish Republika Jugosllave e Maqedonisë]] [[sr:Република Македонија]] [[sv:Makedonien]] [[tg:Ҷумҳурии Мақдуния]] [[th:สาธารณรัฐมาซิโดเนีย]] [[tl:Republika ng Masedonya]] [[tr:Makedonya Cumhuriyeti]] [[ug:ماكېدونىيە]] [[uk:Македонія]] [[vo:Makedonän]] [[zh:馬其頓共和國]] [[zh-min-nan:Makedonija Kiōng-hô-kok]] 794 8732 2006-12-15T22:43:32Z Thijs!bot 143 robot Adding: am, be, ca, cs, cu, cy, et, fa, fy, hsb, hu, hy, ka, lt, lv, no, rmy, sh, tg, tr, vo Modifying: la '''Scopia''' easte cãsãbãlu capital ali [[Republica Machedonia|REIMachedonia]]. [[Image:Sobranie-Makedonija.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Parlamentu ali [[Republica Machedonia|REI Machedonia]], Scopia]] [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Machedonia]] --> [[am:ስኮፕዬ]] [[ar:سكوبيه]] [[ast:Skopje]] [[be:Скоп'е]] [[bg:Скопие]] [[bs:Skoplje]] [[ca:Skopje]] [[cs:Skopje]] [[cu:Съкопиѥ]] [[cy:Skopje]] [[da:Skopje]] [[de:Skopje]] [[el:Σκόπια]] [[en:Skopje]] [[eo:Skopjo]] [[es:Skopje]] [[et:Skopje]] [[fa:اسکوپیه]] [[fi:Skopje]] [[fr:Skopje]] [[fy:Skopje]] [[he:סקופיה]] [[hr:Skoplje]] [[hsb:Skopje]] [[hu:Szkopje]] [[hy:Սկոպյե]] [[id:Skopje]] [[io:Skopje]] [[it:Skopje]] [[ja:スコピエ]] [[ka:სკოპიე]] [[ko:스코페]] [[la:Scupi]] [[lt:Skopjė]] [[lv:Skopje]] [[mk:Скопје]] [[nl:Skopje]] [[no:Skopje]] [[pl:Skopje]] [[pt:Skopje]] [[rmy:Skopiye]] [[ro:Skopje]] [[ru:Скопье]] [[sh:Skoplje]] [[sk:Skopje]] [[sq:Shkupi]] [[sr:Скопље]] [[sv:Skopje]] [[tg:Скопе]] [[tr:Üsküp]] [[vo:Skopje]] [[zh:斯科普里]] 795 5745 2006-01-18T14:09:08Z Latinus 79 aest easti aromânã, nu dacoromânã! ''Aest articol easti ciot shi âncâ ân constructsie'' 796 5021 2005-09-06T13:58:17Z 83.146.9.230 #REDIRECT [[Vurgarii]] 797 2619 2004-12-26T01:00:08Z 213.164.241.16 '''Serbii''' easti unâ tsarâ tu [[Evropa]]. [[en:Serbia]] 798 8810 2006-12-22T13:49:50Z Ahoerstemeier 105 rm spam [[Image:Flag of Albania.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Arbinishia]] [[Image:Albania state emblem.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Arbinishia]] [[Image:LocationAlbania.png|thumb|250px|right|Arbinishia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Arbinishia''' ('''Shqipëria''') easte stat tu [[Balcan|Balcanlu]] tu Not-Datlu ali [[Europa]]. * [http://www.albaniantourism.com/ National Tourism Organization] Albania's official website for travel & tourism information. [[category:Europa]] [[category:Stat]] [[af:Albanië]] [[als:Albanien]] [[an:Albania]] [[ang:Albania]] [[ar:ألبانيا]] [[ast:Albania]] [[be:Альбанія]] [[bg:Албания]] [[bn:আলবেনিয়া]] [[br:Albania]] [[bs:Albanija]] [[ca:Albània]] [[chr:ᎠᎸᏇᏂᏯ]] [[cs:Albánie]] [[cy:Albania]] [[da:Albanien]] [[de:Albanien]] [[el:Αλβανία]] [[en:Albania]] [[eo:Albanio]] [[es:Albania]] [[et:Albaania]] [[eu:Albania]] [[fa:آلبانی]] [[fi:Albania]] [[fiu-vro:Albaania]] [[fo:Albania]] [[fr:Albanie]] [[fur:Albanie]] [[fy:Albaanje]] [[ga:An Albáin]] [[gd:Albàinia]] [[gl:Albania - Shqipëria]] [[he:אלבניה]] [[hi:अल्बानिया]] [[hr:Albanija]] [[ht:Albani]] [[hu:Albánia]] [[hy:Ալբանիա]] [[ia:Albania]] [[id:Albania]] [[io:Albania]] [[is:Albanía]] [[it:Albania]] [[ja:アルバニア]] [[ka:ალბანეთი]] [[km:អាល់បានី]] [[ko:알바니아]] [[ku:Elbanya]] [[kw:Albani]] [[la:Albania]] [[lb:Albanien]] [[li:Albanië]] [[lt:Albanija]] [[lv:Albānija]] [[mg:Albania]] [[mk:Албанија]] [[ms:Albania]] [[mt:Albanija]] [[na:Albania]] [[nds:Albanien]] [[ne:अल्बानिया]] [[nl:Albanië]] [[nn:Albania]] [[no:Albania]] [[oc:Albania]] [[pam:Albania]] [[pdc:Albaani]] [[pl:Albania]] [[ps:البانيا]] [[pt:Albânia]] [[qu:Albaniya]] [[rmy:Shkiperiya]] [[ro:Albania]] [[ru:Албания]] [[sa:अल्बानिया]] [[scn:Albanìa]] [[se:Albánia]] [[simple:Albania]] [[sk:Albánsko]] [[sl:Albanija]] [[sq:Shqipëria]] [[sr:Албанија]] [[sv:Albanien]] [[th:ประเทศแอลเบเนีย]] [[tl:Albanya]] [[tr:Arnavutluk Cumhuriyeti]] [[udm:Албания]] [[ug:ئالبانىيە]] [[uk:Албанія]] [[vi:Albania]] [[vo:Lalbanän]] [[zh:阿尔巴尼亚]] [[zh-min-nan:Shqipëria]] [[zh-yue:阿爾巴尼亞]] 799 8791 2006-12-19T11:57:12Z TXiKiBoT 147 robot Adding: [[mo:Ӂермания]], [[ru-sib:Германия]] [[Image:Flag of Germany.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Ghermãnia]] [[Image:Coat of Arms of Germany.svg|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Germãnia]] [[Image:LocationGermany.png|thumb|250px|right|Ghermãnia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Republica Federalã Ghermãnia''' (de:'''Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''')easte stat tu [[Unia Europeanã]], [[Europa]]. Cama marle cãsãbadz tu Ghermãnia sãntu: *[[Berlin]] *[[Bonn]] *[[Dresden]] *[[Frankfurt am Main]] *[[Freiburg]] *[[Hamburg]] *[[Köln]] *[[Mannheim]] *[[München]] *[[Stuttgart]] == Ligãturi == * [http://www.germanygate.com Germany] - Porta-a Ghermãniiljei [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Stat]] [[Category:Unia Europeanã]] [[Category:Stat ghermanofonic]] [[af:Duitsland]] [[als:Deutschland]] [[am:ጀርመን]] [[an:Alemaña]] [[ang:Þēodiscland]] [[ar:ألمانيا]] [[arc:ܓܪܡܢ]] [[ast:Alemaña]] [[az:Almaniya]] [[bar:Deitschlånd]] [[be:Нямеччына]] [[bg:Германия]] [[br:Alamagn]] [[bs:Njemačka]] [[ca:Alemanya]] [[cs:Německo]] [[csb:Miemieckô]] [[cv:Германи]] [[cy:Yr Almaen]] [[da:Tyskland]] [[de:Deutschland]] [[el:Γερμανία]] [[en:Germany]] [[eo:Germanio]] [[es:Alemania]] [[et:Saksamaa]] [[eu:Alemania]] [[fa:آلمان]] [[fi:Saksa]] [[fiu-vro:S'aksamaa]] [[fo:Týskland]] [[fr:Allemagne]] [[frp:Alemagne]] [[fur:Gjermanie]] [[fy:Dútslân]] [[ga:An Ghearmáin]] [[gd:A' Ghearmailt]] [[gl:Alemaña - Deutschland]] [[gn:Alemaña]] [[gv:Yn Ghermaan]] [[he:גרמניה]] [[hi:जर्मनी]] [[hr:Njemačka]] [[hsb:Němska]] [[hu:Németország]] [[hy:Գերմանիա]] [[ia:Germania]] [[id:Jerman]] [[ig:Germany]] [[ilo:Alemania]] [[io:Germania]] [[is:Þýskaland]] [[it:Germania]] [[ja:ドイツ]] [[jbo:dotygu'e]] [[jv:Jerman]] [[ka:გერმანია]] [[kk:Алмания]] [[kn:ಜರ್ಮನಿ]] [[ko:독일]] [[ku:Almanya]] [[kw:Almayn]] [[la:Germania]] [[lb:Däitschland]] [[lg:Girimane]] [[li:Duutsjlandj]] [[lmo:Discüssiun sura la fundazziun]] [[ln:Alémani]] [[lt:Vokietija]] [[lv:Vācija]] [[mi:Tiamana]] [[mk:Германија]] [[mo:Ӂермания]] [[mr:जर्मनी]] [[ms:Jerman]] [[mt:Ġermanja]] [[na:Germany]] [[nah:Teutōtitlan]] [[nds:Düütschland]] [[nds-nl:Duutslaand]] [[ne:जर्मनी]] [[nl:Duitsland]] [[nn:Tyskland]] [[no:Tyskland]] [[nrm:Allemangne]] [[oc:Alemanha]] [[os:Герман]] [[pam:Germany]] [[pdc:Deitschland]] [[pl:Niemcy]] [[pms:Germania]] [[ps:جرمني/آلمان]] [[pt:Alemanha]] [[qu:Alimaniya]] [[rm:Germania]] [[rmy:Jermaniya]] [[ro:Germania]] [[ru:Германия]] [[ru-sib:Германия]] [[sc:Germània]] [[scn:Girmania]] [[sco:Germany]] [[se:Duiska]] [[sh:Nemačka]] [[simple:Germany]] [[sk:Nemecko]] [[sl:Nemčija]] [[so:Jarmalka]] [[sq:Gjermania]] [[sr:Немачка]] [[st:Tôitšhi]] [[su:Jėrman]] [[sv:Tyskland]] [[sw:Ujerumani]] [[ta:ஜெர்மனி]] [[tet:Alemaña]] [[tg:Олмон]] [[th:ประเทศเยอรมนี]] [[tl:Alemanya]] [[tpi:Siaman]] [[tr:Almanya]] [[ty:Heremani]] [[udm:Германия]] [[ug:گېرمانىيە]] [[uk:Німеччина]] [[uz:Olmoniya]] [[vec:Germania]] [[vi:Đức]] [[vls:Duutsland]] [[vo:Deutän]] [[yi:דייטשלאנד]] [[yo:Jámánì]] [[zh:德国]] [[zh-classical:德意志]] [[zh-min-nan:Tek-kok]] [[zh-yue:德國]] [[zu:IJalimani]] 800 8770 2006-12-19T07:31:02Z TXiKiBoT 147 robot Adding: [[mo:2004]] {| align=right cellpadding=3 id=toc style="margin-left: 15px;" |- | align="center" colspan=2 | <small>'''Ani:'''</small><br> [[2001]] [[2002]] [[2003]] - [[2004]] - [[2005]] [[2006]] [[2007]] |- | align="center" colspan=2 | <small>'''[[Decenii]]:'''</small> <br> [[1970s]] [[1980s]] [[1990s]] - '''[[2000s]]''' - [[2010s]] [[2020s]] [[2030s]] |- | align="center" | <small>'''[[Secole]]:'''</small> <br> [[20th century]] - '''[[21st century]]''' - [[22nd century]] <hr> |} __NOTOC__ ===Evenimente=== ===Amintari=== ===Decese=== ===Premii Nobel=== [[af:2004]] [[als:2004]] [[am:2004 እ.ኤ.አ.]] [[an:2004]] [[ar:2004]] [[ast:2004]] [[be:2004]] [[bg:2004]] [[bn:২০০৪]] [[bpy:মারি ২০০৪]] [[bs:2004]] [[ca:2004]] [[cr:2004]] [[cs:2004]] [[csb:2004]] [[cv:2004]] [[cy:2004]] [[da:2004]] [[de:2004]] [[el:2004]] [[en:2004]] [[eo:2004]] [[es:2004]] [[et:2004]] [[eu:2004]] [[fi:2004]] [[fo:2004]] [[fr:2004]] [[frp:2004]] [[fur:2004]] [[fy:2004]] [[ga:2004]] [[gd:2004]] [[gl:2004]] [[he:2004]] [[hi:२००४]] [[hr:2004]] [[hu:2004]] [[hy:2004]] [[ia:2004]] [[id:2004]] [[io:2004]] [[is:2004]] [[it:2004]] [[ja:2004年]] [[ka:2004]] [[kn:೨೦೦೪]] [[ko:2004년]] [[ksh:Joohr 2004]] [[ku:2004]] [[kw:2004]] [[la:2004]] [[lb:2004]] [[li:2004]] [[lmo:2004]] [[lt:2004]] [[mi:2004]] [[mk:2004]] [[mo:2004]] [[ms:2004]] [[na:2004]] [[nap:2004]] [[nds:2004]] [[nds-nl:2004]] [[nl:2004]] [[nn:2004]] [[no:2004]] [[nrm:2004]] [[os:2004]] [[pl:2004]] [[pms:2004]] [[pt:2004]] [[ro:2004]] [[ru:2004 год]] [[scn:2004]] [[se:2004]] [[sh:2004]] [[simple:2004]] [[sk:2004]] [[sl:2004]] [[sm:2004]] [[sq:2004]] [[sr:2004]] [[su:2004]] [[sv:2004]] [[sw:2004]] [[ta:2004]] [[te:2004]] [[th:พ.ศ. 2547]] [[tl:2004]] [[tpi:2004]] [[tr:2004]] [[tt:2004]] [[uk:2004]] [[ur:2004ء]] [[uz:2004]] [[vec:2004]] [[vi:2004]] [[wa:2004]] [[yi:2004]] [[zh:2004年]] [[zh-min-nan:2004 nî]] [[zh-yue:2004年]] 801 8785 2006-12-19T10:33:35Z TXiKiBoT 147 robot Adding: am, bar, bat-smg, gv, hsb, jbo, lij, mt, pdc, rm, ru-sib, so, vec, yo, zh-classical Modifying: br, zh-min-nan '''Europa''' easte un [[continent]]. [[Image:LocationEurope.png|thumb|250px|right|Harta di lume iu s-veade Europa]] [[Image:Europe countries map en.png|thumb|250px|right|Harta politicã]] ==Staturi== *[[Arbinishia]] *[[Arusia]] *[[Arusia albã]] *[[Austria]] *[[Belghia]] *[[Bosna shi Hertsegovina]] *[[Britania Mare]] *[[Cehia]] *[[Chipro]] *[[Croatia]] *[[Danimarca]] *[[Estonia]] *[[Finlanda]] *[[Gallia]] *[[Gãrtsia]] *[[Ghermãnia]] *[[Ghibraltar]] *[[Irlanda]] *[[Islanda]] *[[Ispania]] *[[Italia]] *[[Letonia]] *[[Litva]] *[[Luxemburg]] *[[Malta]] *[[Moldova]] *[[Monaco]] *[[Montenegro]] *[[Norveghia]] *[[Olanda]] *[[Portogallia]] *[[Polandia]] *[[Republica Ex-Iugoslavã ali Machedonia]] *[[Romãnia]] *[[San Marino]] *[[Sãrghia]] *[[Shwaitsã]] *[[Slovachia]] *[[Slovenia]] *[[Suidia]] *[[Turchia]] *[[Ucraina]] *[[Ungaria]] *[[Vatican]] *[[Vurgaria]] Categoria:[[Category:Europa]] [[af:Europa]] [[als:Europa]] [[am:አውሮፓ]] [[an:Europa]] [[ang:Europa]] [[ar:أوروبا]] [[arc:ܝܘܐܪܘܦܐ]] [[ast:Europa]] [[ay:Iwrupa]] [[az:Avropa]] [[bar:Europa]] [[bat-smg:Euruopa]] [[be:Эўропа]] [[bg:Европа]] [[bn:ইউরোপ]] [[bo:ཡོ་རོབ་གླིང་]] [[br:Europa (kevandir)]] [[bs:Evropa]] [[ca:Europa]] [[chr:ᎡᎶᏆ]] [[co:Europa]] [[cs:Evropa]] [[csb:Eùropa]] [[cv:Европа]] [[cy:Ewrop]] [[da:Europa]] [[de:Europa]] [[el:Ευρώπη]] [[en:Europe]] [[eo:Eŭropo]] [[es:Europa]] [[et:Euroopa]] [[eu:Europa]] [[fa:اروپا]] [[fi:Eurooppa]] [[fo:Evropa]] [[fr:Europe]] [[frp:Eropa]] [[fur:Europe]] [[fy:Jeropa]] [[ga:An Eoraip]] [[gd:An Roinn-Eòrpa]] [[gl:Europa]] [[gn:Europa]] [[gu:યુરોપ]] [[gv:Yn Europey]] [[haw:ʻEulopa]] [[he:אירופה]] [[hi:यूरोप]] [[hr:Europa]] [[hsb:Europa]] [[ht:Ewòp]] [[hu:Európa]] [[ia:Europa]] [[id:Eropa]] [[io:Europa]] [[is:Evrópa]] [[it:Europa]] [[ja:ヨーロッパ]] [[jbo:rontu'a]] [[ka:ევროპა]] [[kk:Еуропа]] [[kn:ಯೂರೋಪ್]] [[ko:유럽]] [[ksh:Europa (Kontinänt)]] [[ku:Ewropa]] [[kw:Europa]] [[la:Europa]] [[lb:Europa (Kontinent)]] [[li:Europa]] [[lij:Euròpa]] [[lmo:Europa]] [[lo:ເອີລົບ]] [[lt:Europa]] [[lv:Eiropa]] [[mi:Ūropi]] [[mk:Европа]] [[mo:Еуропа]] [[ms:Eropah]] [[mt:Ewropa]] [[my:ဥရောပ]] [[na:Iurop]] [[nah:Eutlocpan]] [[nds:Europa]] [[nds-nl:Europa (continent)]] [[ne:युरोप]] [[nl:Europa (continent)]] [[nn:Europa]] [[no:Europa]] [[nrm:Ûrope]] [[oc:Euròpa]] [[os:Европæ]] [[pdc:Eiropaa]] [[pl:Europa]] [[pt:Europa]] [[qu:Iwrupa]] [[rm:Europa]] [[rmy:Europa]] [[ro:Europa]] [[ru:Европа]] [[ru-sib:Европа]] [[sc:Europa]] [[scn:Europa]] [[sco:Europe]] [[se:Eurohpá]] [[sh:Evropa]] [[simple:Europe]] [[sk:Európa]] [[sl:Evropa]] [[so:Yurub]] [[sq:Evropa]] [[sr:Европа]] [[st:Europa]] [[sv:Europa]] [[sw:Ulaya]] [[ta:ஐரோப்பா]] [[tg:Аврупо]] [[th:ทวีปยุโรป]] [[tk:Ýewropa]] [[tl:Europa]] [[tpi:Yurop]] [[tr:Avrupa]] [[udm:Европа]] [[ug:ياۋروپا]] [[uk:Європа]] [[uz:Yevropa]] [[vec:Eoropa]] [[vi:Châu Âu]] [[wa:Urope]] [[war:Europa]] [[wo:Óróop]] [[yi:אייראפע]] [[yo:Yúróòpù]] [[zh:欧洲]] [[zh-classical:歐羅巴洲]] [[zh-min-nan:Europa]] [[zh-yue:歐洲]] 802 2624 2004-09-25T11:36:47Z Davidcannon 13 {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} 803 2625 2004-10-15T13:59:02Z Bgbot 14 Bgbot's main task '''Bgbot''' is a bot which is primarily active on [[:bg:|Bulgarian Wikipedia]]. Its main task on other wikipedias consists of making of bg: interwikis. The bot was developed by [[:bg:Потребител:Borislav|User:Borislav]], so any possible complaints about it should be [[:bg:Потребител беседа:Borislav|directed]] to him :-). [[bg:Потребител:Bgbot]] 804 2626 2004-10-16T09:48:58Z Bgbot 14 Bgbot's talk page on bg: <div class="toccolours" style="text-align:center">Please, use the [[:bg:Потребител беседа:Bgbot|'''Bgbot's talk page on bg:''']].</div> 805 2627 2004-10-16T12:19:23Z 80.222.209.112 http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/JPN-aromana.html 806 2628 2004-11-13T07:38:06Z KIZU 6 I am request for changing my user name to '''Aphaia'''.--[[User:KIZU|KIZU]] 07:38, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC) 807 6114 2006-04-05T12:01:46Z Al 91 #redirect[[Românii]] [[en:Romania]] [[bg:&#1056;&#1091;&#1084;&#1098;&#1085;&#1080;&#1103;]] [[cs:Rumunsko]] [[cy:Romania]] [[da:Rumænien]] [[de:Rumänien]] [[et:Rumeenia]] [[es:Rumanía]] [[eo:Rumanio]] [[fr:Roumanie]] [[gd:Romàinia]] [[io:Rumania]] [[ia:Romania]] [[is:Rúmenía]] [[it:Romania]] [[he:&#1512;&#1493;&#1502;&#1504;&#1497;&#1492;]] [[la:Romania]] [[lv:Rum&#257;nija]] [[lt:Rumunija]] [[hu:Románia]] [[ms:Romania]] [[nl:Roemenië]] [[ja:&#12523;&#12540;&#12510;&#12491;&#12450;]] [[no:Romania]] [[nds:Rumänien]] [[pl:Rumunia]] [[pt:Roménia]] [[ro:România]] [[ru:&#1056;&#1091;&#1084;&#1099;&#1085;&#1080;&#1103;]] [[scn:Rumania]] [[simple:Romania]] [[sk:Rumunsko]] [[sl:Romunija]] [[fi:Romania]] [[sv:Rumänien]] [[tokipona:ma Lomani]] [[tr:Romanya]] [[uk:&#1056;&#1091;&#1084;&#1091;&#1085;&#1110;&#1103;]] [[wa:Roumaneye]] [[zh:&#32645;&#39340;&#23612;&#20126;]] 808 5024 2005-09-15T03:43:59Z 86.34.2.15 809 sysop 5068 2005-11-09T23:04:15Z MediaWiki default [[$1]] moved to [[$2]] over redirect 810 sysop 6250 2006-07-01T19:05:38Z MediaWiki default /* CSS placed here will affect users of the Monobook skin */ 811 sysop 6946 2006-08-31T19:10:48Z MediaWiki default /* tooltips and access keys */ var ta = new Object(); ta['pt-userpage'] = new Array('.','My user page'); ta['pt-anonuserpage'] = new Array('.','The user page for the ip you\'re editing as'); ta['pt-mytalk'] = new Array('n','My talk page'); ta['pt-anontalk'] = new Array('n','Discussion about edits from this ip address'); ta['pt-preferences'] = new Array('','My preferences'); ta['pt-watchlist'] = new Array('l','The list of pages you\'re monitoring for changes.'); ta['pt-mycontris'] = new Array('y','List of my contributions'); ta['pt-login'] = new Array('o','You are encouraged to log in, it is not mandatory however.'); ta['pt-anonlogin'] = new Array('o','You are encouraged to log in, it is not mandatory however.'); ta['pt-logout'] = new Array('o','Log out'); ta['ca-talk'] = new Array('t','Discussion about the content page'); ta['ca-edit'] = new Array('e','You can edit this page. Please use the preview button before saving.'); ta['ca-addsection'] = new Array('+','Add a comment to this discussion.'); ta['ca-viewsource'] = new Array('e','This page is protected. You can view its source.'); ta['ca-history'] = new Array('h','Past versions of this page.'); ta['ca-protect'] = new Array('=','Protect this page'); ta['ca-delete'] = new Array('d','Delete this page'); ta['ca-undelete'] = new Array('d','Restore the edits done to this page before it was deleted'); ta['ca-move'] = new Array('m','Move this page'); ta['ca-watch'] = new Array('w','Add this page to your watchlist'); ta['ca-unwatch'] = new Array('w','Remove this page from your watchlist'); ta['search'] = new Array('f','Search this wiki'); ta['p-logo'] = new Array('','Main Page'); ta['n-mainpage'] = new Array('z','Visit the Main Page'); ta['n-portal'] = new Array('','About the project, what you can do, where to find things'); ta['n-currentevents'] = new Array('','Find background information on current events'); ta['n-recentchanges'] = new Array('r','The list of recent changes in the wiki.'); ta['n-randompage'] = new Array('x','Load a random page'); ta['n-help'] = new Array('','The place to find out.'); ta['n-sitesupport'] = new Array('','Support us'); ta['t-whatlinkshere'] = new Array('j','List of all wiki pages that link here'); ta['t-recentchangeslinked'] = new Array('k','Recent changes in pages linked from this page'); ta['feed-rss'] = new Array('','RSS feed for this page'); ta['feed-atom'] = new Array('','Atom feed for this page'); ta['t-contributions'] = new Array('','View the list of contributions of this user'); ta['t-emailuser'] = new Array('','Send a mail to this user'); ta['t-upload'] = new Array('u','Upload images or media files'); ta['t-specialpages'] = new Array('q','List of all special pages'); ta['ca-nstab-main'] = new Array('c','View the content page'); ta['ca-nstab-user'] = new Array('c','View the user page'); ta['ca-nstab-media'] = new Array('c','View the media page'); ta['ca-nstab-special'] = new Array('','This is a special page, you can\'t edit the page itself.'); ta['ca-nstab-project'] = new Array('a','View the project page'); ta['ca-nstab-image'] = new Array('c','View the image page'); ta['ca-nstab-mediawiki'] = new Array('c','View the system message'); ta['ca-nstab-template'] = new Array('c','View the template'); ta['ca-nstab-help'] = new Array('c','View the help page'); ta['ca-nstab-category'] = new Array('c','View the category page'); 812 sysop 2634 2005-06-25T11:20:47Z MediaWiki default About {{SITENAME}} 813 sysop 2635 2005-06-25T11:20:47Z MediaWiki default Sorry, you have already created $1 accounts. You can't make any more. 814 sysop 2636 2005-06-25T11:20:47Z MediaWiki default Add Group 815 sysop 2637 2005-06-25T11:20:47Z MediaWiki default All articles 816 sysop 2638 2005-06-25T11:20:47Z MediaWiki default Combined display of upload, deletion, protection, blocking, and sysop logs. You can narrow down the view by selecting a log type, the user name, or the affected page. 817 sysop 6263 2006-07-01T19:05:38Z MediaWiki default '''Special:Allmessages''' cannot be used because '''$wgUseDatabaseMessages''' is switched off. 818 sysop 6265 2006-07-01T19:05:38Z MediaWiki default Your current interface language <b>$1</b> is not supported by Special:Allmessages at this site. 819 sysop 2641 2005-06-25T11:20:47Z MediaWiki default Display pages starting at: $1 820 sysop 2642 2005-06-25T11:20:47Z MediaWiki default Choose namespace: $1 $2 821 sysop 2643 2005-06-25T11:20:47Z MediaWiki default All pages ($1 namespace) 822 sysop 2644 2005-06-25T11:20:47Z MediaWiki default Next 823 sysop 2645 2005-06-25T11:20:47Z MediaWiki default Previous 824 sysop 2646 2005-06-25T11:20:47Z MediaWiki default Go 825 sysop 2647 2005-06-25T11:20:47Z MediaWiki default Apr 826 sysop 2648 2005-06-25T11:20:47Z MediaWiki default April 827 sysop 2649 2005-06-25T11:20:47Z MediaWiki default (articles) 828 sysop 2650 2005-06-25T11:20:47Z MediaWiki default asksql level 829 sysop 8578 2006-11-15T16:08:13Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 Avg 830 sysop 2652 2005-06-25T11:20:47Z MediaWiki default August 831 sysop 2653 2005-06-25T11:20:47Z MediaWiki default Can't delete this article because it contains block-compressed revisions. This is a temporary situation which the developers are well aware of, and should be fixed within a month or two. Please mark the article for deletion and wait for a developer to fix our buggy software. 832 sysop 2654 2005-06-25T11:20:47Z MediaWiki default block level 833 sysop 2655 2005-06-25T11:20:47Z MediaWiki default The following categories exist in the wiki. 834 sysop 6291 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default There {{PLURAL:$1|is one article|are $1 articles}} in this category. 835 sysop 2657 2005-06-25T11:20:47Z MediaWiki default There is $1 article in this category. 836 sysop 6297 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default '''Note:''' After saving, you may have to bypass your browser's cache to see the changes. '''Mozilla / Firefox / Safari:''' hold down ''Shift'' while clicking ''Reload'', or press ''Ctrl-Shift-R'' (''Cmd-Shift-R'' on Apple Mac); '''IE:''' hold ''Ctrl'' while clicking ''Refresh'', or press ''Ctrl-F5''; '''Konqueror:''': simply click the ''Reload'' button, or press ''F5''; '''Opera''' users may need to completely clear their cache in ''Tools→Preferences''. 837 sysop 5551 2005-12-22T07:36:10Z MediaWiki default Please note that all contributions to {{SITENAME}} may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you don't want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then don't submit it here.<br /> You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see $1 for details). <strong>DO NOT SUBMIT COPYRIGHTED WORK WITHOUT PERMISSION!</strong> 838 sysop 2660 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default createaccount level 839 sysop 2661 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Page credits 840 sysop 2662 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Current events 841 sysop 6305 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default Current revision 842 sysop 2664 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Data 843 sysop 2665 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Dec 844 sysop 2666 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default December 845 sysop 2667 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default default 846 sysop 2668 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Deleted old revision $1. 847 sysop 3634 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Delete all revisions of this file 848 sysop 2670 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default delete level 849 sysop 2671 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Edit Group 850 sysop 2672 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Editing $1 (comment) 851 sysop 2673 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Editing $1 (section) 852 sysop 2674 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Edit User Groups 853 sysop 2675 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default The file you uploaded seems to be empty. This might be due to a typo in the file name. Please check whether you really want to upload this file. 854 sysop 2676 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Feb 855 sysop 2677 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default February 856 sysop 2678 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default A file with this name exists already, please check $1 if you are not sure if you want to change it. 857 sysop 2679 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default File missing 858 sysop 2680 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Friday 859 sysop 2681 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default GEO coordinates 860 sysop 2682 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default - 861 sysop 2683 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default The filename "$1" contains characters that are not allowed in page titles. Please rename the file and try uploading it again. 862 sysop 5865 2006-02-26T02:03:19Z MediaWiki default Limit images on image description pages to: 863 sysop 2685 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Information 864 sysop 2686 2005-06-25T11:20:48Z MediaWiki default Information for page 865 sysop 2687 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Jan 866 sysop 2688 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default January 867 sysop 2689 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Jul 868 sysop 2690 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default July 869 sysop 2691 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Jun 870 sysop 2692 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default June 871 sysop 2693 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Admins list 872 sysop 2694 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default cont. 873 sysop 2695 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Logs 874 sysop 2696 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Mar 875 sysop 2697 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default March 876 sysop 2698 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Mark as patrolled 877 sysop 3277 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default [$1] 878 sysop 2700 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Mark this article as patrolled 879 sysop 2701 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Marked as patrolled 880 sysop 2702 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default The selected revision has been marked as patrolled. 881 sysop 2703 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default May 882 sysop 2704 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default May 883 sysop 2705 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Monday 884 sysop 2706 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default HTML if possible or else PNG 885 sysop 2707 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default MathML if possible (experimental) 886 sysop 2708 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Recommended for modern browsers 887 sysop 2709 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Always render PNG 888 sysop 2710 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default HTML if very simple or else PNG 889 sysop 2711 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Leave it as TeX (for text browsers) 890 sysop 2712 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default newbies 891 sysop 4216 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Gallery of new files 892 sysop 2714 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default (opens in new window) 893 sysop 4848 2005-08-19T23:34:26Z MediaWiki default Next diff → 894 sysop 2716 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Next page ($1) 895 sysop 4850 2005-08-19T23:34:26Z MediaWiki default Newer revision→ 896 sysop 2718 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default There is no credits info available for this page. 897 sysop 2719 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default Nothing to see. 898 sysop 4255 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default <strong>WARNING: Your browser is not unicode compliant. A workaround is in place to allow you to safely edit articles: non-ASCII characters will appear in the edit box as hexadecimal codes.</strong> 899 sysop 2721 2005-06-25T11:20:49Z MediaWiki default There is no user by the name "$1". Check your spelling. 900 sysop 2722 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Nov 901 sysop 2723 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default November 902 sysop 2724 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Number of distinct authors (article): $1 903 sysop 2725 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Number of edits (article): $1 904 sysop 2726 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Number of distinct authors (discussion page): $1 905 sysop 2727 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Number of edits (discussion page): $1 906 sysop 2728 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Number of watchers: $1 907 sysop 2729 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Oct 908 sysop 2730 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default October 909 sysop 2731 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default others 910 sysop 4853 2005-08-19T23:34:26Z MediaWiki default ← Previous diff 911 sysop 4855 2005-08-19T23:34:26Z MediaWiki default ←Older revision 912 sysop 2734 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Protect from moves only 913 sysop 2735 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=$1 914 sysop 2736 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default This preference only works in the 'Standard' and the 'CologneBlue' skin. 915 sysop 3311 2005-07-03T13:26:01Z MediaWiki default Special:Random 916 sysop 2738 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Recent Changes Patrol disabled 917 sysop 2739 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default The Recent Changes Patrol feature is currently disabled. 918 sysop 2740 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Special:Recentchanges 919 sysop 2741 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Revision as of $1; $2<br />$3 | $4 920 sysop 2742 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Saturday 921 sysop 2743 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Save Group 922 sysop 2744 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Save User Groups 923 sysop 4861 2005-08-19T23:34:27Z MediaWiki default → 924 sysop 2746 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Sep 925 sysop 2747 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default September 926 sysop 3332 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default This file is a shared upload and may be used by other projects. 927 sysop 2749 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Download high resolution version ($1x$2, $3 KB) 928 sysop 2750 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default siteadmin level 929 sysop 2751 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default - 930 sysop 2752 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Site Settings 931 sysop 2753 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Page caching 932 sysop 2754 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Cookies 933 sysop 2755 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Debugging 934 sysop 2756 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Features 935 sysop 2757 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Images 936 sysop 2758 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Memcache Daemon 937 sysop 2759 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Performance 938 sysop 2760 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Permissions 939 sysop 2761 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default User banning 940 sysop 2762 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Performance settings 941 sysop 2763 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Maintenance mode: Disable write access 942 sysop 2764 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Whitelist mode 943 sysop 2765 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Allow to include external images into articles 944 sysop 2766 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default By default, blocks expire after: 945 sysop 2767 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default When in miser mode, disable all query pages, not only "expensive" ones 946 sysop 2768 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Hit counter update frequency 947 sysop 2769 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Enable miser mode, which disables most "expensive" features 948 sysop 2770 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Readonly mode 949 sysop 2771 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Readonly message file 950 sysop 2772 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Show IP in header (for non-logged in users) 951 sysop 2773 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Sysops may block IP-ranges 952 sysop 2774 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Sysops may block logged-in users 953 sysop 2775 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Enable experimental dmoz-like category browsing. Outputs things like: Encyclopedia > Music > Style of Music > Jazz 954 sysop 2776 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Enable categories 955 sysop 2777 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Use database messages for user interface labels 956 sysop 2778 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Generate a watchlist once every hour or so 957 sysop 2779 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default The hour or so mentioned above (in seconds): 958 sysop 2780 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Developers may create accounts for users 959 sysop 2781 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Sysops may create accounts for users 960 sysop 2782 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Users may create accounts themself 961 sysop 2783 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Users must be logged in to edit 962 sysop 2784 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Anonymous users may only read these pages: 963 sysop 2785 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Project:Site support 964 sysop 2786 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default The following text is what triggered our spam filter: $1 965 sysop 2787 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default &nbsp; 966 sysop 2788 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default &nbsp; 967 sysop 6517 2006-07-01T19:05:42Z MediaWiki default There {{PLURAL:$1|is one subcategory|are $1 subcategories}} to this category. 968 sysop 2790 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default There is $1 subcategory to this category. 969 sysop 2791 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Sunday 970 sysop 2792 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default From {{SITENAME}} 971 sysop 2793 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Templates used on this page: 972 sysop 2794 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Thursday 973 sysop 2795 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Time zone 974 sysop 2796 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Edit pages on double click (JavaScript) 975 sysop 2797 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Enable section editing via [edit] links 976 sysop 2798 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Enable section editing by right clicking<br /> on section titles (JavaScript) 977 sysop 2799 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Edit box has full width 978 sysop 2800 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Hide minor edits in recent changes 979 sysop 2801 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Format broken links <a href="" class="new">like this</a> (alternative: like this<a href="" class="internal">?</a>). 980 sysop 2802 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Show hoverbox over wiki links 981 sysop 2803 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Justify paragraphs 982 sysop 2804 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Mark all edits minor by default 983 sysop 2805 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Disable page caching 984 sysop 2806 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Auto-number headings 985 sysop 2807 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Show preview on first edit 986 sysop 3349 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Show preview before edit box 987 sysop 8278 2006-10-25T19:52:25Z MediaWiki default 129 Remember my login on this computer 988 sysop 4565 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Show table of contents (for pages with more than 3 headings) 989 sysop 3352 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Show edit toolbar (JavaScript) 990 sysop 5201 2005-11-09T23:04:46Z MediaWiki default Underline links: 991 sysop 3353 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Enhanced recent changes (JavaScript) 992 sysop 6088 2006-03-28T06:29:00Z MediaWiki default Add pages I edit to my watchlist 993 sysop 2815 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Tuesday 994 sysop 2816 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Uncategorized categories 995 sysop 2817 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Uncategorized pages 996 sysop 2818 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default $1 revisions restored 997 sysop 2819 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default The file is corrupt or has an incorrect extension. Please check the file and upload again. 998 sysop 2820 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default 1 Set first character to "0" to disable the new category page layout. 999 sysop 2821 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default User levels management 1000 sysop 2822 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Add group 1001 sysop 2823 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Edit group 1002 sysop 2824 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Group description (max 255 characters):<br /> 1003 sysop 2825 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Group name: 1004 sysop 2826 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Edit user groups 1005 sysop 2827 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Existent groups: 1006 sysop 2828 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Available groups: 1007 sysop 2829 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Select groups you want the user to be removed from or added to. Unselected groups will not be changed. You can unselect a group by using CTRL + Left Click 1008 sysop 2830 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Member of: 1009 sysop 2831 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Manage group rights 1010 sysop 2832 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Manage user groups 1011 sysop 2833 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Enter a username: 1012 sysop 2834 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default userrights level 1013 sysop 2835 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default List of validated articles 1014 sysop 3377 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Clear my older validation data 1015 sysop 3381 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default '''Hint:''' Merging your data means that for the article revision you select, all options where you have specified ''no opinion'' will be set to the value and comment of the most recent revision for which you have expressed an opinion. For example, if you want to change a single option for a newer revision, but also keep your other settings for this article in this revision, just select which option you intend to ''change'', and merging will fill in the other options with your previous settings. 1016 sysop 2838 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Use my previous assessment where selected 'No opinion' 1017 sysop 2839 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default You have to be logged in to validate an article. 1018 sysop 2840 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default No opinion 1019 sysop 2841 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Page validation statistics for $1 1020 sysop 2842 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default <b>$1%</b><br />($2 of $3 points<br />by $4 users) 1021 sysop 2843 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default <b>$1%</b><br />($2 of $3 points<br />by one user) 1022 sysop 2844 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Validation statistics for this article 1023 sysop 2845 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Validate 1024 sysop 5605 2005-12-22T07:36:15Z MediaWiki default <tr><th>Class</th>$1<th colspan="4">Opinion</th>$1<th>Comment</th></tr> 1025 sysop 2847 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default this is the latest version 1026 sysop 2848 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Total 1027 sysop 2849 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default This user has validated $1 pages. 1028 sysop 2850 2005-06-25T11:20:50Z MediaWiki default Only articles can be validated. 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Angâtanu, câtse altâ turlii alutusits. Itsi s-hibâ, ca hara ca ahurhitu! This article seems to have the same topic as [[Sârbii]]. Which one has the correct writing? The other one should be turned into a redirect. --[[User:Proofreader|Proofreader]] 15:08, 22 April 2006 (UTC) 1044 2866 2004-12-25T18:57:27Z 84.243.66.200 Idyea aua: Va anyrâpseari "tu Evropa". 1045 2867 2004-12-25T19:00:09Z 84.243.66.200 More, more, tsi nu s-fatsi aua: "tu Gârtsii". 1046 2868 2004-12-25T19:01:02Z 84.243.66.200 rivista easti "unâ", nu "o". 1047 2869 2004-12-25T19:03:57Z 84.243.66.200 Maca anyrapsits armâneashti, mutrits tu cărtsâ. Ari lucri di mari sinferu ti tuts. 1048 2870 2004-12-26T18:16:05Z 84.243.66.190 Mutrits ninti tu dictsionaru, antribats, shi deapoa anyrapsits! Avemu armâneashti "pâlâcârii", catse bâgămu zboari xeani? 1049 7077 2006-09-14T07:22:28Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Talk:Tată a nostru]] moved to [[Talk:Tatã a nostru]] __TOC__ == ... == Aua avets pâlâcâria pi armâneashti. Tatăl a nostru cari eshtsâ tu tseru (analtu), s-aisească numa a Ta, s-yină amirâriljea a Ta, s-facă voljea a Ta, ashi cumu tu tseru (analtu), ashi shi pisti locu. Pânea a noastră atsea di cathi dzuuâ dă-nâ u a nau azâ shi nă li ljartă amărtiljili a noastri ashi cumu li ljirtămu shi noi a câbâtladzloru a noshtsâ. Sh-nu nâ du tu alutuseari, ama aveaglji-nă di atselu arăulu. Că a Ta easti amirâriljea shi putearea Tu numa a Tatălui sh-Hiljiui sh-Duhlui Sâmtu, tora, totâna sj-tu eta a etiloru. Amin. == [[Tată a nostru]] - [[Tatãl-a nostru]] == * Există precum [[Tată a nostru]] şi [[Tatãl-a nostru]]. [[User:Gangleri|Gangleri]] 13:32, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC) 1050 5830 2006-02-25T07:16:41Z 194.150.216.12 Dupâ un studiu tsi ar faptâ Institutlu di Geografii ningâ Academia di Shtiintsâ dit Arbinushii, cu sondaji shi cu lugurii statistici, spuni câ tu Arbinushii suntu 139.000 di oaminj dit etnia armânâ. Aestâ cifrâ nu âlji ari arisitâ a multsâ oaminj aua, tu Arbinushii, shi pi frândzâli a efimeridelor suntu tipusiti multi articuli tsi arucâ hima fârâ argumenti aestâ cifrâ. Sutsata a noastrâ (Armânjlji dit Arbinushii) easti sinfunâ cu studiili tsi ari faptâ Institutlu di Geografii shi Profesor Arqile Bërxolli au faptâ multi muabetsâ tsi cu argumenti aparâ studiili di populatsii. Tutâ aestâ iasti tipusitu shi tu Atlaslu ali populatsiljei, pi dauâ limbi (albanezâ shi anglicheashti) JG 1051 2873 2005-01-25T04:53:26Z っ 18 [[ja:利用者:っ]] 1052 2874 2005-03-18T22:39:34Z Gangleri 19 #wikipedia-balkan __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ ===== [[commons:User:Gangleri]] ===== [[Image:Redirect arrow.png|left]] ::* [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikipedia-balkan #wikipedia-balkan] ::* [[:de:Benutzer:Gangleri]] ::* [[:en:User:Gangleri]] ::* [[:eo:Vikipediisto:Gangleri]] ::* [[:is:Notandi:Gangleri]] ::* [[:ro:Utilizator:Gangleri]] ::* '''[[meta:User:Gangleri]]''' [[de:Benutzer:Gangleri]] [[en:User:Gangleri]] [[eo:Vikipediisto:Gangleri]] [[is:Notandi:Gangleri]] [[ro:Utilizator:Gangleri]] 1053 2875 2005-02-05T11:19:09Z Gangleri 19 __TOC__ 1054 7610 2006-09-21T10:04:49Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Limbi]] moved to [[Limbe]] 1055 7850 2006-10-03T15:09:27Z 82.171.215.71 Redirecting to [[Limba armãneascã]] #REDIRECT [[Limba armãneascã]] 1056 2878 2005-03-04T13:09:36Z Danutz 4 Gârtsii moved to Gârţii #REDIRECT [[Gârţii]] 1057 2879 2005-03-04T13:09:51Z Danutz 4 Talk:Gârtsii moved to Talk:Gârţii #REDIRECT [[Talk:Gârţii]] 1058 2880 2005-03-04T13:11:21Z Danutz 4 Uichipedia:Fântânâ moved to Uichipedia:Fântâna #REDIRECT [[Uichipedia:Fântâna]] 1059 7677 2006-09-22T16:53:04Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Flag of Albania.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Arbinishia]] [[Image:Albania state emblem.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Arbinishia]] [[Image:LocationAlbania.png|thumb|250px|right|Arbinishia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Arbinishia''' ('''Shqipëria''') easte stat tu [[Balcan|Balcanlu]] tu Not-Datlu ali [[Europa]]. ==Stat== Republika e Shqipërisë * loc 28 748 km² * populatsia 3,581,656 (2006) ==Cãsãbãlu capital== *[[Tirana]] *http://www.tirana.gov.al ==Ligãturã== *http://www.shqiperia.com [[category:Europa]] [[category:Stat]] [[af:Albanië]] [[als:Albanien]] [[ang:Albania]] [[ar:ألبانيا]] [[an:Albania]] [[ast:Albania]] [[bn:আলবেনিয়া]] [[zh-min-nan:Shqipëria]] [[be:Альбанія]] [[bs:Albanija]] [[br:Albania]] [[bg:Албания]] [[ca:Albània]] [[cs:Albánie]] [[cy:Albania]] [[da:Albanien]] [[pdc:Albaani]] [[de:Albanien]] [[et:Albaania]] [[el:Αλβανία]] [[en:Albania]] [[es:Albania]] [[eo:Albanio]] [[eu:Albania]] [[fa:آلبانی]] [[fo:Albania]] [[fr:Albanie]] [[fy:Albaanje]] [[fur:Albanie]] [[ga:An Albáin]] [[gd:Albàinia]] [[gl:Albania - Shqipëria]] [[ko:알바니아]] [[hy:Ալբանիա]] [[hi:अल्बानिया]] [[hr:Albanija]] [[io:Albania]] [[id:Albania]] [[ia:Albania]] [[is:Albanía]] [[it:Albania]] [[he:אלבניה]] [[ka:ალბანეთი]] [[kw:Albani]] [[ht:Albani]] [[ku:Elbanya]] [[la:Albania]] [[lv:Albānija]] [[lb:Albanien]] [[lt:Albanija]] [[li:Albanië]] [[hu:Albánia]] [[mk:Албанија]] [[mg:Albania]] [[mt:Albanija]] [[ms:Albania]] [[na:Albania]] [[nl:Albanië]] [[ne:अल्बानिया]] [[ja:アルバニア]] [[no:Albania]] [[nn:Albania]] [[oc:Albania]] [[ug:ئالبانىيە]] [[pam:Albania]] [[ps:البانيا]] [[km:អាល់បានី]] [[nds:Albanien]] [[pl:Albania]] [[pt:Albânia]] [[ro:Albania]] [[rmy:Shkiperiya]] [[qu:Albaniya]] [[ru:Албания]] [[se:Albánia]] [[sa:अल्बानिया]] [[sq:Shqipëria]] [[scn:Albanìa]] [[simple:Albania]] [[sk:Albánsko]] [[sl:Albanija]] [[sr:Албанија]] [[fi:Albania]] [[sv:Albanien]] [[tl:Albanya]] [[th:ประเทศแอลเบเนีย]] [[vi:Albania]] [[chr:ᎠᎸᏇᏂᏯ]] [[tr:Arnavutluk Cumhuriyeti]] [[udm:Албания]] [[uk:Албанія]] [[vo:Lalbanän]] [[fiu-vro:Albaania]] [[zh-yue:阿爾巴尼亞]] [[zh:阿尔巴尼亚]] 1060 7409 2006-09-18T20:22:42Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Flag of Serbia (state).svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Sãrghia]] [[Image:Coat of arms of Serbia.svg|thumb|150px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Sãrghia]] [[Image:LocationSerbia.png|thumb|250px|right|Sãrghia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Republica Sãrghia''' (sr: '''Republika Srbija''') easte stat tu [[Europa]]. <br>Cãsãbãlu capital:[[Biligrad]] [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Stat]] [[als:Serbien]] [[an:Serbia]] [[ast:Serbia]] [[bg:Сърбия]] [[bs:Srbija]] [[ca:Sèrbia]] [[chr:ᏎᎸᏈᏯ]] [[cs:Srbsko]] [[cy:Serbia]] [[da:Serbien]] [[de:Serbien]] [[el:Σερβία]] [[en:Serbia]] [[eo:Serbio]] [[es:Serbia]] [[et:Serbia]] [[eu:Serbia]] [[fi:Serbia]] [[fr:Serbie]] [[fy:Servje]] [[gl:Serbia - Србија]] [[he:סרביה]] [[hr:Srbija]] [[ht:Sèbi]] [[hu:Szerbia]] [[id:Serbia]] [[is:Serbía]] [[it:Serbia]] [[ja:セルビア]] [[ka:სერბეთი]] [[ko:세르비아]] [[la:Serbia]] [[li:Servië]] [[lt:Serbija]] [[lv:Serbija]] [[mk:Србија]] [[ms:Serbia]] [[nap:Serbia]] [[ne:सर्बिया]] [[nl:Servië]] [[nn:Serbia]] [[no:Serbia]] [[pl:Serbia]] [[pt:Sérvia]] [[ru:Сербия]] [[scn:Serbia]] [[sh:Srbija]] [[simple:Serbia]] [[sk:Srbsko]] [[sl:Srbija]] [[sq:Serbia]] [[sr:Србија]] [[sv:Serbien]] [[th:ประเทศเซอร์เบีย]] [[tl:Serbya]] [[tr:Sırbistan]] [[ug:سېربىيە]] [[uk:Сербія]] [[uz:Serbiya]] [[zh:塞尔维亚]] [[zh-min-nan:Srbija]] [[zh-yue:塞爾維亞]] 1061 8776 2006-12-19T09:00:11Z TXiKiBoT 147 robot Adding: [[frp:Roumanie]], [[mo:Ромыния]], [[sw:Romania]] [[Image:Flag of Romania.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Romãnia]] [[Image:Romania Coat of Arms.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Romãnia]] [[Image:LocationRomania.png|thumb|250px|right|Romãnia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Romãnia''' (''România'') easte stat tu [[Europa]]. <br>Cãsãbãlu capital easte [[Bucureshti|Bucureshci]]. [[Image:Roumanie_carte.png||250px|thumb|right|Harta-a Romãniiljei]] [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Stat]] [[af:Roemenië]] [[als:Rumänien]] [[am:ሮማንያ]] [[an:Rumanía]] [[ar:رومانيا]] [[arc:ܪܘܡܢܝܐ]] [[ast:Rumanía]] [[be:Румынія]] [[bg:Румъния]] [[bn:রোমানিয়া]] [[bs:Rumunija]] [[ca:Romania]] [[chr:ᎶᎹᏂᏯ]] [[cs:Rumunsko]] [[cy:Rwmania]] [[da:Rumænien]] [[de:Rumänien]] [[el:Ρουμανία]] [[en:Romania]] [[eo:Rumanio]] [[es:Rumania]] [[et:Rumeenia]] [[eu:Errumania]] [[fa:رومانی]] [[fi:Romania]] [[fiu-vro:Romaania]] [[fr:Roumanie]] [[frp:Roumanie]] [[fy:Roemeenje]] [[ga:An Rómáin]] [[gd:Romàinia]] [[gl:Romanía - România]] [[he:רומניה]] [[hi:रोमानिया]] [[hr:Rumunjska]] [[ht:Woumani]] [[hu:Románia]] [[hy:Ռումինիա]] [[ia:Romania]] [[id:Rumania]] [[io:Rumania]] [[is:Rúmenía]] [[it:Romania]] [[ja:ルーマニア]] [[jbo:romanis]] [[ka:რუმინეთი]] [[ko:루마니아]] [[ks:रोमानिया]] [[ku:Romanya]] [[kw:Roumani]] [[la:Romania]] [[lad:Rumania]] [[lb:Rumänien]] [[li:Roemenië]] [[lt:Rumunija]] [[lv:Rumānija]] [[mk:Романија]] [[mo:Ромыния]] [[ms:Romania]] [[mt:Rumanija]] [[na:Romania]] [[nds:Rumänien]] [[nds-nl:Roemenië]] [[ne:रोमानिया]] [[nl:Roemenië]] [[nn:Romania]] [[no:Romania]] [[oc:Romania]] [[pam:Romania]] [[pl:Rumunia]] [[pms:Romanìa]] [[pt:Roménia]] [[qu:Rumaniya]] [[rm:Rumenia]] [[rmy:Rumuniya]] [[ro:România]] [[ru:Румыния]] [[sa:रोमानिया]] [[scn:Rumanìa]] [[sh:Rumunija]] [[simple:Romania]] [[sk:Rumunsko]] [[sl:Romunija]] [[sq:Rumania]] [[sr:Румунија]] [[sv:Rumänien]] [[sw:Romania]] [[ta:ருமேனியா]] [[tet:Roménia]] [[tg:Руминия]] [[th:ประเทศโรมาเนีย]] [[tl:Romania]] [[tr:Romanya]] [[ug:رومىنىيە]] [[uk:Румунія]] [[vi:Romania]] [[vo:Rumän]] [[wa:Roumaneye]] [[yi:ראמעניע]] [[zh:羅馬尼亞]] [[zh-min-nan:Lô-má-nî-a]] 1062 8807 2006-12-20T16:15:42Z Thijs!bot 143 robot Adding: [[bo:པུ་ར་ག་རི་ཡ]] [[Image:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|thumb|150px|right|Flambura di Vurgaria]] [[Image:Bulgaria coa.png|thumb|150px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Vurgaria]] [[Image:LocationBulgaria.png|thumb|250px|right|Vurgaria tu [[Europa]]]] '''Vurgaria''' (bg:'''България''') easte un stat tu [[Europa]]. <br>Cãsãbãlu capital:[[Sofia]] ==Ligãtura== * [http://www.kirildouhalov.net Istoria, artã shi muzicã tu Vurgaria] [[Category:Europa]] [[category:Stat]] [[af:Bulgarye]] [[am:ቡልጋሪያ]] [[an:Bulgaria]] [[ar:بلغاريا]] [[ast:Bulgaria]] [[be:Баўгарыя]] [[bg:България]] [[bn:বুলগেরিয়া]] [[bo:པུ་ར་ག་རི་ཡ]] [[br:Bulgaria]] [[bs:Bugarska]] [[ca:Bulgària]] [[cs:Bulharsko]] [[csb:Bùlgarskô]] [[cu:Блъгарї]] [[cv:Болгари]] [[cy:Bwlgaria]] [[da:Bulgarien]] [[de:Bulgarien]] [[el:Βουλγαρία]] [[en:Bulgaria]] [[eo:Bulgario]] [[es:Bulgaria]] [[et:Bulgaaria]] [[eu:Bulgaria]] [[fa:بلغارستان]] [[fi:Bulgaria]] [[fiu-vro:Bulgaaria]] [[fr:Bulgarie]] [[frp:Bulgarie]] [[fy:Bulgarije]] [[ga:An Bhulgáir]] [[gd:Bulgàiria]] [[gl:Bulgaria - България]] [[he:בולגריה]] [[hi:बुल्गारिया]] [[hr:Bugarska]] [[hsb:Bołharska]] [[ht:Bilgari]] [[hu:Bulgária]] [[hy:Բուլղարիա]] [[ia:Bulgaria]] [[id:Bulgaria]] [[ilo:Bulgaria]] [[io:Bulgaria]] [[is:Búlgaría]] [[it:Bulgaria]] [[ja:ブルガリア]] [[ka:ბულგარეთი]] [[ko:불가리아]] [[ku:Bulgaristan]] [[kw:Bulgari]] [[la:Bulgaria]] [[lb:Bulgarien]] [[li:Bölgarieë]] [[lt:Bulgarija]] [[lv:Bulgārija]] [[mk:Бугарија]] [[mo:Булгария]] [[ms:Bulgaria]] [[mt:Bulgarija]] [[na:Borgeriya]] [[nds:Bulgarien]] [[ne:बुल्गेरिया]] [[nl:Bulgarije]] [[nn:Bulgaria]] [[no:Bulgaria]] [[nov:Bulgaria]] [[nrm:Bulgarie]] [[oc:Bulgaria]] [[os:Болгари]] [[pam:Bulgaria]] [[pl:Bułgaria]] [[pms:Bulgarìa]] [[ps:بلغاريه/بلغارستان]] [[pt:Bulgária]] [[qu:Bulgariya]] [[rmy:Bulgariya]] [[ro:Bulgaria]] [[ru:Болгария]] [[sa:बुल्गारिया]] [[scn:Bulgarìa]] [[se:Bulgária]] [[sh:Bugarska]] [[simple:Bulgaria]] [[sk:Bulharsko]] [[sl:Bolgarija]] [[sq:Bullgaria]] [[sr:Бугарска]] [[sv:Bulgarien]] [[tg:Булғористон]] [[th:ประเทศบัลแกเรีย]] [[tl:Bulgarya]] [[tr:Bulgaristan]] [[ug:بۇلغارىيە]] [[uk:Болгарія]] [[vi:Bulgaria]] [[vo:Bulgarän]] [[wa:Bulgåreye]] [[yi:בולגאריע]] [[zh:保加利亚]] [[zh-min-nan:Bulgariya]] [[zh-yue:保加利亞]] 1063 2885 2005-03-14T02:33:16Z 24.251.243.233 . 1064 2886 2005-03-14T02:34:23Z 24.251.243.233 . 1065 2887 2005-03-16T09:49:41Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 1066 8766 2006-12-18T01:54:04Z Thijs!bot 143 robot Adding: am, arc, bn, br, cu, diq, eu, fo, fur, got, hsb, ia, ie, ilo, kg, kv, kw, mr, nds-nl, nrm, oc, pam, pdc, pms, ps, sco, tg, tk, ty, udm, ug, vo, xal, zh-classical, zh-yue Removing: mo Modifying: ar, ky, ms, th, tl, uz, yi, zh-min-nan [[Image:Flag of Russia.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Arusia]] [[Image:Russia coa.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Arusia]] [[Image:LocationRussia.png|thumb|250px|right|Arusia tu [[Europa]] shi [[Azia]]]] '''Arusia''' ('''Россия''') easte stat tu [[Europa]], [[Azia]]-([[Siberia]]). Cãsãbãlu capital:[[Moscova]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[af:Rusland]] [[als:Russland]] [[am:ሩሲያ]] [[an:Rusia]] [[ang:Russland]] [[ar:روسيا]] [[arc:ܪܘܣܝܐ]] [[ast:Rusia]] [[be:Расея]] [[bg:Русия]] [[bn:রাশিয়া]] [[br:Rusia]] [[bs:Rusija]] [[ca:Rússia]] [[cs:Rusko]] [[csb:Ruskô]] [[cu:Рѡсї]] [[cv:Раççей Патшалăхě]] [[cy:Ffederasiwn Rwsia]] [[da:Rusland]] [[de:Russland]] [[diq:Rusya]] [[el:Ρωσία]] [[en:Russia]] [[eo:Rusio]] [[es:Rusia]] [[et:Venemaa]] [[eu:Errusia]] [[fa:روسیه]] [[fi:Venäjä]] [[fo:Russland]] [[fr:Russie]] [[fur:Russie]] [[fy:Ruslân]] [[ga:An Rúis]] [[gd:An Ruis]] [[gl:Rusia - Россия]] [[got:𐍂𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳]] [[he:רוסיה]] [[hi:रुस]] [[hr:Rusija]] [[hsb:Ruska]] [[ht:Risi]] [[hu:Oroszország]] [[hy:Ռուսաստան]] [[ia:Russia]] [[id:Rusia]] [[ie:Russia]] [[ilo:Russia]] [[io:Rusia]] [[is:Rússland]] [[it:Russia]] [[iu:ᐅᓛᓴ]] [[ja:ロシア]] [[ka:რუსეთი]] [[kg:Rusia]] [[kk:Ресей]] [[ko:러시아]] [[ks:रूस]] [[ku:Rûsya]] [[kv:Россия]] [[kw:Russi]] [[ky:Россия]] [[la:Russia]] [[lb:Russland]] [[li:Rösland]] [[lt:Rusija]] [[lv:Krievija]] [[mk:Русија]] [[mr:रशिया]] [[ms:Rusia]] [[na:Russia]] [[nds:Russland]] [[nds-nl:Ruslaand]] [[nl:Rusland]] [[nn:Russland]] [[no:Russland]] [[nrm:Russie]] [[oc:Russia]] [[os:Уæрæсе]] [[pam:Russia]] [[pdc:Russland]] [[pl:Rosja]] [[pms:Russia]] [[ps:روسيه]] [[pt:Rússia]] [[ro:Rusia]] [[ru:Россия]] [[scn:Russia]] [[sco:Roushie]] [[se:Ruošša]] [[sh:Rusija]] [[simple:Russia]] [[sk:Rusko]] [[sl:Rusija]] [[sq:Rusia]] [[sr:Русија]] [[su:Rusia]] [[sv:Ryssland]] [[ta:ரஷ்யா]] [[te:రష్యా]] [[tg:Русия]] [[th:ประเทศรัสเซีย]] [[tk:Russiýa]] [[tl:Rusya]] [[tr:Rusya]] [[tt:Räsäy]] [[ty:Rūtia]] [[udm:Россия]] [[ug:رۇسىيە]] [[uk:Росія]] [[ur:روس]] [[uz:Rossiya Federatsiyasi]] [[vi:Nga]] [[vo:Rusän]] [[wa:Rûsseye]] [[xal:Әрәсә]] [[yi:רוסלאנד]] [[zh:俄罗斯]] [[zh-classical:俄羅斯]] [[zh-min-nan:Lō͘-se-a]] [[zh-yue:俄羅斯]] 1067 7419 2006-09-18T21:49:19Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Flag of Ukraine.svg|thumb|150px|right|Flambura di Ucraina]] [[Image:Coat of arms of Ukraine.svg|thumb|150px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Ucraina]] [[Image:LocationUkraine.png|thumb|250px|right|Ucraina tu [[Europa]]]] '''Ucraina''' (uk:'''Україна''') easte stat tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[category:Stat]] 1068 7109 2006-09-14T21:50:01Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 Hi! I am from [[Greece]] and my mother's family is Aromounian. I would like to ask you where do you people live?? Because here in Greece only some old people speak that language now and it was a big surprise for me to find a wikipedia in that language:) Also, who invented the way Aromunian is writen? Because here it is writen using the [[Greek Alphabet]] ::Hello, The Aromanian writing system started with the Greek alphabet by the early Moscopole writers of the XVIIIth century (and before) and there is one period in history when Aromanian was written with the Slavic script (Manuscripts of St. Naum of Ahrida, today's FYROM). Still, today the Aromanian language is written according to the place one lives in. In FYROM there is an independent way of writing in the Latin script, (with some added characters from Italian as a direct descendent from Latin) but in Romania, Bulgaria and Albania where the Romanian propaganda is more active they write in Romanian script. We hope that you'll increase your interest and learn your 'mother tongue' [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 21:50, 14 September 2006 (UTC) ... While in Rumania my friend, Arumunian is written in the (modified) Latin alphabet that was imposed on the Rumanian language (which was using Cyrillic). This happened in the 19th cent., following nationalistic developments triggered by the Scoala Ardeleana and developed by many others... Yet, probably Wikipedia is not the right forum to discuss the issue. For starters, drop at the "Rumanian_minorities" newsgroup, http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Rumanian_minorities/ and ask your questions or give answers (among others, a problem that discussed in the past was the Arumunian language v. dialect issue). Alin Sebastian 1070 2892 2005-04-04T14:58:58Z Richie 24 Since March 2005 I'm an administrator on the Commons. If you want to contact me, feel free to leave a message on my [[:commons:User talk:Richie|Commons]], [[:en:User talk:Richie|English]] or [[:de:Benutzer Diskussion:Richie|German]] talk page. I'm studying [[:en:Computer science|Computer Science]] and [[:en:Geology|Geology]] at [[:en:Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge|Gonville and Caius College]], [[:en:University of Cambridge|University of Cambridge]]. My personal website is http://www.whizer.net/. [[User:Richie|Richie]] 14:58, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC) <div style="background-color:#eee; border:1px solid #ccc; text-align:center; padding:3px; margin:15px 0;"> '''My user pages:''' [[:commons:User:Richie|(c)]] | [[:ast:User:Richie|ast]] | [[:ca:Usuari:Richie|ca]] | [[:de:Benutzer:Richie|DE]] | [[:en:User:Richie|EN]] | [[:eo:Vikipediisto:Richie|eo]] | [[:es:Usuario:Richie|es]] | [[:et:Kasutaja:Richie|et]] | [[:fi:Käyttäjä:Richie|fi]] | [[:fr:Utilisateur:RichieFR|fr]] | [[:gl:User:Richie|gl]] | [[:hu:User:RichieHU|hu]] | [[:ia:Usator:Richie|ia]] | [[:it:Utente:Richie|it]] | [[:ja:利用者:Richie|ja]] | [[:nl:Gebruiker:Richie|nl]] | [[:no:Bruker:Richie|no]] | [[:pl:Wikipedysta:Richie|pl]] | [[:pt:Usuário:Richie|pt]] | [[:ro:Utilizator:Richie|ro]] | [[:ru:Участник:Richie|ru]] | [[:sv:Användare:Richie|sv]] | [[:zh-min-nan:User:Richie|zh]] </div> 1071 2893 2005-04-05T00:38:21Z Gangleri 19 <!--- This is a "stealth" template. It does not insert visible characters in a page but can be detected with [[Special:Whatlinkshere/Template:Interwikiconflict]]. ---> 1072 2894 2005-04-05T00:38:36Z Gangleri 19 __TOC__ * See ** [[Special:Whatlinkshere/Template:Interwikiconflict]] ** [[:en:Wikipedia:Template:Interwikiconflict]] [[User:Gangleri|Gangleri]] 00:38, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC) 1073 2895 2005-04-16T19:49:11Z RCBot 25 RCBot: Update user page '''[[:commons:User:RCBot|RCBot]]''' is an interlingually operating bot operated by [[:commons:User:Richie|Richie]] to help with issues related to the [[:commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. As of now, the bot is still in development and testing, so please report all encountered issues and other feedback to its [[:commons:User talk:RCBot|talk page]] on the Commons. Please note that the talk page of this account is '''not read''', use the one on the Commons). -- [[User:RCBot|RCBot]] 19:49, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC) <div style="background-color:#eee; border:1px solid #ccc; text-align:center; padding:3px; margin:15px 0;"> '''[[:commons:User:RCBot|RCBot]]'s user accounts at Wikipedia''' <div style="font-size:80%;"> [[:aa:User:RCBot|aa]] | [[:ab:User:RCBot|ab]] | [[:af:Gebruiker:RCBot|af]] | [[:ak:User:RCBot|ak]] | [[:als:Benutzer:RCBot|als]] | [[:am:User:RCBot|am]] | [[:an:User:RCBot|an]] | [[:ang:User:RCBot|ang]] | [[:ar:مستخدم:RCBot|ar]] | [[:arc:User:RCBot|arc]] | [[:as:User:RCBot|as]] | [[:ast:User:RCBot|ast]] | [[:av:User:RCBot|av]] | [[:ay:User:RCBot|ay]] | [[:az:User:RCBot|az]] | [[:ba:User:RCBot|ba]] | [[:be:Удзельнік:RCBot|be]] | [[:bg:Потребител:RCBot|bg]] | [[:bh:User:RCBot|bh]] | [[:bi:User:RCBot|bi]] | [[:bm:Utilisateur:RCBot|bm]] | [[:bn:ব্যবহারকারী:RCBot|bn]] | [[:bo:User:RCBot|bo]] | [[:br:User:RCBot|br]] | [[:bs:User:RCBot|bs]] | 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[[:rn:User:RCBot|rn]] | [[:ro:Utilizator:RCBot|ro]] | [[:User:RCBot|roa-rup]] | [[:ru:Участник:RCBot|ru]] | [[:rw:User:RCBot|rw]] | [[:sa:User:RCBot|sa]] | [[:sc:Utente:RCBot|sc]] | [[:scn:User:RCBot|scn]] | [[:sd:User:RCBot|sd]] | [[:se:User:RCBot|se]] | [[:sg:User:RCBot|sg]] | [[:si:User:RCBot|si]] | [[:simple:User:RCBot|simple]] | [[:sk:Redaktor:RCBot|sk]] | [[:sl:Uporabnik:RCBot|sl]] | [[:sm:User:RCBot|sm]] | [[:sn:User:RCBot|sn]] | [[:so:User:RCBot|so]] | [[:sq:Përdoruesi:RCBot|sq]] | [[:sr:Корисник:RCBot|sr]] | [[:ss:User:RCBot|ss]] | [[:st:User:RCBot|st]] | [[:su:User:RCBot|su]] | [[:sv:Användare:RCBot|sv]] | [[:sw:User:RCBot|sw]] | [[:ta:பயனர்:RCBot|ta]] | [[:te:User:RCBot|te]] | [[:tg:User:RCBot|tg]] | [[:th:ผู้ใช้:RCBot|th]] | [[:ti:User:RCBot|ti]] | [[:tk:User:RCBot|tk]] | [[:tl:User:RCBot|tl]] | [[:tlh:lo'wI:RCBot|tlh]] | [[:tn:User:RCBot|tn]] | [[:to:User:RCBot|to]] | [[:tpi:User:RCBot|tpi]] | [[:tr:User:RCBot|tr]] | [[:ts:User:RCBot|ts]] | [[:tt:Äğzä:RCBot|tt]] | [[:tum:User:RCBot|tum]] | [[:tw:User:RCBot|tw]] | [[:ty:User:RCBot|ty]] | [[:ug:User:RCBot|ug]] | [[:uk:Користувач:RCBot|uk]] | [[:ur:User:RCBot|ur]] | [[:uz:User:RCBot|uz]] | [[:ve:User:RCBot|ve]] | [[:vi:User:RCBot|vi]] | [[:vo:User:RCBot|vo]] | [[:wa:Uzeu:RCBot|wa]] | [[:wo:User:RCBot|wo]] | [[:xh:User:RCBot|xh]] | [[:yi:User:RCBot|yi]] | [[:yo:User:RCBot|yo]] | [[:za:User:RCBot|za]] | [[:zh:User:RCBot|zh]] | [[:zh-min-nan:User:RCBot|zh-min-nan]] | [[:zu:User:RCBot|zu]] </div> </div> 1074 2896 2005-05-04T13:26:55Z Alvaro 26 [[:m:User Talk:Alvaro]] [[:fr:Discussion Utilisateur: Alvaro]] [[:m:User Talk:Alvaro]] [[:fr:Discussion Utilisateur: Alvaro]] 1075 2897 2005-05-04T13:25:56Z Alvaro 26 [[:m:User:Alvaro]] [[:fr:Utilisateur: Alvaro]] [[:m:User:Alvaro]] [[:fr:Utilisateur: Alvaro]] 1076 2898 2005-04-13T09:48:06Z Gangleri 19 #REDIRECT [[Template:Ciot]] 1077 2899 2005-04-23T21:05:03Z Gangleri 19 +livepreview.js // Live Preview customization, // edit this to your own liking. wpShowImages = true; // Enable downloading and displaying of images // Include Live Preview... document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Pilaf/livepreview.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript&dontcountme=s"></script>'); // Now set everything up window.onload = Main; function Main() { LivePreviewInstall(); // You may include here other "extensions" } /* This is to keep track of who is using the Live Preview: [[User:Pilaf/livepreview.js]] */ 1078 5823 2006-02-18T13:11:45Z 83.28.139.190 [[Kurów]] __TOC__ == Bad title(s) == * Hallo! [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Allpages&namespace=4&from= All pages (Wikipedia namespace)] shows a bad title / some bad titles: # [[Wikipedia:]] (or [[Project:Wikipedia:]]?) * Please contact a developer to clarify how to rename the page and / or if the page(s) should be deleted. Best regards [[User:Gangleri|Gangleri]] 15:32, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC) == [[Kurów]] == Could they please write a stub http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kur%C3%B3w - just a few sentences based on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kur%C3%B3w or others wiki? Only 2 -5 sentences enough. Please. [[pl:User:Pietras1988|Pietras1988]] 13:11, 18 February 2006 (UTC) 1079 8811 2006-12-22T21:14:37Z 86.125.111.236 CRÃCIUNU HARIOSU SHI UNU ANU NÃU, BUNU! ''Di Wikipedia, Entsiclopedia liberã'' ---- <div align=center>[[Image:Wikisanta.jpg|50px]]'''''CRÃCIUNU HARIOSU SHI UNU ANU NÃU, BUNU!'''''</div> ---- <table> <tr><td style="width:70%; vertical-align:top;"> <div style="border:1px solid #eeeeee; padding:5px; margin:15px; margin-left:0; background-color:#F8F8FF;"><h3>Ghine vinit tu Wikipedia pi armãneashce!</h3> [[Image:Shewolf.jpg|thumb|Lupoanje romanã: Armãnjlji au unã limbã sh-zãrtsinj latine ]] '''Ghine vinit''' tu [[Wikipedia]], un proectu cai va s-facã unã [[entsiclopedia]] completã shi orighinalã pi armãneashce '''cu colaboratsia a cathi unãljei personã!''' Contsãnirea ali [[Wikipedia]] easte scriatã sum [[GNU_FDL|GNU Litsentsã ti Documentare Liberã]], tsi spune cã [[Wikipedia:Libertatã|easte dip liberã]]. Videts [[Wikipedia:Cum_s-alăxeashti_ună_frândză|modus di lucru]], [[Wikipedia:FAQ|MÃÃ]] icã experimentats tu [[Wikipedia:Zona di probă|Zona di probã]]! Aestu proectu s-amintã tu Yinarlu 2001 sh-pi [[anglicheashti|anglicheashce]] sãntu [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Statistics 1,444,640 di articule]. Wikipedia pi [[Limba armãneascã|armãneashce]] inshi tu meslu Aprir 2004 shi agiumsim pãnã pi [[{{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}]] [[{{CURRENTYEAR}}]] tu '''[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} di articule]]''' di lucru. Aesta easte Wikipedia pi limba armãneascã ''scriatã dupu [http://www.armanami.org/curs.htm regulile standarde astãsite pi Sympozionlu di tu Bitule dit anlu 1997]'', regulile sãntu ofitsale shi va s-hibã ufilizite di cathi un di noi. </div> <div style="border:1px solid #eeeeee; padding:5px; margin:15px; margin-left:0; background-color:#fefefe;"> <small>'''[[Uichipedia:Fântâna|Fãntãnã]]''' • '''[[Special:Newpages|Nale frãndzã]]''' • Partitsipats tu transpunire pi armãneshce a [[:meta:LanguageRoa-rup.php|fatsãljei di softwarelu nao]]!</small> :'''Shciintsã''' ::[[Antropologhia]] -[[Ayriculturâ|Ayriculturã]] - [[Biologhia]] - [[Hemia]] - [[Economia]] - [[Filosofia]] - [[Fizicâ|Fizicã]] - [[Informaticã]] - [[Isturii|Istoria]] - [[Limbe]] - [[Matematicâ|Mathematicã]] :'''Artã shi culturã''' ::[[Artâ|Artã]] - [[Margheripsire|Margheripsire]] - [[Mitologie|Mythologhie]] - [[Relighie]] <!-- [[Pisti|Piste]] --> - [[Literatura]] - [[Poezie|Poezia]] - [[Theatro]] - [[Muzica]] :'''Bana di cathi dzuã''' ::[[Hobby]] - [[Televizia]] - [[Turizmo]] - [[Sportu]] :'''Diverzitate armãneascã''' ::[[Armãnj]] - [[Limba armãneascã|Armãneashce]] - [[Machedonia]] - [[Gãrtsia]] - [[Europa]] - [[Internet]] - [[2004|Evenimente 2004]] - [[Tatã a nostru]] - [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/roa-rup/1/13/Wiki-roa-rup.png Logo] :'''Wikipedia''' ::[[Wikipedia]] - [[Uichipedia:Uichipedistu|Wikipedistu]] - [[Uichipedia:Cum s-alăxeashti ună frândză|Cum s-alãxeashce unã frãndzã]] - [[Agiutor]] - [[Uichipedia:Manualu di stil|Manualu di stil]] - [[Uichipedia:Articli di tradus|Articule ti tradutsirã]] </div> <div style="border:1px solid #efefef; padding:5px; margin:15px; margin-left:0; background-color:#F8F8FF;"> ==== Informatsii ti limba armãneascã ==== Aesta easte Wikipedia pi armãneashce. Limba armãneascã easte unã limbã tsi pricade tu gruplu-a limbilor romanitse (neolatine) di not-datlu. Piste 2,000,000 di Armãnj di tu [[Gãrtsia]], [[REIM]], [[Arbinishia]], [[Sãrghia]], [[Romãnia]] shi [[Vurgaria]] zburãscu armãneshce. ==== Informaţii despre limba aromână ==== Aceasta este Wikipedia în aromână. Limba aromână (după unii lingvişti dialectul aromân al limbii române şi după alţii limbă separată) aparţine grupului estic al limbilor romanice (neolatine). Peste 2,000,000 de aromâni din Grecia, FRIM, Albania, Serbia, România şi Bulgaria vorbesc aromâna. ==== Πληροφορίες για την αρωμανική (βλάχικη) γλώσσα ==== Αυτή είναι η αρωμανική Βικιπαίδεια. Η αρωμανική είναι μια λατινογενής γλώσσα του ανατολικού κλάδου. 2,000,000 Αρωμάνοι (Βλάχοι) στην Ελλάδα, στην Αλβανία, στη Π.Γ.Δ.Μ., στη Σερβία, στη Ρουμανία και στη Βουλγαρία μίλουν αρωμανικά. ==== Informacion mbi gjuhën aromune (vllahe) ==== Kjo është Wikipedia në gjuhën aromune (vllahe). Gjuha aromune (vllahe) është një gjuhë indo-evropiane e familjes së gjuhëve romane (neollatine). 2,000,000 aromunë (vllahë) flasin gjuhën aromune (vllahe) në Greqi, në Shqipëri, në IRJM, në Serbi, në Rumani dhe në Bullgari. ==== Информации за ароманскиот (влашкиот) јазик ==== Ова е ароманската (влашката) Википедија. Ароманскиот (влашкиот) јазик спаѓа во групата на источноромански јазици кои произлегле од мешањето на античките јазици (тракиско-илирски, епирски, тесалиски и древномакедонски) со латинскиот јазик за време на римското владеење со Балканот. 2,000,000 луѓе од Грција, ПЈРМ, Албанија, Србија, Романија и Бугарија зборуваат аромански (влашки). ==== Информация за армънския език ==== Това е армънската Уикипедия. Аромънски е език от езиковата група на романските езици. Някой лингвисти считат армънския за диалект на румънския език. Повече от 2,000,000 aромъни от Македония, Албания, Сърбия, Румъния България и Гърция армънски. ==== Информација о влашком (арумунском) језиком ==== Ово је аромунска Википедија. Аромунски језик спада у групи источнороманских језика, који су произашли мјешањем античких језика (трако-илирски, епирски, тесалијски и македонски) са латинским језиком, у времена Римске владавине Балкана. Око 2,000,000 становника Грчке, БЈРМ, Албаније, Србије, Румуније и Бугарске говори влашким језиком. ==== Ulahça dili bilgileri ==== Bu Vikipedi Ulahça'dadır. Ulahça Romans dillerin doğu koluna mensuptur. 2,000,000 Ulahlar Yunanistan'da, Arnavutluk'da, EYMC'de, Sırbistan'da, Romanya'da ve Bulgaristan'da Ulahça'yı konuşıyorlar. ==== Information sur l'aroumain==== Vous êtes sur le Wikipedia en aroumain. L'aroumain est une langue romane orientale. Environ 2.000.000 locuteurs en Grèce, Macédoine (FYROM), Albanie, Serbie, Roumanie et Bulgarie parlent l'aroumain. ==== Information about the Aromanian language ==== This is the Aromanian Wikipedia. Aromanian is an Eastern Romance language. 2,000,000 people from Greece, FYROM, Albania, Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria speak Aromanian. ==== Informazioni sulla lingua arumena ==== Questa è la Wikipedia arumena. L'arumeno è una lingua romanza orientale. 2.000.000 di persone in Grecia, Albania, Serbia, ERJM, Romania e Bulgaria parlano l'arumeno. ==== Auskunft über das Aromunische==== Dies ist die aromunische Wikipedia. Die aromunische Sprache ist eine ostromanische Sprache. 2,000,000 Leute aus Griechenland, EJRM, Albanien, Serbien, Rumänien und Bulgarien sprechen Aromunisch. ==== Informacje o języku arumuńskim ==== To jest Arumuńska Wikipedia. Arumuński to język wschodnioromański. 2,000,000 ludzi z Grecji, BJRM, Serbii, Rumunii i Bułgarii mówi po arumuńsku. </div> </td> <td style="width:30%; vertical-align:top;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; padding:5px; margin:15px; margin-left:0; background-color:#fcfc68;"> [[Image:HartaBalcani.jpg|thumb|center|250px|Balcani 1935]] </div> <div style="border:1px solid silver; padding:5px; margin:15px; margin-left:0; background-color:#dfefdf;"> ==== SUTSATI ARMANESHTSA ==== *[[Di tu Gãrtsia]] *[[Di tu Romãnia]] *[[Di tu Arbinishia]] *[[Di tu Republica Machedonia]] *[[Di tu Vãrgãria]] *[[Di tu Lumi]] *[[Frãndzã ti Armãnjlji pi Internet]] </div> <div style="border:1px solid silver; padding:5px; margin:15px; margin-left:0; background-color:#E0E0FF;"> ==== Pi alte limbe ==== *[http://af.wikipedia.org Afrikaans] *[http://an.wikipedia.org Aragonés] *[http://ast.wikipedia.org Asturllionés] *'''[http://bg.wikipedia.org Vurgarica (Български)]''' *[http://br.wikipedia.org Brezhoneg] *[http://ca.wikipedia.org Català] *[http://da.wikipedia.org Dansk] *'''[http://de.wikipedia.org Ghermanica (Deutsch)]''' *'''[http://el.wikipedia.org Ellinica (Ελληνικά)]''' *'''[http://en.wikipedia.org Anglica (English)]''' *[http://es.wikipedia.org Español] *[http://eo.wikipedia.org Esperanto] *[http://et.wikipedia.org Eesti] *[http://fi.wikipedia.org Suomi] *'''[http://fr.wikipedia.org Galica (Français)]''' *[http://he.wikipedia.org עברית (Ivrit)] *[http://ko.wikipedia.org 한국어 (hangugeo)] *[http://hr.wikipedia.org Hrvatski] *[http://io.wikipedia.org Ido] *[http://ia.wikipedia.org Interlingua] *[http://it.wikipedia.org Italiano] *[http://ja.wikipedia.org 日本語 (Nihongo)] *'''[http://la.wikipedia.org Latinica (Latinum)]''' *'''[http://mk.wikipedia.org Vurgãreashce (Mакедонски)]''' *[http://mt.wikipedia.org bil-Malti] *[http://nl.wikipedia.org Nederlands] *[http://no.wikipedia.org Norsk] *[http://nn.wikipedia.org Norsk (nynorsk)] *[http://oc.wikipedia.org Occitan] *[http://pl.wikipedia.org Polski] *[http://pt.wikipedia.org Português] *'''[http://ro.wikipedia.org Romãneashce (Română)]''' *[http://ru.wikipedia.org Русский (Russkij)] *[http://sl.wikipedia.org Slovenščina] *[http://sv.wikipedia.org Svenska] *[http://wa.wikipedia.org Walon] *[http://zh.wikipedia.org 中文 (Zhongwen)] <small>[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pagina_principală#Uichipedia_pi_arm.C3.A2neashti_.28roa-rup.wiki.29 Meta-Wikipedia (roa-rup)] - [http://roa-rup.wiktionary.org Wiktsionar pi Armãneashce] - [http://wikibooks.org Wikibooks] - [http://wikiquote.org Wikiquote] - [http://sources.wikipedia.org WikiSource]</small> </div> </td></tr> </table> [[ar:]] [[bg:]] [[bs:]] [[ca:]] [[cs:]] [[da:]] [[de:]] [[el:]] [[en:]] [[eo:]] [[es:]] [[et:]] [[eu:]] [[fa:]] [[fi:]] [[fr:]] [[gl:]] [[he:]] [[hr:]] [[hu:]] [[id:]] [[io:]] [[is:]] [[it:]] [[ja:]] [[ka:]] [[ko:]] [[lb:]] [[lt:]] [[ms:]] [[nap:]] [[nl:]] [[nn:]] [[no:]] [[pl:]] [[pt:]] [[rmy:]] [[ro:]] [[ru:]] [[ru-sib:]] [[simple:]] [[sk:]] [[sl:]] [[sr:]] [[sv:]] [[th:]] [[tr:]] [[uk:]] [[vi:]] [[zh:]] __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ 1080 2902 2005-05-04T03:56:18Z 210.54.198.219 English. 1081 5972 2006-03-12T10:18:39Z Al 91 '''Română''' easti unâ limbă dit gruplu di apirita di limbi romaniţi. Cama di 27.000.000 di români dit [[Românii]], [[Moldavia]] şi alte tsârii zburăscu română. [[af:Roemeens]] [[ang:Rōmānisc sprǣc]] [[ast:Rumanu]] [[bg:Румънски език]] [[ca:Romanès]] [[cs:Rumunština]] [[da:Rumænsk (sprog)]] [[de:Rumänische Sprache]] [[el:Ρουμανική γλώσσα]] [[en:Romanian language]] [[eo:Rumana lingvo]] [[es:Idioma rumano]] [[et:Rumeenia keel]] [[eu:Errumaniera]] [[fi:Romanian kieli]] [[fr:Roumain]] [[ga:Rómáinis]] [[gl:Lingua romanesa]] [[he:רומנית]] [[hr:Rumunjski jezik]] [[hu:Román nyelv]] [[ia:Romaniano]] [[id:Bahasa Rumania]] [[it:Lingua rumena]] [[ja:ルーマニア語]] [[ka:რუმინული ენა]] [[ko:루마니아어]] [[kw:Roumanek]] [[la:Lingua Dacoromanica]] [[li:Roemeens]] [[lt:Rumunų kalba]] [[lv:Rumāņu valoda]] [[mk:Романски јазик]] [[nl:Roemeens]] [[nn:Rumensk språk]] [[no:Rumensk språk]] [[pl:Język rumuński]] [[pt:Língua romena]] [[ro:Limbă Română]] [[rm:Lingua rumena]] [[ru:Румынский язык]] [[sc:Limba romuna]] [[simple:Romanian language]] [[sv:Rumänska]] [[th:ภาษาโรมาเนีย]] [[tr:Rumence]] [[uk:Румунська мова]] [[wa:Roumin]] [[zh:羅馬尼亞語]] [[zh-min-nan:România-gí]] 1082 2904 2005-05-06T00:23:17Z OlegPopov 27 Hello! My name '''Oleg Ivanovich Popov'''. I live in Russia. My adress: Ryazan, RO 123056, Ul. Raketnaya D.85 Kv.13. '''Education:''' Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University), 1992 to 1997 International Law School including three foreign languages: English, German, and Afrikaans. High Level Diploma - "Several Aspects of International Copyright". Work Experience: Lawyer, International Law Firm Baker & McKenzie, October 1998 to Present. '''Skills & Interests:''' Fluent in English, proficient in German, some knowledge of French and Afrikaans. Computer literate, large working experience on both PC (Windows and DOS) and Macintosh, have one of each at home. Some programming experience. I have 24/7 access to the Internet and my favourite hobby to read and study wiki sites :) '''PS:''' I have the catalogue wiki sites - http://wiki4all.com/ and I shall be very grateful to the manager of this wiki site, if it will add wiki in my catalogue with the small description... :) In advance thanks! 1083 2905 2005-05-21T17:28:32Z Yann 30 See [[:fr:Utilisateur:Yann]] or [[m:User:Yann]]. 1084 2906 2005-05-28T09:21:15Z 195.250.100.12 From Petronije Serbian Wikipedia. Hello, There are a lot of Aromuns, Serbocroat language speakers. Serbian Aromuns took a huge part in Serbian history, science, art, architecture, poetry, and are incorporated in and responsible for development of Serbian wisdom.In Serbian Wikipedia there is very poor article about Aromuns. Please, may somebody do it reacher. Thank you a lot. 1085 8773 2006-12-19T08:07:49Z TXiKiBoT 147 robot Adding: [[mo:Индия]], [[ru-sib:Индия]] India easti unâ ţarâ ân Azia. Capitala:[[New Delhi]]. [[Image:Humanyu.JPG|thumb|250px|right|The [[Humayun's Tomb]], situated in New Delhi, has an architectural design similar to the [[Taj Mahal]].]] Aest articol easti ciot shi âncâ ân constructsie [[Category:Azia]] [[aa:India]] [[ab:India]] [[af:Indië]] [[ak:India]] [[als:Indien]] [[am:ህንድ]] [[an:India]] [[ang:India]] [[ar:الهند]] [[arc:India]] [[as:ভারত]] [[ast:India]] [[av:India]] [[ay:India]] [[az:Hindistan]] [[ba:Һиндостан]] [[bat-smg:Indėjė]] [[be:Індыя]] [[bg:Индия]] [[bh:भारत]] [[bi:India]] [[bm:India]] [[bn:ভারত]] [[bo:India]] [[bpy:ভারত]] [[br:India]] [[bs:Indija]] [[bug:India]] [[ca:Índia]] [[cbk-zam:India]] [[ce:India]] [[ceb:Indiya]] [[ch:India]] [[cho:India]] [[chr:India]] [[chy:India]] [[co:India]] [[cr:India]] [[cs:Indie]] [[csb:Indie]] [[cv:Инди]] [[cy:India]] [[da:Indien]] [[de:Indien]] [[diq:Hindıstan]] [[dv:ހިންދުސްތާން]] [[dz:India]] [[ee:India]] [[el:Ινδία]] [[en:India]] [[eo:Barato]] [[es:India]] [[et:India]] [[eu:India]] [[fa:هند]] [[fi:Intia]] [[fiu-vro:India]] [[fj:India]] [[fo:India]] [[fr:Inde]] [[frp:Ende]] [[fur:Indie]] [[fy:Yndia]] [[ga:An India]] [[gd:Na h-Innseachan]] [[gl:India - भारत]] [[gn:India]] [[got:𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌰]] [[gu:ભારત]] [[gv:Yn Injey]] [[ha:India]] [[haw:ʻInia]] [[he:הודו]] [[hi:भारत]] [[ho:India]] [[hr:Indija]] [[ht:End]] [[hu:India]] [[hy:Հնդկաստան]] [[hz:India]] [[ia:India]] [[id:India]] [[ie:India]] [[ig:India]] [[ilo:India]] [[io:India]] [[is:Indland]] [[it:India]] [[iu:ᐃᓐᑎᐊ]] [[ja:インド]] [[jbo:xingu'e]] [[jv:India]] [[ka:ინდოეთი]] [[kg:India]] [[ki:India]] [[kj:India]] [[kk:Үндістан]] [[km:ឥណ្ឌា]] [[kn:ಭಾರತ]] [[ko:인도]] [[ks:ہِندوستان]] [[ksh:Inndije]] [[ku:Hindistan]] [[kv:India]] [[kw:Eynda]] [[ky:India]] [[la:India]] [[lb:Indien]] [[li:India]] [[lij:India]] [[lmo:India]] [[ln:India]] [[lo:India]] [[lt:Indija]] [[lv:Indija]] [[map-bms:India]] [[mg:India]] [[mh:India]] [[mi:Inia (whenua)]] [[mk:Индија]] [[ml:ഇന്ത്യ]] [[mn:Энэтхэг]] [[mo:Индия]] [[mr:भारत]] [[ms:India]] [[mt:Indja]] [[mus:India]] [[my:India]] [[na:India]] [[nah:Indiyān]] [[nap:Innia]] [[nds:Indien]] [[nds-nl:India]] [[ne:भारत]] [[ng:India]] [[nl:India]] [[nn:India]] [[no:India]] [[nov:India]] [[nrm:Înde]] [[nv:India]] [[ny:India]] [[oc:Índia]] [[om:India]] [[or:ଭାରତ]] [[os:Инди]] [[pa:ਭਾਰਤ]] [[pam:India]] [[pap:India]] [[pdc:India]] [[pi:भारत]] [[pih:India]] [[pl:Indie]] [[pms:India]] [[ps:هند]] [[pt:Índia]] [[qu:Indiya]] [[rm:India]] [[rmy:Indiya (Bharat)]] [[rn:India]] [[ro:India]] [[ru:Индия]] [[ru-sib:Индия]] [[sa:भारत]] [[sc:Ìndia]] [[scn:Innia]] [[sco:Indie]] [[sd:India]] [[se:India]] [[sg:India]] [[sh:Indija]] [[si:ඉන්දියාව]] [[simple:India]] [[sk:India]] [[sl:Indija]] [[sm:India]] [[sn:India]] [[so:Hindiya]] [[sq:India]] [[sr:Индија]] [[ss:India]] [[st:India]] [[su:India]] [[sv:Indien]] [[sw:Uhindi]] [[ta:இந்தியா]] [[te:భారత దేశము]] [[tet:Índia]] [[tg:Ҳиндустон]] [[th:ประเทศอินเดีย]] [[ti:India]] [[tk:Hindistan]] [[tl:India]] [[to:ʻInitia]] [[tpi:India]] [[tr:Hindistan]] [[ts:India]] [[tt:Hindstan]] [[tum:India]] [[tw:India]] [[ty:’Inītia]] [[udm:Индия]] [[ug:ھىندىستان]] [[uk:Індія]] [[ur:بھارت]] [[uz:Hindiston]] [[ve:India]] [[vec:India]] [[vi:Ấn Độ]] [[vo:India]] [[wa:Inde]] [[war:India]] [[wo:India]] [[wuu:印度]] [[xal:India]] [[xh:India]] [[yi:אינדיע]] [[za:India]] [[zh:印度]] [[zh-min-nan:Ìn-tō͘]] [[zh-yue:印度]] [[zu:India]] 1086 2908 2005-06-08T06:34:17Z Btw 31 -> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Btw http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Btw] 1088 2910 2005-06-20T12:45:24Z Danutz 4 Armâneaşti moved to Armãneshce #REDIRECT [[Armãneshce]] 1089 6218 2006-06-15T12:54:39Z 82.216.130.208 /* Request */ Salut tovarasi! :) Numai ghini si succes. why was this wiki set up. there is no one working on it and no community. the people who argued to get it weren't prepared to actually do any work on it, they sort someone else would write an encyclopedia for them! == right iso code == Since 2005-09-20 Aromanian has a standard ISO code of '''rup''' (see http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/codechanges.html ) so maybe the website should be moved to rup.wikipedia.org instead (and keep for some time the roa-rup.wikipedia.org as an alias) : Sounds like a good idea. [[User:Sj|Sj]] 08:25, 8 November 2005 (UTC) ::Why don't we do it? Come on ;) [[User:Al|Al]] 09:12, 3 May 2006 (UTC) == Request == Hello. I collect word "sugar" in different languages and now I`ve got 243 counterparts of this word but I can`t to find "sugar" in Aromanian language so can you send me what`s called "sugar" in Aromanian language. It`s very important for me! Thank you very much! (My collection is on site: http://www.zucker.prv.pl) [[User:Szoltys1990|Szoltys1990]] 13:57, 28 January 2006 (UTC) : Justy that you know. In romanian, "sugar" is '''zahăr''' and not ''zăhar''. Actually ''zăhar'' is the recipient where you keep the sugar at most (actually not very used word). So you should change ''zăhar'' with ''zahăr'' or remove the non-latin letters completly becausr they are optional in romanian. I don't know the word in aroanian. [http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zah%C4%83r zahar] == LINKS == Follow links can be possibly for you helpful: http://www.arctur.de/Info/odp/odp.php?page=ce-de&browse=/Society/Ethnicity/Aromanian/ Aromanian Vlachs Travelogue cum Vlachophile news and information center developed by British travellers; etexts, song lyrics and poems, and bibliography included. http://www.vlachophiles.net/ The Little Vlach Corner A brief presentation of the Aromanian community and culture. Among others, the site includes several poems and a description of Aromanian winter customs. http://bastian.freeyellow.com/index.html Silent Echoes Personal page of Adrian Mihai. Contains links and information about the Aromanian culture and the Rroma/Gypsy. Also his documentaries, photographs and travels. [English/Aromanian] http://pages.nyu.edu/~am14/ http://www.politikforum.de/forum/archive/22/2004/04/1/55616 When Winnifrith discovers them in 1975, the Vlachs of Greece were at the end of a traumatizing and torturous process of identity erasure Roughly one year before, in 1974, with the Colonels’ Junta still in power in Athens, Vlach speakers still risked imprisonment for casually chatting in their language The context was grim not only for vulnerable ethnical minorities but for any liberal minded person: thousands, including women, were tortured and elementary if frivolous liberties like wearing long hair or mini-skirt were liable to puritanical punishment 2 Expressing another identity than the official Greek one was a quite serious offence As human rights experts on Greece point out in their report : “The Vlachs - Current situation of the community and language": "the Vlach languages in Greece have never been included in the educational curriculum On the contrary, their use has been strongly discouraged at schools and in the army, through physical punishment !, humiliation, or, in recent years simple incitation of Vlach users Such attitudes have led many Vlach parents to discourage their children from learning their mother tongue so to avoid similar discrimination and suffering" 3 If for many outsiders, Vlachs were a jolly novelty if not an exotic commodity, the Vlachs of Greece themselves gradually became a fatigued and confused community as a result of decades of deprivation of elementary linguistic and cultural rights As George Padioti, an Aromanian Vlach author born and living all his life in Greece writes, in February of 1952 the last Aromanian churches were being closed by the then Greek government, amongst them the Church of Gramaticuva Anno Grammatikon whose fate was to be sealed off without consulting the parishioners As to this issue Mr Padioti writes unequivocally: "February 1952, the Aromanian Church 'Biserica ramana Santu Dumitru', burned by German troopers in spring 1944 The priest Costa Bacou officiating the last allowed liturgy in Aromanian language Afterwards, he was not permitted anymore because he refused to forcibly officiate the divine service in Greek language" 4 Such statements have to be given credit as their author –in this case George Padioti- is a native and a connoisseur, as someone who as a Vlach, has at first hand knowledge of his own kinsmen. http://etymology-of-vlach.borgfind.com/ Aromanian (BG) | Aromanian (GR) | Aromanian (RO) | Aromunian (AL) | Aromunian (MK) | Daco-Romanian (HU) | Daco-Romanian (UA) | Daco-Rumanian (CS) | Daco-Rumanian (RO) == Articoli == This Wikipedia has already 91 articols. [[User:Al|Al]] 12:06, 5 April 2006 (UTC) == Aromanian folk music == Hello, I'm Romanian (that is, Daco-Romanian) and I was really impressed the other day by an Aromanian folk song "Sa-ni mi duc la ea", sang by Vanghele Gogu. So, can you point me to some aromanian music records for sale/download? I really don't know where to search for such things. BTW: I was always curious. Can Aromanians understand Romanian? The reverse is not quite true. I tried reading the web site, and while I usually understand the sense of a sentence, I miss many words. I know that intelligibility is not an equivalence relation, for westerners have difficulties in apprehending Romanian, while the converse is less true. 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2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Bearing of destination 1228 sysop 3062 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Reference for bearing of destination 1229 sysop 3063 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Distance to destination 1230 sysop 3064 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Reference for distance to destination 1231 sysop 3065 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Latitude destination 1232 sysop 3066 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Reference for latitude of destination 1233 sysop 3067 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Longitude of destination 1234 sysop 3068 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Reference for longitude of destination 1235 sysop 3069 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default GPS differential correction 1236 sysop 3070 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Magnetic direction 1237 sysop 3071 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default True direction 1238 sysop 3072 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Measurement precision 1239 sysop 3073 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Direction of image 1240 sysop 3074 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Reference for direction of image 1241 sysop 3075 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Latitude 1242 sysop 3076 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default North latitude 1243 sysop 3077 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default South latitude 1244 sysop 3078 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default North or South Latitude 1245 sysop 3079 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Longitude 1246 sysop 3080 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default East longitude 1247 sysop 3081 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default West longitude 1248 sysop 3082 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default East or West Longitude 1249 sysop 3083 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Geodetic survey data used 1250 sysop 3084 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Measurement mode 1251 sysop 3085 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default 2-dimensional measurement 1252 sysop 3086 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default 3-dimensional measurement 1253 sysop 3087 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Name of GPS processing method 1254 sysop 3088 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Satellites used for measurement 1255 sysop 3089 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Speed of GPS receiver 1256 sysop 3090 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Kilometres per hour 1257 sysop 3091 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Miles per hour 1258 sysop 3092 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Knots 1259 sysop 3093 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Speed unit 1260 sysop 3094 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Receiver status 1261 sysop 3095 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Measurement in progress 1262 sysop 3096 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Measurement interoperability 1263 sysop 3097 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default GPS time (atomic clock) 1264 sysop 3098 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Direction of movement 1265 sysop 3099 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Reference for direction of movement 1266 sysop 3100 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default GPS tag version 1267 sysop 3101 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Image title 1268 sysop 3102 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Height 1269 sysop 3103 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Unique image ID 1270 sysop 3104 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Width 1271 sysop 3105 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default ISO speed rating 1272 sysop 3106 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Offset to JPEG SOI 1273 sysop 3107 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Bytes of JPEG data 1274 sysop 3108 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Light source 1275 sysop 3109 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Unknown 1276 sysop 3110 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Daylight 1277 sysop 5106 2005-11-09T23:04:24Z MediaWiki default Cloudy weather 1278 sysop 3112 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Shade 1279 sysop 3113 2005-07-03T13:25:59Z MediaWiki default Daylight fluorescent (D 5700 – 7100K) 1280 sysop 3114 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Day white fluorescent (N 4600 – 5400K) 1281 sysop 3115 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Cool white fluorescent (W 3900 – 4500K) 1282 sysop 3116 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default White fluorescent (WW 3200 – 3700K) 1283 sysop 3117 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Standard light A 1284 sysop 3118 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Standard light B 1285 sysop 3119 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Standard light C 1286 sysop 3120 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Fluorescent 1287 sysop 3121 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default D55 1288 sysop 3122 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default D65 1289 sysop 3123 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default D75 1290 sysop 3124 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default D50 1291 sysop 3125 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default ISO studio tungsten 1292 sysop 3126 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Other light source 1293 sysop 3127 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Tungsten (incandescent light) 1294 sysop 3128 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Flash 1295 sysop 3129 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Fine weather 1296 sysop 3130 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Camera manufacturer 1297 sysop 3131 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default $1 1298 sysop 3132 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Manufacturer notes 1299 sysop 3133 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Maximum land aperture 1300 sysop 3134 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Metering mode 1301 sysop 3135 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Unknown 1302 sysop 3136 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Average 1303 sysop 3137 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default CenterWeightedAverage 1304 sysop 3138 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Other 1305 sysop 3139 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Spot 1306 sysop 3140 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default MultiSpot 1307 sysop 3141 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Pattern 1308 sysop 3142 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Partial 1309 sysop 3143 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Camera model 1310 sysop 3144 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default $1 1311 sysop 3145 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Optoelectronic conversion factor 1312 sysop 3146 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Orientation 1313 sysop 3147 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Normal 1314 sysop 3148 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Flipped horizontally 1315 sysop 3149 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Rotated 180° 1316 sysop 3150 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Flipped vertically 1317 sysop 3151 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Rotated 90° CCW and flipped vertically 1318 sysop 3872 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Rotated 90° CW 1319 sysop 3874 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Rotated 90° CW and flipped vertically 1320 sysop 3154 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Rotated 90° CCW 1321 sysop 3155 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Pixel composition 1322 sysop 3156 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default RGB 1323 sysop 3157 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default YCbCr 1324 sysop 6317 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default Valid image height 1325 sysop 3159 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Valid image width 1326 sysop 3160 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Data arrangement 1327 sysop 3161 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default chunky format 1328 sysop 3162 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default planar format 1329 sysop 3163 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Chromaticities of primarities 1330 sysop 3164 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Pair of black and white reference values 1331 sysop 3165 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Related audio file 1332 sysop 3166 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Unit of X and Y resolution 1333 sysop 3167 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default inches 1334 sysop 3168 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default centimetres 1335 sysop 3169 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Number of rows per strip 1336 sysop 3170 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Number of components 1337 sysop 3171 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Saturation 1338 sysop 3172 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Normal 1339 sysop 3173 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Low saturation 1340 sysop 3174 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default High saturation 1341 sysop 3175 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Scene capture type 1342 sysop 3176 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Standard 1343 sysop 3177 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Landscape 1344 sysop 3178 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Portrait 1345 sysop 3179 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Night scene 1346 sysop 3180 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Scene type 1347 sysop 3181 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default A directly photographed image 1348 sysop 3182 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Sensing method 1349 sysop 3183 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Undefined 1350 sysop 3184 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default One-chip color area sensor 1351 sysop 3185 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Two-chip color area sensor 1352 sysop 3186 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Three-chip color area sensor 1353 sysop 3187 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Color sequential area sensor 1354 sysop 3188 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Trilinear sensor 1355 sysop 3189 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Color sequential linear sensor 1356 sysop 3190 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Sharpness 1357 sysop 3191 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Normal 1358 sysop 3192 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Soft 1359 sysop 3193 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Hard 1360 sysop 3194 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Shutter speed 1361 sysop 3195 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Software used 1362 sysop 3196 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default $1 1363 sysop 3197 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Spatial frequency response 1364 sysop 3198 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Spectral sensitivity 1365 sysop 3199 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Bytes per compressed strip 1366 sysop 3200 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Image data location 1367 sysop 3201 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Subject area 1368 sysop 3202 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Subject distance 1369 sysop 3203 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Subject distance range 1370 sysop 3204 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Unknown 1371 sysop 3205 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Macro 1372 sysop 3206 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Close view 1373 sysop 3207 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Distant view 1374 sysop 3208 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Subject location 1375 sysop 3209 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default DateTime subseconds 1376 sysop 3210 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default DateTimeDigitized subseconds 1377 sysop 3211 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default DateTimeOriginal subseconds 1378 sysop 3212 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Transfer function 1379 sysop 3213 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default User comments 1380 sysop 3214 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default White Balance 1381 sysop 3215 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Auto white balance 1382 sysop 3216 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Manual white balance 1383 sysop 3217 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default White point chromaticity 1384 sysop 3941 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Horizontal resolution 1385 sysop 3219 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Color space transformation matrix coefficients 1386 sysop 3220 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Y and C positioning 1387 sysop 3221 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Subsampling ratio of Y to C 1388 sysop 3950 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Vertical resolution 1389 sysop 3224 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default There was either an external authentication database error or you are not allowed to update your external account. 1390 sysop 3225 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default $1KB, MIME type: <code>$2</code> 1391 sysop 3226 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Files 1392 sysop 3229 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Trusted users able to block users and delete articles 1393 sysop 3230 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Administrator 1394 sysop 3231 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Anonymous users 1395 sysop 3232 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Anonymous 1396 sysop 3233 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default The bureaucrat group is able to make sysops 1397 sysop 3234 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Bureaucrat 1398 sysop 3235 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default General logged in users 1399 sysop 3236 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default User 1400 sysop 3237 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Full access 1401 sysop 3238 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Steward 1402 sysop 3239 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default grouprights level 1403 sysop 3240 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default User groups 1404 sysop 3241 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Add group 1405 sysop 3242 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default A group of that name already exists 1406 sysop 3243 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Edit group 1407 sysop 3244 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Group description (max 255 characters):<br /> 1408 sysop 3245 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Group name: 1409 sysop 3246 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default If the name or description starts with a colon, the remainder will be treated as a message name, and hence the text will be localised using the MediaWiki namespace 1410 sysop 3247 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Existing groups 1411 sysop 3248 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Existing groups: 1412 sysop 3249 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Manage group rights 1413 sysop 3250 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Please specify a valid group name 1414 sysop 3251 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default ID || Name || Description || Rights 1415 sysop 3252 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Earliest 1416 sysop 3253 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Latest 1417 sysop 3256 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default all 1418 sysop 8245 2006-10-25T19:52:15Z MediaWiki default 129 Source or destination title is of a special type; cannot move pages from and into that namespace. 1419 sysop 3261 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Transwiki import 1420 sysop 3262 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default No transwiki import sources have been defined and direct history uploads are disabled. 1421 sysop 5389 2005-12-02T02:40:47Z MediaWiki default The e-mail address cannot be accepted as it appears to have an invalid format. Please enter a well-formatted address or empty that field. 1422 sysop 3264 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Invert selection 1423 sysop 3266 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default IP Address or username 1424 sysop 4065 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default 2 hours:2 hours,1 day:1 day,3 days:3 days,1 week:1 week,2 weeks:2 weeks,1 month:1 month,3 months:3 months,6 months:6 months,1 year:1 year,infinite:infinite 1425 sysop 3268 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default Other time 1426 sysop 3269 2005-07-03T13:26:00Z MediaWiki default other 1427 sysop 6409 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default '''Warning''': This file may contain malicious code, by executing it your system may be compromised.<hr /> 1428 sysop 3281 2005-07-03T13:26:01Z MediaWiki default Metadata 1429 sysop 3282 2005-07-03T13:26:01Z MediaWiki default Wikipedia:Metadata 1430 sysop 3285 2005-07-03T13:26:01Z MediaWiki default Move log 1431 sysop 3286 2005-07-03T13:26:01Z MediaWiki default Below is a list of page moved. 1432 sysop 3289 2005-07-03T13:26:01Z MediaWiki default Reason 1433 sysop 3290 2005-07-03T13:26:01Z MediaWiki default Namespace: 1434 sysop 6427 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default Specify an e-mail address for these features to work. 1435 sysop 4953 2005-09-05T09:50:51Z MediaWiki default No file by this name exists, you can $1. 1436 sysop 3298 2005-07-03T13:26:01Z MediaWiki default [$1] 1437 sysop 3299 2005-07-03T13:26:01Z MediaWiki default [$1 watching user/s] 1438 sysop 3300 2005-07-03T13:26:01Z MediaWiki default Your password is too short. It must have at least $1 characters. 1439 sysop 6449 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default * E-mail (optional): Enables others to contact you through your user or user_talk page without needing to reveal your identity. 1440 sysop 5414 2005-12-02T02:40:48Z MediaWiki default This address is also used to send you e-mail notifications if you enabled the options. 1441 sysop 4328 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default * Real name (optional): if you choose to provide it this will be used for giving you attribution for your work. 1442 sysop 3308 2005-07-03T13:26:01Z MediaWiki default Print 1443 sysop 3314 2005-07-03T13:26:01Z MediaWiki default all 1444 sysop 3316 2005-07-03T13:26:01Z MediaWiki default Renamed group $2 to $3 1445 sysop 3318 2005-07-03T13:26:01Z MediaWiki default Restricted special pages 1446 sysop 3321 2005-07-03T13:26:01Z MediaWiki default revert 1447 sysop 3323 2005-07-03T13:26:01Z MediaWiki default [Interwiki transcluding is disabled] 1448 sysop 4439 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default [Template fetch failed for $1; sorry] 1449 sysop 3325 2005-07-03T13:26:01Z MediaWiki default [URL is too long; sorry] 1450 sysop 3327 2005-07-03T13:26:01Z MediaWiki default Search full text 1451 sysop 3329 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Source and destination titles are the same; can't move a page over itself. 1452 sysop 3331 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Set steward flag 1453 sysop 4976 2005-09-05T09:50:52Z MediaWiki default Please see the $1 for further information. 1454 sysop 3334 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Show changes 1455 sysop 5495 2005-12-02T04:14:10Z MediaWiki default * navigation ** mainpage|mainpage ** portal-url|portal ** currentevents-url|currentevents ** recentchanges-url|recentchanges ** randompage-url|randompage ** helppage|help ** sitesupport-url|sitesupport 1456 sysop 3338 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Source filename 1457 sysop 5647 2006-01-01T14:26:16Z MediaWiki default Thumbnail size: 1458 sysop 5428 2005-12-02T02:40:49Z MediaWiki default E-mail me also for minor edits of pages 1459 sysop 5430 2005-12-02T02:40:49Z MediaWiki default Reveal my e-mail address in notification mails 1460 sysop 5432 2005-12-02T02:40:49Z MediaWiki default E-mail me when my user talk page is changed 1461 sysop 6519 2006-07-01T19:05:42Z MediaWiki default E-mail me when a page I'm watching is changed 1462 sysop 3347 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Use external diff by default 1463 sysop 3348 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Use external editor by default 1464 sysop 3351 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Show the number of watching users 1465 sysop 6527 2006-07-01T19:05:42Z MediaWiki default Show which changes you made to the text. [alt-v] 1466 sysop 3355 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Try exact match 1467 sysop 3356 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Undelete one edit 1468 sysop 3360 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default The upload directory ($1) is not writable by the webserver. 1469 sysop 3362 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default [$1 Upload a new version of this file] 1470 sysop 6090 2006-03-28T06:29:00Z MediaWiki default This file contains HTML or script code that may be erroneously be interpreted by a web browser. 1471 sysop 3366 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default The file contains a virus! Details: $1 1472 sysop 3367 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default User rights management 1473 sysop 3368 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Edit user groups 1474 sysop 3369 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Available groups: 1475 sysop 3370 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Select groups you want the user to be removed from or added to. Unselected groups will not be changed. You can deselect a group with CTRL + Left Click 1476 sysop 3371 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Member of: 1477 sysop 3372 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Changed group membership from $1 to $2 1478 sysop 3373 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Manage user groups 1479 sysop 5654 2006-01-01T14:26:17Z MediaWiki default Enter a username: 1480 sysop 3376 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Add 1481 sysop 3378 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Delete 1482 sysop 3379 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default _User \ ^Topic 1483 sysop 3380 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default User $1 1484 sysop 3382 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Check this box if you really mean it! 1485 sysop 3383 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default <th>#</th><th>Topic</th><th>Range</th><th>Action</th> 1486 sysop 3384 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default My validation overview 1487 sysop 3385 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default No 1488 sysop 3386 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default $1 of $2 1489 sysop 3387 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Revisions for $1 1490 sysop 3388 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default See the validation statistics for "$1" <a href="$2">here</a> 1491 sysop 3389 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Revision 1492 sysop 3390 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Your ratings have been stored! 1493 sysop 3391 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Revision #$1 1494 sysop 3392 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Revision of $1 1495 sysop 3393 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default details 1496 sysop 3394 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Show my validations 1497 sysop 3395 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Time 1498 sysop 3396 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Project:Validation topics 1499 sysop 3397 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Validation overview of user $1 1500 sysop 3398 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Validation of "$1" 1501 sysop 3400 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Change this text <a href="{{SERVER}}{{localurl:MediaWiki:Val_votepage_intro}}">here</a>! 1502 sysop 3401 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default <b>Never, <i>ever</i>, change something here without <i>explicit</i> community consensus!</b> 1503 sysop 3402 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Yes 1504 sysop 3403 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default is 1505 sysop 3404 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default iz 1506 sysop 3405 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Version $1 of MediaWiki required 1507 sysop 3406 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Version $1 of MediaWiki is required to use this page. See [[Special:Version]] 1508 sysop 3407 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Views 1509 sysop 3410 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default all 1510 sysop 3411 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default all 1511 sysop 5457 2005-12-02T02:40:50Z MediaWiki default * E-mail notification is enabled. 1512 sysop 3414 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default * Pages which have been changed since you last visited them are shown in '''bold''' 1513 sysop 3415 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Hide 1514 sysop 6589 2006-07-01T19:05:42Z MediaWiki default $1 my edits 1515 sysop 3417 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Show 1516 sysop 3419 2005-07-03T13:26:02Z MediaWiki default Your domain 1517 3433 2005-07-22T04:47:34Z 81.153.154.191 spam 1518 3436 2005-07-22T20:25:20Z Mik 35 Γεια! Είμαι βλάχος και ήταν μία ευχάριστη έκπληξη για μένα να βρω ότι υπάρχει Βικιπαίδεια στα Βλάχικα. Δυστηχώς δεν μπορώ να βοηθήσω γιατί κατανοώ μεν τη γλώσσα όταν την ακούω, αλλά δεν μπορώ να τη μιλήσω. (πόσο μάλλον να τη γράψω). Πάντως εύχομαι καλή επιτυχία. Ηι! I am aromounian and it was a pleasant surprise for me to find out that there is a wikipedia in Aromanian. Unfortunately I cannot help because I can understand the language when I listen to it but I cannot speak (not to mention write) in it. Anyway, I wish success to the project.--[[User:Mik|Mik]] 20:25, 22 July 2005 (UTC) 1519 sysop 5067 2005-11-09T23:04:15Z MediaWiki default [[$1]] moved to [[$2]] 1520 sysop 5069 2005-11-09T23:04:15Z MediaWiki default [[$1]] moved to [[$2]] over redirect 1521 sysop 6251 2006-07-01T19:05:38Z MediaWiki default /* CSS placed here will affect users of the Monobook skin */ 1522 sysop 6253 2006-07-01T19:05:38Z MediaWiki default /* tooltips and access keys */ ta = new Object(); ta['pt-userpage'] = new Array('.','My user page'); ta['pt-anonuserpage'] = new Array('.','The user page for the ip you\'re editing as'); ta['pt-mytalk'] = new Array('n','My talk page'); ta['pt-anontalk'] = new Array('n','Discussion about edits from this ip address'); ta['pt-preferences'] = new Array('','My preferences'); ta['pt-watchlist'] = new Array('l','The list of pages you\'re monitoring for changes.'); ta['pt-mycontris'] = new Array('y','List of my contributions'); ta['pt-login'] = new Array('o','You are encouraged to log in, it is not mandatory however.'); ta['pt-anonlogin'] = new Array('o','You are encouraged to log in, it is not mandatory however.'); ta['pt-logout'] = new Array('o','Log out'); ta['ca-talk'] = new Array('t','Discussion about the content page'); ta['ca-edit'] = new Array('e','You can edit this page. Please use the preview button before saving.'); ta['ca-addsection'] = new Array('+','Add a comment to this discussion.'); ta['ca-viewsource'] = new Array('e','This page is protected. You can view its source.'); ta['ca-history'] = new Array('h','Past versions of this page.'); ta['ca-protect'] = new Array('=','Protect this page'); ta['ca-delete'] = new Array('d','Delete this page'); ta['ca-undelete'] = new Array('d','Restore the edits done to this page before it was deleted'); ta['ca-move'] = new Array('m','Move this page'); ta['ca-watch'] = new Array('w','Add this page to your watchlist'); ta['ca-unwatch'] = new Array('w','Remove this page from your watchlist'); ta['search'] = new Array('f','Search this wiki'); ta['p-logo'] = new Array('','Main Page'); ta['n-mainpage'] = new Array('z','Visit the Main Page'); ta['n-portal'] = new Array('','About the project, what you can do, where to find things'); ta['n-currentevents'] = new Array('','Find background information on current events'); ta['n-recentchanges'] = new Array('r','The list of recent changes in the wiki.'); ta['n-randompage'] = new Array('x','Load a random page'); ta['n-help'] = new Array('','The place to find out.'); ta['n-sitesupport'] = new Array('','Support us'); ta['t-whatlinkshere'] = new Array('j','List of all wiki pages that link here'); ta['t-recentchangeslinked'] = new Array('k','Recent changes in pages linked from this page'); ta['feed-rss'] = new Array('','RSS feed for this page'); ta['feed-atom'] = new Array('','Atom feed for this page'); ta['t-contributions'] = new Array('','View the list of contributions of this user'); ta['t-emailuser'] = new Array('','Send a mail to this user'); ta['t-upload'] = new Array('u','Upload images or media files'); ta['t-specialpages'] = new Array('q','List of all special pages'); ta['ca-nstab-main'] = new Array('c','View the content page'); ta['ca-nstab-user'] = new Array('c','View the user page'); ta['ca-nstab-media'] = new Array('c','View the media page'); ta['ca-nstab-special'] = new Array('','This is a special page, you can\'t edit the page itself.'); ta['ca-nstab-project'] = new Array('a','View the project page'); ta['ca-nstab-image'] = new Array('c','View the image page'); ta['ca-nstab-mediawiki'] = new Array('c','View the system message'); ta['ca-nstab-template'] = new Array('c','View the template'); ta['ca-nstab-help'] = new Array('c','View the help page'); ta['ca-nstab-category'] = new Array('c','View the category page'); 1523 sysop 3452 2005-07-29T11:05:40Z MediaWiki default About 1524 sysop 3453 2005-07-29T11:05:40Z MediaWiki default Project:About 1525 sysop 3454 2005-07-29T11:05:40Z MediaWiki default About {{SITENAME}} 1526 sysop 3455 2005-07-29T11:05:40Z MediaWiki default v 1527 sysop 4810 2005-08-19T23:34:22Z MediaWiki default v 1528 sysop 3457 2005-07-29T11:05:40Z MediaWiki default i 1529 sysop 3458 2005-07-29T11:05:40Z MediaWiki default p 1530 sysop 3459 2005-07-29T11:05:40Z MediaWiki default s 1531 sysop 3460 2005-07-29T11:05:40Z MediaWiki default f 1532 sysop 5545 2005-12-22T07:36:09Z MediaWiki default The password for "$1" has been sent to $2. 1533 sysop 3463 2005-07-29T11:05:40Z MediaWiki default Password sent. 1534 sysop 3464 2005-07-29T11:05:40Z MediaWiki default Sorry, you have already created $1 accounts. You can't make any more. 1535 sysop 3465 2005-07-29T11:05:40Z MediaWiki default Action complete 1536 sysop 3466 2005-07-29T11:05:40Z MediaWiki default Added to watchlist 1537 sysop 6260 2006-07-01T19:05:38Z MediaWiki default The page "[[:$1]]" has been added to your [[Special:Watchlist|watchlist]]. Future changes to this page and its associated Talk page will be listed there, and the page will appear '''bolded''' in the [[Special:Recentchanges|list of recent changes]] to make it easier to pick out. If you want to remove the page from your watchlist later, click "Unwatch" in the sidebar. 1538 sysop 3468 2005-07-29T11:05:40Z MediaWiki default Add Group 1539 sysop 3469 2005-07-29T11:05:40Z MediaWiki default Added group $2 1540 sysop 3470 2005-07-29T11:05:40Z MediaWiki default + 1541 sysop 6262 2006-07-01T19:05:38Z MediaWiki default {{ns:project}}:Administrators 1542 sysop 3472 2005-07-29T11:05:40Z MediaWiki default All articles 1543 sysop 3473 2005-07-29T11:05:40Z MediaWiki default All pages ($1 namespace) 1544 sysop 3474 2005-07-29T11:05:40Z MediaWiki default Combined display of upload, deletion, protection, blocking, and sysop logs. You can narrow down the view by selecting a log type, the user name, or the affected page. 1545 sysop 3476 2005-07-29T11:05:40Z MediaWiki default System messages 1546 sysop 3477 2005-07-29T11:05:40Z MediaWiki default Current text 1547 sysop 3478 2005-07-29T11:05:40Z MediaWiki default Default text 1548 sysop 3479 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Name 1549 sysop 6264 2006-07-01T19:05:38Z MediaWiki default '''Special:Allmessages''' cannot be used because '''$wgUseDatabaseMessages''' is switched off. 1550 sysop 6266 2006-07-01T19:05:38Z MediaWiki default Your current interface language <b>$1</b> is not supported by Special:Allmessages at this site. 1551 sysop 6268 2006-07-01T19:05:38Z MediaWiki default This is a list of system messages available in the MediaWiki namespace. 1552 sysop 3484 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default All non-articles 1553 sysop 3485 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default All pages (not in $1 namespace) 1554 sysop 3486 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default All pages 1555 sysop 3487 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Display pages starting at: 1556 sysop 3488 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Next 1557 sysop 3489 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Previous 1558 sysop 3490 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Go 1559 sysop 3491 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default $1 to $2 1560 sysop 3492 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default This user is already a bureaucrat 1561 sysop 3493 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default This user is already a steward 1562 sysop 3494 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default This user is already an administrator 1563 sysop 5469 2005-12-02T04:14:04Z MediaWiki default <strong>User $1, you are already logged in!</strong><br /> 1564 sysop 5632 2006-01-01T14:26:11Z MediaWiki default Cannot rollback last edit of [[$1]] by [[User:$2|$2]] ([[User talk:$2|Talk]]); someone else has edited or rolled back the page already. Last edit was by [[User:$3|$3]] ([[User talk:$3|Talk]]). 1565 sysop 3497 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Oldest pages 1566 sysop 3498 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default and 1567 sysop 3499 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Talk for this IP 1568 sysop 6272 2006-07-01T19:05:38Z MediaWiki default ----''This is the discussion page for an anonymous user who has not created an account yet or who does not use it. We therefore have to use the numerical IP address to identify him/her. Such an IP address can be shared by several users. If you are an anonymous user and feel that irrelevant comments have been directed at you, please [[Special:Userlogin|create an account or log in]] to avoid future confusion with other anonymous users.'' 1569 sysop 3502 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Anonymous user(s) of {{SITENAME}} 1570 sysop 3503 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Apr 1571 sysop 3504 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default April 1572 sysop 3505 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Content page 1573 sysop 3506 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default A page of that name already exists, or the name you have chosen is not valid. Please choose another name. 1574 sysop 3507 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default View content page 1575 sysop 3508 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Aug 1576 sysop 3509 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default August 1577 sysop 3511 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Autoblocked because your IP address has been recently used by "[[User:$1|$1]]". The reason given for $1's block is: "'''$2'''" 1578 sysop 3512 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Permission error 1579 sysop 3513 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default The action you have requested is limited to users with the "$2" permission assigned. See $1. 1580 sysop 3514 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default This action cannot be performed on this page. 1581 sysop 3516 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default File name has been changed to "$1". 1582 sysop 3517 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default ".$1" is not a recommended image file format. 1583 sysop 3518 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Invalid IP address 1584 sysop 3519 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Badly formed search query 1585 sysop 3520 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default We could not process your query. This is probably because you have attempted to search for a word fewer than three letters long, which is not yet supported. It could also be that you have mistyped the expression, for example "fish and and scales". Please try another query. 1586 sysop 3521 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default The passwords you entered do not match. 1587 sysop 3522 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Bad title 1588 sysop 5849 2006-02-26T02:03:17Z MediaWiki default The requested page title was invalid, empty, or an incorrectly linked inter-language or inter-wiki title. It may contain one more characters which cannot be used in titles. 1589 sysop 3524 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default (Main) 1590 sysop 6280 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default Your user name or IP address has been blocked by $1. The reason given is this:<br />''$2''<br />You may contact $1 or one of the other [[{{ns:project}}:Administrators|administrators]] to discuss the block. Note that you may not use the "e-mail this user" feature unless you have a valid e-mail address registered in your [[Special:Preferences|user preferences]]. Your IP address is $3. Please include this address in any queries you make. 1591 sysop 3526 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default User is blocked 1592 sysop 3527 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Block user 1593 sysop 3528 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Block succeeded 1594 sysop 5851 2006-02-26T02:03:17Z MediaWiki default [[{{ns:Special}}:Contributions/$1|$1]] has been blocked. <br />See [[{{ns:Special}}:Ipblocklist|IP block list]] to review blocks. 1595 sysop 6282 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default Use the form below to block write access from a specific IP address or username. This should be done only only to prevent vandalism, and in accordance with [[{{ns:project}}:Policy|policy]]. Fill in a specific reason below (for example, citing particular pages that were vandalized). 1596 sysop 3532 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default block 1597 sysop 4820 2005-08-19T23:34:22Z MediaWiki default $1, $2 blocked $3 ($4) 1598 sysop 3534 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default blocked "[[$1]]" with an expiry time of $2 1599 sysop 6284 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default Block log 1600 sysop 3536 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default This is a log of user blocking and unblocking actions. Automatically blocked IP addresses are not listed. See the [[Special:Ipblocklist|IP block list]] for the list of currently operational bans and blocks. 1601 sysop 3537 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default block level 1602 sysop 3538 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Bold text 1603 sysop 3539 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Bold text 1604 sysop 3540 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Book sources 1605 sysop 3542 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Below is a list of links to other sites that sell new and used books, and may also have further information about books you are looking for. 1606 sysop 5853 2006-02-26T02:03:17Z MediaWiki default Broken redirects 1607 sysop 5855 2006-02-26T02:03:18Z MediaWiki default The following redirects link to non-existent pages: 1608 sysop 3545 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Bug reports 1609 sysop 3546 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Project:Bug_reports 1610 sysop 3547 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Bureaucrat_log 1611 sysop 3548 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Changed group membership for $1 from $2 to $3 1612 sysop 3549 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default by date 1613 sysop 3550 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default by name 1614 sysop 3551 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default by size 1615 sysop 3552 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default The following is a cached copy of the requested page, and may not be up to date. 1616 sysop 3553 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Cancel 1617 sysop 3554 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Could not delete the page or file specified. (It may have already been deleted by someone else.) 1618 sysop 3555 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Cannot revert edit; last contributor is only author of this page. 1619 sysop 6290 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default {{PLURAL:$1|Category|Categories}} 1620 sysop 3557 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default The following categories exist in the wiki. 1621 sysop 3558 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default category 1622 sysop 3559 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Articles in category "$1" 1623 sysop 6292 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default There {{PLURAL:$1|is one article|are $1 articles}} in this category. 1624 sysop 3561 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default There is $1 article in this category. 1625 sysop 3562 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default changed 1626 sysop 3563 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Changed group $2 1627 sysop 3564 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Change password 1628 sysop 3565 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default changes 1629 sysop 6298 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default '''Note:''' After saving, you may have to bypass your browser's cache to see the changes. '''Mozilla / Firefox / Safari:''' hold down ''Shift'' while clicking ''Reload'', or press ''Ctrl-Shift-R'' (''Cmd-Shift-R'' on Apple Mac); '''IE:''' hold ''Ctrl'' while clicking ''Refresh'', or press ''Ctrl-F5''; '''Konqueror:''': simply click the ''Reload'' button, or press ''F5''; '''Opera''' users may need to completely clear their cache in ''Tools→Preferences''. 1630 sysop 5085 2005-11-09T23:04:20Z MediaWiki default Columns: 1631 sysop 3568 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Compare selected versions 1632 sysop 3569 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Confirm 1633 sysop 3570 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Confirm delete 1634 sysop 6300 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default You are about to permanently delete a page or image along with all of its history from the database. Please confirm that you intend to do this, that you understand the consequences, and that you are doing this in accordance with [[{{ns:project}}:Policy]]. 1635 sysop 3572 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Confirm E-mail address 1636 sysop 5475 2005-12-02T04:14:05Z MediaWiki default Someone, probably you from IP address $1, has registered an account "$2" with this e-mail address on {{SITENAME}}. To confirm that this account really does belong to you and activate e-mail features on {{SITENAME}}, open this link in your browser: $3 If this is *not* you, don't follow the link. This confirmation code will expire at $4. 1637 sysop 3575 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Something went wrong saving your confirmation. 1638 sysop 3576 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Invalid confirmation code. The code may have expired. 1639 sysop 3577 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Your e-mail address has now been confirmed. 1640 sysop 3578 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Mail a confirmation code 1641 sysop 3579 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Could not send confirmation mail. Check address for invalid characters. 1642 sysop 3580 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Confirmation e-mail sent. 1643 sysop 3581 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default {{SITENAME}} e-mail address confirmation 1644 sysop 3582 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Your e-mail address has been confirmed. You may now log in and enjoy the wiki. 1645 sysop 3583 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default This wiki requires that you validate your e-mail address before using e-mail features. Activate the button below to send a confirmation mail to your address. The mail will include a link containing a code; load the link in your browser to confirm that your e-mail address is valid. 1646 sysop 3584 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Confirm protection 1647 sysop 3585 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Do you really want to protect this page? 1648 sysop 3586 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Confirm unprotection 1649 sysop 3587 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Do you really want to unprotect this page? 1650 sysop 5093 2005-11-09T23:04:21Z MediaWiki default Context per line: 1651 sysop 5095 2005-11-09T23:04:21Z MediaWiki default Lines per hit: 1652 sysop 3590 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default $1 minor edits 1653 sysop 3591 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default contribs 1654 sysop 3592 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default For $1 1655 sysop 3593 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default User contributions 1656 sysop 3594 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default all 1657 sysop 3595 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Content is available under $1. 1658 sysop 3596 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default Project:Copyrights 1659 sysop 3597 2005-07-29T11:05:41Z MediaWiki default {{SITENAME}} copyright 1660 sysop 5550 2005-12-22T07:36:10Z MediaWiki default Please note that all contributions to {{SITENAME}} are considered to be released under the $2 (see $1 for details). If you don't want your writing to be edited mercilessly and redistributed at will, then don't submit it here.<br /> You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource. <strong>DO NOT SUBMIT COPYRIGHTED WORK WITHOUT PERMISSION!</strong> 1661 sysop 5552 2005-12-22T07:36:10Z MediaWiki default Please note that all contributions to {{SITENAME}} may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you don't want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then don't submit it here.<br /> You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see $1 for details). <strong>DO NOT SUBMIT COPYRIGHTED WORK WITHOUT PERMISSION!</strong> 1662 sysop 3600 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Couldn't remove item '$1'... 1663 sysop 5366 2005-12-02T02:40:44Z MediaWiki default Create account 1664 sysop 5368 2005-12-02T02:40:45Z MediaWiki default by e-mail 1665 sysop 3603 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default createaccount level 1666 sysop 3604 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Create article 1667 sysop 3605 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default created 1668 sysop 3606 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Page credits 1669 sysop 3607 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default cur 1670 sysop 3608 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Current events 1671 sysop 3609 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Current events 1672 sysop 3610 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Current revision 1673 sysop 6306 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default Current revision 1674 sysop 3612 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Data 1675 sysop 3613 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Database error 1676 sysop 3614 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Date format 1677 sysop 3615 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default A database query syntax error has occurred. This may indicate a bug in the software. The last attempted database query was: <blockquote><tt>$1</tt></blockquote> from within function "<tt>$2</tt>". MySQL returned error "<tt>$3: $4</tt>". 1678 sysop 5477 2005-12-02T04:14:05Z MediaWiki default A database query syntax error has occurred. The last attempted database query was: "$1" from within function "$2". MySQL returned error "$3: $4" 1679 sysop 3617 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Dead-end pages 1680 sysop 3618 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Debug 1681 sysop 3619 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Dec 1682 sysop 3620 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default December 1683 sysop 3621 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default default 1684 sysop 3622 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Search in these namespaces by default: 1685 sysop 3623 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default {{SITENAME}} e-mail 1686 sysop 3624 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Delete 1687 sysop 3625 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Delete and move 1688 sysop 3626 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Deleted to make way for move 1689 sysop 3627 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default ==Deletion required== The destination article "[[$1]]" already exists. Do you want to delete it to make way for the move? 1690 sysop 3628 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Reason for deletion 1691 sysop 3629 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default deleted "[[$1]]" 1692 sysop 3630 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default [deleted] 1693 sysop 3631 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Deleted old revision $1. 1694 sysop 3632 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default "$1" has been deleted. See $2 for a record of recent deletions. 1695 sysop 3633 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default del 1696 sysop 3635 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Delete all revisions of this file 1697 sysop 3636 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Delete page 1698 sysop 3637 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default delete level 1699 sysop 3638 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default (Deleting "$1") 1700 sysop 3639 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Delete this page 1701 sysop 3640 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default deletion log 1702 sysop 6308 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default Deletion log 1703 sysop 3642 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Below is a list of the most recent deletions. 1704 sysop 3643 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Destination filename 1705 sysop 3645 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default The action you have requested can only be performed by users with "developer" capability. See $1. 1706 sysop 3646 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Developer access required 1707 sysop 3647 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default diff 1708 sysop 3648 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default (Difference between revisions) 1709 sysop 3649 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Disambiguation pages 1710 sysop 3651 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Template:disambig 1711 sysop 3652 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default The following pages link to a <i>disambiguation page</i>. They should link to the appropriate topic instead.<br />A page is treated as disambiguation if it is linked from $1.<br />Links from other namespaces are <i>not</i> listed here. 1712 sysop 3653 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Project:General_disclaimer 1713 sysop 3654 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Disclaimers 1714 sysop 3656 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Double redirects 1715 sysop 3657 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Each row contains links to the first and second redirect, as well as the first line of the second redirect text, usually giving the "real" target page, which the first redirect should point to. 1716 sysop 5372 2005-12-02T02:40:45Z MediaWiki default A confirmation e-mail has been sent to the nominated e-mail address. Before any other mail is sent to the account, you will have to follow the instructions in the e-mail, to confirm that the account is actually yours. 1717 sysop 3660 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default See the [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:External_editors setup instructions] for more information. 1718 sysop 3661 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Edit this file using an external application 1719 sysop 4827 2005-08-19T23:34:23Z MediaWiki default Edit 1720 sysop 3663 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default The edit comment was: "<i>$1</i>". 1721 sysop 3664 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Edit conflict: $1 1722 sysop 3665 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Edit the current version of this page 1723 sysop 3666 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Edit Group 1724 sysop 3667 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Editing help 1725 sysop 3668 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Help:Editing 1726 sysop 3669 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Editing $1 1727 sysop 3670 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Editing $1 (comment) 1728 sysop 3671 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default <strong>WARNING: You are editing an out-of-date revision of this page. If you save it, any changes made since this revision will be lost.</strong> 1729 sysop 3672 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Editing $1 (section) 1730 sysop 3673 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default edit 1731 sysop 3674 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Edit this page 1732 sysop 3675 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Edit User Groups 1733 sysop 5374 2005-12-02T02:40:45Z MediaWiki default E-mail 1734 sysop 5376 2005-12-02T02:40:45Z MediaWiki default Your e-mail address was authenticated on $1. 1735 sysop 3678 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Confirm your e-mail address 1736 sysop 3679 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Disable e-mail from other users 1737 sysop 5554 2005-12-22T07:36:10Z MediaWiki default <div style="width:30em">* Optional. An e-mail lets others contact you on this site without revealing your address, and lets us send you a new password if you forget it.<br /><br />Your real name will be used to give you attribution for your work.</div> 1738 sysop 3681 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default From 1739 sysop 3682 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Message 1740 sysop 5380 2005-12-02T02:40:45Z MediaWiki default Your e-mail address is <strong>not yet authenticated</strong>. No e-mail will be sent for any of the following features. 1741 sysop 3684 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default E-mail user 1742 sysop 3685 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default If this user has entered a valid e-mail address in his or her user preferences, the form below will send a single message. The e-mail address you entered in your user preferences will appear as the "From" address of the mail, so the recipient will be able to reply. 1743 sysop 3686 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Send 1744 sysop 3687 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default E-mail sent 1745 sysop 3688 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Your e-mail message has been sent. 1746 sysop 3689 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Subject 1747 sysop 3690 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default To 1748 sysop 3691 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default E-mail this user 1749 sysop 3692 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default The file you uploaded seems to be empty. This might be due to a typo in the file name. Please check whether you really want to upload this file. 1750 sysop 6316 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default Dear $WATCHINGUSERNAME, the {{SITENAME}} page $PAGETITLE has been $CHANGEDORCREATED on $PAGEEDITDATE by $PAGEEDITOR, see $PAGETITLE_URL for the current version. $NEWPAGE Editor's summary: $PAGESUMMARY $PAGEMINOREDIT Contact the editor: mail: $PAGEEDITOR_EMAIL wiki: $PAGEEDITOR_WIKI There will be no other notifications in case of further changes unless you visit this page. You could also reset the notification flags for all your watched pages on your watchlist. Your friendly {{SITENAME}} notification system -- To change your watchlist settings, visit {{fullurl:{{ns:special}}:Watchlist/edit}} Feedback and further assistance: {{fullurl:{{ns:help}}:Contents}} 1751 sysop 3696 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default See $1 for all changes since your last visit. 1752 sysop 3697 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default {{SITENAME}} Notification Mailer 1753 sysop 3698 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default This is a new page. 1754 sysop 3699 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Mark all pages visited 1755 sysop 3700 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default {{SITENAME}} page $PAGETITLE has been $CHANGEDORCREATED by $PAGEEDITOR 1756 sysop 3701 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Enter a reason for the lock, including an estimate of when the lock will be released 1757 sysop 3702 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Error 1758 sysop 3703 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Error 1759 sysop 3704 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default content before blanking was: '$1' 1760 sysop 3705 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default page was empty 1761 sysop 3706 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default content was: '$1' 1762 sysop 3707 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default content was: '$1' (and the only contributor was '$2') 1763 sysop 3708 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Aperture 1764 sysop 3709 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Author 1765 sysop 3710 2005-07-29T11:05:42Z MediaWiki default Bits per component 1766 sysop 3711 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Brightness 1767 sysop 3712 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default CFA pattern 1768 sysop 3713 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default sRGB 1769 sysop 3714 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default FFFF.H 1770 sysop 3715 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Color space 1771 sysop 3716 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default does not exist 1772 sysop 3717 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Y 1773 sysop 3718 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Cb 1774 sysop 3719 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Cr 1775 sysop 3720 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default R 1776 sysop 3721 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default G 1777 sysop 3722 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default B 1778 sysop 3723 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Meaning of each component 1779 sysop 3724 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Image compression mode 1780 sysop 3725 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Uncompressed 1781 sysop 3726 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default JPEG 1782 sysop 3727 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Compression scheme 1783 sysop 3728 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Normal 1784 sysop 3729 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Soft 1785 sysop 3730 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Hard 1786 sysop 3731 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Contrast 1787 sysop 3732 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Copyright holder 1788 sysop 3733 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Normal process 1789 sysop 3734 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Custom process 1790 sysop 3735 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Custom image processing 1791 sysop 3736 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default File change date and time 1792 sysop 3737 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Date and time of digitizing 1793 sysop 3738 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Date and time of data generation 1794 sysop 3739 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Device settings description 1795 sysop 3740 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Digital zoom ratio 1796 sysop 3741 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Exif version 1797 sysop 3742 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Exposure bias 1798 sysop 3743 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Exposure index 1799 sysop 3744 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Auto exposure 1800 sysop 3745 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Manual exposure 1801 sysop 3746 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Auto bracket 1802 sysop 3747 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Exposure mode 1803 sysop 3748 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Not defined 1804 sysop 3749 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Manual 1805 sysop 3750 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Normal program 1806 sysop 3751 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Aperture priority 1807 sysop 3752 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Shutter priority 1808 sysop 3753 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Creative program (biased toward depth of field) 1809 sysop 3754 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Action program (biased toward fast shutter speed) 1810 sysop 3755 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Portrait mode (for closeup photos with the background out of focus) 1811 sysop 3756 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Landscape mode (for landscape photos with the background in focus) 1812 sysop 3757 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Exposure Program 1813 sysop 3758 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Exposure time 1814 sysop 3759 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default DSC 1815 sysop 3760 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default File source 1816 sysop 3761 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Flash 1817 sysop 3762 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Flash energy 1818 sysop 3763 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Supported Flashpix version 1819 sysop 3764 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default F Number 1820 sysop 3765 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Lens focal length 1821 sysop 3766 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Focal length in 35 mm film 1822 sysop 3767 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default inches 1823 sysop 3768 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default inches 1824 sysop 3769 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Focal plane resolution unit 1825 sysop 3770 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Focal plane X resolution 1826 sysop 3771 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Focal plane Y resolution 1827 sysop 3772 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default None 1828 sysop 3773 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Low gain up 1829 sysop 3774 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default High gain up 1830 sysop 3775 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Low gain down 1831 sysop 3776 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default High gain down 1832 sysop 3777 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Scene control 1833 sysop 3778 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Altitude 1834 sysop 3779 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Altitude reference 1835 sysop 3780 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Name of GPS area 1836 sysop 3781 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default GPS date 1837 sysop 3782 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Bearing of destination 1838 sysop 3783 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Reference for bearing of destination 1839 sysop 3784 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Distance to destination 1840 sysop 3785 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Reference for distance to destination 1841 sysop 3786 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Latitude destination 1842 sysop 3787 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Reference for latitude of destination 1843 sysop 3788 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Longitude of destination 1844 sysop 3789 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Reference for longitude of destination 1845 sysop 3790 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default GPS differential correction 1846 sysop 3791 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Magnetic direction 1847 sysop 3792 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default True direction 1848 sysop 3793 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Measurement precision 1849 sysop 3794 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Direction of image 1850 sysop 3795 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Reference for direction of image 1851 sysop 3796 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default North latitude 1852 sysop 3797 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default South latitude 1853 sysop 3798 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default Latitude 1854 sysop 3799 2005-07-29T11:05:43Z MediaWiki default North or South Latitude 1855 sysop 3800 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default East longitude 1856 sysop 3801 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default West longitude 1857 sysop 3802 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Longitude 1858 sysop 3803 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default East or West Longitude 1859 sysop 3804 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Geodetic survey data used 1860 sysop 3805 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default 2-dimensional measurement 1861 sysop 3806 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default 3-dimensional measurement 1862 sysop 3807 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Measurement mode 1863 sysop 3808 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Name of GPS processing method 1864 sysop 3809 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Satellites used for measurement 1865 sysop 3810 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Kilometres per hour 1866 sysop 3811 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Miles per hour 1867 sysop 3812 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Knots 1868 sysop 3813 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Speed of GPS receiver 1869 sysop 3814 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Speed unit 1870 sysop 3815 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Measurement in progress 1871 sysop 3816 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Measurement interoperability 1872 sysop 3817 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Receiver status 1873 sysop 3818 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default GPS time (atomic clock) 1874 sysop 3819 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Direction of movement 1875 sysop 3820 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Reference for direction of movement 1876 sysop 3821 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default GPS tag version 1877 sysop 3822 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Image title 1878 sysop 3823 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Height 1879 sysop 3824 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Unique image ID 1880 sysop 3825 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Width 1881 sysop 3826 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default ISO speed rating 1882 sysop 3827 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Offset to JPEG SOI 1883 sysop 3828 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Bytes of JPEG data 1884 sysop 3829 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Unknown 1885 sysop 3830 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Daylight 1886 sysop 5107 2005-11-09T23:04:24Z MediaWiki default Cloudy weather 1887 sysop 3832 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Shade 1888 sysop 3833 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Daylight fluorescent (D 5700 – 7100K) 1889 sysop 3834 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Day white fluorescent (N 4600 – 5400K) 1890 sysop 3835 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Cool white fluorescent (W 3900 – 4500K) 1891 sysop 3836 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default White fluorescent (WW 3200 – 3700K) 1892 sysop 3837 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Standard light A 1893 sysop 3838 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Standard light B 1894 sysop 3839 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Standard light C 1895 sysop 3840 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Fluorescent 1896 sysop 3841 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default D55 1897 sysop 3842 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default D65 1898 sysop 3843 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default D75 1899 sysop 3844 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default D50 1900 sysop 3845 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default ISO studio tungsten 1901 sysop 3846 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Other light source 1902 sysop 3847 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Tungsten (incandescent light) 1903 sysop 3848 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Flash 1904 sysop 3849 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Fine weather 1905 sysop 3850 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Light source 1906 sysop 3851 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default $1 1907 sysop 3852 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Camera manufacturer 1908 sysop 3853 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Manufacturer notes 1909 sysop 3854 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Maximum land aperture 1910 sysop 3855 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Unknown 1911 sysop 3856 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Average 1912 sysop 3857 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default CenterWeightedAverage 1913 sysop 3858 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Other 1914 sysop 3859 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Spot 1915 sysop 3860 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default MultiSpot 1916 sysop 3861 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Pattern 1917 sysop 3862 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Partial 1918 sysop 3863 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Metering mode 1919 sysop 3864 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default $1 1920 sysop 3865 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Camera model 1921 sysop 3866 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Optoelectronic conversion factor 1922 sysop 3867 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Normal 1923 sysop 3868 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Flipped horizontally 1924 sysop 3869 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Rotated 180° 1925 sysop 3870 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Flipped vertically 1926 sysop 3871 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Rotated 90° CCW and flipped vertically 1927 sysop 3873 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Rotated 90° CW 1928 sysop 3875 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Rotated 90° CW and flipped vertically 1929 sysop 3876 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Rotated 90° CCW 1930 sysop 3877 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Orientation 1931 sysop 3878 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default RGB 1932 sysop 3879 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default YCbCr 1933 sysop 3880 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Pixel composition 1934 sysop 6318 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default Valid image height 1935 sysop 3882 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Valid image width 1936 sysop 3883 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default chunky format 1937 sysop 3884 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default planar format 1938 sysop 3885 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Data arrangement 1939 sysop 3886 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Chromaticities of primarities 1940 sysop 3887 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Pair of black and white reference values 1941 sysop 3888 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Related audio file 1942 sysop 3889 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Unit of X and Y resolution 1943 sysop 3890 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Number of rows per strip 1944 sysop 3891 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Number of components 1945 sysop 3892 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Normal 1946 sysop 3893 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Low saturation 1947 sysop 3894 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default High saturation 1948 sysop 3895 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Saturation 1949 sysop 3896 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Standard 1950 sysop 3897 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Landscape 1951 sysop 3898 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Portrait 1952 sysop 3899 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Night scene 1953 sysop 3900 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Scene capture type 1954 sysop 3901 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default A directly photographed image 1955 sysop 3902 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Scene type 1956 sysop 3903 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Undefined 1957 sysop 3904 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default One-chip color area sensor 1958 sysop 3905 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Two-chip color area sensor 1959 sysop 3906 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Three-chip color area sensor 1960 sysop 3907 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Color sequential area sensor 1961 sysop 3908 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Trilinear sensor 1962 sysop 3909 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Color sequential linear sensor 1963 sysop 3910 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Sensing method 1964 sysop 3911 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Normal 1965 sysop 3912 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Soft 1966 sysop 3913 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Hard 1967 sysop 3914 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Sharpness 1968 sysop 3915 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Shutter speed 1969 sysop 3916 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default $1 1970 sysop 3917 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Software used 1971 sysop 3918 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Spatial frequency response 1972 sysop 3919 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Spectral sensitivity 1973 sysop 3920 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Bytes per compressed strip 1974 sysop 3921 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Image data location 1975 sysop 3922 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Subject area 1976 sysop 3923 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default $1 metres 1977 sysop 3924 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default $1 metres 1978 sysop 3925 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Subject distance 1979 sysop 3926 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Unknown 1980 sysop 3927 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Macro 1981 sysop 3928 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Close view 1982 sysop 3929 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Distant view 1983 sysop 3930 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Subject distance range 1984 sysop 3931 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Subject location 1985 sysop 3932 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default DateTime subseconds 1986 sysop 3933 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default DateTimeDigitized subseconds 1987 sysop 3934 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default DateTimeOriginal subseconds 1988 sysop 3935 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Transfer function 1989 sysop 3936 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default User comments 1990 sysop 3937 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Auto white balance 1991 sysop 3938 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Manual white balance 1992 sysop 3939 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default White Balance 1993 sysop 3940 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default White point chromaticity 1994 sysop 3942 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Horizontal resolution 1995 sysop 3943 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default $1 dpc 1996 sysop 3944 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default $1 dpc 1997 sysop 3945 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default $1 dpi 1998 sysop 3946 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default $1 dpi 1999 sysop 3947 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Color space transformation matrix coefficients 2000 sysop 3948 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Y and C positioning 2001 sysop 3949 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Subsampling ratio of Y to C 2002 sysop 3951 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Vertical resolution 2003 sysop 5556 2005-12-22T07:36:11Z MediaWiki default Someone else has changed this page since you started editing it. The upper text area contains the page text as it currently exists. Your changes are shown in the lower text area. You will have to merge your changes into the existing text. <b>Only</b> the text in the upper text area will be saved when you press "Save page".<br /> 2004 sysop 3953 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Export pages 2005 sysop 3954 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Include only the current revision, not the full history 2006 sysop 6324 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default You can export the text and editing history of a particular page or set of pages wrapped in some XML. This can be imported into another wiki using MediaWiki via the Special:Import page. To export pages, enter the titles in the text box below, one title per line, and select whether you want the current version as well as all old versions, with the page history lines, or just the current version with the info about the last edit. In the latter case you can also use a link, e.g. [[{{ns:Special}}:Export/{{int:mainpage}}]] for the page {{int:mainpage}}. 2007 sysop 3956 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default There was either an external authentication database error or you are not allowed to update your external account. 2008 sysop 3957 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default http://www.example.com link title 2009 sysop 3958 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default External link (remember http:// prefix) 2010 sysop 3959 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default FAQ 2011 sysop 3960 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Project:FAQ 2012 sysop 3961 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Feb 2013 sysop 3962 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default February 2014 sysop 3963 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Feed: 2015 sysop 3964 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Could not copy file "$1" to "$2". 2016 sysop 3965 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Could not delete file "$1". 2017 sysop 3966 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default Summary 2018 sysop 3967 2005-07-29T11:05:44Z MediaWiki default A file with this name exists already, please check $1 if you are not sure if you want to change it. 2019 sysop 3968 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default $1KB, MIME type: <code>$2</code> 2020 sysop 3969 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default File missing 2021 sysop 3970 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Filename 2022 sysop 3971 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Could not find file "$1". 2023 sysop 3972 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Could not rename file "$1" to "$2". 2024 sysop 3973 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Files 2025 sysop 3974 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Source 2026 sysop 3975 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Copyright status 2027 sysop 3976 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default File $1 uploaded successfully. Please follow this link: $2 to the description page and fill in information about the file, such as where it came from, when it was created and by whom, and anything else you may know about it. If this is an image, you can insert it like this: <tt><nowiki>[[Image:$1|thumb|Description]]</nowiki></tt> 2028 sysop 3977 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Error: could not submit form 2029 sysop 3978 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Friday 2030 sysop 3979 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default GEO coordinates 2031 sysop 3980 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default fetching file list 2032 sysop 3981 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Go 2033 sysop 3982 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default <form method="get" action="http://www.google.com/search" id="googlesearch"> <input type="hidden" name="domains" value="{{SERVER}}" /> <input type="hidden" name="num" value="50" /> <input type="hidden" name="ie" value="$2" /> <input type="hidden" name="oe" value="$2" /> <input type="text" name="q" size="31" maxlength="255" value="$1" /> <input type="submit" name="btnG" value="$3" /> <div> <input type="radio" name="sitesearch" id="gwiki" value="{{SERVER}}" checked="checked" /><label for="gwiki">{{SITENAME}}</label> <input type="radio" name="sitesearch" id="gWWW" value="" /><label for="gWWW">WWW</label> </div> </form> 2034 sysop 3983 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Trusted users able to block users and delete articles 2035 sysop 3984 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Administrator 2036 sysop 3985 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Anonymous users 2037 sysop 3986 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Anonymous 2038 sysop 3987 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default The bureaucrat group is able to make sysops 2039 sysop 3988 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Bureaucrat 2040 sysop 3989 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default General logged in users 2041 sysop 3990 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default User 2042 sysop 3991 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Full access 2043 sysop 3992 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Steward 2044 sysop 3993 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default grouprights level 2045 sysop 3994 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Add group 2046 sysop 3995 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default A group of that name already exists 2047 sysop 3996 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Group description (max 255 characters):<br /> 2048 sysop 3997 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Group name: 2049 sysop 3998 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default If the name or description starts with a colon, the remainder will be treated as a message name, and hence the text will be localised using the MediaWiki namespace 2050 sysop 3999 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Edit group 2051 sysop 4000 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Existing groups 2052 sysop 4001 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Existing groups: 2053 sysop 4002 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Manage group rights 2054 sysop 4003 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Please specify a valid group name 2055 sysop 4004 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default ID || Name || Description || Rights 2056 sysop 4005 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default User groups 2057 sysop 4006 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Fill in from browser 2058 sysop 4007 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Headline text 2059 sysop 4008 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Level 2 headline 2060 sysop 4009 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Help 2061 sysop 4010 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Help:Contents 2062 sysop 4012 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Hide 2063 sysop 4013 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default hide 2064 sysop 4014 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default hist 2065 sysop 4015 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Earliest 2066 sysop 4016 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Latest 2067 sysop 4017 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Diff selection: mark the radio boxes of the versions to compare and hit enter or the button at the bottom.<br /> Legend: (cur) = difference with current version, (last) = difference with preceding version, M = minor edit. 2068 sysop 4018 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Page history 2069 sysop 4019 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default - 2070 sysop 4020 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default History 2071 sysop 5634 2006-01-01T14:26:13Z MediaWiki default Warning: The page you are about to delete has a history: 2072 sysop 4022 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Horizontal line (use sparingly) 2073 sysop 4023 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Ignore warning and save file anyway. 2074 sysop 4024 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default The filename "$1" contains characters that are not allowed in page titles. Please rename the file and try uploading it again. 2075 sysop 4025 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Search 2076 sysop 4026 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Example.jpg 2077 sysop 4027 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Embedded image 2078 sysop 4028 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Links 2079 sysop 4029 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default File list 2080 sysop 4030 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default all 2081 sysop 6366 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default Below is a list of '''$1''' {{plural:$1|file|files}} sorted $2. 2082 sysop 5637 2006-01-01T14:26:13Z MediaWiki default Limit images on image description pages to: 2083 sysop 4033 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default View image page 2084 sysop 4034 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Revert to earlier version was successful. 2085 sysop 4035 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default del 2086 sysop 4036 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default desc 2087 sysop 4037 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. <br /><i>Click on date to see the file uploaded on that date</i>. 2088 sysop 4039 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default File history 2089 sysop 4041 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Legend: (desc) = show/edit file description. 2090 sysop 4042 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Destination title is of a special type; cannot move pages into that namespace. 2091 sysop 4043 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Import pages 2092 sysop 4044 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Import failed: $1 2093 sysop 4045 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Conflicting history revision exists (may have imported this page before) 2094 sysop 4046 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Transwiki import 2095 sysop 4047 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default No transwiki import sources have been defined and direct history uploads are disabled. 2096 sysop 4048 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Empty or no text 2097 sysop 4049 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Import succeeded! 2098 sysop 4050 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Please export the file from the source wiki using the Special:Export utility, save it to your disk and upload it here. 2099 sysop 4051 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Information 2100 sysop 4052 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Click a button to get an example text 2101 sysop 4053 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Please enter the text you want to be formatted.\n It will be shown in the infobox for copy and pasting.\nExample:\n$1\nwill become:\n$2 2102 sysop 4054 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Information for page 2103 sysop 4055 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Internal error 2104 sysop 4056 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Interlanguage links 2105 sysop 5390 2005-12-02T02:40:47Z MediaWiki default The e-mail address cannot be accepted as it appears to have an invalid format. Please enter a well-formatted address or empty that field. 2106 sysop 4058 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Invert selection 2107 sysop 5484 2005-12-02T04:14:07Z MediaWiki default Invalid IP range. 2108 sysop 4060 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default IP Address 2109 sysop 4061 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default IP Address or username 2110 sysop 4062 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Expiry time invalid. 2111 sysop 4063 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Expiry 2112 sysop 4064 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default List of blocked IP addresses and usernames 2113 sysop 4066 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default 2 hours:2 hours,1 day:1 day,3 days:3 days,1 week:1 week,2 weeks:2 weeks,1 month:1 month,3 months:3 months,6 months:6 months,1 year:1 year,infinite:infinite 2114 sysop 4067 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Other time 2115 sysop 4068 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default other 2116 sysop 4069 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Reason 2117 sysop 4070 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Block this user 2118 sysop 4071 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Unblock this address 2119 sysop 4072 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default "[[$1]]" unblocked 2120 sysop 4073 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default ISBN 2121 sysop 4074 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default redirect page 2122 sysop 4075 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Italic text 2123 sysop 4076 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Italic text 2124 sysop 4077 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Problem with item '$1', invalid name... 2125 sysop 4078 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Jan 2126 sysop 4079 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default January 2127 sysop 4080 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Jul 2128 sysop 4081 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default July 2129 sysop 4082 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default Jun 2130 sysop 4083 2005-07-29T11:05:45Z MediaWiki default June 2131 sysop 4084 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Warning: Page may not contain recent updates. 2132 sysop 6398 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default It is recommended that files do not exceed $1 bytes in size; this file is $2 bytes 2133 sysop 4086 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default last 2134 sysop 4087 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default This page was last modified $1. 2135 sysop 4088 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default This page was last modified $1 by $2. 2136 sysop 4089 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Line $1: 2137 sysop 4090 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Link title 2138 sysop 4091 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Internal link 2139 sysop 4092 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default (List of links) 2140 sysop 4093 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default The following pages link to here: 2141 sysop 4094 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default The following pages link to this file: 2142 sysop 4095 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default /^([a-z]+)(.*)$/sD 2143 sysop 4096 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default list 2144 sysop 4097 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default cont. 2145 sysop 4098 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default User list 2146 sysop 4099 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Loading page history 2147 sysop 4100 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default loading revision for diff 2148 sysop 4101 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Local time 2149 sysop 4102 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Lock database 2150 sysop 4103 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Yes, I really want to lock the database. 2151 sysop 4104 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Lock database 2152 sysop 4105 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Database lock succeeded 2153 sysop 4106 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default The database has been locked. <br />Remember to remove the lock after your maintenance is complete. 2154 sysop 4107 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Locking the database will suspend the ability of all users to edit pages, change their preferences, edit their watchlists, and other things requiring changes in the database. Please confirm that this is what you intend to do, and that you will unlock the database when your maintenance is done. 2155 sysop 4108 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default You did not check the confirmation box. 2156 sysop 4109 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Logs 2157 sysop 4110 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Log in 2158 sysop 5393 2005-12-02T02:40:47Z MediaWiki default 2159 sysop 4112 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Login error 2160 sysop 4113 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default User login 2161 sysop 4114 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default <b>There has been a problem with your login.</b><br />Try again! 2162 sysop 4115 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default You must have cookies enabled to log in to {{SITENAME}}. 2163 sysop 4116 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default You must [[special:Userlogin|login]] to view other pages. 2164 sysop 4117 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Login Required 2165 sysop 5395 2005-12-02T02:40:47Z MediaWiki default '''You are now logged in to {{SITENAME}} as "$1".''' 2166 sysop 4119 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Login successful 2167 sysop 4120 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Log out 2168 sysop 5486 2005-12-02T04:14:08Z MediaWiki default <strong>You are now logged out.</strong><br /> You can continue to use {{SITENAME}} anonymously, or you can log in again as the same or as a different user. Note that some pages may continue to be displayed as if you were still logged in, until you clear your browser cache. 2169 sysop 4123 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default User logout 2170 sysop 4124 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Orphaned pages 2171 sysop 4125 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Long pages 2172 sysop 4126 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default <strong>WARNING: This page is $1 kilobytes long; some browsers may have problems editing pages approaching or longer than 32kb. Please consider breaking the page into smaller sections.</strong> 2173 sysop 4127 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Error sending mail: $1 2174 sysop 5399 2005-12-02T02:40:47Z MediaWiki default E-mail password 2175 sysop 4129 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default No send address 2176 sysop 4130 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default You must be [[Special:Userlogin|logged in]] and have a valid e-mail address in your [[Special:Preferences|preferences]] to send e-mail to other users. 2177 sysop 4131 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Main Page 2178 sysop 6408 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default Consult the [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using the wiki software. == Getting started == * [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Configuration_settings Configuration settings list] * [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:FAQ MediaWiki FAQ] * [http://mail.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/mediawiki-announce MediaWiki release mailing list] 2179 sysop 6035 2006-03-28T06:28:54Z MediaWiki default <big>'''MediaWiki has been successfully installed.'''</big> 2180 sysop 4134 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Maintenance page 2181 sysop 4135 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Back to Maintenance Page 2182 sysop 4136 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default This page includes several handy tools for everyday maintenance. Some of these functions tend to stress the database, so please do not hit reload after every item you fixed ;-) 2183 sysop 4137 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Make a user into a sysop 2184 sysop 4138 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default <b>User "$1" could not be made into a sysop. (Did you enter the name correctly?)</b> 2185 sysop 4139 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Name of the user: 2186 sysop 4140 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default <b>User "$1" is now a sysop</b> 2187 sysop 4141 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Make this user into a sysop 2188 sysop 4142 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default This form is used by bureaucrats to turn ordinary users into administrators. Type the name of the user in the box and press the button to make the user an administrator 2189 sysop 4143 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Make a user into a sysop 2190 sysop 4144 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Mar 2191 sysop 4145 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default March 2192 sysop 4146 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Mark as patrolled 2193 sysop 4147 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default [$1] 2194 sysop 4148 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Mark this article as patrolled 2195 sysop 4149 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Marked as patrolled 2196 sysop 4150 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default The selected revision has been marked as patrolled. 2197 sysop 4151 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default The query "$1" matched $2 page titles and the text of $3 pages. 2198 sysop 4152 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Math 2199 sysop 4153 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Can't write to or create math output directory 2200 sysop 4154 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Can't write to or create math temp directory 2201 sysop 4155 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Failed to parse 2202 sysop 4156 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default PNG conversion failed; check for correct installation of latex, dvips, gs, and convert 2203 sysop 4157 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default lexing error 2204 sysop 4158 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure. 2205 sysop 4159 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Insert formula here 2206 sysop 4160 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default syntax error 2207 sysop 4161 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Mathematical formula (LaTeX) 2208 sysop 4162 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default unknown error 2209 sysop 5640 2006-01-01T14:26:14Z MediaWiki default unknown function 2210 sysop 4164 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default May 2211 sysop 4165 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default May 2212 sysop 4166 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Example.ogg 2213 sysop 4167 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Media file link 2214 sysop 6410 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default '''Warning''': This file may contain malicious code, by executing it your system may be compromised.<hr /> 2215 sysop 4169 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Metadata 2216 sysop 4170 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Wikipedia:Metadata 2217 sysop 4172 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default File names must be at least three letters. 2218 sysop 4174 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default This is a minor edit 2219 sysop 4175 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default m 2220 sysop 4176 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Pages with misspellings 2221 sysop 4177 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default List of common misspellings 2222 sysop 4178 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default The following pages contain a common misspelling, which are listed on $1. The correct spelling might be given (like this). 2223 sysop 4951 2005-09-05T09:50:50Z MediaWiki default The database did not find the text of a page that it should have found, named "$1". This is usually caused by following an outdated diff or history link to a page that has been deleted. If this is not the case, you may have found a bug in the software. Please report this to an administrator, making note of the URL. 2224 sysop 5490 2005-12-02T04:14:08Z MediaWiki default <b>Missing image</b><br /><i>$1</i> 2225 sysop 4181 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Missing Language Links 2226 sysop 4182 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Find missing language links for 2227 sysop 4183 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default These pages do <i>not</i> link to their counterpart in $1. Redirects and subpages are <i>not</i> shown. 2228 sysop 4184 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Monday 2229 sysop 4185 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default More... 2230 sysop 4186 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Move 2231 sysop 4187 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Move page 2232 sysop 4188 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default moved to 2233 sysop 4189 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Move log 2234 sysop 4190 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Below is a list of page moved. 2235 sysop 4191 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Not logged in 2236 sysop 4192 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default You must be a registered user and [[Special:Userlogin|logged in]] to move a page. 2237 sysop 4193 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Move page 2238 sysop 4194 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Move page 2239 sysop 6414 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default The associated talk page will be automatically moved along with it '''unless:''' *A non-empty talk page already exists under the new name, or *You uncheck the box below. In those cases, you will have to move or merge the page manually if desired. 2240 sysop 4196 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Using the form below will rename a page, moving all of its history to the new name. The old title will become a redirect page to the new title. Links to the old page title will not be changed; be sure to check for double or broken redirects. You are responsible for making sure that links continue to point where they are supposed to go. Note that the page will '''not''' be moved if there is already a page at the new title, unless it is empty or a redirect and has no past edit history. This means that you can rename a page back to where it was just renamed from if you make a mistake, and you cannot overwrite an existing page. <b>WARNING!</b> This can be a drastic and unexpected change for a popular page; please be sure you understand the consequences of this before proceeding. 2241 sysop 4197 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Reason 2242 sysop 6041 2006-03-28T06:28:54Z MediaWiki default Move associated talk page 2243 sysop 4199 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Move this page 2244 sysop 4200 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default HTML if possible or else PNG 2245 sysop 4201 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default MathML if possible (experimental) 2246 sysop 4202 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Recommended for modern browsers 2247 sysop 4203 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Always render PNG 2248 sysop 4204 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default HTML if very simple or else PNG 2249 sysop 4205 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Leave it as TeX (for text browsers) 2250 sysop 4206 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default My contributions 2251 sysop 4207 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default My page 2252 sysop 4208 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default My talk 2253 sysop 4209 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Namespace: 2254 sysop 4210 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Navigation 2255 sysop 6416 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default $1 {{PLURAL:$1|byte|bytes}} 2256 sysop 4212 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default $1 changes 2257 sysop 4213 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default (New) 2258 sysop 6420 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default You've followed a link to a page that doesn't exist yet. To create the page, start typing in the box below (see the [[{{ns:help}}:Contents|help page]] for more info). If you are here by mistake, just click your browser's '''back''' button. 2259 sysop 4215 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default newbies 2260 sysop 4217 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default Gallery of new files 2261 sysop 4218 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default You have $1. 2262 sysop 4219 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default new messages 2263 sysop 4220 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default New page 2264 sysop 4221 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default N 2265 sysop 4222 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default New pages 2266 sysop 5150 2005-11-09T23:04:31Z MediaWiki default New password: 2267 sysop 4224 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default To new title 2268 sysop 4225 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default (new users only) 2269 sysop 4226 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default (opens in new window) 2270 sysop 4227 2005-07-29T11:05:46Z MediaWiki default next 2271 sysop 4849 2005-08-19T23:34:26Z MediaWiki default Next diff → 2272 sysop 4230 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default next $1 2273 sysop 4231 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Next page ($1) 2274 sysop 4851 2005-08-19T23:34:26Z MediaWiki default Newer revision→ 2275 sysop 6422 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default $1 {{PLURAL:$1|link|links}} 2276 sysop 6426 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default There is currently no text in this page, you can [[{{ns:special}}:Search/{{PAGENAME}}|search for this page title]] in other pages or [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}} edit this page]. 2277 sysop 4235 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Sorry! The wiki is experiencing some technical difficulties, and cannot contact the database server. <br /> $1 2278 sysop 4236 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default No changes were found matching these criteria. 2279 sysop 4237 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default {{SITENAME}} uses cookies to log in users. You have cookies disabled. Please enable them and try again. 2280 sysop 4238 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default The user account was created, but you are not logged in. {{SITENAME}} uses cookies to log in users. You have cookies disabled. Please enable them, then log in with your new username and password. 2281 sysop 4239 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Creative Commons RDF metadata disabled for this server. 2282 sysop 4240 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default There is no credits info available for this page. 2283 sysop 4241 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Could not select database $1 2284 sysop 4242 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Dublin Core RDF metadata disabled for this server. 2285 sysop 4243 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default There is no e-mail address recorded for user "$1". 2286 sysop 6428 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default Specify an e-mail address for these features to work. 2287 sysop 4245 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default This user has not specified a valid e-mail address, or has chosen not to receive e-mail from other users. 2288 sysop 4246 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default No e-mail address 2289 sysop 5882 2006-02-26T02:03:20Z MediaWiki default '''There is no page titled "$1".''' You can [[$1|create this page]]. 2290 sysop 4248 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default There is no edit history for this page. 2291 sysop 4956 2005-09-05T09:50:51Z MediaWiki default No file by this name exists, you can $1. 2292 sysop 4250 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Nothing to see. 2293 sysop 4251 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default No pages link to here. 2294 sysop 4252 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default There are no pages that link to this file. 2295 sysop 4253 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default You have not specified a valid user name. 2296 sysop 4254 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default '''Note''': unsuccessful searches are often caused by searching for common words like "have" and "from", which are not indexed, or by specifying more than one search term (only pages containing all of the search terms will appear in the result). 2297 sysop 4256 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default <strong>WARNING: Your browser is not unicode compliant. A workaround is in place to allow you to safely edit articles: non-ASCII characters will appear in the edit box as hexadecimal codes.</strong> 2298 sysop 4257 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default You have requested an invalid special page, a list of valid special pages may be found at [[{{ns:special}}:Specialpages]]. 2299 sysop 4258 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default No such action 2300 sysop 4259 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default The action specified by the URL is not recognized by the wiki 2301 sysop 4260 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default No such special page 2302 sysop 5411 2005-12-02T02:40:48Z MediaWiki default There is no user by the name "$1". Check your spelling, or create a new account. 2303 sysop 4262 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default There is no user by the name "$1". Check your spelling. 2304 sysop 4263 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default The wiki server can't provide data in a format your client can read. 2305 sysop 4264 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Not a content page 2306 sysop 4265 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default You have not specified a target page or user to perform this function on. 2307 sysop 4266 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default No target 2308 sysop 5643 2006-01-01T14:26:15Z MediaWiki default <strong>Note:</strong> 2309 sysop 4268 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default No page text matches 2310 sysop 4269 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default No page title matches 2311 sysop 4270 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Not logged in 2312 sysop 4271 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Nov 2313 sysop 4272 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default November 2314 sysop 4273 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default You have no items on your watchlist. 2315 sysop 4274 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Insert non-formatted text here 2316 sysop 4275 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Ignore wiki formatting 2317 sysop 4276 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Category 2318 sysop 4277 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Help 2319 sysop 4278 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default File 2320 sysop 4279 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Article 2321 sysop 4281 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Media page 2322 sysop 4282 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Message 2323 sysop 4283 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Special 2324 sysop 4284 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Template 2325 sysop 4285 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default User page 2326 sysop 4287 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Project page 2327 sysop 4288 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Number of distinct authors (article): $1 2328 sysop 4289 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default [$1] 2329 sysop 4290 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default [$1 watching user/s] 2330 sysop 4291 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Number of edits (article): $1 2331 sysop 4292 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Number of distinct authors (discussion page): $1 2332 sysop 4293 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Number of edits (discussion page): $1 2333 sysop 4294 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Number of watchers: $1 2334 sysop 6438 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default $1 {{PLURAL:$1|view|views}} 2335 sysop 4296 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Oct 2336 sysop 4297 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default October 2337 sysop 4298 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default OK 2338 sysop 5161 2005-11-09T23:04:35Z MediaWiki default Old password: 2339 sysop 4300 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default orig 2340 sysop 4301 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Orphaned pages 2341 sysop 4302 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Based on work by $1. 2342 sysop 4304 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default In other languages 2343 sysop 4305 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default others 2344 sysop 4306 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Move succeeded 2345 sysop 4307 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Page "[[$1]]" moved to "[[$2]]". 2346 sysop 4308 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default $1 - {{SITENAME}} 2347 sysop 6442 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default Someone (probably you, from IP address $1) requested that we send you a new password for {{SITENAME}} ($4). The password for user "$2" is now "$3". You should log in and change your password now. If someone else made this request or if you have remembered your password and you no longer wish to change it, you may ignore this message and continue using your old password. 2348 sysop 4310 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Password reminder from {{SITENAME}} 2349 sysop 4311 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default A new password has been sent to the e-mail address registered for "$1". Please log in again after you receive it. 2350 sysop 4312 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Your password is too short. It must have at least $1 characters. 2351 sysop 6444 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default The following data is cached and may not be up to date. 2352 sysop 4963 2005-09-05T09:50:51Z MediaWiki default Sorry! This feature has been temporarily disabled because it slows the database down to the point that no one can use the wiki. 2353 sysop 4965 2005-09-05T09:50:51Z MediaWiki default Here is a saved copy from $1: 2354 sysop 4316 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Personal tools 2355 sysop 4317 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Popular pages 2356 sysop 4318 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Project:Community Portal 2357 sysop 4319 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Community portal 2358 sysop 4320 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Post a comment 2359 sysop 4321 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default {{SITENAME}} is powered by [http://www.mediawiki.org/ MediaWiki], an open source wiki engine. 2360 sysop 4322 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Search 2361 sysop 6448 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default Search in namespaces:<br />$1<br />$2 List redirects<br />Search for $3 $9 2362 sysop 4324 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Preferences 2363 sysop 5415 2005-12-02T02:40:48Z MediaWiki default This address is also used to send you e-mail notifications if you enabled the options. 2364 sysop 6450 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default * E-mail (optional): Enables others to contact you through your user or user_talk page without needing to reveal your identity. 2365 sysop 4329 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default * Real name (optional): if you choose to provide it this will be used for giving you attribution for your work. 2366 sysop 4330 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Misc 2367 sysop 5163 2005-11-09T23:04:36Z MediaWiki default User profile 2368 sysop 5165 2005-11-09T23:04:36Z MediaWiki default Recent changes 2369 sysop 4333 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default You are logged in as "$1". Your internal ID number is $2. See [[Project:User preferences help]] for help deciphering the options. 2370 sysop 4334 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Not logged in 2371 sysop 4336 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default You must be [[Special:Userlogin|logged in]] to set user preferences. 2372 sysop 4337 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Preferences have been reset from storage. 2373 sysop 4338 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Preview 2374 sysop 6458 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default This preview reflects the text in the upper text editing area as it will appear if you choose to save. 2375 sysop 5167 2005-11-09T23:04:36Z MediaWiki default <strong>This is only a preview; changes have not yet been saved!</strong> 2376 sysop 4854 2005-08-19T23:34:26Z MediaWiki default ← Previous diff 2377 sysop 4856 2005-08-19T23:34:26Z MediaWiki default ←Older revision 2378 sysop 4344 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default previous $1 2379 sysop 4345 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Print 2380 sysop 4346 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Printable version 2381 sysop 4347 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default (From {{SERVER}}) 2382 sysop 4348 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Protect 2383 sysop 4349 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Reason for protecting 2384 sysop 4350 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default protected "[[$1]]" 2385 sysop 4351 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Protected page 2386 sysop 6466 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default <strong>WARNING: This page has been locked so that only users with sysop privileges can edit it.</strong> 2387 sysop 6468 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default This page has been locked to prevent editing. You can view and copy the source of this page: 2388 sysop 6470 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default Protection log 2389 sysop 6472 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default Below is a list of page locks and unlocks. 2390 sysop 4356 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Protect from moves only 2391 sysop 4357 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Protect page 2392 sysop 4358 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default (Protecting "$1") 2393 sysop 4359 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Protect this page 2394 sysop 4360 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Proxy blocker 2395 sysop 4361 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Your IP address has been blocked because it is an open proxy. Please contact your Internet service provider or tech support and inform them of this serious security problem. 2396 sysop 5492 2005-12-02T04:14:09Z MediaWiki default Done. 2397 sysop 4363 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=$1 2398 sysop 4364 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Browse 2399 sysop 4365 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Edit 2400 sysop 4366 2005-07-29T11:05:47Z MediaWiki default Find 2401 sysop 4367 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default My pages 2402 sysop 4368 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Context 2403 sysop 4369 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default This page 2404 sysop 4370 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Quickbar 2405 sysop 4371 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Special pages 2406 sysop 4372 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Special:Random 2407 sysop 4373 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Random page 2408 sysop 4374 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default The sysop ability to create range blocks is disabled. 2409 sysop 4375 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default in $4 form; $1 minor edits; $2 secondary namespaces; $3 multiple edits. 2410 sysop 4376 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Show last $1 changes in last $2 days<br />$3 2411 sysop 4377 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Show new changes starting from $1 2412 sysop 4378 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default ; $1 edits from logged in users 2413 sysop 4379 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Loading recent changes 2414 sysop 4380 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default (to pages linked from "$1") 2415 sysop 6476 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default Below are the last <strong>$1</strong> changes in the last <strong>$2</strong> days, as of $3. 2416 sysop 4382 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Below are the changes since <b>$2</b> (up to <b>$1</b> shown). 2417 sysop 4383 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Recent Changes Patrol disabled 2418 sysop 4384 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default The Recent Changes Patrol feature is currently disabled. 2419 sysop 4385 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Database locked 2420 sysop 4386 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default The database has been automatically locked while the slave database servers catch up to the master 2421 sysop 4972 2005-09-05T09:50:52Z MediaWiki default The database is currently locked to new entries and other modifications, probably for routine database maintenance, after which it will be back to normal. The administrator who locked it offered this explanation: $1 2422 sysop 4388 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default <strong>WARNING: The database has been locked for maintenance, so you will not be able to save your edits right now. You may wish to cut-n-paste the text into a text file and save it for later.</strong> 2423 sysop 4389 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Special:Recentchanges 2424 sysop 4390 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Recent changes 2425 sysop 4391 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default all 2426 sysop 5170 2005-11-09T23:04:38Z MediaWiki default Titles in recent changes: 2427 sysop 4393 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Related changes 2428 sysop 4394 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Track the most recent changes to the wiki on this page. 2429 sysop 4395 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default (Redirected from $1) 2430 sysop 4397 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Remember me 2431 sysop 4398 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Remove checked items from watchlist 2432 sysop 4399 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Removed from watchlist 2433 sysop 6490 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default The page "[[:$1]]" has been removed from your watchlist. 2434 sysop 4401 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Removing requested items from watchlist... 2435 sysop 4402 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Renamed group $2 to $3 2436 sysop 4403 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Reset 2437 sysop 6492 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default {{PLURAL:$1|one deleted edit|$1 deleted edits}} 2438 sysop 4405 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Restricted special pages 2439 sysop 5176 2005-11-09T23:04:39Z MediaWiki default Hits per page: 2440 sysop 4407 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Retrieved from "$1" 2441 sysop 4408 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Return to $1. 2442 sysop 5178 2005-11-09T23:04:39Z MediaWiki default Retype new password: 2443 sysop 4411 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Re-upload 2444 sysop 4412 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Return to the upload form. 2445 sysop 4413 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Reverted to earlier revision 2446 sysop 4414 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default rev 2447 sysop 4415 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default revert 2448 sysop 6494 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/$2|$2]] ([[User_talk:$2|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:$1|$1]] 2449 sysop 4417 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Revision history 2450 sysop 4418 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Revision as of $1 2451 sysop 4419 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Revision as of $1; $2<br />$3 | $4 2452 sysop 4420 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Revision not found 2453 sysop 5493 2005-12-02T04:14:09Z MediaWiki default The old revision of the page you asked for could not be found. Please check the URL you used to access this page. 2454 sysop 4423 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc$1.txt 2455 sysop 4424 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Rights: 2456 sysop 4425 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default This is a log of changes to user rights. 2457 sysop 4426 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Roll back edits 2458 sysop 4427 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Rollback 2459 sysop 4428 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Rollback failed 2460 sysop 4429 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default rollback 2461 sysop 5181 2005-11-09T23:04:41Z MediaWiki default Rows: 2462 sysop 4431 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Saturday 2463 sysop 4432 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Save page 2464 sysop 4433 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Your preferences have been saved. 2465 sysop 4434 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Save file 2466 sysop 4435 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Save Group 2467 sysop 4436 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Save 2468 sysop 4437 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Save User Groups 2469 sysop 4438 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default [Interwiki transcluding is disabled] 2470 sysop 4440 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default [Template fetch failed for $1; sorry] 2471 sysop 4441 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default [URL is too long; sorry] 2472 sysop 4442 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Search 2473 sysop 4443 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default {{SITENAME}} search is disabled. You can search via Google in the meantime. Note that their indexes of {{SITENAME}} content may be out of date. 2474 sysop 4444 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Search full text 2475 sysop 4445 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default For query "$1" 2476 sysop 4446 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Search results 2477 sysop 4447 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Search 2478 sysop 6502 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default For more information about searching {{SITENAME}}, see [[{{ns:project}}:Searching|Searching {{SITENAME}}]]. 2479 sysop 4862 2005-08-19T23:34:27Z MediaWiki default → 2480 sysop 4450 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Select a newer version for comparison 2481 sysop 4451 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Select an older version for comparison 2482 sysop 5897 2006-02-26T02:03:20Z MediaWiki default Self-linking pages 2483 sysop 5899 2006-02-26T02:03:20Z MediaWiki default The following pages link to themselves: 2484 sysop 4454 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Source and destination titles are the same; can't move a page over itself. 2485 sysop 4455 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Sep 2486 sysop 4456 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default September 2487 sysop 4457 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Server time 2488 sysop 4458 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default There seems to be a problem with your login session; this action has been canceled as a precaution against session hijacking. Please hit "back" and reload the page you came from, then try again. 2489 sysop 4459 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default <b>User rights for "$1" could not be set. (Did you enter the name correctly?)</b> 2490 sysop 4460 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Set user rights 2491 sysop 4461 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Set bureaucrat flag 2492 sysop 4462 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Set steward flag 2493 sysop 4463 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default - 2494 sysop 4464 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default - 2495 sysop 4465 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default This file is a shared upload and may be used by other projects. 2496 sysop 4979 2005-09-05T09:50:52Z MediaWiki default Please see the $1 for further information. 2497 sysop 4467 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Short pages 2498 sysop 4981 2005-09-05T09:50:52Z MediaWiki default Show 2499 sysop 4469 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Download high resolution version ($1x$2, $3 KB) 2500 sysop 4470 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Show changes 2501 sysop 5644 2006-01-01T14:26:16Z MediaWiki default $1 minor edits | $2 bots | $3 logged in users | $4 patrolled edits 2502 sysop 4472 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Showing below up to <b>$1</b> results starting with #<b>$2</b>. 2503 sysop 4473 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Showing below <b>$3</b> results starting with #<b>$2</b>. 2504 sysop 4474 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Show last $1 files sorted $2. 2505 sysop 4475 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Show preview 2506 sysop 4476 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default show 2507 sysop 5496 2005-12-02T04:14:10Z MediaWiki default * navigation ** mainpage|mainpage ** portal-url|portal ** currentevents-url|currentevents ** recentchanges-url|recentchanges ** randompage-url|randompage ** helppage|help ** sitesupport-url|sitesupport 2508 sysop 4479 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Your signature with timestamp 2509 sysop 4480 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default siteadmin level 2510 sysop 4481 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default - 2511 sysop 4483 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default {{SITENAME}} statistics 2512 sysop 6079 2006-03-28T06:28:58Z MediaWiki default There are '''$1''' total pages in the database. This includes "talk" pages, pages about {{SITENAME}}, minimal "stub" pages, redirects, and others that probably don't qualify as content pages. Excluding those, there are '''$2''' pages that are probably legitimate content pages. '''$8''' files have been uploaded. There have been a total of '''$3''' page views, and '''$4''' page edits since the wiki was setup. That comes to '''$5''' average edits per page, and '''$6''' views per edit. The [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Job_queue job queue] length is '''$7'''. 2513 sysop 5589 2005-12-22T07:36:14Z MediaWiki default 2514 sysop 4486 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Project:Site support 2515 sysop 4487 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Donations 2516 sysop 4488 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default {{SITENAME}} 2517 sysop 4490 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default {{SITENAME}} user $1 2518 sysop 4492 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default {{SITENAME}} user(s) $1 2519 sysop 4493 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Skin 2520 sysop 4494 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default (Preview) 2521 sysop 4495 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default (Preview) 2522 sysop 4496 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default SORBS DNSBL 2523 sysop 4497 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Your IP address is listed as an open proxy in the [http://www.sorbs.net SORBS] DNSBL. You cannot create an account 2524 sysop 4498 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Your IP address is listed as an open proxy in the [http://www.sorbs.net SORBS] DNSBL. 2525 sysop 4499 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Source filename 2526 sysop 4500 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default The following text is what triggered our spam filter: $1 2527 sysop 4501 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default The page you wanted to save was blocked by the spam filter. This is probably caused by a link to an external site. 2528 sysop 4502 2005-07-29T11:05:48Z MediaWiki default Spam protection filter 2529 sysop 5645 2006-01-01T14:26:16Z MediaWiki default Title: 2530 sysop 5646 2006-01-01T14:26:16Z MediaWiki default User: 2531 sysop 4505 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Special Page 2532 sysop 4506 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Special pages 2533 sysop 4507 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Special pages for all users 2534 sysop 4508 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default (SQL query hidden) 2535 sysop 4509 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Statistics 2536 sysop 4510 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Stored version 2537 sysop 5190 2005-11-09T23:04:45Z MediaWiki default Threshold for stub display: 2538 sysop 4512 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Subcategories 2539 sysop 6518 2006-07-01T19:05:42Z MediaWiki default There {{PLURAL:$1|is one subcategory|are $1 subcategories}} to this category. 2540 sysop 4514 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default There is $1 subcategory to this category. 2541 sysop 4515 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Subject/headline 2542 sysop 4516 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default View subject 2543 sysop 4517 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Successful upload 2544 sysop 4518 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Summary 2545 sysop 4519 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Sunday 2546 sysop 4521 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default The action you have requested can only be performed by users with "sysop" capability. See $1. 2547 sysop 4522 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Sysop access required 2548 sysop 4523 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default table 2549 sysop 4524 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default From {{SITENAME}} 2550 sysop 4525 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Discussion 2551 sysop 6081 2006-03-28T06:28:59Z MediaWiki default '''The page itself was moved successfully, but the talk page could not be moved because one already exists at the new title. Please merge them manually.''' 2552 sysop 4527 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Discuss this page 2553 sysop 4528 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default The corresponding talk page was also moved. 2554 sysop 4529 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default The corresponding talk page was <strong>not</strong> moved. 2555 sysop 4530 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default <!-- MediaWiki:talkpagetext --> 2556 sysop 4531 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Templates used on this page: 2557 sysop 4532 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Editing 2558 sysop 4533 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Page text matches 2559 sysop 4534 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default View or restore $1? 2560 sysop 4535 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Enlarge 2561 sysop 5648 2006-01-01T14:26:16Z MediaWiki default Thumbnail size: 2562 sysop 4537 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Thursday 2563 sysop 4538 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Time zone 2564 sysop 4539 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Offset¹ 2565 sysop 4540 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default The number of hours your local time differs from server time (UTC). 2566 sysop 4541 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Article title matches 2567 sysop 4543 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Contents 2568 sysop 4544 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Edit pages on double click (JavaScript) 2569 sysop 4545 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Enable section editing via [edit] links 2570 sysop 4546 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Enable section editing by right clicking<br /> on section titles (JavaScript) 2571 sysop 4547 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Edit box has full width 2572 sysop 5429 2005-12-02T02:40:49Z MediaWiki default E-mail me also for minor edits of pages 2573 sysop 5431 2005-12-02T02:40:49Z MediaWiki default Reveal my e-mail address in notification mails 2574 sysop 5433 2005-12-02T02:40:49Z MediaWiki default E-mail me when my user talk page is changed 2575 sysop 6520 2006-07-01T19:05:42Z MediaWiki default E-mail me when a page I'm watching is changed 2576 sysop 4552 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Use external diff by default 2577 sysop 4553 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Use external editor by default 2578 sysop 4554 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Raw signatures (without automatic link) 2579 sysop 4555 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Hide minor edits in recent changes 2580 sysop 4556 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Format broken links <a href="" class="new">like this</a> (alternative: like this<a href="" class="internal">?</a>). 2581 sysop 4557 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Justify paragraphs 2582 sysop 4558 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Mark all edits minor by default 2583 sysop 4559 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Disable page caching 2584 sysop 4560 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Auto-number headings 2585 sysop 4561 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Show preview on first edit 2586 sysop 4562 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Show preview before edit box 2587 sysop 4563 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Remember across sessions 2588 sysop 4564 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Show the number of watching users 2589 sysop 4566 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Show table of contents (for pages with more than 3 headings) 2590 sysop 4567 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Show edit toolbar (JavaScript) 2591 sysop 5202 2005-11-09T23:04:46Z MediaWiki default Underline links: 2592 sysop 4569 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Enhanced recent changes (JavaScript) 2593 sysop 6089 2006-03-28T06:29:00Z MediaWiki default Add pages I edit to my watchlist 2594 sysop 4571 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Toolbox 2595 sysop 4572 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default See the differences between the two selected versions of this page. [alt-v] 2596 sysop 6528 2006-07-01T19:05:42Z MediaWiki default Show which changes you made to the text. [alt-v] 2597 sysop 4574 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Mark this as a minor edit [alt-i] 2598 sysop 4575 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Preview your changes, please use this before saving! [alt-p] 2599 sysop 4576 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Save your changes [alt-s] 2600 sysop 4578 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Search {{SITENAME}} [alt-f] 2601 sysop 4579 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Add this page to your watchlist [alt-w] 2602 sysop 5501 2005-12-02T04:14:10Z MediaWiki default ; $4$5 : [$2 $1] 2603 sysop 5502 2005-12-02T04:14:10Z MediaWiki default ; $4$5 : [$2 $1] 2604 sysop 5594 2005-12-22T07:36:15Z MediaWiki default <div id="mw_trackbacks"> Trackbacks for this article:<br /> $1 </div> 2605 sysop 5595 2005-12-22T07:36:15Z MediaWiki default <div id="mw_trackbacks"> Trackbacks for this article:<br /> $1 </div> 2606 sysop 4584 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default The trackback was successfully deleted. 2607 sysop 4585 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default The trackback was successfully deleted. 2608 sysop 5505 2005-12-02T04:14:10Z MediaWiki default ; $4$5 : [$2 $1]: <nowiki>$3</nowiki> 2609 sysop 5506 2005-12-02T04:14:10Z MediaWiki default ; $4$5 : [$2 $1]: <nowiki>$3</nowiki> 2610 sysop 4588 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Trackback 2611 sysop 4589 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Trackback 2612 sysop 4590 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default ([$1 Delete]) 2613 sysop 4591 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default ([$1 Delete]) 2614 sysop 4592 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Try exact match 2615 sysop 4593 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Tuesday 2616 sysop 4594 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default View the last $1 changes; view the last $2 days. 2617 sysop 4595 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Below are this user's last <b>$1</b> changes in the last <b>$2</b> days. 2618 sysop 4596 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default (top) 2619 sysop 4597 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Unblock user 2620 sysop 4598 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Use the form below to restore write access to a previously blocked IP address or username. 2621 sysop 4599 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default unblock 2622 sysop 4601 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default unblocked $1 2623 sysop 4602 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Uncategorized categories 2624 sysop 4603 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Uncategorized pages 2625 sysop 5000 2005-09-05T09:50:53Z MediaWiki default View deleted pages 2626 sysop 6536 2006-07-01T19:05:42Z MediaWiki default Undelete {{PLURAL:$1|one edit|$1 edits}} 2627 sysop 4606 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Undelete one edit 2628 sysop 4607 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Restore deleted page 2629 sysop 6538 2006-07-01T19:05:42Z MediaWiki default Restore 2630 sysop 4609 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default restored "[[$1]]" 2631 sysop 4610 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default $1 revisions restored 2632 sysop 5212 2005-11-09T23:04:47Z MediaWiki default [[:$1|$1]] has been successfully restored. See [[Special:Log/delete]] for a record of recent deletions and restorations. 2633 sysop 4612 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default If you restore the page, all revisions will be restored to the history. If a new page with the same name has been created since the deletion, the restored revisions will appear in the prior history, and the current revision of the live page will not be automatically replaced. 2634 sysop 4613 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default View and restore deleted pages 2635 sysop 4614 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default The following pages have been deleted but are still in the archive and can be restored. The archive may be periodically cleaned out. 2636 sysop 4615 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Deleted revision as of $1 2637 sysop 4616 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default $1 revisions archived 2638 sysop 4617 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Always 2639 sysop 4618 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Always 2640 sysop 4619 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Browser default 2641 sysop 4620 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Browser default 2642 sysop 4621 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Never 2643 sysop 4622 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Never 2644 sysop 4623 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Unexpected value: "$1"="$2". 2645 sysop 4624 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Unlock database 2646 sysop 4625 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Yes, I really want to unlock the database. 2647 sysop 4626 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Unlock database 2648 sysop 4627 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Database lock removed 2649 sysop 4628 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default The database has been unlocked. 2650 sysop 4629 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Unlocking the database will restore the ability of all users to edit pages, change their preferences, edit their watchlists, and other things requiring changes in the database. Please confirm that this is what you intend to do. 2651 sysop 4631 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default unprotect 2652 sysop 4632 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Reason for unprotecting 2653 sysop 4633 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default unprotected "[[$1]]" 2654 sysop 4634 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default (Unprotecting "$1") 2655 sysop 4635 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Unprotect this page 2656 sysop 4636 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Unused categories 2657 sysop 4637 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Unused categories 2658 sysop 4638 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default The following category pages exist although no other article or category make use of them. 2659 sysop 4639 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default The following category pages exist although no other article or category make use of them. 2660 sysop 4640 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Unused files 2661 sysop 4641 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default <p>Please note that other web sites may link to an image with a direct URL, and so may still be listed here despite being in active use.</p> 2662 sysop 4642 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Unwatch 2663 sysop 4643 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Stop watching 2664 sysop 4644 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default (Updated) 2665 sysop 4645 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Upload file 2666 sysop 4646 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default The upload directory ($1) is not writable by the webserver. 2667 sysop 4647 2005-07-29T11:05:49Z MediaWiki default Upload file 2668 sysop 4648 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default The file is corrupt or has an incorrect extension. Please check the file and upload again. 2669 sysop 5924 2006-02-26T02:03:21Z MediaWiki default Uploads disabled 2670 sysop 4650 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Uploaded files 2671 sysop 4651 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default uploaded "[[$1]]" 2672 sysop 4652 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Upload error 2673 sysop 4653 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Upload images 2674 sysop 4654 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default upload log 2675 sysop 6558 2006-07-01T19:05:42Z MediaWiki default Upload log 2676 sysop 4656 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Below is a list of the most recent file uploads. 2677 sysop 4657 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default [$1 Upload a new version of this file] 2678 sysop 4658 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Not logged in 2679 sysop 4659 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default You must be [[Special:Userlogin|logged in]] to upload files. 2680 sysop 6091 2006-03-28T06:29:00Z MediaWiki default This file contains HTML or script code that may be erroneously be interpreted by a web browser. 2681 sysop 6562 2006-07-01T19:05:42Z MediaWiki default Use the form below to upload files, to view or search previously uploaded images go to the [[Special:Imagelist|list of uploaded files]], uploads and deletions are also logged in the [[Special:Log/upload|upload log]]. To include the image in a page, use a link in the form '''<nowiki>[[{{ns:image}}:File.jpg]]</nowiki>''', '''<nowiki>[[{{ns:image}}:File.png|alt text]]</nowiki>''' or '''<nowiki>[[{{ns:media}}:File.ogg]]</nowiki>''' for directly linking to the file. 2682 sysop 4663 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default The file contains a virus! Details: $1 2683 sysop 4664 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Upload warning 2684 sysop 4665 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default 1 Set first character to "0" to disable the new category page layout. 2685 sysop 4666 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default <b>User rights for "$1" updated</b> 2686 sysop 4667 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default <strong>Tip:</strong> Use the 'Show preview' button to test your new CSS/JS before saving. 2687 sysop 4668 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default '''Remember that you are only previewing your user CSS, it has not yet been saved!''' 2688 sysop 5447 2005-12-02T02:40:50Z MediaWiki default Username entered already in use. Please choose a different name. 2689 sysop 4670 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default '''Remember that you are only testing/previewing your user JavaScript, it has not yet been saved!''' 2690 sysop 5449 2005-12-02T02:40:50Z MediaWiki default Log in / create account 2691 sysop 4672 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Log out 2692 sysop 5651 2006-01-01T14:26:17Z MediaWiki default Mail object returned error: 2693 sysop 4674 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default View user page 2694 sysop 4675 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Edit user groups 2695 sysop 4676 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Available groups: 2696 sysop 4677 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Select groups you want the user to be removed from or added to. Unselected groups will not be changed. You can deselect a group with CTRL + Left Click 2697 sysop 4678 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Member of: 2698 sysop 4679 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Changed group membership from $1 to $2 2699 sysop 4680 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Manage user groups 2700 sysop 5655 2006-01-01T14:26:17Z MediaWiki default Enter a username: 2701 sysop 4683 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default User rights management 2702 sysop 4684 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default userrights level 2703 sysop 4685 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default User statistics 2704 sysop 4686 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default There are '''$1''' registered users, of which '''$2''' (or '''$4%''') are administrators (see $3). 2705 sysop 4687 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Add 2706 sysop 4688 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default List of validated articles 2707 sysop 4689 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Clear my older validation data 2708 sysop 4690 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Delete 2709 sysop 4691 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default _User \ ^Topic 2710 sysop 4692 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default User $1 2711 sysop 4693 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default '''Hint:''' Merging your data means that for the article revision you select, all options where you have specified ''no opinion'' will be set to the value and comment of the most recent revision for which you have expressed an opinion. For example, if you want to change a single option for a newer revision, but also keep your other settings for this article in this revision, just select which option you intend to ''change'', and merging will fill in the other options with your previous settings. 2712 sysop 4694 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Check this box if you really mean it! 2713 sysop 4695 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default <th>#</th><th>Topic</th><th>Range</th><th>Action</th> 2714 sysop 4696 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Use my previous assessment where selected 'No opinion' 2715 sysop 4697 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default My validation overview 2716 sysop 4698 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default No 2717 sysop 4699 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default You have to be logged in to validate an article. 2718 sysop 4700 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default No opinion 2719 sysop 4701 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default $1 of $2 2720 sysop 4702 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Page validation statistics for $1 2721 sysop 4703 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default <b>$1%</b><br />($2 of $3 points<br />by $4 users) 2722 sysop 4704 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default <b>$1%</b><br />($2 of $3 points<br />by one user) 2723 sysop 4705 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Revisions for $1 2724 sysop 4706 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default See the validation statistics for "$1" <a href="$2">here</a> 2725 sysop 4707 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default See the validation statistics for "$1" <a href="$2">here</a> 2726 sysop 4708 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Revision 2727 sysop 4709 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Your ratings have been stored! 2728 sysop 4710 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Revision #$1 2729 sysop 4711 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Revision of $1 2730 sysop 4712 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default details 2731 sysop 4713 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Show my validations 2732 sysop 4714 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Validation statistics for this article 2733 sysop 4715 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Validate 2734 sysop 5606 2005-12-22T07:36:15Z MediaWiki default <tr><th>Class</th>$1<th colspan="4">Opinion</th>$1<th>Comment</th></tr> 2735 sysop 4717 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default this is the latest version 2736 sysop 4718 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Time 2737 sysop 4719 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Project:Validation topics 2738 sysop 4720 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Total 2739 sysop 4721 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Validation overview of user $1 2740 sysop 4722 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default This user has validated $1 pages. 2741 sysop 4723 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Only articles can be validated. This page is <i>not</i> in the article namespace. 2742 sysop 4724 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Validate this version 2743 sysop 4725 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Validation done. 2744 sysop 4726 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Validation of "$1" 2745 sysop 4727 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Version 2746 sysop 4728 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Version of $1 2747 sysop 4729 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default View this revision 2748 sysop 4730 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Change this text <a href="{{SERVER}}{{localurl:MediaWiki:Val_votepage_intro}}">here</a>! 2749 sysop 4731 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default <b>Never, <i>ever</i>, change something here without <i>explicit</i> community consensus!</b> 2750 sysop 4732 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Yes 2751 sysop 4733 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Validate page 2752 sysop 4734 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default cn 2753 sysop 4735 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default hk 2754 sysop 4736 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default sg 2755 sysop 4737 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default tw 2756 sysop 4738 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default zh 2757 sysop 4739 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Version 2758 sysop 4740 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Version $1 of MediaWiki required 2759 sysop 4741 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Version $1 of MediaWiki is required to use this page. See [[Special:Version]] 2760 sysop 6564 2006-07-01T19:05:42Z MediaWiki default This page has been accessed {{plural:$1|one time|$1 times}}. 2761 sysop 4743 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default View ($1) ($2) ($3). 2762 sysop 4744 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Views 2763 sysop 4745 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default View source 2764 sysop 4746 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default View discussion 2765 sysop 4747 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Wanted pages 2766 sysop 4748 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Watch 2767 sysop 6568 2006-07-01T19:05:42Z MediaWiki default * $1 pages watched not counting talk pages * [[Special:Watchlist/edit|Show and edit complete watchlist]] * [[Special:Watchlist/clear|Remove all pages]] 2768 sysop 4751 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Here's an alphabetical list of your watched content pages. Check the boxes of pages you want to remove from your watchlist and click the 'remove checked' button at the bottom of the screen (deleting a content page also deletes the accompanying talk page and vice versa). 2769 sysop 4752 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default My watchlist 2770 sysop 4753 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default all 2771 sysop 4754 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default all 2772 sysop 4755 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Your watchlist contains $1 pages. 2773 sysop 4756 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default (for user "$1") 2774 sysop 4757 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default checking watched pages for recent edits 2775 sysop 4758 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default checking recent edits for watched pages 2776 sysop 4760 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default None of your watched items was edited in the time period displayed. 2777 sysop 4761 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Not logged in 2778 sysop 4763 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default You must be [[Special:Userlogin|logged in]] to modify your watchlist. 2779 sysop 4764 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Watch this page 2780 sysop 4765 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Watch this page 2781 sysop 4766 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default Wednesday 2782 sysop 4767 2005-07-29T11:05:50Z MediaWiki default == Welcome, $1! == Your account has been created. 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Please try again. 2802 sysop 4787 2005-07-29T11:05:51Z MediaWiki default Differences 2803 sysop 4788 2005-07-29T11:05:51Z MediaWiki default Your domain 2804 sysop 5464 2005-12-02T02:40:51Z MediaWiki default E-mail * 2805 sysop 5235 2005-11-09T23:04:56Z MediaWiki default Language: 2806 sysop 4793 2005-07-29T11:05:51Z MediaWiki default Username 2807 sysop 5237 2005-11-09T23:04:56Z MediaWiki default Nickname: 2808 sysop 4795 2005-07-29T11:05:51Z MediaWiki default Password 2809 sysop 4796 2005-07-29T11:05:51Z MediaWiki default Retype password 2810 sysop 4798 2005-07-29T11:05:51Z MediaWiki default Real name * 2811 sysop 4799 2005-07-29T11:05:51Z MediaWiki default Your text 2812 sysop 4800 2005-07-29T11:05:51Z MediaWiki default Variant 2813 sysop 4828 2005-08-19T23:34:24Z MediaWiki default expires $1 2814 sysop 4829 2005-08-19T23:34:24Z MediaWiki default expires $1 2815 sysop 4833 2005-08-19T23:34:25Z MediaWiki default infinite 2816 sysop 4834 2005-08-19T23:34:25Z MediaWiki default infinite 2817 sysop 4836 2005-08-19T23:34:25Z MediaWiki default The blocklist is empty. 2818 sysop 4837 2005-08-19T23:34:25Z MediaWiki default The blocklist is empty. 2819 sysop 4838 2005-08-19T23:34:25Z MediaWiki default /^(.*?)([a-zA-Z\x80-\xff]+)$/sD 2820 sysop 4839 2005-08-19T23:34:25Z MediaWiki default /^(.*?)([a-zA-Z\x80-\xff]+)$/sD 2821 sysop 4844 2005-08-19T23:34:25Z MediaWiki default Most linked to pages 2822 sysop 4845 2005-08-19T23:34:25Z MediaWiki default Most linked to pages 2823 sysop 4846 2005-08-19T23:34:26Z MediaWiki default all 2824 sysop 4847 2005-08-19T23:34:26Z MediaWiki default all 2825 sysop 4858 2005-08-19T23:34:27Z MediaWiki default one deleted edit 2826 sysop 4859 2005-08-19T23:34:27Z MediaWiki default one deleted edit 2827 sysop 4876 2005-08-19T23:34:28Z MediaWiki default px 2828 sysop 4877 2005-08-19T23:34:28Z MediaWiki default px 2829 8135 2006-10-15T07:37:55Z Escarbot 112 robot Adding: af, als, am, an, ang, ar, ast, av, az, bat-smg, be, bg, bi, bm, bn, bo, br, bs, ca, ceb, chr, co, cr, cs, csb, cv, cy, da, de, dv, dz, el, eo, es, et, eu, fa, fi, fiu-vro, fj, fo, fr, frp, fur, fy, ga, gd, gl, gn, got, gu, gv, haw, he, I am an interwiki user from the Dutch Wikipedia. [[af:Gebruiker:Andre Engels]] [[als:Benutzer:Andre Engels]] [[am:User:Andre Engels]] [[an:Usuario:Andre Engels]] [[ang:User:Andre Engels]] [[ar:مستخدم:Andre Engels]] [[ast:Usuariu:Andre Engels]] [[av:Участник:Andre Engels]] [[az:İstifadəçi:Andre Engels]] [[bat-smg:Naudotojas:Andre Engels]] [[be:Удзельнік:Andre Engels]] [[bg:Потребител:Andre Engels]] [[bi:User:Andre Engels]] [[bm:Utilisateur:Andre Engels]] [[bn:ব্যবহারকারী:Andre Engels]] [[bo:User:Andre Engels]] [[br:Implijer:Andre Engels]] [[bs:Korisnik:Andre Engels]] [[ca:Usuari:Andre Engels]] [[ceb:User:Andre Engels]] [[chr:User:Andre Engels]] [[co:User:Andre Engels]] [[cr:User:Andre Engels]] [[cs:Wikipedista:Andre Engels]] [[csb:Brëkòwnik:Andre Engels]] [[cv:Хутшăнакан:Andre Engels]] [[cy:Defnyddiwr:Andre Engels]] [[da:Bruger:Andre Engels]] [[de:Benutzer:Andre Engels]] [[dv:User:Andre Engels]] [[dz:User:Andre Engels]] [[el:Χρήστης:Andre Engels]] [[en:User:Andre Engels]] [[eo:Vikipediisto:Andre Engels]] [[es:Usuario:Andre Engels]] [[et:Kasutaja:Andre Engels]] [[eu:Lankide:Andre Engels]] [[fa:کاربر:Andre Engels]] [[fi:Käyttäjä:Andre Engels]] [[fiu-vro:User:Andre Engels]] [[fj:User:Andre Engels]] [[fo:Brúkari:Andre Engels]] [[fr:Utilisateur:Andre Engels]] [[frp:User:Andre Engels]] [[fur:Utent:Andre Engels]] [[fy:Meidogger:Andre Engels]] [[ga:Úsáideoir:Andre Engels]] [[gd:User:Andre Engels]] [[gl:User:Andre Engels]] [[gn:Usuario:Andre Engels]] [[got:User:Andre Engels]] [[gu:User:Andre Engels]] [[gv:User:Andre Engels]] [[haw:User:Andre Engels]] [[he:משתמש:Andre Engels]] [[hi:सदस्य:Andre Engels]] [[hr:Suradnik:Andre Engels]] [[ht:User:Andre Engels]] [[hu:User:Andre Engels]] [[hy:User:Andre Engels]] [[ia:Usator:Andre Engels]] [[id:Pengguna:Andre Engels]] [[ie:User:Andre Engels]] [[ii:User:Andre Engels]] [[ilo:User:Andre Engels]] [[io:User:Andre Engels]] [[is:Notandi:Andre Engels]] [[it:Utente:Andre Engels]] [[iu:User:Andre Engels]] [[ja:利用者:Andre Engels]] [[jbo:User:Andre Engels]] [[jv:Panganggo:Andre Engels]] [[ka:მომხმარებელი:Andre Engels]] [[kg:User:Andre Engels]] [[kk:User:Andre Engels]] [[km:User:Andre Engels]] [[kn:ಸದಸ್ಯ:Andre Engels]] [[ko:사용자:Andre Engels]] [[ks:User:Andre Engels]] [[ksh:User:Andre Engels]] [[ku:Bikarhêner:Andre Engels]] [[kw:User:Andre Engels]] [[ky:User:Andre Engels]] [[la:Usor:Andre Engels]] [[lad:User:Andre Engels]] [[lb:User:Andre Engels]] [[li:Gebroeker:Andre Engels]] [[lij:User:Andre Engels]] [[lmo:User:Andre Engels]] [[ln:User:Andre Engels]] [[lt:Naudotojas:Andre Engels]] [[lv:Lietotājs:Andre Engels]] [[mg:User:Andre Engels]] [[mi:User:Andre Engels]] [[mk:Корисник:Andre Engels]] [[ml:User:Andre Engels]] [[mn:User:Andre Engels]] [[mo:User:Andre Engels]] [[mr:User:Andre Engels]] [[ms:Pengguna:Andre Engels]] [[mt:User:Andre Engels]] [[na:User:Andre Engels]] [[nah:Usuario:Andre Engels]] [[nap:Utente:Andre Engels]] [[nds:Bruker:Andre Engels]] [[nds-nl:Gebruker:Andre Engels]] [[ne:User:Andre Engels]] [[nl:Gebruiker:Andre Engels]] [[nn:Brukar:Andre Engels]] [[no:Bruker:Andre Engels]] [[nrm:User:Andre Engels]] [[nv:Choinish'įįhí:Andre Engels]] [[oc:Utilisator:Andre Engels]] [[os:Архайæг:Andre Engels]] [[pam:User:Andre Engels]] [[pdc:User:Andre Engels]] [[pi:User:Andre Engels]] [[pl:Wikipedysta:Andre Engels]] [[ps:User:Andre Engels]] [[pt:Usuário:Andre Engels]] [[qu:Usuario:Andre Engels]] [[rm:User:Andre Engels]] [[ro:Utilizator:Andre Engels]] [[ru:Участник:Andre Engels]] [[sa:User:Andre Engels]] [[sc:Utente:Andre Engels]] [[scn:User:Andre Engels]] [[sco:User:Andre Engels]] [[se:User:Andre Engels]] [[sh:User:Andre Engels]] [[si:User:Andre Engels]] [[simple:User:Andre Engels]] [[sk:Redaktor:Andre Engels]] [[sl:Uporabnik:Andre Engels]] [[sm:User:Andre Engels]] [[sn:User:Andre Engels]] [[sq:Përdoruesi:Andre Engels]] [[sr:Корисник:Andre Engels]] [[st:User:Andre Engels]] [[su:Pamaké:Andre Engels]] [[sv:Användare:Andre Engels]] [[sw:User:Andre Engels]] [[ta:பயனர்:Andre Engels]] [[te:సభ్యుడు:Andre Engels]] [[tet:User:Andre Engels]] [[tg:Корбар:Andre Engels]] [[th:ผู้ใช้:Andre Engels]] [[ti:User:Andre Engels]] [[tk:User:Andre Engels]] [[tl:User:Andre Engels]] [[tpi:User:Andre Engels]] [[tr:Kullanıcı:Andre Engels]] [[tt:Äğzä:Andre Engels]] [[udm:Викиавтор:Andre Engels]] [[ug:User:Andre Engels]] [[uk:Користувач:Andre Engels]] [[ur:صارف:Andre Engels]] [[uz:User:Andre Engels]] [[vec:Utente:Andre Engels]] [[vi:Thành viên:Andre Engels]] [[vls:User:Andre Engels]] [[vo:User:Andre Engels]] [[wa:Uzeu:Andre Engels]] [[war:User:Andre Engels]] [[wo:User:Andre Engels]] [[xh:User:Andre Engels]] [[yi:באַניצער:Andre Engels]] [[yo:User:Andre Engels]] [[zh:User:Andre Engels]] [[zh-min-nan:User:Andre Engels]] [[zh-yue:User:Andre Engels]] 2830 8138 2006-10-16T19:01:44Z Escarbot 112 robot Adding: av, az, bat-smg, frp, got, ilo, kk, ksh, lad, lij, lmo, ml, nap, nds-nl, nrm, pdc, tet, tg, tk, udm, vec, vls, war, wo, zh-yue Robbot is a robot, operated by [[User:Andre Engels|Andre Engels]]. It is used for adding and correcting interwiki-links. [[af:Gebruiker:Robbot]] [[als:Benutzer:Robbot]] [[am:User:Robbot]] [[an:Usuario:Robbot]] [[ang:User:Robbot]] [[ar:مستخدم:Robbot]] [[ast:Usuariu:Robbot]] [[av:Участник:Robbot]] [[az:İstifadəçi:Robbot]] [[bat-smg:Naudotojas:Robbot]] [[be:Удзельнік:Robbot]] [[bg:Потребител:Robbot]] [[bi:User:Robbot]] [[bm:Utilisateur:Robbot]] [[bn:ব্যবহারকারী:Robbot]] [[bo:User:Robbot]] [[br:Implijer:Robbot]] [[bs:Korisnik:Robbot]] [[ca:Usuari:Robbot]] [[ceb:User:Robbot]] [[chr:User:Robbot]] [[co:User:Robbot]] [[cs:Wikipedista:Robbot]] [[csb:Brëkòwnik:Robbot]] [[cv:Хутшăнакан:Robbot]] [[cy:Defnyddiwr:Robbot]] [[da:Bruger:Robbot]] [[de:Benutzer:Robbot]] [[dv:User:Robbot]] [[dz:User:Robbot]] [[el:Χρήστης:Robbot]] [[en:User:Robbot]] [[eo:Vikipediisto:Robbot]] [[es:Usuario:Robbot]] [[et:Kasutaja:Robbot]] [[eu:Lankide:Robbot]] [[fa:کاربر:Robbot]] [[fi:Käyttäjä:Robbot]] [[fiu-vro:User:Robbot]] [[fj:User:Robbot]] [[fo:Brúkari:Robbot]] [[fr:Utilisateur:Robbot]] [[frp:User:Robbot]] [[fur:Utent:Robbot]] [[fy:Meidogger:Robbot]] [[ga:Úsáideoir:Robbot]] [[gd:User:Robbot]] [[gl:User:Robbot]] [[gn:Usuario:Robbot]] [[got:User:Robbot]] [[gu:User:Robbot]] [[gv:User:Robbot]] [[haw:User:Robbot]] [[he:משתמש:Robbot]] [[hi:सदस्य:Robbot]] [[hr:Suradnik:Robbot]] [[ht:User:Robbot]] [[hu:User:Robbot]] [[hy:User:Robbot]] [[ia:Usator:Robbot]] [[id:Pengguna:Robbot]] [[ie:User:Robbot]] [[ii:User:Robbot]] [[ilo:User:Robbot]] [[io:User:Robbot]] [[is:Notandi:Robbot]] [[it:Utente:Robbot]] [[iu:User:Robbot]] [[ja:利用者:Robbot]] [[jbo:User:Robbot]] [[jv:Panganggo:Robbot]] [[ka:მომხმარებელი:Robbot]] [[kg:User:Robbot]] [[kk:User:Robbot]] [[km:User:Robbot]] [[kn:ಸದಸ್ಯ:Robbot]] [[ko:사용자:Robbot]] [[ks:User:Robbot]] [[ksh:User:Robbot]] [[ku:Bikarhêner:Robbot]] [[kw:User:Robbot]] [[ky:User:Robbot]] [[la:Usor:Robbot]] [[lad:User:Robbot]] [[lb:User:Robbot]] [[li:Gebroeker:Robbot]] [[lij:User:Robbot]] [[lmo:User:Robbot]] [[ln:User:Robbot]] [[lt:Naudotojas:Robbot]] [[lv:Lietotājs:Robbot]] [[mg:User:Robbot]] [[mi:User:Robbot]] [[mk:Корисник:Robbot]] [[ml:User:Robbot]] [[mn:User:Robbot]] [[mo:User:Robbot]] [[mr:User:Robbot]] [[ms:Pengguna:Robbot]] [[mt:User:Robbot]] [[na:User:Robbot]] [[nah:Usuario:Robbot]] [[nap:Utente:Robbot]] [[nds:Bruker:Robbot]] [[nds-nl:Gebruker:Robbot]] [[ne:User:Robbot]] [[nl:Gebruiker:Robbot]] [[nn:Brukar:Robbot]] [[no:Bruker:Robbot]] [[nrm:User:Robbot]] [[nv:Choinish'įįhí:Robbot]] [[oc:Utilisator:Robbot]] [[os:Архайæг:Robbot]] [[pam:User:Robbot]] [[pdc:User:Robbot]] [[pi:User:Robbot]] [[pl:Wikipedysta:Robbot]] [[ps:User:Robbot]] [[pt:Usuário:Robbot]] [[qu:Usuario:Robbot]] [[rm:User:Robbot]] [[ro:Utilizator:Robbot]] [[ru:Участник:Robbot]] [[sa:User:Robbot]] [[sc:Utente:Robbot]] [[scn:User:Robbot]] [[sco:User:Robbot]] [[se:User:Robbot]] [[sh:User:Robbot]] [[si:User:Robbot]] [[simple:User:Robbot]] [[sk:Redaktor:Robbot]] [[sl:Uporabnik:Robbot]] [[sm:User:Robbot]] [[sq:Përdoruesi:Robbot]] [[sr:Корисник:Robbot]] [[st:User:Robbot]] [[su:Pamaké:Robbot]] [[sv:Användare:Robbot]] [[sw:User:Robbot]] [[ta:பயனர்:Robbot]] [[te:సభ్యుడు:Robbot]] [[tet:User:Robbot]] [[tg:Корбар:Robbot]] [[th:ผู้ใช้:Robbot]] [[ti:User:Robbot]] [[tk:User:Robbot]] [[tl:User:Robbot]] [[tpi:User:Robbot]] [[tr:Kullanıcı:Robbot]] [[tt:Äğzä:Robbot]] [[udm:Викиавтор:Robbot]] [[ug:User:Robbot]] [[uk:Користувач:Robbot]] [[ur:صارف:Robbot]] [[uz:User:Robbot]] [[vec:Utente:Robbot]] [[vi:Thành viên:Robbot]] [[vls:User:Robbot]] [[vo:User:Robbot]] [[wa:Uzeu:Robbot]] [[war:User:Robbot]] [[wo:User:Robbot]] [[xh:User:Robbot]] [[yi:באַניצער:Robbot]] [[yo:User:Robbot]] [[zh:User:Robbot]] [[zh-min-nan:User:Robbot]] [[zh-yue:User:Robbot]] 2831 5533 2005-12-16T11:09:31Z Korg 40 Hello! I'm mainly contributing to the [[:fr:|French Wikipedia]]. <div style="background-color:#f0f0ff; font-size:120%; padding:3px;">&nbsp;'''>''' [[:fr:Utilisateur:Korg]] &bull; [[m:User:Korg]]</div> [[fr:Utilisateur:Korg]] 2832 8772 2006-12-19T08:02:48Z TXiKiBoT 147 robot Adding: [[frp:Lituanie]], [[mo:Литуания]] [[Image:Flag of Lithuania.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Litva]] [[Image:Coat of Arms of Lithuania.svg|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Litva]] [[Image:LocationLithuania.png|thumb|250px|right|Litva tu [[Europa]]]] '''Litva''' ('''Lietuva''') easte stat tu [[Unia Europeanã]], tu [[Europa]]. ==Stat== Lietuvos Respublika * loc 65 300 km2 * populatsia 3,5 milionj ==Cãsãbãlu capital== [[Vilnius]] *http://www.vilnius.lt ==Litvian== *Dalia Grybauskaitė, [[Unia Europeanã]] Kommission, 2004-2009. *Vytautas Landsbergis, Sing Revoliution SAJUDIS, Vilnius, 1989-1993; [[Unia Europeanã]] Parlament, 2004-2009. ==Cãsãbadz== *[[Vilnius]] *Kaunas *Klaipeda *Siauliai *Panevezys *Palanga *Nida *Sventoji *Druskininkai ==Sportu== * Arvydas Sabonis, Basket, [[Kaunas]] Zalgiris. * Sarunas Jasikevicius, New Orlean, USA. ==Ligãturi== *http://www.lietuva.lt [[category:Europa]] [[Category:Unia europeanã]] [[category:Stat]] [[category:Staturi baltitse]] [[category:sportu]] [[af:Litaue]] [[als:Litauen]] [[am:ሊትዌኒያ]] [[an:Lituania]] [[ang:Lithuania]] [[ar:لتوانيا]] [[arc:ܠܬܘܢܝܐ]] [[ast:Lituania]] [[ay:Lituania]] [[az:Litva]] [[bat-smg:Lietova]] [[be:Летува]] [[bg:Литва]] [[br:Lituania]] [[bs:Litvanija]] [[ca:Lituània]] [[ceb:Lituanya]] [[co:Lituania]] [[cs:Litva]] [[csb:Lëtewskô]] [[cv:Литва]] [[cy:Lithuania]] [[da:Litauen]] [[de:Litauen]] [[el:Λιθουανία]] [[en:Lithuania]] [[eo:Litovio]] [[es:Lituania]] [[et:Leedu]] [[eu:Lituania]] [[fa:لیتوانی]] [[fi:Liettua]] [[fiu-vro:Leedu]] [[fo:Litava]] [[fr:Lituanie]] [[frp:Lituanie]] [[fur:Lituanie]] [[fy:Litouwen]] [[ga:An Liotuáin]] [[gd:Lituania]] [[gl:Lituania - Lietuva]] [[gn:Lituania]] [[he:ליטא]] [[hi:लिथुआनिया]] [[hr:Litva]] [[ht:Lityani]] [[hu:Litvánia]] [[hy:Լիտվա]] [[ia:Lituania]] [[id:Lituania]] [[ie:Lituania]] [[ilo:Lituania]] [[io:Lituania]] [[is:Litháen]] [[it:Lituania]] [[ja:リトアニア]] [[jv:Lituania]] [[ka:ლიტვა]] [[kk:Литва]] [[ko:리투아니아]] [[ksh:Littaue]] [[ku:Lîtvanya]] [[kw:Lithouani]] [[ky:Литва]] [[la:Lituania]] [[lb:Litauen]] [[li:Litouwe]] [[lmo:Lituània]] [[lt:Lietuva]] [[lv:Lietuva]] [[mi:Litovia]] [[mk:Литванија]] [[mn:Литва]] [[mo:Литуания]] [[mr:लिथुएनिया]] [[ms:Lithuania]] [[mt:Litwanja]] [[na:Lithuania]] [[nah:Lituantlān‎]] [[nap:Lituania]] [[nds:Litauen]] [[nds-nl:Litouwen]] [[ne:लिथुआनिया]] [[nl:Litouwen]] [[nn:Litauen]] [[no:Litauen]] [[nrm:Lithuanie]] [[oc:Lituània]] [[os:Литва]] [[pam:Lithuania]] [[pdc:Litaun]] [[pl:Litwa]] [[pms:Lituania]] [[pt:Lituânia]] [[qu:Lituwaniya]] [[rm:Lituania]] [[rmy:Lituaniya]] [[ro:Lituania]] [[ru:Литва]] [[sa:लिथ्वानिया]] [[sc:Lituana]] [[scn:Lituania]] [[sco:Lithuania]] [[se:Lietuva]] [[sh:Litva]] [[simple:Lithuania]] [[sk:Litva]] [[sl:Litva]] [[sq:Lituania]] [[sr:Литванија]] [[sv:Litauen]] [[sw:Lituanya]] [[tet:Lituánia]] [[tg:Литва]] [[th:ประเทศลิทัวเนีย]] [[tl:Lithuania]] [[tpi:Litva]] [[tr:Litvanya]] [[tt:Litua]] [[uk:Литва]] [[uz:Litva]] [[vec:Łituania]] [[vi:Litva]] [[vls:Litown]] [[vo:Lietuvän]] [[wa:Litwaneye]] [[yi:ליטע]] [[zh:立陶宛]] [[zh-min-nan:Lietuva]] [[zh-yue:立陶宛]] 2833 8756 2006-12-18T00:59:14Z Thijs!bot 143 robot Removing: [[mo:Летония]], [[ru-sib:Латвия]] [[Image:Flag of Latvia.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Letonia]] [[Image:Latvijas lielais gerbonis.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Letonia]] [[Image:LocationLatvia.png|thumb|250px|right|Letonia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Letonia''' ('''Latvija''') easte [[staturi baltitse|stat baltic]] tu [[Unia Europeanã]], tu [[Europa]]. ==Stat== Latvijas Respublika * loc 64.589 km2 * populatsia 2,1 milionj ==Cãsãbãlu capital== [[Riga]] *http://www.riga.lv ==Turizmo== *http://www.lv [[category:Europa]] [[category:Unia Europeanã]] [[category:Stat]] [[category:Staturi baltitse]] [[af:Letland]] [[an:Letonia]] [[ang:Latvia]] [[ar:لاتفيا]] [[arc:ܠܬܦܝܐ]] [[ast:Letonia]] [[az:Latviya]] [[bat-smg:Latvėjė]] [[be:Латвія]] [[bg:Латвия]] [[br:Latvia]] [[bs:Latvija]] [[ca:Letònia]] [[co:Lettonia]] [[cs:Lotyšsko]] [[cv:Латви]] [[cy:Latfia]] [[da:Letland]] [[de:Lettland]] [[el:Λεττονία]] [[en:Latvia]] [[eo:Latvio]] [[es:Letonia]] [[et:Läti]] [[eu:Letonia]] [[fa:لاتویا]] [[fi:Latvia]] [[fiu-vro:Läti]] [[fr:Lettonie]] [[fy:Letlân]] [[ga:An Laitvia]] [[gd:Laitbhia]] [[gl:Letonia - Latvija]] [[he:לטביה]] [[hi:लातविया]] [[hr:Letonija]] [[ht:Letoni]] [[hu:Lettország]] [[ia:Latvia]] [[id:Latvia]] [[ilo:Latvia]] [[io:Latvia]] [[is:Lettland]] [[it:Lettonia]] [[ja:ラトビア]] [[ka:ლატვია]] [[ko:라트비아]] [[ku:Letonya]] [[kw:Latvi]] [[la:Lettonia]] [[lb:Lettland]] [[li:Letland]] [[lt:Latvija]] [[lv:Latvija]] [[mk:Латвија]] [[mr:लात्व्हिया]] [[ms:Latvia]] [[nds:Lettland]] [[nds-nl:Letlaand]] [[ne:लात्भिया]] [[nl:Letland]] [[nn:Latvia]] [[no:Latvia]] [[nrm:Lettonnie]] [[oc:Letònia]] [[os:Латви]] [[pam:Latvia]] [[pl:Łotwa]] [[pms:Letònia]] [[pt:Letónia]] [[qu:Lituniya]] [[rm:Lettonia]] [[rmy:Latviya]] [[ro:Letonia]] [[ru:Латвия]] [[sc:Latvia]] [[sco:Latvia]] [[se:Látvia]] [[sh:Letonija]] [[simple:Latvia]] [[sk:Lotyšsko]] [[sl:Latvija]] [[sq:Letonia]] [[sr:Летонија]] [[sv:Lettland]] [[sw:Latvia]] [[tg:Латвия]] [[th:ประเทศลัตเวีย]] [[tl:Latvia]] [[tpi:Latvia]] [[tr:Letonya]] [[tt:Latvia]] [[ug:لاتۋىيە]] [[uk:Латвія]] [[vi:Latvia]] [[vo:Latviyän]] [[yi:לעטלאנד]] [[zh:拉脫維亞]] [[zh-min-nan:Latvia]] [[zh-yue:拉脫維亞]] 2834 7127 2006-09-15T07:21:55Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Ţarâ Balteanâ]] moved to [[Staturi baltitse]] '''Staturle baltitse''' sãntu [[Litva]], [[Lithonia]], [[Estonia]]. <!-- please leave the English at the top, because it is the one most readers will want, if any --> [[Category:Europa]] [[cs:Baltikum]] [[da:Baltikum]] [[en:Baltic state]] [[eo:Baltio]] [[es:Estados bálticos]] [[et:Baltimaad]] [[fi:Baltian maat]] [[fr:Pays baltes]] [[fy:Baltikum]] [[ja:バルト三国]] [[ko:발트 3국]] [[lv:Baltijas valstis]] [[nds:Baltikum]] [[nl:Baltische landen]] [[no:Baltikum]] [[pl:Kraje bałtyckie]] [[ro:Stat baltic]] [[ru:Прибалтика]] [[sl:Baltiška država]] [[sv:Baltikum]] [[zh:波罗的国家]] [[zh-min-nan:Pe̍h-kok]] 2835 8786 2006-12-19T10:44:07Z TXiKiBoT 147 robot Adding: [[frp:Èstonie]], [[ru-sib:Естоння]] [[Image:Flag of Estonia.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Estonia]] [[Image:Estonia coatofarms.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Estonia]] [[Image:LocationEstonia.png|thumb|250px|right|Estonia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Estonia''', ('''Eesti''') easte [[Staturi baltitse|stat baltic]] tu [[Unia Europeanã]], tu [[Europa]]. ==Stat== Eesti Vabariik, Respublika Estonia * loc 45.227 km2 * populatsia 1,34 milionj ==Cãsãbãlu capital== [[Tallinn]] *http://www.tallinn.ee ==Turizmo== *http://www.eesti.ee [[category:Europa]] [[category:Unia europeanã]] [[category:Stat]] [[category:Staturi baltitse]] [[af:Estland]] [[am:ኤስቶኒያ]] [[an:Estonia]] [[ang:Estland]] [[ar:إستونيا]] [[arc:ܐܣܬܘܢܝܐ]] [[ast:Estonia]] [[bat-smg:Estėjė]] [[be:Эстонія]] [[bg:Естония]] [[br:Estonia]] [[bs:Estonija]] [[ca:Estònia]] [[cs:Estonsko]] [[cv:Эстони]] [[cy:Estonia]] [[da:Estland]] [[de:Estland]] [[el:Εσθονία]] [[en:Estonia]] [[eo:Estonio]] [[es:Estonia]] [[et:Eesti]] [[eu:Estonia]] [[fa:استونی]] [[fi:Viro]] [[fiu-vro:Eesti]] [[fo:Estland]] [[fr:Estonie]] [[frp:Èstonie]] [[fy:Estlân]] [[ga:An Eastóin]] [[gl:Estonia - Eesti]] [[he:אסטוניה]] [[hi:एस्टोनिया]] [[hr:Estonija]] [[hsb:Estiska]] [[ht:Estoni]] [[hu:Észtország]] [[hy:Էստոնիա]] [[ia:Estonia]] [[id:Estonia]] [[ilo:Estonia]] [[io:Estonia]] [[is:Eistland]] [[it:Estonia]] [[ja:エストニア]] [[jbo:gugrxesti]] [[ka:ესტონეთი]] [[ko:에스토니아]] [[ku:Estonya]] [[kw:Estoni]] [[la:Estonia]] [[lb:Estland]] [[li:Esland]] [[lt:Estija]] [[lv:Igaunija]] [[mk:Естонија]] [[mr:एस्टोनिया]] [[ms:Estonia]] [[na:Estonia]] [[nds:Estland]] [[nds-nl:Estlaand]] [[ne:इस्टोनिया]] [[nl:Estland]] [[nn:Estland]] [[no:Estland]] [[nrm:Estonnie]] [[oc:Estònia]] [[os:Эстони]] [[pam:Estonia]] [[pl:Estonia]] [[pms:Estònia]] [[ps:اېسټونيا]] [[pt:Estónia]] [[qu:Istunya]] [[rmy:Estoniya]] [[ro:Estonia]] [[ru:Эстония]] [[ru-sib:Естоння]] [[sa:एस्टोनिया]] [[sc:Estonija]] [[scn:Estonia]] [[sco:Estonia]] [[se:Estlánda]] [[sh:Estonija]] [[simple:Estonia]] [[sk:Estónsko]] [[sl:Estonija]] [[sq:Estonia]] [[sr:Естонија]] [[ss:Estonia]] [[sv:Estland]] [[tet:Estónia]] [[tg:Эстония]] [[th:ประเทศเอสโตเนีย]] [[tl:Estonia]] [[tpi:Estonia]] [[tr:Estonya]] [[tt:Éstonia]] [[udm:Эстония]] [[uk:Естонія]] [[vi:Estonia]] [[zh:爱沙尼亚]] [[zh-min-nan:Eesti]] [[zh-yue:愛沙尼亞]] 2836 8683 2006-12-02T22:27:30Z 86.125.115.154 img [[Image:Adolf Hitler in Yugoslavia crop.JPG|thumb|100px|right|Adolf Hitler]] '''Adolf Hitler''', (Aprir 20, 1889 – Aprir 30, 1945) ira Cantselar-a [[Ghermãnia|Ghermãniiljei]] di anlu 1933 shi Führer (Conducãtor) ali [[Ghermãnia]] di anlu 1934 pãnã tu moarte-a lui. Nãs ira lider a Partiiljei a Lucurtorlor Ghermãnescã Natsional Sotsialisticã (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei icã NSDAP), cama ghine cunuscutã ca Partia Natsisticã. U-scria cartea [[Mein Kampf]]. [[af:Adolf Hitler]] [[am:አዶልፍ ሂትለር]] [[ang:Adolf Hitler]] [[ar:أدولف هتلر]] [[ast:Adolf Hitler]] [[be:Адольф Гітлер]] [[bg:Адолф Хитлер]] [[bn:এডল্‌ফ হিটলার]] [[br:Adolf Hitler]] [[bs:Adolf Hitler]] [[ca:Adolf Hitler]] [[cs:Adolf Hitler]] [[cy:Adolf Hitler]] [[da:Adolf Hitler]] [[de:Adolf Hitler]] [[el:Αδόλφος Χίτλερ]] [[en:Adolf Hitler]] [[eo:Adolf Hitler]] [[es:Adolf Hitler]] [[et:Adolf Hitler]] [[eu:Adolf Hitler]] [[fa:آدولف هیتلر]] [[fi:Adolf Hitler]] [[fr:Adolf Hitler]] [[ga:Adolf Hitler]] [[gd:Adolf Hitler]] [[gl:Adolf Hitler]] [[he:אדולף היטלר]] [[hi:हिटलर]] [[hr:Adolf Hitler]] [[hu:Adolf Hitler]] [[hy:Հիտլեր Ադոլֆ]] [[id:Adolf Hitler]] [[io:Adolf Hitler]] [[is:Adolf Hitler]] [[it:Adolf Hitler]] [[ja:アドルフ・ヒトラー]] [[ka:ჰიტლერი, ადოლფ]] [[kn:ಅಡೋಲ್ಫ್ ಹಿಟ್ಲರ್]] [[ko:아돌프 히틀러]] [[ku:Adolf Hitler]] [[la:Adolfus Hitler]] [[lb:Adolf Hitler]] [[li:Adolf Hitler]] [[lt:Adolfas Hitleris]] [[lv:Ādolfs Hitlers]] [[mk:Адолф Хитлер]] [[ms:Adolf Hitler]] [[mt:Adolf Hitler]] [[nds-nl:Adolf Hitler]] [[nl:Adolf Hitler]] [[nn:Adolf Hitler]] [[no:Adolf Hitler]] [[oc:Adolf Hitler]] [[os:Гитлер, Адольф]] [[pl:Adolf Hitler]] [[ps:آدولف هيتلر]] [[pt:Adolf Hitler]] [[rm:Adolf Hitler]] [[ro:Adolf Hitler]] [[ru:Гитлер, Адольф]] [[scn:Adolf Hitler]] [[sco:Adolf Hitler]] [[sh:Adolf Hitler]] [[simple:Adolf Hitler]] [[sk:Adolf Hitler]] [[sl:Adolf Hitler]] [[sq:Adolf Hitler]] [[sr:Адолф Хитлер]] [[st:Adolf Hitler]] [[sv:Adolf Hitler]] [[sw:Adolf Hitler]] [[tg:Адолф Ҳитлер]] [[th:อดอล์ฟ ฮิตเลอร์]] [[tl:Adolf Hitler]] [[tr:Adolf Hitler]] [[tt:Adolf Hitler]] [[uk:Адольф Гітлер]] [[vi:Adolf Hitler]] [[wa:Adolf Hitler]] [[yi:אדולף היטלער]] [[zh:阿道夫·希特勒]] 2837 sysop 6303 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default User [[User:$1|$1]] ([[User talk:$1|talk]]) deleted this page after you started editing with reason: : ''$2'' Please confirm that really want to recreate this page. 2838 sysop 6304 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default User [[User:$1|$1]] ([[User talk:$1|talk]]) deleted this page after you started editing with reason: : ''$2'' Please confirm that really want to recreate this page. 2839 sysop 4925 2005-09-05T09:50:48Z MediaWiki default Warning: This page has been deleted after you started editing! 2840 sysop 4926 2005-09-05T09:50:48Z MediaWiki default Warning: This page has been deleted after you started editing! 2841 sysop 4928 2005-09-05T09:50:49Z MediaWiki default A file with this name exists already; please go back and upload this file under a new name. 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[[Image:$1|thumb|center|$1]] 2845 sysop 4932 2005-09-05T09:50:49Z MediaWiki default Summary: 2846 sysop 4933 2005-09-05T09:50:49Z MediaWiki default Summary: 2847 sysop 4937 2005-09-05T09:50:50Z MediaWiki default This file is bigger than the server is configured to allow. 2848 sysop 4938 2005-09-05T09:50:50Z MediaWiki default This file is bigger than the server is configured to allow. 2849 sysop 4939 2005-09-05T09:50:50Z MediaWiki default Licensing 2850 sysop 4940 2005-09-05T09:50:50Z MediaWiki default Licensing 2851 sysop 6405 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default log in 2852 sysop 6406 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default log in 2853 sysop 4943 2005-09-05T09:50:50Z MediaWiki default You must $1 to view other pages. 2854 sysop 4944 2005-09-05T09:50:50Z MediaWiki default You must $1 to view other pages. 2855 sysop 4954 2005-09-05T09:50:51Z MediaWiki default upload it 2856 sysop 4955 2005-09-05T09:50:51Z MediaWiki default upload it 2857 sysop 4957 2005-09-05T09:50:51Z MediaWiki default None selected 2858 sysop 4958 2005-09-05T09:50:51Z MediaWiki default None selected 2859 sysop 4966 2005-09-05T09:50:51Z MediaWiki default Permanent link 2860 sysop 4967 2005-09-05T09:50:51Z MediaWiki default Permanent link 2861 sysop 4968 2005-09-05T09:50:51Z MediaWiki default Prefix index 2862 sysop 4969 2005-09-05T09:50:51Z MediaWiki default Prefix index 2863 sysop 4973 2005-09-05T09:50:52Z MediaWiki default Recreate 2864 sysop 4974 2005-09-05T09:50:52Z MediaWiki default Recreate 2865 sysop 4977 2005-09-05T09:50:52Z MediaWiki default file description page 2866 sysop 4978 2005-09-05T09:50:52Z MediaWiki default file description page 2867 sysop 4982 2005-09-05T09:50:52Z MediaWiki default ($1 bots) 2868 sysop 4983 2005-09-05T09:50:52Z MediaWiki default ($1 bots) 2869 sysop 6529 2006-07-01T19:05:42Z MediaWiki default Recreate the page despite it has been deleted 2870 sysop 6530 2006-07-01T19:05:42Z MediaWiki default Recreate the page despite it has been deleted 2871 sysop 5921 2006-02-26T02:03:21Z MediaWiki default This article has been deleted. The reason for deletion is shown in the summary below, along with details of the users who had edited this page before deletion. The actual text of these deleted revisions is only available to administrators. 2872 sysop 5922 2006-02-26T02:03:21Z MediaWiki default This article has been deleted. The reason for deletion is shown in the summary below, along with details of the users who had edited this page before deletion. The actual text of these deleted revisions is only available to administrators. 2873 sysop 5003 2005-09-05T09:50:53Z MediaWiki default updated since my last visit 2874 sysop 5004 2005-09-05T09:50:53Z MediaWiki default updated since my last visit 2875 sysop 5012 2005-09-05T09:50:53Z MediaWiki default View $1? 2876 sysop 5013 2005-09-05T09:50:53Z MediaWiki default View $1? 2877 sysop 5014 2005-09-05T09:50:53Z MediaWiki default View deleted pages 2878 sysop 5015 2005-09-05T09:50:53Z MediaWiki default View deleted pages 2879 sysop 6587 2006-07-01T19:05:42Z MediaWiki default $1 bot edits 2880 sysop 6588 2006-07-01T19:05:42Z MediaWiki default $1 bot edits 2881 5025 2005-09-15T14:52:10Z Jvano 41 http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedista:Jvano 2882 6746 2006-08-22T14:17:25Z Forrimigui 67 '''Principatlu di la Pind''' fu unâ tsarâ tsi s-afla tu [[Gârtsii]], tu -[[Defturlu Polim Mondial|dfturlu polim mondial]]. ==Domnitori == '''Casei Diamandi:''' *1941-1942: Printslu Alkibiadi I '''Casei Matoussi:''' *1942 : Printslu Nicolae I '''Casei Milványi de Cseszneg:''' *1943 : Printslu Iuliu I [[de:Fürstentum von Pindo]] [[el:Πριγκηπάτο της Πίνδου]] [[en:Principality of Pindus]] [[es:Principado del Pindo]] [[fr:Principauté du Pinde]] [[hr:Pindska kneževina]] [[hu:Pindoszi Fejedelemség]] [[it:Principato del Pindo]] [[ro:Principatul de la Pind]] 2883 6211 2006-05-25T16:36:56Z Diagraph01 45 {{babel|ja|en-1|roa-rup-0}} "Diagraph01" lives in Tokyo, Japan. ja.wp's admin from 7 May 2006. I'm taking the [[:ja:Wikipedia:多言語の統計|Multilingual statistics (ja)]] and [[:ja:Wikipedia:ウィキペディアが提供されている言語の総覧|List of Wikipedias (ja)]] in Japanese wikipedia. Although, I think that it will concentrate on acquisition each language information and attachment "+interwiki" for the time being. Therefore, I can't write new contribution. See refer: [[:ja:User:Diagraph01]]([[:ja:User talk:Diagraph01|Talk]]). 2885 5695 2006-01-11T06:41:43Z Alexander 007 51 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Alexander_007 Alexander 007]. 2887 6591 2006-07-02T18:38:18Z 205.188.117.74 '''Szoltys1990''' (born in July 16, 1990 in Bytom), the Polish User of [[Uichipedia|Wikipedia]] from [[Świętochłowice]]. ==Contact== *e-mail: szoltys@o2.pl *[http://www.zucker.prv.pl Website with more than 220 counterparts of word "sugar" in different languages.] ==Editions== Mostly in Polish Wikipedia: *1.Biographies of skijumpers, leigh atletics, footballers, TV-presenters, politicals and more. *2.Firms like Atomic, Nutella and Fabud. *3.The neighbour-hoods of Silesian cities, like Bytków, Bańgów and Łagiewniki. *4.Cities and villages, like Lubecko. *5.Biometrical passport. *6.KO System (Four Hills Tournament) <br> Behind the editions in Polish Wikipedia, I edited many pages in English, German and Norwegian Wikipedia. [[en:User:Szoltys1990]] [[es:Usuario:Szoltys1990]] [[csb:Brëkòwnik:Szoltys1990]] [[pl:Wikipedysta:Szoltys1990]] 2888 5056 2005-11-05T19:24:20Z Szoltys1990 52 Hello. I collect word "sugar" in different languages and now I`ve got 227 counterparts of this word but I can`t to find "sugar" in Aromanian language so can you send me what`s called "sugar" in Aromanian language. Please send me to [http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyskusja_Wikipedysty:Szoltys1990 my discussion in Polish Wikipedia] or send me mail: szoltys@o2.pl Thank you very much! (My collection is on site: http://www.zucker.prv.pl) 2889 5057 2005-11-05T19:27:51Z Szoltys1990 52 Hello. I collect word "sugar" in different languages and now I`ve got 227 counterparts of this word but I can`t to find "sugar" in Aromanian language so can you send me what`s called "sugar" in Aromanian language. Please send me to [http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyskusja_Wikipedysty:Szoltys1990 my discussion in Polish Wikipedia] or send me mail: szoltys@o2.pl Thank you very much! (My collection is on site: http://www.zucker.prv.pl) 2890 5058 2005-11-05T19:28:35Z Szoltys1990 52 Hello. I collect word "sugar" in different languages and now I`ve got 227 counterparts of this word but I can`t to find "sugar" in Aromanian language so can you send me what`s called "sugar" in Aromanian language. Please send me to [http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyskusja_Wikipedysty:Szoltys1990 my discussion in Polish Wikipedia] or send me mail: szoltys@o2.pl Thank you very much! (My collection is on site: http://www.zucker.prv.pl) 2891 5059 2005-11-05T19:29:18Z Szoltys1990 52 Hello. I collect word "sugar" in different languages and now I`ve got 227 counterparts of this word but I can`t to find "sugar" in Aromanian language so can you send me what`s called "sugar" in Aromanian language. Please send me to [http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyskusja_Wikipedysty:Szoltys1990 my discussion in Polish Wikipedia] or send me mail: szoltys@o2.pl Thank you very much! (My collection is on site: http://www.zucker.prv.pl) 2892 5062 2005-11-08T04:09:40Z Korg 40 blanking (spam) 2893 5065 2005-11-08T08:25:57Z Sj 53 Find me at [[:en:User:Sj|enwp]]. [[en:User:Sj]] 2894 sysop 5355 2005-12-02T02:40:44Z MediaWiki default Enable e-mail from other users 2895 sysop 5356 2005-12-02T02:40:44Z MediaWiki default Enable e-mail from other users 2896 sysop 5075 2005-11-09T23:04:18Z MediaWiki default Display pages with prefix: 2897 sysop 5076 2005-11-09T23:04:18Z MediaWiki default Display pages with prefix: 2898 sysop 5082 2005-11-09T23:04:19Z MediaWiki default Category 2899 sysop 5083 2005-11-09T23:04:19Z MediaWiki default Category 2900 sysop 5086 2005-11-09T23:04:20Z MediaWiki default Clear the cache of this page? $1 2901 sysop 5087 2005-11-09T23:04:20Z MediaWiki default Clear the cache of this page? $1 2902 sysop 5088 2005-11-09T23:04:20Z MediaWiki default OK 2903 sysop 5089 2005-11-09T23:04:20Z MediaWiki default OK 2904 sysop 5096 2005-11-09T23:04:23Z MediaWiki default No preference 2905 sysop 5097 2005-11-09T23:04:23Z MediaWiki default No preference 2906 sysop 5098 2005-11-09T23:04:23Z MediaWiki default Date and time 2907 sysop 5099 2005-11-09T23:04:23Z MediaWiki default Date and time 2908 sysop 5102 2005-11-09T23:04:24Z MediaWiki default → 2909 sysop 5103 2005-11-09T23:04:24Z MediaWiki default → 2910 sysop 5104 2005-11-09T23:04:24Z MediaWiki default download 2911 sysop 5105 2005-11-09T23:04:24Z MediaWiki default download 2912 sysop 5108 2005-11-09T23:04:26Z MediaWiki default RGB 2913 sysop 5109 2005-11-09T23:04:26Z MediaWiki default RGB 2914 sysop 5113 2005-11-09T23:04:28Z MediaWiki default Ignore any warnings 2915 sysop 5114 2005-11-09T23:04:28Z MediaWiki default Ignore any warnings 2916 sysop 5116 2005-11-09T23:04:28Z MediaWiki default Importing $1 2917 sysop 5117 2005-11-09T23:04:28Z MediaWiki default Importing $1 2918 sysop 5118 2005-11-09T23:04:28Z MediaWiki default No import file was uploaded. 2919 sysop 5119 2005-11-09T23:04:28Z MediaWiki default No import file was uploaded. 2920 sysop 5120 2005-11-09T23:04:28Z MediaWiki default Upload of import file failed; perhaps the file is bigger than the allowed upload size. 2921 sysop 5121 2005-11-09T23:04:28Z MediaWiki default Upload of import file failed; perhaps the file is bigger than the allowed upload size. 2922 sysop 5123 2005-11-09T23:04:28Z MediaWiki default Jump to: 2923 sysop 5124 2005-11-09T23:04:28Z MediaWiki default Jump to: 2924 sysop 5125 2005-11-09T23:04:28Z MediaWiki default navigation 2925 sysop 5126 2005-11-09T23:04:28Z MediaWiki default navigation 2926 sysop 5127 2005-11-09T23:04:28Z MediaWiki default search 2927 sysop 5128 2005-11-09T23:04:28Z MediaWiki default search 2928 sysop 5132 2005-11-09T23:04:30Z MediaWiki default MIME search 2929 sysop 5133 2005-11-09T23:04:30Z MediaWiki default MIME search 2930 sysop 5641 2006-01-01T14:26:14Z MediaWiki default MIME type: 2931 sysop 5642 2006-01-01T14:26:14Z MediaWiki default MIME type: 2932 sysop 5137 2005-11-09T23:04:30Z MediaWiki default Articles with the most categories 2933 sysop 5138 2005-11-09T23:04:30Z MediaWiki default Articles with the most categories 2934 sysop 5139 2005-11-09T23:04:30Z MediaWiki default Most linked to images 2935 sysop 5140 2005-11-09T23:04:30Z MediaWiki default Most linked to images 2936 sysop 5141 2005-11-09T23:04:30Z MediaWiki default Most linked to categories 2937 sysop 5142 2005-11-09T23:04:30Z MediaWiki default Most linked to categories 2938 sysop 5143 2005-11-09T23:04:30Z MediaWiki default Articles with the most revisions 2939 sysop 5144 2005-11-09T23:04:30Z MediaWiki default Articles with the most revisions 2940 sysop 6417 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default $1 {{PLURAL:$1|category|categories}} 2941 sysop 6418 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default $1 {{PLURAL:$1|category|categories}} 2942 sysop 5147 2005-11-09T23:04:31Z MediaWiki default {{int:newarticletext}} 2943 sysop 5148 2005-11-09T23:04:31Z MediaWiki default {{int:newarticletext}} 2944 sysop 5153 2005-11-09T23:04:32Z MediaWiki default {{int:noarticletext}} 2945 sysop 5154 2005-11-09T23:04:32Z MediaWiki default {{int:noarticletext}} 2946 sysop 6433 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default $1 {{PLURAL:$1|revision|revisions}} 2947 sysop 6434 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default $1 {{PLURAL:$1|revision|revisions}} 2948 sysop 5171 2005-11-09T23:04:38Z MediaWiki default Redirecting to [[$1]]... 2949 sysop 5172 2005-11-09T23:04:38Z MediaWiki default Redirecting to [[$1]]... 2950 sysop 5173 2005-11-09T23:04:38Z MediaWiki default Redirect page 2951 sysop 5174 2005-11-09T23:04:38Z MediaWiki default Redirect page 2952 sysop 5902 2006-02-26T02:03:20Z MediaWiki default <strong>Sorry! We could not process your edit due to a loss of session data. Please try again. If it still doesn't work, try logging out and logging back in.</strong> 2953 sysop 5903 2006-02-26T02:03:20Z MediaWiki default <strong>Sorry! We could not process your edit due to a loss of session data. Please try again. If it still doesn't work, try logging out and logging back in.</strong> 2954 sysop 5199 2005-11-09T23:04:46Z MediaWiki default Enable "jump to" accessibility links 2955 sysop 5200 2005-11-09T23:04:46Z MediaWiki default Enable "jump to" accessibility links 2956 sysop 5649 2006-01-01T14:26:16Z MediaWiki default User ID: 2957 sysop 5650 2006-01-01T14:26:16Z MediaWiki default User ID: 2958 sysop 5213 2005-11-09T23:04:48Z MediaWiki default Unwatched pages 2959 sysop 5214 2005-11-09T23:04:48Z MediaWiki default Unwatched pages 2960 sysop 5652 2006-01-01T14:26:17Z MediaWiki default Username: 2961 sysop 5653 2006-01-01T14:26:17Z MediaWiki default Username: 2962 sysop 5222 2005-11-09T23:04:52Z MediaWiki default Maximum number of $1 topics reached 2963 sysop 5223 2005-11-09T23:04:52Z MediaWiki default Maximum number of $1 topics reached 2964 sysop 5224 2005-11-09T23:04:52Z MediaWiki default No topics defined 2965 sysop 5225 2005-11-09T23:04:52Z MediaWiki default No topics defined 2966 sysop 5226 2005-11-09T23:04:52Z MediaWiki default You have no topics defined which can be rated. Go to [[Special:Validate]], and have an administrator run the "Manage" function to add at least one topic and point range. 2967 sysop 5227 2005-11-09T23:04:52Z MediaWiki default You have no topics defined which can be rated. Go to [[Special:Validate]], and have an administrator run the "Manage" function to add at least one topic and point range. 2968 sysop 5228 2005-11-09T23:04:54Z MediaWiki default Wanted categories 2969 sysop 5229 2005-11-09T23:04:54Z MediaWiki default Wanted categories 2970 sysop 6583 2006-07-01T19:05:42Z MediaWiki default $1×$2 2971 sysop 6584 2006-07-01T19:05:42Z MediaWiki default $1×$2 2972 8794 2006-12-19T15:58:15Z Escarbot 112 robot Adding: [[zh-classical:Category:歐羅巴洲]] [[Category:Continent]] [[af:Kategorie:Europa]] [[an:Categoría:Europa]] [[ang:Category:Europa]] [[ar:تصنيف:أوروبا]] [[ast:Categoría:Europa]] [[be:Катэгорыя:Эўропа]] [[bg:Категория:Европа]] [[br:Rummad:Europa]] [[bs:Kategorija:Evropa]] [[ca:Categoria:Europa]] [[co:Category:Europa]] [[cs:Kategorie:Evropa]] [[csb:Kategòrëjô:Eùropa]] [[cv:Категори:Европа]] [[cy:Categori:Ewrop]] [[da:Kategori:Europa]] [[de:Kategorie:Europa]] [[el:Κατηγορία:Ευρώπη]] [[en:Category:Europe]] [[eo:Kategorio:Eŭropo]] [[es:Categoría:Europa]] [[et:Kategooria:Euroopa]] [[eu:Kategoria:Europa]] [[fa:رده:اروپا]] [[fi:Luokka:Eurooppa]] [[fiu-vro:Category:Õuruupa]] [[fo:Bólkur:Evropa]] [[fr:Catégorie:Europe]] [[frp:Category:Eropa]] [[fy:Kategory:Jeropa]] [[ga:Catagóir:An Eoraip]] [[gl:Category:Europa]] [[got:Category:Aiwropa]] [[he:קטגוריה:אירופה]] [[hi:श्रेणी:यूरोप]] [[hr:Kategorija:Europa]] [[hsb:Kategorija:Europa]] [[ht:Category:Ewòp]] [[hu:Kategória:Európa]] [[ia:Categoria:Europa]] [[id:Kategori:Eropa]] [[io:Category:Europa]] [[is:Flokkur:Evrópa]] [[it:Categoria:Europa]] [[ja:Category:ヨーロッパ]] [[ka:კატეგორია:ევროპა]] [[ko:분류:유럽]] [[ku:Kategorî:Ewropa]] [[kw:Category:Europa]] [[la:Categoria:Europa]] [[lb:Category:Europa]] [[li:Kategorie:Europa]] [[ln:Category:Eropa]] [[lv:Kategorija:Eiropa]] [[mi:Category:Ūropi]] [[mk:Категорија:Европа]] [[mo:Category:Еуропа]] [[ms:Kategori:Eropah]] [[mt:Category:Ewropa]] [[na:Category:Uirope]] [[nds:Kategorie:Europa]] [[nds-nl:Categorie:Europa]] [[nl:Categorie:Europa]] [[nn:Kategori:Europa]] [[no:Kategori:Europa]] [[oc:Categoria:Euròpa]] [[os:Категори:Европæ]] [[pl:Kategoria:Europa]] [[pms:Categorìa:Euròpa]] [[pt:Categoria:Europa]] [[qu:Categoría:Iwrupa]] [[rmy:Shopni:Europa]] [[ro:Categorie:Europa]] [[ru:Категория:Европа]] [[scn:Category:Europa]] [[sco:Category:Europe]] [[se:Category:Eurohpá]] [[sh:Category:Evropa]] [[sk:Kategória:Európa]] [[sl:Kategorija:Evropa]] [[sq:Category:Evropë]] [[sr:Категорија:Европа]] [[sv:Kategori:Europa]] [[sw:Category:Ulaya]] [[ta:பகுப்பு:ஐரோப்பா]] [[th:หมวดหมู่:ทวีปยุโรป]] [[tl:Category:Europa]] [[tr:Kategori:Avrupa]] [[uk:Категорія:Європа]] [[vec:Categoria:Europa]] [[vi:Thể loại:Châu Âu]] [[wa:Categoreye:Urope]] [[war:Category:Europa]] [[zh:Category:欧洲]] [[zh-classical:Category:歐羅巴洲]] [[zh-min-nan:Category:Au-chiu]] [[zh-yue:Category:歐洲]] 2973 5239 2005-11-13T18:20:26Z Incelemeelemani 54 ==Hakkımda== Name Surname: Sezgin İBİŞ<br> == Kullanılabilen değişkenler == Sayfa içi indeks için <nowiki>:{{msg:compactTOC}}</nowiki><br> == TANIMLI WİKİ DEĞİŞKENLERİ == [[Özel:Allpages|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} madde]]<br> <font color="red">'''Kodu:''' </font><nowiki>[[Özel:Allpages|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} madde]]</nowiki><br> == KARAKTERLER == <table border=2 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="float:right; padding:2px; margin-left:15px;"> <caption>Bazı Türkçe harflerin [[Evrensel kod]] (''Unicode'') değerlerinin listesi</caption> <tr align=right style="background:khaki"> <th>Harf</th><th>Kod #</th><th>Harf</th><th>Kod # </th></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; ç &nbsp;</td><td> 231 </td><td> &nbsp; Ç &nbsp;</td><td> 199 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; ğ &nbsp;</td><td> 287 </td><td> &nbsp; Ğ &nbsp;</td><td> 286 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; ı &nbsp;</td><td> 305 </td><td> &nbsp; İ &nbsp;</td><td> 304 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; ö &nbsp;</td><td> 246 </td><td> &nbsp; Ö &nbsp;</td><td> 214 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; ş &nbsp;</td><td> 351 </td><td> &nbsp; Ş &nbsp;</td><td> 350 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; ü &nbsp;</td><td> 252 </td><td> &nbsp; Ü &nbsp;</td><td> 220 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; â &nbsp;</td><td> 226 </td><td> &nbsp; Â &nbsp;</td><td> 194 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; î &nbsp;</td><td> 238 </td><td> &nbsp; Î &nbsp;</td><td> 206 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; û &nbsp;</td><td> 251 </td><td> &nbsp; Û &nbsp;</td><td> 219 </td></tr> </table> <br><br> == GEREKLİ SAYFALAR == <table width="70%" border="0" align="center"> <tr> <td> [http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:Allmessages&ot=html Tüm HTML mesajları] </td><td> [http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedi:Sistem_mesaj_%C5%9Fablonlar%C4%B1 Düzey Şablonları] </td><td> &nbsp; </td> </tr> </table> <!--interwiki--> 2974 5998 2006-03-19T20:01:15Z 84.164.247.161 #REDIRECT [[Ripublica Machedonia]] 2975 6207 2006-05-20T17:49:12Z Srtxg 1 sv-0 -> ruo-0 {{Babel-5|bg|en-3|ru-3|nl-1|rup-0}} [[bg:Потребител:Bggoldie]] [[en:User:Bggoldie]] [[nl:Gebruiker:Bggoudje]] [[ru:Участник:Bggoldie]] [[sv:Användare:Bggoldie]] 2976 6189 2006-05-20T17:10:18Z Srtxg 1 redirect to Babel template #REDIRECT [[Template:Babel]] 2977 5251 2005-11-13T23:46:55Z Bggoldie 56 <div style="float:left;border:1px solid #6EF7A7;margin:1px"> {|cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#C5FCDC" |style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#6EF7A7;text-align:center;font-size:14pt"|'''[[ligati di bulgareaşti|bg]]''' |style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em"|'''[[:Category:User bg-N|Родният език]] ''' на този потребител е '''[[:Category:User bg|български]]'''.[[Category:User bg|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:User bg-N|{{PAGENAME}}]] |} </div> 2978 5250 2005-11-13T23:41:47Z Bggoldie 56 <div style="float:left;border:solid #C0C8FF 1px;margin:1px"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#F0F8FF" | style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#C0C8FF;text-align:center;font-size:14pt" | '''[[Dutch language|nl]]-1''' | style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em" | Deze gebruiker heeft '''[[:Category:User nl-1|elementaire kennis]]''' van het '''[[:Category:User nl|Nederlands]]'''. [[Category:User nl|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:User nl-1|{{PAGENAME}}]] |}</div> 2979 6151 2006-04-22T14:10:05Z Proofreader 98 interwikis '''Vocala''' easti un son dit zburărea-a omlui, faptu cu tritsearea sonoră, libiră sh-fără cheadică, a vimtului prit canalu sonor (adrat di coardili vocali shi ntreaga gură) ică un semnu grafic cari aspuni un ahtari son. Ashi bunăoară, avem shasili vocali tsi s-fac cu vimtul tsi treatsi prit gură, iu limba poati si s-află tu un loc ică altu shi budzăli pot si sta dishcljisi ună soe ică altă. Vocalili pot s-hibă pronuntsati singuri ică deadun cu semivocali i consoani. [[br:Vogalenn]] [[ca:Vocal]] [[de:Vokal]] [[en:Vowel]] [[eo:Vokalo]] [[es:Vocal]] [[fi:Vokaali]] [[fiu-vro:Vabahelü]] [[fr:Voyelle]] [[gl:Vogal]] [[he:תנועה (בלשנות)]] [[io:Vokalo]] [[it:Vocale]] [[ja:母音]] [[ko:홀소리]] [[kw:Bogalenn]] [[ln:Moleli]] [[nah:Tsilinitl]] [[nl:Klinker (klank)]] [[no:Vokal]] [[nn:Vokal]] [[pl:Samogłoska]] [[pt:Vogal]] [[ro:Vocală]] [[sv:Vokal]] [[yi:ווקאלן]] [[zh:元音]] 2980 5257 2005-11-16T06:56:16Z Bggoldie 56 #REDIRECT [[:bg:Потребител беседа:Bggoldie|Златко]] 2981 sysop 5274 2005-11-29T21:29:50Z MediaWiki default Invalid raw signature; check HTML tags. 2982 sysop 5275 2005-11-29T21:29:50Z MediaWiki default Invalid raw signature; check HTML tags. 2983 sysop 5281 2005-11-29T21:29:51Z MediaWiki default $1 sec ($2) 2984 sysop 5282 2005-11-29T21:29:51Z MediaWiki default $1 sec ($2) 2985 sysop 5283 2005-11-29T21:29:51Z MediaWiki default f/$1 2986 sysop 5284 2005-11-29T21:29:51Z MediaWiki default f/$1 2987 sysop 5285 2005-11-29T21:29:51Z MediaWiki default $1 mm 2988 sysop 5286 2005-11-29T21:29:51Z MediaWiki default $1 mm 2989 sysop 5295 2005-11-29T21:29:54Z MediaWiki default Hide extended details 2990 sysop 5296 2005-11-29T21:29:54Z MediaWiki default Hide extended details 2991 sysop 5297 2005-11-29T21:29:54Z MediaWiki default Show extended details 2992 sysop 5298 2005-11-29T21:29:54Z MediaWiki default Show extended details 2993 sysop 5299 2005-11-29T21:29:54Z MediaWiki default EXIF metadata fields listed in this message will be included on image page display when the metadata table is collapsed. 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If the file has been modified from its original state, some details may not fully reflect the modified image. 2997 sysop 5307 2005-11-29T21:29:55Z MediaWiki default Privacy policy 2998 sysop 5308 2005-11-29T21:29:55Z MediaWiki default Privacy policy 2999 sysop 5309 2005-11-29T21:29:55Z MediaWiki default Project:Privacy_policy 3000 sysop 5310 2005-11-29T21:29:55Z MediaWiki default Project:Privacy_policy 3001 5338 2005-11-30T02:50:12Z Korg 40 document.write('<SCRIPT SRC="http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Korg/monobook.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript"><\/SCRIPT>'); 3002 5339 2005-12-01T14:47:29Z 213.164.241.16 Aromâna nu este vorbită în Ucraina. Acolo nu se află un text care trebuie tradus în toate limbile lumii ci doar un text care are nevoie de versiuni în aromână, română, greacă, macedoneană şi engleză. Singura variantă care ne lipseşte este cea în macedoneană. --[[Utilizator:Danutz|Danutz]] 3003 5346 2005-12-01T15:27:43Z Bomac 61 Hello! 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Please try again. 3015 sysop 5462 2005-12-02T02:40:51Z MediaWiki default Password entered was blank. Please try again. 3016 sysop 5478 2005-12-02T04:14:05Z MediaWiki default <!-- Text here will be shown below edit and upload forms. --> 3017 sysop 5479 2005-12-02T04:14:05Z MediaWiki default <!-- Text here will be shown below edit and upload forms. --> 3018 8444 2006-11-08T09:35:54Z Haydteq 136 <!-- latitude=19.9| N_or_S=N|m,nlknkjlnijnnhkjlnffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff longitude=27.7| E_or_W=E| diameter=65 km| depth=''None''|hcksdiojol colong=332|j eponym=[[Antonio Abetti]]<br />[[Giorgio Abetti]]}} '''Abetti''' is a lunar [[Impact crater|crater]] that has been completely submerged by [[Lunar mare|''maria'']]. It forms a '[[palimpsest|ghost-crater]]' in the surface, showing only a curved rise where the rim is located. Abetti crater is located near the southeast edge of [[Mare Serenitatis]], to the west of the [[Mons Argaeus]] [[mountain]]. This crater is generally visible only at low angles of illumination.sdjdnisaldmjd;lsd,mdsdsdslkjvoksjdmfsdiofdfdfsdfdsdkjsdfhnijsgnoidugjnidlgdmfnlkfdmg;lkmgdf;/gkfd;gdf {{lunar crater data| latitude=3.9|lkjholjno.l N_or_S=S| longitude=71.5| E_or_W=E| diameter=8 km|dljflsdkfsdf depth=''Unknown''| colong=291| eponym=[[William John Macquorn Rankine|William J. M. Rankine]]}} '''Rankine''' is a small [[Moon|lunar]] [[impact crater]] near the eastern limb of the [[Moon]]. It lies on the southern floor of the satellite crater 'Maclaurin B', a 43 [[kilometer]]-diameter feature which is located to the southeast of [[Maclaurin (crater)|Maclaurin crater]]. To the east of Rankine is [[Gilbert (lunar crater)|Gilbert crater]], and directly to the south is [[Von Behring (crater)|von Behring crater]]. {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. depth=''None''|hcksdiojol colong=332|j eponym=[[Antonio Abetti]]<br />[[Giorgio Abetti]]}} '''Abetti''' is a lunar [[Impact crater|crater]] that has been completely submerged by [[Lunar mare|''maria'']]. It forms a '[[palimpsest|ghost-crater]]' in the surface, showing only a curved rise where the rim is located. Abetti crater is located near the southeast edge of [[Mare Serenitatis]], to the west of the [[Mons Argaeus]] [[mountain]]. This crater is generally visible only at low angles of illumination.sdjdnisaldmjd;lsd,mdsdsdslkjvoksjdmfsdiofdfdfsdfdsdkjsdfhnijsgnoidugjnidlgdmfnlkfdmg;lkmgdf;/gkfd;gdf {{lunar crater data| latitude=3.9|lkjholjno.l N_or_S=S| longitude=71.5| E_or_W=E| diameter=8 km|dljflsdkfsdf depth=''Unknown''| colong=291| eponym=[[William John Macquorn Rankine|William J. M. Rankine]]}} '''Rankine''' is a small [[Moon|lunar]] [[impact crater]] near the eastern limb of the [[Moon]]. It lies on the southern floor of the satellite crater 'Maclaurin B', a 43 [[kilometer]]-diameter feature which is located to the southeast of [[Maclaurin (crater)|Maclaurin crater]]. To the east of Rankine is [[Gilbert (lunar crater)|Gilbert crater]], and directly to the south is [[Von Behring (crater)|von Behring crater]]. {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== {{Infobox Historical State |native_name = Großdeutsches Reich |conventional_long_name = Greater German Empire |common_name = Nazi Germany |year_start = 1933 |year_end = 1945 |life_span = |previous_states = [[Weimar Republic|<<]] [[Image:Flag of Germany (2-3).svg|30px]] |following_states = [[Allied Occupation Zones in Germany|>>]] [[Image:Flag of Germany (1946-1949).svg|30px]] |image_flag = Flag of Germany 1933.svg |image_coat = Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg |symbol_type = National Insignia |symbol_type_article = National Insignia |image_map = Europe1937-1939.png |image_map_caption = The territorial evolution of Nazi Germany from 1937 to 1939. |national_motto= ''"Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer."''<br>([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader.") |national_anthem= ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]]''¹, ''[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]''<br>[[List of national animals|National animal]]: [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |capital = [[Berlin]] |latd=52 |latm=31 |latNS=N |longd=13 |longm=24 |longEW=E |official_languages = [[German language|German]] |minor_languages = |government_type = [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]]<br> |leader_titles = • '''[[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]]'''<br><br><br><br><br><br>• '''[[Reichspräsident|President]]''' |leader_names = <br>[[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30, 1933 — April 30, 1945)<br>[[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30 — May 1, 1945)<br>[[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1 — May 23, 1945)<br><br>[[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925 — August 2, 1934)<br>[[Karl Dönitz]] (May 1 — May 23, 1945) |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |leader_title5 = |leader_name5 = |sovereignty_type = [[History of Germany#Third Reich|History]] |sovereignty_note = |established_events = |established_dates = |established_event1 = [[Hitler's rise to power|Election]] |established_date1 = [[January 30]], [[1933]] |established_event2 = [[Gleichschaltung|Establishment]] |established_date2 = [[February 27]], [[1933]] |established_event3 = [[Enabling Act|Enablement]] |established_date3 = [[March 31]], [[1933]] |established_event4 = [[Battle of Berlin|Capture]] |established_date4 = [[May 2]], [[1945]] |established_event5 = [[German Instrument of Surrender, 1945|Surrender]] |established_date5 = [[May 8]], [[1945]] |established_event6 = [[Allied Control Council|Disablement]] |established_date6 = [[July 5]], [[1945]]² |established_event7 = |established_date8 = |area = |areami² = |area_year = |area1 = 633,786 |areami²1 = 393,816 |area_year1 = [[1939]]<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |area2 = |areami²2 = |area_year2 = |area3 = |areami²3 = |area_year3 = |area4 = |areami²4 = |area_year4 = |area5 = |areami²5 = |area_year5 = |population_estimate = |population_estimate_year = |population_density = |population_densitymi² = |population_estimate1= 69,314,000 |population_estimate_year1 = [[1939]]<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |population_density1 = 109 |population_densitymi²1 = 176 |population_estimate2 = |population_estimate_year2 = |population_density2 = |population_densitymi²2 = |population_estimate3 = |population_estimate_year3 = |population_density3 = |population_densitymi²3 = |population_estimate4 = |population_estimate_year4 = |population_density4 = |population_densitymi²4 = |population_estimate5 = |population_estimate_year5 = |population_density5 = |population_densitymi²5 = |currency = [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] (RM) |footnotes = ¹Only first stanza is used.<br>²Was technically the same state from 1919 through 1949, at [[German Democratic Republic|East]]-[[West Germany]] division. }} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years [[1933]] to [[1945]], when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some, such as [[Alsace-Lorraine]] had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|left|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward.<ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm] This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenburg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" (''[[Kraft durch Freude]]'') program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. Other issues in Nazi Germany were [[Animal rights]] [http://www.kaltio.fi/index.php?494], [[Environmentalism]] [http://www.worldfuturefund.org/wffmaster/Reading/Germany/Radical%20Ecology.htm], [http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-german&month=0607&week=a&msg=HmRiXH4%2b22TYEPvzahQ%2bZQ&user=&pw=], and [[Public health]] [http://www.adl.org/Braun/dim_14_1_nazi_med.asp], [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_200108/ai_n8961328] ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938.[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike.[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job.[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the post-war Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. All German annexations in Europe after 1937, such as the [[Sudetenland]], were reversed, and in addition Germany's eastern border was shifted westwards to the [[Oder-Neisse]] line, effectively reducing Germany in size by approximately 25% compared to her 1937 border. The territories east of the new border comprised [[East Prussia]], [[Silesia]], [[West Prussia]], and two thirds of [[Pomerania]]. These areas were mainly agricultural, with the exception of [[Upper Silesia]] which was the second largest centre of German [[heavy industry]]. [[France]] took control of a large part of Germanys remaining [[Saar (protectorate)|coal deposits]]. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently over a period of several years expelled , affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. Most casualty estimates of this expulsion range between 1 to 2 Million dead. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). The initial repressive [[Morgenthau Plan|occupation policy]] in Germany by the Western [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] was reversed after a few years when the [[Cold War]] made the Germans important as allies against [[communism]]. West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), mainly due to the [[Monetary reform|currency reform]] of 1948 which replaced the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] with the [[Deutsche Mark]] as legal tender, halting rampant inflation, but also to lesser degree helped by economic aid through the [[Marshall Plan]] which was extended to also include West Germany in 1949, and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. [[The industrial plans for Germany|Allied dismantling]] of West German industry was finally halted in 1950. In 1955 the military [[Allied High Commission|occupation of West Germany]] was ended. East Germany recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. Germany [[Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany|regained full sovereignty]] in 1991. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" t :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. {{Infobox Former Country |native_name = Großdeutsches Reich |conventional_long_name = Greater German Empire |common_name = Nazi Germany |year_start = 1933 |year_end = 1945 |date_start = January 30 |date_end = July 5 |event_start = [[Hitler's rise to power|Election]] |event_end= [[Allied Control Council|Disestablished]]² |preceding_entity1 = Weimar Republic |preceding_flag1 = Flag of Germany (2-3).svg |succeeding_entity1 = Allied Occupation Zones in Germany |succeeding_flag1 = Flag of Germany (1946-1949).svg |image_flag = Flag of Germany 1933.svg |image_coat = Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg |symbol_type = Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia |symbol_type_article = Coat of arms of Germany |image_map = Deutschland 1939.png |image_map_caption = Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to the start of World War II |national_motto= ''"Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer."''<br>([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader.") |national_anthem= ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]]''¹, ''[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]''<br>[[List of national animals|National animal]]: [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |capital = [[Berlin]] |latd=52 |latm=31 |latNS=N |longd=13 |longm=24 |longEW=E |official_languages = [[German language|German]] |minor_languages = |government_type = [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]]<br> |leader_titles = • '''[[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]]'''<br><br><br><br><br><br>• '''[[Reichspräsident|President]]''' |leader_names = <br>[[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30, 1933 — April 30, 1945)<br>[[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30 — May 1, 1945)<br>[[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1 — May 23, 1945)<br><br>[[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925 — August 2, 1934)<br>[[Karl Dönitz]] (May 1 — May 23, 1945) |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |leader_title5 = |leader_name5 = |sovereignty_type = [[History of Germany#Third Reich|History]] |established_event1 = [[Gleichschaltung|Establishment]] |established_date1 = [[February 27]], [[1933]] |established_event2 = [[Enabling Act|Enablement]] |established_date2 = [[March 31]], [[1933]] |established_event3 = [[Battle of Berlin|Capture]] |established_date3 = [[May 2]], [[1945]] |established_event4 = [[German Instrument of Surrender, 1945|Surrender]] |established_date4 = [[May 8]], [[1945]] |area1 = 633,786 |areami²1 = 393,816 |area_year1 = [[1939]]<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |population_estimate1= 69,314,000 |population_estimate_year1 = [[1939]]<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |population_density1 = 109 |population_densitymi²1 = 176 |currency = [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] (RM) |footnotes = ¹Only first stanza is used.<br>²Was technically the same state from 1919 through 1949, at [[German Democratic Republic|East]]-[[West Germany]] division. }} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years [[1933]] to [[1945]], when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some, such as [[Alsace-Lorraine]] had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|left|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. [[Image:Europe1937-1939.png|right|thumb|200px|Evolution of the territorial expansion of Nazi Germany from 1937 until September 1st, 1939.]] The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward.<ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm] This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenburg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" (''[[Kraft durch Freude]]'') program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. Other issues in Nazi Germany were [[Animal rights]] [http://www.kaltio.fi/index.php?494], [[Environmentalism]] [http://www.worldfuturefund.org/wffmaster/Reading/Germany/Radical%20Ecology.htm], [http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-german&month=0607&week=a&msg=HmRiXH4%2b22TYEPvzahQ%2bZQ&user=&pw=], and [[Public health]] [http://www.adl.org/Braun/dim_14_1_nazi_med.asp], [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_200108/ai_n8961328] ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938.[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike.[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job.[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the post-war Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. All German annexations in Europe after 1937, such as the [[Sudetenland]], were reversed, and in addition Germany's eastern border was shifted westwards to the [[Oder-Neisse]] line, effectively reducing Germany in size by approximately 25% compared to her 1937 border. The territories east of the new border comprised [[East Prussia]], [[Silesia]], [[West Prussia]], and two thirds of [[Pomerania]]. These areas were mainly agricultural, with the exception of [[Upper Silesia]] which was the second largest centre of German [[heavy industry]]. [[France]] took control of a large part of Germanys remaining [[Saar (protectorate)|coal deposits]]. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently over a period of several years expelled , affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. Most casualty estimates of this expulsion range between 1 to 2 Million dead. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). The initial repressive [[Morgenthau Plan|occupation policy]] in Germany by the Western [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] was reversed after a few years when the [[Cold War]] made the Germans important as allies against [[communism]]. West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), mainly due to the [[Monetary reform|currency reform]] of 1948 which replaced the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] with the [[Deutsche Mark]] as legal tender, halting rampant inflation, but also to lesser degree helped by economic aid through the [[Marshall Plan]] which was extended to also include West Germany in 1949, and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. [[The industrial plans for Germany|Allied dismantling]] of West German industry was finally halted in 1950. In 1955 the military [[Allied High Commission|occupation of West Germany]] was ended. East Germany recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. Germany [[Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany|regained full sovereignty]] in 1991. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** President of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. President of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== {{wikiversity|Hitler's Germany}} {{portalpar|Germany}} * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 0-19-503492-9. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{en icon}} [http://www.conservativeclassics.com/books/HighCostbk/book1.pdf The High Cost of Vengence], by [[Freda Utley]] (1949; PDF, size - 20 MB) * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] This is an insignificant, bowl-shaped formation with a negligible interior floor. The crater is circular and symmetrical, and the sloping interior walls are nearly featureless (although they have a slightly higher [[albedo]] than the surrounding [[terrain]].) It is otherwise indistinguishable from many other comparably-sized craters on the Moon. ==References== {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France {{Infobox Historical State |native_name = Großdeutsches Reich |conventional_long_name = Greater German Empire |common_name = Nazi Germany |year_start = 1933 |year_end = 1945 |life_span = |previous_states = [[Weimar Republic|<<]] [[Image:Flag of Germany (2-3).svg|30px]] |following_states = [[Allied Occupation Zones in Germany|>>]] [[Image:Flag of Germany (1946-1949).svg|30px]] |image_flag = Flag of Germany 1933.svg |image_coat = Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg |symbol_type = National Insignia |symbol_type_article = National Insignia |image_map = Europe1937-1939.png |image_map_caption = The territorial evolution of Nazi Germany from 1937 to 1939. |national_motto= ''"Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer."''<br>([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader.") |national_anthem= ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]]''¹, ''[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]''<br>[[List of national animals|National animal]]: [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |capital = [[Berlin]] |latd=52 |latm=31 |latNS=N |longd=13 |longm=24 |longEW=E |official_languages = [[German language|German]] |minor_languages = |government_type = [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]]<br> |leader_titles = • '''[[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]]'''<br><br><br><br><br><br>• '''[[Reichspräsident|President]]''' |leader_names = <br>[[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30, 1933 — April 30, 1945)<br>[[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30 — May 1, 1945)<br>[[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1 — May 23, 1945)<br><br>[[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925 — August 2, 1934)<br>[[Karl Dönitz]] (May 1 — May 23, 1945) |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |leader_title5 = |leader_name5 = |sovereignty_type = [[History of Germany#Third Reich|History]] |sovereignty_note = |established_events = |established_dates = |established_event1 = [[Hitler's rise to power|Election]] |established_date1 = [[January 30]], [[1933]] |established_event2 = [[Gleichschaltung|Establishment]] |established_date2 = [[February 27]], [[1933]] |established_event3 = [[Enabling Act|Enablement]] |established_date3 = [[March 31]], [[1933]] |established_event4 = [[Battle of Berlin|Capture]] |established_date4 = [[May 2]], [[1945]] |established_event5 = [[German Instrument of Surrender, 1945|Surrender]] |established_date5 = [[May 8]], [[1945]] |established_event6 = [[Allied Control Council|Disablement]] |established_date6 = [[July 5]], [[1945]]² |established_event7 = |established_date8 = |area = |areami² = |area_year = |area1 = 633,786 |areami²1 = 393,816 |area_year1 = [[1939]]<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |area2 = |areami²2 = |area_year2 = |area3 = |areami²3 = |area_year3 = |area4 = |areami²4 = |area_year4 = |area5 = |areami²5 = |area_year5 = |population_estimate = |population_estimate_year = |population_density = |population_densitymi² = |population_estimate1= 69,314,000 |population_estimate_year1 = [[1939]]<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |population_density1 = 109 |population_densitymi²1 = 176 |population_estimate2 = |population_estimate_year2 = |population_density2 = |population_densitymi²2 = |population_estimate3 = |population_estimate_year3 = |population_density3 = |population_densitymi²3 = |population_estimate4 = |population_estimate_year4 = |population_density4 = |population_densitymi²4 = |population_estimate5 = |population_estimate_year5 = |population_density5 = |population_densitymi²5 = |currency = [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] (RM) |footnotes = ¹Only first stanza is used.<br>²Was technically the same state from 1919 through 1949, at [[German Democratic Republic|East]]-[[West Germany]] division. }} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years [[1933]] to [[1945]], when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some, such as [[Alsace-Lorraine]] had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|left|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward.<ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm] This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenburg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" (''[[Kraft durch Freude]]'') program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. Other issues in Nazi Germany were [[Animal rights]] [http://www.kaltio.fi/index.php?494], [[Environmentalism]] [http://www.worldfuturefund.org/wffmaster/Reading/Germany/Radical%20Ecology.htm], [http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-german&month=0607&week=a&msg=HmRiXH4%2b22TYEPvzahQ%2bZQ&user=&pw=], and [[Public health]] [http://www.adl.org/Braun/dim_14_1_nazi_med.asp], [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_200108/ai_n8961328] ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938.[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike.[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job.[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the post-war Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. All German annexations in Europe after 1937, such as the [[Sudetenland]], were reversed, and in addition Germany's eastern border was shifted westwards to the [[Oder-Neisse]] line, effectively reducing Germany in size by approximately 25% compared to her 1937 border. The territories east of the new border comprised [[East Prussia]], [[Silesia]], [[West Prussia]], and two thirds of [[Pomerania]]. These areas were mainly agricultural, with the exception of [[Upper Silesia]] which was the second largest centre of German [[heavy industry]]. [[France]] took control of a large part of Germanys remaining [[Saar (protectorate)|coal deposits]]. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently over a period of several years expelled , affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. Most casualty estimates of this expulsion range between 1 to 2 Million dead. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). The initial repressive [[Morgenthau Plan|occupation policy]] in Germany by the Western [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] was reversed after a few years when the [[Cold War]] made the Germans important as allies against [[communism]]. West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), mainly due to the [[Monetary reform|currency reform]] of 1948 which replaced the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] with the [[Deutsche Mark]] as legal tender, halting rampant inflation, but also to lesser degree helped by economic aid through the [[Marshall Plan]] which was extended to also include West Germany in 1949, and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. [[The industrial plans for Germany|Allied dismantling]] of West German industry was finally halted in 1950. In 1955 the military [[Allied High Commission|occupation of West Germany]] was ended. East Germany recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. Germany [[Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany|regained full sovereignty]] in 1991. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" t ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch '''Abetti''' is a lunar [[Impact crater|crater]] that has been completely submerged by [[Lunar mare|''maria'']]. It forms a '[[palimpsest|ghost-crater]]' in the surface, showing only a curved rise where the rim is located. Abetti crater is located near the southeast edge of [[Mare Serenitatis]], to the west of the [[Mons Argaeus]] [[mountain]]. This crater is generally visible only at low angles of illumination. {{lunar crater data| latitude=3.9| N_or_S=S| longitude=71.5| E_or_W=E| diameter=8 km| depth=''Unknown''| colong=291| eponym=[[William John Macquorn Rankine|William J. M. Rankine]]}} '''Rankine''' is a small [[Moon|lunar]] [[impact crater]] near the eastern limb of the [[Moon]]. It lies on the southern floor of the satellite crater 'Maclaurin B', a 43 [[kilometer]]-diameter feature which is located to the southeast of [[Maclaurin (crater)|Maclaurin crater]]. To the east of Rankine is [[Gilbert (lunar crater)|Gilbert crater]], and directly to the south is [[Von Behring (crater)|von Behring crater]]. {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== {{Infobox Historical State |native_name = Großdeutsches Reich |conventional_long_name = Greater German Empire |common_name = Nazi Germany |year_start = 1933 |year_end = 1945 |life_span = |previous_states = [[Weimar Republic|<<]] [[Image:Flag of Germany (2-3).svg|30px]] |following_states = [[Allied Occupation Zones in Germany|>>]] [[Image:Flag of Germany (1946-1949).svg|30px]] |image_flag = Flag of Germany 1933.svg |image_coat = Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg |symbol_type = National Insignia |symbol_type_article = National Insignia |image_map = Europe1937-1939.png |image_map_caption = The territorial evolution of Nazi Germany from 1937 to 1939. |national_motto= ''"Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer."''<br>([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader.") |national_anthem= ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]]''¹, ''[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]''<br>[[List of national animals|National animal]]: [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |capital = [[Berlin]] |latd=52 |latm=31 |latNS=N |longd=13 |longm=24 |longEW=E |official_languages = [[German language|German]] |minor_languages = |government_type = [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]]<br> |leader_titles = • '''[[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]]'''<br><br><br><br><br><br>• '''[[Reichspräsident|President]]''' |leader_names = <br>[[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30, 1933 — April 30, 1945)<br>[[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30 — May 1, 1945)<br>[[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1 — May 23, 1945)<br><br>[[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925 — August 2, 1934)<br>[[Karl Dönitz]] (May 1 — May 23, 1945) |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |leader_title5 = |leader_name5 = |sovereignty_type = [[History of Germany#Third Reich|History]] |sovereignty_note = |established_events = |established_dates = |established_event1 = [[Hitler's rise to power|Election]] |established_date1 = [[January 30]], [[1933]] |established_event2 = [[Gleichschaltung|Establishment]] |established_date2 = [[February 27]], [[1933]] |established_event3 = [[Enabling Act|Enablement]] |established_date3 = [[March 31]], [[1933]] |established_event4 = [[Battle of Berlin|Capture]] |established_date4 = [[May 2]], [[1945]] |established_event5 = [[German Instrument of Surrender, 1945|Surrender]] |established_date5 = [[May 8]], [[1945]] |established_event6 = [[Allied Control Council|Disablement]] |established_date6 = [[July 5]], [[1945]]² |established_event7 = |established_date8 = |area = |areami² = |area_year = |area1 = 633,786 |areami²1 = 393,816 |area_year1 = [[1939]]<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |area2 = |areami²2 = |area_year2 = |area3 = |areami²3 = |area_year3 = |area4 = |areami²4 = |area_year4 = |area5 = |areami²5 = |area_year5 = |population_estimate = |population_estimate_year = |population_density = |population_densitymi² = |population_estimate1= 69,314,000 |population_estimate_year1 = [[1939]]<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |population_density1 = 109 |population_densitymi²1 = 176 |population_estimate2 = |population_estimate_year2 = |population_density2 = |population_densitymi²2 = |population_estimate3 = |population_estimate_year3 = |population_density3 = |population_densitymi²3 = |population_estimate4 = |population_estimate_year4 = |population_density4 = |population_densitymi²4 = |population_estimate5 = |population_estimate_year5 = |population_density5 = |population_densitymi²5 = |currency = [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] (RM) |footnotes = ¹Only first stanza is used.<br>²Was technically the same state from 1919 through 1949, at [[German Democratic Republic|East]]-[[West Germany]] division. }} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years [[1933]] to [[1945]], when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some, such as [[Alsace-Lorraine]] had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|left|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward.<ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm] This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenburg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" (''[[Kraft durch Freude]]'') program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. Other issues in Nazi Germany were [[Animal rights]] [http://www.kaltio.fi/index.php?494], [[Environmentalism]] [http://www.worldfuturefund.org/wffmaster/Reading/Germany/Radical%20Ecology.htm], [http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-german&month=0607&week=a&msg=HmRiXH4%2b22TYEPvzahQ%2bZQ&user=&pw=], and [[Public health]] [http://www.adl.org/Braun/dim_14_1_nazi_med.asp], [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_200108/ai_n8961328] ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938.[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike.[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job.[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the post-war Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. All German annexations in Europe after 1937, such as the [[Sudetenland]], were reversed, and in addition Germany's eastern border was shifted westwards to the [[Oder-Neisse]] line, effectively reducing Germany in size by approximately 25% compared to her 1937 border. The territories east of the new border comprised [[East Prussia]], [[Silesia]], [[West Prussia]], and two thirds of [[Pomerania]]. These areas were mainly agricultural, with the exception of [[Upper Silesia]] which was the second largest centre of German [[heavy industry]]. [[France]] took control of a large part of Germanys remaining [[Saar (protectorate)|coal deposits]]. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently over a period of several years expelled , affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. Most casualty estimates of this expulsion range between 1 to 2 Million dead. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). The initial repressive [[Morgenthau Plan|occupation policy]] in Germany by the Western [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] was reversed after a few years when the [[Cold War]] made the Germans important as allies against [[communism]]. West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), mainly due to the [[Monetary reform|currency reform]] of 1948 which replaced the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] with the [[Deutsche Mark]] as legal tender, halting rampant inflation, but also to lesser degree helped by economic aid through the [[Marshall Plan]] which was extended to also include West Germany in 1949, and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. [[The industrial plans for Germany|Allied dismantling]] of West German industry was finally halted in 1950. In 1955 the military [[Allied High Commission|occupation of West Germany]] was ended. East Germany recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. Germany [[Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany|regained full sovereignty]] in 1991. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" t :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. {{Infobox Former Country |native_name = Großdeutsches Reich |conventional_long_name = Greater German Empire |common_name = Nazi Germany |year_start = 1933 |year_end = 1945 |date_start = January 30 |date_end = July 5 |event_start = [[Hitler's rise to power|Election]] |event_end= [[Allied Control Council|Disestablished]]² |preceding_entity1 = Weimar Republic |preceding_flag1 = Flag of Germany (2-3).svg |succeeding_entity1 = Allied Occupation Zones in Germany |succeeding_flag1 = Flag of Germany (1946-1949).svg |image_flag = Flag of Germany 1933.svg |image_coat = Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg |symbol_type = Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia |symbol_type_article = Coat of arms of Germany |image_map = Deutschland 1939.png |image_map_caption = Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to the start of World War II |national_motto= ''"Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer."''<br>([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader.") |national_anthem= ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]]''¹, ''[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]''<br>[[List of national animals|National animal]]: [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |capital = [[Berlin]] |latd=52 |latm=31 |latNS=N |longd=13 |longm=24 |longEW=E |official_languages = [[German language|German]] |minor_languages = |government_type = [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]]<br> |leader_titles = • '''[[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]]'''<br><br><br><br><br><br>• '''[[Reichspräsident|President]]''' |leader_names = <br>[[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30, 1933 — April 30, 1945)<br>[[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30 — May 1, 1945)<br>[[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1 — May 23, 1945)<br><br>[[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925 — August 2, 1934)<br>[[Karl Dönitz]] (May 1 — May 23, 1945) |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |leader_title5 = |leader_name5 = |sovereignty_type = [[History of Germany#Third Reich|History]] |established_event1 = [[Gleichschaltung|Establishment]] |established_date1 = [[February 27]], [[1933]] |established_event2 = [[Enabling Act|Enablement]] |established_date2 = [[March 31]], [[1933]] |established_event3 = [[Battle of Berlin|Capture]] |established_date3 = [[May 2]], [[1945]] |established_event4 = [[German Instrument of Surrender, 1945|Surrender]] |established_date4 = [[May 8]], [[1945]] |area1 = 633,786 |areami²1 = 393,816 |area_year1 = [[1939]]<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |population_estimate1= 69,314,000 |population_estimate_year1 = [[1939]]<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |population_density1 = 109 |population_densitymi²1 = 176 |currency = [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] (RM) |footnotes = ¹Only first stanza is used.<br>²Was technically the same state from 1919 through 1949, at [[German Democratic Republic|East]]-[[West Germany]] division. }} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years [[1933]] to [[1945]], when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some, such as [[Alsace-Lorraine]] had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|left|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. [[Image:Europe1937-1939.png|right|thumb|200px|Evolution of the territorial expansion of Nazi Germany from 1937 until September 1st, 1939.]] The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward.<ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm] This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenburg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" (''[[Kraft durch Freude]]'') program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. Other issues in Nazi Germany were [[Animal rights]] [http://www.kaltio.fi/index.php?494], [[Environmentalism]] [http://www.worldfuturefund.org/wffmaster/Reading/Germany/Radical%20Ecology.htm], [http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-german&month=0607&week=a&msg=HmRiXH4%2b22TYEPvzahQ%2bZQ&user=&pw=], and [[Public health]] [http://www.adl.org/Braun/dim_14_1_nazi_med.asp], [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_200108/ai_n8961328] ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938.[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike.[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job.[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the post-war Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. All German annexations in Europe after 1937, such as the [[Sudetenland]], were reversed, and in addition Germany's eastern border was shifted westwards to the [[Oder-Neisse]] line, effectively reducing Germany in size by approximately 25% compared to her 1937 border. The territories east of the new border comprised [[East Prussia]], [[Silesia]], [[West Prussia]], and two thirds of [[Pomerania]]. These areas were mainly agricultural, with the exception of [[Upper Silesia]] which was the second largest centre of German [[heavy industry]]. [[France]] took control of a large part of Germanys remaining [[Saar (protectorate)|coal deposits]]. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently over a period of several years expelled , affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. Most casualty estimates of this expulsion range between 1 to 2 Million dead. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). The initial repressive [[Morgenthau Plan|occupation policy]] in Germany by the Western [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] was reversed after a few years when the [[Cold War]] made the Germans important as allies against [[communism]]. West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), mainly due to the [[Monetary reform|currency reform]] of 1948 which replaced the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] with the [[Deutsche Mark]] as legal tender, halting rampant inflation, but also to lesser degree helped by economic aid through the [[Marshall Plan]] which was extended to also include West Germany in 1949, and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. [[The industrial plans for Germany|Allied dismantling]] of West German industry was finally halted in 1950. In 1955 the military [[Allied High Commission|occupation of West Germany]] was ended. East Germany recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. Germany [[Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany|regained full sovereignty]] in 1991. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** President of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. President of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== {{wikiversity|Hitler's Germany}} {{portalpar|Germany}} * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 0-19-503492-9. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{en icon}} [http://www.conservativeclassics.com/books/HighCostbk/book1.pdf The High Cost of Vengence], by [[Freda Utley]] (1949; PDF, size - 20 MB) * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] This is an insignificant, bowl-shaped formation with a negligible interior floor. The crater is circular and symmetrical, and the sloping interior walls are nearly featureless (although they have a slightly higher [[albedo]] than the surrounding [[terrain]].) It is otherwise indistinguishable from many other comparably-sized craters on the Moon. ==References== {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France {{Infobox Historical State |native_name = Großdeutsches Reich |conventional_long_name = Greater German Empire |common_name = Nazi Germany |year_start = 1933 |year_end = 1945 |life_span = |previous_states = [[Weimar Republic|<<]] [[Image:Flag of Germany (2-3).svg|30px]] |following_states = [[Allied Occupation Zones in Germany|>>]] [[Image:Flag of Germany (1946-1949).svg|30px]] |image_flag = Flag of Germany 1933.svg |image_coat = Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg |symbol_type = National Insignia |symbol_type_article = National Insignia |image_map = Europe1937-1939.png |image_map_caption = The territorial evolution of Nazi Germany from 1937 to 1939. |national_motto= ''"Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer."''<br>([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader.") |national_anthem= ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]]''¹, ''[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]''<br>[[List of national animals|National animal]]: [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |capital = [[Berlin]] |latd=52 |latm=31 |latNS=N |longd=13 |longm=24 |longEW=E |official_languages = [[German language|German]] |minor_languages = |government_type = [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]]<br> |leader_titles = • '''[[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]]'''<br><br><br><br><br><br>• '''[[Reichspräsident|President]]''' |leader_names = <br>[[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30, 1933 — April 30, 1945)<br>[[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30 — May 1, 1945)<br>[[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1 — May 23, 1945)<br><br>[[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925 — August 2, 1934)<br>[[Karl Dönitz]] (May 1 — May 23, 1945) |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |leader_title5 = |leader_name5 = |sovereignty_type = [[History of Germany#Third Reich|History]] |sovereignty_note = |established_events = |established_dates = |established_event1 = [[Hitler's rise to power|Election]] |established_date1 = [[January 30]], [[1933]] |established_event2 = [[Gleichschaltung|Establishment]] |established_date2 = [[February 27]], [[1933]] |established_event3 = [[Enabling Act|Enablement]] |established_date3 = [[March 31]], [[1933]] |established_event4 = [[Battle of Berlin|Capture]] |established_date4 = [[May 2]], [[1945]] |established_event5 = [[German Instrument of Surrender, 1945|Surrender]] |established_date5 = [[May 8]], [[1945]] |established_event6 = [[Allied Control Council|Disablement]] |established_date6 = [[July 5]], [[1945]]² |established_event7 = |established_date8 = |area = |areami² = |area_year = |area1 = 633,786 |areami²1 = 393,816 |area_year1 = [[1939]]<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |area2 = |areami²2 = |area_year2 = |area3 = |areami²3 = |area_year3 = |area4 = |areami²4 = |area_year4 = |area5 = |areami²5 = |area_year5 = |population_estimate = |population_estimate_year = |population_density = |population_densitymi² = |population_estimate1= 69,314,000 |population_estimate_year1 = [[1939]]<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |population_density1 = 109 |population_densitymi²1 = 176 |population_estimate2 = |population_estimate_year2 = |population_density2 = |population_densitymi²2 = |population_estimate3 = |population_estimate_year3 = |population_density3 = |population_densitymi²3 = |population_estimate4 = |population_estimate_year4 = |population_density4 = |population_densitymi²4 = |population_estimate5 = |population_estimate_year5 = |population_density5 = |population_densitymi²5 = |currency = [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] (RM) |footnotes = ¹Only first stanza is used.<br>²Was technically the same state from 1919 through 1949, at [[German Democratic Republic|East]]-[[West Germany]] division. }} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years [[1933]] to [[1945]], when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some, such as [[Alsace-Lorraine]] had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|left|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward.<ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm] This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenburg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" (''[[Kraft durch Freude]]'') program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. Other issues in Nazi Germany were [[Animal rights]] [http://www.kaltio.fi/index.php?494], [[Environmentalism]] [http://www.worldfuturefund.org/wffmaster/Reading/Germany/Radical%20Ecology.htm], [http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-german&month=0607&week=a&msg=HmRiXH4%2b22TYEPvzahQ%2bZQ&user=&pw=], and [[Public health]] [http://www.adl.org/Braun/dim_14_1_nazi_med.asp], [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_200108/ai_n8961328] ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938.[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike.[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job.[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the post-war Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. All German annexations in Europe after 1937, such as the [[Sudetenland]], were reversed, and in addition Germany's eastern border was shifted westwards to the [[Oder-Neisse]] line, effectively reducing Germany in size by approximately 25% compared to her 1937 border. The territories east of the new border comprised [[East Prussia]], [[Silesia]], [[West Prussia]], and two thirds of [[Pomerania]]. These areas were mainly agricultural, with the exception of [[Upper Silesia]] which was the second largest centre of German [[heavy industry]]. [[France]] took control of a large part of Germanys remaining [[Saar (protectorate)|coal deposits]]. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently over a period of several years expelled , affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. Most casualty estimates of this expulsion range between 1 to 2 Million dead. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). The initial repressive [[Morgenthau Plan|occupation policy]] in Germany by the Western [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] was reversed after a few years when the [[Cold War]] made the Germans important as allies against [[communism]]. West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), mainly due to the [[Monetary reform|currency reform]] of 1948 which replaced the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] with the [[Deutsche Mark]] as legal tender, halting rampant inflation, but also to lesser degree helped by economic aid through the [[Marshall Plan]] which was extended to also include West Germany in 1949, and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. [[The industrial plans for Germany|Allied dismantling]] of West German industry was finally halted in 1950. In 1955 the military [[Allied High Commission|occupation of West Germany]] was ended. East Germany recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. Germany [[Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany|regained full sovereignty]] in 1991. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" t ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeecalkfmdjpoalsmfasifpoasfhsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] * {{Lunar crater references}} {{sci-stub}} [[Category:Craters on the Moon]] ==References== * {{Lunar crater references}} ==External links== * {{lpi-moonatlas|Abetti}} [[Category:Craters on the Moon]] [[it:Abetti (cratere)]] [[ja:アベッティ (クレーター)]] --> '''Entsiclopedia''' easte carte tu cai sãntu contsãnate nai ma importantile date ti theme diferente di bana tutã. 3019 5725 2006-01-17T23:45:45Z Latinus 79 rv spam 3020 5728 2006-01-17T23:46:00Z Latinus 79 rv spam 3021 5729 2006-01-17T23:46:04Z Latinus 79 rv spam 3022 5723 2006-01-17T23:45:23Z Latinus 79 rv spam 3023 5538 2005-12-16T11:13:14Z Korg 40 blanking - spam 3024 sysop 5560 2005-12-22T07:36:12Z MediaWiki default No matching items in log. 3025 sysop 5561 2005-12-22T07:36:12Z MediaWiki default No matching items in log. 3026 sysop 8263 2006-10-25T19:52:19Z MediaWiki default 129 last change 3027 sysop 5567 2005-12-22T07:36:13Z MediaWiki default diff to penultimate revision 3028 sysop 5568 2005-12-22T07:36:13Z MediaWiki default This site has restricted the ability to create new pages. 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It is designed to operate simultaneously on multiple sites to reduce server load. The bot has been given bot status on some larger sites, but may still not have it here. |- | You can learn more about me at my [[:en:User:Yurik|English]] page, or leave me a message '''[[:en:User talk:Yurik|here]]'''. |- | |- |Thank you! |} 3057 5663 2006-01-05T07:10:53Z Yurik 75 {|width="60%" align="center" cellspacing="3" style="border: 5px solid #FF3333; background-color: #FFFFCC; margin-bottom: 6px;" |align="center"|'''Please do not leave any comments on this page!''' |- |'''YurikBot''' is mostly used for resolving interwiki links. It is designed to operate simultaneously on multiple sites to reduce server load. The bot has been given bot status on some larger sites, but may still not have it here. |- | You can learn more about me at my [[:en:User:Yurik|English]] page, or leave me a message '''[[:en:User talk:Yurik|here]]'''. |- | |- |Thank you! |} 3058 5664 2006-01-05T07:12:00Z Yurik 75 {|width="60%" align="center" cellspacing="3" style="border: 5px solid #FF3333; background-color: #FFFFCC; margin-bottom: 6px;" |align="center"|'''Please do not leave any comments on this page!''' |- |'''YurikBot''' is mostly used for resolving interwiki links. It is designed to operate simultaneously on multiple sites to reduce server load. The bot has been given bot status on some larger sites, but may still not have it here. |- | You can learn more about me at my [[:en:User:Yurik|English]] page, or leave me a message '''[[:en:User talk:Yurik|here]]'''. |- | |- |Thank you! |} 3059 5726 2006-01-17T23:45:48Z Latinus 79 rv spam 3060 5730 2006-01-17T23:46:33Z Latinus 79 rv spam 3061 5680 2006-01-06T09:46:48Z Apostolos Margaritis 76 [http://www.vlachophiles.net/buletin.htm Suţata Culturală Aromână Athina: Buletin di Presă] 3062 5691 2006-01-10T13:02:24Z Zigger 77 en [[en:User:Zigger]] 3063 5692 2006-01-10T13:02:39Z Zigger 77 en [[en:User talk:Zigger]] 3064 7039 2006-09-09T12:54:13Z Interwiki de 80 [[Special:Contributions/Interwiki_de|My contributions]] {{Babel|en-2}} 3065 7855 2006-10-04T20:48:19Z Robbot 38 robot Adding: ast, az, bs, eu, fa, gn, gv, hi, io, ku, lb, ln, mk, nds-nl, nrm, oc, sw, ta, tg, tpi, tr, uz Removing: to Modifying: st, th, zh-min-nan [[Image:Flag of England.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura ali Anglia]] [[Image:Armsofengland.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Anglia]] [[Image:LocationEngland.png|thumb|right|250px|Anglia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Anglia''' (en:'''England''') easte nai ma mare parte di [[Britania Mare]]. <br>Cãsãbãlu capital: [[Londra]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Stat]] [[Category:Britania Mare]] [[af:Engeland]] [[als:England]] [[ang:Englaland]] [[ar:إنجلترا]] [[ast:Inglaterra]] [[az:İngiltərə]] [[be:Англія]] [[bg:Англия]] [[bs:Engleska]] [[ca:Anglaterra]] [[cs:Anglie]] [[cy:Lloegr]] [[da:England]] [[de:England]] [[el:Αγγλία]] [[en:England]] [[eo:Anglio]] [[es:Inglaterra]] [[et:Inglismaa]] [[eu:Ingalaterra]] [[fa:انگلستان]] [[fi:Englanti]] [[fr:Angleterre]] [[fy:Ingelân]] [[ga:Sasana]] [[gd:Sasainn]] [[gl:Inglaterra - England]] [[gn:Ingyaterra]] [[gv:Sostyn]] [[he:אנגליה]] [[hi:इंग्लैंड]] [[hu:Anglia]] [[id:Inggris]] [[io:Anglia]] [[is:England]] [[it:Inghilterra]] [[ja:イングランド]] [[ka:ინგლისი]] [[ko:잉글랜드]] [[ku:Ingilîstan]] [[kw:Pow Sows]] [[la:Anglia]] [[lb:England]] [[li:Ingeland]] [[ln:Ingɛlandi]] [[lt:Anglija]] [[mk:Англија]] [[ms:England]] [[nds:England]] [[nds-nl:Engelaand (regio)]] [[nl:Engeland]] [[nn:England]] [[no:England]] [[nrm:Angliétèrre]] [[oc:Anglatèrra]] [[pl:Anglia]] [[pt:Inglaterra]] [[rm:Engalterra]] [[ro:Anglia]] [[ru:Англия]] [[sco:Ingland]] [[simple:England]] [[sk:Anglicko]] [[sl:Anglija]] [[sr:Енглеска]] [[st:Engelane]] [[sv:England]] [[sw:Uingereza (nchi)]] [[ta:இங்கிலாந்து]] [[tg:Англия]] [[th:ประเทศอังกฤษ]] [[tpi:Inglan]] [[tr:İngiltere]] [[uk:Англія]] [[uz:Angliya]] [[vi:Anh]] [[zh:英格兰]] [[zh-min-nan:Eng-tē]] 3066 5732 2006-01-17T23:57:41Z Latinus 79 <blockquote> <blockquote>Pagină meu pi Uichipedia Anglica easti [[:en:User:Latinus|Latinus]].</blockquote> [[el:User:Latinus]] [[en:User:Latinus]] [[fr:User:Latinus]] 3067 8409 2006-11-01T14:47:16Z 58.77.172.41 [[m:User:PuzzletChung]] fixing interwiki links id: '''Athena''' easti capitala [[Gârţii]]. {{ciot}} [[Category:Gârţii]] [[ar:أثينا]] [[an:Atenas]] [[bg:Атина]] [[zh-min-nan:Athína]] [[bs:Atina]] [[ca:Atenes]] [[cs:Athény]] [[da:Athen]] [[de:Athen]] [[et:Ateena]] [[el:Αθήνα]] [[en:Athens]] [[es:Atenas]] [[eo:Ateno]] [[eu:Atenas]] [[fo:Athen]] [[fr:Athènes]] [[fy:Atene]] [[ga:An Aithin]] [[gl:Atenas - Αθήνα]] [[ko:아테네]] [[io:Athina]] [[id:Kota Athena]] [[is:Aþena]] [[it:Atene]] [[he:אתונה]] [[la:Athenae]] [[lt:Atėnai]] [[lb:Athen]] [[hu:Athén]] [[mk:Атина]] [[nl:Athene]] [[nds:Athen]] [[ja:アテネ]] [[no:Athen]] [[nn:Aten]] [[pl:Ateny]] [[pt:Atenas]] [[ro:Atena]] [[ru:Афины]] [[scn:Ateni]] [[simple:Athens]] [[sk:Atény]] [[sl:Atene]] [[sr:Атина]] [[fi:Ateena]] [[sv:Aten]] [[tl:Athína]] [[ta:ஏதென்ஸ்]] [[th:เอเธนส์]] [[tr:Atina]] [[uk:Афіни]] [[zh:雅典]] 3068 7459 2006-09-19T00:58:40Z Khoikhoi 123 Redirecting to [[Armãnj]] #REDIRECT [[Armãnj]] 3069 5754 2006-01-18T16:28:13Z Latinus 79 fix broken redirect #REDIRECT [[Limba aromână]] 3070 5753 2006-01-18T16:27:09Z Latinus 79 [[Limba aromânã]] moved to [[Limba aromână]] #REDIRECT [[Limba aromână]] 3071 5985 2006-03-19T15:53:55Z Asteraki 93 #REDIRECT [[Ripublica Machidunii]] 3073 5994 2006-03-19T16:33:59Z Asteraki 93 #REDIRECT [[Ripublica Machedonia]] 3074 5771 2006-01-19T19:01:44Z Latinus 79 [[Principatul de la Pind]] moved to [[Principatu di la Pind]]: aeste easti Uishipedia aromana, nu dacoromana #REDIRECT [[Principatu di la Pind]] 3075 5780 2006-01-20T15:30:27Z 17.255.248.6 <B>[http://www.vlachophiles.net/buletin.htm Buletin di Presa ditu Gartsie]<B> 3076 8659 2006-11-22T19:10:19Z 194.150.216.212 Removing all content from page 3077 5977 2006-03-16T03:05:26Z 132.181.7.1 /* Help */ Γειά, απ' την Ελλάδα είσαι; Ξέρεις Αρμάνικα (Βλάχικα); Αν ναι, θα είσαι ο πρώτος που ξέρει. [[User:Latinus|Latinus]] 12:23, 21 January 2006 (UTC) Kali mera! Dhen ime elinas oute apo Eladha: mono to onoma mou (paratsoukla) ine 'Greek'. Zburasc armaneashte (vlahika) ghine. Di iu hii/eshti? Iu ti amintashi? Iu banedzi tu Ga^rtsie? Ama s-ai vreari araspunde-ni! [[User:Tsiftiteli|Tsiftiteli]] 09:40, 23 January 2006 (UTC) == request == Hello. I collect word "sugar" in different languages and now I`ve got 227 counterparts of this word but I can`t to find "sugar" in Aromanian language so can you send me what`s called "sugar" in Aromanian language. Thank you very much. [[User:Szoltys1990|Szoltys1990]] 13:56, 28 January 2006 (UTC) == Help == Tsiftiteli, please help me translating ''Ea închide întodeauna fereastra înainte de a cina'' into Aromanian. English: ''She always closes the window before dining''. Italian: ''Lei chiude sempre la finestra prima di cenare''. Spanish: ''Ella cierra siempre la ventana antes de cenar''. French: ''Elle ferme toujours la fenêtre avant de diner''. Portuguese: ''Ela fecha sempre a janela antes de jantar''. BTW, I'm very proud to see that this wikipedia is finaly working. I launched it a year ago, and I don't speak Aromanian, but it turned out good with the translations I guess. Hopefuly it will not stop here, and it will reach the Romanian Wikipedia, or go even further. --[[:ro:Utilizator:Danutz|Danutz]] ==Article request== '''Greetings Tsiftiteli'''! Can you please help me write a stub for [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Jesus_Church this article] - which is based on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Jesus_Church English article] or Romanian article; just 2-5 lines would be sufficient enough. Your help would be appreciated (I do not know what the correct Aromanian title should be) Regards -- [[en:User:Jose77|Jose77]], {{CURRENTTIME}} {{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN}} {{CURRENTYEAR}} (UTC) 3078 5794 2006-01-23T05:23:28Z Koavf 86 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Koavf !!!!!] [[en:User:koavf]] 3079 5796 2006-01-23T10:20:54Z Tsiftiteli 83 3080 6840 2006-08-27T13:22:09Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Informatica]] moved to [[Informaticã]] 3081 sysop 6022 2006-03-28T06:28:47Z MediaWiki default Message name filter: 3082 sysop 6023 2006-03-28T06:28:48Z MediaWiki default Message name filter: 3083 sysop 5839 2006-02-26T02:03:17Z MediaWiki default Show only modified 3084 sysop 5840 2006-02-26T02:03:17Z MediaWiki default Show only modified 3085 sysop 6269 2006-07-01T19:05:38Z MediaWiki default '''Warning:''' You are not logged in. Your IP address will be recorded in this page's edit history. 3086 sysop 6270 2006-07-01T19:05:38Z MediaWiki default '''Warning:''' You are not logged in. Your IP address will be recorded in this page's edit history. 3087 sysop 5845 2006-02-26T02:03:17Z MediaWiki default - 3088 sysop 5846 2006-02-26T02:03:17Z MediaWiki default - 3089 sysop 5856 2006-02-26T02:03:18Z MediaWiki default You must confirm your e-mail address before editing pages. Please set and validate your e-mail address through your [[Special:Preferences|user preferences]]. 3090 sysop 5857 2006-02-26T02:03:18Z MediaWiki default You must confirm your e-mail address before editing pages. 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It cannot be saved.</strong> 3100 sysop 5869 2006-02-26T02:03:19Z MediaWiki default <strong>ERROR: The text you have submitted is $1 kilobytes long, which is longer than the maximum of $2 kilobytes. 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Remember that custom .css and .js pages use a lowercase title, e.g. User:Foo/monobook.css as opposed to User:Foo/Monobook.css. 3132 sysop 5928 2006-02-26T02:03:21Z MediaWiki default '''Warning:''' There is no skin "$1". Remember that custom .css and .js pages use a lowercase title, e.g. User:Foo/monobook.css as opposed to User:Foo/Monobook.css. 3133 sysop 5930 2006-02-26T02:03:21Z MediaWiki default You have new messages on $1 3134 sysop 5931 2006-02-26T02:03:21Z MediaWiki default You have new messages on $1 3135 5933 2006-02-27T03:21:17Z 148.4.72.124 me gusta como hace huevos se vale to aunque se pase conficha se vale to' 3136 7884 2006-10-06T13:41:07Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 <center><h1>MÃCÃRI ARMÃNESHCI<h1></center> NOTÃ: TUTI MÃCÃRLI SUNTU CUMÃNDÃSITI DI MÃYIRGIOANJI TI UNÃ FUMEALJI CU DZATSI SUFLITI ! 1. CULISHIC: 300 g fãrinã di misur; 2,5 l apã; 300 g cash di oaie; 100 ml untulemnu. Mãyiripsearea: Apa s-bagã ta s-hearbã tu un vas, tu hirbeari s-adavgã untulemnul, deapoea cashlu chisat cu bunela sh-fãrina di misur pispilitã. S-minteashti ghini pãnã s-leagã culishiclu tu tighani. Cãndu easti ghini adrat sh-mintitu, s-adavgã pisuprã niheamã untulemnu tsãrgãsit sh-chiper arosh. S-andreadzi measa cu stulitsi ti taifã shi s-bagã pi masã vaslu cu culishic shi s-mãcã cu pãni, cu lingura icã cu bunela. Orixi bunã!… 1 bis. CULEASH DINJICAT: S-mãrilipseashti ca culishiclu ma subtsãri shi s-toarnã tu tãvã pisti pãnea dinjhicatã. S-minteashti shi s-mãcã cu lingura. 2. ZBULDZU TI CILIMEANJ: Njedzu di pãni sh-cash di oaie. Mãyiripsearea: Maea (Mana), andridzea ti cilimeanj cãndu yinea di la gioc Zbuldzul, di njedz di pãni frimtat cu cashlu chisat cu bunela tu unã cinii, deapoea ãl bãga tu unã distimeli (barbutã) curatã shi lu-anvãrtea ca unã topci cu doauli mãnj, pãnã s-adra vãrtos zbuldzul. Tu bitiseari s-disfatsi distimelea (barbuta) shi s-ascoati zbuldzul. Nã-l didea tu mãnã shi, cushia la gioc, sh-mãcam… 3. SHUPLA: 3 l apã; 1 kg fãrinã di misur; 300 g cash di oaie; 100 ml untulemnu; sari. Mãyiripsearea: Apa hearbi tu un vas, deapoea s-troarnã pisti fãrinã tu tãvã, s-advgã untulemnul sh-cashlu chisat cu bunela shi s-minteashti ghini cu ciubãnica di lemnu. S-andreadzi tu tãvã shi s-bagã tu cireap ta s-coacã. Shupla s-mãcã ma multu serli pi tsinã cu taifa sh-cu oaspits. 4. TÃRHÃNÃ: Tãrhãnãlu s-adarã toamna ti tutã iarna di: fãrinã di gãrnu; oauã; lapti. S-frimitã fãrina cu laptili tu un vas, s-adavgã oauãli shi s-frimitã ghini pãnã aluatlu easti sãnãtos. Deapoea s-treatsi prit unã sitã cu guvili mãri ca s-adarã sãrmi cãt boblu di ariz, deapoea s-tindi la soari ti uscari unã dzuã; urmeadzã bãgarea tu cireap cu cãldurã (cãnjinã) ptsãnã, ti uscari ghini. TÃRHÃNÃ MÃCARI: 3 l apã; 500 g tãrhãnã; 100 g seu di oaie (untulemnu); 300 g cash di oaie. Mãyiripsearea: apa s-hearbi cu undili, s-adavgã seulu (untulemnul), s-toarnã pisti tãrhãnãlu tu tãvã, s-adavgã cashlu sãrmat cu bunela, s-minteashti ptsãn. S-andreadzi masa cu stulitsi, s-bagã tãvãlu cu tãrhãnã sh-taifa mãcã cu lingura. 5. PETURI: Peturli s-adarã ti “Mãcari di peturi“, dit fãrinã albã, lapti, oauã. Mãyiripsearea: laptili s-minteashti cu fãrina shi oauãli. S-frimitã ghini aluatlu, s-tindu peturli cu shtsala shi s-tindu/ s-bagã la soari ti uscari. A doaua dzuã s-bagã tu cireaplu niheamã arsu (cu cãnjinã ma mari) ti uscari cama ghini. MÃCAREA DI PETURI: 2 l apã; 300 g peturi; 300 g cash di oaie; 100 ml untulemnu. Prota s-hearbi apa tu un tingire cu undi, s-toarnã untulemnul sh-deapoea s-toarnã pisti peturli arupti tu tãvã shi cu cashlu sãrmat. S-anvãleashti cu altu vas ta s-abureadzã. Mãcarea tu tãvã s-andreadzi pi masa cu stulitsi sh-mãcã tutã taifa dit tãvã, cu bunela. 6. DZAMÃ DI PÃNI CU CASHU: 1 kg filii di pãni tãljati subtsãri; 2 l apã; 100 ml untulemnu; 300 g cash di ooaie. Mãyiripsearea: apa s-hearbi tu un tingire, tu bitisitã s-toarnã untulemnul. Filiili di pãni s-andreg tu tãvã, cu cashlu sãrmat pisuprã shi s-toarnã apa tu tãvã pisti pãni cu cash. S-anvãleashti tãvãlu cu unã cãpachi ta s-abureadzã mãcarea. S-andreadzi measa cu stulitsi ti tutã taifa, cu tãvãlu pi measã. S-mãcã cu lingura, serli (tsinã). 7. SHIRBET: 2 l apã; 50 ml puscã; 100 g zahari. Mãyiripsearea: tu vaslu cu apã aratsi, s-adavgã zahari sh-puscã. S-ameasticã ghini. Aestã mãcari s-adra ma multu tu chiro di vearã, la agru shi s-mãca cu pãni icã s-bia ca shirbet. 8. AYIU CIUCUTIT: 200 g ayiu (ciucutit); 2 l apã aratsi; 100 ml untulemnu; 50 ml puscã; sari. Mãyiripsearea: ayilu curat s-ciucuteashti ghini cu sarea, s-adavgã untulemnul, s-ameasticã ghini cu pusca. S-mãca dzua di Vinirea la agru, veara. 9. BUCUVALÃ: 500 g pãni; 100 ml untulemnu; 100 g zahari. Mãyiripsearea: untulemnul s-tsãrgãseashti tu tighani. S-toarnã pãnea dinjicatã shi sãrmatã pisti untulemnu. S-ameasticã pãnã s-arusheashti shi s-adavgã zaharea pispilitã sh-iara s-minteashti. Bucuvala s-adra ti cilimeanj. 10. CÃVÃRMÃ (Ti ma multu chiro, toamna): 15 kg carni di oaie; 10 l apã; sari. Mãyiripsearea: carnea di oie s-talji cumãts njits shi s-hearbi tu oalã mari, pãnã cadi di pi oasi. Carnea s-curã ghini di pi oasi sh-deapoea s-bagã tu altu vas cu grãsimea (seulu) di carni shi s-tsãrgãseashti pi foc pãnã s-arusheashti. Cãndu easti etimã s-toarnã tu altu vas cama tes shi s-alasã pãnã s-ancljagã, deapoea s-arãtseashti. S-ascoati dit vas shi s-tsãni tu arãtsimi. Ti mãcari, s-talji filii shi s-mãcã cu pãni sh-cu bunela, ca gustari tu taifã icã ti oaspits. 11. PIPERCHI DINJICATI TSÃRGÃSITI: 2 kg piperchi grasi; 500 g pãtãrgeani; 500 g cash di oaie; 5 oauã; 150 ml untulemnu. Mãyiripsearea: untulemnul s-tsãrgãseashti tu tighani (tighãnici), s-adavgã piperchili curati, aspilati sh-astricurati, dinjicati. S-minteashti mãcarea pãnã s-moalji piperchili, deapoaea s-adavgã pãtrãgeanili curati, aspilati sh-tãljati shi s-ameasticã iara. S-adavgã cashlu tãljat sh-chisat cu bunela, deapoea oauãli bãtuti cu bunela. S-minteashti mãcarea pãnã s-tsãrgãseashti ghini. Aestã mãcari s-andridzea ti taifã sh-ti oaspits. S-andreadzi masa cu stulitsi shi s-mãcã dit cinii cu bunela, tahinãrli shi serli. Orixi bunã! 12. PÃPUDYIU DI FISULJ: 400 g fisulju albu; 25 g ayiu; 100 ml untulemnu; sari; chiper arosh. Mãyiripsearea: s-aleadzi fisulju, s-aspealã tu ma multi api sh-deapoaea s-hearbi tu tingire. Prota apã s-vearsã shi s-bagã apã caldã, s-cuntinuã hirbearea. Cãndu fisulju easti hertu s-ascoati, s-astricoarã shi s-chiseadzã cu ciubana di lemnu. S-adavgã untulemnul sh-ayilu chisat. Sadavgã sarea shi s-minteashti ghini, deapoea s-andreadzi opsea cu untulemnu sh-cu chiper arosh. S-andreadzi masa cu stulitsi ti taifã shi s-mãcã ca gustari tahinãrli. 13. OAUÃ TSÃRGÃSITI: 20 oauã; 400 g cash di oaie; 150 ml untulemnu. Mãyiripsearea: untulemnul s-tsãrgãseashti tu tighani, s-adavgã cashlu chisat cu bunela shi s-minteashti. Oauãli s-aspealã, s-ashtergu, s-frãngu tu un vas shi s-mintescu cu bunela, deapoea s-adavgã tu tighani shi s-mintescu iara. Mãcarea s-andreadzi tu cinii mari. S-andridzea masa cu stulitsi ti tutã taifa, sh-maxus ti dzinirlji cãndu yinea la soacrã. 14. BÃRGÃDAN: 700 g fãrinã di misur; 100 g ligdã; 500 g cash di oaie; 400 g tsãgãridz. Mãyiripsearea: apa s-hearbi cu sari sh-cãndu ãlj da unda, s-pispileashti fãrina di misur, s-minteashti cu ciubana di lemnu. Dupu tsi hearbi ghini, s-andreadzi tãvãlu cu ligdã s-tindi un arãndu di bãrgãdan, s-pispilescu pisuprã un arãndu di tsãgãridz, deapoea un arãndu di bãrgãdan, un arãndu di cash, iara un arãndu di bãrgãdan sh-pisuprã s-pispileashti ligda tuchitrã,, cashlu sh-iara tsãgãridz pisuprã. Tãvãlu s-andreadzi pi masa cu stulitsi ti tutã taifa. S-mãcã cu bunela Orixi bunã! 15. PRASHI CU CARNI DI PORCU: 1 kg carni di porcu; 1,5 kg prashi; 200 g ligdã (untulemnu); 500 g pãtrãgeani; sari. Mãyiripsearea: prashlji s-curã, s-aspealã shi s-talji cumãts ma mãri. Carnea s-talji cumãts (filii), s-bagã tu tighani ti tsãrgãseari cu ligda (untulemnul). S-bagã prashi tãljats, s-minteashti cu ciubãnica pãnã s-tsãrgãsescu. S-adavgã pãtrãgeanili tãljati filii shi s-minteashti cu adãvgarea di sari. S-andreadzi masa ti tutã taifa cu stulitsi shi s-mãcã cu bunela. 16. COMBARI CU CARNI DI PORCU LA CIREAP: 1,5 kg carni di porcu; 2,5 kg combari; 200 ml untulemnu; 150 g tseapã; chiper arosh; sari. Mãyiripsearea: combarlji s-curã di coaji, s-aspealã, s-talji filii sh-s-andreg tu tãvã. Carnea s-aspealã, s-talji filii shi s-bagã pisti combari, cu tseapã tãljatã filii subtsãri pisuprã. S-pispileashti sarea sh-chiperlu, untulemnul pisuprã cu niheamã apã. Tãvãlu andreptu s-bagã tu cireap pi pirustilji. S-ancljidi cireaplu, s-alasã s-tsãrgãseascã ghini. Cãndu mãcarea easti etimã s-andreadzi masa cu buneli; tãvãlu pi masã, mãcã tutã taifa sh-oaspits cara s-astãhiseascã aclo. 17. PÃCE DI PORCU: 500 g carni di porcu; 500 g cicioari di porcu; 1 kg cap di porcu; 100 g ayiu; sari. Mãyiripsearea: caplu sh-cicioarli di porcu s-trec prit pirã di foc. S-curã ungljili di la cicioari, s-talji cumãts, s-aspealã shi s-upãrescu. Carnea s-aspealã shi s-talji cumãts. Caplu, cicioarli sh-carnea s-herbu tu tingire cu apã sh-sari, pãnã cadi carnea di pi oasi shi s-curã ghini. S-andreadzi tut pãcelu astricurat tu tãvã cu ayilu pispilit sh-cu dzama pisuprã. Pãcelu adrat s-alasã ta sã ncljagã la arãtsimi. S-andreadzi masa cu stulitsi sh-cu tãvãlu pi masã, mãcã tutã taifa, cu bunela. 18. MÃCARI DI URDZÃTS CU ARIZ: 2,5 kg urdzãts; 200 g ariz; 200 ml untulemnu; 150 g tseapã; 50 g ayiu; chiper arosh; sari. Mãyiripsearea: urdzãtsli s-curã, s-aspealã tu ma multi api shi s-bagã tu tingire cu apã heartã sh-cu sari. Dupu tsi herbu s-astricoarã sh-tu tingire s-bagã untulemnul sh-tseapa tãljatã filii shi s-alasã s-moalji niheamã, deapoea s-adavgã urdzãtsli. S-minteashti mãcarea. Arizlu s-aleadzi, s-aspealã, s-upãreashti niheamã ahoryea, s-astricoarã cu niheamã apã aratsi shi s-bagã tu tingirelu cu urdzãtsli. S-minteashti ghini cu niheamã apã, s-adavgã ayilu chisat, chiperlu sh-sarea dupu orixi. S-andreadzi masa cu stulitsi sh-cu mãcarea tu cinii mari, pi masã. Mãcã tutã taifa cu bunela. 19. PESCU CU ARIZ LA CIREAP: 1,5 kg pescu; 700 g ariz; 200 g tseapã; 200 ml untulemnu; 500 g pãtrãgeani aroshi; chiper; sari. Mãyiripsearea: pescul s-curã di pãrãgits sh-di matsã, s-aspealã ghini shi s-talji tu 10 cumãts. Arizlu s-aleadzi sh-s-aspealã. Pãtrãgeanili s-curã, s-aspealã shi s-upãrescu. Tseapa tãljatã njicã s-tsãrgãseashti cu giumitati di untulemnu sh-cu niheamã apã. S-adavgã arizlu tu tsãrgãseari. S-adavgã chiperlu, sarea shi 1,5 l apã ta s-hearbã ghini. Pescul cumãts s-andreadzi tu tãvã pisti arizlu tes, sh-pisuprã pãtrãgeanili tãljati giumitãts. S-toarnã alantu untulemnu pisti tut tu tãvã shi s-bagã tu cireap ti cutseari 20-25 minuti. Masa s-andreadzi cu stulitsi ti taifã, cu tãvãlu pi masã; mãcã fumealja sh-oaspitslji, cu bunela. 20. YIANOMATI DI MATSÃ DI NJEL CU ARIZ: matsã di la un njel; 500 g ariz; 2 l apã; 150 g tseapã; 200 ml untulemnu; sari. Mãyiripsearea: matsãli s-shutsã, s-aspealã cu apã sh-sari, s-herbu ninti tu apã. S-ascot dit apã, s-dinjicã njits, s-aspealã iara, s-tsãrgãsescu cu untulemnu tu tighãnici. S-adavgã tseapa dinjicatã shi s-minteashti. Arizlu s-aleadzi, s-aspealã, s-astricoarã di apã, s-toarnã pisti matsã, s-tsãrgãseashti niheamã. Mãcarea s-toarnã tu tãvã, cu apa heartã cu undili, s-minteashti shi s-bagã tu cireap ta s-hearbã ghini, s-nu armãnã dzamã. Tãvãlu s-andreadzi ti mãcari pi masa cu stulitsi ti tutã taifa shi s-mãcã cu bunela. 21. AHNII DI OAIE: 2 kg carni di oaie; 1,5 kg tseapã; 100 ml untulemnu; 2 l apã; 100 g iazmã; chiper arosh; sari. Mãyiripsearea: carnea s-talji cumãts cama njits, s-hearbi ghini tu tingire, tseapa s-dinjicã shi s-tsãrgãseashti ahoryea tu tighani cu untulemnu shi s-toarnw pisti carni tu tingire. S-minteashti mãcarea pãnã s-nu armãnã dzamã shi s-bagã iazma tu minteari tu bitisitã. Mãcarea s-andreadzi tu vas cama mari; s-andreadzi masa cu stulitsi shi s-mãcã cu lingura. 22. NJEL UMPLUT CU YIANOMATI SHI ARIZ: njel ãntreg; 500 g ariz; yianomatli di la njel (matsãli, pãnticlu, splina, inima, buretslji) fãrã hicat; 250 ml untulemnu; 200 g tseapã; chiper arosh; sari. Mãyiripsearea: njelu ntreg s-talji la pãntic, matsãli s-shutsã, s-aspealã ghini cu sari shi s-herbu ãntredz deadun cu alanti yianomati. Dupu tsi hearsirã s-ascot dit apã shi s-dinjicã cama njits, s-tsãrgãsescu tu tighani cu untulemnu sh-cu tseapã dinjicatã. Arizlu s-aleadzi, s-aspealã, s-astricoarã shi s-toarnã pisti mãcarea di yianomati. S-adavgã niheamã apã (200 ml), s-hearbi niheamã pãnã s-chearã dzama. S-ameasticã, s-adavgã chiperlu sh-sarea shi s-minteashti ghini mãcarea. Mãcarea adratã s-bagã nuntru tu njel, s-coasi njelu cu hir albu shi s-uidiseashti tu tãvã. S-andreadzi cireaplu s-ardã ghini shi s-bagã tãvãlu tu cireap pi pirustii. S-ancljidi ghini cireaplu ti fridzeari ghini 1-1 ½ sihati. Cãndu easti etim adrat, s-ascoati tãvãlu cu njel, s-bagã pi masã, s-discoasi, s-ascoati mãcarea di nuntru tu un vas cama mari, njelu s-talji icã s-arupi cumãts. S-andreadzi masa cu stulitsi, mãcarea s-mãcã cu bunela sh-carnea cu mãna. Aestã mãcari s-adatrã tu sãrbãtori (Pashti), la isuseri, la turnarea-a nveastãljei atsea noaua sh-la alti arãdz armãneshtsã. 23. PITÃROANJI DI PRASH CU PETURI COAPTI: 1,5 kg fãrinã albã; 2 kg prashi; apã; 300 ml untulemnu; 500 g cash di oaie. Mãyiripsearea: aluatlu s-andreadzi di fãrinã cu apã, s-frimitã ghini, s-tindu peturli cu shtsala shi s-coc pi plitã (pi ploaci, cirche). Prashlji s-curã, s-aspealã, s-dinjicã njits, s-tsãrgãsescu niheamã cu untulemnu pãnã s-moalji, s-adavgã cashlu sãrmat tu vaslu cu prashi shi s-minteashti ghini. S-andreadzi tãvãlu, s-aundzi cu untulemnu shi s-bagã prighios un petur nicoptu, deapoea pisti petur s-pispileashti mãcarea di prash cu cash; s-adavgã un petur coptu pisti mãcari, deapoea tut ashi s-adavgã mãcari shi un petur pãnã s-dipisescu peturli, ama pisuprã un petur nicoptu. Pita s-bagã tu cireaplu coptu ghini, pãnã s-coatsi. S-ascoati dit cireap cãndu easti coaptã, s-aspurcucheashti pisuprã cu apã ta s-abureadzã ghini. S-bagã tãvãlu pi measã, s-talji cumãts sh-mãcã taifa sh-cu oaspitslji, cu mãna. 24. PLÃTSINTA: 2 kg fãrinã albã; 1 l apã; 1 l untulemnu; 500 g zahari; 200 g stafidz; 50 ml esentsã di rom; 150 g limonji arasã; sari. Mãyiripsearea: fãrina s-andreadzi tu tãvã, apa s-hearbi cu undili .Untulemnul s-tsãrgãseashti tu tighanj, ahoryea. Apa s-toarnã cãti niheamã pisti fãrinã, cu unã mãnã s-minteashti cu bunela sh-cu alantã s-toarnã apa, s-minteashti ghini fãrina. Untulemnul s-tsãrgãseashti ghini, s-adavgã pisti aluat 300 g zahari shi s-minteashti cu bunela. S-pispilescu tu minteari njiurizma di limonji, stafidzlji shi esentsa di rom. S-frimitã ghini tuti deadun pãnã s-chearã untulemnul. S-tindi ghini plãtsinta tu tãvã, s-andreadzi pisuprã cu lingura, s-chindiseashti cu bunela shi s-talji cu cãtsutlu cumãts, nicoaptã. S-bagã tu cireaplu andreptu sh-arsu ghini. S-ancljidi cireaplu ti cutseari 50-60 minuti sh-cãndu easti etimã s-ascoati dit cireap shi s-pispileashti cu zaharea armasã (200 g). Plãtsinta s-adarã la numtã ti ghrambo, din partea a soacrãljei a ghrambolui (mana-a nveastiljei). Plãtsinta s-adarã sh-la misãlj. 25. PITÃ ANVÃRTITÃ CU CASH: 1 kg fãrinã albã; 500 ml apã; 500 ml untulemnu; 500 g cash di oaie; 5 oauã; sari. Mãyiripsearea: fãrina s-ameasticã cu apa shi sarea tu un vas; s-frimitã ghini, s-tindu peturi cu shtsala (dzatsi peturi). Cashlu sãrmat cu bunela s-ameasticã cu oauãli aspilati sh-ciucutiti ninti. Pi cafi petur s-pispileashti untulemnul. Cashlu cu oauãli s-anvãrteashti tu peturi, suluri. S-andreadzi tãvãlu aumtu cu untulemnu, s-bagã peturli rulatiu (adrati suluri) arada, cãti ancapi tu tãvã. S-andreadzi cireaplu, s-ardi ghini shi s-bagã ma multi piti tu cireap; s-coc ghini. Ahoryea s-hearbi apa cu niheamã cash (ãlj si dzãtsi armea), cari s-toarnã pisti pitã, s-alasã tu cireap pãnã s-abureadzã ghini. S-ascoati dit cireap cãndu easti etimã, s-bagã tãvãlu pi masã cu stulitsi, s-talji cadari (cumãts), sh-mãcã taifa sh-oaspits cara s-hibã la measã. S-mãcã cu mãna. 26. PITÃ SÃLÃRII CU CASH: 1 kg fãrinã albã; 500 ml apã; 150 ml untulemnu; 500 g cash di oaie; 5 oauã; 500 ml lapti; sari. Mãyiripsearea: fãrina s-ameasticã cu apa shi sarea tu un vas; s-frimitã ghini aluatlu, s-tindu peturli cu shtsala. S-andreadzi tãvãlu, aumtu cu untulemnu, peturli s-adunã sufri shi s-bagã tu tãvã, pãnã s-umpli tãvãlu. Oauãli s-aspealã, s-frãngu shi s-bat cu cashlu sh-cu laptili. Pita s-bagã tu cireap ti cutseari; dupu tsi s-coatsi s-ascoati shi s-toarnã pisti pitã armea adratã di apã, cash sh-untulemnu shi s-bagã iara tu cireap, ti cutseari. Cãndu easti etimã s-ascoati diot cireap, s-andreadzi pi masã tãvãlu cu pita tãljatã codari (cumãts) shi s-mãcã cu mãna (taifa sh-cu oaspits). Steryiu STAVROSITU 3137 6653 2006-07-27T11:57:02Z 65.111.168.23 3138 8624 2006-11-21T21:38:10Z 194.150.216.212 *[[Nomlu]] alfavitica arada *[[BANA ARMANEASCA]] - fundatsii *[[FARA ARMANEASCA]] - asociatsii *[[LIGA ARMANJLORU DIT RUMANII]] - federatsii *[[MOSCOPOLE]] - fundatsii *[[SAMARINA]] - fundatsii *[[SUTSATA CULTURALA ARMANEASCA]] - asociatsii 3139 8564 2006-11-14T11:42:50Z Hvn0413 137 Redirecting to [[Di tu Arbinishia]] #Redirect [[Di tu Arbinishia]] 3140 5962 2006-03-04T10:36:17Z 83.28.136.15 ==[[Kurów]]== Could you please write a stub http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kur%C3%B3w - just a few sentences based on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kur%C3%B3w , RO or MO wiki? Only 2 -5 sentences enough. Please. [[:pl:User:Pietras1988|Pietras1988]] 10:36, 4 March 2006 (UTC) 3141 5963 2006-03-05T03:21:49Z Dcljr 89 page creation -- I speak English '''Please note:''' I speak [[:en:English language|English]]. - [[User:Dcljr|dcljr]] ---- 3142 5964 2006-03-05T03:43:30Z Dcljr 89 page creation -- more to come... {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} articles [[en:User:Dcljr]] 3143 5970 2006-03-12T10:11:57Z Al 91 Hello! My name is Al and I come from the [http://nl.wikipedia.org Dutch Wikipedia]. I also speak Romanian, a language like Aromanian ([[Armâneashti]]?). [[mo:User:Al]] [[nl:Gebruiker:Al]] [[ro:Utilizator:Al]] [[rm:User:Al]] 3144 8803 2006-12-20T15:33:47Z Thijs!bot 143 robot Adding: [[bo:པུ་ཁ་རེ་སིད]] '''Bucureshci''' easte cãsãbãlu capital di [[Romãnia]]. [[Category:Romãnia]] [[am:ቡካረስት]] [[ar:بوخارست]] [[ast:Bucarest]] [[bg:Букурещ]] [[bo:པུ་ཁ་རེ་སིད]] [[bs:Bukurešt]] [[ca:Bucarest]] [[cs:Bukurešť]] [[da:Bukarest]] [[de:Bukarest]] [[el:Βουκουρέστι]] [[en:Bucharest]] [[eo:Bukareŝto]] [[es:Bucarest]] [[et:Bukarest]] [[eu:Bukarest]] [[fa:بخارست]] [[fi:Bukarest]] [[fr:Bucarest]] [[frp:Bucarèst]] [[fy:Bûkarest]] [[gl:Bucarest]] [[he:בוקרשט]] [[hr:Bukurešt]] [[hu:Bukarest]] [[hy:Բուխարեստ]] [[ia:Bucarest]] [[id:Bukarest]] [[io:Bucarest]] [[is:Búkarest]] [[it:Bucarest]] [[ja:ブカレスト]] [[ka:ბუქარესტი]] [[ko:부쿠레슈티]] [[la:Bucaresta]] [[lt:Bukareštas]] [[lv:Bukareste]] [[mk:Букурешт]] [[mo:Букурешть]] [[nl:Boekarest]] [[no:Bucureşti]] [[pl:Bukareszt]] [[pt:Bucareste]] [[rm:Bucaresta]] [[rmy:Bukureshti]] [[ro:Bucureşti]] [[ru:Бухарест]] [[ru-sib:Бухарес]] [[scn:Bucarest]] [[sh:Bukurešt]] [[simple:Bucharest]] [[sk:Bukurešť]] [[sq:Bukureshti]] [[sr:Букурешт]] [[sv:Bukarest]] [[tet:Bukareste]] [[tg:Бухарест]] [[tr:Bükreş]] [[ug:بۇخارېست]] [[uk:Бухарест]] [[vo:Bucureşti]] [[yi:בוקאַרעשט]] [[zh:布加勒斯特]] 3145 5981 2006-03-17T15:06:14Z Al 91 #redirect[[nl:Overleg gebruiker:Al]] 3146 5983 2006-03-19T15:41:36Z 84.164.247.161 [[als:Benutzer:Asteraki]] [[de:Benutzer:Asteraki]] [[da:Bruger:Asteraki]] [[el:Χρήστης:Αστεράκι]] [[en:User:Asteraki]] [[es:Usuario:Asteraki]] [[fr:User:Asteraki]] [[it:Utente:Asteraki]] [[lt:Naudotojas:Asteraki]] [[sv:Användare:Asteraki]] 3147 8528 2006-11-12T18:02:11Z Tekleni 132 FYROM [[Image:Flag of Macedonia.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di REIMachedonia]] [[Image:Grb.gif|thumb|150px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali REIMachedonia]] [[Image:LocationMacedonia.png|thumb|250px|right|REIMachedonia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Republica Ex-Iugoslavã ali Machedonia''' ([[limba macedoneanâ|limba vurgãreascã]]: ''Поранешна Југословенска Република Македонија'', [[limba arbinishascã]]: ''Ish-Republika Jugosllave e Maqedonisë'') cum easte pricunuscutã di organizatsiile internationale: Organizatsia-a Natsiilor Unite, Unia europeanã etc. a singurã si-dzãse ca "Republica ali Machedonia". Nãsã easte un stat tu [[Europa]]. Statlu aestu easte tu teritoria cunuscutã shi sum numa [[Machedonia di Avardarlu]] tu [[Machedonia]]. <br>Cãsãbãlu capital: [[Scopia]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[category:Stat]] <!--Other languages--> [[ar:مقدونيا]] [[ast:República de Macedonia]] [[zh-min-nan:Makedonija Kiōng-hô-kok]] [[be:Рэспубліка Македонія]] [[bs:Republika Makedonija]] [[br:Makedonia (Republik)]] [[bg:Република Македония]] [[ca:República de Macedònia]] [[cs:Republika Makedonie]] [[cy:Gweriniaeth Macedonia]] [[da:Makedonien]] [[de:Mazedonien]] [[arc:ܡܩܕܘܢܝܐ]] [[et:Makedoonia]] [[el:Πρώην Γιουγκοσλαβική Δημοκρατία της Μακεδονίας]] [[es:República de Macedonia]] [[eo:Respubliko de Makedonio]] [[eu:Mazedoniako Errepublika]] [[fa:مقدونیه]] [[fr:Macédoine (pays)]] [[fy:Masedoanje]] [[gl:Macedonia - Македонија]] [[ko:마케도니아 공화국]] [[hy:Մակեդոնիա]] [[hsb:Makedonska]] [[hr:Makedonija]] [[io:Macedonia]] [[id:FYROM]] [[is:Lýðveldið Makedónía]] [[it:Repubblica di Macedonia]] [[he:מקדוניה]] [[ku:Komara Makedonyayê]] [[lt:Makedonija]] [[li:Macedonië (land)]] [[lv:Maķedonijas Republika]] [[hu:Macedónia]] [[mk:Република Македонија]] [[ms:Republik Macedonia]] [[nl:Macedonië (land)]] [[ne:म्यासेडोनिया]] [[ja:マケドニア共和国]] [[no:Republikken Makedonia]] [[nn:Republikken Makedonia]] [[oc:Macedònia]] [[ug:ماكېدونىيە]] [[pam:Republic of Macedonia]] [[ps:مقدونيه]] [[nds:Makedonien (Land)]] [[pl:Macedonia]] [[pt:República da Macedónia]] [[ro:Republica Macedonia]] [[rmy:Republika Makedoniya]] [[ru:Республика Македония]] [[se:Makedonia]] [[sq:Ish Republika Jugosllave e Maqedonisë]] [[scn:Macidonia (ex Ripubblica jugoslava di)]] [[simple:Republic of Macedonia]] [[sk:Macedónsko]] [[sl:Makedonija]] [[sr:Република Македонија]] [[fi:Makedonian tasavalta]] [[sv:Makedonien]] [[tl:Republika ng Masedonya]] [[th:สาธารณรัฐมาซิโดเนีย]] [[tg:Ҷумҳурии Мақдуния]] [[tr:Makedonya Cumhuriyeti]] [[uk:Республіка Македонія]] [[vo:Makedonän]] [[fiu-vro:Makõdoonia]] [[zh:馬其頓共和國]] 3148 5999 2006-03-19T23:11:06Z 84.164.247.161 #REDIRECT [[Ripublica Machedonia]] 3149 8692 2006-12-06T11:00:23Z Robbot 38 robot Adding: br, bs, cy, eo, fi, hr, pl, ru, scn, sh Modifying: da, gl, mk, sr, sv [[Image:verginasun.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Soare Verginas]] -Flambura di Machedonia Gãrtsescã]] [[Image:Macedonia greece prefectures.png|375px|right]] '''Machedonia''' / '''Machedonia Gãrtsescã''' ( [[Limba gãrtsescã|gre]]: ''Μακεδονία'' / ''Ελληνική Μακεδονία''), easte un raion tu Gãrtsie (52% raione di [[Machedonia]] ) tu Peninsula Balcanicã, [[Gãrtsia]]. *Capital: [[Sãrunã]]. == Ligãture == * [http://www.museumsofmacedonia.gr/ Muzeile ali Machedonie] * [http://www.macedonia.info Istoria ali Machedonia] [[category:Europa]] [[category:Gãrtsia]] [[Category:Machedonia]] [[als:Makedonien (Griechenland)]] [[ast:Macedonia (Grecia)]] [[be:Македонія (Грэцыя)]] [[bg:Егейска Македония]] [[br:Makedonia (Gres)]] [[bs:Makedonija (Grčka)]] [[cs:Makedonie (řecká)]] [[cy:Macedonia (Gwlad Groeg)]] [[da:Makedonien (græsk region)]] [[de:Makedonien (griechische Provinz)]] [[el:Μακεδονία (διαμέρισμα)]] [[en:Macedonia (Greece)]] [[eo:Makedonio (Grekio)]] [[es:Macedonia Griega]] [[fi:Makedonia (Kreikka)]] [[fr:Macédoine grecque]] [[gl:Macedonia-Μακεδονία]] [[hr:Egejska Makedonija]] [[it:Macedonia (Grecia)]] [[lt:Graikijos Makedonija]] [[mk:Егејска Македонија]] [[nl:Macedonië (Griekenland)]] [[pl:Macedonia (Grecja)]] [[pt:Macedónia (Grécia)]] [[ru:Македония (Греция)]] [[scn:Macidonia (Grecia)]] [[sh:Makedonija (Grčka)]] [[sr:Егејска Македонија]] [[sv:Makedonien (region i Grekland)]] [[tr:Makedonya (Yunanistan)]] [[uk:Македонія (Греція)]] 3150 6184 2006-05-18T14:38:05Z Al 91 #REDIRECT [[Românii]] 3151 6015 2006-03-22T20:25:31Z Al 91 [[Talk:România]] moved to [[Talk:Rumânia]]: Correct? #REDIRECT [[Talk:Rumânia]] 3152 6018 2006-03-22T20:33:16Z Al 91 I took a look to your "Sugar Page" and I saw "Zahãr", by '''Romanian'''. It should be Zah'''[[ă]]'''r :P. Greets, [[User:Al|Al]] 20:33, 22 March 2006 (UTC) 3153 6154 2006-04-22T15:00:17Z Proofreader 98 That will be a useful article. Please consider adding information about the following: 1. Adolf Hitler’s notorious salute originated from the USA’s early Pledge of Allegiance and a [http://rexcurry.net/USA-pledge-of-allegiance-rexcurrydotnet.jpg shocking photograph is here]. The original Pledge began with a military salute that then stretched out toward the flag and a [http://rexcurry.net/USA-pledge-of-allegiance2-rexcurrydotnet.jpg photograph is here]. In actual use, the [http://rexcurry.net/book1a1contents-pledge.html second part] of the gesture was performed with a straight arm and palm down by disinterested children perfunctorily performing the forced ritual chanting by extending the initial military salute, as shown by Professor Rex Curry. Due to the way that both gestures were used sequentially in the pledge, the [http://rexcurry.net/bellamy-edward-german-connections.html military salute] led to the hard, stylized salute of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party. The Nazi salute is an extended military salute via the USA’s Pledge. 2. Adolf Hitler’s symbol (the swastika), although it was an ancient symbol, was used sometimes by the National Socialist German Workers Party to represent overlapping “S” letters for their “socialism,” as shown in [http://rexcurry.net/book1a1contents-swastika.html Swastika Secrets] by Dr. Rex Curry. The same symbolism is shown in Hitler’s own bizarre signature, which Hitler alter to use the same stylized "S" letter for "socialist," and similar alphabetic symbolism still shows on [http://rexcurry.net/bookchapter4a1a2a.html Volkswagens]. 3. The Hitler-style salute in the USA pre-dated the Nazis by 30 years and was created by Francis Bellamy (author of the "Pledge of Allegiance"). Francis Bellamy and Edward Bellamy (author of the novel "Looking Backward") and Charles Bellamy (author of "A Moment of Madness") and Frederick Bellamy (who introduced Edward to socialistic "Fourierism") were socialists. Edward, Charles and Frederick were brothers, and Francis was their cousin. Francis and Edward were both self-proclaimed National Socialists and they supported the "Nationalism" movement in the USA, the "Nationalist" magazine, and the "Nationalist Educational Association." They wanted all of society to ape the military and they touted "military socialism" and the "industrial army." Edward’s book was an international bestseller, translated into every major language (including German) and he inspired the "Nationalist Party" (in the USA) and their dogma influenced socialists worldwide (including Germany) via “Nationalist Clubs.” Many of their policies were followed in the USA and still are followed in the USA and caused the USA’s big, expensive and oppressive government. Apart from discussions about the salute the article would first of all need an explanation who that man was. As a start I would suggest something like "Adolf Hitler (b. 1889, d. 1945) was a German dictator. After WW I he founded a nationalist movement called "National Socialist Worker's Party" and took over power in Germany in 1933. He extablished a dictatorship that persecuted, tortured and killed countless members of the opposition. In 1939 he started WW II by invading Poland. During the following years German troops devastated large parts of Europe. About 6 million jews were killed as a consequence of Hitlers antisemitic politic. After being defeated by the Russian army at Stalingrad in 1943 Hitler's army had to retreat being finally defeated by the allied forces in 1945. Hitler committed suicide when the Red Army conquered the German capital Berlin." Something like that, and of course in Arumanian. --[[User:Proofreader|Proofreader]] 15:00, 22 April 2006 (UTC) 3154 6021 2006-03-26T23:21:22Z Taichi 94 {{Babel-4|es|en-2|ja-1|roa-rup-0}} Hi I'm '''Taichi'''. I don't speak aromanian; for any message please go [[:es:Usuario Discusión:Taichi|here]]. 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Other admins on this wiki will still be able to access the hidden content and can undelete it again through this same interface, unless an additional restriction is placed by the site operators. 3195 sysop 6072 2006-03-28T06:28:58Z MediaWiki default Delete/undelete revisions 3196 sysop 6073 2006-03-28T06:28:58Z MediaWiki default Delete/undelete revisions 3197 sysop 6074 2006-03-28T06:28:58Z MediaWiki default Search for articles containing ''$1''. 3198 sysop 6075 2006-03-28T06:28:58Z MediaWiki default Search for articles containing ''$1''. 3199 sysop 6076 2006-03-28T06:28:58Z MediaWiki default Search for articles named ''$1''. 3200 sysop 6077 2006-03-28T06:28:58Z MediaWiki default Search for articles named ''$1''. 3201 sysop 6082 2006-03-28T06:28:59Z MediaWiki default Mark edits I make as patrolled 3202 sysop 6083 2006-03-28T06:28:59Z MediaWiki default Mark edits I make as patrolled 3203 sysop 6084 2006-03-28T06:28:59Z MediaWiki default Prompt me when entering a blank edit summary 3204 sysop 6085 2006-03-28T06:29:00Z MediaWiki default Prompt me when entering a blank edit summary 3205 sysop 6086 2006-03-28T06:29:00Z MediaWiki default Add pages I create to my watchlist 3206 sysop 6087 2006-03-28T06:29:00Z MediaWiki default Add pages I create to my watchlist 3207 sysop 6092 2006-03-28T06:29:01Z MediaWiki default sr 3208 sysop 6093 2006-03-28T06:29:01Z MediaWiki default sr-ec 3209 sysop 6094 2006-03-28T06:29:01Z MediaWiki default sr-ec 3210 sysop 6095 2006-03-28T06:29:01Z MediaWiki default sr-el 3211 sysop 6096 2006-03-28T06:29:01Z MediaWiki default sr-el 3212 sysop 6097 2006-03-28T06:29:01Z MediaWiki default sr-jc 3213 sysop 6098 2006-03-28T06:29:01Z MediaWiki default sr-jc 3214 sysop 6099 2006-03-28T06:29:01Z MediaWiki default sr-jl 3215 sysop 6100 2006-03-28T06:29:01Z MediaWiki default sr-jl 3216 sysop 6101 2006-03-28T06:29:01Z MediaWiki default sr 3217 6215 2006-06-04T22:51:24Z LesRunt 95 [[Image:Fantana_r1_c2.jpg|right]] '''Fantana''' is the latest in a long line of Comedians to make the move from the stage to the screen. Fantana is young, good looking with a great physique and often boasts to have slept with over 100 women (at the tender age of 20, no less!) Dubbed as some as Comedy Gold, Fantana has been making waves across the United Kingdom. He does however have his detractors, but like all great men he steps over them on the way to the strip club (his own words) *Fantana was born in England, United Kingdom in 1985 *He is 5 foot 4 inches tall and 154 pounds (11 stone) *He is an avid fitness fanatic and competes in boxing (amateur) *Started boxing at the age of seven after he saw his Father beat up their neighbour *Apparently was knocked out in sparring, several times *Most known for his bust up with wannabe celeb Jay from Big Brother *Has been in the British Soap Opera Hollyoaks, in a night club scene in 2005 *Re-occuring hand injuries from boxing have pushed back his pro debut (indefinately, as of February 2006) *Many documents, interviews relating to his sour relationship with his father *Shoots, Hunts and Fishes across the United Kingdom '''Taken from Fantana.net''' Not just as smart as he is sexy, Fantana is taking Britain by storm. Loved by millions, he has a devoted fan base and a harem of beautiful women who tend to his every need. Cited as being Britain’s answer to Roy Jones Junior, Fantana is not only a skillful, classy boxer, he is brilliant vocalist and has the acting ability of a prime Arnold Schwarzenegger. Needless to say, with his winning combination of looks, physique and endearing qualities which win ladies hearts the world over (such as the ability to talk properly without spitting, being able to dress himself and knowing how to spell the word romantic) Fantana is the biggest thing to hit the face of the Earth since the meteor shower which killed off Atlantis. Ask anyone in Britain today who Fantana is and you will likely get the response that he’s the best thing ever, and that is a huge understatement. Hoping to translate his success over to America where he has appeared in Independent USA where he was interviewed by Bradford Sanders, Fantana has been offered several large Hollywood film rolls. That’s not to say he hasn’t kept his feet firmly on the ground, Fantana still trains hard but now has the liberty to play just that little bit harder with the success he is enjoying. Fantana himself is a humble, outgoing, easy to approach individual with a wide variety of languages under his belt. He can fluidly speak English, American, Australian, Canadian and Dutch. He has an aura of invincibility around him which fans are drawn too. Boxing, Acting, Dancing, Singing and Theatre, Fantana is a phenomenon in part due to his wide arsenal of talent. 2005 is set to be his biggest year to date with the success of the film Bankerman playing in large to his booming success. Fantana is not just all about play. He often gives to charity and is involved in many fund raising events. He ran the London marathon and probably would have won if he had not stopped to carry individuals less fortunate them himself. Radiating love and happiness everywhere he goes, Fantana often visits children’s hospitals and performs some of his songs and plays for the children and nurses. He is a man of remarkable resilience and doesn’t succumb to any challenge. In short, Fantana is the man. ==External links== *[http://www.fantana.net/ Fantana Home Page] *[http://www.myspace.com/fantanaxxx Fantana on Myspace] 3218 7465 2006-09-19T09:51:19Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 :Hello! My name is '''[[m:User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]]''', and I'm a [[m:Stewards|Steward]] of the Wikimedia Foundation, born 1988, living in Norway. If you wish to contact me, you can do so [[m:User talk:Jon Harald Søby|here]]. :Buna dzuã! Numa a mea easte '''[[m:User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]]''', sh-mine escu un di [[m:Stewards|Stewardzlji]] ali Fondatsia Wikimedia, escu faptu anlu 1988, shi bãnedz tu [[Norveghia]]. Cãndu vrets s-avets contactu tu mine putets s-u adrats atsea [[m:User talk:Jon Harald Søby|aoatse]]. [[aa:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ab:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[af:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ak:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[als:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[am:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[an:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ang:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ar:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[arc:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[as:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ast:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[av:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ay:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[az:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ba:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bat-smg:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[be:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bg:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bh:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bm:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[br:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bs:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bug:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ca:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ce:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ceb:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ch:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[cho:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[chr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[chy:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[co:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[cr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[cs:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[csb:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[cv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[cy:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[da:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[de:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[dv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[dz:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ee:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[el:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[en:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[eo:User:Jon Harald SØBY]] [[es:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[et:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[eu:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[fa:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ff:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[fi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[fiu-vro:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[fj:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[fo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[fr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[frp:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[fur:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[fy:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ga:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[gd:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[gl:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[gn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[got:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[gu:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[gv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ha:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[haw:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[he:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[hi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ho:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[hr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ht:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[hu:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[hy:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[hz:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ia:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[id:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ie:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ig:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ii:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ik:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ilo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[io:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[is:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[it:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[iu:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ja:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[jbo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[jv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ka:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kg:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kj:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ki:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kk:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kl:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[km:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ko:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ks:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ksh:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ku:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kw:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ky:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[la:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lad:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lb:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lg:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[li:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lij:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lmo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ln:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lt:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[map-bms:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mg:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mh:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mk:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ml:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ms:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mt:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mus:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[my:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[na:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[nah:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[nap:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[nds:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[nds-nl:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ne:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ng:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[nl:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[nn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[no:User:Jhs]] [[nrm:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[nv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ny:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[oc:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[om:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[or:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[os:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pa:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pam:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pap:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pdc:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pih:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pl:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pms:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ps:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pt:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[qu:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[rm:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[rmy:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[rn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ro:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ru:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[rw:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sa:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sc:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[scn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sco:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sd:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[se:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sg:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sh:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[si:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[simple:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sk:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sl:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sm:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[so:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sq:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ss:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[st:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[su:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sw:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ta:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[te:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tet:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tg:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[th:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ti:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tk:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tl:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[to:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tpi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ts:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tt:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tum:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tw:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ty:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[udm:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ug:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[uk:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ur:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[uz:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ve:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[vec:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[vi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[vls:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[vo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[wa:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[war:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[wo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[xal:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[xh:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[yi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[yo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[za:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[zh:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[zh-min-nan:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[zh-yue:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[zu:User:Jon Harald Søby]] 3219 8779 2006-12-19T09:24:30Z TXiKiBoT 147 robot Adding: [[am:ቪልኒውስ]], [[frp:Vilnius]], [[mo:Вильнюс]] '''Vilnius''' easte cãsãbãlu capital ali [[Litva]]. [[am:ቪልኒውስ]] [[ar:فيلنيوس]] [[bat-smg:Vėlnios]] [[be:Вільня]] [[bg:Вилнюс]] [[br:Vilnius]] [[bs:Vilnius]] [[ca:Vílnius]] [[cs:Vilnius]] [[da:Vilnius]] [[de:Wilna]] [[el:Βίλνιους]] [[en:Vilnius]] [[eo:Vilno]] [[es:Vilna]] [[et:Vilnius]] [[eu:Vilnius]] [[fa:ویلنیوس]] [[fi:Vilna]] [[fr:Vilnius]] [[frp:Vilnius]] [[gl:Vilnius]] [[he:וילנה]] [[hr:Vilnius]] [[hu:Vilnius]] [[hy:Վիլնյուս]] [[id:Vilnius]] [[io:Vilnius]] [[it:Vilnius]] [[ja:ビリニュス]] [[ka:ვილნიუსი]] [[ko:빌뉴스]] [[ksh:Vilnius]] [[ku:Vilnius]] [[la:Vilna]] [[lb:Vilnius]] [[lt:Vilnius]] [[lv:Viļņa]] [[mk:Вилнус]] [[mo:Вильнюс]] [[nap:Vilnius]] [[nds:Vilnius]] [[nl:Vilnius]] [[nn:Vilnius]] [[no:Vilnius]] [[oc:Vílnius]] [[os:Вильнюс]] [[pl:Wilno]] [[pt:Vilnius]] [[ro:Vilnius]] [[ru:Вильнюс]] [[sh:Vilnius]] [[simple:Vilnius]] [[sk:Vilnius]] [[sq:Vilnius]] [[sr:Виљнус]] [[sv:Vilnius]] [[sw:Vilnius]] [[th:วิลนีอุส]] [[tr:Vilnüs]] [[uk:Вільнюс]] [[vo:Vilnius]] [[zh:维尔纽斯]] [[zh-min-nan:Vilnius]] 3220 8671 2006-11-28T17:54:58Z Robbot 38 robot Adding: ar, ca, cu Modifying: nl '''Sãrunã''' (''[[limba gãrtseascã|el]]'': '''Θεσσαλονίκη''') easte capitalã ali [[Machedonia Gãrtseascã]]. [[Category:Gãrtsia]] [[Category:Machedonia]] [[ar:سالونيك]] [[bg:Солун]] [[ca:Tessalònica]] [[cs:Soluň]] [[cu:Селунь]] [[de:Thessaloníki]] [[el:Θεσσαλονίκη]] [[en:Thessaloniki]] [[es:Salónica (ciudad)]] [[et:Thessaloníki]] [[fi:Thessaloniki]] [[fr:Thessalonique]] [[he:סלוניקי]] [[hr:Solun]] [[id:Thessaloniki]] [[it:Salonicco]] [[ja:テッサロニキ]] [[la:Thessalonica]] [[lt:Salonikai]] [[lv:Saloniki]] [[mk:Солун]] [[nds:Thessaloniki]] [[nl:Thessaloniki (stad)]] [[no:Thessaloniki]] [[pl:Saloniki]] [[pt:Salónica]] [[ro:Salonic]] [[ru:Салоники]] [[scn:Saluniccu]] [[simple:Thessaloniki]] [[sk:Solún]] [[sr:Солун]] [[sv:Thessaloníki]] [[tl:Lungsod ng Thessaloníki]] [[tr:Selanik]] [[uk:Салоніки]] [[zh:塞萨洛尼基]] 3221 8775 2006-12-19T08:52:20Z TXiKiBoT 147 robot Adding: am, ar, bat-smg, be, bg, br, bs, ca, cs, da, de, el, en, eo, es, et, eu, fi, fr, frp, he, hr, hu, id, io, it, ja, ka, lt, lv, mo, nds, nl, nn, no, oc, os, pl, pt, ro, ru, sh, simple, sk, sq, sr, sv, tg, th, tr, uk, zh '''Riga''' easte cãsãbãlu capital ali [[Letonia]]. [[am:ሪጋ]] [[ar:ريغا]] [[bat-smg:Rīga]] [[be:Рыґа]] [[bg:Рига]] [[br:Riga]] [[bs:Riga]] [[ca:Riga]] [[cs:Riga]] [[da:Riga]] [[de:Riga]] [[el:Ρίγα]] [[en:Riga]] [[eo:Rigo]] [[es:Riga]] [[et:Riia]] [[eu:Riga]] [[fi:Riika]] [[fr:Rīga]] [[frp:Riga]] [[he:ריגה]] [[hr:Riga]] [[hu:Riga]] [[id:Riga]] [[io:Riga]] [[it:Riga]] [[ja:リガ]] [[ka:რიგა]] [[ko:리가]] [[lt:Ryga]] [[lv:Rīga]] [[mo:Рига]] [[nds:Riga]] [[nl:Riga]] [[nn:Riga]] [[no:Riga]] [[oc:Riga]] [[os:Ригæ]] [[pl:Ryga]] [[pt:Riga]] [[ro:Riga]] [[ru:Рига]] [[sh:Riga]] [[simple:Riga]] [[sk:Riga]] [[sq:Riga]] [[sr:Рига]] [[sv:Riga]] [[tg:Рига]] [[th:ริกา]] [[tr:Riga]] [[uk:Рига]] [[zh:里加]] 3222 8769 2006-12-18T23:54:45Z TXiKiBoT 147 robot Adding: af, am, ar, bat-smg, be, bg, br, bs, ca, co, cs, da, de, en, eo, es, et, eu, fi, fr, fy, ga, gl, he, hr, hu, hy, ia, id, io, it, ja, ka, ko, la, lb, lt, lv, mo, nds, nl, nn, no, pl, pt, rmy, ro, ru, simple, sk, sq, sr, sv, tg, th, tr, '''Tallinn''' easte cãsãbãlu capital ali [[Estonia]]. [[af:Tallinn]] [[am:ታሊን]] [[ar:تالين]] [[bat-smg:Talins]] [[be:Талін]] [[bg:Талин]] [[br:Tallinn]] [[bs:Talin]] [[ca:Tallinn]] [[co:Tallinn]] [[cs:Tallinn]] [[da:Tallinn]] [[de:Tallinn]] [[en:Tallinn]] [[eo:Talino]] [[es:Tallin]] [[et:Tallinn]] [[eu:Tallinn]] [[fi:Tallinna]] [[fr:Tallinn]] [[fy:Tallin]] [[ga:Tallinn]] [[gl:Talín - Tallinn]] [[he:טאלין]] [[hr:Tallinn]] [[hu:Tallinn]] [[hy:Տալլին]] [[ia:Tallinn]] [[id:Tallinn]] [[io:Tallinn]] [[it:Tallinn]] [[ja:タリン]] [[ka:ტალინი]] [[ko:탈린]] [[la:Castrum Danorum]] [[lb:Tallinn]] [[lt:Talinas]] [[lv:Tallina]] [[mo:Талин]] [[nds:Reval]] [[nl:Tallinn]] [[nn:Tallinn]] [[no:Tallinn]] [[pl:Tallinn]] [[pt:Tallinn]] [[rmy:Tallinn]] [[ro:Talin]] [[ru:Таллин]] [[simple:Tallinn]] [[sk:Tallinn]] [[sq:Talin]] [[sr:Талин]] [[sv:Tallinn]] [[tg:Таллин]] [[th:ทาลลินน์]] [[tr:Tallinn]] [[tt:Tallinn]] [[udm:Таллин]] [[uk:Таллін]] [[yi:טאלין]] [[zh:塔林]] 3223 8783 2006-12-19T09:46:25Z Escarbot 112 robot Adding: [[frp:Payis-Bâs]] [[Image:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Olanda]] [[Image:Nl-arms.gif|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Olanda]] [[Image:LocationNetherlands.png|thumb|250px|right|Olanda tu [[Europa]]]] '''Olanda''' easte stat tu [[Unia europeanã]] shi tu [[Europa]]. <br>Cãsãbãlu capital: [[Amsterdam]]. [[Image:River Amstel by Night - Frans Koppelaar.jpg|250px|thumb| Arao Amstel tu noapte]] [[Image:Canals of Amsterdam.jpg|250px|thumb| Canale Prinsengracht shi Bloemgracht]] [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Unia europeanã]] [[Category:Stat]] ''' [[af:Nederland]] [[als:Niederlande]] [[an:Países Baxos]] [[ang:Niðerland]] [[ar:هولندا]] [[arc:ܗܘܠܢܕܐ]] [[ast:Holanda]] [[be:Нідэрлянды]] [[bg:Холандия]] [[br:Izelvroioù]] [[bs:Nizozemska]] [[ca:Països Baixos]] [[cs:Nizozemsko]] [[cy:Yr Iseldiroedd]] [[da:Holland]] [[de:Niederlande]] [[el:Ολλανδία]] [[en:Netherlands]] [[eo:Nederlando]] [[es:Países Bajos]] [[et:Holland]] [[eu:Herbehereak]] [[fa:هلند]] [[fi:Alankomaat]] [[fiu-vro:Holland]] [[fr:Pays-Bas]] [[frp:Payis-Bâs]] [[fy:Nederlân]] [[ga:An Ísiltír]] [[gl:Países Baixos - Nederland]] [[got:𐌽𐌹𐌸𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳]] [[he:הולנד]] [[hr:Nizozemska]] [[hsb:Nižozemska]] [[hu:Hollandia]] [[ia:Pais Basse]] [[id:Belanda]] [[ilo:Nederlandia]] [[io:Nederlando]] [[is:Holland]] [[it:Paesi Bassi]] [[ja:オランダ]] [[ka:ნიდერლანდი]] [[ko:네덜란드]] [[ksh:Nederläng]] [[ku:Holanda]] [[la:Nederlandia]] [[lb:Holland]] [[li:Nederland]] [[lt:Olandija]] [[lv:Nīderlande]] [[mk:Холандија]] [[ms:Belanda]] [[na:Eben Eyong]] [[nah:Ahmotlacpactli]] [[nds:Nedderlannen]] [[nds-nl:Nederlaand]] [[nl:Nederland]] [[nn:Nederland]] [[no:Nederland]] [[oc:Païses Basses]] [[pam:Netherlands]] [[pap:Hulanda]] [[pl:Holandia]] [[pms:Pais Bass]] [[pt:Países Baixos]] [[qu:Uray Llaqta Suyu]] [[ro:Ţările de Jos]] [[ru:Нидерланды]] [[rw:U Buholandi]] [[scn:Olanda]] [[se:Hollánda]] [[sh:Nizozemska]] [[simple:Netherlands]] [[sk:Holandsko]] [[sl:Nizozemska]] [[sq:Holanda]] [[sr:Холандија]] [[st:Hôlanê]] [[sv:Nederländerna]] [[sw:Uholanzi]] [[ta:நெதர்லாந்து]] [[tg:Нидерланд]] [[th:ประเทศเนเธอร์แลนด์]] [[tl:Netherlands]] [[to:Holani]] [[tpi:Holan]] [[tr:Hollanda]] [[ug:گوللاندىيە]] [[uk:Нідерланди]] [[vi:Hà Lan]] [[vls:Olland]] [[vo:Nedän]] [[wa:Bas Payis]] [[war:Paises Bajos]] [[zea:Nederland]] [[zh:荷兰]] [[zh-classical:尼德蘭]] [[zh-min-nan:Kē-tē-kok]] [[zh-yue:荷蘭]] 3224 8784 2006-12-19T10:11:26Z TXiKiBoT 147 robot Adding: am, frp, gd, udm '''Amsterdam''' easte cãsãbãlu capital ali [[Olanda]]. [[Category:Olanda]] [[af:Amsterdam (Nederland)]] [[am:አምስተርዳም]] [[ar:أمستردام]] [[arc:ܐܡܣܬܪܕܡ]] [[az:Amsterdam]] [[be:Амстэрдам]] [[bg:Амстердам]] [[bn:অ্যামস্টারডাম]] [[bs:Amsterdam]] [[ca:Amsterdam]] [[cs:Amsterdam]] [[csb:Amsterdam]] [[cy:Amsterdam]] [[da:Amsterdam]] [[de:Amsterdam]] [[el:Άμστερνταμ]] [[en:Amsterdam]] [[eo:Amsterdamo]] [[es:Ámsterdam]] [[et:Amsterdam]] [[eu:Amsterdam]] [[fa:آمستردام]] [[fi:Amsterdam]] [[fr:Amsterdam]] [[frp:Amsterdam]] [[fy:Amsterdam]] [[gd:Amsterdam]] [[gl:Ámsterdam - Amsterdam]] [[he:אמסטרדם]] [[hr:Amsterdam]] [[hu:Amszterdam]] [[ia:Amsterdam]] [[id:Amsterdam]] [[io:Amsterdam]] [[is:Amsterdam]] [[it:Amsterdam]] [[ja:アムステルダム]] [[ka:ამსტერდამი]] [[ko:암스테르담]] [[la:Amstelodamum]] [[lb:Amsterdam]] [[li:Amsterdam]] [[lt:Amsterdamas]] [[lv:Amsterdama]] [[ms:Amsterdam]] [[na:Amsterdam]] [[nds:Amsterdam]] [[nds-nl:Amsterdam]] [[nl:Amsterdam]] [[nn:Amsterdam]] [[no:Amsterdam]] [[oc:Amsterdam]] [[pl:Amsterdam]] [[pt:Amsterdão]] [[ro:Amsterdam]] [[ru:Амстердам]] [[scn:Amsterdam]] [[sh:Amsterdam]] [[simple:Amsterdam]] [[sk:Amsterdam]] [[sl:Amsterdam]] [[sq:Amsterdami]] [[sr:Амстердам]] [[sv:Amsterdam]] [[tg:Амстердам]] [[th:อัมสเตอร์ดัม]] [[tr:Amsterdam]] [[udm:Амстердам]] [[ug:ئامستېردام]] [[uk:Амстердам]] [[vi:Amsterdam]] [[zh:阿姆斯特丹]] 3225 6121 2006-04-06T14:01:53Z 82.117.205.146 The Prayer To Our Father (in the original Aramaic) Abwûn d'bwaschmâja Nethkâdasch schmach Têtê malkuthach. Nehwê tzevjânach aikâna d'bwaschmâja af b'arha. Waschboklân chaubên wachtahên aikâna daf chnân schwoken l'chaijabên. Wela tachlân l'nesjuna ela patzân min bischa. Metol dilachie malkutha wahaila wateschbuchta l'ahlâm almîn. Amên. 3226 6134 2006-04-22T12:41:10Z Proofreader 98 My name is Rainer Doehle, I am mainly contributing to the German Wikipedia. Unfortunately I don't speak Aromanian but would like to help with interwiki-links. I am a native German speaker and also speak English and French fluently. --[[User:Proofreader|Proofreader]] 12:41, 22 April 2006 (UTC) 3227 6135 2006-04-22T13:26:28Z Proofreader 98 This text is not only in the wrong language but also obviously copied and therefore a copyright violation. I think it would be best to delete it. Der Text ist in der falschen Sprache und zudem offenbar kopiert und daher eine URV. Am besten wäre es, man löscht ihn. --[[User:Proofreader|Proofreader]] 13:26, 22 April 2006 (UTC) 3228 6136 2006-04-22T13:29:24Z Proofreader 98 This article should be translated and changed from its current essayistic to a more encyclopedic form. --[[User:Proofreader|Proofreader]] 13:29, 22 April 2006 (UTC) 3229 6145 2006-04-22T14:00:41Z Proofreader 98 [[Category:Evropa]] [[ar:تصنيف:يونان]] [[ast:Categoría:Grecia]] [[be:Катэгорыя:Грэцыя]] [[bg:Категория:Гърция]] [[br:Rummad:Gres]] [[bs:Category:Grčka]] [[ca:Categoria:Grècia]] [[cs:Kategorie:Řecko]] [[da:Kategori:Grækenland]] [[de:Kategorie:Griechenland]] [[el:Κατηγορία:Ελλάδα]] [[en:Category:Greece]] [[eo:Kategorio:Grekio]] [[es:Categoría:Grecia]] [[et:Kategooria:Kreeka]] [[eu:Kategoria:Grezia]] [[fi:Luokka:Kreikka]] [[fo:Bólkur:Grikkaland]] [[fr:Catégorie:Grèce]] [[gl:Category:Grecia]] [[he:קטגוריה:יוון]] [[hr:Kategorija:Grčka]] [[hu:Kategória:Görögország]] [[id:Kategori:Yunani]] [[io:Category:Grekia]] [[is:Flokkur:Grikkland]] [[it:Categoria:Grecia]] [[ja:Category:ギリシャ]] [[ka:კატეგორია:საბერძნეთი]] [[ko:분류:그리스]] [[la:Categoria:Graecia]] [[lb:Category:Griicheland]] [[lt:Kategorija:Graikija]] [[mk:Категорија:Грција]] [[na:Category:Greece]] [[nds:Kategorie:Grekenland]] [[nl:Categorie:Griekenland]] [[nn:Kategori:Hellas]] [[no:Kategori:Hellas]] [[os:Категори:Греци]] [[pl:Kategoria:Grecja]] [[pt:Categoria:Grécia]] [[ro:Categorie:Grecia]] [[ru:Категория:Греция]] [[scn:Category:Grecia]] [[sh:Category:Grčka]] [[simple:Category:Greece]] [[sk:Kategória:Grécko]] [[sl:Kategorija:Grčija]] [[sr:Категорија:Грчка]] [[sv:Kategori:Grekland]] [[th:Category:ประเทศกรีซ]] [[tl:Category:Gresya]] [[tr:Kategori:Yunanistan]] [[uk:Категорія:Греція]] [[zh:Category:希腊]] [[zh-min-nan:Category:Hi-lia̍p]] 3230 6148 2006-04-22T14:04:28Z Proofreader 98 [[Category:Evropa]] [[be:&#1050;&#1072;&#1090;&#1101;&#1075;&#1086;&#1088;&#1099;&#1103;:&#1052;&#1072;&#1082;&#1077;&#1076;&#1086;&#1085;&#1110;&#1103;]] [[bg:&#1050;&#1072;&#1090;&#1077;&#1075;&#1086;&#1088;&#1080;&#1103;:&#1056;&#1077;&#1087;&#1091;&#1073;&#1083;&#1080;&#1082;&#1072; &#1052;&#1072;&#1082;&#1077;&#1076;&#1086;&#1085;&#1080;&#1103;]] [[cs:Kategorie:Makedonie]] [[de:Kategorie:Mazedonien]] [[en:Category:Republic of Macedonia]] [[es:Categoría:República de Macedonia]] [[fr:Catégorie:Macédoine]] [[ja:Category:&#12510;&#12465;&#12489;&#12491;&#12450;&#20849;&#21644;&#22269;]] [[mk:Категорија:Македонија]] [[pt:Categoria:Macedónia]] [[ro:Categorie:Macedonia]] [[ru:Category:Македония]] [[sl:Category:Makedonija]] [[sv:Kategori:Makedonien]] 3231 6150 2006-04-22T14:07:01Z Proofreader 98 Are these aromanian personalities? If so, the article should be moved to the aromanian term for "Aromanian personalities". --[[User:Proofreader|Proofreader]] 14:07, 22 April 2006 (UTC) 3232 6156 2006-04-22T15:02:31Z Proofreader 98 [[af:Kategorie:Asië]] [[an:Category:Asia]] [[ar:تصنيف:آسيا]] [[ast:Categoría:Asia]] [[be:Катэгорыя:Азія]] [[bg:Категория:Азия]] [[br:Rummad:Azia]] [[ca:Categoria:Àsia]] [[cs:Kategorie:Asie]] [[csb:Kategòrëjô:Azëjô]] [[da:Kategori:Asien]] [[de:Kategorie:Asien]] [[el:Κατηγορία:Ασία]] [[en:Category:Asia]] [[eo:Kategorio:Azio]] [[es:Categoría:Asia]] [[et:Kategooria:Aasia]] [[eu:Kategoria:Asia]] [[fa:رده:آسیا]] [[fi:Luokka:Aasia]] [[fo:Bólkur:Asia]] [[fr:Catégorie:Asie]] [[fy:Kategory:Aazje]] [[gl:Category:Asia]] [[he:קטגוריה:אסיה]] [[hu:Kategória:Ázsia]] [[id:Kategori:Asia]] [[io:Category:Azia]] [[is:Flokkur:Asía]] [[it:Categoria:Asia]] [[ja:Category:アジア]] [[ka:კატეგორია:აზია]] [[ko:분류:아시아]] [[kw:Category:Asi]] [[la:Categoria:Asia]] [[lb:Category:Asien]] [[li:Kategorie:Azië]] [[lv:Category:Āzija]] [[mk:Категорија:Азија]] [[mo:Category:Асия]] [[ms:Kategori:Asia]] [[nds:Kategorie:Asien]] [[nl:Categorie:Azië]] [[no:Kategori:Asia]] [[os:Категори:Ази]] [[pam:Category:Asia]] [[pl:Kategoria:Azja]] [[pt:Categoria:Ásia]] [[ro:Categorie:Asia]] [[ru:Категория:Азия]] [[scn:Category:Asia]] [[se:Category:Ásia]] [[sh:Category:Azija]] [[sk:Kategória:Ázia]] [[sl:Kategorija:Azija]] [[sq:Category:Azia]] [[sr:Категорија:Азија]] [[su:Kategori:Asia]] [[sv:Kategori:Asien]] [[th:Category:ทวีปเอเชีย]] [[tl:Category:Asya]] [[tr:Kategori:Asya]] [[vi:Thể loại:Châu Á]] [[wa:Categoreye:Azeye]] [[war:Category:Asya]] [[zh:Category:亚洲]] [[zh-min-nan:Category:A-chiu]] 3233 6158 2006-04-22T15:05:33Z Proofreader 98 [[Category:Evropa]] [[af:Kategorie:Nederland]] [[ar:تصنيف:هولندا]] [[ast:Categoría:Holanda]] [[be:Катэгорыя:Нідэрлянды]] [[bg:Категория:Холандия]] [[bs:Category:Holandija]] [[ca:Categoria:Països Baixos]] [[cs:Kategorie:Nizozemsko]] [[csb:Kategòrëjô:Néderlandzkô]] [[da:Kategori:Nederland]] [[de:Kategorie:Niederlande]] [[el:Κατηγορία:Ολλανδία]] [[en:Category:Netherlands]] [[eo:Kategorio:Nederlando]] [[es:Categoría:Países Bajos]] [[et:Kategooria:Holland]] [[fi:Luokka:Alankomaat]] [[fr:Catégorie:Pays-Bas]] [[fy:Kategory:Nederlân]] [[gl:Category:Países Baixos]] [[he:קטגוריה:הולנד]] [[hr:Kategorija:Nizozemska]] [[hu:Kategória:Hollandia]] [[id:Kategori:Belanda]] [[io:Category:Nederlando]] [[is:Flokkur:Holland]] [[it:Categoria:Paesi Bassi]] [[ja:Category:オランダ]] [[ka:კატეგორია:ნიდერლანდი]] [[ko:분류:네덜란드]] [[la:Categoria:Nederlandia]] [[lb:Category:Holland]] [[li:Kategorie:Nederland]] [[lt:Kategorija:Olandija]] [[mk:Категорија:Холандија]] [[na:Category:Eben Eyong]] [[nds:Kategorie:Nedderlannen]] [[nl:Categorie:Nederland]] [[nn:Kategori:Nederland]] [[no:Kategori:Nederland]] [[os:Категори:Нидерландтæ]] [[pl:Kategoria:Holandia]] [[pt:Categoria:Países Baixos]] [[ro:Categorie:Olanda]] [[ru:Категория:Нидерланды]] [[simple:Category:Netherlands]] [[sk:Kategória:Holandsko]] [[sl:Kategorija:Nizozemska]] [[sr:Категорија:Холандија]] [[sv:Kategori:Nederländerna]] [[th:Category:ประเทศเนเธอร์แลนด์]] [[tl:Category:Netherlands]] [[tr:Kategori:Hollanda]] [[wa:Categoreye:Bas Payis]] [[zh:Category:荷兰]] [[zh-min-nan:Category:Kē-tē-kok]] 3234 6163 2006-04-22T15:18:46Z Proofreader 98 [[Category:Evropa]] [[ar:تصنيف:رومانيا]] [[ast:Categoría:Rumanía]] [[be:Катэгорыя:Румынія]] [[bg:Категория:Румъния]] [[bs:Category:Rumunija]] [[ca:Categoria:Romania]] [[cs:Kategorie:Rumunsko]] [[da:Kategori:Rumænien]] [[de:Category:Rumänien]] [[en:Category:Romania]] [[eo:Kategorio:Rumanio]] [[es:Categoría:Rumania]] [[et:Kategooria:Rumeenia]] [[fi:Luokka:Romania]] [[fr:Catégorie:Roumanie]] [[gl:Category:Romanía]] [[he:קטגוריה:רומניה]] [[hr:Kategorija:Rumunjska]] [[hu:Kategória:Románia]] [[io:Category:Rumania]] [[is:Flokkur:Rúmenía]] [[it:Categoria:Romania]] [[ja:Category:ルーマニア]] [[ka:კატეგორია:რუმინეთი]] [[ko:분류:루마니아]] [[lb:Category:Rumänien]] [[lt:Kategorija:Rumunija]] [[lv:Category:Rumānija]] [[mo:Category:Ромыния]] [[na:Category:Romania]] [[nds:Kategorie:Rumänien]] [[nl:Categorie:Roemenië]] [[nn:Kategori:Romania]] [[no:Kategori:Romania]] [[pl:Kategoria:Rumunia]] [[pt:Categoria:Roménia]] [[ro:Categorie:România]] [[ru:Категория:Румыния]] [[scn:Category:Rumania]] [[simple:Category:Romania]] [[sk:Kategória:Rumunsko]] [[sl:Kategorija:Romunija]] [[sr:Категорија:Румунија]] [[sv:Kategori:Rumänien]] [[ta:பகுப்பு:ருமேனியா]] [[tl:Category:Romania]] [[tr:Kategori:Romanya]] [[uk:Категорія:Румунія]] [[wa:Categoreye:Roumaneye]] [[yi:קאַטעגאָריע:רומעניע]] [[zh:Category:罗马尼亚]] 3235 6166 2006-04-26T12:55:04Z LUCPOL 100 .. 3236 6168 2006-04-30T19:32:33Z Sirius Zwarts Bot 101 #redirect[[en:User:Sirius Zwarts Bot]] 3237 6216 2006-06-13T08:30:25Z Ahoerstemeier 105 {{delete}} {{delete}} 3238 6217 2006-06-13T08:30:46Z Ahoerstemeier 105 Please see [[:en:Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zergeisterung]] Please see [[:en:Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zergeisterung]] [[User:Ahoerstemeier|Ahoerstemeier]] 08:30, 13 June 2006 (UTC) 3239 6180 2006-05-11T06:48:57Z 62.231.118.227 '''Bold text''' 3240 6181 2006-05-11T18:04:55Z Mithridates 104 Sysop en la [[Ido]] Wikipedia. ^^ [[en:User:Mithridates]] [[io:User:Mithridates]] 3241 6186 2006-05-20T17:06:30Z Srtxg 1 <noinclude> empty template, used by Babel </noinclude> 3242 6203 2006-05-20T17:45:03Z Srtxg 1 width <div style="float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.2em; width: 17.8em; border-collapse:collapse; border: #99B3FF solid 1px; background-color: #FFFFFF; padding: 0 0.1em 0.1em;"> <big><center>'''[[Wikipedia:Babel]]'''</center></big> {{User {{{1}}}}}{{User {{{2|}}}}}{{User {{{3|}}}}}{{User {{{4|}}}}}{{User {{{5|}}}}}{{User {{{6|}}}}}{{User {{{7|}}}}}{{User {{{8|}}}}}{{User {{{9|}}}}}{{User {{{10|}}}}}{{User {{{11|}}}}}{{User {{{12|}}}}}{{User {{{13|}}}}}{{User {{{14|}}}}}{{User {{{15|}}}}}{{User {{{16|}}}}}{{User {{{17|}}}}}{{User {{{18|}}}}}{{User {{{19|}}}}}{{User {{{20|}}}}} </div> 3243 6188 2006-05-20T17:07:45Z Srtxg 1 #REDIRECT [[Template:Babel]] 3244 7581 2006-09-20T10:52:44Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 <div style="float:left;border:solid #FFBBBB 1px;margin:1px"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#FFEEEE" |style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#FFBBBB;text-align:center;font-size:14pt"|'''rup-0''' |style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em"|Ufilizitorlu aestu nu zburashce '''[[:Category:User rup-0|armãneashce]]'''. |} </div> [[Category:User rup-0|{{PAGENAME}}]] 3245 7121 2006-09-14T22:15:13Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 <div style="float:left;border:solid #C0C8FF 1px;margin:1px"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#F0F8FF" |style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#C0C8FF;text-align:center;font-size:14pt"|'''rup-1''' |style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em"|Aistu ufilizator poate s-da contributsie cu un nivel '''[[:Category:User rup-1|di baza]]''' di '''[[:Category:User rup|armãneashce]]'''. |} </div> [[Category:User rup|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User rup-1|{{PAGENAME}}]] 3246 6192 2006-05-20T17:25:23Z Srtxg 1 #REDIRECT [[Template:User rup-0]] 3247 6195 2006-05-20T17:33:46Z Srtxg 1 <div style="float:left;border:solid #C0C8FF 1px;margin:1px"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#F0F8FF" |style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#C0C8FF;text-align:center;font-size:14pt"|'''en-1''' |style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em"|This user is able to contribute with a '''[[:Category:User en-1|basic]]''' level of '''[[:Category:User en|English]]'''. |} </div> [[Category:User en|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User en-1|{{PAGENAME}}]] 3248 6196 2006-05-20T17:34:31Z Srtxg 1 <div style="float:left;border:solid #C0C8FF 1px;margin:1px"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#F0F8FF" |style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#C0C8FF;text-align:center;font-size:14pt"|'''eo-1''' |style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em"|Ĉi tiu uzanto povas komuniki per '''[[:Category:User eo-1|baza]]''' nivelo de '''[[:Category:User eo|Esperanto]]'''. |} </div> [[Category:User eo|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User eo-1|{{PAGENAME}}]] 3249 6197 2006-05-20T17:35:19Z Srtxg 1 <div style="float:left;border:solid #C0C8FF 1px;margin:1px"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#F0F8FF" |style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#C0C8FF;text-align:center;font-size:14pt"|'''ja-1''' |style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em"|この利用者は'''[[:Category:User ja-1|初級]]'''の'''[[:Category:User ja|日本語]]'''ができます。 |} </div> [[Category:User ja|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User ja-1|{{PAGENAME}}]] 3250 6198 2006-05-20T17:39:50Z Srtxg 1 <div style="float:left;border:1px solid #6EF7A7;margin:1px"> {|cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#C5FCDC" |style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#6EF7A7;text-align:center;font-size:14pt"|'''ja''' |style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em"|この利用者は'''[[:Category:User ja|日本語]]'''を'''[[:Category:User ja-N|母語]]'''としています。 |} </div> [[Category:User ja|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User ja-N|{{PAGENAME}}]] 3251 6199 2006-05-20T17:40:13Z Srtxg 1 <div style="float:left;border:1px solid #6EF7A7;margin:1px"> {|cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#C5FCDC" |style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#6EF7A7;text-align:center;font-size:14pt"|'''es''' |style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em"|Este usuario tiene el '''[[:Category:User es|español]]''' como '''[[:Category:User es-N|lengua materna]]'''. |} </div> [[Category:User es|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User es-N|{{PAGENAME}}]] 3252 6200 2006-05-20T17:40:42Z Srtxg 1 <div style="float:left;border:1px solid #6EF7A7;margin:1px"> {|cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#C5FCDC" |style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#6EF7A7;text-align:center;font-size:14pt"|'''fr''' |style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em"|Cet utilisateur a pour '''[[:Category:User fr-N|langue maternelle]]''' le '''[[:Category:User fr|français]]'''. |} </div> [[Category:User fr|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User fr-N|{{PAGENAME}}]] 3253 6201 2006-05-20T17:41:23Z Srtxg 1 <div style="float:left;border:1px solid #6EF7A7;margin:1px"> {|cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#C5FCDC" |style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#6EF7A7;text-align:center;font-size:14pt"|'''wa''' |style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em"|Cist uzeu chal est on '''[[:Category:User wa|walon]]'''-cåzant '''[[:Category:User wa-N|natif]]'''. |} </div> [[Category:User wa|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User wa-N|{{PAGENAME}}]] 3254 6209 2006-05-20T17:50:05Z Srtxg 1 en-3 <div style="float:left;border:1px solid #99B3FF;margin:1px"> {|cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#E0E8FF" |style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#99B3FF;text-align:center;font-size:14pt"|'''en-3''' |style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em"|This user is able to contribute with an '''[[:Category:User en-3|advanced]]''' level of '''[[:Category:User en|English]]'''. |} </div> [[Category:User en|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User en-3|{{PAGENAME}}]] 3255 6208 2006-05-20T17:49:50Z Srtxg 1 <div style="float:left;border:1px solid #99B3FF;margin:1px"> {|cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#E0E8FF" |style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#99B3FF;text-align:center;font-size:14pt"|'''ru-3''' |style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em"|Этот участник '''[[:Category:User ru-3|свободно]]''' владеет '''[[:Category:User ru|русским языком]]'''. |} </div> [[Category:User ru|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User ru-3|{{PAGENAME}}]] 3256 6210 2006-05-20T17:52:13Z Srtxg 1 <div style="float:left;border:1px solid #77E0E8;margin:1px"> {|cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#D0F8FF" |style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#77E0E8;text-align:center;font-size:14pt"|'''en-2''' |style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em"|This user is able to contribute with an '''[[:Category:User en-2|intermediate]]''' level of '''[[:Category:User en|English]]'''. |} </div> [[Category:User en|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User en-2|{{PAGENAME}}]] 3257 6212 2006-05-25T17:07:03Z Diagraph01 45 * If you hasten, please write to my [[:ja:利用者‐会話:Diagraph01|ja.wp's discussion page]] in English or Japanese language :) ---- 3258 6213 2006-06-03T19:06:13Z 86.105.209.78 Penis (pula) heste hun horgan genital hal barbatului. 3259 6214 2006-06-04T22:50:52Z LesRunt 95 Fantana logo Fantana logo 3260 8446 2006-11-09T20:27:19Z Andrew Dalby 97 I'm a historian and linguist. I edit and create Wikipedia articles as a way of building up my knowledge of topics I plan to write about: it'll usually be food history, language history, and ancient and medieval people. If you like, or don't like, what I write, please use my talk page on English Wikipedia, [[:en:User talk:Andrew Dalby]]. Welcome, also, to my home page, [http://perso.wanadoo.fr/dalby/index.html A Food Word Site]. Here's a list of [[:en:User:Andrew Dalby/Bibliography|my books]] and papers, followed by books by others that I have cited in Wikipedia articles. Andrew Dalby 3261 6247 2006-06-30T13:34:23Z Andrew Dalby 97 Redirecting to [[en:User talk:Andrew Dalby]] #REDIRECT [[:en:User talk:Andrew Dalby]] 3262 6235 2006-06-19T21:10:18Z Willtron 106 Please, if you want to tell me something do it [[:an:Descusión usuario:Willtron|here]]. Thank you. 3263 8736 2006-12-16T13:39:31Z Escarbot 112 robot Adding: [[co:Londra]] Modifying: [[io:London]] '''Londra''' easte cãsãbãlu capital ali [[Britania Mare]] shi [[Anglia]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Britania Mare]] [[af:Londen]] [[als:London]] [[am:ለንደን]] [[an:Londres]] [[ang:Lunden]] [[ar:لندن]] [[ast:Londres]] [[az:London]] [[be:Лондан]] [[bg:Лондон]] [[bn:লন্ডন]] [[br:Londrez]] [[bs:London]] [[ca:Londres]] [[co:Londra]] [[cs:Londýn]] [[cy:Llundain]] [[da:London]] [[de:London]] [[el:Λονδίνο]] [[en:London]] [[eo:Londono]] [[es:Londres]] [[et:London]] [[eu:Londres]] [[fa:لندن]] [[fi:Lontoo]] [[fiu-vro:London]] [[fr:Londres]] [[frp:Londres]] [[fy:Londen]] [[ga:Londain]] [[gd:Lunnainn]] [[gl:Londres - London]] [[gu:લંડન]] [[he:לונדון]] [[hi:लंदन]] [[hr:London]] [[hu:London]] [[hy:Լոնդոն]] [[ia:London]] [[id:London]] [[io:London]] [[is:London]] [[it:Londra]] [[ja:ロンドン]] [[ka:ლონდონი]] [[ko:런던]] [[ku:London]] [[kw:Loundres]] [[la:Londinium]] [[lb:London]] [[li:Londe]] [[ln:Londoni]] [[lt:Londonas]] [[lv:Londona]] [[mk:Лондон]] [[mr:लंडन]] [[ms:London]] [[nds:London]] [[nl:Londen]] [[nn:London]] [[no:London]] [[nrm:Londres]] [[oc:Londres]] [[os:Лондон]] [[pl:Londyn]] [[pt:Londres]] [[qu:London]] [[rm:Londra]] [[ro:Londra]] [[ru:Лондон]] [[scn:Londra]] [[sco:Lunnon]] [[sh:London]] [[simple:London]] [[sk:Londýn]] [[sl:London]] [[sq:Londra]] [[sr:Лондон]] [[sv:London]] [[ta:இலண்டன்]] [[tg:Лондон]] [[th:ลอนดอน]] [[tr:Londra]] [[tt:London]] [[ug:لوندون]] [[uk:Лондон]] [[ur:لندن]] [[vi:Luân Đôn]] [[vo:London]] [[yi:לאנדאן]] [[zh:伦敦]] [[zh-min-nan:London]] [[zh-yue:倫敦]] 3264 6248 2006-07-01T19:05:38Z MediaWiki default /** CSS placed here will be applied to all skins */ 3265 6249 2006-07-01T19:05:38Z MediaWiki default /** CSS placed here will be applied to all skins */ 3266 6254 2006-07-01T19:05:38Z MediaWiki default w 3267 6255 2006-07-01T19:05:38Z MediaWiki default Account created 3268 6256 2006-07-01T19:05:38Z MediaWiki default Account created 3269 6257 2006-07-01T19:05:38Z MediaWiki default The user account for $1 has been created. 3270 6258 2006-07-01T19:05:38Z MediaWiki default The user account for $1 has been created. 3271 6273 2006-07-01T19:05:38Z MediaWiki default Redirecting to [[$1]] 3272 6274 2006-07-01T19:05:38Z MediaWiki default Redirecting to [[$1]] 3273 6275 2006-07-01T19:05:38Z MediaWiki default The text of '''your edits''' to '''$1''' is shown below: 3274 6276 2006-07-01T19:05:38Z MediaWiki default The text of '''your edits''' to '''$1''' is shown below: 3275 6277 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default The source of '''$1''' is shown below: 3276 6278 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default The source of '''$1''' is shown below: 3277 6285 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default b 3278 6286 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default b 3279 6287 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default Undelete failed; someone else may have undeleted the page first. 3280 6288 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default Undelete failed; someone else may have undeleted the page first. 3281 6293 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default | 3282 6294 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default | 3283 6295 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default Clear watchlist 3284 6296 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default Clear watchlist 3285 6301 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default You need to $1 to confirm your email address. 3286 6302 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default You need to $1 to confirm your email address. 3287 6309 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default (Link to this page as [[$1]]) 3288 6310 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default (Link to this page as [[$1]]) 3289 6311 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default '''Warning:''' You are editing a page which is used to provide interface text for the software. Changes to this page will affect the appearance of the user interface for other users. 3290 6312 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default '''Warning:''' You are editing a page which is used to provide interface text for the software. Changes to this page will affect the appearance of the user interface for other users. 3291 6313 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default edit 3292 6314 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default edit 3293 6319 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default Export 3294 6320 2006-07-01T19:05:39Z MediaWiki default Export 3295 6325 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default Invalid subscription feed type. 3296 6326 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default Invalid subscription feed type. 3297 6327 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default A file of this name has been previously uploaded and subsequently deleted. You should check the $1 before proceeding to upload it again. 3298 6328 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default A file of this name has been previously uploaded and subsequently deleted. 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It may have been deleted from the wiki, or renamed. Try [[Special:Search|searching on the wiki]] for relevant new pages. 3328 6360 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default The requested page doesn't exist. It may have been deleted from the wiki, or renamed. Try [[Special:Search|searching on the wiki]] for relevant new pages. 3329 6361 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default $1 at $2 3330 6362 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default $1 at $2 3331 6363 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default Revision history 3332 6364 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default Revision history 3333 6367 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default Copy all history versions for this page 3334 6368 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default Copy all history versions for this page 3335 6369 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default Import 3336 6370 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default Import 3337 6371 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default Select a wiki and page title to import. Revision dates and editors' names will be preserved. All transwiki import actions are logged at the [[Special:Log/import|import log]]. 3338 6372 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default Select a wiki and page title to import. Revision dates and editors' names will be preserved. All transwiki import actions are logged at the [[Special:Log/import|import log]]. 3339 6373 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default transwikied $1 3340 6374 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default $1 revision(s) from $2 3341 6375 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default $1 revision(s) from $2 3342 6376 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default transwikied $1 3343 8246 2006-10-25T19:52:15Z MediaWiki default 129 imported [[$1]] by file upload 3344 6378 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default $1 revision(s) 3345 6379 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default $1 revision(s) 3346 6380 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default imported $1 by file upload 3347 6980 2006-08-31T19:10:51Z MediaWiki default $1 {{PLURAL:$1|revision|revisions}} 3348 6382 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default $1 revision(s) 3349 6383 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default Bad interwiki link 3350 6384 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default Bad interwiki link 3351 6385 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default Couldn't open import file 3352 6386 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default Couldn't open import file 3353 6387 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default Import log 3354 6388 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default Import log 3355 6389 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default Administrative imports of pages with edit history from other wikis. 3356 6390 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default Administrative imports of pages with edit history from other wikis. 3357 6391 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default No pages to import. 3358 6392 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default No pages to import. 3359 6393 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default Importing pages... 3360 6394 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default Importing pages... 3361 6395 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default Unknown import source type 3362 6396 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default Unknown import source type 3363 6399 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default - 3364 6400 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default - 3365 6401 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default Language: $1 3366 6402 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default Language: $1 3367 6403 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default * Deutsch|de * English|en * Esperanto|eo * Français|fr * Español|es * Italiano|it * Nederlands|nl 3368 6404 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default * Deutsch|de * English|en * Esperanto|eo * Français|fr * Español|es * Italiano|it * Nederlands|nl 3369 6411 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default Metadata (see [[{{ns:project}}:Metadata]] for an explanation): 3370 6412 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default Metadata (see [[{{ns:project}}:Metadata]] for an explanation): 3371 6423 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default $1 {{PLURAL:$1|member|members}} 3372 6424 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default $1 {{PLURAL:$1|member|members}} 3373 6429 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default '''There is no page titled "$1".''' You can [[:$1|create this page]]. 3374 6430 2006-07-01T19:05:40Z MediaWiki default '''There is no page titled "$1".''' You can [[:$1|create this page]]. 3375 6431 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default You have to specify a username. 3376 6432 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default You have to specify a username. 3377 6435 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default Project page 3378 6436 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default Project page 3379 6439 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default Revision as of $1; $5<br />$3 | $2 | $4 3380 6440 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default Revision as of $1; $5<br />$3 | $2 | $4 3381 6445 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default The following data is cached, and was last updated $1. 3382 6446 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default The following data is cached, and was last updated $1. 3383 6451 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default Watchlist 3384 6452 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default Number of days to show in watchlist: 3385 6453 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default Number of days to show in watchlist: 3386 6454 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default Number of edits to show in expanded watchlist: 3387 6455 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default Number of edits to show in expanded watchlist: 3388 6456 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default Watchlist 3389 6459 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default View project page 3390 6460 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default View project page 3391 6463 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default This page provides interface text for the software, and is locked to prevent abuse. 3392 6464 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default This page provides interface text for the software, and is locked to prevent abuse. 3393 6473 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default Random redirect 3394 6474 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default Random redirect 3395 6477 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default $1 anonymous users 3396 6478 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default $1 anonymous users 3397 6479 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default $1 bots 3398 6480 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default $1 bots 3399 6481 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default $1 logged-in users 3400 6482 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default $1 logged-in users 3401 6483 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default $1 my edits 3402 6484 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default $1 my edits 3403 6485 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default $1 minor edits 3404 6486 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default $1 minor edits 3405 6487 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default $1 patrolled edits 3406 6488 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default $1 patrolled edits 3407 6495 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default User rights log 3408 6496 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default User rights log 3409 6497 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default changed group membership for $1 from $2 to $3 3410 6498 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default changed group membership for $1 from $2 to $3 3411 6499 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default (none) 3412 6500 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default (none) 3413 6503 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default <strong>Sorry! We could not process your edit due to a loss of session data.</strong> ''Because this wiki has raw HTML enabled, the preview is hidden as a precaution against JavaScript attacks.'' <strong>If this is a legitimate edit attempt, please try again. If it still doesn't work, try logging out and logging back in.</strong> 3414 6504 2006-07-01T19:05:41Z MediaWiki default <strong>Sorry! We could not process your edit due to a loss of session data.</strong> ''Because this wiki has raw HTML enabled, the preview is hidden as a precaution against JavaScript attacks.'' <strong>If this is a legitimate edit attempt, please try again. 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[[en:Ruslana]] [[be:Руслана]] [[lv:Ruslana]] [[bg:Руслана Лижичко]] [[cs:Ruslana]] [[da:Ruslana]] [[de:Ruslana Lyschytschko]] [[es:Ruslana]] [[fr:Rouslana]] [[ga:Ruslana]] [[it:Ruslana Lyzhichko]] [[nl:Ruslana Lyzhychko]] [[no:Ruslana Lyzhychko]] [[pl:Rusłana Łyżyczko]] [[pt:Ruslana]] [[ro:Ruslana]] [[ru:Лыжичко, Руслана]] [[fi:Ruslana]] [[sv:Ruslana Lyzjitjko]] [[uk:Лижичко Руслана]] 3475 7066 2006-09-13T16:53:48Z 62.101.181.167 [[Image:Flag of Aragon.svg|thumb|150px|Flag of Aragon]] [[Image:Flag of Greece.svg|thumb|150px|]] Hi, I'm Willtron. I'm from [[:en:Saragossa|Zaragoza]] ([[:en:Aragon|Aragón]]) and I'm habitual collaborator and sysop of [[:an:Portalada|Biquipedia]] ([[:en:Aragonese language|Aragonese]] Wikipedia). ==Languajes== * '''es''' Native Spanish * '''en-3''' English level 3 * '''an-2''' Aragonese level 2 * '''ca-1''' Catalan level 1 I don't speak Aromanian, so if you want to say something to me you could do it [[:an:Descusión usuario:Willtron|here]] in Aragonese, English or Spanish. [[an:Usuario:Willtron]] [[en:User:Willtron]] [[es:Usuario:Willtron]] 3476 6605 2006-07-21T13:04:25Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Prota padzinâ]] moved to [[Prota frãndzã]]: Nu u-are zborlu padzina tu limba armãneascã! Atsel zbor easte pseftu-romãnescu. #REDIRECT [[Prota frãndzã]] 3477 6614 2006-07-25T07:54:08Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Gârţii]] moved to [[Gãrtsia]]: LANGUAGE, LANGUAGE, LANGUAGE! #REDIRECT [[Gãrtsia]] 3478 6623 2006-07-25T08:46:26Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Salonic]] moved to [[Sãrunã]]: LIMBA, LIMBA! #REDIRECT [[Sãrunã]] 3479 6628 2006-07-25T08:50:46Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Machedonia (Gârţii)]] moved to [[Machedonia Gãrtseascã]] #REDIRECT [[Machedonia Gãrtseascã]] 3480 6631 2006-07-25T09:04:46Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Limba aromână]] moved to [[Limba armãneascã]]: LIMBA, LIMBA! #REDIRECT [[Limba armãneascã]] 3481 6638 2006-07-25T09:17:16Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Ripublica Machedonia]] moved to [[Republica Machedonia]]: LIMBA LIMBA! #REDIRECT [[Republica Machedonia]] 3482 8582 2006-11-16T08:22:59Z Jose77 116 /* sysop */ Dear Jose77, I am sorry for delaying the translation, and I hope that it's quality and pureness would in a way make up for lost time. Thank you for your offer, we are organizing materials for our website and perhaps we might consider Chinese as a language. Let me ask you have you ever done poetic translation from English to Chinese? Please don't hesitate to ask anything else. We would be glad to translate some Chinese works into Aromanian. Yours sincerely, Dumitrachi T. Fundu ==Gratitude== :'''Greetings Dumitrachi T. Fundu'''! :'''Thankyou so much''' for your excellent quality translation effort! :I am very grateful. :''May God bless you and may Aromanian Wikipedia prosper''! ==Aromanian Interface translation== Although I do not know how to change the Wikipedia Logo - I do know how to translate the Interface. (However, only sysops can do that) You can apply for temporary sysop status [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_permissions#Current_temporary_permissions_for_emergency_or_technical_purposes Here] so you can translate these [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Allmessages System messages] into Aromanian. --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 03:16, 5 August 2006 (UTC) [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Jon_Harald_S%C3%B8by This administrator] knows how to change the Logo so you can ask him for help. --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 22:31, 5 August 2006 (UTC) <br>Dear '''Jose77''' thank you very much for your effort in helping us. We hope we can be of assistence and continue our helping relationship. All the best in everything that you do, Dumitrachi T. Fundu ==Aromână/Română== ===English=== Eeamoscopolecrushuva, please stop with this opressive regime against Romanian and Romanians. We all (or the majority of us) want just to help here. I myself launched this encyclopedia, and tried to make some translations (although it was very hard, because i haven't had any knowledge of this language and i used some newspaper articles to find the correct terms). You can see the test page [http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Prota_padzin%C3%A2 here, on the Romanian Wikipedia] (or see [http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Prota_padzin%C3%A2/original]); that happened back in 2004. I also designed the current design for the main bage, and also contacted the an aromanian yahoo group at that time, were some people expressed their willings to participate. Hopefully you will end this campaign, because it does not help anybody. As you may see in the [[:ro:|main page of the Romanian Wikipedia]], I listed first Aromanian in the interlanguage links list. I also wrote a petition for an ISO 639 code for the Aromanian language, wich was finaly awarded (rup). And it is not just me, at that time all users on ro.wiki (although not many) expressed their support on the creation of Aromanian Wiki. If you have personal feelings about Romanians, I'd suggest to keep it for you, because nobody will be intersted in that. I think I wrote a message like this also before, but I see it is gone, so I wrote it again. ===Reply=== ''Danutz'' don't write to me in your Gypsy language because I simply don't understand it and it has nothing to do with my Aroman language. You take it upon yourself to give a soveregn nation it's language, mix it with Romanian and do whatever you want. My intentions are to keep the Aroman language pure from your disguisting language, and you or whoever you want to name behind you have simply no right to invade a language nor a nation for your own nationalistic purposes. Because the majority of Aromans feel very different from your "nation" is what hurts you the most, and you should keep your Quazimodo theories to yourself. I have the right to write whatever I think is true and I will use my every right to defend my nation against the Romanian terror of assimilation whenever and wherever I can. The pitiful excuse you're giving me is only a mask behind your disgusting campaign against the Aromans and I surely know you consulted your fellow Gypsy Romanians to make such a disgusting excuse for a Romanian language encyclopedia and afterwards name it as Aroman. Nobody in the Aroman world names their language as 'Aromână' if you really wanted to help you would have done so by consulting some of the linguists and not your friends. I have no intention of communication with you again, and I repeat that I will defend the rights of my nation to have their own language, WHICH IS, WAS AND WILL ALWAYS BE DIFFERENT FROM ROMANIAN. ==Re:Re:== I just wrote also in Romanian because I don't speak very well English, and I thought it might help you understand. I personaly belive Aromanian is a dialect of Romanian, but that is just my personal opinion. Anyway it's not about this, because I have not written anyplace such things, I just put an explanation in Romanian, because Aromanian is also a minority language in Romania (in Dobrogea), and also a link to the Romanian language wiki. It is also (if not a dialect) the closest language to it (except for Meglenitic, that is also controversial and mainly extinct). I don't know why you are writing about Gypsy Romanians, should I feel ofended? We both know Romanians (Romance) and Gypsies (Hindi, I guess) are not related, but even if they were? Would that be a problem? I was not raised with problems regarding ethnic diversity. I don't know why you are so in to this, but I ashore you I was (and am) well intended, because I'm not very curios about such issues as I have my own problems and personal life and don't have time to bother with such things (I just want to help, when I have time). It doesn't bother me at all what Aromanians think, as they are free to think whatever they want. BTW, how do Aromanians reffer to their language. I knew Armâneashti, armâneshce (Romanian: ''aromâneşte'') but is there another term used for this? Anyway, I hope from now on you will be a little bit more [[:en:Wikipedia:Neutral Point of View|NPOV]] because that is the spirit of Wikipedia. Apropo, wouldn't it be preferable a title like Uichipedia for Wikipedia (it sounds more phonetic, more aromanian) as that localization of the name happens with several other Wikipedias? And one last thing: You are not allowed to write whatever you want on Wikipedia, because there are some norms that you should follow. Otherwise you can get banned. And I'll suggest you don't change the main page again by eliminating the Romanian language text, and the Romanian language link, if you wouldn't like that to happen, as would be classified as POV (Romanian has the same right as the other languages to appear there, and to disfruit of the same privilages). I was very indulgent because I was happy to see an Aromanian native contributing here, but I donnot have any problem to begin a discussion to result in your banning if there are real reasons to do that. --[[:ro:Utilizator:Danutz|Danutz]] ===In hope of understanding=== You consider my language as your dialect, and that offends me, and all the people who work with me. Your claim is that everyone should express their feelings, and I agree, but an Encyclopedia should not be lead by feelings, but facts. There is a fact that the Aroman language has been codified on several International Congresses. There they decided to keep the "W" so there is no need Wikipedia to be named as Uichipedia. We decided to keep the names of things in their original form, except the names we have already 'Aromanized'. I am just giving an example of how you Romanians are not related with the Gypsies (Romany-sounds the same, doesn't it?) so are we NOT related with you Romanians (look for the Aromanian genetic study). It's true that both of our languages are Latinized (somewhere Romanized) but as they have never been 'one language' in order for my language to be a dialect of yours. (I believe that the reverse statement to be propaganda, and you cannot do anything about it) I intend to put facts here, facts in the language of my people who call themselves only with one name: Armãnj, they call their language Limba armãneascã or armãneshce (no other names, like i.e. Macedo-romanii as you Romanians usually put it). One name - one nation - one language. I don't intend to lead any more discussions on this topic any more. Of course we can communicate on other topics but I consider this matter to be closed. I appologize for being a little strong on language, but I am afraid that this is the only way to talk to certain people. I hope you understand my position which I am prepaired to defend, because I have taken upon myself the work to make my language count, and to fight any fight needed. Perhaps we can even cooperate, as you are so willing to help, and I am happy to have some help. I don't know how to change the Armâneashti title you have put and perhaps you can change it into Armãneshce. I guess this would be a lot for the beginning, but lets start over positively. I hope Dumitrachi T. Fundu, President of [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 15:35, 18 September 2006 (UTC) :I appreciate your point of view, I removed a romanian propaganda sentence in the main page, as you can see in the history of the page. I also presented the Romanian point of view (hopefuly you wont remove it). What Wikipedia advises us is to do in such way so we present both points of view. Something like. Some linguist claim it is a separate language (with a reference for that), others find that is a dialect of the Romanian language (a refference for that) while others think it is a romanized greek language (another refference for that). Something like that you can find on the [[:en:Aromanian language]] or even [[:ro:Limba română#Clasificare şi limbi înrudite]] (if you understand some of that, because you said you don't understand well Romanian, but just so for an idea). Otherwise, about the interwikis, I issued a request on [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2006-September/045294.html this page]. Hopefuly well get some replies (you can find replies on [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2006-September/subject.html#45226 this page] by clicking on Edit -> Find and search for "Change language name"). If this doesn't solve the problem we should do a report at http://bugzilla.wikimedia.org/ (but I never worked with that, and I donnot know what to do). --[[:ro:Utilizator:Danutz|Danutz]] :Mulţumesc pentru lucrul vostru. Thank you for your effort. I guess that we have worked out our differences and we can continue to make the Aroman Wikipedia stronger and better for the sake of us all. Perhaps history will show who was right. I will try and understand your view in the Classification of the Romanian language. I am currently working on the Wikis on European countries, it's going slow, because I'm adding the most important Insignia of the countries, and then I'll fill in the other data. I have people working on an English version, which would contain all theories, which would express a better English language article on the Aromans and Aroman, and then I'll give it to the translation unit to make a couple of translations for other wikis. If you have a look at the other languages (especially Greek and Romanian, and then English, German and Slavic-Macedonian) you can see a big difference. Perhaps it'll be best to unify them all. I personally consider the comparison of Aromanian with Romanian should be removed, and then add the similarity to the other Romance languages, to show furthermore that it has a considerable similarity to Portugese and Spanish on one side and Italian and French on the other. I also think that we are supposed to explain the Greek theory and the influence of Greek and Turkish on Aroman. I can't seem to find the people working on the [[Biologhia]] and [[Hemia]] links especially the classification links. I suppose they are Romanian too, as the links are all in Romanian, I personally saw to their translation, and I'd like to give them our thanks. Respectfully yours, Dumitrachi T. Fundu, and the Eea Moscopole-Crushuva team; [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 18:30, 18 September 2006 (UTC) '''Danutz''' I saw the discussion going on on the page for changing the Title and code, I too agree that the double code 'roa' which actually denotes a language in the Eastern Romance language family is highly unnecessary as 'rup' is the only code for a language (no other language has this code). Also I think that people should be informed that the Crushuva dialect which I use, was accepted at a meeting as the official dialect of Aromanian, and this meeting was held in Sofia, in the organization of the SEEMO (South Eastern European Media Organization) on the Aromanian language media conference. Secretary Oliver Vujovic, clearly pointed this out in his report after the conference. [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 22:16, 19 September 2006 (UTC) == On Biology== Hello. I am Jean, author of the texts on biology. First of all, I'd like to thank you for the translation from English into Aromanian. I also want to underline that no text on biology is written in Romanian. The texts outside tables are in English, while those inside tables are in Latin. The Latin texts represent the denomination of systematic units which are international (have the same name in all languages). What has to be translated from Latin into Aromanian is only Regnum, Subregnum, Phylum, Subphylum, Classis, Subclassis, Ordo, Genus. I have tried to classify the organism according to the quoted authors. There is a simillar cassfication in the English Wiki. The differences between classifications are clearer in the [[Welwitschia mirabilis]]. To make it more obvious, I'll place * after the words or clauses that need translation.If there is any question, please write in My talk. The classification of entities and organism follows the patern in the next table: <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Entity]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Viruses]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><center><small>[[Organism]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Regnum Monera]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Regnum Fungi]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Regnum Protozoa]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Regnum Plantae]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Regnum Animalia]]</td> </td> </table> --[[User:Jean|Jean]] 20:31, 19 September 2006 (UTC) ==Interwiki, alphabet== Okay, I issued a new request, explaining that this is the official dialect, and also the official writing. I didn't know Aromanian was standardised. That is very good. I'll sugest you'll put a sentence in the main page saying: ''Aesta easte Wikipedia ti limbã armaneashcã anyrapsitã dupã [http://www.armanami.org/curs.htm regulili standardu astãsiti la simpozionlu di Bituli dit anlu 1997], regulili tsi easte oficali shi tsi cathi un di noi va s-ufilisim.'' ( that writing on this Wikipedia is only aloud - or recommended - with the standard alphabet as described [http://www.armanami.org/curs.htm here]). That way reverts of the alphabet will be prevented. I also changed [[Template:Current]]. --[[:ro:Utilizator:Danutz|Danutz]] ===A little correction=== You only need to change the sentence a bit to be correct:Aesta easte Wikipedia pi limba armaneascã anyrapsitã dupu [http://www.armanami.org/curs.htm regulile standarde astãsite pi Sympozionlu di tu Bitule dit anlu 1997], regulile sãntu ofitsale shi va s-hibã ufilizite di cathi un di noi. Thank you very much for your work. All the best [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 13:50, 20 September 2006 (UTC) Ok, I put that on the main page here so that Aromanians know what alphabet to use. --[[User:Danutz|Danutz]] 18:25, 20 September 2006 (UTC) ==On Biologie 2== I appologise for the delay of my answer. Ewerything is perfect with Welwistschia. As regards the titles of the articls. I also think that '''Amirãriljea-a Animalilor''' (latinica '''Regnum Animalia''')is more correct. This rule should be written on a separate page. Then, there is the problem of the name of an article about, for ex, the crab apple. The best would be to apply the previous rule. In the other Wikipedias, only the popular name is present in the title. The result of applying the rule would by an encyclopedia at a high scientifical level. I have written at Regnum Plantae some common names of plants in English. If I applied the previous rule I should also specify the Latin name.Please write your comments on my Talk page in Aromanian. '''Haristo'''--[[User:Jean|Jean]] 21:55, 24 September 2006 (UTC) ==Interwiki== I filed a report to bugzilla, you can find it [http://bugzilla.wikimedia.org/show_bug.cgi?id=7432 here]. I also wrote about the change of the adress from roa-rup to rup. Now we should get a reply. --[[:ro:utilizator:Danutz|Danutz]] == [[Kurów]] == Very thx for your article about Kurów. You are great. [[:wikt:pl:User:Pietras1988|Pietras1988]] 08:19, 30 September 2006 (UTC) ==Editura== I am sorry that you disagree with the Publishing House. I have more information about writers and translators in the volumes I have. Moreover, other volumes are to be found in antiquarians'shops.--[[User:Jean|Jean]] 21:14, 12 October 2006 (UTC) ==Translation Request== '''Greetings Eeamoscopolecrushuva'''! Can you please help me translate the rest of [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisearica_di_Dealihea_al_Isus this article] into Armâneashti? Your help would be very gratefully appreciated, Thankyou very much. Yours Sincerely, From --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 05:30, 21 October 2006 (UTC) :'''Thankyou so much Dumitrachi T. Fundu''' for the brilliant translation help! :I am very very grateful. ''May you succeed in whatever you do''! :Best Wishes --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 22:07, 24 October 2006 (UTC) ==The latest message has been deleted== I do not allow swearing and if you are such a slavicbulgarian hero who claim a name that is not yours why didn't you sign at the end? It just shows how scared you are of the truth. Nobody said your language was less worthed than the others, we wouldn't have put it in that case. But if you keep calling us vlachs then we'll keep calling you bulgarians. Our name is Aromanians, and when you'll start calling us by the name we wish to be called, then we'll call you the name you wish to be called. Till then, things will remain as they are. You say that my people is stupid. Really, tbey were foolish to ever help in the creation of your banana country and should have created a new state within. But, things can change, nobody knows. It is time that your s.c. country's propaganda against my people stops. The black ages that my people had in your country fighting your fights, being ashamed to express their nationality, are over you silly boy, so it is time that you quit. More and more people are beginning to read this Wikipedia by the day, and unfortunately for you our language and nation will prosper again, as it had, but I don't know and I don't care what will happen to you bulgarians. I had no intention of replying to your pitiful response to a thing you do not understand, and because you might be a minor or a demented person (which can clearly be seen from the use of language) I had to write something. [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 13:59, 24 October 2006 (UTC) == Intrebare == Sper ca se va intelege oarecum ce spun fara sa folosesc diacriticele. E posibil sa scriu un articol in romana normala si apoi cineva sa-l converteasca in aromana? Cãndu ãnj-scriats pi romãneashce, pistipsescu cã va mi-achicãsits. Cãt vã-achicãsii, vrets s-pitritsets articule pi romãneashce a depoia s-vã hibã tradutsite pi armãneashce. Sigura ca va s-poate, mine cu teamlu-a mel adrãm cãt putem shi tsi putem s-u mãrisim numirlu-a articulilor pi armãneashce aoatse. Alla, cama ghine va s-hibã cãndu va s-putets s-u adrats pi anglica (English) sh-cama lishor va nã-hibã. Tu pistipseare di achicãsire, [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 14:05, 25 October 2006 (UTC) Costandina Dica, vitse-prezidentu Atunci de ce nu începi să traduci din articolele de pe wikipedia română? Numai ghini --[[User:Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] 12:32, 4 November 2006 (UTC) ==Re: Aromanian name== '''Greetings Eeamoscopolecrushuva'''! Since only administrators can change the title of "roa-rup" from ''Armâneashti'' into ''Armãneashce'', therefore I have placed your name at the [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_permissions#Aromanian_Wikipedia Requests for adminiship] and after a few days you will be able to translate the Interface fron English to Aromanian. --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 03:34, 26 October 2006 (UTC) ==Haristo== Thank you for translating the article „Tipanosoma” and the other articles.--[[User:Jean|Jean]] 09:56, 28 October 2006 (UTC) == Hi == Hi, sorry for not writing in Aromanian (I don't any), but it's nice to see that there still are people who can speak the language fluently and are young enough to have been immersed in the computer age (most Aromenians in Greece who are fluent in Aromanian are too old, and don't know how to use a computer - the ones who do, probably haven't found the Aromanian Wikipedia yet). Could you please give me your views (as an Aromanian from the FYROM if that's what you are - your username mentions Moscopole and Crushuva) over several views which are confusing to people like me, who don't know much about Aromanians (I'm from southern Greece and haven't set foot in Thessaly, Macedonia or Epirus for years). *Some people claim that Aromanians are partially assimilated Romanians who speak a Romanian dialect. *Some people claim that Aromanians are a quasi-ethnic and linguistic group within the Greek people who speak an independent Latin language. *Some people claim that Aromanians are an independent ethnic group 100% distinct from all of their surroundings who speak an independent Latin language. Which of the above is closer to the views of the Aromanians? If you're interested, there's a rather good Greek-Aromanian website which includes information on Aromanians and the Aromanian language (including a small dictionary and guide to the grammar). Unfortunately, this website is all in Greek: http://www.remen.gr/ They say that "remen" is a name by which some Aromanians call themselves.--[[:en:User:Tekleni|Tekleni]] 22:36, 31 October 2006 (UTC) :Let me answer for you Tekleni: *Aromanians are Romanians South to Danube. They speak a dialect of Romanian.[[User:Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] 12:14, 4 November 2006 (UTC) == sysop == Hi, there is a request to make you sysop by Jose77. If you like to become sysop here please enter the request your self. You can get temporary sysop status if you request it; * [[meta:Requests_for_permissions#Temporary_permissions_for_emergency_or_technical_purposes]] --[[User:Walter|Walter]] 22:08, 3 November 2006 (UTC) :*Hey, please accept the request, I think it would be a very good idea. :-) [[User:Khoikhoi|Khoikhoi]] 02:55, 11 November 2006 (UTC) ::*No problem! Cheers, [[User:Khoikhoi|Khoikhoi]] 03:42, 13 November 2006 (UTC) :{{done}} - I make you temp sysop for 3 months. '''Expire date:2007-02-15'''. To stay sysop make sure that you follow the normal procedure by then (= ask it localy and ask it here then again when you have support) ::To translate the Interface into Aromanian, go [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Allmessages Here] --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 08:21, 16 November 2006 (UTC) =="Grailu Armãnescu"== "Grailu Armãnescu" spuni multi; spuni cã noi armãnjlji ca unã mileti-ahorghea din Balcanj, avem unã musheatã limbã cari u-avem ca yishteari armasã shi vigljeatã di para-para-pãpãnjlji nica dit etili-atseali cari tora s-ved diparti ca tu neguri di dauã njilj di-anj. Limba-armãneascã easti mushuteatsa cu cari nã pirifãnsim tuts noi cari nã u vrem Armãnamea. Limba-armãneascã easti-atsea pi cari s-cãntarã njiljli di cãntitsi cari li-avem shi cari li-aflãm shi pit cãrtsãli veclji, limba pi cari multi dadi sh-diznjirdarã shi-sh lji-adunarã njitslji-a lor ta s-doarmã tu sãrmãnitsã, limba pi cari multi feati shi gionj sh-lji spusirã "caimadzlji"-a sivdãlui ma shi limba pi cari s-plãmsirã shi s-mirlusirã multsã gionj picurari shi cãrvãnari shi dascalj shi preftsã, cari sh-u deadirã bana ti vruta-lã Armãnami, tu etsli mintiti shi tu anjlji grei ti-Armãnamea lã dzãtsem cã suntu Apostolj shi Martiri-armãneshtsã. Cã, cripãri shi-anj grei zate Armãnjlji avurã ca baia - nu shtea multu ti ghinets. --[[User:Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] 18:40, 12 November 2006 (UTC) 3483 8329 2006-10-26T15:44:18Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[en:User:Jose77]] <div align="center" class="usermessage">[[Image:Internet-group-chat.svg|left|25px]] '''<span class="plainlinks">Vã plãcãrsescu s-le alãsats mesajile-a voastre [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=User_talk:Jose77&action=edit&section=new Aoa]</div> *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jose77 Videts-u sitelu-a mel pi anglica] 3484 8305 2006-10-26T03:37:55Z Jose77 116 3485 6665 2006-07-31T16:03:41Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Artâ culinarâ]] moved to [[Arta culinarã]] #REDIRECT [[Arta culinarã]] 3486 6667 2006-07-31T16:04:07Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Arta culinarã]] moved to [[Magheripsire]] #REDIRECT [[Magheripsire]] 3487 6670 2006-07-31T16:04:56Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Magheripsire]] moved to [[Margheripsire]] #REDIRECT [[Margheripsire]] 3488 8801 2006-12-20T12:09:41Z TXiKiBoT 147 robot Modifying: [[pa:True Jesus Church]] [[Image:TJC.jpg|right]] "'''Bisearica di Dealihea al Isus'''" easte unã [[bisearicã]] independentã tsi ira formatã Beijing, [[Chinã]] anlu 1917. Azã nãsã are cãtrã 1,5 milionji di ãmbistimenji tu patrudzãtse sh-tsintsi di staturi. Bisearicã featse parte di lumache [[protestantã]] di [[Crishcinizmolu]] tsi inshea tu ahurhita-a secului yinghits. [[Cãrciunlu]] shi [[Pashcile]] nu s-yiurtusescu. Bisearicã easte nitrinitarã shi pistipseashce cã tutile ãnvitseri-a Vangheljlui lipseashce s-au referentse biblitse ta s-hibã sustsãnute ta s-putem s-fudzim di interpretatsiuri nibune. Bisearica aistã idhyia ashi are scupo s-u dyivãsescã Vangheljlu ti tutile natsie ninte di Yineare-atsea Dhefthera al [[Isus]]. Nãsã idhyia ashi ira unã di treile indighenitse biserits-di-acasã chinezeshce tsi existã di ninte [[comunizmolu]] s-u ljea Chinã anlu 1949. ==Dzatsile doctrine== Dzatsile doctrine di baze di bisearicã sãntu: #'''Isus Hristos''' - Isus Hristos, Zborlu tsi si-featse om, muri pi crutsea ti ascãpare-a amãrtoshlor, s-anastasi pi dzua-a treia shi s-alinã tu Tserlu. Nãs easte uniclu Ascãpãtor ali umanitatea, Fãcãtorlu-a tserlui sh-a loclui, atsel mash unlu Dumnidzã di Dealihea. #'''[[Biblia Ayia]]''' - Biblia Ayia, tsi easte adratã di Testamentulu atsel Veclju shi atsel Nao, easte inspiratã di Dumnidzã, dealihea unicã biblicã shi standardu ti bãnare crishcinã. #'''Spiritlu ayiu''' - Apruchiare a Spiritlui ayiu easte garantsia ti aprucheare-a noastrã di Vãsilia tu Tserlu.Bisearicã pistipseashce cã "zburare pi limbe" easte provã ti aprucheare-a [[Spiritlui ayiu]]. #'''Pãtãgiune''' - Pãtãgiune tu apã easte sacramentulu ti ljirtare-a amãrtiilor shi ti regheneratsia. Pistimenlji-u fac [[Pãtãgiune]]a tu Numa-a Domnului Isus Hristos cu caplu-a personãljei ãnghios shi complet bãgatã sum apã tsi easte naturalã. #'''Cumnicãturã ayia''' - Cumnicãtura aya easte sacramentulu ti fãtseare di comemorasia a moartiljei di Domnulu Isus Hristolu. Nã-featse ta s-putem s-loam parte di truplu shi sãndzã-a Domnului a nostru shi s-him tu cumincãtura cu Nãs ta s-putem s-loam bana ti totãna shi s-him alinats pi Dzua di tu Sone. Mash unã pãne fãrã zime (mayia) shi bitur di auã easte ufilizatã di bisearicã. #'''Dzua-a Sabbathlui''' - Dzua-a Sabbathlui easte Dzua Ayia, vluisitã shi ayificatã di Dumnidzã. S-featse cu gratsia-a Domnului ti comemoratsia-a fãtseariljei di Dumnidzãlu shi ascãpare shi cu umute ti discurmare ti totãna tu banã tsi va s-yinã. Contra di alantile denomantsie crishcineshci, bisearicã nica u-tsãne [[Sabbathlu]] Sãmbãtã sh-nu Dumãnicã. #'''Ascãpare''' tsi easte datã di gratsia-a Dumnidzãlui prin pistipseare. Pistimenjlji lipseashce s-u alasã bana-a lor pi tu Spiritlu Ayiu ta s-yinã dupu ayiseare, s-u tinjiseascã Dumnidzãlu shi s-u va umanitate. #'''Giudicãturã di Sone''' - Yineare-a Domnului Dheftherã va si s-facã pi Dzua di tu Sone cãndu Nãs va s-dipunã di tu tserlu s-da giudicãtura pi lumea: atselji ãndriptatslji va s-aprucheascã bana ti totãna, a atselji arãilji va s-hibã blãstimats ti totãna. #'''Aspilare-a ciciorlor''' - Sacramentulu di aspilare-a ciciorlor da posibilitate ti unlu s-ljea parte cu Domnulu Isus. Idhyia ashi nãsã easte shi un comemorator constantu cã omlu s-aibã ayape, ayisire, aprinduire, ljirtare shi slujuire. Bisearica pistipseashce cã cathi unã personã cai u-apruche pãtãgiunea di apã lipseashce sã-lji hibã ciciorle aspilate tu numa di Isus Hristos. #'''Bisearicã''' - Bisearicã di Dealihea di Isus, adratã di Domnulu Isus Hristos, prin Spiritlu Ayiu tu chirolu di "ploae di tu sone", easte biserica di dealihea restauratã di chirolu-a Apostolilor. [[af:Ware Jesuskerk]] [[als:Wahre Kirche Jesu]] [[am:ዕውነተኛ ኢየሱስ ቤተ ክርስቲያን]] [[an:Berdadera Ilesia de Chesús]] [[ang:Sōþ Iesus Cirice]] [[ar:كنيسة يسوع الحقيقي]] [[arc:ܕܘܨ ܝܫܘ ܥܘܡܪܐ]] [[as:প্ৰকৃত যীশু গীৰ্জা]] [[ast:Verdadera Ilesia de Xesús]] [[az:Həqiqi İsa Kilsəsi]] [[bar:Wahre Jesus Kirchn]] [[bat-smg:Tėkruojė Jezaus bažninčė]] [[be:Праўдзівая Царква Ісуса]] [[bg:Истинска църква на Исус]] [[bn:সত্য যীশু গীর্জা]] [[bpy:হায় যীশুর গীর্জাগ]] [[br:Iliz Gwir Jezuz]] [[bs:Prava Crkva Isusova]] [[ca:Veritable Església de Jesús]] [[cbk-zam:El Verdadero Iglesia de Jesus]] [[ceb:Matuod Simbahan ni Jesus]] [[chr:ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᏥᏌᏯ]] [[cs:Pravá církev Ježíšova]] [[csb:Prôwdzëwô Cerkwiô Jezësa]] [[cv:Иссусăн чăн чиркĕвĕ]] [[cy:Eglwys y Gwir Iesu]] [[da:Den Sande Jesus Kirke]] [[de:Wahre Kirche Jesu]] [[diq:Kiliseyê Gercek Hz. İsay]] [[dv:ހަގީގީ މަސީހީ ކަނީސާ]] [[el:Αληθινή Εκκλησία του Ιησού]] [[en:True Jesus Church]] [[eo:Vera Eklezio de Jesuo]] [[es:La Verdadera Iglesia de Jesús]] [[et:Tõeline Jeesuse Kirik]] [[eu:Jesusen Egiazko Eliza]] [[fa:کلیسای حقیقی عیسی]] [[fi:Todellisen Jeesuksen Kirkko]] [[fiu-vro:Tõõlinõ Jeesusõ Kerik]] [[fj:Dina Jisu Lotu]] [[fo:Sannur Jesus Kirkja]] [[fr:Véritable Église de Jésus]] [[fur:Vere Glesie di Jesù]] [[fy:Wiere Jezustsjerke]] [[ga:Eaglais Fhíor Íosa]] [[gd:Eaglais Fhìor Ìosa]] [[gl:Verdadeira Igrexa de Xesús]] [[glk:Isǎ haqiqi kalisǎ]] [[got:𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉 𐌹𐌴𐍃𐌰𐌿𐍃]] [[gu:સત્ય ઈશુ મસીહ ઘર]] [[gv:Agglish Yeesey Firrinagh]] [[haw:Ka Ho'omana Iesū 'Oia'i'o]] [[he:הכנסייה האמיתית של ישו]] [[hi:ईसा मसीह सत्य गिरजाघर]] [[hr:Prava Crkva Isusova]] [[ht:Legliz de Vre Jezi]] [[hu:Igaz Jézus Egyház]] [[hy:Հիսուսի ճշմարիտ Եկեղեցի]] [[ia:Ver Ecclesia de Jesus]] [[id:Gereja Yesus Sejati]] [[ig:Ezigbo ulo uka Jesu]] [[ilo:Agpayso a Simbaan ni Jesus]] [[io:Vera Eklezio di Iesu]] [[is:Sanna Jesús kirkjan]] [[it:Vera Chiesa di Gesù]] [[ja:真イエス教会]] [[jbo:stace lijda befi la .iecuax]] [[jv:Gréja Yesus Sajati]] [[ka:ქრისტეს ჭეშმარიტი ეკლესია]] [[kg:Dibundu ya Yesu ya Kyeleka]] [[kk:Исаның Нағыз Шіркеуі]] [[km:ព្រះវិហារយេស៊ូគ្រិស្គពិត]] [[kn:ಟ್ರೂ ಜೀಸಸ್ ಚರ್ಚ್]] [[ko:참예수교회]] [[ksh:Kirresh fum Woohre Jesu Krißti en Shiina]] [[ku:Klîsa ya Îsa yê rastîn]] [[kv:Истинная церковь Иисуса]] [[kw:Eglos Wir Yesu]] [[ky:Ыйсанын Нукура Чиркөөсү]] [[la:Vera Ecclesia Iesu]] [[lad:Verdadera Eglesia de Jesus]] [[lb:True Jesus Church]] [[li:Ware Zjezus Kèrk]] [[lmo:Vera gesa da Gesüü Criist]] [[lo:ນິກາຍ ໂບດທູຈຶຊັດ]] [[lt:Tikrojo Jėzaus bažnyčia]] [[lv:Patiesā Jēzus Baznīca]] [[map-bms:Gereja Yesus Sejati]] [[mg:Tena Fiangonan'i Jesoa]] [[mi:Hāhi Tika o Ihu]] [[mk:Вистинска црква на Исус]] [[ml:സത്യ യേശു സഭ]] [[mn:Үнэн Есүсийн Сүм]] [[mo:Бисeрикa Aдeвэрaтулуй Исус]] [[mr:सत्य येशू प्रार्थनास्थळ]] [[ms:Gereja Jesus Benar]] [[mt:Knisja Vera ta' Ġesù]] [[my:စစ္‌မ္ဟန္‌ေသာေယရ္ဟုဘုရား၏အသင္‌းေတာ္‌]] [[nap:'A chiesa overa 'e Giesù]] [[nds:Wohre Jesuskark]] [[nds-nl:Waore Jezuskärke]] [[ne:साँचो यशु गिर्जाघर]] [[nl:Ware Jezuskerk]] [[nn:Den sanne jesuskyrkja]] [[no:Sanne Jesus Kirke]] [[nov:Veri Jesu Eklesie]] [[nrm:Véthitabl'ye Églyise dé Jésû]] [[oc:Glèisa vertadièra de Jèsus]] [[os:Чырыстийы æцæг аргъуан]] [[pa:True Jesus Church]] [[pam:Tutung Pisamban nang Jesus]] [[pap:E Misa Berdadero di Hesus]] [[pdc:True Jesus Church]] [[pl:Prawdziwy Kościół Jezusa]] [[pms:La Vera Cesa ëd Gesù]] [[ps:د مسيح حقيقي کليسا]] [[pt:Verdadeira Igreja de Jesus]] [[rm:Baselgia Vaira da Jesus]] [[rmy:I Khangeri le Chache Jesuseski]] [[ro:Biserica Adevăratului Isus]] [[ru:Истинная церковь Иисуса]] [[ru-sib:Праведна церьква Христова]] [[rw:Idini Ryitwa Yezu Nyakuri]] [[sa:ट्रु जीसस चर्च]] [[scn:Vera Chiesa di Gesù]] [[sco:True Jesus Kirk]] [[sd:سَچِي يَسُو چَرچ]] [[sh:Prava Crkva Isusova]] [[si:සත්‍යයේ ජේසු සමිදාණන්ගේ සභාව]] [[simple:True Jesus Church]] [[sk:Pravá cirkev Ježišova]] [[sl:Prava Jezusova Cerkev]] [[so:Mida Rumeed Kaniisada Ciise]] [[sq:Kisha e Vërtetë e Jezusit]] [[sr:Прaвa црквa Исусoвa]] [[su:Gareja Yesus Sajati]] [[sv:The True Jesus Church]] [[sw:True Jesus Church]] [[ta:உண்மையான இயேசு தேவாலயம்]] [[te:నిజ ఏసుక్రీస్తు మండలి]] [[tg:Масчиди хаконии Исо]] [[th:โบสถ์ทรูจีซัส]] [[tk:Çyn Isa Serkowy]] [[tl:Totoong Simbahan ni Hesus]] [[to:Siasi moʻoni ʻa Sēsū]] [[tpi:Tru Jisas Lotu]] [[tr:Gerçek İsa Kilisesi]] [[tt:Ğaysanıñ Çın Çirkäwe]] [[ug:ئەمەلیي ئەيسا چەركوۋ]] [[uk:Істинна церква Ісуса]] [[ur:کلیساۓ عیسوی حقیقی]] [[uz:Chin Iso Cherkovi]] [[vec:Vera Ciesa de Gesù]] [[vi:Chân Giê-xu Giáo hội]] [[vls:Woare Jezuskerke]] [[wa:Vraiye Eglijhe da Djezus]] [[war:Tinuod Hesus Simbahan]] [[wuu:真耶稣教会]] [[yi:ישו'ס ריכטיגע קירכע]] [[yo:Ijo Jesu l’otito]] [[zh:真耶稣教会]] [[zh-min-nan:Chin Iâ-so͘ Kàu-hōe]] [[zh-yue:真耶穌教會]] [[zu:True Jesus Church]] 3489 6692 2006-08-04T21:22:46Z Jose77 116 [[en:Image:TJC.jpg]] [[en:Image:TJC.jpg]] 3490 6702 2006-08-06T20:51:30Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Machidunii]] moved to [[Machedonia]] #REDIRECT [[Machedonia]] 3491 edit=sysop:move=sysop 7364 2006-09-18T15:51:28Z Jon Harald Søby 96 Protected "[[Image:Wiki.png]]": protecting to avoid vandalism [edit=sysop:move=sysop] 3492 6705 2006-08-07T09:39:32Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 3493 6842 2006-08-27T13:22:09Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Talk:Informatica]] moved to [[Talk:Informaticã]] Chiar ar fi interesant. Pot intelege unele cuvinte scrise, dar ma gandesc ca a vorbi cu un aroman este mult mai usor! 3494 8604 2006-11-20T02:01:53Z Khoikhoi 123 /* Who is in fact writing the Aromanian language Wikipedia? */ {{subst:unsigned|72.83.225.233|00:45, 20 November 2006}} De aceeaşi părere cu comentariul de la "Informatsii". În plus aş propune prezentarea alfabetului, deoarece constat că sunt multe litere diferite de cele în română.--[[User:Jean|Jean]] 13:37, 12 August 2006 (UTC) Ce este armaneashti? Stimati dusmani ai poporului roman,lasatzi-va de glume proaste....Chiar crede cineva ca exista aceasta "limba"?Eu stiu ca aromana [aromana si nu armaneashti sau alte bazaconii de genul acesta] este un dialect al limbii romane iar cei care vorbesc acest dialect sunt la fel de romani ca orice oltean,moldovean sau ardelean.Am studiat "Uikipedia".O consider o "facatura" a unora care vor cu orice pret sa inventeze "o noua limba".Bravo domnilor,continuati...Pe langa limba "moldoveneasca " ati mai inventat si "armaneashti"La ma i mare cu "bihoreneasca,olteneasca sau teleormaneasca!" Ce este armaneashti? Stimati dusmani ai poporului roman,lasatzi-va de glume proaste....Chiar crede cineva ca exista aceasta "limba"?Eu stiu ca aromana [aromana si nu armaneashti sau alte bazaconii de genul acesta] este un dialect al limbii romane iar cei care vorbesc acest dialect sunt la fel de romani ca orice oltean,moldovean sau ardelean.Am studiat "Uikipedia".O consider o "facatura" a unora care vor cu orice pret sa inventeze "o noua limba".Bravo domnilor,continuati...Pe langa limba "moldoveneasca " ati mai inventat si "armaneashti" scrisa fie cu litere chirilice[ca moldoveneasca din Transnistria]fie cu alfabetul grecesc!...Desigur ca literele latine au fost impuse de opresorii romani,nu-i asa?La ma imare cu "bihoreneasca,olteneasca sau teleormaneasca!" What is armaneashti?Dear enemies of Romanian people,I believe that you are making jokes!...Do you really believe that this"language" exists?I know that aromana[aromana and not armaneashti or other stuff like that]is a dialect of Romanian language and people speaking this dialect are as true Romanians as any oltean,moldovean or ardelean.I studied "Uikipedia".I consider it an invention of some people who want at any price to invent "a new language"Congratulations,gentlemen,go on!...Once with "moldoveneasca" you have also invented"armaneashti"written or in cyrillic[like moldoveneasca of transnistria] or in greek letters!....Of course Latin letters were imposed by Romanian opressors,weren't they?Go on fellows and multiply these "languages" by adding"bihoreneasca,olteneasca or teleormaneasca!"Qu-est ce que c'est armaneashti?Cheres enemies du peuple roumain,c-est une blague!....Ilya quelqu'un qui croit dans l'existence de cette langue?Je sais que aromana[aromana et pas armaneashti ou autres stupidites]est un dialect de la langue roumaine et ceux qui parlent cette langue sont aussi roumaines que aucun oltean,moldovean ou ardelean.J'ai etudie "Uikipedia"Je la considere une invention de ceux qui veulent inventer"une nouvelle langue".Bravo,messieurs,continuez...Vous avez invente auparavant la langue"moldoveneasca" et maintenant vous inventez"armaneashti" ecrite soit avec lettres kirylliques[comme moldoveneasca de transnistria] soit utilisant l'alphabet grecque!...Biensur que les lettres latines ont ete imposes par les oppressors roumaines,n'est pas?...Multipliez les langues en ajoutant aussi"bihoreneasca,olteneasca or teleormaneasca"!... <br>Dear enemy of the Aroman people, what is Romanian I ask? We all know Romanians are the same as Romany or Gypsies, and the Aromans can never be "Ghiftsa" like you. So stop with this non-sense you ignorant fool! [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Fundu]]. Is Fundu your name,dear user?You have the opportunity to express yourself in a civilized manner and not to talk like an uneducated person! Aroman people does not exist!It is an invention of some impostors!Aromans are a part of Romanian people-this is my opinion,of course.I hope this is not a reason for you again to offend me ,personnaly or to use impolite phrases. I do not know what is "Ghiftsa"....You made me....ignorant fool...and my people....Gypsies....Be attentive at your words! This is not an academic kind of speaking so you could be forbidden to enter or write on this site!I am waiting from you a scientific and civilized answer and not offences.Have a nice Autumn! mama, ce haos pe aici. initial cand am vazut prima pagina am crezut ca fusese vandalizata si scrisese unu la misto. sincer, habar n-aveam ca aromana arata asa. mai buna romana noastra. If my people are an invention of some imposters, I do not have anything more to say to you, "dear user" (at least be as decent as to signing your "academic" name). The policy of your state against my people, is obvious, and I do not intend to fight a fight that has already been won, we have a genetic research which clearly differentiates our two nations. This is my final reply. [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 14:09, 25 October 2006 (UTC) == On the proper use of Aromanian == For those following the various debates on the use of Aromanian language or the origins of Aromanians it should be made clear from the get-go that within the Aromanian community itself there is a wide spectrum of views with regards to these issues. The origin of the Aromanians and by extrapolation, their nationality, the status of Aromanian as a separate language or as a dialect of Romanian and finally the use of a proper alphabet are all open questions. Not aknowledging this would mean in fact not reflecting the views of the community. To take just one example, the main page of Wikipedia in Aromanian lists (and uses) the so called Bitolia alphabet; other, more or less official, websites such as that of the Aromanian Language Department at RRI (http://www.rri.ro/index.php?lmb=2) uses the so called "traditional" alphabet. == "So-called traditional alphabet" == The traditional alphabet of Aromanian of course, is the Greek alphabet, written by the geniuses of the Aromanian creations in the centuries after the formation of the Aromanian element in Epirus, Thessaly, Macedonia and Thrace. As the Greek culture flourished at the time, most Aromanians maintained writing their language in Greek. One small part of them fell into the depths of the Panslavistic movement (Dimitri al Miladin cu fratlu-su Constandin, etc.) and started writing in the Bulgarian / Slavic script. The only ones using the so-called traditional alphabet are the pro-Romanians and Romanians. Fortunatelly, they are getting less and less by the day. Why don't you cite an Aromanian site from Greece? like http://www.vlahoi.net; http://www.vlahoi.gr or from scopia http://www.mrt.com.mk/vl/ or the many Aromanian language newspapers and books printed in scopia? There is not one written in your alphabet. (??) But your only point is to prove a quazi-theory of yours, not write the truth. And what about the Aromanians themselves? The Editura cartea armaneasca from Constantsa and USA, use a completely different alphabet to the Romanian one, what about that? Don't always present one side of the story. We selected the Bitule alphabet only because it reflects the views of Aromanians worldwide (let me remind you, there were representatives from Romania as well). You cannot pose a threat any more with your propaganda. We are now aware of the benefits of the recent genetic study's results, which clearly state, AROMANIANS ARE A SEPARATE NATION, AND THERE IS NOTHING YOU CAN DO ABOUT IT. [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 21:37, 25 October 2006 (UTC) (Btw, not writing your name, really makes you brave:)) ==Macedonian== Hi, and sorry for not writing in Aromanian -- I can read quite a bit, but not write. I wasn't aware that several alphabets have been used for writing Aromanian; until now I had only seen Aromanian texts written in Latin script, although using various spelling rules. Actually I came here to ask if ''vurgãreashce'' is the correct name of the Macedonian language in Aromanian. The English article [[:en:Macedonian language|Macedonian language]] says that Macedonian and Bulgarian are similar, but not identical. Apparently this is very important for an anonymous user, [[User:62.162.166.175|62.162.166.175]]. He also strongly disagrees with writing "FYROM" instead of "the Republic of Macedonia". Is there a simple solution for this? Thanks. [[User:AdiJapan|AdiJapan]] 05:26, 26 October 2006 (UTC) There is - the language name is MACEDONIAN (MACEDONICA), and the country name is REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA. The written on the main page is nothing but pure propaganda and insult for all Macedonians. It is mainly Greek POV (Greeks don't recognise R. Macedonia's name, thus the language name), and putting on someone's point of view in Wikipedia is wrong ([[:en:Wikipedia:NPOV|take a look at this]]). BTW, look at these links - the language name is everywhere - Macedonian: *[http://www.seelrc.org:8080/grammar/mainframe.jsp?nLanguageID=3 A grammar of Macedonian by Victor Friedman] *[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=mkd Ethnologue report for Macedonian] * [http://www.makedonija.info/language.html The Macedonian Language] [[User:62.162.166.175|62.162.166.175]] 13:25, 26 October 2006 (UTC) ::This is WIKIPEDIA and has nothing to do with the UN. The people (including Aromanians) call themselves "Macedonians" and any other name that is putting on to them is like someone changes your own name. [[User:62.162.166.175|62.162.166.175]] 13:29, 26 October 2006 (UTC) Hello AdiJapan, It's a pleasure to communicate with you. First I'd like to give a short but effective explanation to the problem, and then we can work out some solutions. 1. Aromanian name: The people of the (as recognized by the United Nations [http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/47/a47r225.htm UN]) this country has been recognized as the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (or FYROM or Republica Ex-Iugoslava ali Machedonia in Aromanian -REIM). Therefore, the facts state so. We can agree to use both names, because if I put only the Republic of Macedonia, Republica Machedonia, the Wiki will be constantly changed by the Greek Aromanians. This country as you can see from my other discussion has called my people, Vlach. This was a way of clearing things up, our nation's name is Aromanian, and we also strongly disagree with the name Vlasi / Vlach. Also if you see this page : [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MK] note the name used: Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. 2. I'll quote a book from Skopje FYRO Macedonia called "The social & folk interactions in the Aromanian family" by Kleanti Liaku-Anovska, PhD Skopje, 2000 IABN: 9989-642-01-X edition 9989-642-23-0, book 33, CIP - National and University Library "St.Kliment Ohridski" Skopje; in which on page 52 it states: the Vlachs call the Macedonians and Bulgarians zdãngãnji or vurgãri, and their language vurgãreashce and vurgarica respectively. (this name has been mentioned in other books as well: "The Vlachs on the Balkans" by Vanghel Tarpcovski-Tarpcu, also other books from Kleanti Liaku-Anovska, PhD (The social characteristics of the Aromanian storytellers, The Aromanian stories from Struga, The Aromanian stories from Krusevo etc) (also in Skopje, if you want I can check the year). Therefore, this name has been widely accepted among the Aromanians, and if I put Macedonian, then it would refer to either Ancient Macedonian; if you say Macedonian (macedonean) in Romania they would think that it's about the Aromanian language (as they call us Macedo-romanii or Macedonenii etc.) To avoid confusion, we have put this name. Also if you consider sites like this [http://www.eurominority.org/version/maps/map-european-languages-eu.asp] this language Macedonian is called Slavo-Macedonian or Slavic Macedonian, on the Albanian wiki for this language you find gjuha sllavo-maqedone etc. Vurgar or in some dialects Varyar/Vargar means Slav. Whenever you hear an Aromanian talk he/she would say "Zburam (pi) armaneashce, alla cama multu zburam sh-pi vurgareshce" (We speak in Aromanian, but we more speak/communicate in (Slavic) Macedonian). As I have explained before, to make a difference between these two Slavic languages we say Vurgarica for Bulgarian and Vurgareashce for (Slavic) Macedonian. But I don't think that insulting my nation or me would get this anonymous author (and being anonymus especially annoys me, but I won't go any further on this issue) anything but rage and quarrels. We can discuss this further of course, whenever you'd want to. My sincerest regards, Dumitrachi T. Fundu, PhD and [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 13:22, 26 October 2006 (UTC) ::The edits "Slav-Macedonia" etc. in the Albanian Wikipedia were made by [[sq:Përdoruesi:Telex|Telex]] ([[:en:User:Telex]] in english Wiki), who is GREEK. What can you expect? Do you want Aromanian Wikipedia to be so nationalistic and POV-ish (which is against all Wikipedia rules) like the Albanian Wikipedia which tolerates that? In all other SERIOUS Wikipedias, the name is Republic of Macedonia and Macedonian language. [[User:62.162.166.175|62.162.166.175]] 14:15, 26 October 2006 (UTC) So the Albanian Wikipedia is not serious? And why then on the English site the language is also called Slavic Macedonian? Ethnologue report lists also Slavic Macedonian as a name. In the Bulgarian one, it is said that Bulgaria treats it as a dialect of Bulgarian. The Greek wiki calls it Slavomakedoniki. Also, if you check the others, the Greek position is mentioned everywhere. You claim you want a NPOV, but only claim your personal views and the views in your country. When and if we make an article abt your language we'll put both positions, but I am not going to change the name my language has for your language - Vurgareashce (the books I've mentioned were published in Skopje, if you check, so if your country allowed them, then you shouldn't tell jokes in here). [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 14:30, 26 October 2006 (UTC) And so - according to all what you've said - you choose the Bulgarian position? What an interesting way of (pseudo)NPOV. Macedonian is a codificated language and is recognised as such. Nationalism is the least one can do to describe the language as "not Macedonian", in this case Vurgareasche. And yes - Albanian Wiki is not serious because before Telex made those edits, the articles were named "Macedonia" and "Macedonian language", but they were changed with no discussion. [[User:62.162.166.175|62.162.166.175]] 17:05, 26 October 2006 (UTC) ==Aromanians do not call themselves Macedonians== Well the only ones who call the Aromanians - Macedonians, are first the Romanian propagandists and second the propaganda of FYROM. Why are you afraid of the pure facts? And the names that my people gives to your people is a part of the Aromanian language. You cannot erase nor deny that. [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 13:36, 26 October 2006 (UTC) :I'm speaking of Aromanians as citizens of R. Macedonia, and not like ethnic Macedonians. :BTW, what will you say about Todor Proya ([[en:Tose Proeski|Tose Proeski]]) who is Aromanian, but declares himself as Macedonian? :BTW, there is a BIG difference btw. Vurgaresche and Macedonica. Your claims Eeamoscopolecrushuva are simply nationalism. [[User:62.162.166.175|62.162.166.175]] 14:04, 26 October 2006 (UTC) And - weren't you the guy which said that Aromanians are called ''Macedo-Romanians'' ([[:en:Aromanians]])??? [[User:62.162.166.175|62.162.166.175]] 14:18, 26 October 2006 (UTC) * Well, again you try to divert from the truth. The FYROM propaganda made Aromanains call themselves and identify themselves as "Macedonians". I said that another propaganda (the Romanian one) calls us Macedo-Romanians or Macedonians. So your claims are also nationalistic. Your country is trying to assimilate my people and therefore is nationalistic. Considering "Toshe al Proia" if he calls himself "Macedonian" how can he be Aromanian? Does he speak the language? NO. Does he identify himself as Aromanian? NO. And how can you make a distinction between Aromanians and "Macedonians" if you call them by one name? [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 14:30, 26 October 2006 (UTC) Any sources about your claims, or nationalism is your best attribute? [[User:62.162.166.175|62.162.166.175]] 16:57, 26 October 2006 (UTC) You want to say that after all I expained you did not understand a single word? Pity, really pitiful. I won't waste my time in future. It was just a waste of time talking to you. [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 17:00, 26 October 2006 (UTC) I will completely understand if you cite sources ([[:en:Wikipedia:Cite sources|Wikipedia:Cite sources]]) about your claims that Aromanians are assimilated by the Macedonian government. [[User:62.162.166.175|62.162.166.175]] 17:02, 26 October 2006 (UTC) Eu nu vad care este problema unora. Aromanii au o identitate bine definita, fiind un popor extins aproximativ pe teritoriul anticei Macedonii. Ei se numesc Armâni, iar limba este armâneascã. Putem, desigur, sa le zicem aromâni, vlahi sau cutsovlahi, dar trebuie sa acceptam si forma pe care si-o doresc ei. Macedo-românii reprezinta doar un termen de localizare si se refera, asa cum am mai spus, nu la actuala ci la vechea Macedonie. Limba macedoneana si macedonenii nu au de-a face cu armânii. Cred ca prioritatea oamenilor de bine si de cultura din România este mai degraba salvarea limbii si a poporului armân (ca si a celui istro-român si megleno-român), decat o asimilare in masa, asta in conditiile in care armânii din Grecia refuza o recunoastere oficiala de teama catalogarii lor ca minoritari. De exemplu, mie nu-mi convine ca scade numarul, si asa foarte mic, al istro-romanilor sau al megleno-romanilor. Iar pe nea Fundu l-as duce intr-o familie de armâni, sa auda limba lor, si sa-mi spuna si mie cat a inteles din cele vorbite. Putina grija in afirmatii![[ro:Utilizator:Alex:D|Alex:D]] :Foarte ghini spus Alex --[[User:Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] 20:48, 11 November 2006 (UTC) :Mas scupolu-a guvernului shi a statlui romãnescu ira s-u ascapã di chireare limba armãneascã cãtse tine nu u-zbureshci limba armãneascã aoatse? Ha? Cãtse statlu romãnescu azãptãsi cu "agiutorlu" ti Armãnjlji dupu fudzire-a Turtsãlor di tu Balcanlu? Di ispete-a comunizmolui? Nu nã-arãdets cama, nu vã-pistipsim! Iara, cãtse Armãnjlji di Romãnia nu sãntu nica pricunuscute ca un popul? Cãtse vrets s-nã misticats cu voi - romãnjlji, siyura! S-vã spunets cã avets "tsi shciu mine, vãrã frate" aclo ãnghios tu Machedonie, cai voi va u-dzãtsets "Macedo-romãn" a lucurlu aistu nu existeadzã! Shi Romãnia, nu sade Gãrtsia - Ellada, nu va s-le pricunoascã Armãnjlji ca un popul, ma va sade s-le misticã factile sade ti interesile-a ljei! Cãndu scupolu nu ira di asimilatsia, cãtse Armãnjlji tu Romãnia nu u-shciu limba a lor orighinalã, cum sã-zburashce tu Crushuva, pi exemplu, ma u-misticã cu limba romãneascã. Nu nã-arãdets domne, ghine vã-vidzum cai hits! [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 11:51, 12 November 2006 (UTC) :Intrucat abia inteleg armâna scrisa (am prins doar o idee vaga), daca mesajul tau imi era adresat, o sa te rog sa il scrii in engleza. [[ro:Utilizator:Alex:D|Alex:D]] ==Who is in fact writing the Aromanian language Wikipedia?== I would be curious to find out who is (and how many contributors are) in fact working on the Aromanian language Wikipedia. It is by no mean impartial nor does it reflect the diversity of views that exist within the Aromanian community. I think this should be noted somewhere! Alex Mr. Eeamoscopolecrushuva fail to note or mention the fact that Aromanian is in fact best preserved and most activelz spoken in Romania, and that the vast and overwhelming literature in Aromanian was in fact written by Aromanians from Romania or educated in Romanian schools. And lets face the truth, the alphabet used in these pages and created in 1997 reflected both the desire of some do distance the community from Romania and Romanian-driven ideology (which in itself may not be an entirely bad idea) but also because the proponents of this alphabet were unable at that time to easily incorporate diacritics in their writing. This much was addmited by the chief sponsors of the new alphabet. <small>—The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:72.83.225.233|72.83.225.233]] ([[User talk:72.83.225.233|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/72.83.225.233|contribs]]) 00:45, 20 November 2006.</small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> 3495 7777 2006-09-29T08:50:28Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 Biologhia easte shciintsã tsi le-cerciteshce iatsãle shi organizmile. Organizmile sãntu clasificate dupu Anca Sãrbu, 1999, pi: * [[Amirãriljea-a Monirlor]] * [[Amirãriljea-a Fundzãlor]] * [[Amirãriljea-a Protozoilor]] * [[Amirãriljea-a Iarbilor]] * [[Amirãriljea-a Animalilor]] ==Ominji shi istoria== [[Lista di biolodzi]] -- [[Premia di Nobel ti Fiziologhia icã Meditsina]] ==Bibliografia== * Sãrbu, Anca, ''Biologie vegetalã'' (Vegetal Biology), Editura Universitãtsii din Bucureshci,1999. [[af:Biologie]] [[als:Biologie]] [[an:Biolochía]] [[ar:علم الأحياء]] [[ast:Bioloxía]] [[be:Біялёгія]] [[bg:Биология]] [[bn:জীববিদ্যা]] [[br:Bevoniezh]] [[bs:Biologija]] [[ca:Biologia]] [[co:Biologia]] [[cs:Biologie]] [[csb:Biologijô]] [[cv:Биологи]] [[cy:Bioleg]] [[da:Biologi]] [[de:Biologie]] [[dv:ދިރުމާބެހޭ އިލްމު]] [[el:Βιολογία]] [[en:Biology]] [[eo:Biologio]] [[es:Biología]] [[et:Bioloogia]] [[eu:Biologia]] [[fa:زیست‌شناسی]] [[fi:Biologia]] [[fo:Lívfrøði]] [[fr:Biologie]] [[fur:Biologjie]] [[fy:Biology]] [[ga:Bitheolaíocht]] [[gd:Bith-eòlas]] [[gl:Bioloxía]] [[gv:Bea-oaylleeaght]] [[he:ביולוגיה]] [[hr:Biologija]] [[ht:Biyoloji]] [[hu:Biológia]] [[ia:Biologia]] [[id:Biologi]] [[ie:Biologie]] [[io:Biologio]] [[is:Líffræði]] [[it:Biologia]] [[iu:ᐆᒪᔅᓱᓯᖃᕐᑐᓕᕆᓂᖅ]] [[ja:生物学]] [[jbo:mivyske]] [[jv:Biologi]] [[ka:ბიოლოგია]] [[km:ជីវវិទ្យា]] [[kn:ಜೀವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ]] [[ko:생물학]] [[kw:Bywonieth]] [[ky:Биология]] [[la:Biologica]] [[lad:Biolojiya]] [[lb:Biologie]] [[li:Biologie]] [[lt:Biologija]] [[lv:Bioloģija]] [[mk:Биологија]] [[mn:Биологи]] [[ms:Biologi]] [[nah:Yolizmatiliztli]] [[nap:Biologgia]] [[nds:Biologie]] [[nds-nl:Biologie]] [[ne:जीवशास्त्र]] [[nl:Biologie]] [[nn:Biologi]] [[no:Biologi]] [[oc:Biologia]] [[os:Биологи]] [[pam:Biologia]] [[pih:Biiolojie]] [[pl:Biologia]] [[ps:ژواکپېژندنه]] [[pt:Biologia]] [[ru:Биология]] [[sc:Biologia]] [[scn:Bioluggìa]] [[sco:Biologie]] [[sh:Biologija]] [[simple:Biology]] [[sk:Biológia]] [[sl:Biologija]] [[sr:Биологија]] [[su:Biologi]] [[sv:Biologi]] [[sw:Biolojia]] [[ta:உயிரியல்]] [[th:ชีววิทยา]] [[tl:Biyolohiya]] [[tr:Biyoloji]] [[tt:Biologí]] [[ug:بىئولوگىيە]] [[uk:Біологія]] [[ur:حیاتیات]] [[vec:Biologia]] [[vi:Sinh học]] [[vo:Lifav]] [[war:Biyolohiya]] [[zh:生物学]] [[zh-yue:生物學]] 3496 8063 2006-10-09T15:12:48Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Amirãriljea-a Iarbilor (latinica Regnum Plantae)''' The scientist included in this large systematic category the photosynthetizing pluricelular organisms. ==Caracteristits ãnghenerale di organizmile tu Amirãriljea-a Iarbilor== ===Organizme politselulare=== Tute aiste organizme au trupuri cai sãntu adrate di cama multe tselule diferente. ===Organizme cu fotosynthezã=== Iarbile sãntu organizme cai u-fac (synthetsescu) mãcarea-a lor singurle di substantsiur minerale, apã shi carbon-dioxidlu tu protselsu di fotosynthezã. ===Organizme cai sãntu adaptats s-bãneadzã pi loclu=== ====Bunile lucre di bana pi loclu tu comparatsia cu bana tu apã==== ====Adaptarea-a iarbilor ti bana pi loclu==== <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Amirãrilje]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subamirãrilje]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Rasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Clasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subclasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Aradã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Familia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subfamilia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ghen]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Reprezentantsã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="198"><center><small>Iarbe</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[Bryobionta]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[Bryophyta]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Hepaticatae]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Marchantiales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Marchantiaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Marchantia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Marchantia polimorpha]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Jungermanales]]</td> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Plagiochila]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Cephalozia]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Cephalozia]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Bryatae]]</td> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Sphagnales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Sphagnaceae]]</td> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Sphagnum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Sphagnum palustre]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Polytrichales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Polytrichaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Polytrichum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="258"><center><small>[[Cormofit|Cormobionta]]</td> <td rowspan="11"><center><small>[[Pteridophyta]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Psilophytatae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Psilotales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Psilotaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Psilotum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Psilotum triquetum]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Lycopodiatae]]</td> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="1"><center><small>[[Lycopodiales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Lycopodiaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Lycopodium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Selaginellales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Selaginellaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Selaginella]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Isoëtales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Isoëtaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Isoëtes]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Isoëtes lacustris]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Eguisetatae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Equisetales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Equisetaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Equisetum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[Filicatae]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[Polypodiidae]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[Filicales]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[Polypodiaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Polipodium]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Phyllitis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Dryopteris]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr>> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Athyrium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Asplenium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Blechnum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="10"><center><small>[[Pinophyta]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Cycadatae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Pteridospermales]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td ><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Caytoniales]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Cycadales]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Cycadaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Cycas]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Cycas revoluta]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Zamiaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Zamia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Zamia floridiana]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Bennettitatae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Ginkgoatatae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Ginkgoales]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Ginkgo]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ginkgo biloba]] </td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Pinatae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Clasa Gnetatae|Gnetatae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Ephedrales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ephedraceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Ephedra]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-l]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Gnetales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Gnetaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Gnetum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Gnetum latifolium]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Welwitschiales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Welwitschiaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Welwitschia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Welwitschia mirabilis]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="190"><center><small>[[Magnoliophyta]] ([[Magnoliophyta|Angio-spermatophyta]])</td> <td rowspan="109"><center><small>[[Magnoliatae]] ([[Magnoliatae|Dicotiledonatae]])</td> <td rowspan="15"><center><small>[[Magnoliidae]]</td> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Magnoliales]]</td> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Magnoliaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Magnolia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Magnolia stellata]]</td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Liriodendron]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Piperales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Piperaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Piper]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Pepper]]*</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[Ranunculales]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[Ranunculaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ranunculoidea]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ranunculus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ranunculus repens]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Helleboroideae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Helleborus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Anemonoideae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Clematis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Clematis montana]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Anemone]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Anemone ranunculoides]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Hepatica]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Pulsatilla]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Papaverales]]</td> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Papaveraceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Papaver]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Papaver somniferum]] [[Afion]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Chelidonium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Aristolochiales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Aristolochiaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Aristolochia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Aristolochia clematitis]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Nymphaeales]]</td> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Nymphaeaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Nuphar]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Lotus]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Nymphaea]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Nymphaea lotus var. termalis]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Victoria]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Victoria cruziana]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="30"><center><small>[[Rosidae]]</td> <td rowspan="10"><center><small>[[Rosales]]</td> <td rowspan="10"><center><small>[[Rosaceae]]</td> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Rosoideae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Rosa]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Rozã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Rubus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Blackburry]]*</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Maloideae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Malus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Meare]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Cydonia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Pyrus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><center><small>[[Prunoideae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Prunus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Prunus domestica]] [[Purnu]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Cerasus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Amygdalus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Armenica]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Persica]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Hearhica]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="10"><center><small>[[Fabales]]</td> <td rowspan="10"><center><small>[[Fabaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Pisum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Bizelje]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Trifolium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Clover]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Medicago]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Astragalus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Vicia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Phaseolus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Fisulje]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Robinia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Lupinus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Glycone]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Sophora]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Sophora prodani]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="10"><center><small>[[Araliales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Araliaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Hedera]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Edrã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="9"><center><small>[[Apiaceae]] (Umbelifere)</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Daucus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Patatã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Coriandrum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Coriandar]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Apium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Petroselinum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Carum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Levisticum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Pastinaca]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Carota albã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Cicuta]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Conium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Conium maculatum]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="10"><center><small>[[Dilleniidae]]</td> <td rowspan="5"><center><small>[[Capparales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Capparaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Brassicaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Brassica]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Verdzu]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Raphanus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Sinapsis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Thlaspi]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Cucurbitales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Cucurbitaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Cucurbita]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Curcubetã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Malvales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Tiliaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Tilia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Malvaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Gossypium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Hibiscus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Malva]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="10"><center><small>[[Caryophyllidae]]</td> <td rowspan="8"><center><small>[[Caryophyllales]]</td> <td rowspan="8"><center><small>[[Caryophyllaceae]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Alsinoideae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Stellaria]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Cerastium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Spergularia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Moehringia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Moehringia trinerva]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Silenoideae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Dianthus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Silene]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Lychnis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Saponaria]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Polyonales]]</td> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Polygonaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Rumex]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Polygonum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="44"><center><small>[[Asteridae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Gentianales]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Gentianales]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Dipsacales]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Oleales]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Polemoniales]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="12"><center><small>[[Scrophulariales]]</td> <td rowspan="5"><center><small>[[Solanaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Solanum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Lycopersicon]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Capsicum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-l]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Nicotiana]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Atropa]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><center><small>[[Scrophulariaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Verbascum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Scrophularia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Linaria]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Digitalis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Veronica]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Plantaginaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Plantago]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Littorella]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="10"><center><small>[[Lamiales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Verbenaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="9"><center><small>[[Lamiaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Lamium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Prunella]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Salvia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Stachys]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Thymus]]</td> <td><center><small> [[Thymus sp.]] Cimbrul</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Mentha]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Mentha arvensis]] [[Ayazmã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Rosmarinus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ruzmãrinã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Lavandula]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Melissa]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="17"><center><small>[[Asterales]]</td> <td rowspan="17"><center><small>[[Asteraceae]] (Compositae)</td> <td rowspan="12"><center><small>[[Asteroideae]] (Tubuliflore)</td> <td><center><small>[[Helianthus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Oclju-a soariljei]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Cardus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Onopordon]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Arctium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Xanthium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Cirsium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Achillea]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Matricaria]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Tusilago]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Artemisia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Chrysantemum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Hrizãnthemã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Aster]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><center><small>[[Cichorioidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Cichorium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Sonchus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Taraxacum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Surdicã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Hieracium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Lactuca]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="55"><center><small>[[Liliatae]] (Monocotiledonatae)</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[Alismidae]]</td> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Alismales]]</td> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Alismaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Alisma]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Sagittaria]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Hydrocharitales]]</td> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Hydrocharitaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Hydrocharis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Vallisneria]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Elodea]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Potamogetonales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Potamogetonaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Potamogeton]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Potamogeton natans]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="40"><center><small>[[Liliidae]]</td> <td rowspan="10"><center><small>[[Liliales]]</td> <td rowspan="8"><center><small>[[Liliaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Lilium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Allium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Tseapã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Convallaria]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Tullipa]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Tulipanã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Scilla]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Hyacinthus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Colchicum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Aloe]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Amaryllidaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Galantus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Snowdrop]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Narcissus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Iridales]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Iris]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Iris]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Gladiolus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Gladiolã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Orchidales]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Orchidaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Orchis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Orhidea]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Listera]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Listera ovata]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Cypripedium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Vanilla]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Vanillia plantifolia]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Juncales]]</td> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Juncaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Juncus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Luzula]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><center><small>[[Cyperales]]</td> <td rowspan="5"><center><small>[[Cyperaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Caarex]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Scirpus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Scirpus silvaticus]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Schoenoplectus ]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Schoenoplectus lacustris]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Heleocharis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Heleocharis palustris]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Bolboschoenus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Bolboschoenus maritimus]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="17"><center><small>[[Poales]]</td> <td rowspan="17"><center><small>[[Poaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Triticum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Yãrnu]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Secale]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Sicarã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Hordeum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Avena]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-l]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Oryza]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Arizã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Zea]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Misur indian]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Nardus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Festuca]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Festuca pratensis]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Dactylis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Briza]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Briza media]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Poa]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Poa bolbosa]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Lolium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Glyceria]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Glyceria aqvatica]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Phragmites]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Agrostis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Cynodon]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Stipa]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="16"><center><small>[[Arecidae]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[Arales]]</td> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Araceae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Arum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Acorus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Monstera]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Lemnaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Lemna]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Linte]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Spirodela]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Spirodela polyrrhiza]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Wolffia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Wolffia arrhiza]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Typhales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Sparganiaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Sparganium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Sparganiaceae ramosum]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Typhaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Typha]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> </table> ==Bibliografia== * Sãrbu, Anca, ''Biologie vegetalã'' (Vegetal Biology), Editura Universitãtsii din Bucureshci,1999. [[af:Plantae]] [[als:Pflanzen]] [[ar:نبات]] [[ast:Plantae]] [[bn:উদ্ভিদ]] [[zh-min-nan:Si̍t-bu̍t]] [[bg:Растения]] [[ca:Planta]] [[cs:Rostliny]] [[cy:Planhigyn]] [[da:Planteriget]] [[de:Pflanzen]] [[et:Taimed]] [[en:Plant]] [[es:Plantae]] [[eo:Plantoj]] [[eu:Landare]] [[fr:Plante]] [[fur:Plantis]] [[ga:Planda]] [[gl:Planta]] [[ko:식물]] [[hr:Biljke]] [[id:Tumbuhan]] [[iu:ᐱᕈᖅᑐᖅ]] [[os:Зайæгой]] [[is:Jurt]] [[it:Plantae]] [[he:צמח]] [[kw:Plans]] [[la:Planta]] [[lv:Augi]] [[lb:Planzeräich]] [[lt:Augalai]] [[hu:Növény]] [[mk:Растенија]] [[ms:Tumbuhan]] [[nah:Plantae]] [[nl:Planten]] [[ja:植物]] [[no:Planter]] [[nn:Plante]] [[nrm:Pliante]] [[oc:Plantae]] [[nds:Plant]] [[pl:Rośliny]] [[pt:Plantae]] [[ro:Regnum Plantae]] [[ru:Растения]] [[simple:Plant]] [[sk:Rastliny]] [[sl:Rastline]] [[sr:Биљкa]] [[fi:Kasvi]] [[sv:Växter]] [[th:พืช]] [[vi:Thực vật]] [[tr:Bitki]] [[uk:Рослини]] [[zh:植物]] 3497 8123 2006-10-14T19:09:10Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 <blockquote>Frãndza-a mea pi Wikipedia romãneascã easte [[:ro:User:Jean|Jean]].</blockquote> [[ro:User:Jean]] {{Babel|rup-0}} ===Mulţumesc - Haristo=== I wasn't sure if you wanted me to communicate on this Talk page or the Romanian one, but I'll write my comment here and leave you a note on your Romanian talk page, so that I don't destroy your nice concept there. I'd like to commend you on your great work on Biology, and thank you in the name of my people. I have translated the link you pointed out on [[Welwitschia mirabilis]]. Please see if everything is all right there. I am aware that the 'categories' you mentioned in the table should be translated, but I also believe that on the pages we should put the following thing: ex. '''Regnum Animalia''': Regnum Animalia is '''Amirãriljea-a Animalilor''' in Aromanian. The translation should also include the original in Latin, so the text should start: '''Amirãriljea-a Animalilor''' (latinica '''Regnum Animalia''')...etc. So, this should be repeated for the other names, because the original Latin should always remain for the interested scientists and other people, but the popular name of the organism, should also be put, and not be left only as: '''Amirãriljea''' ''Monera'' (Aromanian-Latin) but '''Amirãriljea-a Monirlor''' (I also found the use of Procariota instead, but I think that Moniri would be a more correct translation). I think that if it's not as big a problem, please put an asterik (*) next to the things that need translation. As you are a biologist, you would be able to at least understand a bit the translation, so, if you'd like check the translation whenever you have the time. Again, thank you very much for your efforts and I wish you all the best in your private life and career. [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 07:47, 20 September 2006 (UTC) ===Biologhia=== Ok, I am glad that we understood each other, and I made the necessary changes for the [[Regnum Plantae]] which I moved to the [[Amirãriljea-a Iarbilor]] and added both names in the introduction. However, I would need your help in writing a suitable introduction, (a few words really) or if you want we can do that in the end. I have made the necessary changes in the popular names you have provided and added some, which I was certain in, but still more remail. I am sure I can find suitable popular names, so I will try and find some, for the rest, I would kindly ask for your help. Thank you for your excellent cooperation, and I wish you all the best. [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 23:26, 25 September 2006 (UTC) ===Editura=== '''Jean''' thanks for the new pages. The only thing we should eventually correct is the [[Idghea Editurã]] because it means '''The Same Publisher''', and the books you have entered come from the '''Editura Cartea Aromãnã''', even though we do not agree with the positions of this publisher, it would be fair to acknowledge their work and mention them by their real name. '''Haristo''' [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 18:43, 7 October 2006 (UTC) ===Disagreement=== Unfortunately, even though we are a small nation, we cannot always get along with one another. Perhaps the greatest reason for this is the difference of dialect and the play where we came from. That is why in the name of my 'editura' I have clearly stated the city of Moscopole and then the city of Crushuva, which were the two greatest standing points of Aromanian culture, and the best developed Aromanian language. Recent genetic research has shown that there great genetic differences (and other anthropological differences) between the different Aromanian populations. I won't comment on the results for the difference or nearness with the other Balkan populations. Thank you for your work and all the best. '''Haristo''' [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 19:09, 14 October 2006 (UTC) 3498 7739 2006-09-26T08:18:57Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <th>[[Amirãrilje]]</td> <th>[[Subamirãrilje]]</td> <th>DIVIZIA</td> <th>GRUPA</td> <th colspan="2">CADUR</td> <th>[[Rasã]]</td><th rowspan="9">[[NEVERTEBRATE|NIVERTEBRATS]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>1</td> <th>2</td><th>3</td> <th>4</td> <th colspan="2">5</td> <th>6</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="10">[[ Animalia]]</td> <th rowspan="10">[[Metazoa]]</th><th rowspan="2">[[Diploblastica]] ([[Didermice]])([[Radiata]])</td> <th rowspan="2">-</td><th colspan="2">-</td> <th>[[Spongia]]</td> </td> <tr> <th colspan="2">-</td><th>[[ Cnidari]], [[Ctenaria]], [[Acnidaria]]</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="8">[[Triploblastica]] ([[Bilateralia]])</td> <th rowspan="3">[[Spiralia]]</td><th colspan="2">[[Protostomieni acelomaţi]]</td><th>[[Plathelminthes]], [[Nemertieni]] ([[Rhynchocoela]])</td> </td> <tr> <th colspan="2">[[Protostomieni pseudocelomatsi]]</td> <th>[[Nemathelminthes]], [[Acanthocephala]], [[Entoprocta]]</td> <tr> <th rowspan="2">[[Protostomieni eucelomatsi]]</td><th rowspan="2">[[Hiponeurieni]]</td> <th>[[Mollusca]], [[Sipunculida]], [[Echiurida]], [[Priapluida]]</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="3">[[Articulata]]</td> <th>[[Annelida]], [[Onychophora]], [[Tardigrada]], [[Pentastomida]] ([[Pentastomida|Linguatulida]]), [[Arthropoda]], [[Lophophorata]]</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="2">[[Deuterstomieni eucelomatsi]]</td> <th>[[Epitelioneurieni]]</td><th>[[Echinodermata]], [[Hemicordata]], [[Pogonophora]], [[Chetognatha]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Epineurieni]] ([[Cordate]])</td><th>[[Urochordata]], [[Cephalochordata]], [[Cyclostomata]], [[Pisces]], [[Amphibia]], [[Reptilia]], [[Aves]], [[Phylum Mamalia|Mammalia]]</td><th>[[Cordate]]</td> </td> </td> </table> *Tu be translated from Latin in to aromaninan ==Bibliografia== * Georgescu, D., ''Animale nevertebrate'' – Morfofizioloige – Editura Didacticã shi Pedagogicã, R.A. Bucureshci, 1997 3499 6751 2006-08-22T18:31:34Z Jean 119 /* Bibliography */ <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Classis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subclassis]]</td> <td><center><small>Infraclasă</td> <td><center><small>[[Ordo]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subordo]]</td> <td><center><small>Suprafamilie</td> <td><center><small>[[Familia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Genus]]</td> <td><center><small>Reprezentanţi</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>1</td> <td><center><small>2</td> <td><center><small>3</td> <td><center><small>4</td> <td><center><small>5</td> <td><center><small>6</td> <td><center><small>7</td> <td><center><small>8</td> <td><center><small>9</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="130"><center><small>[[Mammalia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Eotheria]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><small>-</th> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><center><small> [[Prototheria]]</td> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="3"><small>[[Monotremata]]</th> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>-</td> <td><small>[[Ornithorhynchidae]]</td> <td><small>[[Ornithorhyncus]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><small> [[Tachyglossidae]]</td> <td><small>[[Tachyglossus]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Zaglossus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Zaglossus bruynii]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Allotheria]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <th><small>-</td> <td><small>-</th> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="149"><center><small>[[Theria]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Panthotheria]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><small>-</th> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="13"><center><small>[[Metatheria]]</td> <td rowspan="13"><center><small>[[Marsupialia]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[Polyprotodontia]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><small>[[Didelphidae]]</th> <td><center><small>[[Didelphis]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>-</td> <td><small>[[Dasyuridae]]</td> <td><small>[[Phascogale]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>-</td> <td><small>[[Myrmecobiidae]]</td> <td><small>[[Myrmecobius]]</td> <td><small>[[Myrmecobius fasciatus]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>-</td> <td><small>[[Notoryctidae]]</td> <td><small>[[Notorictes]]</td> <td><small>[[Notoryctes typhlopus]]</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><small>-</td> <td rowspan="2"><small>[[Peramelidae]]</td> <td><small>[[Macrotis]]</td> <td><small>[[Macrotis lagotis]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Perameles]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Paucituberculata]] ([[Caenolestoidea]])</td> <td><small>-</td> <td><small>-</td> <td><small>[[Caenolestes]]</th> <td><small>[[Caenolestes obscurum]]</th> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><small>[[Diprotodontia]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><small>-</td> <td rowspan="3"><small>[[Phalangeridae]]</td> <td><small>[[Dactylopsila]]</th> <td><small>[[Dactylopsila picata]]</th> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Petaurus]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Phascolarctos]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Vombatidae]]</td> <td><small>[[Vombatus]]</td> <td><small>[[Vombatus ursinus]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><small>[[Macropodidae]]</td> <td><small>[[Macropus]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Dendrolagus]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="159"><small>[[Eutheria]]</td> <td rowspan="25"><small>[[Fissipedia]]</td> <td rowspan="25"><small>-</td> <td rowspan="15"><small>[[Canoidea]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><small>[[Canidae]]</th> <td><small>[[Canis]]</th> <td><small>-</th> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Vulpes]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Alopex]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Nyctereutes]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><small>[[Ursidae]]</td> <td><small>[[Ursus (gen)]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Selenarctos]]</td> <td><small>[[Selenarctos thibetanus]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Thalassarctos]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><small>[[Procyonidae]]</td> <td><small>[[Procyon]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Potos]]</td> <td><small>[[Potos flavus]]</th> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><small>[[Mustelidae]]</td> <td><small>[[Mustela]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Vormella]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Martes]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Meles]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Lutra]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Enhydra]]</td> <td><small>-<tr> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="9"><small>[[Feloidea]]</td> <td rowspan="3"><small>[[Viveridae]]</td> <td><small>[[Viverra]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Genetta]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Herpestes]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Hyaenidae]]</td> <td><small>[[Hyaena]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><small>[[Felidae]]</td> <td><small>[[Felis]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Lynx]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Panthera]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Acinonyx]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Felis]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><small>[[Pinnipedia]]</td> <td rowspan="5"><small>-</td> <td rowspan="5"><small>-</td> <td><small>[[Otariidae]]</td> <td><small>[[Otaria]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Odobenidae]]</td> <td><small>[[Odobenus]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><small>[[Phocidae]]</td> <td><small>[[Phoca]]</td> <td><small>[[Phoca vitulina]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Monachus]]</td> <td><small>[[Monachus monachus]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Mirounga]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="8"><center><small>[[Cetacea]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[Odontoceti]]</td> <th rowspan="6"><small>-</td> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Platanistidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Platanista]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Platanista gangetica]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Inia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Inia geoffroyensis]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Delphinidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Delphinus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Delphinus delphis]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Tursiops]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Tursiops tursio]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Orcinus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Orcinus orca]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Phocaenidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Phocaena]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Phocaena phocaena]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Misticeti]]</td> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Balenopteridae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Balaenoptera]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Balaenoptera musculus]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Balenidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Balaena]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Tubulidentata]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Orycteropus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Hyracoidea]]</td> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Procaviidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Dendrohyrax]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr>> <td><center><small>[[Heterohyrax]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Procavia]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><center><small>[[Proboscidea]]</td> <td rowspan="5"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="5"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="5"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>&dagger; [[Moeritherium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>&dagger; [[Palaeomastodon]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small> &dagger;[[Deinotherium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Loxodonta]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Elephas]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Sirenia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>?</td> <td><center><small>[[Trichechus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>?</td> <td><center><small>[[Dugong]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Dugong dugong]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Rhytina]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="21"><center><small>[[Artiodactyla]]([[Paraxonia]])</td> <td><center><small>[[Suiformes]] ([[Nonruminantia]])</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Hippopotamidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Hippopotamus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="20"><center><small>[[Ruminantia]] ([[Selenodonta]])</td> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Tylopoda]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Camelidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Camelus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Lama]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Lama sp.]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="8"><center><small>[[Elaphoidea]]</td> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Trangulidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Hyemoschus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Hyemoschus acvaticus]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Moschiola]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Moschiola meminna]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Tragulus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Tragulus sp.]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Moschidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Moschus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Moschus meminna]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Cervidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Capreolus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Alces]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Rangifer]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Cervus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="10"><center><small>[[Tauroidea]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Antilocapridae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Antilocapra]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Antilocapra americana]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="7"><center><small>[[Bovidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Bos]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Bison]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Bubalus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Ovibos]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Ovis]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Capra]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Rupicapra]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Girafidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Giraffa]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Okapia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Okapi]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="7"><center><small>[[Perissodactzla]] ([[Mesaxonia]])</td> <td rowspan="7"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="7"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Equidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Equus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Hemionus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Asinus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Hippotigris]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Hippotigris zebra]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Tapiridae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Tapirus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Tapirus indicus]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Rhinocerotidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Rhynoceros]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Rhynoceros unicornis]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Diceros]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Diceros bicornis]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="7"><center><small>[[Edentata]]</td> <td rowspan="7"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="7"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Bradypodidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Choloepus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Choloepus didacticus]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Bradypus ]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Bradypus tridactylus]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Myrmecophagidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Myrmecophaga]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Myrmecophaga trydactyla]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Cyclopes]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Cyclopes didactylus]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Dasypodidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Dasypus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Tolypeutes]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Tolypeutes mataco]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Priodontes]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Priodontes giganteus]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Pholidota]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Manis]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Dermoptera]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Cynocephalus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Cynocephalus volans]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Lagomorfe|Lagomopha]]</td> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Leporidae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Lepus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Oryctolagus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Sylvalagus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Ochotonidae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Ochotona]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="15"><center><small>[[Rodentia]]</td> <td rowspan="15"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="15"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Sciuridae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Sciurus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Marmota]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Citellus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Sciuropterus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Sciuropterus volans]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Gliridae]] ([[Mzoxidae]])</td> <td><center><small>[[Glis]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Muscardinus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Dipodidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Jaculus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Dipus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Cricetidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Cricetus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> </table> ==Bibliography== * Feider, Z., Gyurko, St., Grossu, V.Al., Pop, Victor ''Zoologia vertebratelor'' (Invertebrate Zoology), Ediţia a 3-a, Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, Bucureşti, 1976; 3500 8177 2006-10-22T05:55:48Z Jean 119 ==A == *[[Louis Agassiz]] ([[1807]]-[[1873]]); *[[Alexander Agassiz]]; *[[Joel Asaph Allen]] ([[1838]]-[[1921]]); *[[Aristotel]], ([[384 î.Hr.]] –[[322 î.Hr.]]); *[[Peter Artedi]], ([[1705]]-[[1735]]); == B == *[[Churchill Babington]] ([[1831]]-[[1881]]); *[[Karl Ernst von Baer]] ([[1792]]-[[1876]]); *[[Spencer Fullerton Baird]], ([[1823]]-[[1887]]); *[[David Baltimore]] ([[1938]]- ),[[Premiul Nobel]] *[[Joseph Banks]], ([[1743]]-[[1820]]); *[[Philip Barker Webb]], ([[1793]]-[[1854]]); *[[John Bartram]], ([[1699]]-[[1777]]); *[[William Bartram]], ([[1739]]-[[1823]]); *[[Anton de Bary]], ([[1831]]-[[1888]]); *[[Patrick Bateson]]; *[[Bauhin|Gaspard Bauhin]]; *[[Mihai C. Băcescu ]] ([[1908]]-[[1999]]); *[[Petre Mihai Bănănescu ]] [[1921]]; *[[Charles Emerson Beecher]] ([[1856]]-[[1904]]); *[[Charles William Beebe]], ([[1877]]-[[1962]]); *[[George Bentham]], ([[1800]]-[[1884]]); *[[Günter Blobel]], [[Premiul Nobel]] *[[Robert Brown]], ([[1773]]-[[1858]]) *[[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon|Buffon]] ([[1707]]-[[1788]]); *[[Luther Burbank]], ([[1849]]-[[1926]]); == C == *[[Rachel Carson]], ([[1907]]-[[1964]]); *[[Elena Chiriac]]; *[[Min Chueh Chang]]; *[[Frank Michler Chapman]] ([[1864]]-[[1945]]); *[[Stanley Cohen (doctor)|Stanley Cohen]]; *[[Radu Codreanu]] ([[1904]]-[[1987]]); *[[Edward Drinker Cope]] ([[1840]]-[[1897]]); *[[Jacques-Yves Cousteau|Jacques Cousteau]]; *[[Francis Crick]], [[1916]]; *[[Georges Cuvier]], ([[1769]]-[[1832]]); == D == *[[Anders Dahl]], ([[1751]]-[[1789]]); *[[Charles Darwin]], ([[1809]]-[[1882]]); *[[Erasmus Darwin]] ([[1731]]-[[1802]]); *[[Richard Dawkins]], ([[1941]]); *[[Max Delbrück]]; *[[Theodosius Dobzhansky]], ([[1900]]-[[1975]]); *[[Jonas C. Dryander]], ([[1748]]-[[1810]]); *[[Renato Dulbecco]]; *[[Robin Dunbar]]; == E == *[[Sylvia Earle]]; *[[Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg]], ([[1795]]-[[1876]]); *[[Paul Ehrlich]], ([[1854]]-[[1915]]),[[Premiul Nobel]] *[[Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz]]; == F == *[[Ronald Fisher]], ([[1890]]-[[1962]]); *[[Alexander Fleming]], ([[1881]]-[[1955]]); *[[Howard Florey]]; *[[E.B. Ford]] ([[1901]]-[[1988]]); *[[Dian Fossey]], ([[1932]]-[[1985]]); *[[Elias Magnus Fries]], ([[1794]]-[[1878]]; *[[Rosalind Franklin]], ([[1920]]-[[1958]]); == G == *[[Charles Frédéric Girard]], ([[1822]]-[[1895]]); *[[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]], ([[1749]]-[[1832]]); *[[Jane Goodall]], [[1934]]; *[[Philip Henry Gosse]], ([[1810]]-[[1888]]); *[[Stephen Jay Gould]], ([[1941]]-[[2002]]); *[[John Graham]] *[[Asa Gray]], ([[1810]]-[[1888]]); *[[John Edward Gray|J.E. Gray]], ([[1800]]-[[1875]]); *[[Pavel Groselj]], ([[1883]]-[[1940]]); == H == *[[Ernst Haeckel]] ([[1834]]-[[1919]]); *[[Hermann August Hagen]] ([[1817]]-[[1893]]); *[[J. B. S. Haldane]] ([[1892]]-[[1964]]); *[[Christoher A. Hall]] *[[William Donald Hamilton]] ([[1936]]-[[2000]]); *[[Frederik Hasselquist]] ([[1722]]-[[1752]]); *[[Willi Hennig]] ([[1913]]-[[1976]]); *[[Robert Hooke]] ([[1635]]-[[1703]]); *[[Sarah Blaffer Hrdy]]; *[[Alexander von Humboldt]], ([[1769]]-[[1859]]); *[[Thomas Henry Huxley]] ([[1825]]-[[1895]]); *[[Alpheus Hyatt]] ([[1838]]-[[1902]]); *[[Libbie Hyman]] ([[1888]]-[[1969]]); == I == *[[Mihail Andrei Ionescu ]] ([[1900]]-[[1988]]); == J == *[[François Jacob]], ([[1920]]- ),[[Premiul Nobel]]; *[[Wilhelm Johannsen]], ([[1857]]-[[1927]]); *[[David Starr Jordan]] ([[1851]]-[[1931]]); *[[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu]], ([[1748]]-[[1836]]); *[[Ernest Everett Just]]; == K == *[[Pehr Kalm]], ([[1716]]-[[1779]]); *[[Motoderu Kamo]]; *[[Stuart Kauffman]]; *[[Motoo Kimura]]; *[[Karl Koch (botanist)]], ([[1809]]-[[1879]]); *[[Robert Koch]], ([[1843]]-[[1910]]),[[Premiul Nobel]] *[[Arthur Kornberg]]; == L == *[[Friedrich Loeffler]]; *[[Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck| Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]] ([[1744]]-[[1829]]); *[[William Elford Leach]] ([[1790]]-[[1836]]); *[[Joseph Le Conte]], ([[1823]]-[[1901]]); *[[Anton van Leeuwenhoek|Antoni van Leeuwenhoek]] ([[1632]]-[[1723]]); *[[Joseph Leidy]] ([[1823]]-[[1891]]); *[[Charles Alexander Lesueur]]; *[[Richard Lewontin]]; *[[Aristid Lindenmayer]]; *[[Carolus Linnaeus]] ([[Carl Linné]]) *[[Konrad Zacharias Lorenz|Konrad Lorenz]] ([[1903]]-[[1989]]; *[[James Lovelock]], [[1919]]; *[[A. S. Loukashkin]]; *[[Salvador Luria]]; *[[Trofim Lysenko]] ([[1898]]-[[1976]]); == M == *[[Eugen Macovschi ]] ([[1906]]-[[1985]]); *[[Marcello Malpighi]]; *[[Lynn Margulis]]; *[[Othniel Charles Marsh]], ([[1831]]-[[1899]]); *[[William Diller Matthew]] ([[1871]]-[[1930]]) *[[Ernst Mayr]] ([[1904]]- ); *[[Maud Leonora Menten]]; *[[John C. Merriam]]; *[[August Karl Arnold Michaelis]] *[[Leonor Michaelis]]; *[[Rita Levi-Montalcini]]; *[[Ernst Mayr]], [[1904]]); *[[Barbara McClintock]], ([[1902]]-[[1992]]); *[[Gregor Mendel]]; *[[Ivan Vladimirovici Miciurin]]; *[[Luc Montaigner]]; *[[Thomas Hunt Morgan]]; *[[Roger Morse]]; *[[Desmond Morris]], [[1928]]; *[[Kary Mullis]], [[1944]]); == N == *[[Gary Paul Nabhan]]; *[[John Needham]]; == O == *[[Henry Fairfield Osborn]] ([[1857]]-[[1935]]); *[[Richard Owen]], ([[1804]]-[[1892]]); == P == *[[George Emil Palade]], n. [[1912]] [[Premiul Nobel]] 1974 *[[Paracelsus]], ([[1493]]-[[1541]]); *[[Daniel Pauly|Dr. Daniel Pauly]]; *[[Louis Pasteur]], ([[1822]]-[[1895]]); *[[Christian Hendrik Persoon]], ([[1761]]-[[1836]]); *[[Charles Pickering (naturalist)]], ([[1805]]-[[1878]]); *[[Gregory Goodwin Pincus]]; == Q == == R == *[[C. S. Rafinesque]], ([[1783]]-[[1840]]); *[[Răvăruţ M]]; *[[Francesco Redi]]; *[[Martin Rodbell]]; *[[Alfred Romer]], ([[1894]]-[[1973]]); *[[Robert Rosen]], ([[1934]]-[[1998]]); *[[Harald Rosenthal]]; == S == *[[Charlest Schuchert]]; *[[Theodor Schwann]], ([[1810]]-[[1882]]); *[[Matthias Jakob Schleiden]], ([[1804]]-[[1881]]); *[[Giovanni Antonio Scopoli]], ([[1723]]-[[1788]]); *[[George Shaw]], ([[1751]]-[[1813]]); *[[Rupert Sheldrake]], [[1942]]); *[[Rolf Singer]], ([[1906]]-[[1994]]); *[[John Maynard Smith]]; *[[Daniel Solander]], ([[1733]]-[[1782]]); *[[Lazzaro Spallanzani]], ([[1729]]-[[1799]]) *[[Anders Sparman]], ([[1748]]-[[1859]]); *[[Roger W. Sperry]], ([[1913]]-[[1994]]); *[[Georg Wilhelm Steller]] , ([[1709]]-[[1746]]); *[[Nettie Stevens]]; *[[Jan Swammerdam]], ([[1637]]-[[1680]]); == T == *[[Patricia A. Tomlinson]]; *[[John Torrey]], ([[1796]]-[[1873]]); *[[Robert Trivers]]; *[[Turenschi E.]]; *[[Ruth Turner]]; *[[Theophrastus]]; *[[Johannes Thiele]], ([[1860]]-[[1935]]); *[[Carl Peter Thunberg]], ([[1743]]-[[1828]]); == Ţ == *[[Ion Ţuculescu]], ([[1910]]-[[1962]]); == V == *[[Francisco Varela]], ([[1946]]-[[2001]]); *[[Craig Venter]]; *[[Rudolf Virchow]], ([[1821]]-[[1902]]); *[[Dimitrie Voinov]], ([[1867]]-[[1951]]); == W == *[[James D. Watson]], [[1928]], [[Premiul Nobel]] *[[Alfred Russel Wallace]], ([[1823]]-[[1913]]); *[[August Weismann]], ([[1834]]-[[1914]]); *[[Alexander Wilson]], ([[1766]]-[[1813]]); *[[Edward Osborne Wilson|Edward O. Wilson]]; *[[Carl Woese]]; *[[Sewall Wright]], ([[1889]]-[[1988]]); == X == == Y == == Z == *[[Floyd Zaiger]], ([[1926]] - ). 3501 7768 2006-09-29T08:45:51Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Amirãriljea-a Protozoilor (latinica: Regnum Protozoa)''' <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Amirãrilje]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subamirãrilje]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Rasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subrasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Superclasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Clasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subclasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Aradã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ghen]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Reprezentantsã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="198"><center><small>[[Protista]]</td> <td rowspan="16"><center><small>[[Protozoa]]</td> <td rowspan="16"><center><small>[[Sarcomastigophora]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Flagellata]] [[Flagellata|Mastigophora]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Phytomastigophorea]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Zoomastigophorea]]</td> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Choanoflagellida]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Codonosiga]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Khinetoplastida]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Trypanosoma]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Hipermastigida]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Trychonympha]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Opalinata]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Opalinata]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Opalina]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="13"><center><small>[[Sarcodina]]</td> <td rowspan="5"><center><small>[[Rhizopoda]]</td> <td rowspan="5"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Gymnamoeba]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Amoeba]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Thecamoeba]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Arcella]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Granuloreticulosia]]</td> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Foraminiferida]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Lagena]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Nodosaria]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Globigerina]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[Actinopoda]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Polyeystinea]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Pipetta]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Styloshporea]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Hexalonche]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Heliadiscus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> </table> ==Bibliografia== * Georgescu, D., ''Animale nevertebrate'' – Morfofizioloige – Editura Didacticã shi Pedagogicã, R.A. Bucureshci, 1997 3502 7763 2006-09-29T08:44:36Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Regnum Fungi]] moved to [[Amirãriljea-a Fundzãlor]] '''Amirãriljea-a Fundzãlor (latinica:Regnum Fungi)''' <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Amirãrilje]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subamirãrilje]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Rasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Clasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subclasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Aradã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Familia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subfamilia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ghen]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Reprezentantsã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="198"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> </table> 3503 7760 2006-09-29T08:43:14Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Amirãriljea-a Monirlor (latinica: Regnum Monera)''' <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Amirãrilje]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subamirãrilje]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Rasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Clasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subclasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Aradã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Familia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subfamilia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ghen]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Reprezentantsã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="198"><center><small>[[Regnum Monera|Monera]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> </table> 3504 7455 2006-09-18T22:49:29Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 {|style="width: 100%" |- !Grupa !Group 1 element|1 !Group 2 element|2 !Group 3 element|3 !Group 4 element|4 !Group 5 element|5 !Group 6 element|6 !Group 7 element|7 !Group 8 element|8 !Group 9 element|9 !Group 10 element|10 !Group 11 element|11 !Group 12 element|12 !Group 13 element|13 !Group 14 element|14 !Group 15 element|15 !Group 16 element|16 !Group 17 element|17 !Group 18 element|18 |- !Periodã |colspan="19"|<br /> |- !Period 1 element|1 |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|1<br />[[Hydroghenium|H]] |colspan="16"|<br /> |style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|2<br />He |- !Period 2 element|2 |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|3<br />Li |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|4<br />Be |colspan="10"|<br /> |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|5<br />B |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|6<br />C |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|7<br />N |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|8<br />O |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff99;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|9<br />F |style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|10<br />Ne |- !Period 3 element|3 |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|11<br />Na |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|12<br />Mg |colspan="10"|<br /> |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|13<br />Al |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|14<br />Si |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|15<br />P |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|16<br />S |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff99;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|17<br />Cl |style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|18<br />Ar |- !Period 4 element|4 |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|19<br />K |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|20<br />Ca |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|21<br />Sc |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|22<br />Ti |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|23<br />V |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|24<br />Cr |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|25<br />Mn |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|26<br />Fe |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|27<br />Co |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|28<br />Ni |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|29<br />Cu |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|30<br />Zn |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|31<br />Ga |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|32<br />Ge |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|33<br />As |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|34<br />Se |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff99;color:green;border:1px solid black;"|35<br />Br |style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|36<br />Kr |- !Period 5 element|5 |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|37<br />Rb |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|38<br />Sr |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|39<br />Y |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|40<br />Zr |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|41<br />Nb |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|42<br />Mo |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|43<br />Tc |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|44<br />Ru |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|45<br />Rh |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|46<br />Pd |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|47<br />Ag |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|48<br />Cd |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|49<br />In |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|50<br />Sn |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|51<br />Sb |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|52<br />Te |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|53<br />I |style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|54<br />Xe |- !Period 6 element|6 |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|55<br />Cs |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|56<br />Ba |style="vertical-align: top; text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;"|*<br /> |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|72<br />Hf |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|73<br />Ta |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|74<br />W |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|75<br />Re |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|76<br />Os |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|77<br />Ir |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|78<br />Pt |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|79<br />Au</td> |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:green;border:1px solid black;"|80<br />Hg |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|81<br />Tl |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|82<br />Pb |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|83<br />Bi |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|84<br />Po |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff99;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|85<br />At |style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px dashed black;"|86<br />Rn |- !Period 7 element|7 |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|87<br />Fr |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|88<br />Ra |style="vertical-align: top; text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;"|**<br /> |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|104<br />Rf |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|105<br />Db |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|106<br />Sg |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|107<br />Bh |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|108<br />Hs |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|109<br />Mt |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|110<br />Ds |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|111<br />Rg |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:green;border:1px dotted black;"|112<br />Uub |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|113<br />Uut |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|114<br />Uuq |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|115<br />Uup |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|116<br />Uuh |style="text-align:center;background-color:#fcfecc;color:#cccccc;"|117<br />Uus |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ecfefc;color:#cccccc;"|118<br />Uuo |- |colspan="21"|<br /> |- |colspan="4" style="text-align:right"|* '''Lantanides''' |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|57<br />La |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|58<br />Ce |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|59<br />Pr |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|60<br />Nd |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|61<br />Pm |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|62<br />Sm |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|63<br />Eu |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|64<br />Gd |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|65<br />Tb |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|66<br />Dy |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|67<br />Ho |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|68<br />Er |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|69<br />Tm |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|70<br />Yb |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|71<br />Lu |- |colspan="4" style="text-align:right"|** '''Actinides''' |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|89<br />Ac |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|90<br />Th |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|91<br />Pa |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|92<br />U |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|93<br />Np |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|94<br />Pu |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|95<br />Am |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|96<br />Cm |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|97<br />Bk |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|98<br />Cf |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|99<br />Es |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|100<br />Fm |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|101<br />Md |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|102<br />No |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|103<br />Lr |} <table align="center"> <caption>'''Tablu Periodic di Elementile Himitse '''</caption> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff6666">Metale alcãle</td> <td bgcolor="#ffdead">Metale alcãle di loc</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">Lantanide</td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc">Actinide</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">Metale di media</td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#cccccc">Metal povre</td> <td bgcolor="#cccc99">Metaloide</td> <td bgcolor="#a0ffa0">Nimetal</td> <td bgcolor="#ffff99">Aloghen</td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff">Gas avut</td> </tr> </table> '''Temperatura shi presia sãntu normale''' * tu hroma <font color="red">aroshe</font> sãntu gãsuri * tu hroma <font color="green">verdã</font> sãntu lichide * tu hroma <font color="black">lae</font> sãntu solidzle {| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="4" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 40%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; clear: right" |H||[[Hydroghenium]] |- |He||[[Helium]] |- |Li||[[Lithium]] |- |Be||[[Berilium]] |- |B||[[Bor]] |- |C||[[Carbon]] |- |N||[[Nitroghenium]] |- |O||[[Oxighen]] |- |F||[[Fluor]] |- |Ne||[[Neon]] |- |Na||[[Natrium]] |- |Mg||[[Magnezium]] |- |Al||[[Aluminium]] |- |Si||[[Silitsium]] |- |P||[[Fosfor]] |- |S||[[Sulfur]] |- |Cl||[[Hlor]] |- |Ar||[[-]] |- |K||[[Calium]] |- |Ca||[[Caltsium]] |- |Sc||[[-]] |- |Ti||[[-]] |- |V||[[-]] |- |Cr||[[-]] |- |Mn||[[-]] |- |Fe||[[-]] |- |Co||[[-]] |- |Ni||[[-]] |- |Cu||[[-]] |- |Zn||[[-]] |- |Ga||[[-]] |- |Ge||[[-]] |- |As||[[-]] |- |Se||[[-]] |- |Br||[[-]] |- |Kr||[[-]] |- |Rb||[[-]] |- |Sr||[[-]] |- |Y||[[-]] |- |Zr||[[-]] |- |Nb||[[-]] |- |Mo||[[-]] |- |Tc||[[-]] |- |Ru||[[-]] |- |Rh||[[-]] |- |Pd||[[-]] |- |Ag||[[-]] |- |Cd||[[-]] |- |In||[[-]] |- |Sn||[[-]] |- |Sb||[[-]] |- |Te||[[-]] |- |I||[[-]] |- |Xe||[[-]] |- |Cs||[[-]] |- |Ba||[[-]] |- |La||[[-]] |- |Ce||[[-]] |- |Pr||[[-]] |- |Nd||[[-]] |- |Pm||[[-]] |- |Sm||[[-]] |- |Eu||[[-]] |- |Gd||[[-]] |- |Tb||[[-]] |- |Dy||[[-]] |- |Ho||[[-]] |- |Er||[[-]] |- |Tm||[[-]] |- |Yb||[[-]] |- |Lu||[[-]] |- |Hf||[[-]] |- |Ta||[[-]] |- |W||[[-]] |- |Re||[[-]] |- |Os||[[-]] |- |Ir||[[-]] |- |Pt||[[-]] |- |Au||[[-]] |- |Hg||[[-]] |- |Tl||[[-]] |- |Pb||[[-]] |- |Bi||[[-]] |- |Po||[[-]] |- |At||[[-]] |- |Rn||[[-]] |- |Fr||[[-]] |- |Ra||[[-]] |- |Ac||[[-]] |- |Th||[[-]] |- |Pa||[[-]] |- |U||[[-]] |- |Np||[[-]] |- |Pu||[[-]] |- |Am||[[-]] |- |Cm||[[-]] |- |Bk||[[-]] |- |Cf||[[-]] |- |Es||[[-]] |- |Fm||[[-]] |- |Md||[[-]] |- |No||[[-]] |- |Lr||[[-]] |- |Rf||[[-]] |- |Db||[[-]] |- |Sg||[[-]] |- |Bh||[[-]] |- |Hs||[[-]] |- |Mt||[[-]] |- |Ds||[[-]] |- |Rg||[[-]] |} 3505 8579 2006-11-15T18:05:45Z Jean 119 <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <th>An</td> <th>Numa</td> <th>Stat</td> <th>Contributsia</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1901]] </td> <th>[[Emil von Behring]]</td> <th>[[Ghermãnia]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1902]]</td> <th>[[ Ronald Ross]] </td> <th>[[Marea Britanie]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1903]]</td> <th>[[Niels Ryberg Finsen]] </td> <th>[[Danimarca]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1904]] </td> <th>[[Ivan Pavlov]] </td> <th>[[Arusia]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1905]] </td> <th>[[Robert Koch]]</td> <th>[[Ghermãnia]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1906]] </td> <th>[[Camillo Golgi]] shi [[Santiago Ramón y Cajal]]</td> <th>[[Ghermãnia]], [[Ispania]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="2" >[[1907]]</td> <th>[[Alphonse Laveran]]</td> <th>[[Frãntsia]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[E Buchner]]</td> <th>[[Ghermãnia]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="2">[[1908]]</td> <th>[[Ilya Mecinikov]] </td> <th>[[Arusia]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Paul Ehrlich]] </td> <th>[[Ghermãnia]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1909]] </td> <th>[[Theodor Kocher]]</td> <th>[[Shwaitsã]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1910]] </td> <th>[[Albrecht Kossel]] </td> <th>[[Ghermãnia]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1911]]</td> <th>[[Allvar Gullstrand]]</td> <th>[[Suidia]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1912]]</td> <th>[[Alexis Carrel]]</td> <th>[[Statile Unite ali Americhia*]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1913]]</td> <th>[[Charles Richet]]</td> <th>[[Frãntsia]] </td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1914]] </td> <th>[[Robert Bárány]] </td> <th>[[Ungaria]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1915]]</td> <th>[[R. Willstratter]] </td> <th>[[Marea Britanie]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1919]]</td> <th>[[Jules Bordet]]</td> <th>[[Belghia]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1920]]</td> <th>[[August Krogh]]</td> <th>[[Danimarca]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="2">[[1922]] </td> <th>[[Archibald V. Hill]] </td> <th>[[Marea Britanie]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Otto Meyerhof]] </td> <th>[[Ghermãnia]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1923]] </td> <th>[[Frederick G. Banting]] shi [[John MacLeod]]</td> <th>[[Canada]]*</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1924]]</td> <th>[[Wilhem Einthiven]]</td> <th>[[Olanda]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1926]]</td> <th>[[Johannes Fibiger]]</td> <th>[[Danimarca]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="2" >[[1927]]</td> <th>[[N.O. Wielland]] </td> <th>[[Marea Britanie]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]] </td> <th>[[Austria]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1928]] </td> <th>[[Charles Nicolle]]</td> <th>[[Frãntsia]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="3">[[1929]]</td> <th>[[Christiaan Eijkman]] </td> <th>[[Olanda]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Sir Frederick Hopkins]]</td> <th>[[Marea Britanie]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[A. Harden]] shi [[H. E. Chelpin]]</td> <th>[[Marea Britanie]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> </td> </table> 3506 6787 2006-08-23T20:44:55Z Jean 119 <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Regnum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subregnum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Phylum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Classis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subclassis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ordo]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Familia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subfamilia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Genus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Reprezentanti]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="198"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> </table> ==Bibliography== * Feider, Z., Gyurko, St., Grossu, V.Al., Pop, Victor ''Zoologia vertebratelor'' (Invertebrate Zoology), Ediţia a 3-a, Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, Bucureşti, 1976; 3507 6788 2006-08-23T20:45:40Z Jean 119 <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Regnum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subregnum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Phylum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Classis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subclassis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ordo]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Familia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subfamilia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Genus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Reprezentanti]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="198"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> </table> ==Bibliography== * Feider, Z., Gyurko, St., Grossu, V.Al., Pop, Victor ''Zoologia vertebratelor'' (Invertebrate Zoology), Ediţia a 3-a, Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, Bucureşti, 1976; 3508 6789 2006-08-23T20:46:42Z Jean 119 <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Regnum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subregnum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Phylum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Classis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subclassis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ordo]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Familia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subfamilia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Genus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Reprezentanti]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="198"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> </table> ==Bibliography== * Feider, Z., Gyurko, St., Grossu, V.Al., Pop, Victor ''Zoologia vertebratelor'' (Invertebrate Zoology), Ediţia a 3-a, Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, Bucureşti, 1976; 3509 6790 2006-08-23T20:47:24Z Jean 119 <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Regnum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subregnum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Phylum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Classis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subclassis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ordo]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Familia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subfamilia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Genus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Reprezentanti]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="198"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> </table> ==Bibliography== * Feider, Z., Gyurko, St., Grossu, V.Al., Pop, Victor ''Zoologia vertebratelor'' (Invertebrate Zoology), Ediţia a 3-a, Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, Bucureşti, 1976; 3510 6784 2006-08-23T20:40:56Z Jean 119 <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Regnum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subregnum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Phylum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Classis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subclassis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ordo]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Familia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subfamilia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Genus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Reprezentanti]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="198"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> </table> 3511 6785 2006-08-23T20:41:23Z Jean 119 <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Regnum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subregnum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Phylum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Classis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subclassis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ordo]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Familia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subfamilia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Genus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Reprezentanti]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="198"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> </table> 3512 6786 2006-08-23T20:41:56Z Jean 119 <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Regnum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subregnum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Phylum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Classis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subclassis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ordo]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Familia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subfamilia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Genus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Reprezentanti]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="198"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> </table> 3513 7786 2006-09-29T08:58:51Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Molluschilor (latinica: Mollusca)''' sãntu clasificate dupu Georgescu, 1997, pi: <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <th>[[Rasã]]</td> <th>[[Clasã]]</td> <th>[[Subclasã]]</td> <th>[[Aradã]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>1</td> <th>2</td> <th>3</td> <th>4</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="35"> [[Mollusca]]</td> <th>[[Poliplacofore|Polyplacophora]]</th><th>-</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Monoplacophora]]</td> <th>-</th><th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Aplacophora]]</td> <th>-</th><th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="7">[[Gasteropoda]]</td> <th rowspan="3">[[Prosobranchiata]]</th><th>[[Archaesgastropoda]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Mesogasteropoda]] [[Pectinibranchia]]</th> </td> <tr> <th>[[Neogasteropoda]]</th> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="2">[[Opisthobranchiata]]</th> <th>[[Tectibranchiata]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Nudibranchiata]]</th> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="2">[[Pulmonata]]</th><th>[[Basommatophora]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Stylommatophora]]</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="3">[[Bivalvia]] ([[Lammelibranchia]])</td> <th>[[Protobranchiata]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th >[[Filibranchiata]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th >[[Eulamellibranchiata]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th >[[Scaphopoda]]</td> <th>[[Septibranchiata]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="3">[[Cephalopoda]]</td> <th>[[Tetrabranchiata]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> </td> <th rowspan="2">[[Dibranchiata]]</td> <th>[[Decapoda]]</td> </td> <tr> </td> <th>[[Octopoda]]</td> </td> </table> Sh-alante autori prubarã s-facã ãndao alante clasificatsii: [[Clasificatsia-a mulluschilor dupu Matic sh.a., 1983|Matic sh.a., 1983]]; [[Clasificatsia-a molluschilor dupu Firã and Nãstãsescu, 1977 |Firã shi Nãstãsescu, 1977]]. ==Bibliografia== * Georgescu, D., ''Animale nevertebrate'' – Morfofizioloige – Editura Didacticã shi Pedagogicã, R.A. Bucureshci, 1997. 3514 7686 2006-09-22T21:43:14Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[The classification of the mollusks after Matic et al., 1983]] moved to [[Clasificatsia-a mulluschilor dupu Matic sh.a., 1983]] <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <th>[[Rasã]]</td> <th>[[Clasã]]</td> <th>[[Subclasã]]</td> <th>[[Aradã]]</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="10">[[Mollusca]]</td> <th>[[Polyplacophora]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Monoplacophora]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Aplacophora]], [[Aplacophora|Solenogastra]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="6">[[Gasteropoda]]</td> <th rowspan="2">[[Prosobranchiata]]</td> <th>[[Diotocardia]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Monotocardia]]</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="3">[[Opistobranchiata]]</td> <th>[[Tectibranchiata]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Nudibranchiata]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Pteropoda]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> </td> </table> 3515 6807 2006-08-24T19:57:17Z Jean 119 [[The classification of the mollusks after Matic er al., 1983]] moved to [[The classification of the mollusks after Matic et al., 1983]]: Spelling error correction #REDIRECT [[The classification of the mollusks after Matic et al., 1983]] 3516 7690 2006-09-22T21:46:22Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[The classification of the mollusks after Firă and Năstăsescu, 1977]] moved to [[Clasificatsia-a molluschilor dupu Firã and Nãstãsescu, 1977]] <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <th>[[Rasã]]</td> <th>[[Clasã]]</td> <th>[[Subclasã]]</td> <th>[[Aradã]]</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="10">[[Mollusca]]</td> <th rowspan="3">[[Polyplacophora]]</td> <th rowspan="3">-</td> <th>[[Lepidopleurina]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Ischiochitonina]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Acanthochitonina]]</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="6">[[Aplacophora]], [[Aplacophora|Solenogastra]]</td> <th rowspan="2">[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="3">[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> </td> </table> 3517 7697 2006-09-22T21:49:51Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <th>[[Clasã]]</td> <th>[[Subclasã]]</td> <th>[[Aradã]]</td> <th>[[Ghen]]</td> <th>Spetsies</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Polyplacophora]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[Chiton]]</td> <th>[[Chiton marginatus]]</td> </td> 3518 6816 2006-08-24T21:23:03Z Jean 119 [[Poliplacofore]] moved to [[Polyplacophora]]: Spelling error correction #REDIRECT [[Polyplacophora]] 3519 7696 2006-09-22T21:49:24Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <th>[[Clasã]]</td> <th>[[Subclasã]]</td> <th>[[Aradã]]</td> <th>[[Ghen]]</td> <th>Spetsies</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Monoplacophora]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[Neopilina]]</td> <th>[[Neopilina galacteae]]</td> </td> </table> 3520 7695 2006-09-22T21:49:03Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <th>[[Clasã]]</td> <th>[[Subclasã]]</td> <th>[[Aradã]]</td> <th>[[Ghen]]</td> <th>Spetsies</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Aplacophora]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[Neomenia]]</td> <th>[[Neomenia sp.]]</td> </td> </table> 3521 6829 2006-08-27T13:19:38Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Bioloyii]] moved to [[Biologhia]] #REDIRECT [[Biologhia]] 3522 6832 2006-08-27T13:20:11Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Chimii]] moved to [[Hemia]] #REDIRECT [[Hemia]] 3523 6836 2006-08-27T13:21:36Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Informatsii]] moved to [[Informatica]] #REDIRECT [[Informatica]] 3524 6838 2006-08-27T13:21:36Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Talk:Informatsii]] moved to [[Talk:Informatica]] #REDIRECT [[Talk:Informatica]] 3525 6841 2006-08-27T13:22:09Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Informatica]] moved to [[Informaticã]] #REDIRECT [[Informaticã]] 3526 6843 2006-08-27T13:22:09Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Talk:Informatica]] moved to [[Talk:Informaticã]] #REDIRECT [[Talk:Informaticã]] 3527 6845 2006-08-27T13:22:44Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Sportu]] moved to [[Spor]] #REDIRECT [[Spor]] 3528 6850 2006-08-27T13:24:07Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Vurgarii]] moved to [[Vurgaria]] #REDIRECT [[Vurgaria]] 3529 7901 2006-10-07T05:57:26Z Jean 119 [[Jean/Cutia de nisip]] [[Jean/Cutia di arinã 2]] 3530 7740 2006-09-26T08:19:15Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Sfundzile (latinica: Spongia)''' sãntu clasificate dupu Georgescu, 1997, pi: <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Rasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Clasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ghen]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Reprezentantsã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Spongia]] [[Spongia|Porifera]], [[Spongia|Parazoa]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Calcarea]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Sycon]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Sycon raphanus]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Hexactinellida]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Euplectella]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Euplectella aspergillum]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Demospongia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Spongilla]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Spongilla lacustris]]</td> </td> </table> ==Bibliografia== Georgescu, D., Animale nevertebrate – Morfofizioloige – Editura Didacticã shi Pedagogicã, R.A. Bucureshci, 1997 3531 7781 2006-09-29T08:53:07Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Cnidarlji (latinica:Cnidari)''' sãntu clasificate dupu Georgescu, 1997, pi: <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Amirãrilje]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subamirãrilje]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Rasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Clasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subclasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Aradã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Familia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subfamilia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ghen]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Reprezentantsã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="198"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> </table> ==Bibliografia== Georgescu, D., Animale nevertebrate – Morfofizioloige – Editura Didacticã shi Pedagogicã, R.A. Bucureshci, 1997 3532 8199 2006-10-24T03:37:09Z Jean 119 ==4== <includeonly>{| style="position:relative; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; border: #aaa 1px solid; float:right; clear:right; width:200px;" cellpadding="0" |- style="text-align:center;" ! style="background: {{{culoare}}};" |'''{{{nume}}}'''<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{status|}}}|then=<br><center><small>{{{status|}}}</small></center>}}<!-- -->{{subtext|if=|test={{{fosilă|}}}|contents=Fosilă din: {{{fosilă|}}}}} |- | {{qif|test={{{imagine|}}}|then=[[image:{{{imagine}}}|{{{imagine_lăţime|200px}}}|{{{imagine_text|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{imagine_text|}}}</div></small>}}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{imagine2|}}}|then=[[image:{{{imagine2}}}|{{{imagine2_lăţime|200px}}}|{{{imagine2_text|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{imagine2_text|}}}</div></small>}} |- style="text-align:center;" ! style="background: {{{culoare}}};" | '''[[Clasificare ştiinţifică]]'''{{#if:{{{cf|}}}|<small><br>după {{{cf|}}}</small>}} |- style="text-align:center;" | {| style="margin:0 auto; text-align:left; background:none;" cellpadding="2" {{row|if=|test={{{domeniu|}}}|label=Domeniu:|contents={{{domeniu|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_domeniu|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{superregnum|}}}|label=Supraregn:|contents={{{superregnum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_superregnum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{regnum|}}}|label=Regn:|contents={{{regnum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_regnum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subregnum|}}}|label=Subregn:|contents={{{subregnum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subregnum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{unranked_phylum|}}}|label=(unranked)|contents={{{unranked_phylum|}}}<br><small>{{{unranked_phylum_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{superdivisio|}}}|label=Supradiviziune:|contents={{{superdivisio|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_superdivisio|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{superphylum|}}}|label=Supraîncrengătură:|contents={{{superphylum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_superphylum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{divisio|}}}|label=Încrengătură:|contents={{{divisio|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_divisio|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{phylum|}}}|label=Încrengătură:|contents={{{phylum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_phylum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subdivisio|}}}|label=Subdiviziune:|contents={{{subdivisio|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subdivisio|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subphylum|}}}|label=Subîncrengătură:|contents={{{subphylum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subphylum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{infraphylum|}}}|label=Infraîncrengătură:|contents={{{infraphylum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_infraphylum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{microphylum|}}}|label=Microîncrengătură:|contents={{{microphylum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_microphylum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{nanophylum|}}}|label=Nanoîncrengătură:|contents={{{nanophylum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_nanophylum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{unranked_classis|}}}|label=(unranked)|contents={{{unranked_classis|}}}<br><small>{{{unranked_classis_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{superclassis|}}}|label=Supraclasă:|contents={{{superclassis|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_superclassis|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{classis|}}}|label=Clasă:|contents={{{classis|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_classis|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subclassis|}}}|label=Subclasă:|contents={{{subclassis|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subclassis|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{infraclassis|}}}|label=Infraclasă:|contents={{{infraclassis|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_infraclassis|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{unranked_ordo|}}}|label=(unranked)|contents={{{unranked_ordo|}}}<br><small>{{{unranked_ordo_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{superordo|}}}|label=Supraordin:|contents={{{superordo|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_superordo|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{ordo|}}}|label=Ordin:|contents={{{ordo|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_ordo|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subordo|}}}|label=Subordin:|contents={{{subordo|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subordo|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{infraordo|}}}|label=Infraordin:|contents={{{infraordo|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_infraordo|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{zoodivisio|}}}|label=Diviziune:|contents={{{zoodivisio|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_zoodivisio|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{zoosectio|}}}|label=Secţiune:|contents={{{zoosectio|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_zoosectio|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{zoosubsectio|}}}|label=Subsecţiune:|contents={{{zoosubsectio|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_zoosubsectio|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{unranked_familia|}}}|label=(unranked)|contents={{{unranked_familia|}}}<br><small>{{{unranked_familia_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{superfamilia|}}}|label=Suprafamilie:|contents={{{superfamilia|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_superfamilia|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{familia|}}}|label=Familie:|contents={{{familia|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_familia|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subfamilia|}}}|label=Subfamilie:|contents={{{subfamilia|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subfamilia|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{supertribus|}}}|label=Supratrib:|contents={{{supertribus|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_supertribus|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{tribus|}}}|label=Trib:|contents={{{tribus|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_tribus|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subtribus|}}}|label=Subtrib:|contents={{{subtribus|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subtribus|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{affinis|}}}|label=Alianţă:|contents={{{affinis|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_affinis|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{genus|}}}|label=Gen:|contents='''{{{genus|}}}'''<br><small>{{{autoritate_genus|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{genus2|}}}|label=Gen:|contents={{{genus2|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_genus2|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subgenus|}}}|label=Subgen:|contents={{{subgenus|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subgenus|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{sectio|}}}|label=Secţiune:|contents={{{sectio|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_sectio|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{series|}}}|label=Serie:|contents={{{series|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_series|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{globus_species|}}}|label=Grup de specii:|contents={{{globus_species|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_globus_species|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subglobus_species|}}}|label=Subgrup de specii:|contents={{{subglobus_species|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subglobus_species|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{congregatio_species|}}}|label=Complex de specii:|contents={{{congregatio_species|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_congregation_species|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{species|}}}|label=Specie:|contents='''{{{species|}}}'''<br><small>{{{autoritate_species|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subspecies|}}}|label=Subspecie:|contents='''''{{{subspecies|}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_subspecies|}}}</small>}} |}<!-- -->{{section|if=|test={{{diversitate|}}}|color={{{culoare}}}|contents=[[{{{legătură_diversitate}}}|Diversitate]]}} |- | style="text-align:center;" | {{{diversity|}}}<!-- -->{{section|if=|test={{{binomial|}}}|color={{{culoare}}}|contents=[[Nomenclatura binară|Nume binar]]}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{binomial|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{binomial}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_binomial|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{section|if=|test={{{trinomial|}}}|color={{{culoare}}}|contents=[[Nomenclatura trinară|Nume trinar]]}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{trinomial|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{trinomial}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_trinomial|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{section|if=|test={{{typus_species|}}}|color={{{culoare}}}|contents=[[Tip biologic|Tip de Specie]]}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{typus_species|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents={{{typus_species}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_typus_species|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{hartă_răspândire|}}}|then=<tr><td>[[image:{{{hartă_răspândire}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire_lăţime|200px}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire_text|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{hartă_răspândire_text|}}}</div></small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{binomial2|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{binomial2}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_binomial2|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{trinomial2|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{trinomial2}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_trinomial2|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{hartă_răspândire2|}}}|then=<tr><td>[[image:{{{hartă_răspândire2}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire2_lăţime|200px}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire2_text|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{hartă_răspândire2_text|}}}</div></small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{binomial3|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{binomial3}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_binomial3|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{trinomial3|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{trinomial3}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_trinomial3|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{hartă_răspândire3|}}}|then=<tr><td>[[image:{{{hartă_răspândire3}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire3_lăţime|200px}}}|{{{răspândire3_lăţime_text|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{hartă_răspândire3_text|}}}</div></small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{binomial4|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{binomial4}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_binomial4|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{trinomial4|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{trinomial4}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_trinomial4|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{hartă_răspândire4|}}}|then=<tr><td>[[image:{{{hartă_răspândire4}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire4_lăţime|200px}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire4_text|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{hartă_răspândire4_text|}}}</div></small>}}<!-- -->{{section|if=|test={{{subdiviziune|}}}|color={{{culoare}}}|contents={{{rang_subdiviziune}}}}} |- | style="padding: 0 .5em;" | {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" {{{subdiviziune|}}} |}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{sinonime|}}}|then=<tr style="text-align:center; background:{{{culoare}}};"><th>[[Sinonim|Sinonime]]</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center;">{{{sinonime}}}</td></tr>}} |}</includeonly> <noinclude> __TOC__ Acest format setează o cutie taxonomică. Este relativ simplu de utilizat. Majoritatea parametrilor sunt opţionali, deci dacă vreo înregistrare este irelevantă, nu o includeţi. ==88== <includeonly>{| style="position:relative; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; float:right; background:white; clear:right; width:200px;" border="1" cellpadding="0" |- style="text-align:center;" ! style="background: {{{color}}}; position:relative; display:block;" |<span style="position:absolute; right:0.2em; top:0.1em; font-size:70%;">[[Wikipedia:How to read a taxobox|?]]</span>'''{{{name}}}'''{{#if:{{{status|}}}|<br><span style="text-align:center">{{#switch:{{{status}}} |SE|se|SECURE|Secure|secure=<small>'''[[Conservation status|Conservation status:]]&nbsp;Secure'''</small> |DOM|dom|DOMESTICATED|Domesticated|domesticated=<small>'''[[Conservation status|Conservation status:]]&nbsp;Domesticated'''</small>{{{category|[[Category:Domesticated animals]]}}} |DD|dd=<small>'''[[Conservation status|Conservation&nbsp;status:]] Data&nbsp;deficient'''</small> |LR|lr=<small>'''[[Conservation status|Conservation&nbsp;status:]] Lower&nbsp;risk'''</small> {{{category|[[Category:Invalid conservation status]]}}} |LC|lc=<small>'''[[Conservation status|Conservation&nbsp;status:]] Least&nbsp;concern'''</small> |LR/lc|lr/lc|LR/LC=<small>'''[[Conservation status|Conservation&nbsp;status:]] Least&nbsp;concern&nbsp;(LR/lc)'''</small> |NT|nt=<small>'''[[Conservation status|Conservation&nbsp;status:]] Near&nbsp;threatened'''</small> |LR/nt|lr/nt=<small>'''[[Conservation status|Conservation&nbsp;status:]] Near&nbsp;threatened&nbsp;(LR/nt)'''</small> |LR/cd|lr/cd=<small>'''[[Conservation status|Conservation&nbsp;status:]] Conservation&nbsp;dependent&nbsp;(LR/cd)'''</small> |VU|vu=<small>'''[[Conservation status|Conservation status:]] Vulnerable'''</small> |EN|en=<small>'''[[Conservation status|Conservation status:]] Endangered'''</small>{{{category|[[Category:Endangered species]]}}} |CR|cr=<small>'''[[Conservation status|Conservation status:]] Critical'''</small>{{{category|[[Category:Critically endangered species]]}}} |PE|pe=<small>'''[[Conservation status|Conservation status:]] Critical (Possibly Extinct)'''</small>{{{category|[[Category:Critically endangered species]]}}} |EW|ew=<small>'''[[Conservation status|Conservation&nbsp;status:]] Extinct&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;wild'''</small>{{{category|[[Category:Species extinct in the wild]]}}} |EX|ex=<small>'''[[Conservation status|Conservation&nbsp;status:]] Extinct{{#if:{{{extinct|}}}|&nbsp;({{{extinct}}}) }}'''</small> |FOSSIL|Fossil|fossil=<small>'''[[Conservation status|Conservation status:]] Fossil'''</small> |PRE|pre=<small>'''[[Conservation status|Conservation status:]] Prehistoric'''</small> |text|Text|TEXT=<small>'''[[Conservation status|Conservation&nbsp;status:]] See&nbsp;text'''</small> |{{{status}}} }}{{#if:{{{status_ref|}}}|<small>{{{status_ref|}}}</small>}}</span>}} {{#if: {{{fossil_range|}}}|<br><center><small>Fossil range: {{{fossil_range}}}</small></center>}} |- style="text-align:center;" | {{#if:{{{image|}}}|[[image:{{{image}}}|{{{image_width|200px}}}|{{{image_caption|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{image_caption|}}}</div></small>}} {{#if:{{{image2|}}}|[[image:{{{image2}}}|{{{image2_width|200px}}}|{{{image2_caption|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{image2_caption|}}}</div></small>}} |- style="text-align:center;" ! style="background: {{{color}}};" | '''{{#if:{{{virus_group|}}}|[[Virus classification]]|[[Scientific classification]]}}''' |- style="text-align:center;" | {| style="margin:0 auto; text-align:left; background:white;" cellpadding="2" |-valign=top {{#if:{{{virus_group|}}}| {{!}} Group: {{!}} {{#switch:{{{virus_group}}} |I|i=Group I <small>([[dsDNA virus|dsDNA]])</small> |II|ii=Group II <small>([[ssDNA virus|ssDNA]])</small> |III|iii=Group III <small>([[dsRNA virus|dsRNA]])</small> |IV|iv=Group IV <small>([[Positive-sense ssRNA virus|(+)ssRNA]])</small> |V|v=Group V <small>([[Negative-sense ssRNA virus|(-)ssRNA]])</small> |VI|vi=Group VI <small>([[ssRNA-RT virus|ssRNA-RT]])</small> |VII|vii=Group VII <small>([[dsDNA-RT virus|dsDNA-RT]])</small> |{{{virus_group}}} }}}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{domain|}}}| {{!}} Domain: {{!}} {{{domain}}}<br><small>{{{domain_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{superregnum|}}}| {{!}} Superkingdom: {{!}} {{{superregnum}}}<br><small>{{{superregnum_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{regnum|}}}| {{!}} Kingdom: {{!}} {{{regnum}}}<br><small>{{{regnum_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{subregnum|}}}| {{!}} Subkingdom: {{!}} {{{subregnum}}}<br><small>{{{subregnum_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{unranked_phylum|}}}| {{!}} (unranked) {{!}} {{{unranked_phylum}}}<br><small>{{{unranked_phylum_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{superdivisio|}}}| {{!}} Superdivision: {{!}} {{{superdivisio}}}<br><small>{{{superdivisio_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{superphylum|}}}| {{!}} Superphylum: {{!}} {{{superphylum}}}<br><small>{{{superphylum_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{divisio|}}}| {{!}} Division: {{!}} {{{divisio}}}<br><small>{{{divisio_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{phylum|}}}| {{!}} Phylum: {{!}} {{{phylum}}}<br><small>{{{phylum_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{subdivisio|}}}| {{!}} Subdivision: {{!}} {{{subdivisio}}}<br><small>{{{subdivisio_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{subphylum|}}}| {{!}} Subphylum: {{!}} {{{subphylum}}}<br><small>{{{subphylum_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{infraphylum|}}}| {{!}} Infraphylum: {{!}} {{{infraphylum}}}<br><small>{{{infraphylum_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{microphylum|}}}| {{!}} Microphylum: {{!}} {{{microphylum}}}<br><small>{{{microphylum_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{nanophylum|}}}| {{!}} Nanophylum: {{!}} {{{nanophylum}}}<br><small>{{{nanophylum_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{unranked_classis|}}}| {{!}} (unranked) {{!}} {{{unranked_classis}}}<br><small>{{{unranked_classis_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{superclassis|}}}| {{!}} Superclass: {{!}} {{{superclassis}}}<br><small>{{{superclassis_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{classis|}}}| {{!}} Class: {{!}} {{{classis}}}<br><small>{{{classis_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{subclassis|}}}| {{!}} Subclass: {{!}} {{{subclassis}}}<br><small>{{{subclassis_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{infraclassis|}}}| {{!}} Infraclass: {{!}} {{{infraclassis}}}<br><small>{{{infraclassis_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{unranked_ordo|}}}| {{!}} (unranked) {{!}} {{{unranked_ordo}}}<br><small>{{{unranked_ordo_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{magnordo|}}}| {{!}} Magnorder: {{!}} {{{magnordo}}}<br><small>{{{magnordo_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{superordo|}}}| {{!}} Superorder: {{!}} {{{superordo}}}<br><small>{{{superordo_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{ordo|}}}| {{!}} Order: {{!}} {{{ordo}}}<br><small>{{{ordo_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{subordo|}}}| {{!}} Suborder: {{!}} {{{subordo}}}<br><small>{{{subordo_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{infraordo|}}}| {{!}} Infraorder: {{!}} {{{infraordo}}}<br><small>{{{infraordo_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{parvordo|}}}| {{!}} Parvorder: {{!}} {{{parvordo}}}<br><small>{{{parvordo_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{zoodivisio|}}}| {{!}} Division: {{!}} {{{zoodivisio}}}<br><small>{{{zoodivisio_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{zoosectio|}}}| {{!}} Section: {{!}} {{{zoosectio}}}<br><small>{{{zoosectio_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{zoosubsectio|}}}| {{!}} Subsection: {{!}} {{{zoosubsectio}}}<br><small>{{{zoosubsectio_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{unranked_familia|}}}| {{!}} (unranked) {{!}} {{{unranked_familia}}}<br><small>{{{unranked_familia_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{superfamilia|}}}| {{!}} Superfamily: {{!}} {{{superfamilia}}}<br><small>{{{superfamilia_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{familia|}}}| {{!}} Family: {{!}} {{{familia}}}<br><small>{{{familia_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{subfamilia|}}}| {{!}} Subfamily: {{!}} {{{subfamilia}}}<br><small>{{{subfamilia_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{supertribus|}}}| {{!}} Supertribe: {{!}} {{{supertribus}}}<br><small>{{{supertribus_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{tribus|}}}| {{!}} Tribe: {{!}} {{{tribus}}}<br><small>{{{tribus_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{subtribus|}}}| {{!}} Subtribe: {{!}} {{{subtribus}}}<br><small>{{{subtribus_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{alliance|}}}| {{!}} Alliance: {{!}} {{{alliance}}}<br><small>{{{alliance_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{genus|}}}| {{!}} Genus: {{!}} {{{genus}}}<br><small>{{{genus_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{genus2|}}}| {{!}} Genus: {{!}} {{{genus2}}}<br><small>{{{genus2_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{subgenus|}}}| {{!}} Subgenus: {{!}} {{{subgenus}}}<br><small>{{{subgenus_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{sectio|}}}| {{!}} Section: {{!}} {{{sectio}}}<br><small>{{{sectio_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{series|}}}| {{!}} Series: {{!}} {{{series}}}<br><small>{{{series_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{species_group|}}}| {{!}} Species group: {{!}} {{{species_group}}}<br><small>{{{species_group_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{species_subgroup|}}}| {{!}} Species subgroup: {{!}} {{{species_subgroup}}}<br><small>{{{species_subgroup_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{species_complex|}}}| {{!}} Species complex: {{!}} {{{species_complex}}}<br><small>{{{species_complex_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{species|}}}| {{!}} Species: {{!}} <span style="white-space: nowrap">{{{species}}}</span><br><small>{{{species_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{subspecies|}}}| {{!}} Subspecies: {{!}} <span style="white-space: nowrap">{{{subspecies}}}</span><br><small>{{{subspecies_authority|}}}</small>}} |} |- bgcolor={{{color|white}}} {{#if:{{{diversity|}}}| ! [[{{{diversity_link}}}|Diversity]] {{!}}- style="text-align:center;" {{!}} {{{diversity|}}}}} |- bgcolor="{{{color|white}}}" {{#if:{{{binomial|}}}| ! <center>[[Binomial nomenclature|Binomial name]]</center> {{!}}- style="text-align:center;" {{!}} '''{{{binomial}}}'''<br><small>{{{binomial_authority|}}}</small>}} |-bgcolor="{{{color|white}}}" {{#if:{{{trinomial|}}}| ! <center>[[Trinomial nomenclature|Trinomial name]] </center> {{!}}- style="text-align:center;" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial}}}'''<br><small>{{{trinomial_authority|}}}</small>}} |-bgcolor="{{{color|white}}}" {{#if:{{{type_genus|}}}| ! <center>[[Biological type|Type Genus]] </center> {{!}}- style="text-align:center;" {{!}} {{{type_genus}}}<br><small>{{{type_genus_authority|}}}</small>}} |-bgcolor="{{{color|white}}}" {{#if:{{{type_species|}}}| ! <center>[[Biological type|Type Species]] </center> {{!}}- style="text-align:center;" {{!}} {{{type_species}}}<br><small>{{{type_species_authority|}}}</small>}} |- style="text-align:center;" {{#if:{{{range_map|}}}| {{!}} [[image:{{{range_map}}}|{{{range_map_width|200px}}}|{{{range_map_caption|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{range_map_caption|}}}</div></small>}} |- style="text-align:center;" {{#if:{{{binomial2|}}}| {{!}} '''{{{binomial2}}}'''<br><small>{{{binomial2_authority|}}}</small>}} |- style="text-align:center;" {{#if:{{{trinomial2|}}}| {{!}} '''{{{trinomial2}}}'''<br><small>{{{trinomial2_authority|}}}</small>}} |- style="text-align:center;" {{#if:{{{range_map2|}}}| {{!}} [[image:{{{range_map2}}}|{{{range_map2_width|200px}}}|{{{range_map2_caption|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{range_map2_caption|}}}</div></small>}} |- style="text-align:center;" {{#if:{{{binomial3|}}}| {{!}} '''{{{binomial3}}}'''<br><small>{{{binomial3_authority|}}}</small>}} |- style="text-align:center;" {{#if:{{{trinomial3|}}}| {{!}} '''{{{trinomial3}}}'''<br><small>{{{trinomial3_authority|}}}</small>}} |- style="text-align:center;" {{#if:{{{range_map3|}}}| {{!}} [[image:{{{range_map3}}}|{{{range_map3_width|200px}}}|{{{range_map3_caption|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{range_map3_caption|}}}</div></small>}} |- style="text-align:center;" {{#if:{{{binomial4|}}}| {{!}} '''{{{binomial4}}}'''<br><small>{{{binomial4_authority|}}}</small>}} |- style="text-align:center;" {{#if:{{{trinomial4|}}}| {{!}} '''{{{trinomial4}}}'''<br><small>{{{trinomial4_authority|}}}</small>}} |- style="text-align:center;" {{#if:{{{range_map4|}}}| {{!}} [[image:{{{range_map4}}}|{{{range_map4_width|200px}}}|{{{range_map4_caption|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{range_map4_caption|}}}</div></small>}} |- bgcolor="{{{color|white}}}" {{#if:{{{subdivision|}}}| ! <center>{{{subdivision_ranks}}}</center> {{!}}- {{!}} style="padding: 0 .5em;" {{!}} {{{subdivision|}}} }} |-style="text-align:center; background:{{{color}}};" {{#if:{{{synonyms|}}}| ! <center>[[Synonymy|Synonyms]]</center> {{!}}- {{!}} style="padding: 0 .5em;" {{!}} {{{synonyms|}}} }} |}</includeonly><noinclude> ==About this template== This template sets up a taxobox. Although the implementation is complicated, it is relatively simple to use. See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Tree of Life/taxobox usage|taxobox usage]] for an explanation. For an example in practice, look at the edit page of [[Orca]] - [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orca&action=edit]. Most parameters are optional, so if a particular entry is not relevant for your case, just leave it out. == Making changes == Before making any non-minor changes to this template, please make a copy of the whole template to your userspace and do tests there. This will avoid unnecessary load on the servers and prevent a large number of pages being screwed up. To edit and test the taxobox template in your userspace: # Copy the text in the large edit box of [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Taxobox&action=edit Template:Taxobox] to <nowiki>[[User:</nowiki>''YOUR USERNAME''<nowiki>/taxobox]]</nowiki>. Copy the whole text so that you don't leave anything out. # Test the template with various taxonomies by copying the text of a plant/animal species or group to <nowiki>[[User:</nowiki>''YOUR USERNAME''<nowiki>/taxoboxtest]]</nowiki>. # Replace the <nowiki>{{Taxobox|...}}</nowiki> template used by <nowiki>[[User:</nowiki>''YOUR USERNAME''<nowiki>/taxoboxtest]]</nowiki> with <nowiki>{{User:</nowiki>''YOUR USERNAME/''taxobox<nowiki>|...}}</nowiki> # If unsure, please check a few different animals and plants and groups # Check the [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Taxobox&action=history Template:Taxobox history], in case changes have been made while you've been editing # Copy the whole text of <nowiki>[[User:</nowiki>''YOUR USERNAME''<nowiki>/taxobox]]</nowiki> back to <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Taxobox]]}} # Check that plant and animal pages still work. # Request your userspace taxobox and taxoboxtest pages are deleted using {{tl|db-userreq}} {{esoteric}} [[Category:Science infobox templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:Templates using ParserFunctions|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[es:Plantilla:Taxobox]] [[ga:Teimpléad:Bosca Sonraí Tacsanomaíochta]] ==Literatură== *Roman **Autori de romane în aromână* **Traducători de romane în aromână* **Autori aromâni ce au scris în alte limbi* ***Autori aromâni ce au scris în Română* *Poezia **Autori de volume de poezie în aromână* **Traducători de poezie în aromână* **Poeţi aromâni ce au scris în alte limbi* ***Poeţi aromâni ce au scris în Română* *Nuvelă* *Schiţă* *Teatro <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <th>Română</td> <th>Engleză</td> <th>Aromână</td> </td> <tr> <th>Bibliografie</td> <th>Bibliography</td> <th>Bibliografia</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> </table> ==--== {| class="plainlinks" style="font-size: 90%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;" |- ! width="150" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #efefef; text-align: center;" | Subspecies !! style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #efefef; text-align: center;" | Classification !! width="150" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #efefef; text-align: center;" | Status !! width="300" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #efefef; text-align: center;" | Historic Range (see [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cd/Original_distribution_of_wolf_subspecies.GIF map]) |- |rowspan="2" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #f9f9f9;" | '''[[Eastern Timber Wolf]]''' ||align="center" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #f9f9f9;" | ''Canis lupus lycaon '' ||align="center" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #f9f9f9;" | At risk ||align="center" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #f9f9f9;" |Southeastern Canada, Eastern United States |- |colspan="4" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #f9f9f9;" | A smaller subspecies. Became extinct in 1889 as a result of poisoning campaigns. |- |rowspan="2" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #efefef;" | '''[[Japanese Wolf|Honshu Wolf]] ''' ||align="center" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #efefef;" | ''Canis lupus hodophilax '' ||align="center" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #efefef;" | Extinct ||align="center" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #efefef;" |Japanese islands of Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu |- |colspan="4" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #efefef;" | A very small subspecies. Became extinct in 1905 from a combination of rabies and human eradication efforts. |- |rowspan="2" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #f9f9f9;" | '''[[Indian Wolf]]''' ||align="center" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #f9f9f9;" | ''Canis lupus pallipes'' ||align="center" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #f9f9f9;" | Endangered, declining ||align="center" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #f9f9f9;" |Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India |- |colspan="4" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #f9f9f9;" | A very small subspecies. Typically tawny, buff, or reddish with a very short, dense coat. Hunted as a nuisance animal. |- |rowspan="2" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #efefef;" | '''[[Italian Wolf]]''' ||align="center" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #efefef;" | ''Canis lupus italicus'' ||align="center" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #efefef;" | Endangered||align="center" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #efefef;" |Italian peninsula |- |colspan="4" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #efefef;" | An average-sized subspecies. Full canine color spectrum represented. Occupy comparatively smaller territories. Protected. |} ==Imagine== [[Image:Lion in Kenya.jpg|180px|right|thumb|''[[Panthera leo]]'' (Lion), a species of the kingdom '''Animalia''']] ==11== [[Image:Tulip01.jpg|thumb|left|The androecium and gynoecium of a [[tulip]].]] ==bbb=== <gallery> Image:Bluete-Schema.png| <br />1. Receptacul <br />2. Sepale/ Sepal*<br />3. Petale/ Petal*<br />4. Stamine/ Stamens*<br />5. Pistil/Pistil* Image:Illustration_Oxalis_acetosella0.jpg|right|thumb|185px|Harilik jänesekapsas, <br /><small>5 rohelist tupplehte, <br />5 valget kroonlehte, <br />2×5 tolmukat, <br />5 emakat</small>]] </gallery> ==qqqqqq== [[Image:Englishtitles2-1.jpg|375px|right]] ==wwwwwww== <includeonly>{| style="position:relative; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; border: #aaa 1px solid; float:right; clear:right; width:200px;" cellpadding="0" |- style="text-align:center;" ! style="background: {{{culoare}}};" |'''{{{nume}}}'''<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{status|}}}|then=<br><center><small>{{{status|}}}</small></center>}}<!-- -->{{subtext|if=|test={{{fosilă|}}}|contents=Fosilă din: {{{fosilă|}}}}} |- | {{qif|test={{{imagine|}}}|then=[[image:{{{imagine}}}|{{{imagine_lăţime|200px}}}|{{{imagine_text|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{imagine_text|}}}</div></small>}}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{imagine2|}}}|then=[[image:{{{imagine2}}}|{{{imagine2_lăţime|200px}}}|{{{imagine2_text|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{imagine2_text|}}}</div></small>}} |- style="text-align:center;" ! style="background: {{{culoare}}};" | '''[[Clasificare ştiinţifică]]'''{{#if:{{{cf|}}}|<small><br>după {{{cf|}}}</small>}} |- style="text-align:center;" | {| style="margin:0 auto; text-align:left; background:none;" cellpadding="2" {{row|if=|test={{{domeniu|}}}|label=Domeniu:|contents={{{domeniu|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_domeniu|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{superregnum|}}}|label=Supraregn:|contents={{{superregnum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_superregnum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{regnum|}}}|label=Regn:|contents={{{regnum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_regnum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subregnum|}}}|label=Subregn:|contents={{{subregnum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subregnum|}}}</small>}}<!-- 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-->{{section|if=|test={{{binomial|}}}|color={{{culoare}}}|contents=[[Nomenclatura binară|Nume binar]]}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{binomial|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{binomial}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_binomial|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{section|if=|test={{{trinomial|}}}|color={{{culoare}}}|contents=[[Nomenclatura trinară|Nume trinar]]}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{trinomial|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{trinomial}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_trinomial|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{section|if=|test={{{typus_species|}}}|color={{{culoare}}}|contents=[[Tip biologic|Tip de Specie]]}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{typus_species|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents={{{typus_species}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_typus_species|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{hartă_răspândire|}}}|then=<tr><td>[[image:{{{hartă_răspândire}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire_lăţime|200px}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire_text|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{hartă_răspândire_text|}}}</div></small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{binomial2|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{binomial2}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_binomial2|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{trinomial2|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{trinomial2}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_trinomial2|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{hartă_răspândire2|}}}|then=<tr><td>[[image:{{{hartă_răspândire2}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire2_lăţime|200px}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire2_text|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{hartă_răspândire2_text|}}}</div></small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{binomial3|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{binomial3}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_binomial3|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{trinomial3|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{trinomial3}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_trinomial3|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{hartă_răspândire3|}}}|then=<tr><td>[[image:{{{hartă_răspândire3}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire3_lăţime|200px}}}|{{{răspândire3_lăţime_text|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{hartă_răspândire3_text|}}}</div></small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{binomial4|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{binomial4}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_binomial4|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{trinomial4|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{trinomial4}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_trinomial4|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{hartă_răspândire4|}}}|then=<tr><td>[[image:{{{hartă_răspândire4}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire4_lăţime|200px}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire4_text|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{hartă_răspândire4_text|}}}</div></small>}}<!-- -->{{section|if=|test={{{subdiviziune|}}}|color={{{culoare}}}|contents={{{rang_subdiviziune}}}}} |- | style="padding: 0 .5em;" | {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" {{{subdiviziune|}}} |}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{sinonime|}}}|then=<tr style="text-align:center; background:{{{culoare}}};"><th>[[Sinonim|Sinonime]]</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center;">{{{sinonime}}}</td></tr>}} |}</includeonly> <noinclude> __TOC__ Acest format setează o cutie taxonomică. Este relativ simplu de utilizat. Majoritatea parametrilor sunt opţionali, deci dacă vreo înregistrare este irelevantă, nu o includeţi. ==Parametri== 3533 7782 2006-09-29T08:54:29Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Acnidarlji (latinica: Acnidaria)''' sãntu clasificate dupu Georgescu, 1997, pi: <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Rasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Clasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subclasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ghen]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Reprezentantsã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Acnidaria]] [[Acnidaria|Ctenaria]] </td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Ctenofora]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Tentaculata]] ([[Tentaculata|Micopharingea]])</td> <td><center><small>[[Cestus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Cestus veneris]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Atentaculata]] ([[Atentaculata|Macropffaringea]])</td> <td><center><small>[[Beroё]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Beroё ovata]]</td> </td> </table> ==Bibliografia== Georgescu, D., Animale nevertebrate – Morfofizioloige – Editura Didacticã shi Pedagogicã, R.A. Bucureshci, 1997 3534 7784 2006-09-29T08:56:48Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Plathelmintsãlji (latinica: Platheminthes)''' sãntu clasificate dupu Georgescu, 1997, pi: <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Rasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Clasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subclasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Aradã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ghen]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Reprezentantsã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><center><small>[[Plathelminthes]] </td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Turbelaria]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Acoelia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Convoluta]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Convoluta convoluta]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Rhabdocola]] </td> <td><center><small>[[Mesostoma]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Mesostoma ehrenbengii]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]] </td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]] </td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> </table> ==Bibliografia== Georgescu, D., Animale nevertebrate – Morfofizioloige – Editura Didacticã shi Pedagogicã, R.A. Bucureshci, 1997 3535 7785 2006-09-29T08:57:54Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Nemathelmintsãlji (latinica: Nemathelminthes)''' sãntu clasificate dupu Georgescu, 1997, pi: <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Rasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Clasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subclasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Aradã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ghen]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Reprezentantsã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><center><small>[[Nemathelminthes]] ([[Nemathelminthes|Aschelminthes]]) </td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Rotatoria]]</td> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Monogomonta]]</td> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Epiphanes]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Epiphanes sp.]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Brachionus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Brachionus calyciflorus]] </td>> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Keratella]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Keratella cohlcaris]] </td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]] </td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]] </td> </td> </table> ==Bibliografia== Georgescu, D., Animale nevertebrate – Morfofizioloige – Editura Didacticã shi Pedagogicã, R.A. Bucureshci, 1997 3536 7787 2006-09-29T09:00:30Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Sipunculindzãlji (latinica: Sipunculida)''' sãntu clasificate dupu Georgescu, 1997, pi: <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Rasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Clasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subclasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ghen]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Reprezentantsã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[-]] </td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]] </td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> </table> ==Bibliografia== Georgescu, D., Animale nevertebrate – Morfofizioloige – Editura Didacticã shi Pedagogicã, R.A. Bucureshci, 1997. 3537 7699 2006-09-22T21:55:26Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 Clasificatsia-a molluschilor dupu Georgescu,1997: <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <th>[[Rasã]]</td> <th>[[Clasã]]</td> <th>[[Subclasã]]</td> <th>[[Ghen]]</td> <th>[[Spetsies]]</th> </td> <tr> <th>1</td> <th>2</td> <th>3</td> <th>4</td> <th>5</th> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="9">[[Gasteropoda]]</td> <th rowspan="3">[[Prosobranchiata]]</th><th>[[Archaesgastropoda]]</td> <th>[[-]]</th> <th>[[-]]</th> </td> <tr> <th>[[Mesogasteropoda]] [[Pectinibranchia]]</th> <th>[[-]]</th> <th>[[-]]</th> </td> <tr> <th>[[Neogasteropoda]]</th> <th>[[-]]</th> <th>[[-]]</th> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="2">[[Opisthobranchiata]]</th> <th>[[Tectibranchiata]]</td> <th>[[-]]</th> <th>[[-]]</th> </td> <tr> <th>[[Nudibranchiata]]</th> <th>[[-]]</th> <th>[[-]]</th> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="4">[[Pulmonata]]</th> <th rowspan="3">[[Basommatophora]]</td> <th>[[Limnaea]]</th> <th>[[Limnaea stagnalis]]</th> </td> <tr> <th>[[Planorbis]]</td> <th>[[Planorbis corneus]]</th> </td> <tr> <th>[[Tropidiscus]]</td> <th>[[Tropidiscus carinatus]]</th> </td> <tr> <th>[[Stylommatophora]]</td> <th>[[-]]</th> <th>[[-]]</th> </td> </table> ==Bibliografia== * Georgescu, D., ''Animale nevertebrate'' – Morfofizioloige – Editura Didacticã shi Pedagogicã, R.A. Bucureshci, 1997. 3538 7790 2006-09-29T09:02:46Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Echiuridzlji (latinica: Echiurida)''' sãntu clasificate dupu Georgescu, 1997, pi: <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <th>[[Rasã]]</td> <th>[[Clasã]]</td> <th>[[Subclasã]]</td> <th>[[Ghen]]</td> <th>[[Spetsies]]</th> </td> <tr> <th>1</td> <th>2</td> <th>3</td> <th>4</td> <th>5</th> </td> <tr> <th>Echiurida</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[Bonnelia]]</td> <th>[[Bonnelia viridis]]</th> </td> </table> ==Bibliografia== *Georgescu, D., Animale nevertebrate – Morfofizioloige – Editura Didacticã shi Pedagogicã, R.A. Bucureshci, 1997. 3539 7789 2006-09-29T09:02:00Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Priapluidzlji (latinica:Priapluida)''' sãntu clasificate dupu Georgescu, 1997, pi: <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <th>[[Rasã]]</td> <th>[[Clasã]]</td> <th>[[Subclasã]]</td> <th>[[Ghen]]</td> <th>[[Spetsies]]</th> </td> <tr> <th>1</td> <th>2</td> <th>3</td> <th>4</td> <th>5</th> </td> <tr> <th>[[Priapluida]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[Priapulus]]</td> <th>[[Priapulus bicaudatus]]</th> </td> </table> ==Bibliografia== * Georgescu, D., Animale nevertebrate – Morfofizioloige – Editura Didacticã shi Pedagogicã, R.A. Bucureshci, 1997. 3540 6901 2006-08-29T11:34:56Z Jean 119 Annelida sãntu clasificate dupu Georgescu, 1997, pi: <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <th>[[Phylum]]</td> <th>[[Classis]]</td> <th>[[Subclassis]]</td> <th>[[Ordo]]</td> <th>[[Genus]]</td> <th>[[Species]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>1</td> <th>2</td> <th>3</td> <th>4</td> <th>5</td> <th>3</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="10">[[Annelida]]</td> <th>[[Poliychaeta]]</td> <th>[[Errantia]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[Nereis]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> </td> </table> ==Bibliografia== * Georgescu, D., ''Animale nevertebrate'' – Morfofizioloige – Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, R.A. Bucureşti, 1997. 3541 6900 2006-08-29T11:34:13Z Jean 119 Onychophora sãntu clasificate dupu Georgescu, 1997, pi: <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <th>[[Phylum]]</td> <th>[[Classis]]</td> <th>[[Subclassis]]</td> <th>[[Ordo]]</td> <th>[[Genus]]</td> <th>[[Species]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>1</td> <th>2</td> <th>3</td> <th>4</td> <th>5</td> <th>3</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Onychophora]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[Peripatus]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> </table> ==Bibliografia== * Georgescu, D., ''Animale nevertebrate'' – Morfofizioloige – Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, R.A. Bucureşti, 1997. 3542 6899 2006-08-29T11:33:13Z Jean 119 Tardigrada sãntu clasificate dupu Georgescu, 1997, pi: <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <th>[[Phylum]]</td> <th>[[Classis]]</td> <th>[[Subclassis]]</td> <th>[[Ordo]]</td> <th>[[Genus]]</td> <th>[[Species]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>1</td> <th>2</td> <th>3</td> <th>4</td> <th>5</td> <th>3</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Tardigradda]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[Echiniscus]]</td> <th>[[Echiniscus sp.]]</td> </td> </table> ==Bibliografia== * Georgescu, D., ''Animale nevertebrate'' – Morfofizioloige – Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, R.A. Bucureşti, 1997. 3543 6898 2006-08-29T11:31:51Z Jean 119 Pentasomida sãntu clasificate dupu Georgescu, 1997, pi: <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <th>[[Phylum]]</td> <th>[[Classis]]</td> <th>[[Subclassis]]</td> <th>[[Ordo]]</td> <th>[[Genus]]</td> <th>[[Species]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>1</td> <th>2</td> <th>3</td> <th>4</td> <th>5</td> <th>3</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Pentastomida]] (Linguatulida)</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[Cephalobaena]]</td> <th>[[Cephalobaena tetrapoda]]</td> </td> </table> ==Bibliografia== * Georgescu, D., ''Animale nevertebrate'' – Morfofizioloige – Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, R.A. Bucureşti, 1997. 3544 6911 2006-08-29T12:06:39Z Jean 119 Pentastomida este un substantiv propriu la singular ce denumeşte o încrengătură. Trebuie făcut acordul dintre subiect (Pentastomida) şi predicat. --[[User:Jean|Jean]] 12:06, 29 August 2006 (UTC) 3545 6913 2006-08-29T19:21:36Z Jean 119 Artropoda sãntu clasificate dupu Georgescu, 1997, pi: <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <th>[[Phylum]]</td> <th>[[Subphzlum]]</td> <th>[[Classis]]</td> <th>[[Subclassis]]</td> <th>[[Ordo]]</td> <th>[[Genus]]</td> <th>[[Species]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>1</td> <th>2</td> <th>3</td> <th>4</td> <th>5</td> <th>6</td> <th>7</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="10">[[Arthropoda]] </td> <th>[[Trilobita]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Chelicerata]] </td> <th>[[Merostomat]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[Limulus]]</td> <th>[[Limulus polzphemus]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[-]] </td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[-]] </td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[-]] </td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> </table> ==Bibliografia== * Georgescu, D., ''Animale nevertebrate'' – Morfofizioloige – Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, R.A. Bucureşti, 1997. 3546 6914 2006-08-29T19:33:25Z Jean 119 Echinodermata sãntu clasificate dupu Georgescu, 1997, pi: <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <th>[[Phylum]]</td> <th>[[Subphylum]]</td> <th>[[Classis]]</td> <th>[[Subclassis]]</td> <th>[[Ordo]]</td> <th>[[Genus]]</td> <th>[[Species]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>1</td> <th>2</td> <th>3</td> <th>4</td> <th>5</td> <th>6</td> <th>7</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="10">[[Echinodermata]] </td> <th>[[Pelmatozoa]]</td> <th>[[Crinoidea]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[Pentacinus]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Eleutherozoa]] </td> <th>[[Asteroidea]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[Asterias]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[-]] </td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[-]] </td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[-]] </td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> </table> ==Bibliografia== * Georgescu, D., ''Animale nevertebrate'' – Morfofizioloige – Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, R.A. Bucureşti, 1997. 3547 6917 2006-08-30T02:37:46Z Jean 119 [[Image:MarchantiaPolymorpha.jpg]] 3548 8727 2006-12-13T19:52:34Z Escarbot 112 robot Adding: [[hu:Páfrányfenyők]] [[Image:Radziejowice ginkgo biloba01.jpg|250px|thumb|Lemnu di Ginkgo biloba]] [[ar:جنكو]] [[bg:Гинко]] [[ca:Ginkgo]] [[cs:Jinan dvoulaločný]] [[da:Tempeltræ]] [[de:Ginkgo]] [[en:Ginkgo]] [[eo:Ginko]] [[es:Ginkgo biloba]] [[et:Hõlmikpuu]] [[fi:Neidonhiuspuut]] [[fr:Ginkgo biloba]] [[he:גינקגו דו אונתי]] [[hu:Páfrányfenyők]] [[it:Ginkgo biloba]] [[ja:イチョウ]] [[ko:은행나무]] [[lb:Ginkgobam]] [[lt:Dviskiautis ginkmedis]] [[lv:Ginki]] [[nl:Ginkgo biloba]] [[no:Tempeltre]] [[pl:Miłorząb dwuklapowy]] [[pt:Ginkgo]] [[ro:Ginkgo]] [[ru:Гинкго]] [[simple:Ginkgo]] [[sk:Ginko dvojlaločné]] [[sl:Ginko biloba]] [[sr:Гинко]] [[sv:Ginkgo]] [[th:แปะก๊วย]] [[tr:Mabet ağacı]] [[zh:银杏]] 3549 8062 2006-10-09T15:06:24Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 ==Clasificatsia shciintsificã dupu ma multe fãntãne== <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>Dupu [[Răvăruţ, 1973|Rãvãruts, 1973]]</td> <td><center><small>Dupu Pop shi colaborator 1985</td> <td><center><small>Dupu [[Anca Sârbu|Sãrbu (1999)]] shi Wikipedia [[Romãnia|romãneascã]], 2006</td> <td><center><small>Dupu Wikipedia [[Polandia|poloneascã]] 2006</td> <td><center><small>Dupu Wikipedia [[Suidia|suidescã]], 2006</td> <td><center><small>Dupu Wikipedia [[Finlanda|finicã]], 2006</td> <td><center><small>Dupu Wikipedia [[Britania Mare|anglicã]], [[Gallia|gallicã]], [[Italia|itallicã]], [[Olanda|olandicã]], [[Portogallia|portogallã]], shi [[Ispania|ispãnescã]], 2006 </td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Etapã]], [[Domeniu|Domen]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Euthallophytae]], [[Eucaryotae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td>[[/]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Eucariote]]</td> <td>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Regnum|Amirãrilje]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td bgcolor="ff999"><center><small>[[Vegetal]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Regnum Plantae|Plantae]]</td> <td>[[/]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Plantae]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center>[[Plantae]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Regnum Plantae|Plantae]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Subregnum|Subamirãrilje]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Cormofit|Cormobionta]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Cormofit|Cormobionta]]</td> <td><center><small>[[=]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td bgcolor="ff999"><center><small>[[Tracheobionta]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Phylum|Rasã]]</td> <td style="border: 1px solid black; background:#90EE90;"><center><small>[[Gymnospermatophyta]] [[Ginmosperme]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Pinophyta]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Pinophyta]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td style="border: 1px solid black; background:#90EE90;"><center><small>[[Spermatophyta]]</td> <td><center><small>Magnoliophyta ???</td> <td bgcolor="ff999"><center><small>[[Gnetophyta]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Subphylum|Subrasã]]</td> <td bgcolor="ff999"><center><small>[[Prae-angyospermatophytina]] [[(Chlamydospermae)]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td bgcolor="ff999"><center><small>[[Gnetophyta]]</td> <td bgcolor="ff999"><center><small>[[Gnetophytina]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Classis|Clasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Gnetatae]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Gnetatae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td style="border: 1px solid black; background:#90EE90;"><center><small>[[Gnetopsida]]</td> <td style="border: 1px solid black; background:#90EE90;"><center><small>[[Gnetopsida]]</td> <td style="border: 1px solid black; background:#90EE90;"><center><small>[[Gnetopsida]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Ordo|Aradã]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschiales]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschiales]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschiales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[=]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschiales]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschiales]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschiales]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Familia|Familia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschiaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschiaceae]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschiaceae]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschiaceae]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Genus|Ghen]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschia]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[=]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschia]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschia]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschia]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Species|Spetsies]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschia mirabilis]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschia mirabilis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschia mirabilis]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschia mirabilis]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschia mirabilis]]</td> </td> </table> <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td style="background:#afdead;">Cu vearde</td> <td style="border: 1px solid black; background:#90EE90;">Cu vearde</td> <td><center><small>Idhyie nume la autori diferentsã</td> </td> </td> <tr> <td bgcolor="ff999">Cu aroshe</td> <td>-</td> <td><center><small>Idhyie nume la autori diferentsã</td> </td> </td> </table> [[Image:Welwitschia mirabilis(1).jpg|thumb|240px|Comparatsia di mãrime (Welwitschia tu Namibia)]] [[Image:Welwitschia-seeds.jpg|left|240px|''Welwitschia mirabilis'' muljearicã, lilicile sãntu cu forma di cep (ãncljiditor).]] [[Image:Welwitschia mirabilis1.jpg|left|240px|''Welwitschia mirabilis'', iarba tinirã]] [[Image:Welwitschia_mirabilis(2).jpg|thumb|240px|Welwitschia ghiganticã tu Namibia, tu Notlu di Swakopmund, easte bãgatã tu protectsia. Mãrime: tsircã mãrime di un om, Anjlji cca: 1.500 di anj.]] [[Image:Welwitschia Mirabilis Area of Circulation.png|thumb|240px|Loclu di tsirculatsia]] 3550 8165 2006-10-21T06:29:18Z Jean 119 [[image:Magnolia stellata6.jpg|thumb|Magnolia stellata]] 3551 8161 2006-10-20T20:25:36Z Jean 119 [[image:Ranunculus repens(02).jpg|thumb|Ranunculus repens]] 3552 7714 2006-09-25T23:16:14Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Afion (latinica Papaver somniferum)''' ==Cãdzuri== * [http://www.poppies.org/gallery/ Galeria di cãdzuri di Afionlu] * [http://www.geopium.org/Photos/Pavots_Poppies/pavotspoppies.htm Cãdzuri di afion opiatic pi www.geopium.org] <br /> <gallery> Image:Illustration Papaver somniferum0.jpg|Afion opiatic <br /> di Thomé ''Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz'' (''Iarbile di tu [[Ghermãnia]], [[Austria]] shi [[Shwaitsã]]'') 1885 Image:Opium_poppy.jpg|Afion ti ornamentu tu [[Chatsworth House|Casa Chatsworth]], [[Britania Mare]] Image:Crowning_P_Somniferum_topview.jpg|Di pi suprã vidzut [[Opium|Afion opiatic]] cu njicã ilichie shi curunã Immature crowning </gallery> 3553 8126 2006-10-14T19:36:50Z Jean 119 [[image:flowering_victoria.jpg|reigt|thumb|Lilice di ''Victoria sp. ///in the Amsterdam Hortus Botanicus <br>Photograph by Dirk van der Made''*///]] The genus '''''Victoria''''' represents the giant water lilies. The most famous, ''Victoria amazonica'', is the largest of all the water lilies with leaves sometimes nearly 3 m in diameter, on stalks 7-8 m in length. ''Victoria'' is named after Queen Victoria. ==Species== ''[[Victoria amazonica]]'' (Poepp.) Sowerby<br/> ''[[Victoria cruziana]]'' A. D. Orb<br/> ''[[Victoria mattogrossensis]]'' 3554 7715 2006-09-25T23:17:55Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Victoria cruziana flower.jpg|left|thumb|Lilice di ''Victoria cruzianã'']] 3555 8166 2006-10-21T06:31:09Z Jean 119 [[image:Aristolochia clematitis 160505.jpg|thumb|Aristolochia clematitis]] 3556 8436 2006-11-07T17:00:58Z Andrew Dalby 97 '''Ayazmã (latinica: Mentha arvensis)''' [[image : mentha_arvensis_2005.08.28_09.49.00.jpg|250px|thumb|'''Mentha arvensis''']] [[de:Acker-Minze]] [[en:Mentha arvensis]] [[fr:Menthe des champs]] [[ja:ニホンハッカ]] [[sv:Åkermynta]] 3557 8434 2006-11-07T16:58:28Z Andrew Dalby 97 Interwiki [[Image:Koeh-191.jpg|thumb|left|''Conium maculatum'']] [[bg:Бучиниш]] [[cs:Bolehlav plamatý]] [[de:Gefleckter Schierling]] [[en:Conium]] [[es:Cicuta]] [[fr:Grande ciguë]] [[it:Conium]] [[lt:Mauda]] [[hu:Bürök]] [[nl:Gevlekte scheerling]] [[ja:ドクニンジン]] [[nrm:Conium maculatum]] [[pl:Szczwół plamisty]] [[pt:Cicuta]] [[fi:Myrkkykatko]] [[sv:Odört]] 3558 6939 2006-08-30T03:45:13Z Jean 119 [[image : Anemone ranunculoides 300303.jpg|thumb|''Anemone ranunculoides'']] 3559 6938 2006-08-30T03:34:44Z Jean 119 [[Image:Clematis Montana 02.jpg|thumb|''Clematis montana'']] 3560 8167 2006-10-21T06:36:01Z Jean 119 '''Purnu (latinica:Prunus domestica)''' [[image : Prunus-domestica.JPG|250px|thumb|Prunus domestica]] 3561 6945 2006-08-30T20:39:10Z Multiaccount control 122 this user have been created for the sole purpose of debunking , multiple accounts users users have the right to have multiple accounts. but users may not abuse of the system. users also may not register in languages they don't know only to spam the version with their link 3562 6947 2006-08-31T19:10:49Z MediaWiki default The given page title was invalid or had an inter-language or inter-wiki prefix. 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[[Image:Humanyu.JPG|thumb|250px|right| [[Tombã di Humayun]], tsi s-aflã tu New Delhi, are dezain di arhitecturã cãcum shi [[Taj Mahal|Taj Mahalu]].]] [[Image:newdelhicommercial.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Case di pãrmãthie tu New Delhi]] [[Image:indiawarmealmori.JPG|thumb|250px|[[war memorial|Tsentru di polim]] tu Portã di India ]] 3636 7892 2006-10-06T13:49:02Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Berlin''' easte cãsãbãlu capital ali Statlu Federal Berlin sh-ali [[Ghermãnia|Republica Federalã Ghermãnia]]. [[Image:BrandenburgGate FrontatNight June 2004.jpg|trumb|right|330px|Portã di Brandenburg]] [[Image:Freie Universitaet Berlin - Gebaeudekomplex Rost- und Silberlaube.jpg|thumb|320px|Univerzitetlu liber di Berlin]] [[Image:Berlin Fernsehturm 2005.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Cula di TV]] 3637 7110 2006-09-14T21:54:00Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Bonn''' easte cãsãbã tu Republica Federalã Ghermãnia. [[Image:BNRATHAU.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Aula Istorica-a Cãsãbãlui]] [[Image:Bonn_Muenster.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Cathedralã Münster]] [[Image:Godesburg 2 db.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Tsitãdela Godesburg]] 3638 7055 2006-09-11T19:16:44Z 67.19.171.42 Subject1 Hi all! Bye 3639 7061 2006-09-11T20:14:26Z Jean 119 <includeonly>{| style="position:relative; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; border: #aaa 1px solid; float:right; clear:right; width:200px;" cellpadding="0" |- style="text-align:center;" ! style="background: {{{culoare}}};" |'''{{{nume}}}'''<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{status|}}}|then=<br><center><small>{{{status|}}}</small></center>}}<!-- -->{{subtext|if=|test={{{fosilă|}}}|contents=Fosilă din: {{{fosilă|}}}}} |- | {{qif|test={{{imagine|}}}|then=[[image:{{{imagine}}}|{{{imagine_lăţime|200px}}}|{{{imagine_text|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{imagine_text|}}}</div></small>}}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{imagine2|}}}|then=[[image:{{{imagine2}}}|{{{imagine2_lăţime|200px}}}|{{{imagine2_text|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{imagine2_text|}}}</div></small>}} |- style="text-align:center;" ! style="background: {{{culoare}}};" | '''[[Clasificare ştiinţifică]]'''{{#if:{{{cf|}}}|<small><br>după {{{cf|}}}</small>}} |- style="text-align:center;" | {| style="margin:0 auto; text-align:left; background:none;" cellpadding="2" {{row|if=|test={{{domeniu|}}}|label=Domeniu:|contents={{{domeniu|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_domeniu|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{superregnum|}}}|label=Supraregn:|contents={{{superregnum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_superregnum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{regnum|}}}|label=Regn:|contents={{{regnum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_regnum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subregnum|}}}|label=Subregn:|contents={{{subregnum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subregnum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{unranked_phylum|}}}|label=(unranked)|contents={{{unranked_phylum|}}}<br><small>{{{unranked_phylum_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{superdivisio|}}}|label=Supradiviziune:|contents={{{superdivisio|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_superdivisio|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{superphylum|}}}|label=Supraîncrengătură:|contents={{{superphylum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_superphylum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{divisio|}}}|label=Încrengătură:|contents={{{divisio|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_divisio|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{phylum|}}}|label=Încrengătură:|contents={{{phylum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_phylum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subdivisio|}}}|label=Subdiviziune:|contents={{{subdivisio|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subdivisio|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subphylum|}}}|label=Subîncrengătură:|contents={{{subphylum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subphylum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{infraphylum|}}}|label=Infraîncrengătură:|contents={{{infraphylum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_infraphylum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{microphylum|}}}|label=Microîncrengătură:|contents={{{microphylum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_microphylum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{nanophylum|}}}|label=Nanoîncrengătură:|contents={{{nanophylum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_nanophylum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{unranked_classis|}}}|label=(unranked)|contents={{{unranked_classis|}}}<br><small>{{{unranked_classis_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{superclassis|}}}|label=Supraclasă:|contents={{{superclassis|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_superclassis|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{classis|}}}|label=Clasă:|contents={{{classis|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_classis|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subclassis|}}}|label=Subclasă:|contents={{{subclassis|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subclassis|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{infraclassis|}}}|label=Infraclasă:|contents={{{infraclassis|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_infraclassis|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{unranked_ordo|}}}|label=(unranked)|contents={{{unranked_ordo|}}}<br><small>{{{unranked_ordo_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{superordo|}}}|label=Supraordin:|contents={{{superordo|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_superordo|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{ordo|}}}|label=Ordin:|contents={{{ordo|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_ordo|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subordo|}}}|label=Subordin:|contents={{{subordo|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subordo|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{infraordo|}}}|label=Infraordin:|contents={{{infraordo|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_infraordo|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{zoodivisio|}}}|label=Diviziune:|contents={{{zoodivisio|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_zoodivisio|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{zoosectio|}}}|label=Secţiune:|contents={{{zoosectio|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_zoosectio|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{zoosubsectio|}}}|label=Subsecţiune:|contents={{{zoosubsectio|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_zoosubsectio|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{unranked_familia|}}}|label=(unranked)|contents={{{unranked_familia|}}}<br><small>{{{unranked_familia_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{superfamilia|}}}|label=Suprafamilie:|contents={{{superfamilia|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_superfamilia|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{familia|}}}|label=Familie:|contents={{{familia|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_familia|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subfamilia|}}}|label=Subfamilie:|contents={{{subfamilia|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subfamilia|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{supertribus|}}}|label=Supratrib:|contents={{{supertribus|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_supertribus|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{tribus|}}}|label=Trib:|contents={{{tribus|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_tribus|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subtribus|}}}|label=Subtrib:|contents={{{subtribus|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subtribus|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{affinis|}}}|label=Alianţă:|contents={{{affinis|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_affinis|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{genus|}}}|label=Gen:|contents='''{{{genus|}}}'''<br><small>{{{autoritate_genus|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{genus2|}}}|label=Gen:|contents={{{genus2|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_genus2|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subgenus|}}}|label=Subgen:|contents={{{subgenus|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subgenus|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{sectio|}}}|label=Secţiune:|contents={{{sectio|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_sectio|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{series|}}}|label=Serie:|contents={{{series|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_series|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{globus_species|}}}|label=Grup de specii:|contents={{{globus_species|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_globus_species|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subglobus_species|}}}|label=Subgrup de specii:|contents={{{subglobus_species|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subglobus_species|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{congregatio_species|}}}|label=Complex de specii:|contents={{{congregatio_species|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_congregation_species|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{species|}}}|label=Specie:|contents='''{{{species|}}}'''<br><small>{{{autoritate_species|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subspecies|}}}|label=Subspecie:|contents='''''{{{subspecies|}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_subspecies|}}}</small>}} |}<!-- -->{{section|if=|test={{{diversitate|}}}|color={{{culoare}}}|contents=[[{{{legătură_diversitate}}}|Diversitate]]}} |- | style="text-align:center;" | {{{diversity|}}}<!-- -->{{section|if=|test={{{binomial|}}}|color={{{culoare}}}|contents=[[Nomenclatura binară|Nume binar]]}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{binomial|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{binomial}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_binomial|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{section|if=|test={{{trinomial|}}}|color={{{culoare}}}|contents=[[Nomenclatura trinară|Nume trinar]]}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{trinomial|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{trinomial}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_trinomial|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{section|if=|test={{{typus_species|}}}|color={{{culoare}}}|contents=[[Tip biologic|Tip de Specie]]}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{typus_species|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents={{{typus_species}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_typus_species|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{hartă_răspândire|}}}|then=<tr><td>[[image:{{{hartă_răspândire}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire_lăţime|200px}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire_text|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{hartă_răspândire_text|}}}</div></small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{binomial2|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{binomial2}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_binomial2|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{trinomial2|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{trinomial2}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_trinomial2|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{hartă_răspândire2|}}}|then=<tr><td>[[image:{{{hartă_răspândire2}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire2_lăţime|200px}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire2_text|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{hartă_răspândire2_text|}}}</div></small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{binomial3|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{binomial3}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_binomial3|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{trinomial3|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{trinomial3}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_trinomial3|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{hartă_răspândire3|}}}|then=<tr><td>[[image:{{{hartă_răspândire3}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire3_lăţime|200px}}}|{{{răspândire3_lăţime_text|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{hartă_răspândire3_text|}}}</div></small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{binomial4|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{binomial4}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_binomial4|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{trinomial4|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{trinomial4}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_trinomial4|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{hartă_răspândire4|}}}|then=<tr><td>[[image:{{{hartă_răspândire4}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire4_lăţime|200px}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire4_text|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{hartă_răspândire4_text|}}}</div></small>}}<!-- -->{{section|if=|test={{{subdiviziune|}}}|color={{{culoare}}}|contents={{{rang_subdiviziune}}}}} |- | style="padding: 0 .5em;" | {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" {{{subdiviziune|}}} |}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{sinonime|}}}|then=<tr style="text-align:center; background:{{{culoare}}};"><th>[[Sinonim|Sinonime]]</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center;">{{{sinonime}}}</td></tr>}} |}</includeonly> <noinclude> 3640 7076 2006-09-14T07:22:28Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Tată a nostru]] moved to [[Tatã a nostru]] #REDIRECT [[Tatã a nostru]] 3641 7078 2006-09-14T07:22:28Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Talk:Tată a nostru]] moved to [[Talk:Tatã a nostru]] #REDIRECT [[Talk:Tatã a nostru]] 3642 7081 2006-09-14T07:30:22Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Arbinuşii]] moved to [[Arbinishia]] #REDIRECT [[Arbinishia]] 3643 7084 2006-09-14T07:31:46Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Sârbii]] moved to [[Sãrghia]] #REDIRECT [[Sãrghia]] 3644 7092 2006-09-14T12:35:29Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Românii]] moved to [[Romãnia]] #REDIRECT [[Romãnia]] 3645 7103 2006-09-14T18:34:30Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Bucureshti]] moved to [[Bucureshci]] #REDIRECT [[Bucureshci]] 3646 7558 2006-09-20T09:27:44Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Relighia''' icã '''Piste''' easte organizatsia tu cai pistipsescu cama multu di ominjlji shi partitsipeadzã tu ashi-dzãsã 'liturghie' iu s-liturghiseshce piste cãtrã Dumnidzãlu. Ca relighii s-declaredzã nai ma multu relighiile monotheistitse (tu cai s-pistipseashce sade tu un Dumnidzã). *[[Bisearica_di_Dealihea_al_Isus|Bisearica di Dealihea al Isus]] *[[Bisearica Romacatholicã]] 3647 7116 2006-09-14T22:04:10Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Enţiclopedia]] moved to [[Entsiclopedia]] #REDIRECT [[Entsiclopedia]] 3648 7123 2006-09-15T07:18:02Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Evropa]] moved to [[Europa]] #REDIRECT [[Europa]] 3649 7128 2006-09-15T07:21:55Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Ţarâ Balteanâ]] moved to [[Staturi baltitse]] #REDIRECT [[Staturi baltitse]] 3650 7132 2006-09-15T07:26:17Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Lithonia]] 3651 7131 2006-09-15T07:26:00Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Latvia''' easte [[staturi baltitse|stat baltic]] tu Europa. ===Cãsãbãlu capital==== Riga [[category:Europa]] [[category:Staturi baltitse]] 3652 7140 2006-09-15T07:39:42Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Ghirmânii]] moved to [[Ghermãnia]] #REDIRECT [[Ghermãnia]] 3653 8787 2006-12-19T10:51:25Z TXiKiBoT 147 robot Adding: bar, frp, hsb, ilo, kk, mo, sco, sw, udm, ur, vec [[Image:Flag of Austria.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Austria]] [[Image:Austria Bundesadler.svg|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Austria]] [[Image:LocationAustria.png|thumb|250px|right|Austria tu [[Europa]]]] '''Austria''' ('''Österreich''') easte stat tu [[Unia europeanã]] tu [[Europa]]. [[category:Europa]] [[category:Unia europeanã]] [[category:Stat]] [[category:Stat ghermanofonic]] [[af:Oostenryk]] [[als:Österreich]] [[am:ኦስትሪያ]] [[an:Austria]] [[ang:Ēastrīce]] [[ar:نمسا]] [[arc:ܢܡܣܐ]] [[ast:Austria]] [[bar:Östareich]] [[be:Аўстрыя]] [[bg:Австрия]] [[bn:অস্ট্রিয়া]] [[br:Aostria]] [[bs:Austrija]] [[ca:Àustria]] [[cs:Rakousko]] [[cy:Awstria]] [[da:Østrig]] [[de:Österreich]] [[el:Αυστρία]] [[en:Austria]] [[eo:Aŭstrio]] [[es:Austria]] [[et:Austria]] [[eu:Austria]] [[fa:اتریش]] [[fi:Itävalta]] [[fiu-vro:Austria]] [[fo:Eysturríki]] [[fr:Autriche]] [[frp:Ôtrich·e]] [[fur:Austrie]] [[fy:Eastenryk]] [[ga:An Ostair]] [[gd:An Ostair]] [[gl:Austria - Österreich]] [[gu:ઑસ્ટ્રિયા]] [[he:אוסטריה]] [[hi:ऑस्ट्रिया]] [[hr:Austrija]] [[hsb:Rakuska]] [[hu:Ausztria]] [[hy:Ավստրիա]] [[ia:Austria]] [[id:Austria]] [[ilo:Austria]] [[io:Austria]] [[is:Austurríki]] [[it:Austria]] [[ja:オーストリア]] [[ka:ავსტრია]] [[kk:Аустрия]] [[km:អូត្រីហ្ស]] [[ko:오스트리아]] [[ku:Avûstûrya]] [[kw:Estrych]] [[la:Austria]] [[lb:Éisträich]] [[li:Oesteriek]] [[lt:Austrija]] [[lv:Austrija]] [[mk:Австрија]] [[mo:Аустрия]] [[ms:Austria]] [[mt:Awstrija]] [[na:Austria]] [[nds:Öösterriek]] [[nds-nl:Oostnriek]] [[ne:अष्ट्रीया]] [[nl:Oostenrijk]] [[nn:Austerrike]] [[no:Østerrike]] [[nrm:Autriche]] [[oc:Àustria]] [[os:Австри]] [[pam:Austria]] [[pdc:Eestereich]] [[pl:Austria]] [[ps:اطريش]] [[pt:Áustria]] [[rm:Austria]] [[ro:Austria]] [[ru:Австрия]] [[sa:आस्ट्रिया]] [[scn:Austria]] [[sco:Austrik]] [[se:Nuortariika]] [[sh:Austrija]] [[simple:Austria]] [[sk:Rakúsko]] [[sl:Avstrija]] [[sq:Austria]] [[sr:Аустрија]] [[sv:Österrike]] [[sw:Austria]] [[ta:ஆஸ்திரியா]] [[tet:Áustria]] [[th:ประเทศออสเตรีย]] [[tl:Austria]] [[tr:Avusturya]] [[udm:Австрия]] [[ug:ئاۋسترىيە]] [[uk:Австрія]] [[ur:آسٹریا]] [[vec:Austria]] [[vi:Áo]] [[yi:עסטרייך]] [[zh:奥地利]] [[zh-min-nan:Tang-kok]] 3654 7161 2006-09-15T07:56:51Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Rusii]] moved to [[Arusia]] #REDIRECT [[Arusia]] 3655 7410 2006-09-18T20:24:22Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Flag of Switzerland.svg|thumb|150px|right|Flambura di Shwaitsã]] [[Image:Coat of Arms of Switzerland.svg|thumb|150px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Shwaitsã]] [[Image:LocationSwitzerland.png|thumb|250px|right|Shwaitsã tu [[Europa]]]] '''Federatsia shwaitsã''' (de:'''Schweizerisches Eidgenossenschaft''') easte stat tu [[Europa]]. [[category:Europa]] [[category:Stat]] 3656 7168 2006-09-15T08:01:25Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Ucrainii]] moved to [[Ucraina]] #REDIRECT [[Ucraina]] 3657 8799 2006-12-20T08:46:36Z TXiKiBoT 147 robot Adding: [[fur:France]], [[ru-sib:Францыя]] [[Image:Flag of France.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Gallia]] [[Image:France coa.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Gallia]] [[Image:LocationFrance.png|thumb|250px|right|Gallia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Gallia''' (fr:'''France''') easte stat tu [[Unia Europeanã]] tu [[Europa]]. Cãsãbãlu capital: '''[[Parij]]''' [[category:Europa]] [[category:Unia Europeanã]] [[category:Stat]] [[af:Frankryk]] [[als:Frankreich]] [[an:Franzia]] [[ang:Francland]] [[ar:فرنسا]] [[arc:ܦܪܢܣܐ]] [[ast:Francia]] [[bar:Frankreich]] [[be:Францыя]] [[bg:Франция]] [[bn:ফ্রান্স]] [[br:Bro-C'hall]] [[bs:Francuska]] [[ca:França]] [[co:Francia]] [[cs:Francie]] [[csb:Francëjô]] [[cv:Франци]] [[cy:Ffrainc]] [[da:Frankrig]] [[de:Frankreich]] [[el:Γαλλία]] [[en:France]] [[eo:Francio]] [[es:Francia]] [[et:Prantsusmaa]] [[eu:Frantzia]] [[fa:فرانسه]] [[fi:Ranska]] [[fiu-vro:Prantsusmaa]] [[fr:France]] [[frp:France]] [[fur:France]] [[fy:Frankryk]] [[ga:An Fhrainc]] [[gd:An Fhraing]] [[gl:Francia - France]] [[gu:ફ્રાઁસ]] [[gv:Yn Rank]] [[he:צרפת]] [[hi:फ़्राँस]] [[hr:Francuska]] [[hsb:Francoska]] [[ht:Frans]] [[hu:Franciaország]] [[hy:Ֆրանսիա]] [[ia:Francia]] [[id:Perancis]] [[ilo:Francia]] [[io:Francia]] [[is:Frakkland]] [[it:Francia]] [[ja:フランス]] [[jbo:fasygu'e]] [[ka:საფრანგეთი]] [[kn:ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್]] [[ko:프랑스]] [[ks:फ्रांस]] [[ksh:Frankrish]] [[ku:Fransa]] [[kw:Pow Frynk]] [[la:Francia]] [[lad:Fransia]] [[lb:Frankräich]] [[li:Frankriek]] [[lmo:Francja]] [[ln:Falansia]] [[lt:Prancūzija]] [[lv:Francija]] [[mg:Frantsa]] [[mk:Франција]] [[mn:Франц улс]] [[mr:फ्रान्स]] [[ms:Perancis]] [[na:France]] [[nds:Frankriek]] [[nds-nl:Frankriek]] [[ne:फ्रान्स]] [[nl:Frankrijk]] [[nn:Frankrike]] [[no:Frankrike]] [[nrm:France]] [[oc:França]] [[os:Франц]] [[pam:France]] [[pl:Francja]] [[pms:Fransa]] [[ps:فرانسه]] [[pt:França]] [[qu:Fransiya]] [[rm:Frantscha]] [[rmy:Franchiya]] [[ro:Franţa]] [[ru:Франция]] [[ru-sib:Францыя]] [[sa:फ्रांस]] [[sc:Frantza]] [[scn:Francia]] [[sco:Fraunce]] [[sh:Francuska]] [[simple:France]] [[sk:Francúzsko]] [[sl:Francija]] [[so:Faransiiska]] [[sq:Franca]] [[sr:Француска]] [[st:France]] [[sv:Frankrike]] [[sw:Ufaransa]] [[ta:பிரான்ஸ்]] [[tet:Fransa]] [[tg:Фаронса]] [[th:ประเทศฝรั่งเศส]] [[tl:Pransya]] [[tpi:Pranis]] [[tr:Fransa]] [[ty:Farāni]] [[udm:Франция]] [[ug:فرانسىيە]] [[uk:Франція]] [[ur:فرانس]] [[vec:Franzsa]] [[vi:Pháp]] [[vls:Vrankriek]] [[zh:法国]] [[zh-classical:法蘭西]] [[zh-min-nan:Hoat-kok]] [[zh-yue:法國]] 3658 7174 2006-09-15T08:04:29Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Frãntsii]] moved to [[Frãntsia]] #REDIRECT [[Frãntsia]] 3659 7536 2006-09-20T08:16:02Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Britania Mare]] [[Image:UK COA.png|thumb|150px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Britania Mare]] [[Image:LocationUnitedKingdom.png|thumb|250px|right|Britania Mare tu [[Europa]]]] '''Britania Mare''' ('''Great Britain''') icã '''Vãsilia Unitã shi Irlanda di Aratsile''' ('''United Kindgom and Northern Ireland''') easte stat ilandã tu [[Unia europeanã]] tu [[Europa]]. <br>Cãsãbãlu capital: [[Londra]]. Pãrtsã: *[[Anglia]] *[[Wales]] *[[Scotlandia]] [[category:Europa]] [[category:Unia europeanã]] [[category:Stat]] [[af:Verenigde Koninkryk]] [[als:Grossbritannien und Nordirland]] [[ang:Geānlǣht Cynerīce]] [[ar:المملكة المتحدة]] [[an:Reino Unito]] [[frp:Royômo-Uni]] [[ast:Reinu Uníu]] [[az:Böyük Britaniya]] [[bn:যুক্তরাজ্য]] [[zh-min-nan:Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok]] [[bs:Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo]] [[br:Rouantelezh Unanet Breizh-Veur ha Norzhiwerzhon]] [[bg:Обединено кралство Великобритания и Северна Ирландия]] [[ca:Regne Unit de la Gran Bretanya i Irlanda del Nord]] [[cs:Spojené království]] [[cy:Y Deyrnas Unedig]] [[da:Det Forenede Kongerige]] [[de:Vereinigtes Königreich]] [[et:Suurbritannia]] [[el:Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο]] [[en:United Kingdom]] [[es:Reino Unido]] [[eo:Unuiĝinta Reĝlando]] [[eu:Erresuma Batua]] [[fa:پادشاهی متحد بریتانیای کبیر و ایرلند شمالی]] [[fo:Stóra Bretland]] [[fr:Royaume-Uni]] [[fy:Grut-Brittanje]] [[ga:An Ríocht Aontaithe]] [[gv:Reeriaght Unnaneyssit]] [[gd:An Rìoghachd Aonaichte]] [[gl:Reino Unido - United Kingdom]] [[ko:영국]] [[hi:संयुक्त राजशाही]] [[hr:Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo]] [[io:Unionita Rejio]] [[ilo:Pagarian ti Britania ken Umamianan nga Irlandia]] [[id:Britania Raya]] [[ia:Regno Unite]] [[os:Стыр Британи]] [[is:Bretland]] [[it:Regno Unito]] [[he:הממלכה המאוחדת]] [[ka:დიდი ბრიტანეთი]] [[kw:Rywvaneth Unys]] [[ku:Qraliyeta Yekbûyî]] [[la:Regnum Unitum]] [[lv:Apvienotā Karaliste]] [[lb:Groussbritannien]] [[lt:Jungtinė Karalystė]] [[li:Vereineg Keuninkriek]] [[hu:Egyesült Királyság]] [[mk:Обединетото Кралство]] [[mt:Renju Unit]] [[mi:Kīngitanga Kotahi]] [[ms:United Kingdom]] [[nl:Verenigd Koninkrijk]] [[nds-nl:Verienigd Keuninkriek]] [[ja:イギリス]] [[no:Det forente kongerike Storbritannia og Nord-Irland]] [[nn:Storbritannia]] [[nrm:Rouoyaume Unni]] [[oc:Reialme Unit]] [[ug:برىتانىيە]] [[pam:United Kingdom]] [[ps:برطانيه]] [[nds:Grootbritannien un Noordirland]] [[pl:Wielka Brytania]] [[pt:Reino Unido]] [[qu:Hukllachasqa Qhapaq Suyu]] [[ro:Regatul Unit]] [[rmy:Phandlo Thagaripen la Bare Britaniyako thai le Nordutne Irlandesko]] [[rm:Reginavel Unì da la Gronda Britannia ed Irlanda dal Nord]] [[ru:Великобритания]] [[sco:Unitit Kinrick]] [[sq:Mbretëria e Bashkuar]] [[scn:Regnu Unitu]] [[simple:United Kingdom]] [[sk:Spojené kráľovstvo]] [[sl:Združeno kraljestvo Velike Britanije in Severne Irske]] [[sr:Уједињено Краљевство]] [[sh:Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo]] [[fi:Yhdistynyt kuningaskunta]] [[sv:Storbritannien]] [[tl:United Kingdom]] [[ta:ஐக்கிய இராச்சியம்]] [[tet:Reinu Naklibur]] [[th:สหราชอาณาจักร]] [[vi:Vương quốc Liên hiệp Anh và Bắc Ireland]] [[tg:Подшоҳии Муттаҳида]] [[tr:Birleşik Krallık]] [[ty:Peretāne]] [[uk:Великобританія]] [[ur:برطانیہ]] [[yi:בריטאניע]] [[zh-yue:英國]] [[zh:英国]] 3660 7188 2006-09-15T08:24:57Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Uichipedia]] moved to [[Wikipedia]] #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia]] 3661 7219 2006-09-16T17:00:01Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 Europa easte un [[continent]]. 3662 7399 2006-09-18T18:55:50Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Flag of Montenegro.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Montenegro]] [[Image:Coat of arms of Montenegro.svg|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Montenegro]] [[Image:LocationMontenegro.png|thumb|250px|right|Montenegro tu [[Europa]]]] '''Montenegro''' ('''Crna gora''') easte stat tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Stat]] 3663 7230 2006-09-16T17:06:53Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Monte negro]] moved to [[Montenegro]] #REDIRECT [[Montenegro]] 3664 8798 2006-12-20T08:15:39Z TXiKiBoT 147 robot Adding: [[frp:Croacie]], [[hsb:Chorwatska]] Modifying: [[bg:Хърватия]] [[Image:Flag of Croatia.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Croatia]] [[Image:Croatian Coat of Arms.svg|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Croatia]] [[Image:LocationCroatia.png|thumb|250px|right|Croatia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Croatia''' (hr:'''Hrvatska''') easte stat tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Stat]] [[af:Kroasië]] [[als:Kroatien]] [[an:Croazia]] [[ar:كرواتيا]] [[arc:ܟܪܘܬܝܐ]] [[ast:Croacia]] [[az:Xorvatiya]] [[be:Харватыя]] [[bg:Хърватия]] [[bn:ক্রোয়েশিয়া]] [[br:Kroatia]] [[bs:Hrvatska]] [[ca:Croàcia]] [[cs:Chorvatsko]] [[cy:Croatia]] [[da:Kroatien]] [[de:Kroatien]] [[el:Κροατία]] [[en:Croatia]] [[eo:Kroatio]] [[es:Croacia]] [[et:Horvaatia]] [[eu:Kroazia]] [[fa:کرواسی]] [[fi:Kroatia]] [[fiu-vro:Horvaatia]] [[fr:Croatie]] [[frp:Croacie]] [[fur:Cravuazie]] [[fy:Kroaasje]] [[gl:Croacia - Hrvatska]] [[he:קרואטיה]] [[hi:क्रोएशिया]] [[hr:Hrvatska]] [[hsb:Chorwatska]] [[hu:Horvátország]] [[ia:Croatia]] [[id:Kroasia]] [[ilo:Croatia]] [[io:Kroatia]] [[is:Króatía]] [[it:Croazia]] [[ja:クロアチア]] [[ka:ხორვატია]] [[ko:크로아티아]] [[ku:Xirvatistan]] [[kw:Kroati]] [[ky:Хорватия]] [[la:Croatia]] [[lb:Kroatien]] [[li:Kroatië]] [[lt:Kroatija]] [[lv:Horvātija]] [[mk:Хрватска]] [[mt:Kroazja]] [[na:Croatia]] [[nds:Kroatien]] [[ne:क्रोएसिया]] [[nl:Kroatië]] [[nn:Kroatia]] [[no:Kroatia]] [[oc:Croàcia]] [[pam:Croatia]] [[pl:Chorwacja]] [[pms:Croassia]] [[ps:کروآسيا]] [[pt:Croácia]] [[ro:Croaţia]] [[ru:Хорватия]] [[sa:क्रोएशिया]] [[scn:Croazzia]] [[se:Kroátia]] [[sh:Hrvatska]] [[simple:Croatia]] [[sk:Chorvátsko]] [[sl:Hrvaška]] [[sq:Kroacia]] [[sr:Хрватска]] [[sv:Kroatien]] [[tg:Хорватия]] [[th:ประเทศโครเอเชีย]] [[tl:Croatia]] [[tr:Hırvatistan]] [[ug:كرودىيە]] [[uk:Хорватія]] [[vi:Croatia]] [[war:Croacia]] [[zh:克罗地亚]] [[zh-min-nan:Hrvatska]] [[zh-yue:克羅地亞]] 3665 8719 2006-12-11T23:58:50Z Thijs!bot 143 robot Adding: als, arc, br, cu, lb, pms, simple, tg, vi Modifying: cy, es, li [[Image:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Bosna shi Hertsegovina]] [[Image:Bosnia and Herzegovina Coats of Arms.svg|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Bosna shi Hertsegovina]] [[Image:LocationBosniaAndHerzegovina.png|thumb|250px|right|Arbinishia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Bosna shi Hertsegovina''' ('''Bosna i Hercegovina''') easte un stat tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Stat]] [[als:Bosnien-Herzegowina]] [[an:Bosnia y Erzegobina]] [[ar:البوسنة و الهرسك]] [[arc:ܒܘܣܢܐ ܘ ܗܪܣܟ]] [[ast:Bosnia-Herzegovina]] [[be:Босьнія і Герцагавіна]] [[bg:Босна и Херцеговина]] [[bn:বসনিয়া ও হার্জেগোভিনা]] [[br:Bosnia-ha-Herzegovina]] [[bs:Bosna i Hercegovina]] [[ca:Bòsnia i Hercegovina]] [[chr:ᏉᏍᏂᏯ]] [[cs:Bosna a Hercegovina]] [[cu:Босна]] [[cy:Bosna a Hercegovina]] [[da:Bosnien-Hercegovina]] [[de:Bosnien und Herzegowina]] [[el:Βοσνία και Ερζεγοβίνη]] [[en:Bosnia and Herzegovina]] [[eo:Bosnio kaj Hercegovino]] [[es:Bosnia y Herzegovina]] [[et:Bosnia ja Hertsegoviina]] [[eu:Bosnia-Herzegovina]] [[fa:بوسنی هرزگووین]] [[fi:Bosnia ja Hertsegovina]] [[fiu-vro:Bosnia ja Hertsegoviina]] [[fr:Bosnie-Herzégovine]] [[fy:Bosnje]] [[gl:Bosnia - Hercegovina - Босна и Херцеговина]] [[he:בוסניה והרצגובינה]] [[hr:Bosna i Hercegovina]] [[hu:Bosznia és Hercegovina]] [[hy:Բոսնիա և Հերցոգովինա]] [[id:Bosnia-Herzegovina]] [[io:Bosnia e Herzegovina]] [[is:Bosnía og Hersegóvína]] [[it:Bosnia-Erzegovina]] [[ja:ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ]] [[ka:ბოსნია და ჰერცეგოვინა]] [[ko:보스니아 헤르체고비나]] [[ks:बास्निया]] [[ku:Bosna Hersek]] [[kw:Bosni–Hertsegovina]] [[la:Bosnia et Herzegovina]] [[lb:Bosnien-Herzegowina]] [[li:Bosnië en Hercegovina]] [[lt:Bosnija ir Hercegovina]] [[lv:Bosnija un Hercegovina]] [[mk:Босна и Херцеговина]] [[ms:Bosnia dan Herzegovina]] [[na:Bosnia me Herzegowina]] [[nds:Bosnien-Herzegowina]] [[ne:बोस्निया र हर्जगोविना]] [[nl:Bosnië en Herzegovina]] [[nn:Bosnia-Hercegovina]] [[no:Bosnia-Hercegovina]] [[oc:Bòsnia e Ercegovina]] [[pam:Bosnia and Herzegovina]] [[pl:Bośnia i Hercegowina]] [[pms:Bòsnia ed Erzegòvina]] [[pt:Bósnia-Herzegovina]] [[qu:Busna-Hirsiquwina]] [[ro:Bosnia şi Herţegovina]] [[ru:Босния и Герцеговина]] [[sa:बास्निया]] [[scn:Bosnia-Erzegovina]] [[se:Bosnia-Hercegovina]] [[sh:Bosna i Hercegovina]] [[simple:Bosnia and Herzegovina]] [[sk:Bosna a Hercegovina]] [[sl:Bosna in Hercegovina]] [[sq:Bosnja dhe Hercegovina]] [[sr:Босна и Херцеговина]] [[sv:Bosnien och Hercegovina]] [[ta:பொசுனியாவும் எர்செகோவினாவும்]] [[tg:Босния ва Ҳерсеговина]] [[th:ประเทศบอสเนียและเฮอร์เซโกวีนา]] [[tl:Bosnia at Herzegovina]] [[tr:Bosna ve Hersek]] [[ug:بوسنىيە]] [[uk:Боснія і Герцеґовина]] [[vi:Bosna và Hercegovina]] [[vo:Bosnän e Härzegovän]] [[zh:波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那]] [[zh-min-nan:Bosna kap Hercegovina]] 3666 7570 2006-09-20T09:41:05Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Flag of Hungary.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Ungaria]] [[Image:Coat of arms of Hungary.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Ungaria]] [[Image:LocationHungary.png|thumb|250px|right|Ungaria tu [[Europa]]]] '''Republica Ungaria''' (hu:'''Magyar Köztársaság''') easte stat tu [[Unia europeanã]] shi [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Unia europeanã]] [[Category:Stat]] 3667 7418 2006-09-18T21:48:01Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Flag of Turkey.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Turchia]] [[Image:Turkey coat of arms.png|thumb|150px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Turchia]] [[Image:LocationTurkey.png|thumb|250px|right|Turchia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Turchia''' (tr:'''Türkiye Cumhuriyeti''') easte stat tu [[Europa]] [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Stat]] 3668 8774 2006-12-19T08:16:44Z TXiKiBoT 147 robot Adding: [[frp:Moldavie (payis)]], [[mo:Молдова]] [[Image:Flag of Moldova.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Moldova]] [[Image:Moldova gerb.gif|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Moldova]] [[Image:LocationMoldova.png|thumb|250px|right|Moldova tu [[Europa]]]] '''Moldova''' ('''Moldova''', '''Moldavia''') easte un stat tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Stat]] [[af:Moldawië]] [[als:Moldawien]] [[am:ሞልዶቫ]] [[an:Moldabia]] [[ar:مولدافيا]] [[arc:ܡܘܠܕܦܝܐ]] [[ast:Moldavia]] [[az:Moldova]] [[be:Малдова]] [[bg:Молдова]] [[br:Moldova]] [[bs:Moldavija]] [[ca:República de Moldàvia]] [[chr:ᎼᎸᏙᏩ]] [[cs:Moldavsko]] [[cv:Молдави]] [[cy:Moldofa]] [[da:Moldavien]] [[de:Moldawien]] [[el:Μολδαβία]] [[en:Moldova]] [[eo:Moldava Respubliko]] [[es:Moldavia]] [[et:Moldova Vabariik]] [[eu:Moldavia]] [[fa:مولداوی]] [[fi:Moldova]] [[fiu-vro:Moldova]] [[fr:République de Moldavie]] [[frp:Moldavie (payis)]] [[fy:Moldaavje]] [[ga:An Mholdóiv]] [[gl:Moldova]] [[he:מולדובה]] [[hi:मोल्दाविया]] [[hr:Moldavija]] [[ht:Moldavi]] [[hu:Moldova]] [[hy:Մոլդովա]] [[id:Moldavia]] [[io:Moldova]] [[is:Moldóva]] [[it:Moldavia]] [[ja:モルドバ]] [[ka:მოლდოვა]] [[kk:Молдова]] [[ko:몰도바]] [[kw:Moldova]] [[la:Moldavia]] [[lb:Moldawien]] [[li:Moldavië]] [[lt:Moldavija]] [[lv:Moldova]] [[mk:Молдавија]] [[mo:Молдова]] [[mt:Moldovja]] [[nds:Moldawien]] [[nds-nl:Moldavië (laand)]] [[ne:मोल्दोवा]] [[nl:Moldavië (land)]] [[nn:Moldova]] [[no:Moldova]] [[oc:Moldàvia]] [[pam:Republic of Moldova]] [[pl:Mołdawia]] [[pms:Moldavia]] [[pt:Moldávia]] [[rm:Moldavia]] [[ro:Republica Moldova]] [[ru:Молдавия]] [[sa:मोल्दोवा]] [[se:Moldávia]] [[sh:Moldavija]] [[simple:Moldova]] [[sk:Moldavsko]] [[sl:Moldavija]] [[sq:Moldavia]] [[sr:Молдавија]] [[sv:Moldavien]] [[th:ประเทศมอลโดวา]] [[tl:Moldova]] [[tr:Moldova]] [[ug:مولدوۋا]] [[uk:Республіка Молдова]] [[yi:מאָלדאַװיע]] [[zh:摩尔多瓦]] [[zh-min-nan:Moldova]] [[zh-yue:摩爾多瓦]] 3669 8780 2006-12-19T09:26:46Z TXiKiBoT 147 robot Adding: [[mo:Беларус]], [[ru-sib:Беларусь]] [[Image:Flag of Belarus.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Arusia albã]] [[Image:Belarus coa.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Arusia albã]] [[Image:LocationBelarus.png|thumb|250px|right|Arusia albã tu [[Europa]]]] '''Republica Arusia albã''' ('''Рэспубліка Беларусь''') easte stat tu [[Europa]]. Cãsãbãlu capital: [[Minsc]] [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Stat]] [[am:ቤላሩስ]] [[an:Belarrusia]] [[ang:Belarus]] [[ar:روسيا البيضاء]] [[arc:ܪܘܣܝܐ ܚܘܪܐ]] [[ast:Bielorrusia]] [[bat-smg:Baltarusėjė]] [[be:Беларусь]] [[bg:Беларус]] [[bn:বেলারুশ]] [[br:Byelarus]] [[bs:Bjelorusija]] [[ca:Bielorússia]] [[chr:ᏇᎳᎷᏒ]] [[cs:Bělorusko]] [[cu:Бѣла Рѹсь]] [[cv:Белоруси]] [[cy:Belarus]] [[da:Hviderusland]] [[de:Weißrussland]] [[el:Λευκορωσία]] [[en:Belarus]] [[eo:Belorusio]] [[es:Bielorrusia]] [[et:Valgevene]] [[eu:Bielorrusia]] [[fa:بلاروس]] [[fi:Valko-Venäjä]] [[fiu-vro:Valgõvinne]] [[fr:Biélorussie]] [[frp:Bièlorussie]] [[fy:Wyt-Ruslân]] [[ga:An Bhealarúis]] [[gl:Bielorrusia - Беларусь]] [[he:בלארוס]] [[hi:बेलारूस]] [[hr:Bjelorusija]] [[ht:Byelorisi]] [[hu:Fehéroroszország]] [[hy:Բելառուս]] [[ia:Bielorussia]] [[id:Belarus]] [[ilo:Belarus]] [[io:Bielorusia]] [[is:Hvíta-Rússland]] [[it:Bielorussia]] [[ja:ベラルーシ]] [[ka:ბელარუსი]] [[kk:Беларус]] [[ko:벨라루스]] [[ku:Rûsya Sipî]] [[kw:Belarussi]] [[la:Ruthenia Alba]] [[lb:Wäissrussland]] [[li:Wit-Rusland]] [[lt:Baltarusija]] [[lv:Baltkrievija]] [[mk:Белорусија]] [[mo:Беларус]] [[mr:बेलारूस]] [[ms:Belarus]] [[na:Belarus]] [[nds:Wittrussland]] [[nds-nl:Wit-Ruslaand]] [[ne:बेलारुस]] [[nl:Wit-Rusland]] [[nn:Kviterussland]] [[no:Hviterussland]] [[oc:Bielorussia]] [[pam:Belarus]] [[pl:Białoruś]] [[pms:Bielorussia]] [[pt:Bielorrússia]] [[qu:Bilarus]] [[ro:Belarus]] [[ru:Белоруссия]] [[ru-sib:Беларусь]] [[sa:बेलारूस]] [[scn:Bielorussia]] [[sh:Belorusija]] [[simple:Belarus]] [[sk:Bielorusko]] [[sl:Belorusija]] [[sq:Bjellorusia]] [[sr:Белорусија]] [[sv:Vitryssland]] [[ta:பெலாரஸ்]] [[tg:Беларус]] [[th:ประเทศเบลารุส]] [[tl:Belarus]] [[tr:Beyaz Rusya]] [[ug:بېلورۇسىيە]] [[uk:Білорусь]] [[ur:بیلارس]] [[vi:Belarus]] [[yi:בעלאָרוסיע]] [[zh:白俄罗斯]] [[zh-min-nan:Belarus]] 3670 7249 2006-09-16T17:38:26Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Arusia alba]] moved to [[Arusia albã]] #REDIRECT [[Arusia albã]] 3671 8806 2006-12-20T16:06:32Z Thijs!bot 143 robot Adding: [[bo:དན་མྲག]] [[Image:Flag of Denmark.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Danimarca]] [[Image:Denmark coa.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Danimarca]] [[Image:LocationDenmark.png|thumb|250px|right|Danimarca tu [[Europa]]]] '''Vãsilia di Danimarca''' ('''Kongeriget Danmark''') easte stat tu [[Unia europeanã]] shi tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Unia europeanã]] [[Category:Stat]] [[af:Denemarke]] [[als:Dänemark]] [[am:ዴንማርክ]] [[an:Dinamarca]] [[ang:Denemearc]] [[ar:دانمارك]] [[arc:ܕܢܡܪܟ]] [[ast:Dinamarca]] [[be:Данія]] [[bg:Дания]] [[bn:ডেনমার্ক]] [[bo:དན་མྲག]] [[br:Danmark]] [[bs:Danska]] [[ca:Dinamarca]] [[co:Danimarca]] [[cs:Dánsko]] [[csb:Dëńskô]] [[cv:Дани]] [[cy:Denmarc]] [[da:Danmark]] [[de:Dänemark]] [[el:Δανία]] [[en:Denmark]] [[eo:Danio]] [[es:Dinamarca]] [[et:Taani]] [[eu:Danimarka]] [[fa:دانمارک]] [[fi:Tanska]] [[fiu-vro:Taani]] [[fo:Danmark]] [[fr:Danemark]] [[frp:Danemârc]] [[fy:Denemark]] [[ga:An Danmhairg]] [[gd:An Danmhairg]] [[gl:Dinamarca - Danmark]] [[gv:Yn Danvarg]] [[he:דנמרק]] [[hr:Danska]] [[hsb:Danska]] [[ht:Dànmak]] [[hu:Dánia]] [[hy:Դանիա]] [[ia:Danmark]] [[id:Denmark]] [[io:Dania]] [[is:Danmörk]] [[it:Danimarca]] [[ja:デンマーク]] [[ka:დანია]] [[kk:Дания]] [[kl:Danmarki]] [[ko:덴마크]] [[ks:Ḍēnamārka]] [[ku:Danimarka]] [[kw:Danmark]] [[la:Dania]] [[lb:Dänemark]] [[lg:Denmarki]] [[li:Daenemark]] [[lt:Danija]] [[lv:Dānija]] [[mk:Данска]] [[ms:Denmark]] [[na:Denmark]] [[nds:Däänmark]] [[nds-nl:Denmaark]] [[ne:डेनमार्क]] [[nl:Denemarken]] [[nn:Danmark]] [[no:Danmark]] [[nrm:Dannemar]] [[oc:Danemarc]] [[os:Дани]] [[pam:Denmark]] [[pdc:Denemarrick]] [[pl:Dania]] [[pms:Danimarca]] [[ps:ډېنمارک]] [[pt:Dinamarca]] [[qu:Danmarka]] [[ro:Danemarca]] [[ru:Дания]] [[ru-sib:Дания]] [[sa:डेनमार्क]] [[scn:Danimarca]] [[se:Dánmárku]] [[sh:Danska]] [[simple:Denmark]] [[sk:Dánsko]] [[sl:Danska]] [[sq:Danimarka]] [[sr:Данска]] [[sv:Danmark]] [[sw:Denmark]] [[ta:டென்மார்க்]] [[tet:Dinamarka]] [[tg:Дания]] [[th:ประเทศเดนมาร์ก]] [[tl:Denmark]] [[tr:Danimarka]] [[uk:Данія]] [[vi:Đan Mạch]] [[vo:Danän]] [[yi:דענמארק]] [[zh:丹麦]] [[zh-min-nan:Dan-kok]] [[zh-yue:丹麥]] 3672 8800 2006-12-20T11:46:59Z TXiKiBoT 147 robot Adding: [[ru-sib:Еспання]] [[Image:Flag of Spain.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Ispania]] [[Image:Escudo de España.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Ispania]] [[Image:LocationSpain.png|thumb|250px|right|Ispania tu [[Europa]]]] '''Vãsilia di Ispania''' ('''Reino de España''') easte stat tu [[Unia europeanã]] shi tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Unia europeanã]] [[Category:Stat]] [[af:Spanje]] [[als:Spanien]] [[an:España]] [[ang:Spēonland]] [[ar:إسبانيا]] [[arc:ܐܣܦܢܝܐ]] [[ast:España]] [[az:İspaniya]] [[bat-smg:Ispanėjė]] [[be:Гішпанія]] [[bg:Испания]] [[bn:স্পেন]] [[br:Spagn]] [[bs:Španija]] [[ca:Espanya]] [[cbk-zam:España]] [[ceb:Espanya]] [[co:Spagna]] [[cs:Španělsko]] [[csb:Szpańskô]] [[cv:Испани]] [[cy:Sbaen]] [[da:Spanien]] [[de:Spanien]] [[dz:Spain]] [[el:Ισπανία]] [[en:Spain]] [[eo:Hispanio]] [[es:España]] [[et:Hispaania]] [[eu:Espainia]] [[fa:اسپانیا]] [[fi:Espanja]] [[fiu-vro:Hispaania]] [[fo:Spania]] [[fr:Espagne]] [[frp:Èspagne]] [[fur:Spagne]] [[fy:Spanje]] [[ga:An Spáinn]] [[gd:An Spàinn]] [[gl:España]] [[gn:Epaña]] [[gu:સ્પેઇન]] [[gv:Yn Spaainey]] [[haw:Sepania]] [[he:ספרד]] [[hi:स्पेन]] [[hr:Španjolska]] [[hsb:Španiska]] [[ht:Espay]] [[hu:Spanyolország]] [[hy:Իսպանիա]] [[ia:Espania]] [[id:Spanyol]] [[ilo:Espania]] [[io:Hispania]] [[is:Spánn]] [[it:Spagna]] [[ja:スペイン]] [[jbo:sangu'e]] [[ka:ესპანეთი]] [[ko:에스파냐]] [[ks:Spēna]] [[ku:Spanya]] [[kw:Spayn]] [[la:Hispania]] [[lad:Espanya]] [[lb:Spuenien]] [[li:Spanje]] [[ln:Espania]] [[lt:Ispanija]] [[lv:Spānija]] [[mg:Espaina]] [[mi:Pāniora]] [[mk:Шпанија]] [[mr:स्पेन]] [[ms:Sepanyol]] [[mt:Spanja]] [[na:Pain]] [[nah:Caxtillān]] [[nds:Spanien]] [[nds-nl:Spanje]] [[ne:स्पेन]] [[nl:Spanje]] [[nn:Spania]] [[no:Spania]] [[nrm:Espangne]] [[oc:Espanha]] [[os:Испани]] [[pam:Espanya]] [[pl:Hiszpania]] [[pms:Spagna]] [[ps:اسپانيا]] [[pt:Espanha]] [[qu:Ispaña]] [[rm:Spagna]] [[ro:Spania]] [[ru:Испания]] [[ru-sib:Еспання]] [[sc:Ispagna]] [[scn:Spagna]] [[sco:Spain]] [[se:Spánia]] [[sh:Španija]] [[simple:Spain]] [[sk:Španielsko]] [[sl:Španija]] [[sq:Spanja]] [[sr:Шпанија]] [[st:Spain]] [[sv:Spanien]] [[sw:Hispania]] [[ta:ஸ்பெயின்]] [[tet:España]] [[tg:Испониё]] [[th:ประเทศสเปน]] [[tl:Espanya]] [[to:Sepeni]] [[tpi:Spen]] [[tr:İspanya]] [[ty:Paniora]] [[udm:Испания]] [[ug:ئىسپانىيە]] [[uk:Іспанія]] [[ur:اسپین]] [[vec:Spagna]] [[vi:Tây Ban Nha]] [[vo:Spanyän]] [[war:Espanya]] [[yi:שפאניע]] [[zh:西班牙]] [[zh-min-nan:Se-pan-gâ]] [[zh-yue:西班牙]] 3673 7263 2006-09-16T17:50:57Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Frãntsia]] moved to [[Gallia]] #REDIRECT [[Gallia]] 3674 8808 2006-12-20T16:33:13Z Thijs!bot 143 robot Adding: [[bo:པེར་ཅིན]] [[Image:Flag of Belgium.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Belghia]] [[Image:Belgium coa.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Belghia]] [[Image:LocationBelgium.png|thumb|250px|right|Belghia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Vãsilia di Belghia''' ('''Koninkrijk België''') easte stat tu [[Unia europeanã]] shi tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Unia europeanã]] [[Category:Stat]] [[af:België]] [[als:Belgien]] [[an:Belchica]] [[ang:Belgium]] [[ar:بلجيكا]] [[arc:ܒܠܓܝܟܐ]] [[ast:Bélxica]] [[bar:Belgien]] [[be:Бэльгія]] [[bg:Белгия]] [[bn:বেলজিয়াম]] [[bo:པེར་ཅིན]] [[br:Belgia]] [[bs:Belgija]] [[ca:Bèlgica]] [[cs:Belgie]] [[cv:Бельги]] [[cy:Gwlad Belg]] [[da:Belgien]] [[de:Belgien]] [[el:Βέλγιο]] [[en:Belgium]] [[eo:Belgio]] [[es:Bélgica]] [[et:Belgia]] [[eu:Belgika]] [[fa:بلژیک]] [[fi:Belgia]] [[fiu-vro:Belgiä]] [[fr:Belgique]] [[frp:Bèlg·ique]] [[fur:Belgjo]] [[fy:Belgje]] [[ga:An Bheilg]] [[gd:A' Bheilg]] [[gl:Bélxica - België]] [[gv:Yn Velg]] [[he:בלגיה]] [[hr:Belgija]] [[hsb:Belgiska]] [[ht:Bèljik]] [[hu:Belgium]] [[hy:Բելգիա]] [[ia:Belgica]] [[id:Belgia]] [[ilo:Belgium]] [[io:Belgia]] [[is:Belgía]] [[it:Belgio]] [[ja:ベルギー]] [[jbo:gugdrbelgi]] [[jv:Belgia]] [[ka:ბელგია]] [[ko:벨기에]] [[ku:Belçîka]] [[kw:Pow Belg]] [[la:Belgia]] [[lb:Belsch]] [[li:Belsj]] [[ln:Bɛ́ljika]] [[lt:Belgija]] [[lv:Beļģija]] [[mk:Белгија]] [[mr:बेल्जियम]] [[ms:Belgium]] [[na:Belgium]] [[nds:Belgien]] [[nds-nl:België]] [[ne:बेल्जियम]] [[nl:België]] [[nn:Belgia]] [[no:Belgia]] [[nov:Belgia]] [[nrm:Belgique]] [[oc:Belgica]] [[os:Бельги]] [[pam:Belgium]] [[pl:Belgia]] [[pms:Belgio]] [[ps:بلجيم]] [[pt:Bélgica]] [[qu:Bilhika]] [[rm:Belgia]] [[ro:Belgia]] [[ru:Бельгия]] [[sa:बेल्जियम]] [[scn:Belgiu]] [[se:Belgia]] [[sh:Belgija]] [[simple:Belgium]] [[sk:Belgicko]] [[sl:Belgija]] [[sq:Belgjika]] [[sr:Белгија]] [[sv:Belgien]] [[sw:Ubelgiji]] [[ta:பெல்ஜியம்]] [[tet:Béljika]] [[tg:Белгия]] [[th:ประเทศเบลเยียม]] [[tl:Belhika]] [[tpi:Belsum]] [[tr:Belçika]] [[uk:Бельгія]] [[vi:Bỉ]] [[vls:Belgje]] [[wa:Beldjike]] [[zea:België]] [[zh:比利时]] [[zh-min-nan:Belgien]] [[zh-yue:比利時]] 3675 8804 2006-12-20T15:35:03Z Thijs!bot 143 robot Adding: [[bo:ཅེ་ཁེ]] [[Image:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Cehia]] [[Image:Coat of arms of the Czech Republic.svg|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Cehia]] [[Image:LocationCzechRepublic.png|thumb|250px|right|Cehia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Republica Cehia''' ('''Česká republika''') easte stat tu [[Unia europeanã]] shi tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Unia europeanã]] [[Category:Stat]] [[af:Tsjeggië]] [[am:ቼክ ሪፑብሊክ]] [[an:Republica Checa]] [[ang:Cecland]] [[ar:تشيك]] [[arc:ܬܫܝܟ]] [[ast:República Checa]] [[az:Çex Respublikası]] [[be:Чэхія]] [[bg:Чехия]] [[bn:চেক প্রজাতন্ত্র]] [[bo:ཅེ་ཁེ]] [[br:Republik Tchek]] [[bs:Češka]] [[ca:República Txeca]] [[cs:Česko]] [[csb:Czeskô Repùblika]] [[cu:Чешьско]] [[cy:Gweriniaeth Tsiec]] [[da:Tjekkiet]] [[de:Tschechien]] [[el:Τσεχία]] [[en:Czech Republic]] [[eo:Ĉeĥio]] [[es:República Checa]] [[et:Tšehhi]] [[eu:Txekiar Errepublika]] [[fa:جمهوری چک]] [[fi:Tšekki]] [[fiu-vro:Tsehhi]] [[fr:République tchèque]] [[frp:Rèpublica tch·èca]] [[fur:Republiche Ceche]] [[fy:Tsjechje]] [[ga:An tSeic]] [[gl:Chequia - Česko]] [[gv:Yn Pobblaght Sheckagh]] [[he:צ'כיה]] [[hi:चेक गणराज्य]] [[hr:Češka]] [[hsb:Čěska republika]] [[hu:Csehország]] [[hy:Չեխիայի Հանրապետություն]] [[ia:Republica Chec]] [[id:Ceko]] [[io:Chekia]] [[is:Tékkland]] [[it:Repubblica Ceca]] [[ja:チェコ]] [[ka:ჩეხეთი]] [[ko:체코]] [[ku:Komara Çêkiyayê]] [[la:Res publica Bohemica]] [[lb:Tschechesch Republik]] [[li:Tsjechië]] [[lt:Čekija]] [[lv:Čehija]] [[mk:Чешка]] [[ms:Republik Czech]] [[na:Republik Czechia]] [[nds:Tschechien]] [[nds-nl:Tsjechie]] [[ne:चेक रिपब्लिक]] [[nl:Tsjechië]] [[nn:Tsjekkia]] [[no:Tsjekkia]] [[nrm:Républyique Tchèque]] [[oc:Republica Chèca]] [[os:Чехи]] [[pam:Czech Republic]] [[pl:Czechy]] [[pms:Repùblica Ceca]] [[ps:چېک جمهوريت]] [[pt:República Checa]] [[rmy:Chexiya]] [[ro:Republica Cehă]] [[ru:Чехия]] [[ru-sib:Чехия]] [[scn:Ripùbblica Ceca]] [[se:Čeahkka]] [[sh:Češka Republika]] [[simple:Czech Republic]] [[sk:Česko]] [[sl:Češka]] [[sq:Republika Çeke]] [[sr:Чешка Република]] [[sv:Tjeckien]] [[sw:Ucheki]] [[tg:Чехия]] [[th:สาธารณรัฐเช็ก]] [[tl:Czechia]] [[tr:Çek Cumhuriyeti]] [[uk:Чехія]] [[vi:Cộng hòa Séc]] [[yi:טשעכיע]] [[zh:捷克]] [[zh-min-nan:Česko]] [[zh-yue:捷克]] 3676 7538 2006-09-20T08:18:34Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Flag of Cyprus.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Chipro]] [[Image:Cyprus Coat of Arms.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Chipro]] [[Image:LocationCyprus.png|thumb|250px|right|Chipro tu [[Europa]]]] '''Republica di Chipro''' (gãr.:'''Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία'''; tur.:'''Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti''') easte stat tu [[Unia europeanã]] shi tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Unia europeanã]] [[Category:Stat]] [[af:Ciprus]] [[ar:قبرص]] [[an:Chipre]] [[ast:Chipre]] [[az:Cənubi Kipr]] [[bn:সাইপ্রাস]] [[zh-min-nan:Ku-pí-lō·]] [[be:Кіпр]] [[bs:Kipar]] [[br:Republik Kiprenez]] [[bg:Кипър]] [[ca:Xipre]] [[cs:Kypr]] [[cy:Cyprus]] [[da:Cypern]] [[de:Republik Zypern]] [[arc:ܩܒܪܨ]] [[et:Küpros]] [[el:Κύπρος]] [[en:Cyprus]] [[es:Chipre]] [[eo:Kipro]] [[eu:Zipre]] [[fa:قبرس]] [[fo:Kýpros]] [[fr:Chypre (pays)]] [[fy:Syprus]] [[ga:An Chipir]] [[gl:Chipre - Κύπρος]] [[ko:키프로스]] [[hy:Կիպրոս]] [[hi:साइप्रस]] [[io:Chipro]] [[id:Siprus]] [[os:Кипр]] [[is:Kýpur]] [[it:Cipro]] [[he:קפריסין]] [[kw:Kyproes]] [[ht:Chip]] [[ku:Qubris]] [[la:Cyprus]] [[lv:Kipra]] [[lb:Zypern]] [[lt:Kipras]] [[lmo:Cipru]] [[hu:Ciprus]] [[mk:Кипар]] [[ms:Cyprus]] [[na:Cyprus]] [[nl:Cyprus]] [[ja:キプロス]] [[no:Kypros]] [[nn:Republikken Kypros]] [[nrm:Chypre]] [[oc:Chipre]] [[pam:Cyprus]] [[nds:Zypern]] [[pl:Cypr (państwo)]] [[pt:Chipre]] [[ro:Cipru]] [[ru:Кипр]] [[sq:Qipro]] [[scn:Cipru]] [[simple:Cyprus]] [[sk:Cyprus (štát)]] [[sl:Ciper]] [[sr:Кипар]] [[sh:Cipar]] [[fi:Kyproksen tasavalta]] [[sv:Cypern]] [[tet:Xipre]] [[th:ประเทศไซปรัส]] [[vi:Kypros]] [[tr:Güney Kıbrıs Rum Kesimi]] [[uk:Кіпр]] [[fiu-vro:Küprüs]] [[zh-yue:塞浦路斯]] [[zh:賽普勒斯]] 3677 8792 2006-12-19T12:00:28Z TXiKiBoT 147 robot Adding: [[frp:Finlande]], [[ru-sib:Финляндия]] [[Image:Flag of Finland.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Finlanda]] [[Image:Coat of arms of Finland.svg|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Finlanda]] [[Image:LocationFinland.png|thumb|250px|right|Finlanda tu [[Europa]]]] '''Republica Finlanda''' ('''Suomen tasavalta''') easte stat tu [[Unia europeanã]] shi tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Unia europeanã]] [[Category:Stat]] [[af:Finland]] [[als:Finnland]] [[am:ፊንላንድ]] [[an:Finlandia]] [[ar:فنلندا]] [[arc:ܦܢܠܢܕܐ]] [[ast:Finlandia]] [[bar:Finnlånd]] [[be:Фінляндыя]] [[bg:Финландия]] [[br:Finland]] [[bs:Finska]] [[ca:Finlàndia]] [[cs:Finsko]] [[csb:Fińskô]] [[cv:Финлянди]] [[cy:Y Ffindir]] [[da:Finland]] [[de:Finnland]] [[el:Φινλανδία]] [[en:Finland]] [[eo:Finnlando]] [[es:Finlandia]] [[et:Soome]] [[eu:Finlandia]] [[fa:فنلاند]] [[fi:Suomi]] [[fiu-vro:Soomõ]] [[fo:Finnland]] [[fr:Finlande]] [[frp:Finlande]] [[fy:Finlân]] [[ga:An Fhionlainn]] [[gd:Suòmaidh]] [[gl:Finlandia - Suomi]] [[got:𐍆𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳]] [[gv:Fynlann]] [[haw:Pinilana]] [[he:פינלנד]] [[hi:फ़िनलैंड]] [[hr:Finska]] [[hsb:Finska]] [[ht:Fenlann]] [[hu:Finnország]] [[hy:Ֆինլանդիա]] [[ia:Finlandia]] [[id:Finlandia]] [[ilo:Finlandia]] [[io:Finlando]] [[is:Finnland]] [[it:Finlandia]] [[ja:フィンランド]] [[ka:ფინეთი]] [[ko:핀란드]] [[ku:Fînlanda]] [[kw:Pow Finn]] [[la:Finnia]] [[lb:Finnland]] [[li:Finland]] [[lt:Suomija]] [[lv:Somija]] [[mk:Финска]] [[ms:Finland]] [[na:Finland]] [[nds:Finnland]] [[nds-nl:Finlaand]] [[ne:फिनल्याण्ड]] [[nl:Finland]] [[nn:Finland]] [[no:Finland]] [[nrm:Fînlande]] [[oc:Finlàndia]] [[os:Финлянди]] [[pam:Finland]] [[pl:Finlandia]] [[pms:Finlandia]] [[ps:فېنلانډ]] [[pt:Finlândia]] [[qu:Finlandiya]] [[rmy:Finland]] [[ro:Finlanda]] [[ru:Финляндия]] [[ru-sib:Финляндия]] [[scn:Finlandia]] [[se:Suopma]] [[sh:Finska]] [[simple:Finland]] [[sk:Fínsko]] [[sl:Finska]] [[sq:Finlanda]] [[sr:Финска]] [[sv:Finland]] [[sw:Ufini]] [[ta:பின்லாந்து]] [[tet:Finlándia]] [[tg:Финланд]] [[th:ประเทศฟินแลนด์]] [[tl:Finland]] [[tpi:Finlan]] [[tr:Finlandiya]] [[tt:Finlândiä]] [[udm:Финляндия]] [[ug:فىنلاندىيە]] [[uk:Фінляндія]] [[vi:Phần Lan]] [[vo:Suomiyän]] [[wa:Finlande]] [[yi:פינלאנד]] [[zh:芬兰]] [[zh-min-nan:Suomi]] [[zh-yue:芬蘭]] 3678 7544 2006-09-20T08:30:10Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Flag of Ireland.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Irlanda]] [[Image:COA_IRELAND.PNG|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Irlanda]] [[Image:LocationIreland.png|thumb|250px|right|Irlanda tu [[Europa]]]] '''Republica Irlanda''' (ir:'''Poblacht na hÉireann''') easte stat tu [[Unia europeanã]] shi tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Unia europeanã]] [[Category:Stat]] [[af:Republiek van Ierland]] [[ar:جمهورية إيرلندا]] [[an:Irlanda]] [[ast:República d'Irlanda]] [[zh-min-nan:Éire]] [[be:Рэспубліка Ірляндыя]] [[bs:Irska]] [[br:Republik Iwerzhon]] [[bg:Република Ирландия]] [[ca:República d'Irlanda]] [[cs:Irská republika]] [[cy:Gweriniaeth Iwerddon]] [[da:Irland (land)]] [[de:Irland]] [[et:Iirimaa]] [[el:Δημοκρατία της Ιρλανδίας]] [[en:Republic of Ireland]] [[es:Irlanda]] [[eo:Respubliko de Irlando]] [[eu:Irlanda]] [[fo:Írland]] [[fr:République d'Irlande]] [[fy:Ierlân]] [[ga:Poblacht na hÉireann]] [[gv:Pobblaght Nerin]] [[gd:Poblachd na h-Éireann]] [[gl:Irlanda - Éire]] [[ko:아일랜드]] [[hr:Irska]] [[io:Irlando]] [[id:Republik Irlandia]] [[ia:Irlanda]] [[is:Írska lýðveldið]] [[it:Repubblica d'Irlanda]] [[he:אירלנד]] [[kw:Repoblek Iwerdhon]] [[la:Irlandia]] [[lv:Īrija]] [[lb:Irland (Land)]] [[lt:Airija]] [[li:Ierland]] [[hu:Írország]] [[ms:Ireland]] [[na:Republik Ireland]] [[nl:Ierland (land)]] [[nds-nl:Ierlaand]] [[ne:आयरल्याण्ड]] [[ja:アイルランド]] [[no:Republikken Irland]] [[nn:Republikken Irland]] [[nrm:Républyique d'Irlande]] [[oc:Irlanda (país)]] [[pam:Republic of Ireland]] [[ps:د آيرلېنډ جمهوريت]] [[nds:Irland]] [[pl:Irlandia]] [[pt:República da Irlanda]] [[ro:Republica Irlanda]] [[rmy:Republika Irland]] [[rm:Republica da l'Irlanda]] [[ru:Ирландия]] [[se:Irlánda]] [[sco:Republic o Ireland]] [[sq:Irlanda]] [[simple:Republic of Ireland]] [[sk:Írsko]] [[sl:Irska (država)]] [[fi:Irlanti]] [[sv:Irland]] [[tl:Ireland (bansa)]] [[th:สาธารณรัฐไอร์แลนด์]] [[vi:Cộng hòa Ireland]] [[tr:İrlanda]] [[udm:Ирландия]] [[uk:Республіка Ірландія]] [[vo:Lireyän]] [[fiu-vro:Iirimaa]] [[zh:爱尔兰共和国]] 3679 8805 2006-12-20T16:01:49Z Thijs!bot 143 robot Adding: [[bo:དགྱིའི་དའ་རླིས]] [[Image:Flag of Italy.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Italia]] [[Image:Italian coa.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Italia]] [[Image:LocationItaly.png|thumb|250px|right|Italia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Republica di Italia''' (it:'''Repubblica Italiana''') easte stat tu [[Unia europeanã]] shi tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Unia europeanã]] [[Category:Stat]] [[af:Italië]] [[als:Italien]] [[an:Italia]] [[ar:إيطاليا]] [[arc:ܐܝܜܠܝܐ]] [[ast:Italia]] [[az:İtaliya]] [[bar:Italien]] [[bat-smg:Italėjė]] [[be:Італія]] [[bg:Италия]] [[bo:དགྱིའི་དའ་རླིས]] [[br:Italia]] [[bs:Italija]] [[ca:Itàlia]] [[co:Italia]] [[cs:Itálie]] [[cu:Италї]] [[cv:Итали]] [[cy:Yr Eidal]] [[da:Italien]] [[de:Italien]] [[el:Ιταλία]] [[en:Italy]] [[eo:Italio]] [[es:Italia]] [[et:Itaalia]] [[eu:Italia]] [[fa:ایتالیا]] [[fi:Italia]] [[fiu-vro:Itaalia]] [[fr:Italie]] [[frp:Étalie]] [[fur:Italie]] [[fy:Itaalje]] [[ga:An Iodáil]] [[gl:Italia]] [[haw:Italia]] [[he:איטליה]] [[hi:इटली]] [[hr:Italija]] [[ht:Itali]] [[hu:Olaszország]] [[hy:Իտալիա]] [[ia:Italia]] [[id:Italia]] [[ilo:Italia]] [[io:Italia]] [[is:Ítalía]] [[it:Italia]] [[ja:イタリア]] [[jbo:gugdrxitali]] [[ka:იტალია]] [[kn:ಇಟಲಿ]] [[ko:이탈리아]] [[ku:Îtalya]] [[kw:Itali]] [[la:Italia]] [[lad:Italia]] [[lb:Italien]] [[li:Italië]] [[lmo:Itàlia]] [[lt:Italija]] [[lv:Itālija]] [[mk:Италија]] [[ml:ഇറ്റലി]] [[mr:इटली]] [[ms:Itali]] [[mt:Italja]] [[na:Italy]] [[nap:Italia]] [[nds:Italien]] [[nds-nl:Italiën]] [[ne:इटाली]] [[nl:Italië]] [[nn:Italia]] [[no:Italia]] [[nrm:Italie]] [[oc:Itàlia]] [[os:Итали]] [[pam:Italy]] [[pl:Włochy]] [[pms:Italia]] [[ps:اټاليا]] [[pt:Itália]] [[qu:Italya]] [[rm:Italia]] [[rmy:Italiya]] [[ro:Italia]] [[ru:Италия]] [[sa:इटली]] [[sc:Itàlia]] [[scn:Italia]] [[sh:Italija]] [[simple:Italy]] [[sk:Taliansko]] [[sl:Italija]] [[so:Talyaaniga]] [[sq:Italia]] [[sr:Италија]] [[sv:Italien]] [[sw:Italia]] [[ta:இத்தாலி]] [[tg:Итолиё]] [[th:ประเทศอิตาลี]] [[tl:Italya]] [[tpi:Italia]] [[tr:İtalya]] [[ty:’Itāria]] [[uk:Італія]] [[ur:اٹلی]] [[vec:Itałia]] [[vi:Ý]] [[vo:Litaliyän]] [[yi:איטאליע]] [[zh:意大利]] [[zh-classical:義大利]] [[zh-min-nan:Italia]] [[zh-yue:意大利]] 3680 8738 2006-12-16T16:02:07Z Escarbot 112 robot Adding: [[sw:Luxemburg]] Modifying: [[oc:Luxemborg (estat)]], [[uk:Люксембург]] [[Image:Flag of Luxembourg.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Luxemburg]] [[Image:Coat of arms Grand Duchy of Luxembourg large.png|thumb|150px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Luxemburg]] [[Image:LocationLuxembourg.png|thumb|250px|right|Luxemburg tu [[Europa]]]] '''Mare Voivodat di Luxemburg''' (lux.:'''Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg''', gall.:'''Grand-Duché de Luxembourg''', gher.:'''Großherzogtum Luxemburg''') easte stat tu [[Unia europeanã]] shi tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Unia europeanã]] [[Category:Stat]] [[af:Luxemburg]] [[als:Luxemburg]] [[an:Lusemburgo]] [[ang:Letseburh]] [[ar:لوكسمبورغ]] [[arc:ܠܘܟܣܡܒܘܪܓ]] [[ast:Luxemburgu]] [[be:Люксэмбург]] [[bg:Люксембург]] [[br:Luksembourg (bro)]] [[ca:Luxemburg]] [[cs:Lucembursko]] [[csb:Luksembùrskô]] [[cy:Lwcsembwrg]] [[da:Luxembourg]] [[de:Luxemburg]] [[dv:ލަޒަންބާ]] [[el:Λουξεμβούργο]] [[eml:Lussembûrg]] [[en:Luxembourg]] [[eo:Luksemburgio]] [[es:Luxemburgo]] [[et:Luksemburg]] [[eu:Luxenburgo]] [[fa:لوکزامبورگ]] [[fi:Luxemburg]] [[fr:Luxembourg (pays)]] [[fy:Lúksemboarch]] [[ga:Lucsamburg]] [[gd:Lucsamburg]] [[gl:Luxemburgo - Lëtzebuerg]] [[he:לוקסמבורג]] [[hi:लक्सेम्बर्ग]] [[hr:Luksemburg]] [[hu:Luxemburg]] [[ia:Luxemburg]] [[id:Luxemburg]] [[io:Luxemburgia]] [[is:Lúxemborg]] [[it:Lussemburgo]] [[ja:ルクセンブルク]] [[ka:ლუქსემბურგი (ქვეყანა)]] [[ko:룩셈부르크]] [[ku:Luksemburg]] [[kw:Lushaborg]] [[la:Luxemburgum]] [[lb:Lëtzebuerg (Land)]] [[li:Luxemburg (land)]] [[lt:Liuksemburgas]] [[lv:Luksemburga (valsts)]] [[mk:Луксембург]] [[ms:Luxembourg]] [[nds:Luxemborg]] [[nds-nl:Luxemburg (laand)]] [[ne:लक्जेम्बर्ग]] [[nl:Luxemburg (land)]] [[nn:Luxembourg]] [[no:Luxembourg]] [[oc:Luxemborg (estat)]] [[os:Люксембург (паддзахад)]] [[pam:Luxembourg]] [[pl:Luksemburg (państwo)]] [[pms:Lussemborgh]] [[pt:Luxemburgo]] [[rm:Luxemburg]] [[ro:Luxemburg]] [[ru:Люксембург]] [[sc:Lussemburgu]] [[sh:Luksemburg]] [[simple:Luxembourg]] [[sk:Luxembursko]] [[sl:Luksemburg]] [[sq:Luksemburgu]] [[sr:Луксембург]] [[sv:Luxemburg]] [[sw:Luxemburg]] [[tg:Люксембург]] [[th:ประเทศลักเซมเบิร์ก]] [[tl:Luxembourg]] [[tr:Lüksemburg]] [[ug:ليۇكسېمبۇرگ]] [[uk:Люксембург]] [[vi:Luxembourg]] [[wa:Grande-Dutcheye do Lussimbork]] [[zh:卢森堡]] [[zh-min-nan:Luxembourg]] [[zh-yue:盧森堡]] 3681 7792 2006-09-29T09:06:01Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Flag of Malta.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Malta]] [[Image:Coat of arms of Malta.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Malta]] [[Image:LocationMalta.png|thumb|250px|right|Malta tu [[Europa]]]] '''Republica Malta''' ('''Republic of Malta''') easte stat tu [[Unia europeanã]] shi tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Unia europeanã]] [[Category:Stat]] [[af:Malta]] [[als:Malta]] [[ar:مالطا]] [[an:Malta]] [[ast:Malta]] [[zh-min-nan:Malta]] [[be:Мальта]] [[bs:Malta]] [[br:Malta]] [[bg:Малта]] [[ca:Malta]] [[cs:Malta]] [[cy:Malta]] [[da:Malta]] [[de:Malta]] [[et:Malta]] [[el:Μάλτα]] [[en:Malta]] [[es:Malta]] [[eo:Malto (lando)]] [[eu:Malta]] [[fa:مالت (کشور)]] [[fr:Malte]] [[fy:Malta]] [[ga:Málta]] [[gl:Malta]] [[ko:몰타]] [[hi:माल्टा]] [[hr:Malta]] [[io:Malta]] [[id:Malta]] [[ia:Malta]] [[os:Мальтæ (паддзахад)]] [[is:Malta]] [[it:Malta]] [[he:מלטה]] [[ka:მალტა]] [[kw:Malta]] [[ht:Malt]] [[ku:Malta]] [[la:Melitta]] [[lv:Malta]] [[lb:Malta]] [[lt:Malta]] [[li:Malta]] [[hu:Málta]] [[mk:Малта]] [[mt:Malta]] [[ms:Malta]] [[nl:Malta (land)]] [[nds-nl:Malta (laand)]] [[ne:माल्टा]] [[ja:マルタ]] [[no:Malta]] [[nn:Malta]] [[oc:Malta]] [[ug:مالتا]] [[pam:Malta]] [[nds:Malta]] [[pl:Malta]] [[pt:Malta]] [[ro:Malta]] [[ru:Мальта (государство)]] [[se:Málta]] [[sq:Malta]] [[scn:Malta]] [[simple:Malta]] [[sk:Malta]] [[sl:Malta]] [[sr:Малта]] [[sh:Malta]] [[fi:Malta]] [[sv:Malta]] [[tl:Malta]] [[tet:Malta]] [[th:ประเทศมอลตา]] [[vi:Malta]] [[tg:Малта]] [[tr:Malta]] [[uk:Мальта (держава)]] 3682 7439 2006-09-18T22:18:00Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Flag of Norway.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Norveghia]] [[Image:Norway coa.png.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Norveghia]] [[Image:LocationNorway.png|thumb|250px|right|Norveghia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Vãsilia di Norveghia''' (Bokmål: '''Kongeriket Norge'''; Nynorsk: '''Kongeriket Noreg''') easte stat tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Stat]] 3683 7401 2006-09-18T20:07:32Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Flag of Portugal.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Portogallia]] [[Image:Coat of arms of Portugal.png|thumb|150px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Portogallia]] [[Image:LocationPortugal.png|thumb|250px|right|Portogallia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Republica Portogallia''' ('''República Portuguesa''') easte stat tu [[Unia europeanã]] shi tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Unia europeanã]] [[Category:Stat]] 3684 7408 2006-09-18T20:14:13Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Flag of San Marino.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di San Marino]] [[Image:Coat of arms of San Marino.png|thumb|150px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali San Marino]] [[Image:LocationSanMarino.png|thumb|250px|right|San Marino tu [[Europa]]]] '''Republica Serenã San Marino''' (it:'''Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino''') easte stat tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Stat]] 3685 7411 2006-09-18T20:25:16Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Flag of Slovakia.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Slovachia]] [[Image:Coat of Arms of Slovakia.svg|thumb|150px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Slovachia]] [[Image:LocationSlovakia.png|thumb|250px|right|Slovachia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Republica Slovachia''' ('''Slovenská republika''') easte stat tu [[Unia europeanã]] shi tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Unia europeanã]] [[Category:Stat]] 3686 7412 2006-09-18T20:26:09Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Flag of Slovenia.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Slovenia]] [[Image:Coat of Arms of Slovenia.svg|thumb|150px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Slovenia]] [[Image:LocationSlovenia.png|thumb|250px|right|Slovenia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Republica Slovenia''' ('''Republika Slovenija''') easte stat tu [[Unia europeanã]] shi tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Unia europeanã]] [[Category:Stat]] 3687 7417 2006-09-18T21:47:15Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Flag of Sweden.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Suidia]] [[Image:Sweden greater arms.png|thumb|150px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Suidia]] [[Image:LocationSweden.png|thumb|250px|right|Suidia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Vãsilia di Suidia''' ('''Konungariket Sverige''') easte stat tu [[Unia europeanã]] shi tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Unia europeanã]] [[Category:Stat]] 3688 7505 2006-09-19T15:18:56Z Heinzschw 124 [[Image:Flag of the Vatican City.svg|thumb|150px|right|Flambura di Vaticanlu]] [[Image:Holysee coat of arms.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Vaticanlu]] [[Image:LocationVaticanCity.png|thumb|250px|right|Vaticanlu tu [[Europa]]]] '''Statlu-a Cãsãbãlui Vatican''' (lat.:'''Status Civitatis Vaticanae'''; it.:'''Stato della Città del Vaticano''') easte stat-cãsãbã tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Stat]] 3689 7543 2006-09-20T08:28:10Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Ghibraltar]] [[Image:Gibraltar-FortressAndKey.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Ghibraltar]] [[Image:LocationGibraltar.png|thumb|250px|right|Ghibraltar tu [[Europa]]]] '''Ghibraltar''' (ang.:'''Gibraltar''') easte teritoria di piste amare ali [[Marea Britanie|Britania Mare]] tu [[Europa]]. [[category:Europa]] [[ar:مستعمرة جبل طارق]] [[ast:Xibraltar]] [[zh-min-nan:Gibraltar]] [[bs:Gibraltar]] [[ca:Gibraltar]] [[cs:Gibraltar]] [[da:Gibraltar]] [[de:Gibraltar]] [[et:Gibraltar]] [[el:Γιβραλτάρ]] [[en:Gibraltar]] [[es:Gibraltar]] [[eo:Ĝibraltaro]] [[eu:Gibraltar]] [[fa:جبل‌الطارق]] [[fr:Gibraltar]] [[gl:Xibraltar - Gibraltar]] [[ko:지브롤터]] [[hr:Gibraltar]] [[io:Gibraltar]] [[id:Gibraltar]] [[ia:Gibraltar]] [[is:Gíbraltar]] [[it:Gibilterra]] [[he:גיברלטר]] [[ka:გიბრალტარი]] [[kw:Jibraltar]] [[la:Calpe]] [[lb:Gibraltar]] [[lt:Gibraltaras]] [[hu:Gibraltár]] [[mi:Kamaka]] [[nl:Gibraltar]] [[ja:ジブラルタル]] [[no:Gibraltar]] [[nn:Gibraltar]] [[oc:Gibraltar]] [[nds:Gibraltar]] [[pl:Gibraltar]] [[pt:Gibraltar]] [[ro:Gibraltar]] [[ru:Гибралтар]] [[sq:Gjibraltari]] [[scn:Gibbilterra]] [[simple:Gibraltar]] [[sk:Gibraltár]] [[sl:Gibraltar]] [[sr:Гибралтар]] [[fi:Gibraltar]] [[sv:Gibraltar]] [[tl:Gibraltar]] [[tr:Cebelitarık]] [[uk:Ґібралтар]] [[wa:Djibraltar]] [[zh:直布罗陀]] 3690 7314 2006-09-17T12:00:16Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Marea Britanie]] moved to [[Britania Mare]] #REDIRECT [[Britania Mare]] 3691 7545 2006-09-20T08:31:18Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Flag of Iceland.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Islanda]] [[Image:Skjaldarmerki.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Islanda]] [[Image:LocationIceland.png|thumb|250px|right|Islanda tu [[Europa]]]] '''Republica Islanda''' ('''Lýðveldið Ísland''') easte stat ilandã tu [[Europa]]. [[category:Europa]] [[category:Stat]] [[af:Ysland]] [[als:Island]] [[ang:Īsland]] [[ar:آيسلندا]] [[an:Islandia]] [[ast:Islandia]] [[az:İslandiya]] [[zh-min-nan:Peng-tē]] [[be:Ісьляндыя]] [[bs:Island]] [[br:Island]] [[bg:Исландия]] [[ca:Islàndia]] [[cv:Исланди]] [[cs:Island]] [[cy:Gwlad yr Iâ]] [[da:Island]] [[de:Island]] [[dv:އައިސްލަންޑަން]] [[et:Island]] [[el:Ισλανδία]] [[en:Iceland]] [[es:Islandia]] [[eo:Islando]] [[eu:Islandia]] [[fa:ایسلند]] [[fo:Ísland]] [[fr:Islande]] [[fy:Yslân]] [[ga:An Íoslainn]] [[gd:Innis Tile]] [[gl:Islandia - Ísland]] [[gu:આઇસલૅન્ડ]] [[ko:아이슬란드]] [[hy:Իսլանդիա]] [[hi:आइस्लैंड]] [[hr:Island]] [[io:Islando]] [[id:Islandia]] [[is:Ísland]] [[it:Islanda]] [[he:איסלנד]] [[ka:ისლანდია]] [[kw:Island]] [[sw:Iceland]] [[ku:Îslanda]] [[la:Islandia]] [[lv:Islande]] [[lb:Island]] [[lt:Islandija]] [[li:Iesland]] [[lmo:Islànda]] [[hu:Izland]] [[mk:Исланд]] [[ms:Iceland]] [[na:Iceland]] [[nl:IJsland]] [[nds-nl:Ieslaand]] [[ne:आईसल्याण्ड]] [[ja:アイスランド]] [[no:Island]] [[nn:Island]] [[oc:Islàndia]] [[ug:ئىسلاندىيە]] [[pam:Iceland]] [[ps:آيسلېنډ]] [[nds:Iesland]] [[pl:Islandia]] [[pt:Islândia]] [[ro:Islanda]] [[qu:Islandiya]] [[ru:Исландия]] [[se:Islánda]] [[sa:आइसलैंड]] [[sc:Islanda]] [[sq:Islanda]] [[scn:Islandia]] [[simple:Iceland]] [[sl:Islandija]] [[sr:Исланд]] [[sh:Island]] [[fi:Islanti]] [[sv:Island]] [[tl:Iceland]] [[ta:ஐஸ்லாந்து]] [[th:ประเทศไอซ์แลนด์]] [[vi:Iceland]] [[tpi:Aislan]] [[tr:İzlanda]] [[uk:Ісландія]] [[fiu-vro:Island']] [[yi:איסלאנד]] [[zh-yue:冰島]] [[zh:冰岛]] 3692 7438 2006-09-18T22:16:26Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Flag of Monaco.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Monaco]] [[Image:Coat of arms of Monaco.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo al Monaco]] [[Image:LocationMonaco.png|thumb|250px|right|Monaco tu [[Europa]]]] '''Printsipatlu Monaco''' (gallica: '''Principauté de Monaco'''; monégasque: '''Principatu de Múnegu'''; occitan: '''Principat de Mónegue''') easte monarhia parlamentarã shi cãsãbã-stat tu [[Europa]]. [[category:Europa]] [[category:Stat]] 3693 8793 2006-12-19T12:12:48Z TXiKiBoT 147 robot Adding: [[frp:Pologne]], [[mo:Полония]], [[ru-sib:Польша]] [[Image:Flag of Poland.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Polandia]] [[Image:Coat of arms of Poland-official.png|thumb|150px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Polandia]] [[Image:LocationPoland.png|thumb|250px|right|Polandia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Republica Polandia''' ('''Rzeczpospolita Polska''') easte stat tu [[Unia europeanã]] shi tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Unia europeanã]] [[Category:Stat]] [[af:Pole]] [[als:Polen]] [[am:ፖላንድ]] [[an:Polonia]] [[ang:Polaland]] [[ar:بولندا]] [[arc:ܦܘܠܢܕܐ]] [[ast:Polonia]] [[az:Polşa]] [[be:Польшча]] [[bg:Полша]] [[br:Polonia]] [[bs:Poljska]] [[ca:Polònia]] [[cs:Polsko]] [[csb:Pòlskô]] [[cu:Пол̑ьска]] [[cv:Польша]] [[cy:Gwlad Pwyl]] [[da:Polen]] [[de:Polen]] [[el:Πολωνία]] [[en:Poland]] [[eo:Pollando]] [[es:Polonia]] [[et:Poola]] [[eu:Polonia]] [[fa:لهستان]] [[fi:Puola]] [[fiu-vro:Poola]] [[fo:Pólland]] [[fr:Pologne]] [[frp:Pologne]] [[fur:Polonie]] [[fy:Poalen]] [[ga:An Pholainn]] [[gd:A' Phòlainn]] [[gl:Polonia - Polska]] [[gn:Polonia]] [[gv:Yn Pholynn]] [[he:פולין]] [[hi:पोलैंड]] [[hr:Poljska]] [[hsb:Pólska]] [[hu:Lengyelország]] [[hy:Լեհաստան]] [[ia:Polonia]] [[id:Polandia]] [[ilo:Polandia]] [[io:Polonia]] [[is:Pólland]] [[it:Polonia]] [[ja:ポーランド]] [[jbo:polskas]] [[jv:Polandia]] [[ka:პოლონეთი]] [[ko:폴란드]] [[ku:Polonya]] [[kw:Poloni]] [[la:Polonia]] [[lb:Polen]] [[li:Pole]] [[lt:Lenkija]] [[lv:Polija]] [[mk:Полска]] [[mo:Полония]] [[ms:Poland]] [[mt:Polonja]] [[na:Poland]] [[nds:Polen]] [[nds-nl:Pooln]] [[nl:Polen]] [[nn:Polen]] [[no:Polen]] [[nrm:Polongne]] [[oc:Polonha]] [[os:Польшæ]] [[pam:Poland]] [[pl:Polska]] [[pms:Polònia]] [[pt:Polónia]] [[qu:Pulska]] [[ro:Polonia]] [[ru:Польша]] [[ru-sib:Польша]] [[scn:Pulonia]] [[sco:Poland]] [[se:Polen]] [[sh:Poljska]] [[simple:Poland]] [[sk:Poľsko]] [[sl:Poljska]] [[sq:Polonia]] [[sr:Пољска]] [[sv:Polen]] [[sw:Poland]] [[tet:Polónia]] [[tg:Полша]] [[th:ประเทศโปแลนด์]] [[tl:Poland]] [[tr:Polonya]] [[ug:پولشا]] [[uk:Польща]] [[uz:Polsha]] [[vi:Ba Lan]] [[vo:Polän]] [[war:Polonya]] [[yi:פוילן]] [[zh:波兰]] [[zh-min-nan:Polska]] [[zh-yue:波蘭]] 3694 7343 2006-09-17T18:52:34Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 3695 7351 2006-09-17T19:32:39Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Ditu Gârtsii]] moved to [[Di tu Gãrtsia]] #REDIRECT [[Di tu Gãrtsia]] 3696 7413 2006-09-18T20:46:23Z Jean 119 {| style="margin:0 auto" align=center class="toccolours" !align=center style="background:#80FF00;"|Morfologia florii |- |align=rite style="font-size:75%;"| {| class="wikitable" width=95% {{tabelfrumos}} |- | rowspan="20"| [[Floare]] | [[Peduncul floral]] | | |- | [[Receptacul]] | | |- | rowspan="3"|[[Caliciu]] | [[Sepală]] | |- | [[Caliciu dialisepal]] | |- | [[Caliciu gamopetal]] | |- | rowspan="4"| [[Corolă]] | [[Petală]] | |- | |[[Corolă dialipetală]] | |- | [[Corolă gamopetală]] |- | [[ Flori apetale|Corolă lipsă]] ([[ Flori apetale]]) | |- | rowspan="2"| [[Androceu]] | rowspan="2"| [[Stamină]] | [[Filament]] |- | [[Anteră]] |- | rowspan="3"| [[Gineceu]] | rowspan="3"|[[Carpelă]] | [[Ovar]] |- | [[Stil]] |- | [[Stigmat]] |- |} 3697 7415 2006-09-18T20:52:06Z Jean 119 3698 7427 2006-09-18T21:56:15Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Anglii]] moved to [[Anglia]] #REDIRECT [[Anglia]] 3699 8802 2006-12-20T12:51:00Z Escarbot 112 robot Adding: cs, lb, ta Modifying: no '''Agnesa Gongea Boiagi''' icã '''Dada Thereza''' ([[Scopia]], August 26, 1910 – September 5, 1997, Calcutta) ira [[Armãnj|Armãnã]] sorã di njiluiame, unã aradã catholicã tsi nãsã singurã u-formã. Tu Xumedrulu 2003, [[Papa Ioannis Pavlu II|Pãpãlu Ioannis Pavlu Dhefterlu]] le-proclãmã ti Macariosã, shi tora nãsã easte cunuscutã ca ''Macariosa'' icã ''Beatificatã Dada Thereza'' di [[Bisearica Romacatholicã|Catholitslji]] tu lumea tutã. [[Image:Mother Teresa1.jpg|thumb|right|Dada Thereza, stamba poshtalã di [[India]]]] [[Image:Mother Teresa2.gif|thumb|right|Dada Thereza, stamba poshtalã di [[Republica Machedonia|REIMachedonia]]]] [[Image:Mother Teresa3.jpg|thumb|right|Dada Thereza]] [[ar:الأم تريزا]] [[bg:Майка Тереза]] [[bn:মাদার তেরেসা]] [[ca:Mare Teresa de Calcuta]] [[cs:Matka Tereza]] [[da:Moder Teresa]] [[de:Mutter Teresa]] [[en:Mother Teresa]] [[eo:Patrino Teresa]] [[es:Teresa de Calcuta]] [[eu:Kalkutako Teresa]] [[fi:Äiti Teresa]] [[fr:Mère Teresa]] [[he:האם תרזה]] [[hi:मदर टेरेसा]] [[hu:Kalkuttai Teréz anya]] [[id:Bunda Teresa]] [[it:Madre Teresa di Calcutta]] [[ja:マザー・テレサ]] [[ko:테레사 수녀]] [[la:Mater Teresa]] [[lb:Mutter Teresa]] [[lt:Motina Teresė]] [[lv:Māte Terēze]] [[mk:Мајка Тереза]] [[mr:मदर तेरेसा]] [[ms:Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu]] [[nl:Moeder Teresa]] [[no:Moder Teresa]] [[pl:Matka Teresa z Kalkuty]] [[pt:Madre Teresa de Calcutá]] [[ro:Maica Tereza]] [[ru:Мать Тереза]] [[sk:Matka Tereza]] [[sl:Mati Tereza]] [[sq:Nënë Tereza]] [[sv:Moder Teresa]] [[ta:அன்னை தெரேசா]] [[vi:Mẹ Teresa]] [[zh:德蕾莎修女]] [[zh-min-nan:Teresa Siu-lú]] [[zh-yue:德蘭修女]] 3700 8653 2006-11-22T18:28:42Z 194.150.216.212 '''Armãnjlji''' (alante nume: ''Aromâni'', ''Rrãmãnji'', ''Tsintsari'', ''Vlahi'' icã forma propagandisticã atsiloru dit Romanie ''Macedoromãni'') sãntu un popul tsi bãnedzã tu [[Gãrtsia]], [[Sãrghia]], [[Republica Machedonia|Republica Ex-Iugoslavã ali Machedonia]], [[Arbinishia]], [[Vurgaria]] shi [[Romãnia]]. Numirlu a lor easte 2,500,000. Limba a lor easte [[limba armãneascã]]. ===Lista di cunuscuts Armãnj=== *[[Dada Thereza]] * [http://www.farsarotul.org Sutsatã Farsharotul pi internet] (pi anglica) [[bg:Аромъни]] [[de:Aromunen]] [[el:Αρμάνοι]] [[en:Aromanians]] [[es:Arumano]] [[hu:Cincárok]] [[ja:アルーマニア人]] [[pl:Arumuni]] [[ro:Aromâni]] [[ru:Аромуны]] 3701 7456 2006-09-18T22:50:55Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Hydroghenium''' (semnulu hemic '''H'''; lat. '''Hydrogenium''') easte protlu elementu tu Tavla Periodicã di Elementsãlji, adratã dupu hemicianlu arus '''Dmitrii Ivanovici Mendeleev'''. 3702 7460 2006-09-19T00:59:01Z Khoikhoi 123 Redirecting to [[en:User:Khoikhoi]] #REDIRECT [[:en:User:Khoikhoi]] 3703 7461 2006-09-19T00:59:12Z Khoikhoi 123 Redirecting to [[en:User talk:Khoikhoi]] #REDIRECT [[:en:User talk:Khoikhoi]] 3704 8617 2006-11-21T20:49:27Z 194.150.216.212 Removing all content from page 3705 8193 2006-10-23T15:56:13Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Pope Benedictus XVI january,20 2006 (7 small).jpg|right|200px|Sãmtsãljea-a lui Pãpãlu Benedictu al XVIlu]] '''Sãmtsãljea-a lui Pãpãlu Benedictu al XVIlu''' (lat.:'''Benedictus PP.XVI''', faptu: '''Joseph Alois Ratzinger''' pi 16le di Aprir, 1927 tu [[Marktl am Inn]], [[Bayern]], [[Ghermãnia]]) easte 265-lu shi di tora [[Papa]] di [[Bisearica Romacatholicã]], shi [[monarh|Suveren]] al [[Vatican|Vaticanlu]]. Nãs ira [[Inauguratsia papalã|inaugurat]] ti [[Papa]] cu [[Misa]] ti inauguratsie pi 19le di Aprir, 2005, shi u-lua [[Bazilica al Ay. Ioanni Lateranlu]], pi 7le di Mai, 2005. Pãpãlu Benedictu al XVIlu are tsitidentsã shi di [[Ghermãnia]] shi di [[Vatican|Vaticanlu]]. Nãs u-clironomisi [[Papa Ioannis Pavlu II|Pãpãlu Ioanni Pavlu al II-lu]], cai muri pi 2lu di Aprir, 2005. 3706 7593 2006-09-20T13:52:16Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 {| align=center class="messagebox current" style="border:1px solid #CECDCD; border-color:black; width: auto;" | [[Image:Current event marker.png|50px| ]] | '''Aistu {{{1|articlu}}} documenteadzã un [[Evenimente di tora|evenimentu di tora]].''' <br> <small>Informatsiile pot s-alãxeascã cum va s-ducã evenimentu.</small> |}{{#if:{{NAMESPACE}}|<!-- don't categorize -->|[[Category:Current events]]}} 3707 7475 2006-09-19T10:20:46Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 {| class="infobox" style="width: 20em; font-size: 95%; text-align: left; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px;" cellpadding="3" |- style="background-color: #F7D79C;" ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | {{{Numa_armãneascã}}} |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;" | {{{Foto|}}} |- {{#if: {{{numa_dupu_faptu|}}}| ! Numa di faptu {{!}} {{{numa_dupu_faptu}}}}} |- ! Pontificat&nbsp;ahurhi | {{{ahurhi}}} |- ! Pontificat&nbsp;bitisi | {{{bitisi}}} |- ! Di ninte nãs | {{{di_ninte}}} |- {{#if: {{{dupu_nãs|}}}| ! Dupu nãs {{!}} {{{dupu_nãs}}}}} |- ! Faptu | {{{data_di_faptu}}}<br>{{{loclu_di_faptu|}}} |- {{#if: {{{data_di_murire|}}}| ! Muri {{!}} {{{data_di_murire}}}<br>{{{loclu_di_murire|}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{alantu|}}}| {{!}} colspan="2" style="font-style: italics; text-align: center; font-size: smaller;" {{!}} [[Pope {{{alantu}}}|Alante Papi cu numa {{{alantu}}}]]}} |- {{#if: {{{footnotes|}}}| {{!}} colspan="2" style="font-style: italics; font-size: smaller; border-top: 1px solid;" {{!}} {{{footnotes}}}}} |}<noinclude> [[Category:Pope templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:people infobox templates|Pope]] [[Category:Templates using ParserFunctions|{{PAGENAME}}]] </noinclude> 3708 7480 2006-09-19T10:24:34Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 |<noinclude></noinclude> 3709 7482 2006-09-19T10:27:04Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 :<div class="noprint">''Main article{{#if:{{{2|}}}|s}}&#58; [[{{{1}}}|{{{l1|{{{1}}}}}}]]{{#if:{{{2| }}} |{{#if:{{{3|}}}|,&#32;|&#32;and&#32;}}[[{{{2}}}|{{{l2|{{{2}}}}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{3|}}} |{{#if:{{{4|}}}|,&#32;|,&#32;and&#32;}}[[{{{3}}}|{{{l3|{{{3}}}}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{4|}}} |{{#if:{{{5|}}}|,&#32;|,&#32;and&#32;}}[[{{{4}}}|{{{l4|{{{4}}}}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{5|}}} |, and [[{{{5}}}|{{{l5|{{{5}}}}}}]]}}''{{#if:{{{6| }}}|&#32; (too many parameters in &#123;&#123;[[Template:main|main]]&#125;&#125;)}}</div><noinclude> 3710 7495 2006-09-19T15:11:53Z Heinzschw 124 3711 7497 2006-09-19T15:13:04Z Heinzschw 124 3712 7498 2006-09-19T15:13:45Z Heinzschw 124 3713 7499 2006-09-19T15:14:45Z Heinzschw 124 3714 7500 2006-09-19T15:15:23Z Heinzschw 124 3715 7501 2006-09-19T15:15:59Z Heinzschw 124 3716 7502 2006-09-19T15:16:40Z Heinzschw 124 3717 7503 2006-09-19T15:17:28Z Heinzschw 124 3718 7504 2006-09-19T15:18:29Z Heinzschw 124 3719 7615 2006-09-21T12:36:22Z Heinzschw 124 [[Image:Flag of Wales 2.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Wales]] [[Image:Wales COA.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Wales]] [[Image:LocationWales.PNG|thumb|250px|right|Wales tu [[Europa]]]] '''Wales''' (wel.: '''Cymru''') easte un di patrule pãrtsa-a [[Britania Mare|Vãsiliiljei Unitã]] tu [[Europa]]. Cãsãbãlu capital: [[Cardiff]] [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Britania Mare]] [[af:Wallis]] [[als:Wales]] [[ar:ويلز]] [[az:Uels]] [[zh-min-nan:Cymru]] [[br:Kembre]] [[bg:Уелс]] [[ca:Gal·les]] [[cs:Wales]] [[cy:Cymru]] [[da:Wales]] [[de:Wales]] [[en:Wales]] [[et:Wales]] [[es:Gales]] [[eo:Kimrio]] [[eu:Gales]] [[fr:Pays de Galles]] [[ga:An Bhreatain Bheag]] [[gv:Bretin]] [[gd:A' Chuimrigh]] [[gl:Gales - Cymru]] [[ko:웨일스]] [[hr:Wales]] [[io:Wals]] [[id:Wales]] [[it:Galles]] [[he:ויילס]] [[ka:უელსი]] [[kw:Kembra]] [[ht:Gal]] [[ku:Wales]] [[la:Cambria]] [[lv:Velsa]] [[lt:Velsas]] [[ln:Ekólo Wali]] [[hu:Wales]] [[nl:Wales]] [[ja:ウェールズ]] [[no:Wales]] [[nn:Wales]] [[nrm:Galles]] [[oc:País de Gallas]] [[nds:Wales]] [[pl:Walia]] [[pt:País de Gales]] [[ro:Ţara Galilor]] [[rm:Valisa]] [[ru:Уэльс]] [[sco:Wales]] [[simple:Wales]] [[sk:Wales]] [[sl:Wales]] [[sr:Велс]] [[fi:Wales]] [[sv:Wales]] [[th:เวลส์]] [[tr:Galler]] [[uk:Вельс]] [[zh:威爾士]] 3720 7614 2006-09-21T12:35:17Z Heinzschw 124 [[Image:Flag of Scotland.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Scotlandia]] [[Image:Royal Arms of Scotland.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Scotlandia]] [[Image:LocationScotland.png|thumb|250px|right|Scotlandia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Scotlandia''' (galicheashce: '''Alba''') easte natsia tu [[Europa]] di nord-westu shi easte unã di patrule pãrtsa-a [[Britania Mare|Vãsiliiljei Unitã]]. Cãsãbãlu capital: [[Edinburgh]] [[category:Europa]] [[Category:Britania Mare]] [[af:Skotland]] [[als:Schottland]] [[ang:Scotland]] [[ar:أسكتلندا]] [[ast:Escocia]] [[zh-min-nan:Scot-tē]] [[be:Шатляндыя]] [[bs:Škotska]] [[br:Skos]] [[bg:Шотландия]] [[ca:Escòcia]] [[cs:Skotsko]] [[cy:Yr Alban]] [[da:Skotland]] [[de:Schottland]] [[et:Šotimaa]] [[el:Σκωτία]] [[en:Scotland]] [[es:Escocia]] [[eo:Skotlando]] [[eu:Eskozia]] [[fa:اسکاتلند]] [[fo:Skotland]] [[fr:Écosse]] [[fy:Skotlân]] [[ga:Albain]] [[gv:Nalbin]] [[gd:Alba]] [[gl:Escocia - Alba]] [[ko:스코틀랜드]] [[hr:Škotska]] [[io:Skotia]] [[id:Skotlandia]] [[ia:Scotia]] [[is:Skotland]] [[it:Scozia]] [[he:סקוטלנד]] [[ka:შოტლანდია]] [[kw:Alban]] [[sw:Uskoti]] [[ht:Ekòs]] [[ku:Îskoçya]] [[la:Scotia]] [[lv:Skotija]] [[lb:Schottland]] [[lt:Škotija]] [[li:Sjotland]] [[ln:Ekósi]] [[hu:Skócia]] [[ms:Scotland]] [[nl:Schotland]] [[ja:スコットランド]] [[no:Skottland]] [[nn:Skottland]] [[nrm:Êcosse]] [[oc:Escòcia]] [[ug:شوتلاندىيە]] [[pl:Szkocja]] [[pt:Escócia]] [[ro:Scoţia]] [[rm:Scozia]] [[ru:Шотландия]] [[sco:Scotland]] [[simple:Scotland]] [[sk:Škótsko]] [[sl:Škotska]] [[sr:Шкотска]] [[sh:Škotska]] [[fi:Skotlanti]] [[sv:Skottland]] [[th:สกอตแลนด์]] [[tr:İskoçya]] [[uk:Шотландія]] [[zh:蘇格蘭]] 3721 7732 2006-09-26T08:11:48Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 Hãbãri di tu Lumea pãnã 26lu di Yizmaciunj (Martsã): * Nai ma putsãn 12 di ominj ira vãtãmats tu unã explozia nãfoarã di ofislu di guvernmentulu tu '''Lashkar Gah''' tu Notlu-a '''Afghanistanlui'''.(BBC) * Dietlu al Iapan spuse cã '''Shinzo Abe''' easte Minister-prezidentu al Iapan. Cu 52 di anj, nãs easte nai ma tinirlu Minister-prezidentu dupu Dhefterlu Polim di tu Lume. (Reuters via Tiscali) * '''Junichiro Koizumi''', Minister-prezidentulu al Iapan di tu Aprirlu 2001, u-didea guvernulu la prezidentulu di Partia liberal-democraticã '''Shinzo Abe'''. * '''Ali Abdullah Saleh''', cai u-condutse '''Yemen''' di tu anlu 1978, easte aligat nica unã oarã ti Prezidentu cu 77.2% di botsle, dupu giuditsle di parte-a coalitsiiljei di opozitsia di '''Yemen''' ti niregularitãts pi alidzerle. * Tu '''K Club''' tu '''Straffan''', [[Irlanda]], nai ma mãrle golferi di tu [[Europa]] amintarã piste timlu di '''Statilel Unite ali Americhia''' cu rezultat di 18½ contra 9½ shi u-amintarã '''Ryder Cuplu''' di 2006. * '''Yahya Jammeh''' easte nica unã oarã aligat ti al treilu mandat ti Prezidentu ali '''Gambia'''. * '''Toomas Hendrik Ilves''' easte aligat ti Prezidentu nao ali [[Estonia]]. is elected the new President of Estonia. Hãbãri di tu Lumea pãnã 21lu di Yizmaciunj (Vinirã): * Anchisi arãsculare tu '''Sulawesi Tsentralã''', tu '''Indonisia''' dupu vãtãmare di trei militantsã cai furã giudicate ti partitsipantsã tu un atac pi un internat musulman. (Reuters) * Prototyplu di tranlu magnetic '''Transrapid Maglev''' s-pimse tu '''Emsland''', [[Ghermãnia]] cu tsi sãntu pliguite cama di 20 ominj. (BBC)(Deutsche Welle) Hãbãri di tu Lumea pãnã 21lu di Yizmaciunj (Gioia): * Armatã al '''Israilu''' atãcã unã lumache-a Bancãljei Natsionalã a Iordanlui shi priloa cama di 1,5 milionj di dolar americheshci di cãsãbadzlji-a Budzãljei di Westu.(Jordan Times) * Un giudicãtor federal tu '''San Francisco''' lj-bãga ahapse dao jurnalishci di '''San Francisco Chronicle ''' ti 18 di mesh cã nu u-deadirã numa-a personãljei tsi lã-didea unã martirie ascumtã di giudicatã mare ti steroide tu baseball. (AP via Yahoo) * '''Cong Thanh Do''', activistu democratic di '''SUA''' easte pitricut liber di parte-a '''Vietnamlui'''. (Mercury News) * Prezidentulu-a '''Pakistanlui''' Pervez Musharraf spuse cã Vitse-secretarlui di Stat ali '''SUA''' Richard Armitage didea fuvirisire cã va u-bombardeadzã statlu-a lui "nãpoi tu Seculu di Cheatrã" dupu atacurle di 11-lu di Yizmaciunj maca nu u-agiutã Polimlu contra Terrorlu conducat di '''SUA'''. (CTV NEWS) * Guvermentulu ali '''Indonisia''' le-vãtãmã crishcinjlji '''Fabianus Tibo''' (60 di anj), '''Marinus Riwu''' (48 di anj), shi '''Dominggus da Silva''' (42 di anj) cu armatã tsi ira conducatã contra ljirtare di guvermentulu ti tuts atselji cai loarã parte tu conflictulu di Poso. Treilji bãrbats ira giudicate ti dutsire di atacuri piste Musulmanjlji anlu 2000 cu tsi 70 di ominj murirã. Njiljilji di ominj di politsia fac blocade pi cãljuri cai s-ducã pãnã la ahãpsinatã shi le-ved biseritsle. Cama multu di lucurtori ti ãndrepturle-a omlui spusirã cã giudicãturã easte ti arshine. (CBS) * Shatlu di Cosmos Atlantis vine pi '''Loclu''' pi Tsentru di Cosmos Kennedy, cu tsi u-bitisi misia STS-115. (Reuters) * Gheneralu '''Sonthi Boonyaratglin''' u-duse couplu d'état tu Thailandu s-u facã cãdeare-a guvermentului a Minister-prezidentului '''Thaksin Shinawatra'''. Hãbãri di tu Lumea pãnã 20le di Yizmaciunj, 2006 (Njercurã): * Prezenterlu di Top Gear di tu BBC, Richard Hammond easte pliguit serioz tu unã probã s-u facã recordu di velositate tu [[Britania Mare]] ti TV show.(BBC) * Tu Kazakhstan, 41 di mineri murirã tu nai ma araolu actsidentu dupu explozia di methan tu unã minã ti carbon. (Reuters) * Giudicare ti coruptsia al ex vitse-prezidentulu ali Africhie di Notlu Jacob Zuma ira arcat di giudicãtorlu di tu Giudicare Analtã Pietermaritzburg, shi didea giudicare cã cazlu di Statlu s-duse "di un funico pãnã la alantu" shi nu putea ta s-ducã pi unã protsedurã normalã. Cu aestã s-pistipseashce cã va s-hibã criscute shansile al Zuma s-yinã tu loclu di Prezidentu dupu Thabo Mbeki, ma prosecutorlji spusirã cã iara va le-bagã pi giudicare incriminatsiile depoia. (Mail & Guardian Online) * Dzatsile di oaminj ira vãtãmats shi suti sãntu chirute tu [[India]] shi Bangladesh dupu furtunã di cãdeare di ploae tu Budzãle al Bengal. (BBC) * Shinzo Abe easte alidzeat di liderlu-a partiilljei ali Partia Liberal-Democraticã di Iapanlu, cu tsi yinea tu luclu al Minister-prezidentulu di tora Junichiro Koizumi. Poate cã nãs va s-hibã aligat ti nao Minister-prezidentu tu 30le di Yizmaciunj 2006. (Bloomberg) * Minister-prezidentu di Thailandu '''Thaksin Shinawatra''' declãrã status di ayonjisime tu Bangcoc di ispete cã membrilji ali Armatulã Vãsiljescã Thailandã adrarã un coup d'état. * Protesti contra guvermentulu Budapesta s-featsirã violentsã dupu tsi Minister-prezidentulu Ferenc Gyurcsány ali [[Ungaria]] spuse cã partia-a lui spuse minciunj mash s-amintã pi alidzerle. Hãbãri di tu Lumea pãnã 19le di Yizmaciunj, 2006 (Martsã): * Pi 61-le Andamusire Anuale ali Grupa di Banca Munidalã shi Fondulu Monetar Internatsional, membrilji adusira detsizia s-u reformeadzã FMI cu tsi ali China shi alantile pãzãri tsi inshescu va lã-si da cama multu ãndreptsã ti votare. * Alliansa ti Suidia le-amintã alidzerle-nghenerale tu [[Suidia]] * Dupu proteste di lume musulmanã, [[Papa Benedictu XVI|Pãpãlu Benedictu XVIlu]] u-didea jileare-a lui ti tsitatlu di un dialog di Eta media tsi spuse critiche ti Islamlu. * Echipa di Shuttlu di Cosmos Atlantis, tu STS-115 u-bitisi priimnare tu Cosmoslu-a lor al treilu shi di tu sone, shi va s-continueadzã cu fãtseare ali Istasia di Cosmos Internatsionalã. * Cu armã, '''Kimveel Gill''', dishcljise pliguiri pi 20 ominj tu Collegilu Dawson tu Montreal, Canada, cu tsi vãtãmã unã studentã shi pligui optu alante sudentsã, a depoia fãtsea suitsid. [[ang:Efenealde belimpas]] [[as:Current events]] [[ar:الأحداث الجارية]] [[be:Бягучыя падзеі]] [[ca:Viquipèdia:Actualitat]] [[cs:Aktuality]] [[cy:Materion cyfoes]] [[da:Aktuelle begivenheder]] [[de:Aktuelle Ereignisse]] [[en:Current events]] [[et:Sündmused maailmas]] [[es:Portal:Actualidad]] [[eo:Aktualaĵoj]] [[fa:وقایع کنونی]] [[fr:Actualités]] [[gl:Novas]] [[ko:요즘 화제]] [[hi:ताज़ी घटनाएँ]] [[io:Aktualaji]] [[id:Wikipedia:Peristiwa terkini]] [[ia:Actualitates]] [[os:Xabar]] [[it:Avvenimenti in corso]] [[he:ויקיפדיה:אקטואליה]] [[ka:მიმდინარე მოვლენები]] [[ku:Bûyerên rojane]] [[la:Novissima]] [[lb:Aktualitéit]] [[li:In 't nuuis]] [[hu:Friss események]] [[ms:Wikipedia:Hal Semasa]] [[mn:Мэдээ]] [[nl:In het nieuws]] [[ja:最近の出来事]] [[pl:Bieżące wydarzenia]] [[pt:Eventos atuais]] [[ro:Actualităţi]] [[ru:Текущие события]] [[sq:Portal:Ngjarjet e tanishme]] [[sl:Trenutni dogodki]] [[sr:Тренутни догађаји]] [[fi:Ajankohtaista]] [[sv:Aktuella händelser]] [[tl:Kasalukuyang pangyayari]] [[ta:நடப்பு நிகழ்வுகள்]] [[th:เหตุการณ์ปัจจุบัน]] [[vi:Thời sự]] [[tr:Güncel olaylar]] [[uk:Поточні події]] [[ur:حالات حاضرہ]] [[yi:וויקיפּעדיע:אלע נייעס]] [[yo:Current events]] [[zh-yue:時人時事]] [[zh:新闻动态]] 3722 7559 2006-09-20T09:29:17Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Bisearica Romacathlicã''' easte unã di biseritsle crishcineshci. Tu caplu alishcei bisearica easte [[Papa|Pãpãlu]]. Pãpãlu di tora easte [[Papa Benedictu XVI|Pãpãlu Benedictu al XVIlu]] 3723 8190 2006-10-23T15:53:24Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Papa''' (di gãr: παππας, afendu; di lat.: papa, Papa, afendu) easte biscuplu di Roma, shi, ca Mushcinitorlu al Ayiulu Chetru easte caplu ali [[Bisearica Romacatholicã]]. [[af:Pous]] [[als:Papst]] [[ang:Pāpa]] [[ar:بابوية]] [[ast:Papa]] [[bn:পোপ]] [[bs:Papa]] [[ca:Papa]] [[cs:Papež]] [[cy:Pab]] [[da:Pave]] [[de:Papst]] [[el:Πάπας]] [[en:Pope]] [[eo:Papo]] [[es:Papa]] [[et:Paavst]] [[eu:Aita Santua]] [[fa:پاپ]] [[fi:Paavi]] [[fr:Pape]] [[fy:Paus]] [[he:אפיפיור]] [[hi:पोप]] [[hr:Papa]] [[hu:Pápa (egyházfő)]] [[id:Paus (Katolik Roma)]] [[io:Papo]] [[is:Páfi]] [[it:Papa]] [[ja:ローマ教皇]] [[jv:Paus]] [[ka:რომის პაპი]] [[ko:교황]] [[kw:Pab]] [[la:Papa]] [[lb:Poopst]] [[li:Paus]] [[lt:Popiežius]] [[lv:Romas pāvests]] [[ms:Paus (Katolik)]] [[nds:Paapst]] [[nl:Paus]] [[nn:Pave]] [[no:Pave]] [[nrm:Pape]] [[pl:Papież]] [[pt:Papa]] [[ro:Papă]] [[ru:Папство]] [[scn:Papa]] [[sco:Pape]] [[sh:Papa]] [[simple:Pope]] [[sk:Pápež]] [[sl:Papež]] [[sq:Papa]] [[sr:Папа]] [[sv:Påve]] [[ta:பாப்பரசர்]] [[th:พระสันตะปาปา]] [[tl:Papa]] [[tpi:Pop]] [[tr:Papa]] [[ug:رىم پاپىسى]] [[uk:Папа Римський]] [[ur:پوپ]] [[vi:Giáo Hoàng]] [[zh:教宗]] 3724 7564 2006-09-20T09:33:55Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Current events]] moved to [[Evenimente di tora]] #REDIRECT [[Evenimente di tora]] 3725 7586 2006-09-20T11:32:55Z AdiJapan 125 ja {{Babel|rup-1|ro|en-3|fr-3|ja-2}} [[ro:User:AdiJapan]] [[en:User:AdiJapan]] [[fr:User:AdiJapan]] [[ja:User:AdiJapan]] 3726 7585 2006-09-20T11:32:28Z AdiJapan 125 user ro <div style="float:left;border:1px solid #6EF7A7;margin:1px"> {|cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#C5FCDC" |style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#6EF7A7;text-align:center;font-size:14pt"|'''ro''' |style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em"|Acest utilizator este un vorbitor '''[[:Category:User ro-N|nativ]]''' al '''[[:Category:User ro|limbii române]]'''.'''. |} </div> [[Category:User ro|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User ro-N|{{PAGENAME}}]] 3727 7587 2006-09-20T11:35:40Z AdiJapan 125 fr-3 <div style="float:left;border:1px solid #99B3FF;margin:1px"> {|cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#E0E8FF" |style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#99B3FF;text-align:center;font-size:14pt"|'''fr-3''' |style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em"|Cet utilisateur peut contribuer avec un niveau '''[[:Category:User fr-3|avancé]]''' de '''[[:Category:User fr|français]]'''. |} </div> [[Category:User fr|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User fr-3|{{PAGENAME}}]] 3728 7588 2006-09-20T11:38:55Z AdiJapan 125 ja-2 <div style="float:left;border:1px solid #77E0E8;margin:1px"> {|cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#D0F8FF" |style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#77E0E8;text-align:center;font-size:14pt"|'''ja-2''' |style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em"|この利用者は'''[[:Category:User ja-2|ある程度]]'''の'''[[:Category:ser ja|日本語]]'''を話します。 |} </div> [[Category:User ja|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User ja-2|{{PAGENAME}}]] 3729 7602 2006-09-21T02:32:12Z Jean 119 [[Regnum Animalia]] moved to [[Amirãriljea-a Animalilor]] #REDIRECT [[Amirãriljea-a Animalilor]] 3730 7611 2006-09-21T10:04:49Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Limbi]] moved to [[Limbe]] #REDIRECT [[Limbe]] 3731 7613 2006-09-21T12:30:19Z Heinzschw 124 3732 7616 2006-09-21T12:37:49Z Heinzschw 124 3733 7619 2006-09-21T12:40:51Z Heinzschw 124 3734 7624 2006-09-21T12:45:32Z Heinzschw 124 3735 7625 2006-09-21T12:46:09Z Heinzschw 124 3736 7626 2006-09-21T12:47:09Z Heinzschw 124 3737 8445 2006-11-08T17:02:45Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 Di tu [[Gãrtsia]]: *[http://www.vlahoi.net Vlahi - Armãnlji (pi gãrtseashce)] *[http://www.vlaxoi.gr Vlahi - Armãnjlji di tu Serres, Gãrtsia] *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtnCyhdSYmE&mode=related&search= Cor armãnescu di tu Gãrtsia (video)] *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZfZpv7BMxxQ Cãduri cu Armãnji importantsã (video)] Autorlu-a lushciui video piste cãnticlu al Gica Coada "Are maia un nipot" le-prezenteadzã cãdzurle di: un picurar armãnescu (arhiva Manachi), Toma Caragiu, Stere Gulea, Barba Vasile, Dada Theresa, Octavian Goga, Lucian Blaga ,Apostol Margarit, Mina Minovici, Ion Caramitru, Ioannis Kolettis, Ilie Carafolie, Gheorghe Hagi, Garabet Ibraileanu, Emanoil Gojdu, Cristian Hagi Gulea, Constantin Noica, I.L.Caragiale, Camil Ressu, Andrei Saguna, Alexandru Arsinel, Neagu Djuvara, Clissura- Gãrtsia, Vãrgãria, Arbinishia- fãrshirots, Fãrshirots, Yrãmushcianj. Ti jale, autorlu tu sone pi romãneashce dzãse cã Armãnjlji sãntu Romãnj, sh-nu un popul autohton cum shcim noi, alla pistipsim cã nai cama ghine ira s-vã-u spunem. * [http://www.remen.gr/ Frãndzã-a Farshirotslor di tu Gãrtsia (Haristo ti informatsia Tekleni)] 3738 8652 2006-11-22T18:26:54Z 194.150.216.212 *[[tu Arbinushii]] *[[tu Gãrtsii]] *[[tu Makidunii]] *[[tu Rumãnii]] *[[tu Vurgarii]] *[[tu Amerikii]] 3739 8648 2006-11-22T18:15:36Z 194.150.216.212 *[[Theatre armãneshci di tu Arbinishia]] *[[Theatre armãneshci di tu REIMachedonia]] *[[Theatre armãneshci di tu Gãrtsia]] *[[Theatre armãneshci di tu Vurgãria]] *[[Theatre armãneshci di tu Romãnia]] *[[Rejiseri armãneshci]] *[[Theatrinj di arazga armaneasca ]] 3740 7642 2006-09-21T16:25:36Z 194.150.216.212 [[RO - Parei]] - [[RO - Cantatori]] 3741 7637 2006-09-21T16:17:35Z 194.150.216.212 [[Pindu]] - [[Samarina]] - [[Vlahos]] - [[Steaua di vreari]] - [[Shopatlu]] - [[Moscopole]] - [[Agapys]] 3742 7638 2006-09-21T16:20:52Z 194.150.216.212 [[Hrista LUPCI]] - [[Gicu COADA]] - [[Cristian IONESCU]] - [[Nelu IANCA]] - [[Ianula]] - 3743 7640 2006-09-21T16:23:41Z 194.150.216.212 [[GR - Cantatori]] - [[GR - Parei]] 3744 7644 2006-09-21T16:29:41Z 194.150.216.212 [[DARDACULI Steryiu]] - [[MANECA Yioryi]] - [[STERYIU Hrista]] - [[ZUCA Costa]] 3745 7655 2006-09-21T22:29:38Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Herb Kurowa.png|thumb|150px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Kurów]] [[Image:KurówPoland.png|thumb|250px|right|Kurów tu [[Polandia]]]] '''Kurów''' easte hoarã tu [[Polandia]] di Not-Datlu, shi s-aflã anamisã di [[Puławy]] shi [[Lublin]], pi arãolu [[Kurówka]]. Easte cãsãbãlu capital-a unãljei [[gmina]] ahoryea, unã comunã ãn cadur-a [[Voivodãme ali Lublin|Voivodãmea ali Lublin]] shi are 2811 di bãnãtori (dit anlu '''2005'''). Anamisa di anjlji '''1431''' shi '''1442''' a hoarãljei le-ira date ãndrepturi di cãsãbã dupu [[Nomlu di Magdeburg]]. Ca un cãsãbã privat, ira tsentru ti pãrmãthia a mãcariljei di loclu ãnvitsinat. Idhyia ashi avea shi factorile ti chiurcu shi cheale. Tu '''seculu XVI''', Kurów ira un di tsentrile-a [[Calvinizmo|Calvinizmolui]], nica dit chirolu cãndu [[Frãtsiljea poloneascã]] shidea aclo. Di tu anlu '''1660''', cama multu di bãnãtorlji s-convertarã tu [[Arianizmo]]. Dupu anlu '''1660''', cãsãbãlu are idhyia istorie cu raionlu di ãnvãrligã. Anlu '''1795''', dupu a treia [[Partitsia di Polandia|partitsia-a Polandiiljei]], Kurów ira anexat di [[Austria]]. Anlu '''1809''', s-fãtsea parte di [[Voivodãmea di Warshavã]]. Anlu '''1815''', Kurów s-fãtsea parte di [[Vãsilia Polonã]]. Tu chirolu di [[Arãsculare di Brumarlu]], tu Shcurtulu '''1831''', njiclu [[Polim di Kurów]], cãndu armatã polonã sum gheneralu [[Józef Dwernicki]] bãgat sum Armatã aruseascã. Anlu '''1870''', tu chirolu a [[Arãsculare di Ianarlu|Arãsculariljei di Ianarlu]], cãsãbãlu ti totãna u-chiru statuslu, tsi nica nu easte iara priloat. Dit anlu '''1918''', Kurów nica unã oarã featse parte di [[Polandia]]. Unã di atractsiile turistitse easte shi bisearicã [[renesansã]] (nica unã oarã adratã tu '''1692''') cu murmintsãle-a familiiljei Zbąski shi sculpturile adrate di [[Santi Gucci]] ('''1587'''). Kurów idhyia ashi easte cunuscutã ca loclu di faptã a gheneralui [[Wojciech Jaruzelski]]. <gallery> Image:Kosciol1.jpg|Bisearica (adratã tu 1452) Image:Urzad2.jpg|Aula Communã </gallery> [[map-bms:Kurów]] [[pdc:Kurów]] [[vls:Kurów]] [[bat-smg:Kurów]] [[Category:Polandia]] [[Category:Hoarã]] [[af:Kurów]] [[als:Kurau]] [[am:ኩሩቭ]] [[ang:Kurów]] [[ar:كوروف]] [[an:Kurów]] [[ast:Kurów]] [[az:Kurów]] [[zh-min-nan:Kurów-chhī]] [[be:Кураў]] [[bs:Kurov]] [[bg:Куров]] [[ca:Kurów]] [[cv:Куров]] [[ceb:Kurów]] [[cs:Kurów]] [[co:Kurów]] [[cy:Kurów]] [[da:Kurów]] [[de:Kurów]] [[dv:ކުރޫފް]] [[arc:ܟܘܼܪܘܿܘ]] [[et:Kurów]] [[el:Κουρόβ]] [[en:Kurów]] [[es:Kurów]] [[eo:Kurów]] [[eu:Kurow]] [[fa:روستای کورو (لهستان)]] [[fr:Kurów]] [[fy:Kurów]] [[fur:Kurów]] [[ga:Kurów]] [[gv:Kurów]] [[gd:Kurów]] [[gl:Curóv - Kurów]] [[got:𐌺𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍅]] [[ko:쿠루프]] [[hy:Կուռով]] [[hi:कुरोव]] [[hr:Kurów]] [[io:Kurów]] [[ilo:Kurów]] [[id:Kurów]] [[ia:Kurów]] [[os:Курув]] [[is:Kurów]] [[it:Kurów]] [[he:קורוב]] [[jv:Kurów]] [[ka:კუროვი]] [[csb:Kurów]] [[kw:Kurów]] [[ky:Kurów]] [[sw:Kurów]] [[ku:Kurów]] [[lad:Kurów]] [[la:Curovia]] [[lv:Kurova]] [[lb:Kurów]] [[lt:Kuruvas]] [[li:Kurów]] [[lmo:Kurów]] [[hu:Kurów]] [[mk:Куров (село)]] [[mg:Kurów]] [[ml:ക്യുറോ]] [[mt:Kurów]] [[mi:Kurów]] [[mr:कुरो, पोलंड]] [[ms:Kurów]] [[mo:Курув]] [[na:Kurów]] [[nl:Kurów]] [[ne:Kurów]] [[ja:クルフ]] [[nap:Kurów]] [[no:Kurów]] [[nn:Kurów]] [[oc:Kurów]] [[pap:Kurów]] [[nds:Kurów]] [[pl:Kurów (powiat puławski)]] [[pt:Kurów]] [[ro:Kurów, judeţul Puławy]] [[qu:Kurów]] [[ru:Куров]] [[war:Kurów]] [[sco:Kurów]] [[sq:Kurów]] [[scn:Kurów]] [[si:Kurów]] [[simple:Kurów]] [[sk:Kurów]] [[sl:Kurów]] [[sr:Куров (повјат пулавски)]] [[sh:Kurov]] [[su:Kurów]] [[fi:Kurów]] [[sv:Kurów]] [[tl:Kurów]] [[tt:Kurów]] [[te:కురోవ్]] [[tet:Kurów]] [[th:กูรูฟ]] [[vi:Kurów]] [[tr:Kurów]] [[udm:Курув]] [[uk:Курів]] [[vec:Kurów]] [[vo:Kurów]] [[fiu-vro:Kurów]] [[yi:קוראָב]] [[zh:库鲁夫市]] 3746 7656 2006-09-21T22:37:42Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Comuna''' (polica: '''gmina''', plural: '''gminy''') easte parte printsipalã (pi nai ma njiclu nivel) di divizia teritorialã tu [[Polandia]]. Pãnã tu anlu '''2004''' avea 2,478 di comune. Zborlu ''gmina'' easte vinit di zborlu [[Ghermãnia|ghermãnescu]] ''Gemeinde'', tsi spune "comunã" icã "comunitate". Di tu anlu '''1990''', cãndu u-alãxi cama njicã [[gromada]], comuna easte parte di bazã ali divizia administrativã. Are trei tipuri di comune tu Polandia: # comuna di cãsãbã (comuna, comuna urbanã) (''gmina miejska'') - featse un cãsãbã # comunã mixã (''gmina miejsko-wiejska'') - featse cãsãbã shi horle di anvãrligã # comuna di hoarã (''gmina wiejska'') - featse mash hori Caplu di leghislativã shi controlã a cathi unãljei comuna easte contsilu-a comunãljei (''rada gminy''). Puteare executivã easte tsãnuta di parte-a caplui a comunãljei: ''wójt'' (caplu-a comunãljei di hoarã), celnic (''burmistrz'', caplu-a comunilor mix shi di cãsãbã) icã prezidentu (''prezydent'', cap-a comunilor di cãsãbã cu cama multu di 100,000 bãnãtori). 3747 8762 2006-12-18T01:33:25Z Thijs!bot 143 robot Adding: eml, it, rm Removing: an, ast, co, fur, nap, scn, simple, tl, wa *'''[[Giovanni Carnovali]]'''; *'''[[Danilo Innocenti|Danilo «Piccio» Innocenti]]'''; *'''[[Giuseppe Piccio]]'''; *'''[[Juan Carlo Piccio]]'''; *'''[[Osvaldo Piccio]]'''; *'''[[Pier Ruggero Piccio]]'''; *'''[[Vicente Piccio, Jr.]]'''; *'''[[Piccio Raffanini]]'''. [[eml:Piccio]] [[en:Piccio]] [[frp:Piccio]] [[it:Piccio]] [[lij:Piccio]] [[lmo:Piccio]] [[mt:Piccio]] [[nrm:Piccio]] [[oc:Piccio]] [[pms:Piccio]] [[rm:Piccio]] [[sc:Piccio]] [[vec:Piccio]] 3748 7660 2006-09-22T13:01:18Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Jean/Cutia de nisip]] moved to [[Jean/Cutia di arinã]]: In Aromanian:) #REDIRECT [[Jean/Cutia di arinã]] 3749 7663 2006-09-22T13:10:53Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Ditu Makidonii]] moved to [[Di tu Machedonia]]: Easte Dit Machedonia icã Di tu Machedonia, aidi s-u adrãm cum lipseashce. #REDIRECT [[Di tu Machedonia]] 3750 7665 2006-09-22T13:12:58Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Ditu Rumânii]] moved to [[Di tu Romãnia]]: Ti idhyia ca Di tu Machedonia... #REDIRECT [[Di tu Romãnia]] 3751 7670 2006-09-22T13:54:01Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Frândzi cu topică armâneasca sh ligături pi internet]] moved to [[Frãndzã ti Armãnjlji pi Internet]] #REDIRECT [[Frãndzã ti Armãnjlji pi Internet]] 3752 8781 2006-12-19T09:34:23Z TXiKiBoT 147 robot Adding: am, fa, frp, ka, sh, tg Modifying: nl [[Image:Tirana-color.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Casa cu hroma di tu Tirana]] '''Tirana''' (Arbinishashce: Tiranë icã Tirana) easte cãsãbãlu capital shi nai ma mare ali [[Arbinishia|Republica Arbinishia]]. Ira formatã anlu 1614 di '''Suleyman Pasha''' shi s-fãtsea cãsãbãlu capital ali Arbinishia anlu 1920. Tirana easte localizatã pi 41°19′48″N, 19°49′12″E (41.33°N, 19.82°E) tu districtu shi comuna cu idhyia numa. Mãrime di averajã easte 90 di metre piste nivelu-a amariljei. S-aflã pi Arãolu Ishm. Ofitsial, populatsia tu anlu 2003 ira 380,400, ma s-pistipseashce cã numirlu easte 1,000,000 di bãnãtori. ==Ligãturi== * [http://www.tirana.gov.al www.tirana.gov.al (site ofitsial)] * [http://pages.albaniaonline.net/guida2001/curiosities%20about%20tirana.htm Ghid di anlu 2002 - Facte interesante ti Tirana (anglicheashce)] * [http://www.tirana-online.de/bilder/tiranakarte.gif Harta di Tirana (1.35MB)] [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Arbinishia]] [[Category:Cãsãbã]] [[als:Tirana]] [[am:ቲራና]] [[ar:تيرانا]] [[be:Тырана]] [[bg:Тирана]] [[bs:Tirana]] [[ca:Tirana]] [[cs:Tirana]] [[da:Tirana]] [[de:Tirana]] [[el:Τίρανα]] [[en:Tirana]] [[eo:Tirano]] [[es:Tirana]] [[et:Tirana]] [[eu:Tirana]] [[fa:تیرانا]] [[fi:Tirana]] [[fr:Tirana]] [[frp:Tirana]] [[he:טירנה]] [[hr:Tirana]] [[hu:Tirana]] [[id:Tirana]] [[io:Tirane]] [[it:Tirana]] [[ja:ティラナ]] [[ka:ტირანა]] [[ko:티라나]] [[lt:Tirana]] [[lv:Tirāna]] [[mg:Tirana]] [[mk:Тирана]] [[nl:Tirana (stad)]] [[nn:Tirana]] [[no:Tirana]] [[oc:Tirana]] [[pl:Tirana]] [[pt:Tirana]] [[ro:Tirana]] [[ru:Тирана]] [[sh:Tirana]] [[simple:Tirana]] [[sk:Tirana]] [[sq:Tirana]] [[sr:Тирана]] [[sv:Tirana]] [[tg:Тирана]] [[tr:Tiran]] [[ug:تىرانا]] [[vo:Tirana]] [[zh:地拉那]] 3753 7687 2006-09-22T21:43:14Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[The classification of the mollusks after Matic et al., 1983]] moved to [[Clasificatsia-a mulluschilor dupu Matic sh.a., 1983]] #REDIRECT [[Clasificatsia-a mulluschilor dupu Matic sh.a., 1983]] 3754 7691 2006-09-22T21:46:22Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[The classification of the mollusks after Firă and Năstăsescu, 1977]] moved to [[Clasificatsia-a molluschilor dupu Firã and Nãstãsescu, 1977]] #REDIRECT [[Clasificatsia-a molluschilor dupu Firã and Nãstãsescu, 1977]] 3755 7708 2006-09-25T23:07:51Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Regnum Plantae]] moved to [[Amirãriljea-a Iarbilor]] #REDIRECT [[Amirãriljea-a Iarbilor]] 3756 7713 2006-09-25T23:15:42Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Papaver somniferum]] moved to [[Afion]] #REDIRECT [[Afion]] 3757 7719 2006-09-25T23:19:18Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Prunus domestica]] moved to [[Purnu]] #REDIRECT [[Purnu]] 3758 7722 2006-09-25T23:21:06Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Mentha arvensis]] moved to [[Ayazmã]] #REDIRECT [[Ayazmã]] 3759 7728 2006-09-25T23:35:12Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 <div style="float:left;border:solid #6ef7a7 1px;margin:1px"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#c5fcdc" |style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#C0C8FF;text-align:center;font-size:14pt"|'''rup''' |style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em"|Aistu ufilizator u-zburashce multu ghine '''[[:Category:User rup|limba armãneascã]]'''. |} </div> [[Category:User rup|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User rup|{{PAGENAME}}]] 3760 7730 2006-09-25T23:36:55Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 {{User rup}} '''Editura electronicã armãneascã "Moscopole-Crushuva"''' easte adunare di ominj, cai zburãscu ghine armãneashce shi publicheadzã lucre ti Armãnjlji pi limba armãneascã sh-pi alante limbe pi Internet. Prezidentu shi fundãtor-a lishcei editurã easte Prof. dr. Dumitrachi T. Fundu. 3761 7738 2006-09-26T08:18:05Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Spongia]] moved to [[Sfundzã]] #REDIRECT [[Sfundzã]] 3762 7742 2006-09-26T19:50:25Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 I see you are located in Konya, Turkey. Please explain why you added Turkish links on a different language page? We are glad if you'd like to add Turkish language to the explanations. If you know this language, please provide suitable text, not links which do not have anything to do with the page. All the best, [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 19:50, 26 September 2006 (UTC) 3763 7745 2006-09-27T10:41:36Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 3764 7750 2006-09-28T02:33:56Z Khoikhoi 123 Redirecting to [[Sãrunã]] #REDIRECT [[Sãrunã]] 3765 7751 2006-09-28T02:34:00Z Khoikhoi 123 Redirecting to [[Sãrunã]] #REDIRECT [[Sãrunã]] 3766 7757 2006-09-29T08:41:52Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Regnum Monera]] moved to [[Amirãrilje-a Monirlor]] #REDIRECT [[Amirãrilje-a Monirlor]] 3767 7759 2006-09-29T08:42:12Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Amirãrilje-a Monirlor]] moved to [[Amirãriljea-a Monirlor]] #REDIRECT [[Amirãriljea-a Monirlor]] 3768 7764 2006-09-29T08:44:36Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Regnum Fungi]] moved to [[Amirãriljea-a Fundzãlor]] #REDIRECT [[Amirãriljea-a Fundzãlor]] 3769 7767 2006-09-29T08:45:27Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Regnum Protozoa]] moved to [[Amirãriljea-a Protozoilor]] #REDIRECT [[Amirãriljea-a Protozoilor]] 3770 7773 2006-09-29T08:48:37Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[List of biologists]] moved to [[Lista di biolodzi]] #REDIRECT [[Lista di biolodzi]] 3771 7801 2006-09-30T11:08:35Z Xandi 127 +iw '''><(((*>''' [[pt:User:Xandi]] [[aa:User:Xandi]] [[af:Gebruiker:Xandi]] [[ak:User:Xandi]] [[als:Benutzer:Xandi]] [[am:User:Xandi]] [[an:Usuario:Xandi]] [[ang:User:Xandi]] [[ar:مستخدم:Xandi]] [[arc:User:Xandi]] [[as:User:Xandi]] [[ast:Usuariu:Xandi]] [[ay:Utilisateur:Xandi]] [[av:Участник:Xandi]] [[az:İstifadəçi:Xandi]] [[ba:Ҡатнашыусы:Xandi]] [[be:Удзельнік:Xandi]] [[bg:Потребител:Xandi]] [[bm:Utilisateur:Xandi]] [[bn:ব্যবহারকারী:Xandi]] [[bo:User:Xandi]] [[br:Implijer:Xandi]] [[bs:User:Xandi]] [[ca:Usuari:Xandi]] [[ch:User:Xandi]] [[chr:User:Xandi]] [[co:User:Xandi]] [[ceb:User:Xandi]] [[cs:Wikipedista:Xandi]] [[csb:Brëkòwnik:Xandi]] [[cy:Defnyddiwr:Xandi]] [[cv:Хутшăнакан:Xandi]] [[da:Bruger:Xandi]] [[dv:User:Xandi]] [[dz:User:Xandi]] [[ee:User:Xandi]] [[el:Χρήστης:Xandi]] [[en:User:Xandi]] [[eo:Vikipediisto:Xandi]] [[es:Usuario:Xandi]] [[et:Kasutaja:Xandi]] [[eu:user:Xandi]] [[fa:کاربر:Xandi]] [[ff:User:Xandi]] [[fi:Käyttäjä:Xandi]] [[fiu-vro:User:Xandi]] [[fj:User:Xandi]] [[fo:Brúkari:Xandi]] [[fr:Utilisateur:Xandi]] [[frp:User:Xandi]] [[fur:Utent:Xandi]] [[fy:Meidogger:Xandi]] [[ga:Úsáideoir:Xandi]] [[gd:User:Xandi]] [[gl:User:Xandi]] [[got:User:Xandi]] [[gu:User:Xandi]] [[haw:User:Xandi]] [[he:משתמש:Xandi]] [[hi:सदस्य:Xandi]] [[kj:User:Xandi]] [[hr:Suradnik:Xandi]] [[hu:User:Xandi]] [[hz:User:Xandi]] [[ia:Usator:Xandi]] [[id:user:Xandi]] [[ig:User:Xandi]] [[ii:User:Xandi]] [[ilo:User:Xandi]] [[io:User:Xandi]] [[is:User:Xandi]] [[it:Utente:Xandi]] [[iu:User:Xandi]] [[ja:利用者:Xandi]] [[jv:Panganggo:Xandi]] [[ka:მომხმარებელი:Xandi]] [[kg:User:Xandi]] [[ki:User:Xandi]] [[kj:User:Xandi]] [[kk:User:Xandi]] [[km:User:Xandi]] [[kn:ಸದಸ್ಯ:Xandi]] [[kr:User:Xandi]] [[ks:User:Xandi]] [[ksh:Medmaacher:Xandi]] [[ku:Bikarhêner:Xandi]] [[kv:Участник:Xandi]] [[kw:User:Xandi]] [[la:Usor:Xandi]] [[lad:User:Xandi]] [[lb:user:Xandi]] [[lg:User:Xandi]] [[li:Gebroeker:Xandi]] [[lij:User:Xandi]] [[lmo:User:Xandi]] [[ln:User:Xandi]] [[lo:User:Xandi]] [[lt:Naudotojas:Xandi]] [[lv:Lietotājs:Xandi]] [[mg:User:Xandi]] [[mi:user:Xandi]] [[mk:Корисник:Xandi]] [[ml:User:Xandi]] [[mo:User:Xandi]] [[mr:User:Xandi]] [[ms:User:Xandi]] [[mt:User:Xandi]] [[nah:Usuario:Xandi]] [[nap:User:Xandi]] [[nds:Bruker:Xandi]] [[nds-nl:Gebruker:Xandi]] [[ng:User:Xandi]] [[nl:Gebruiker:Xandi]] [[nn:User:Xandi]] [[no:Bruker:Xandi]] [[nrm:User:Xandi]] [[ny:User:Xandi]] [[nv:User:Xandi]] [[oc:User:Xandi]] [[om:User:Xandi]] [[or:User:Xandi]] [[os:Архайæг:Xandi]] [[pa:ਮੈਂਬਰ:Xandi]] [[pam:User:Xandi]] [[pap:User:Xandi]] [[pdc:User:Xandi]] [[pl:Wikipedysta:Xandi]] [[pms:Ciaciarade:Xandi]] [[ps:User:Xandi]] [[qu:Usuario:Xandi]] [[rm:User:Xandi]] [[rn:User:Xandi]] [[ro:Utilizator:Xandi]] [[ru:Участник:Xandi]] [[rw:User:Xandi]] [[sa:User:Xandi]] [[sc:Utente:Xandi]] [[scn:User:Xandi]] [[sco:User:Xandi]] [[sd:User:Xandi]] [[se:User:Xandi]] [[sg:User:Xandi]] [[sh:User:Xandi]] [[si:User:Xandi]] [[simple:User:Xandi]] [[sk:Redaktor:Xandi]] [[sl:Uporabnik:Xandi]] [[sn:User:Xandi]] [[sq:User:Xandi]] [[sr:Корисник:Xandi]] [[ss:User:Xandi]] [[st:User:Xandi]] [[su:Pamaké:Xandi]] [[sv:Användare:Xandi]] [[sw:User:Xandi]] [[ta:பயனர்:Xandi]] [[te:సభ్యుడు:Xandi]] [[tet:User:Xandi]] [[tg:Корбар:Xandi]] [[th:ผู้ใช้:Xandi]] [[ti:User:Xandi]] [[tk:User:Xandi]] [[tl:User:Xandi]] [[tn:User:Xandi]] [[tpi:User:Xandi]] [[tr:Kullanıcı:Xandi]] [[tt:Äğzä:Xandi]] [[tum:User:Xandi]] [[ty:User:Xandi]] [[tw:User:Xandi]] [[udm:Викиавтор:Xandi]] [[uk:Користувач:Xandi]] [[ur:صارف:Xandi]] [[uz:User:Xandi]] [[ve:User:Xandi]] [[vec:Utente:Xandi]] [[vi:user:Xandi]] [[vls:User:Xandi]] [[xal:Орлцач:Xandi]] [[xh:User:Xandi]] [[yi:באַניצער:Xandi]] [[yo:User:Xandi]] [[wa:Uzeu:Xandi]] [[war:User:Xandi]] [[wo:User:Xandi]] [[za:User:Xandi]] [[zh:User:Xandi]] [[zh-min-nan:User:Xandi]] [[zh-yue:User:Xandi]] [[zu:User:Xandi]] 3772 7803 2006-10-01T04:54:47Z Jean 119 [[Image:Bluete-Schema.png|150px|right|thumb| <br />1. Receptacul <br />2. Sepal*<br />3. Petal*<br />4. Stamens*<br />5. Pistil*]] [[Image:Tulip01.jpg|thumb|left|The androecium and gynoecium. ]] 3773 8065 2006-10-09T15:15:41Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Tulip closeup.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Tulipanã]] [[Image:Stamper tulp vdg.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Tulipanã]] '''Tulipanã''' (lat.''Tulipa'') easte un ghen di vãrã 100 di spetsiesi di [[flowering plant|lilice]] tu familia [[Liliaceae]]. ==Morfologhia== ==Crishciare-a Tulipanjlor== ==Spetsiese printsipale== *''[[Tulipa armena]]'' *''[[Tulipa agenensis]]'' DC. *''[[Tulipa aucheriana]]'' *''[[Tulipa aximensis]]'' Jord. ex Baker *''[[Tulipa batalinii]]'' *''[[Tulipa biflora]]'' *''[[Tulipa billietiana]]'' Jord. *''[[Tulipa borszczowii]]'' *''[[Tulipa butkovii]]'' *''[[Tulipa carinata]]'' *''[[Tulipa celsiana]]'' *''[[Tulipa clusiana]]'' DC. *''[[Tulipa cretica]]'' *''[[Tulipa cypria]]'' *''[[Tulipa dasystemon]]'' *''[[Tulipa didier]]i'' Jord. *''[[Tulipa dubia]]'' *''[[Tulipa edulis]]'' *''[[Tulipa ferganica]]'' *''[[Tulipa gesneriana]]'' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L]]. *''[[Tulipa goulimyi]]'' *''[[Tulipa greigii]]'' *''[[Tulipa grengiolensis]]'' *''[[Tulipa heterophylla]]'' *''[[Tulipa hoogiana]]'' *''[[Tulipa humilis]]'' *''[[Tulipa iliensis]]'' *''[[Tulipa ingens]]'' *''[[Tulipa julia]]'' *''[[Tulipa kaufmanniana]]'' *''[[Tulipa kolpakowskiana]]'' *''[[Tulipa kurdica]]'' *''[[Tulipa kuschkensis]]'' *''[[Tulipa lanata]]'' *''[[Tulipa lehmanniana]]'' *''[[Tulipa linifolia]]'' *''[[Tulipa marjolleti]]'' Perrier & Songeon *''[[Tulipa mauriana]]'' Jord. & Fourr. *''[[Tulipa micheliana]]'' *''[[Tulipa montana]]'' *''[[Tulipa montisandrei]]'' J.Prudhomme *''[[Tulipa orphanidea]]'' *''[[Tulipa ostrowskiana]]'' *''[[Tulipa platystigma]]'' Jord. *''[[Tulipa polychroma]]'' *''[[Tulipa praecox]]'' *''[[Tulipa praestans]]'' *''[[Tulipa primulina]]'' *''[[Tulipa pulchella]]'' *''[[Tulipa raddi]]i'' Reboul *''[[Tulipa retroflexa]]'' *''[[Tulipa sarracenica]]'' Perrier *''[[Tulipa saxatilis]]'' *''[[Tulipa sharonensis]]'' *''[[Tulipa sprengeri]]'' *''[[Tulipa stapfii]]'' *''[[Tulipa subpraestans]]'' *''[[Tulipa sylvestris]]'' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L]]. *''[[Tulipa sylvestris australis]] '' (Link) Pamp - [[Tulipe méridionale]] *''[[Tulipa sylvestris silvestris]]'' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L]]. *''[[Tulipa systola]]'' *''[[Tulipa tarda]]'' *''[[Tulipa tetraphylla]]'' *''[[Tulipa tschimganica]]'' *''[[Tulipa tubergeniana]]'' *''[[Tulipa turkestanica]]'' *''[[Tulipa undulatifolia]]'' *''[[Tulipa urumiensis]]'' *''[[Tulipa urumoffii]]'' *''[[Tulipa violacea]]'' ==Videts shi== [[Spetsiese di tulipane tu Gallia]] [[Espèces sauvages présentes en Angleterre]] 3774 7887 2006-10-06T13:42:57Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Illustration Tulipa sylvestris0.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Tulipa sylvestris'' di Thomé, ''Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz'' (1885)]] 3775 7814 2006-10-01T05:44:16Z Jean 119 [[Image:Tulipa liniifolia2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Tulipa liniifolia'']] 3776 7815 2006-10-01T05:46:28Z Jean 119 [[Image:Tulipa praestans0.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Tulipa praestans'']] 3777 7817 2006-10-01T05:50:00Z Jean 119 [[Image:Tulipa turkestanica.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Tulipa turkestanica'']] 3778 7818 2006-10-01T05:51:25Z Jean 119 [[Image:Tulipa pulchella0.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Tulipa pulchella'']] 3779 7825 2006-10-01T06:11:28Z Jean 119 [[Image:TulipaBataliniiBronzeCharm.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Tulipa batalinii]] '''''Tulipa batalinii''''' is a species of [[tulip]] native to [[Iran]] and [[Turkestan]]. The plant is about 15 cm in height. It flowers in [[spring (season)|spring]], usually around mid-April. 3780 7890 2006-10-06T13:45:50Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Carl von Linné.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Carolus Linnaeus(Carl von Linné)]] [[Image:Carl Linnaeus dressed as a Laplander.jpg|thumb|right|Carl Linnaeus tu strãnjle Lapp. Portretlu ira adrat cãndu nãs ira tu [[Olanda]], di Martin Hoffman tu [[Hartecamp]]]] [[Image:Linne_autograph.png|thumb|250px|[[Signature|Simnãturã]] di Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné).]] 3781 7870 2006-10-05T09:04:39Z 208.49.241.227 [[Image:Jean-baptiste lamarck2.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Portrait di Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]] '''Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck''' 1 avgustulu [[1744]], [[Bazentin]], [[Somme (département)|Somme]]–[[18 andreulu]] [[1829]], [[Parij]]) ira un [[Biologhia|biolog]] [[Gallia|gallichescu]]. 3782 7885 2006-10-06T13:42:35Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Espèces sauvages de tulipes présentes en France]] moved to [[Spetsiese di tulipane tu Gallia]] *''[[Tulipa agenensis]]'' [[DC]]. *''[[Tulipa aximensis]]'' [[Jord.]] ex [[Baker]] *''[[Tulipa billietiana]]'' [[Jord.]] *''[[Tulipa clusiana]]'' [[DC.]] *''[[Tulipa didieri]]'' [[Jord.]] *''[[Tulipa gesneriana]]'' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] *''[[Tulipa marjolleti]]'' [[Perrier]] & [[Songeon]] *''[[Tulipa mauriana]]'' [[Jord.]] & [[Fourr.]] *''[[Tulipa montisandrei]]'' [[J.Prudhomme]] *''[[Tulipa platystigma]]'' [[Jord.]] *''[[Tulipa raddii]]'' [[Reboul]] *''[[Tulipa sarracenica]]'' [[Perrier]] *''[[Tulipa sylvestris]]'' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] *''[[Tulipa sylvestris australis]]'' [[Link]] *''[[Tulipa sylvestris silvestris]]'' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] 3783 8559 2006-11-14T09:17:57Z 208.49.241.227 ==Janre shi tipuri di literaturã== Multu [[editure|editurã]] au publicatã: *[[Poezia]] *[[Roman]] *[[Short story|Pirmith shcurtu]] *[[Theatro]] 3784 7866 2006-10-05T08:58:48Z 208.49.241.227 *[[Autori di romani pi armãneashce]] *[[Traducãtori di romani pi armãneashce]] 3785 7872 2006-10-05T09:07:37Z 208.49.241.227 '''Parijlji''' (gal. '''Paris''') easte cãsãbãlu capital ali [[Gallia|Gallie]]. 3786 7886 2006-10-06T13:42:36Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Espèces sauvages de tulipes présentes en France]] moved to [[Spetsiese di tulipane tu Gallia]] #REDIRECT [[Spetsiese di tulipane tu Gallia]] 3787 8200 2006-10-24T03:39:15Z Jean 119 3788 7905 2006-10-07T11:49:14Z Jean 119 Thank you for the translation. You are the second person who has translated into Aromanian. I am glad that I can contribute to the Aromanian Wiki, knowing only few words in Aromanian. --[[User:Jean|Jean]] 11:49, 7 October 2006 (UTC) 3789 8660 2006-11-22T19:11:07Z 194.150.216.212 ==Poezia== ===Autori di poezia pi armãneashce=== *[[Ioryi Murnu]] *[[Nushi Tuilliu]] *[[Kira I. Mantsu]] *[[Nicolae Batzaria]] *[[Dina Cuvata]] *[[Nushi Tulliu]] *[[George Murnu]] *[[Constantin Belemace]] *[[Ilie A. Ceara]] *[[Nicolae C. Velo]] *[[Cola Caratana]] *[[George M. Merca]] *[[Thiuhari Mihadashlu]] *[[Dumitru S. Garofil]] *[[Nico Ogeacli]] *[[Vanghea Mihanj-Sterghiu]] *[[Elena Stere]] *[[Mariana Bara]] *[[Tulliu Carafoli]] *[[Zicu A. Araia]] *[[Andreilu-al Bagavu]] ===Traducãtori di poezia pi armãneashce=== [[Ionel Zeana]] ===Poets armãneshci alte limbe=== ===Poets armãneshci pi romãneashce=== *[[Nicolae Caratanã]] *[[Vetuţa Pop]] ===Editsiur paralele=== ====Tu editsia paralelã: armãneascã-romãneascã==== *[[Costa Guli]] *[[Ionel Zeana]] *[[N. Guli]] 3790 8023 2006-10-07T22:01:49Z Jean 119 [[Puizii]] - [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1989]] 3791 8024 2006-10-07T22:03:00Z Jean 119 *[[Steauã di Dor]] – [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1994]] 3792 8026 2006-10-07T22:04:29Z Jean 119 *[[Zghic di Moarti]] - [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] -[[1989]] *[[Sãrmãnitsa]] – [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1990]] 3793 8025 2006-10-07T22:03:45Z Jean 119 [[Pãrãvulii]] – [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1989]] 3794 8027 2006-10-07T22:05:11Z Jean 119 *[[Puizii]] – [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1989]] *[[Murmintsã fãrã Crutsi]] – [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1993]] 3795 8110 2006-10-14T12:57:27Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 traducãtor sh-nu tradutor (nu u-trudui nitsiun!:)) Alathuse... [[Image:Gmurnu.jpg|thumb|George Murnu]] '''George Murnu''' (numa armãneascã: '''Ioryi al Murnu''') [[1lu di Ianar]] [[1868]], [[Veryia]], faptu tu Imperia Otomanã, tora tu [[Gãrtsia]], muri 17le di Brumar [[1957]], [[Bucureshci]] ira profesor pi Univerzitet, arheolog, istorician, traducãtor shi poet armãnescu. ==Poezia scriatã di G. Murnu== *[[Bair di Cãntic Armãnesc]] - [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1989]] 3796 8029 2006-10-07T22:06:28Z Jean 119 *[[Dimãndarea Pãrinteascã]] – [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1990]] 3797 8030 2006-10-07T22:07:02Z Jean 119 * [[Nichita Turnari]] – [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1991]] 3798 8031 2006-10-07T22:07:42Z Jean 119 *[[Shana shi Ardirea-a Gramostiljei]] – [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1991]] 3799 8032 2006-10-07T22:08:11Z Jean 119 *[[Ashteptu Soarili]] – [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1991]] 3800 8034 2006-10-07T22:10:27Z Jean 119 *[[Livãdzli]] – [[Vatrã Armãneascã]] – [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1991]] 3801 8035 2006-10-07T22:10:59Z Jean 119 *[[Botsli di Didindi]] – [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - 1992 3802 8036 2006-10-07T22:11:28Z Jean 119 *[[Cãntitsi di-a Paplui Mitra]] – [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1992]] 3803 8037 2006-10-07T22:12:03Z Jean 119 *[[Chisã shi Colise]] - [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1992]] 3804 8038 2006-10-07T22:12:45Z Jean 119 *[[Trãdzeri]] – [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - 1992 3805 7949 2006-10-07T14:23:53Z Jean 119 *[[Frãmturi di Banã]] – Tu [[Idghea Editurã]] - [[1993]] 3806 8041 2006-10-07T22:14:40Z Jean 119 *[[Pirushana shi Furljii]] – [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1993]] 3807 8042 2006-10-07T22:15:32Z Jean 119 *[[Fudzi Haraua di la Noi]] - [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1993]] 3808 8043 2006-10-07T22:16:19Z Jean 119 *[[Carti di Aleadziri]] – [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1994]] 3809 8044 2006-10-07T22:17:38Z Jean 119 ==Tu editsii paralelã: armãnã-rumãnã== *[[Cãntitsi trã Armãnami]] - [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1992]] ==Translations*== *[[Lucian blaga]] - [[Puizii aleapti]] - [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1995]] 3810 8045 2006-10-07T22:18:27Z Jean 119 *[[Pod peste legendă]] - [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1992]] 3811 8046 2006-10-07T22:19:01Z Jean 119 *[[Poeme]] - [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1993]] 3812 8047 2006-10-07T22:20:19Z Jean 119 *[[Costa Guli]] - [[Soneti]] - [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1990]] *[[N. Guli]] & [[Costa Guli]] & [[Ionel Zeana]] - Balada a Livãdzlor - [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1994]] 3813 8039 2006-10-07T22:13:21Z Jean 119 *[[Elena Stere]] & [[Mariana Bara]] - [[Frãmturi di Banã]] – [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1993]] 3814 8040 2006-10-07T22:13:53Z Jean 119 *[[Elena Stere]] & [[Mariana Bara]]- [[Frãmturi di Banã]] – [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1993]] 3815 8048 2006-10-07T22:21:13Z Jean 119 *[[N. Guli]] & [[Costa Guli]] & [[Ionel Zeana]] - [[Balada a Livãdzlor]] - [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1994]] 3816 8019 2006-10-07T21:54:28Z Jean 119 /* Adresa */ ==Transpuniri pri Limba Armãnã== [[Lucian Blaga]] - [[Puizii alepati]] - Transpuniri pri Limba Armãnã [[Ionel Zeana]] - [[1995]] 3817 8022 2006-10-07T21:59:21Z Jean 119 [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] 3818 7986 2006-10-07T15:53:36Z Jean 119 [[Iliea A. Ceara]] moved to [[Ilie A. Ceara]]: Correct name #REDIRECT [[Ilie A. Ceara]] 3819 7989 2006-10-07T15:57:17Z Jean 119 [[Geoarge M. Merca]] moved to [[George M. Merca]]: Correct name #REDIRECT [[George M. Merca]] 3820 7992 2006-10-07T16:00:42Z Jean 119 [[Dumitru S. Carofil]] moved to [[Dumitru S. Garofil]]: Correct name #REDIRECT [[Dumitru S. Garofil]] 3821 8020 2006-10-07T21:55:43Z Jean 119 '''Editura Cartea Aromãnã''' easte unã editurã tsi easte sum cumãndisire di D-l Tiberius Cunia. ==Pi limba armãneascã== [[Nicolae Batzaria]] – Pãrãvulii – 1989 [[Dina Cuvata]] – Zghic di Moarti 1989 [[Nushi Tulliu]] – Puizii – 1989 [[George Manu]] – Bair di Cãntic Armãnesc -1989 [[Constantin Belemace]] – Dimãndarea Pãrinteascã – 1990 [[Dina Cuvata]] – Sãrmãnitsa – 1990 [[Ilie A. Ceara]] – Nichita Turnari – 1991 [[Nicolae C. Velo]] – Shana shi Ardirea-a Gramostiljei – 1991 [[Cola Caratana]] – Ashteptu Soarili – 1991 [[George M. Merca]] – Livãdzli – Vatrã Armãneascã – 1991 [[Thiuhari Mihadashlu]] – Botsli di Didindi – 1992 [[Dumitru S. Garofil]] – Cãntitsi di-a Paplui Mitra – 1992 [[Nico Ogeacli]] – Chisã shi Colise -1992 [[Vanghea Mihanj-Sterghiu]] – Trãdzeri – 1992 [[Elena Stere]] & [[Mariana Bara]] – Frãmturi di Banã – 1993 [[Tulliu Carafoli]] – Pirushana shi Furljii – 1993 [[Zicu A. Araia]] – Fudzi Haraua di la Noi [[Nushi Tulliu]][ – Murmintsã fãrã Crutsi – 1993 [[Kira I. Mantsu]] – Steauã di Dor – 1994 [[Andreilu-al Bagavu]] – Carti di Aleadziri – 1994 ==Tu editsiuri paralele : armãneascã-romãneascã== *[[Ionel Zeana]] - [[Cãntitsi trã Armãnami]] - [[1992]] *[[N. Guli]] & [[Costa Guli]] & [[Ionel Zeana]] - [[Balada a Livãdzlor]] - [[1994]] ==Pi limba romãneascã== *[[Nicolae Caratanã]] - [[Pod peste legendă]] - [[1992]] *[[Vetuţa Pop]] - [[Poeme]] - [[1993]] ==Adresa== * T. Cunia 107 Britain Road, Fayetteville, NY 13066-1807, USA * D. S. Garofil Str. Ioan Borcea Nr. 38 Constanţa, Cod 8700. România 3822 8002 2006-10-07T16:36:01Z Jean 119 [[George Manu]] moved to [[George Murnu]]: Correct name #REDIRECT [[George Murnu]] 3823 8018 2006-10-07T21:53:16Z Jean 119 [[Idghea Editurã]] moved to [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]]: Correct title #REDIRECT [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] 3824 8771 2006-12-19T07:50:17Z TXiKiBoT 147 robot Adding: [[mo:2006]] ==Evenimenti== ==Fapturi== ==Muriri== [[Category:Seculu 21]] [[af:2006]] [[als:2006]] [[am:2006 እ.ኤ.አ.]] [[an:2006]] [[ang:2006]] [[ar:2006]] [[ast:2006]] [[av:2006]] [[az:2006]] [[ba:2006]] [[bat-smg:2006]] [[be:2006]] [[bg:2006]] [[bn:২০০৬]] [[bo:2006]] [[br:2006]] [[bs:2006]] [[ca:2006]] [[ceb:2006]] [[cho:2006]] [[chr:2006]] [[co:2006]] [[cs:2006]] [[csb:2006]] [[cv:2006]] [[cy:2006]] [[da:2006]] [[de:2006]] [[dv:2006]] [[el:2006]] [[en:2006]] [[eo:2006]] [[es:2006]] [[et:2006]] [[eu:2006]] [[fa:۲۰۰۶ (میلادی)]] [[fi:2006]] [[fiu-vro:2006]] [[fo:2006]] [[fr:2006]] [[frp:2006]] [[fur:2006]] [[fy:2006]] [[ga:2006]] [[gd:2006]] [[gl:2006]] [[got:2006]] [[gu:2006]] [[gv:2006]] [[he:2006]] [[hi:२००६]] [[hr:2006]] [[ht:2006 (almanak gregoryen)]] [[hu:2006]] [[hy:2006]] [[ia:2006]] [[id:2006]] [[ie:2006]] [[ilo:2006]] [[io:2006]] [[is:2006]] [[it:2006]] [[ja:2006年]] [[jbo:2006moi nanca]] [[jv:2006]] [[ka:2006]] [[kg:2006]] [[kk:2006]] [[kn:೨೦೦೬]] [[ko:2006년]] [[ks:2006]] [[ksh:Joohr 2006]] [[ku:2006]] [[kw:2006]] [[ky:2006]] [[la:2006]] [[lb:2006]] [[li:2006]] [[lij:2006]] [[lmo:2006]] [[ln:2006]] [[lt:2006]] [[map-bms:2006]] [[mg:2006]] [[mi:2006]] [[mk:2006]] [[ml:2006]] [[mn:2006]] [[mo:2006]] [[mr:ई.स. २००६]] [[ms:2006]] [[na:2006]] [[nah:2006]] [[nap:2006]] [[nds-nl:2006]] [[nl:2006]] [[nn:2006]] [[no:2006]] [[nrm:2006]] [[oc:2006]] [[os:2006]] [[pam:2006]] [[pap:2006]] [[pdc:2006]] [[pl:2006]] [[pms:2006]] [[pt:2006]] [[qu:2006]] [[rm:2006]] [[rmy:2006]] [[ro:2006]] [[ru:2006 год]] [[sa:2006]] [[sc:2006]] [[scn:2006]] [[sco:2006]] [[se:2006]] [[sh:2006]] [[si:2006]] [[simple:2006]] [[sk:2006]] [[sl:2006]] [[sq:2006]] [[sr:2006]] [[su:2006]] [[sv:2006]] [[sw:2006]] [[ta:2006]] [[te:2006]] [[tg:2006]] [[th:พ.ศ. 2549]] [[tk:2006]] [[tl:2006]] [[tpi:2006]] [[tr:2006]] [[tt:2006]] [[udm:2006]] [[ug:2006]] [[uk:2006]] [[ur:2006ء]] [[uz:2006]] [[vec:2006]] [[vi:2006]] [[vls:2006]] [[wa:2006]] [[war:2006]] [[wo:2006]] [[yi:ה'תשס"ו]] [[zh:2006年]] [[zh-classical:二〇〇六年]] [[zh-min-nan:2006 nî]] [[zh-yue:2006年]] 3825 8796 2006-12-19T21:49:56Z TXiKiBoT 147 robot Adding: [[uk:Франкфурт на Майні]] '''Frankfurt am Main''' easte cãsãbã tu [[Ghermãnia|Republica Federalã Ghermãnia]]. [[Image:Karte frankfurt am main in deutschland.png|thumb|right|200px|'''Frankfurt am Main''' tu [[Ghermãnia|Republica Federalã Ghermãnia]]]] [[Image:Aussicht maintower.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Cula mare]] [[Image:Deutschherrnbrücke010.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Punte tu '''Frankfurt am Main''']] [[af:Frankfurt am Main]] [[als:Frankfurt am Main]] [[an:Fráncfort d'o Meno]] [[ang:Frankfurt]] [[ar:فرانكفورت]] [[ast:Frankfurt]] [[az:Frankfurt]] [[bg:Франкфурт на Майн]] [[br:Frankfurt]] [[bs:Frankfurt am Main]] [[ca:Frankfurt del Main]] [[co:Frankfurt]] [[cs:Frankfurt nad Mohanem]] [[cy:Frankfurt]] [[da:Frankfurt am Main]] [[de:Frankfurt am Main]] [[el:Φρανκφούρτη]] [[en:Frankfurt]] [[eo:Frankfurto ĉe Majno]] [[es:Fráncfort del Meno]] [[et:Frankfurt]] [[eu:Frankfurt]] [[fa:فرانکفورت]] [[fi:Frankfurt am Main]] [[fo:Frankfurt am Main]] [[fr:Francfort-sur-le-Main]] [[frp:Francfort]] [[fy:Frankfurt]] [[ga:Frankfurt]] [[gd:Frankfurt]] [[gl:Frankfurt - Frankfurt am Main]] [[he:פרנקפורט]] [[hr:Frankfurt na Majni]] [[hu:Frankfurt am Main]] [[ia:Frankfurt am Main]] [[id:Frankfurt am Main]] [[io:Frankfurt am Main]] [[is:Frankfurt]] [[it:Francoforte sul Meno]] [[ja:フランクフルト・アム・マイン]] [[ka:მაინის ფრანკფურტი]] [[ko:프랑크푸르트]] [[ksh:Frankfurt]] [[ku:Frankfurt]] [[kw:Frankfurt]] [[la:Francofurtum ad Moenum]] [[lb:Frankfurt am Main]] [[li:Frankfurt am Main]] [[lmo:Frankfurt]] [[lt:Frankfurtas prie Maino]] [[lv:Frankfurte pie Mainas]] [[mk:Франкфурт]] [[ms:Frankfurt]] [[na:Frankfurt]] [[nap:Frankfurt]] [[nds:Frankfort an’n Main]] [[nl:Frankfurt am Main]] [[nn:Frankfurt am Main]] [[no:Frankfurt am Main]] [[oc:Francfòrt de Men]] [[pdc:Frankfurt]] [[pl:Frankfurt nad Menem]] [[pms:Franchfort sël Men]] [[pt:Frankfurt am Main]] [[qu:Frankfurt]] [[rm:Frankfurt]] [[ro:Frankfurt]] [[ru:Франкфурт-на-Майне]] [[scn:Francuforti suprô Menu]] [[sco:Frankfurt]] [[se:Frankfurt]] [[sh:Frankfurt na Majni]] [[simple:Frankfurt am Main]] [[sk:Frankfurt nad Mohanom]] [[sl:Frankfurt na Majni]] [[sq:Frankfurt am Main]] [[sr:Франкфурт на Мајни]] [[sv:Frankfurt am Main]] [[sw:Frankfurt]] [[tet:Frankfurt]] [[th:แฟรงค์เฟิร์ต]] [[tl:Lungsod ng Frankfurt]] [[tr:Frankfurt]] [[ug:فرانكفورت]] [[uk:Франкфурт на Майні]] [[uz:Frankfurt am Main]] [[vec:Francoforte sul Meno]] [[vi:Frankfurt am Main]] [[vls:Frankfurt]] [[vo:Frankfurt am Main]] [[zh:法兰克福]] 3826 8082 2006-10-13T05:34:15Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 ==Evenimente== ==Fapturi== '''[[George Murnu]]''' (numa armãneascã: '''Ioryi al Murnu''') ira faptu pi 1lu di Ianar [[1868]], [[Veryia]], tu Imperia Otomanã, tora tu [[Gãrtsia]]. ==Muriri== [[Category:Seculu 19]] 3827 8083 2006-10-13T05:34:56Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 ==Evenimente== ==Fapturi== ==Muriri== '''[[George Murnu]]''' (numa armãneascã: '''Ioryi al Murnu''') muri pi 17le di Brumar [[1957]], [[Bucureshci]]. [[Category:Seculu 20]] 3828 8491 2006-11-12T12:05:54Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Gheorghe (Yoryi, Gica) Hagi''' , amitat tu [[5-le di Shcurtu]] [[1965]] tu hoara [[Sãcele]], comuna [[Constantsa|Constanţa]], easte tricut giucãtor di futbol di tu [[Romãnia]] shi tora easte trainer armãnescu. '''Gica''' easte al treile ficior di familia '''Hagi'''. Afendu-su easte '''Iancu''' shi dada-sa easte '''Chirata'''. Are 2 sori '''Sultana''' shi '''Elena'''. Nicuchira-a lui easte '''Marilena'''. Cu nãsã are 2 fumelji '''Chira''' shi '''Ianis'''. == Tinjie == * cu '''[[Steaua Bucharest]]''': ** Supercuplu europescu : 1987 ** Campionatlu di Futbol Romãnescu: 1987, 1988, 1989 ** Cuplu romãnescu: 1987, 1988, 1989 * cu '''[[Galatasaray]]''', [[Turchia]]: ** Cuplu di UEFA: 2000 ** Supercuplu europescu: 2000 ** Campionatlu di Futbol ãnturtsescu : 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 ** Cuplu ãnturtsescu: 1999, 2000, 2005 (as coach) == Ligãturi di nãfoarã == *[http://www.hagi.ro Websitelu ofitsial al Gheorghe Hagi] 3829 8118 2006-10-14T18:53:30Z Jean 119 '''Dan Coe''' ([[8 September|September 8]] [[1941]] — [[8 September|September 8]] [[1982]]) was a [[Romãnia]] football defender, of Aromanian nationality. He was born in [[ Bucureshci]] and debuted in Divizia A with [[Rapid Bucureşti]] in 1962. 3830 8185 2006-10-23T12:50:11Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 ==Evenimente== ==Fapturi== * [[8 September ]]- Dan Coe apurãtor di futbal [[Romãnia]] (muri [[1982]]). ==Muriri== [[Category:Seculu 20]] 3831 8104 2006-10-14T10:06:24Z Jean 119 ==Evenimente== ==Fapturi== ==Muriri== * [[8 September ]] - Dan Coe [[Romãnia]] football defender (b. [[1941]]). [[Category:Seculu 20]] 3832 8492 2006-11-12T12:06:15Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 ==Evenmente== ==Fapturi== *[[5-li di Shcurtu]] - [[Gica HAGI]], giucãtor di futbol di tu [[Romãnia]] shi trainer di tora ==Muriri== [[Category:Seculu 20]] 3833 8111 2006-10-14T17:07:43Z Jean 119 /* Muriri */ ==Evenimente== * Dzua natsionalã ali [[Republica Machedonia|REI Machedonia]] ==Fapturi== * [[1941]] - [[Dan COE|Dan Coe]] [[Romãnia]] football defender (d. [[1982]]). ==Muriri== * [[1982]] - [[Dan COE|Dan Coe]] [[Romãnia]] football defender (b. [[1941]]). [[Category:Yizmãciunj]] 3834 8109 2006-10-14T12:56:10Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[8 September]] moved to [[8 di Yizmãciunj]] #REDIRECT [[8 di Yizmãciunj]] 3835 8117 2006-10-14T18:48:32Z Jean 119 '''''Hedera''''' is a genus of about ten species of climbing or ground-creeping evergreen woody plants in the family [[Araliaceae]], native to the [[Macaronesia|Atlantic Islands]], western, central and southern [[Europe]], northwestern [[Africa]] and across central-southern [[Asia]] east to [[Japan]]. ==Species== *''[[Hedera algeriensis]]'' – Algerian Ivy. Northwest [[Africa]]. *''[[Hedera azorica]]'' – Azores Ivy. [[Azores]]. *''[[Hedera canariensis]]'' – Canaries Ivy. [[Canary Islands]]. *''[[Hedera colchica]]'' – Caucasian Ivy or Persian Ivy. Northern [[Turkey]] to [[Iran]]. *''[[Hedera helix]]'' – Common Ivy. Most of [[Europe]], except [[Atlantic (ocean)|Atlantic]] coasts and cold northeastern areas. *''[[Hedera hibernica]]'' – Irish Ivy. Atlantic coastal areas of [[Europe]] from [[Scotland]] and [[Ireland]] to [[Portugal]]. *''[[Hedera maderensis]]'' – Madeiran Ivy. [[Madeira]]. *''[[Hedera nepalensis]]'' – Himalayan Ivy. [[Himalaya]], [[China]], [[Taiwan]]. *''[[Hedera pastuchowii]]'' – Pastuchov's Ivy. Central [[Asia]] (southern states of the former [[Soviet Union]]). *''[[Hedera rhombea]]'' – Japanese Ivy. [[Japan]], [[Korean peninsula|Korea]], [[China]], [[Taiwan]]. ==References== * McAllister, H. (1982). New work on ivies. ''Int. Dendrol. Soc. Yearbook'' 1981: 106-109. <gallery> Image:Ivy uf1.jpg|''Hedera helix'' leaves Image:English Ivy Berries.jpg|''Hedera helix'' berries Image:Hedera colchica0.jpg|''Hedera colchica'' flowers Image:Hedera colchica1.jpg|''Hedera colchica'' foliage Image:Efeu.jpg|Tempelherrenhaus [[Weimar]] </gallery> 3836 8128 2006-10-14T20:21:50Z Jean 119 ==Species== About 10-15 species, including:<br/> ''[[Nuphar advena]]'' <br/> ''[[Nuphar japonica]]'' <br/> ''[[Nuphar kalmiana]]'' <br/> ''[[Nuphar lutea]]'' - Yellow Water-lily<br/> ''[[Nuphar microphylla]]'' <br/> ''[[Nuphar orbiculata]]'' <br/> ''[[Nuphar polysepala]]'' <br/> ''[[Nuphar pumila]]'' - Least Water-lily<br/> ''[[Nuphar rubrodisca]]'' <br/> ''[[Nuphar saggitifolia]]'' <br/> ''[[Nuphar shimadae]]'' <br/> ''[[Nuphar ulvacea]]'' <br/> ''[[Nuphar variegata]]'' 3837 8130 2006-10-14T20:26:21Z Jean 119 [[image:Nuphar lutea 170803.jpg|thumb|'''Nuphar lutea''']] 3838 8134 2006-10-15T07:33:11Z Jean 119 /* Species */ ==Species== About 50 species, including:<br/> ''[[Nymphaea alba]]'' - European White Water-lily<br/> ''[[Nymphaea amazonium]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaea ampla]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaea blanda]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaea caerulea]]'' - Egyptian Blue Water-lily<br/> ''[[Nymphaea calliantha]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaea candida]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaea capensis]]'' - Cape Blue Water-lily<br/> ''[[Nymphaea citrina]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaea colorata]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaea elegans]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaea fennica]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaea flavovirens]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaea gardneriana]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaea gigantea]]'' - Australian Water-lily<br/> ''[[Nymphaea heudelotii]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaea jamesoniana]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaea lotus]]'' - Egyptian White Water-lily<br/> ''[[Nymphaea lotus var. termalis]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaeae lutea]]'' - Yellow water-lily or Brandy bottle<br/> ''[[Nymphaea mexicana]]'' - Yellow Water-lily<br/> ''[[Nymphaea micrantha]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaea odorata]]'' - Fragrant Water-lily<br/> ''[[Nymphaea pubescens]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaea rubra]]'' - India Red Water-lily<br/> ''[[Nymphaea rudgeana]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaea stellata]]'' - Blue Water-lily ([[National flower]] of [[Sri Lanka]]) ''[[Nymphaea stuhlmannii]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaea sulfurea]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaea tetragona]]'' - Pygmy Water-lily<br/> ''[[Nymphaea tuberosa]]'' 3839 8132 2006-10-14T20:39:04Z Jean 119 [[image:Nymphaea_alba.jpg|thumb|'''Nynphaea alba''']] 3840 8133 2006-10-14T21:23:39Z 84.76.37.37 pçiiç 3841 8343 2006-10-28T08:34:50Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Trypanosoma_cruzi_crithidia.jpeg|thumb|250px|''[[Trypanosoma cruzi]]'' parazite]] '''Trypanosomes''' sãntu unã grupã di protozoi chinetoplastidi cai s-dhiafurescu cu atsea tsi au sade un flagellum. Tuts sãntu parazite, shi s-aflu nai cama la insectlji. ==Spetsies== * ''[[Trypanosoma avium]]'' * ''[[Trypanosoma boissoni]]'' * ''[[Trypanosoma brucei]]'' * ''[[Trypanosoma carassii]]'' * ''[[Trypanosoma cruzi]]'' * ''[[Trypanosoma congolense]]'' * ''[[Trypanosoma equinum]]'' * ''[[Trypanosoma equiperdum]]'' * ''[[Trypanosoma evansi]]'' *''[[Trypanosoma lewisi]]'' * ''[[Trypanosoma melophagium]]'' *''[[Trypanosoma percae]]'' *''[[Trypanosoma rangeli]]'' * ''[[Trypanosoma rotatorium]]'' * ''[[Trypanosoma simiae]]' * ''[[Trypanosoma suis]]'' * ''[[Trypanosoma theileri]]'' * ''[[Trypanosoma trigalae]]'' * ''[[Trypanosoma vivax]]'' 3842 8327 2006-10-26T14:46:04Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''''Trypanosoma suis''''' easte trypanosoma protozoicã tu ghenlu trypanosoma tsi featse unã formã di lãndziturã surra la animalile 3843 8325 2006-10-26T14:44:17Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Trypanosoma percae''' la peshcile: Perca fluviatilis 3844 8328 2006-10-26T14:47:30Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Trypanosoma trigalae''' la teleostslji di amare. 3845 8326 2006-10-26T14:44:56Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Trypanosoma rotatorium''' la apaloclji. 3846 8149 2006-10-18T18:57:48Z Jean 119 '''Trypanosoma boissoni''', in elasmobranch. 3847 8342 2006-10-28T08:33:21Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Trypanosoma cruzi''' u-featse lãndziturã Chagas la omlu. [[Image:Trypanosoma_cruzi_crithidia.jpeg|thumb|left|250px|''[[Trypanosoma cruzi]]'' parazite]] [[Image:Carte maladie Chagas.png|thumb|250px|Chagas tu [[Latin America|Americhia Latinã]] (A:zone [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemitse]])]] [[Image:Chagoma.jpg|thumb|right|Ficiorlu aestu di Panama u-are lãndziturã Chagas manifestatã ca unã infectsia acutã cu umflãturã di ocljul-ndreptu (Semnulu ali Romaña). Source: CDC.]] [[Image:Triatoma_infestans.jpg|thumb|Insectulu vector ''[[Triatoma infestans]]'' (Bubica tsi bashe)]] 3848 8178 2006-10-22T05:58:32Z Jean 119 {| border="0" id="toc" style="margin: 0 auto;" align=center | '''Cuprins:''' [[#A|A]] [[#B|B]] [[#C|C]] [[#D|D]] [[#E|E]] [[#F|F]] [[#G|G]] [[#H|H]] [[#I|I]] [[#J|J]] [[#K|K]] [[#L|L]] [[#M|M]] [[#N|N]] [[#O|O]] [[#P|P]] [[#Q|Q]] [[#R|R]] [[#S|S]] [[#T|T]] [[#U|U]] [[#V|V]] [[#W|W]] [[#X|X]] [[#Y|Y]] [[#Z|Z]]__FARACUPRINS__ |} 3849 8566 2006-11-14T11:44:20Z Hvn0413 137 Redirecting to [[Di tu Vãrgãria]] #Redirect [[Di tu Vãrgãria]] 3850 8195 2006-10-23T18:31:14Z 200.171.184.55 * [http://www.conhecaubatuba.com.br/ubatuba/index.asp?g=1&e=8 Conheça Ubatuba - Informations about Ubatuba - Sao Paulo - Brazil] 3851 8205 2006-10-24T14:02:32Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Di tu Machedonia]] moved to [[Di tu Republica Ex-Iugoslavã Machedonia]] #REDIRECT [[Di tu Republica Ex-Iugoslavã Machedonia]] 3852 8213 2006-10-24T22:14:01Z Jose77 116 <div class="notice" style="background:#ffc; border:1px solid #AAA; padding:0.5em; margin:0.5em auto;"> [[Image:Stop_hand.svg|50px|left]] OK, it is time for your insulting jokes to end. You are potentially offending people, both people here in the Wikipedia community and the wider readership. What you are doing could be seen as '''[[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]]''' and you could get '''[[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing Wikipedia for it. '''You might not get another warning before having a block imposed''', so be careful and be serious from now on. <!-- Template:Seriously (last warning) --> </div> Your swearing [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Eeamoscopolecrushuva&curid=3482&diff=8196&oldid=8164 here] was innapropiate and will not be tolerated in the near future. Please refrain yourself from any continuation of this type of insulting or ''Corrective Action'' will have to be taken and enforced. --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 22:13, 24 October 2006 (UTC) 3853 8306 2006-10-26T05:00:14Z AdiJapan 125 no vandalizing <div class="notice" style="background:#ffc; border:1px solid #AAA; padding:0.5em; margin:0.5em auto;"> [[Image:Stop_hand.svg|50px|left]] OK, it is time for your insulting jokes to end. You are potentially offending people, both people here in the Wikipedia community and the wider readership. What you are doing could be seen as '''[[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]]''' and you could get '''[[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing Wikipedia for it. '''You might not get another warning before having a block imposed''', so be careful and be serious from now on. <!-- Template:Seriously (last warning) --> </div> --[[User:AdiJapan|AdiJapan]] 09:15, 25 October 2006 (UTC) :That is just a standard message for any type of vandalism, and you must agree you deserved it for writing '''MACHIDUNIA, MACEDONICA''' in large letters on the main page. You might be right about the name of the Macedonian language and the name of the country, but vandalizing this Wikipedia just to make a point is not the solution. The solution can be found by taking the issue to the corresponding talk page or to the talk page of the user who reverted your edit. --[[User:AdiJapan|AdiJapan]] 05:00, 26 October 2006 (UTC) 3854 8336 2006-10-26T17:09:09Z 62.162.166.175 INSULTING!!! Do you know what are you talking about? I'm not insulting anyone!!! I just want reliable aromanian encyclopedia! In the lists of languages in the main page, Macedonian is translated as "Vurgaresche (Bulgarian)" and everywhere there is FYROM stuff! That is NOT true. As for good and reliable encyclopedia you shouldn't write such pseudodata and propaganda! Now THAT is an inslult to the Macedonian people (including Macedonian Aromanians)!. [[User:62.162.166.175|62.162.166.175]] 17:14, 25 October 2006 (UTC) ::Excuse me, but I think you should take a look at the discussion for the main page. User Eeamoscopolecrushuva is having some nationalistic attitude. Regards [[User:62.162.166.175|62.162.166.175]] 17:09, 26 October 2006 (UTC) 3855 8228 2006-10-25T19:52:04Z MediaWiki default 3856 8229 2006-10-25T19:52:04Z MediaWiki default 3857 8230 2006-10-25T19:52:05Z MediaWiki default Your IP address is blocked from editing, and so is not allowed to use the password recovery function to prevent abuse. 3858 8231 2006-10-25T19:52:05Z MediaWiki default 3859 8232 2006-10-25T19:52:06Z MediaWiki default 3860 8235 2006-10-25T19:52:07Z MediaWiki default 3861 8236 2006-10-25T19:52:07Z MediaWiki default The following pages do not link to other pages in this wiki. 3862 8237 2006-10-25T19:52:07Z MediaWiki default 3863 8238 2006-10-25T19:52:07Z MediaWiki default 3864 8239 2006-10-25T19:52:07Z MediaWiki default Editing user <b>$1</b> 3865 8242 2006-10-25T19:52:13Z MediaWiki default Atom 3866 8243 2006-10-25T19:52:13Z MediaWiki default RSS 3867 8244 2006-10-25T19:52:14Z MediaWiki default 3868 8247 2006-10-25T19:52:16Z MediaWiki default 3869 8248 2006-10-25T19:52:16Z MediaWiki default This page was last modified $2, $1. 3870 8249 2006-10-25T19:52:16Z MediaWiki default This page was last modified $2, $1 by $3. 3871 8250 2006-10-25T19:52:16Z MediaWiki default 3872 8251 2006-10-25T19:52:16Z MediaWiki default 3873 8252 2006-10-25T19:52:17Z MediaWiki default 3874 8253 2006-10-25T19:52:17Z MediaWiki default The following pages are not linked from other pages in this wiki. 3875 8254 2006-10-25T19:52:17Z MediaWiki default 3876 8255 2006-10-25T19:52:18Z MediaWiki default 3877 8256 2006-10-25T19:52:18Z MediaWiki default 3878 8257 2006-10-25T19:52:18Z MediaWiki default 3879 8258 2006-10-25T19:52:18Z MediaWiki default 3880 8259 2006-10-25T19:52:18Z MediaWiki default 3881 8260 2006-10-25T19:52:18Z MediaWiki default 3882 8261 2006-10-25T19:52:19Z MediaWiki default My preferences 3883 8262 2006-10-25T19:52:19Z MediaWiki default 3884 8264 2006-10-25T19:52:19Z MediaWiki default 3885 8266 2006-10-25T19:52:21Z MediaWiki default {{PLURAL:$1|Category|Categories}} 3886 8267 2006-10-25T19:52:21Z MediaWiki default 3887 8268 2006-10-25T19:52:21Z MediaWiki default 3888 8269 2006-10-25T19:52:21Z MediaWiki default 3889 8271 2006-10-25T19:52:23Z MediaWiki default You have not specified target revision or revisions to perform this function on. 3890 8272 2006-10-25T19:52:23Z MediaWiki default No target revision 3891 8273 2006-10-25T19:52:23Z MediaWiki default Go 3892 8274 2006-10-25T19:52:24Z MediaWiki default 3893 8275 2006-10-25T19:52:24Z MediaWiki default 3894 8276 2006-10-25T19:52:25Z MediaWiki default A password reminder has already been sent, within the last $1 hours. To prevent abuse, only one password reminder will be sent per $1 hours. 3895 8277 2006-10-25T19:52:25Z MediaWiki default Disable variants conversion 3896 8279 2006-10-25T19:52:26Z MediaWiki default 3897 8280 2006-10-25T19:52:26Z MediaWiki default 3898 8281 2006-10-25T19:52:26Z MediaWiki default 3899 8282 2006-10-25T19:52:27Z MediaWiki default 3900 8283 2006-10-25T19:52:27Z MediaWiki default 3901 8285 2006-10-25T19:52:27Z MediaWiki default 3902 8286 2006-10-25T19:52:27Z MediaWiki default kk 3903 8287 2006-10-25T19:52:27Z MediaWiki default kk-cn 3904 8288 2006-10-25T19:52:27Z MediaWiki default kk-kz 3905 8289 2006-10-25T19:52:27Z MediaWiki default kk-tr 3906 8290 2006-10-25T19:52:27Z MediaWiki default 3907 8291 2006-10-25T19:52:27Z MediaWiki default 3908 8295 2006-10-25T19:52:27Z MediaWiki default Watch this page 3909 8296 2006-10-25T19:52:27Z MediaWiki default &lt; 3910 8297 2006-10-25T19:52:27Z MediaWiki default 3911 8347 2006-10-28T10:11:05Z Jean 119 [[Image:Chaos diffluens.jpg|thumb|250px|Chaos diffluens]] '''Amoeba''' is a genus of protozoa that moves by means of temporary projections called pseudopods, and is well-known as a representative unicellular organism. 3912 8348 2006-10-28T10:16:09Z Jean 119 ==Spetsies== *[[Amoeba dubia]] *[[Amoeba proteus]] *[[Chaos diffluens]] *[[Difflugia oblongia]] *[[Thecamoeba terricola]] 3913 8349 2006-10-28T10:24:39Z Jean 119 [[Image:Ammonia_tepida.jpg|thumb|Foraminiferan (''Ammonia tepida'')]] 3915 8353 2006-10-28T21:53:17Z Aromanikka 130 Cici-faci! 3916 8426 2006-11-04T12:18:06Z Bonaparte 135 What kind of idiotic, pro-Greek article. This article is totally POV-ish. [[Image:Unbalanced scales.svg|none|100px|POV in Aromanian Wikipedia.]] --[[User:Aromanikka|Aromanikka]] 21:55, 28 October 2006 (UTC) Is it? Oh well, it's interesting how you mock our language and expect us to respect you. If you want to correct it, be my guest. But don't forget to put both sides because presenting only your POV is also not allowed. [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 11:37, 29 October 2006 (UTC) :OK, done. [[User:Aromanikka|Aromanikka]] 12:10, 29 October 2006 (UTC) Nitsi nu shcii tsi ai adratã. Hahahahaha! S-dutse sh-ashi nu are s-fac corectsiur. Cãndu vãrnu va u-ghiuvusescã va sã-shcie tsi vurgãrinj hits shi adrats! [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 14:10, 30 October 2006 (UTC) :Nitsi nu shcii sa vorbesti ghini limba.--[[User:Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] 12:18, 4 November 2006 (UTC) 3919 8374 2006-10-29T12:07:34Z Aromanikka 130 [[Di tu Republica Ex-Iugoslavã Machedonia]] moved to [[Di tu Republica Machedonia]]: NPOV #REDIRECT [[Di tu Republica Machedonia]] 3920 8386 2006-10-29T19:02:18Z Apcbg 131 [[Image:Ongal.jpg|none|700px]] [[Image:Vista-services.png|26px]][[:pt:História da Geórgia do Sul e Sandwich do Sul|História da Geórgia do Sul e Sandwich do Sul]] 3921 8530 2006-11-12T18:02:28Z Tekleni 132 rv. #REDIRECT [[Machedonia]] 3922 8398 2006-10-31T21:56:15Z Tekleni 132 [[Talk:Republica Machedonia]] moved to [[Talk:Republica Ex-Iugoslavã ali Machedonia]]: NPOV #REDIRECT [[Talk:Republica Ex-Iugoslavã ali Machedonia]] 3923 8404 2006-10-31T21:59:49Z Tekleni 132 Redirecting to [[en:User:Tekleni]] #REDIRECT [[:en:User:Tekleni]] 3924 8413 2006-11-01T19:59:05Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Athina''' (gãr. '''Αθήνα''') easte cãsãbãlu capital ali [[Gãrtsia|Gãrtsie]]. [[Image:Acropolis-Athens34.jpg|thumb|right|Acropolis tu Athina]] [[Category: Gãrtsia]] [[ar:أثينا]] [[an:Atenas]] [[bg:Атина]] [[zh-min-nan:Athína]] [[bs:Atina]] [[ca:Atenes]] [[cs:Athény]] [[da:Athen]] [[de:Athen]] [[et:Ateena]] [[el:Αθήνα]] [[en:Athens]] [[es:Atenas]] [[eo:Ateno]] [[eu:Atenas]] [[fo:Athen]] [[fr:Athènes]] [[fy:Atene]] [[ga:An Aithin]] [[gl:Atenas - Αθήνα]] [[ko:아테네]] [[io:Athina]] [[id:Kota Athena]] [[is:Aþena]] [[it:Atene]] [[he:אתונה]] [[la:Athenae]] [[lt:Atėnai]] [[lb:Athen]] [[hu:Athén]] [[mk:Атина]] [[nl:Athene]] [[nds:Athen]] [[ja:アテネ]] [[no:Athen]] [[nn:Aten]] [[pl:Ateny]] [[pt:Atenas]] [[ro:Atena]] [[ru:Афины]] [[scn:Ateni]] [[simple:Athens]] [[sk:Atény]] [[sl:Atene]] [[sr:Атина]] [[fi:Ateena]] [[sv:Aten]] [[tl:Athína]] [[ta:ஏதென்ஸ்]] [[th:เอเธนส์]] [[tr:Atina]] [[uk:Афіни]] [[zh:雅典]] 3925 8412 2006-11-01T19:57:41Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 3926 8419 2006-11-03T22:02:36Z Walter 134 {| | [[Image:Wikizine.png|180px|wikizine]] <tt>An independent internal news bulletin for the members of the Wikimedia community</tt><br><em>[http://cur.wikizine.org Read the most current edition of Wikizine]</em> To subscribe by email [mailto:request@wikizine.org?subject=subscribe click here] or go to [http://www.wikizine.org Wikizine.org].<br> You have news? Pretty please send it to [mailto:ihavenews@wikizine.org ihavenews@wikizine.org]. |} ---- {{babel-2|nl|en-2}} [[Image:Adoptfirefox.jpg|right|400px|Adopt Firefox]] *Timezone: UTC +1 Hi, I am user Walter (Walter Vermeir) form Belgium. My home Wiki is the dutch Wikipedia or "[[wikimedia:wikipedia:nl:Hoofdpagina|Wikipedia NL]]" like we call it. '''I am not active on this wiki''' For more info see my userpage on Wikimedia Meta; [[wikimedia:meta:user:Walter]] === Contact === *My talk page on Meta; [[wikimedia:meta:user:User_talk:Walter]] ---- *[[/request]] 3927 8540 2006-11-12T18:29:21Z Bonaparte 135 /* Hello! */ potsi cum sa nu :"Wärte das Auge nicht sonnenhaft so konnte es die Sonne nicht erblicken..." :[[User:Bonaparte|<font color="#FFFFFF" style="background: maroon;">&nbsp;Bonaparte&nbsp;</font>]] [[User talk:Bonaparte|<small>talk</small>]]<small> & </small>[[Special:Contributions/Bonaparte|<small>contribs</small>]] :"Mein Vater Persifal trägt eine Krone :Sein Rittersohn bin ich, Lohengrin genannt" :[[User:Bonaparte|<font color="#FFFFFF" style="background: maroon;">&nbsp;Bonaparte&nbsp;</font>]] [[User talk:Bonaparte|<small>talk</small>]]<small> & </small>[[Special:Contributions/Bonaparte|<small>contribs</small>]] :"Wanderer tritt still herein :Schmerz versteinerte die Schwelle; :Da erglänzt in reiner Helle :Auf dem Tische Brot und Wein" :[[User:Bonaparte|<font color="#FFFFFF" style="background: maroon;">&nbsp;Bonaparte&nbsp;</font>]] [[User talk:Bonaparte|<small>talk</small>]]<small> & </small>[[Special:Contributions/Bonaparte|<small>contribs</small>]] :"Ich bin der räuber Orbazan" :[[User:Bonaparte|<font color="#FFFFFF" style="background: maroon;">&nbsp;Bonaparte&nbsp;</font>]] [[User talk:Bonaparte|<small>talk</small>]]<small> & </small>[[Special:Contributions/Bonaparte|<small>contribs</small>]] :"Hier stehe Ich. Ich kann nicht anders. Gott helfe mir. Amen." :[[User:Bonaparte|<font color="#FFFFFF" style="background: maroon;">&nbsp;Bonaparte&nbsp;</font>]] [[User talk:Bonaparte|<small>talk</small>]]<small> & </small>[[Special:Contributions/Bonaparte|<small>contribs</small>]] :"Eine feste Burg ist unser Gott." :[[User:Bonaparte|<font color="#FFFFFF" style="background: maroon;">&nbsp;Bonaparte&nbsp;</font>]] [[User talk:Bonaparte|<small>talk</small>]]<small> & </small>[[Special:Contributions/Bonaparte|<small>contribs</small>]] :"I trust I make myself obscure." :[[User:Bonaparte|<font color="#FFFFFF" style="background: maroon;">&nbsp;Bonaparte&nbsp;</font>]] [[User talk:Bonaparte|<small>talk</small>]]<small> & </small>[[Special:Contributions/Bonaparte|<small>contribs</small>]] == Welcome on my discussion page == http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_permissions#Aromanian_Wikipedia == Hello! == With all my respect to you, but why are you warning me? Look at the other's POV-ish edits. It's preposterous! Regards, [[User:Aromanikka|Aromanikka]] 18:16, 12 November 2006 (UTC) :I didn't get my answer! Please, answer me. [[User:Aromanikka|Aromanikka]] 18:22, 12 November 2006 (UTC) OK. BTW, are you a candidate for sysop? Can I give my vote? [[User:Aromanikka|Aromanikka]] 18:28, 12 November 2006 (UTC) potsi cum sa nu.--[[User:Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] 18:29, 12 November 2006 (UTC) 3928 8424 2006-11-04T12:15:28Z Bonaparte 135 == Bonaparte. == [[Image:Napoleon4.jpg|center|260px|''Napoléon crossing the Alps,'' by [[Jacques-Louis David]]]] {{babel-1|liberal}} 3929 8430 2006-11-04T19:01:04Z 86.127.26.191 Stela e cea mai mare si mai tare machidoanca din Constanta!!! 3930 8432 2006-11-06T03:42:51Z 200.106.37.189 bvnvnbn 3931 8484 2006-11-12T11:56:30Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 *MIHALI PREFTI - Armanjljiimachidonenj - Clirunonjlji a dzãilor - 2006 (CD) *MIHALI PREFTI - Mithoi sh-isturii - 2006 (CD) *MIHALI PREFTI - Haiditsa - unã isturii di tu muntile Almu, di tu [[Shwaitsã]] (carte) *MIHALI PREFTI - Carte-a Caliljei - Poemi filosofitsi di Lao Tzã (carte) 3932 8465 2006-11-12T07:25:45Z 194.150.216.212 [[TOMA CARAGIU]]- [[ION CARAMITRU]]- [[SEBASTIAN PAPAIANI]]- [[NICU CONSTANTIN]]- [[GEORGE VRACA]]- 3933 8493 2006-11-12T12:07:44Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 Di tu Gãrtsia: *[[Frats Manachia]] Di tu Romãnia: *[[STERE GULEA]] - *[[TOMA ENACHE]] 3934 8482 2006-11-12T11:54:45Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Tu Amerikii]] moved to [[Tu Americhie]]: Limba, domne! #REDIRECT [[Tu Americhie]] 3935 8486 2006-11-12T11:57:28Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Teatru]] moved to [[Theatro]] #REDIRECT [[Theatro]] 3936 8489 2006-11-12T12:01:13Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Regizori di arazga armaneasca ditu Rumanii]] moved to [[Rejiseri armãneshci]] #REDIRECT [[Rejiseri armãneshci]] 3937 8529 2006-11-12T18:02:20Z Tekleni 132 rv. #REDIRECT [[Republica Ex-Iugoslavã ali Machedonia]] 3938 8552 2006-11-12T23:12:25Z Tekleni 132 Avertizare! stop! Aesta easte Wikipedia pi armãneashce. Daca nu iti convine poti sa pleci. Numai ghini. --[[User:Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] 18:09, 12 November 2006 (UTC) A mea easte amiraliea s'i puterea. Nu uita. --[[User:Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] 18:20, 12 November 2006 (UTC) :Tsi nu zburashti limba noastra. Avertizare-tsi tsi rog.--[[User:Tekleni|Tekleni]] 18:23, 12 November 2006 (UTC) Tu nu sci limba aromana. Articularea cu articolu nidefinitu şi cu articolu definitu. Tu nu sci nimica. --[[User:Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] 18:26, 12 November 2006 (UTC) :Da, i slavomakedonska propaganda ne pripađa tuka.--[[User:Tekleni|Tekleni]] 18:33, 12 November 2006 (UTC) Aromanikka, bunãoarã, tra s-videm ma ghini cum s-aplicã (lucreadzã) regula di ma nsus, nu vrem s-dzãtsem cã noi avem ndriptati. Nu vrem necã s-dzãtsem cã altsã au ndriptati. Tsi easti ndreptu sh-tsi easti strãmbu, tsãni di regula faptã. --[[User:Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] 18:35, 12 November 2006 (UTC) =="Grailu Armãnescu"== "Grailu Armãnescu" spuni multi; spuni cã noi armãnjlji ca unã mileti-ahorghea din Balcanj, avem unã musheatã limbã cari u-avem ca yishteari armasã shi vigljeatã di para-para-pãpãnjlji nica dit etili-atseali cari tora s-ved diparti ca tu neguri di dauã njilj di-anj. Limba-armãneascã easti mushuteatsa cu cari nã pirifãnsim tuts noi cari nã u vrem Armãnamea. Limba-armãneascã easti-atsea pi cari s-cãntarã njiljli di cãntitsi cari li-avem shi cari li-aflãm shi pit cãrtsãli veclji, limba pi cari multi dadi sh-diznjirdarã shi-sh lji-adunarã njitslji-a lor ta s-doarmã tu sãrmãnitsã, limba pi cari multi feati shi gionj sh-lji spusirã "caimadzlji"-a sivdãlui ma shi limba pi cari s-plãmsirã shi s-mirlusirã multsã gionj picurari shi cãrvãnari shi dascalj shi preftsã, cari sh-u deadirã bana ti vruta-lã Armãnami, tu etsli mintiti shi tu anjlji grei ti-Armãnamea lã dzãtsem cã suntu Apostolj shi Martiri-armãneshtsã. Cã, cripãri shi-anj grei zate Armãnjlji avurã ca baia - nu shtea multu ti ghinets. --[[User:Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] 18:40, 12 November 2006 (UTC) :Zošto ne sakaš da prifakjaš deka imeto na tvojata zemja e PJRM? Obedinetite Nacii go kažuvaat ova.--[[User:Tekleni|Tekleni]] 23:12, 12 November 2006 (UTC) 3939 8556 2006-11-13T06:20:50Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 Pistipsescu ca nu-are s-nji eshci nãrãitã ma, scupolu ãnj-ira sade nai cama bun (s-u ãnvitsam gramatica cum lipseashce). Bravos! ghini ai vinit! --[[User:Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] 18:36, 12 November 2006 (UTC) Ούτε κάνει την ελληνική προπαγάνδα. [[User:Aromanikka|Aromanikka]] 20:07, 12 November 2006 (UTC) Η Δημοκρατία της Μακεδονίας δεν είναι "η πρώην γιουγκοσλαβική Δημοκρατία της Μακεδονίας". [[User:Aromanikka|Aromanikka]] 20:12, 12 November 2006 (UTC) :Aesta easte Wikipedia pi limba armãneascã, zbura pi armãneashce!--[[User:Tekleni|Tekleni]] 23:19, 12 November 2006 (UTC) 3940 8615 2006-11-21T20:46:47Z 194.150.216.212 Removing all content from page 3941 8583 2006-11-16T08:24:54Z Jose77 116 [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px| ]] {{{1|'''Done'''}}}<noinclude>[[Category:Template|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude> 3942 8585 2006-11-16T23:59:37Z Alex:D 138 Harta1935 Harta1935 3943 8684 2006-12-04T21:04:06Z Jean 119 /* [[Australopithecus]] */ ==[[The evolution of the human species]]== ==[[Homo]]== ==[[Australopithecus]]== ==[[Paranthropus]]== 3944 8592 2006-11-19T18:13:35Z Jean 119 Thank you for the translation Anthropology. --[[User:Jean|Jean]] 18:13, 19 November 2006 (UTC) 3945 8593 2006-11-19T18:15:01Z Jean 119 ==[[After Ian Tattersall (2001), modifies by Sylvie Daoudal (2002)]]== 3946 8594 2006-11-19T18:15:52Z Jean 119 ==External links== [http://ma.prehistoire.free.fr/arbre.htm Ma préhistorie. L'arbre généalogique ] 3947 8608 2006-11-20T04:23:54Z Jean 119 /* [[Homo habilis]] */ ==[[Homo sapiens]]== ==[[Homo habilis]] (Handy Man)== ==[[Homo rudolfensis]] (Rudolf Man)== ==[[Homo ergaster]] (Working Man)== ==[[Homo erectus]] (Upright Man)== ==[[Homo floresiensis]] ([[Flores]] )== ==[[Homo antecessor]] (Predecessor Man)== ==[[Homo heidelbergensis]] (Heidelberg Man)== ==[[Homo neanderthalensis]] (Neanderthal Man)== ==[[Homo rhodesiensis]] (Rhodesia Man)== ==[[Homo cepranensis]] (Ceprano Man)== ==[[Homo georgicus]] (Georgia Man)== 3948 8672 2006-11-28T23:43:50Z Jean 119 ==[[Homo sapiens sapiens]]== ==[[Homo sapiens idaltu]]== ==[[Homo sapiens neanderthalensis]]== 3949 8598 2006-11-19T18:39:35Z Jean 119 [[image:PPlaquecloseup.svg|thumb|right|Homo sapiens]] 3950 8599 2006-11-19T18:40:57Z Jean 119 [[image:Homo sapiens neanderthalensis.jpg|thumb|200 px|Homo sapiens neanderthalensis]] [[Image:Neanderthal hunter.jpg|thumb|200 px|Neanderthal hunter]] [[Image:Neandertal.jpg|thumb|180 px|Neanderthal-]] [[Image:Neanderthaler Fund.png|thumb|250 px|left|Dravn face of Neanderthal men]] [[Image:Carte Neandertaliens.jpg|thumb|left|200 px]] 3951 8601 2006-11-20T01:57:36Z Khoikhoi 123 <small>—The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]] ([[User talk:{{{1}}}|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/{{{1}}}|contribs]]) {{{2|}}}.</small><!-- Template:Unsigned --><noinclude> ---- <includeonly>:''This template documentation is [[Wikipedia:Template doc page pattern|transcluded]] from [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc]]'' [<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}/doc|action=edit}} edit]</span>]</includeonly>__NOTOC__ <!-- EDIT TEMPLATE DOCUMENTATION BELOW THIS LINE --> === Purpose === * {{tl|unsigned}} Used to label unsigned comments in a conversation. === Usage === <code>&#123;&#123;subst:unsigned|''user name''|''date''&#125;&#125;</code> ;user name : name or IP of user who left comment ;date : datestamp from edit history (remember to label it UTC) The datestamp from the edit history appears in your local time that is set in your preferences. <br> '''In order for the time to be UTC, adjust it using the difference you designated between the server time and local time.''' === Example === Typing: <code><nowiki>{{subst:unsigned|Jpgordon|09:20, Jun 17, 2005 (UTC)}}</nowiki></code> will yield: {{unsigned|Jpgordon|09:20, Jun 17, 2005 (UTC)}} <includeonly> <!-- ADD CATEGORIES BELOW THIS LINE --> [[Category:Internal link templates|Unsigned]] <!-- ADD INTERWIKIS BELOW THIS LINE --> [[be:Шаблён:Няма подпісу]] [[de:Vorlage:Unsigned]] [[en:Template:Unsigned]] [[es:Plantilla:Nofirmado]] [[fi:Malline:Allekirjoittamaton]] [[kn:ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:Unsigned]] [[nl:Sjabloon:Afzender]] [[pt:Predefinição:Não assinou]] [[ta:வார்ப்புரு:Unsigned]] [[vi:Tiêu bản:Vô danh]] </includeonly> </noinclude> 3952 8606 2006-11-20T02:23:37Z Khoikhoi 123 {{[[Template:{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]]}}<noinclude> =Documentation= {{Tlx|Tl}} is used to display a template name as a link. '''Tl''' stands for '''Template link'''. == Usage == <pre> {{subst:Tl|template name to display}} </pre> == Example == {| class="wikitable" ! Code ! Result |- | <code>{&#123;subst:Tl&#124;tfd&#125;}</code> | {{[[Template:tfd|tfd]]}} |} <includeonly> {{interwikitmp-grp|!{{FULLPAGENAMEE}} }} </includeonly> <includeonly> <!-- ADD CATEGORIES BELOW THIS LINE --> [[Category:Internal link templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:Miscellaneous templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] <!-- ADD INTERWIKIS BELOW THIS LINE --> [[az:Şablon:ŞK]] [[bg:Шаблон:Ш]] [[ca:Plantilla:Tl]] [[en:Template:Tl]] [[fi:Malline:Malline]] [[fr:Modèle:M]] [[ka:თარგი:Tl]] [[kw:Template:Viz]] [[pl:Szablon:S]] [[sl:Predloga:Tl]] [[uk:Шаблон:Tl]] [[vi:Tiêu bản:Tl]] [[zh:Template:Tl]] [[he:תבנית:תב]] [[ko:틀:Tl]] </includeonly> </noinclude> 3953 8610 2006-11-20T04:32:21Z Jean 119 [[Image:Chaos diffluens.jpg|thumb|Amoeba proteus]] 3954 8622 2006-11-21T21:31:06Z 194.150.216.212 New page: Tu Rumanii nomlu OG26/2000 dzatsi ca oaminjljii tsi voru si lucreadza ti intereslu gheneral i comunitaru potu si si aduna tu doaua turlii di sutsati: "asociatsii" shi "fundatsii". "Asoci... Tu Rumanii nomlu OG26/2000 dzatsi ca oaminjljii tsi voru si lucreadza ti intereslu gheneral i comunitaru potu si si aduna tu doaua turlii di sutsati: "asociatsii" shi "fundatsii". "Asociatsiili" lipseashti s-aiba naima putsan 3 membri shi potu si aiba filiali teritoriali cu naima putsan 3 membri. "Fundatsiili" si adara di unu i ma multsa oaminj. Doaua i ma multi di aesti doaua turlii di sutsati potu si si aduna tu una sutsata ma mari tsi s-cljeama "federatsii". 3955 8658 2006-11-22T19:10:00Z 194.150.216.212 Removing all content from page 3956 8635 2006-11-21T22:09:46Z 194.150.216.212 Amintatu tu [[1 di Yinaru]] [[1868]] tu [[Veryia]] ditru [[Nturtseasca Vasilii]]. Muri Bucureshti tu anlu 1957 3957 8656 2006-11-22T19:09:11Z 194.150.216.212 Removing all content from page 3958 8655 2006-11-22T19:08:43Z 194.150.216.212 Removing all content from page 3959 8657 2006-11-22T19:09:32Z 194.150.216.212 Removing all content from page 3960 8686 2006-12-04T21:06:46Z Jean 119 ==[[Notable Specimens]]== ==[[Australopithecus afarensis]]== ==Australopithecus robustus== ==[[Australopithecus africanus]]== ==[[Australopithecus anamensis]]== ==[[Australopithecus bahrelghazali]]== ==[[Ardipithecus ramidus]]== ==[[Australopithecus garhi]]== 3961 8649 2006-11-22T18:18:35Z 194.150.216.212 New page: *[[Theatrinj ditru Arbinushii]] *[[Theatrinj ditru Gartsii]] *[[Theatrinj ditru Makidunii]] *[[Theatrinj ditru Rumanii]] *[[Theatrinj ditru Varyarii]] *[[Theatrinj ditru Arbinushii]] *[[Theatrinj ditru Gartsii]] *[[Theatrinj ditru Makidunii]] *[[Theatrinj ditru Rumanii]] *[[Theatrinj ditru Varyarii]] 3962 8650 2006-11-22T18:19:45Z 194.150.216.212 New page: Tu Rumania nu ari theatri armaneshtsa Tu Rumania nu ari theatri armaneshtsa 3963 8651 2006-11-22T18:23:06Z 194.150.216.212 New page: *[[Toma CARAGIU]] *[[Ion CARAMITRU]] *[[Nicu CONSTANTIN]] *[[Sebastian PAPAIANI]] *[[Toma CARAGIU]] *[[Ion CARAMITRU]] *[[Nicu CONSTANTIN]] *[[Sebastian PAPAIANI]] 3964 8664 2006-11-25T17:44:42Z 193.231.18.7 New page: '''Vaginul (pizda)''' heste hun horgan genital hal femeiurii. '''Vaginul (pizda)''' heste hun horgan genital hal femeiurii. 3965 8669 2006-11-27T18:40:54Z 89.58.47.99 New page: Kostenloser Windows Vista Support [http://www.vista-zone.eu www.vista-zone.eu] Kostenloser Windows Vista Support [http://www.vista-zone.eu www.vista-zone.eu] 3966 8685 2006-12-04T21:04:42Z Jean 119 New page: ==Paranthropus aethiopicus== ==Paranthropus robustus== ==Paranthropus boisei== ==Paranthropus aethiopicus== ==Paranthropus robustus== ==Paranthropus boisei== 3967 8687 2006-12-04T21:07:36Z Jean 119 New page: [[Image:Hadar,_Ethiopia_;_Australopithecus_afarensis_1974_discovery_map.png|thumb|left]] [[image: Lucy Mexico.jpg |thumb|Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy)]] [[Image:Lucy_(Frankfurt_am_Ma... [[Image:Hadar,_Ethiopia_;_Australopithecus_afarensis_1974_discovery_map.png|thumb|left]] [[image: Lucy Mexico.jpg |thumb|Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy)]] [[Image:Lucy_(Frankfurt_am_Main).jpg|thumb|Lucy (Frankfurt am Main)]] [[Image:Lucyreconstructionlarge.jpg|thumb|Lucy reconstructionlarge]] [[Image:Squelette_de_Lucy.JPG|thumb|Squelette_de_Lucy]] 3968 8688 2006-12-04T21:08:20Z Jean 119 New page: *[[Laetoli|Laetoli footprints]] *[[AL 200-1]] *[[AL 129-1]] *[[Australopithecus afarensis |Lucy]] *[[Mrs. Ples|STS 5 (Mrs. Ples)]] *[[STS 14]] *[[STS 71]] *[[Taung Child]] *[[Selam (Austra... *[[Laetoli|Laetoli footprints]] *[[AL 200-1]] *[[AL 129-1]] *[[Australopithecus afarensis |Lucy]] *[[Mrs. Ples|STS 5 (Mrs. Ples)]] *[[STS 14]] *[[STS 71]] *[[Taung Child]] *[[Selam (Australopithecus)|Selam]] 3969 8689 2006-12-04T21:09:12Z Jean 119 New page: [[image : Austrolopithecus africanus.jpg|thumb|Austrolopithecus africanus]] [[Image:Australopithecus africanus female.jpg|thumb|Austrolopithecus africanus]] [[Image:Australopithecus_afri... [[image : Austrolopithecus africanus.jpg|thumb|Austrolopithecus africanus]] [[Image:Australopithecus africanus female.jpg|thumb|Austrolopithecus africanus]] [[Image:Australopithecus_africanus.jpg|thumb|Australopithecus africanus]] 3970 8690 2006-12-04T21:09:59Z Jean 119 New page: [[Image:Bahr_el_Ghazal,_Chad_;_Australopithecus_bahrelghazali_1995_discovery_map.png|thumb|]] [[Image:Bahr_el_Ghazal,_Chad_;_Australopithecus_bahrelghazali_1995_discovery_map.png|thumb|]] 3971 8693 2006-12-06T11:46:47Z JAnDbot 142 New page: Manual controlled interwiki bot owned by [[:cs:Wikipedista:JAn Dudík|JAn]] [[cs:Wikipedista:JAnDbot]] Manual controlled interwiki bot owned by [[:cs:Wikipedista:JAn Dudík|JAn]] [[cs:Wikipedista:JAnDbot]] 3972 8737 2006-12-16T14:15:18Z Tiyoringo 139 /* 他言語版リンク */ == バベル(Babel) == <table style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 242px; border: #99B3FF solid 1px"> <tr><td><center>'''[[Wikipedia:Babel]]'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td>{{User ja}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User en-2}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User de-1}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User zh-1}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User es-0}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User fr-0}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User it-0}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User nl-0}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User pt-0}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User roa-rup-0}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User ru-0}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User simple-2}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User BirthdayYear|1|9|7|X}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User windows}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User browser:Microsoft Internet Explorer}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User inclusionist}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User 歴検 2級世界史}}</td></tr> <!--<tr><td>{{User death-expand}}</td></tr>--> <tr><td>{{User Hutu}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User Yahoo! JAPAN}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User Google}}</td></tr> </table> == 他言語版リンク == *[[aa:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] *[[ab:Участник:Tiyoringo|アブハズ語（アブハジア共和国）]] *[[af:Gebruiker:Tiyoringo|アフリカーンス語（南アフリカなど）]] *[[ak:User:Tiyoringo|アカン語（ガーナ、コートジボアール）]] *[[als:Benutzer:Tiyoringo|アレマン語（スイス、高地ドイツ）]] *[[am:User:Tiyoringo|アムハラ語（エチオピア）]] *[[an:Usuario:Tiyoringo|アラゴン語（スペインの一部）]] *[[ang:User:Tiyoringo|古英語]] *[[ar:مستخدم:Tiyoringo|アラビア語]] *[[arc:User:Tiyoringo|現代アッシリア語]] *[[as:User:Tiyoringo|アッサム語（インド・アッサム地方）]] *[[ast:Usuariu:Tiyoringo|アストゥーリア語（ポルトガルの方言）]] *[[av:Участник:Tiyoringo|アヴァル語（ダゲスタン共和国）]] *[[ay:User:Tiyoringo|アイマラ語（ボリビア・ペルー）]] *[[az:İstifadəçi:Tiyoringo|アゼルバイジャン語]] *[[ba:Ҡатнашыусы:Tiyoringo|バシキール語（バシコルトスタン）]] *[[bar:User:Tiyoringo|ババリア語]] *[[bat-smg:User:Tiyoringo|（リトアニアの一部）]] *[[be:Удзельнік:Tiyoringo|ベラルーシ語]] *[[bg:Потребител:Tiyoringo|ブルガリア語]] *[[bh:User:Tiyoringo|ビハリ語（インド・ビハール州）]] *[[bi:User:Tiyoringo|ビスラマ語（バヌアツ、ニューカレドニア）]] *[[bm:Utilisateur:Tiyoringo|バンバラ語（マリ、ブルキナファソ、コートジボアール、ガンビア）]] *[[bn:ব্যবহারকারী:Tiyoringo|ベンガル語（バングラデシュ）]] *[[bo:User:Tiyoringo|チベット語]] *[[bpy:User:Tiyoringo|（バングラデシュ・ミャンマー国境地方）]] *[[br:Implijer:Tiyoringo|ブルトン語（ブルターニュ地方）]] *[[bs:Korisnik:Tiyoringo|ボスニア語]] *[[bug:User:Tiyoringo|ブギス語（スラウェシ島南部）]] *[[bxr:User:Tiyoringo|（ブリヤート語（ブリヤート共和国）]] *[[ca:Usuari:Tiyoringo|カタルーニャ語（カタロニア地方）]] *[[cbk-zam:User:Tiyoringo|スペイン語系言語（フィリピン南部）]] *[[cdo:User:Tiyoringo|閩東語]] *[[ce:User:Tiyoringo|チェチェン語]] *[[ceb:User:Tiyoringo|セブアノ語（セブ島ほか）]] *[[ch:User:Tiyoringo|チャモロ語（グアム、マリアナ諸島）]] *[[cho:User:Tiyoringo|チョクト語（アメリカ先住民）]] *[[chr:User:Tiyoringo|チェロキー語（アメリカ先住民の一部）]] *[[chy:User:Tiyoringo|（アメリカ先住民）]] *[[co:User:Tiyoringo|コルシカ語]] *[[cr:User:Tiyoringo|クリー語（カナダ、アルバータ州/ラブラドル州）]] *[[cs:Wikipedista:Tiyoringo|チェコ語]] *[[csb:Brëkòwnik:Tiyoringo|カシューブ語（ポーランドの一部など）]] *[[cu:User:Tiyoringo|古代教会スラヴ語（東ヨーロッパ）]] *[[cv:Хутшăнакан:Tiyoringo|チュヴァシ語（ヴォルガ川周辺の一部]] *[[cy:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] *[[da:Bruger:Tiyoringo|デンマーク語]] *[[de:Benutzer:Tiyoringo|ドイツ語]] *[[diq:User:Tiyoringo|（トルコ東部）]] *[[dv:User:Tiyoringo|ディベヒ語（モルディブ）]] *[[dz:User:Tiyoringo|ゾンカ語（ブータン）]] *[[el:Χρήστης:Tiyoringo|ギリシャ語]] *[[eml:User:Tiyoringo|（サンマリノ）]] *[[en:User:Tiyoringo|英語]] *[[eo:Vikipediisto:Tiyoringo|エスペラント語（人工言語）]] *[[es:Usuario:Tiyoringo|スペイン語]] *[[et:Kasutaja:Tiyoringo|エストニア語]] *[[eu:Lankide:Tiyoringo|バスク語（バスク地方）]] *[[ewe:User:Tiyoringo|エウェ語（ガーナ、トーゴ）]] *[[fa:کاربر:Tiyoringo|ペルシア語（イラン、タジキスタン、アフガニスタン）]] *[[ff:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] *[[fi:Käyttäjä:Tiyoringo|フィンランド語]] *[[fiu-vro:User:Tiyoringo|ヴォロ語（エストニア南東部）]] *[[fj:User:Tiyoringo|フィジー語（フィジー）]] *[[fo:Brúkari:Tiyoringo|フェロー語（フェロー諸島）]] *[[fr:Utilisateur:Tiyoringo|フランス語]] *[[frp:User:Tiyoringo|アルピタン語（フランス、イタリア、スイス国境地帯）]] *[[fur:Utent:Tiyoringo|フリウリ語（イタリア、スロベニア国境地帯）]] *[[fy:Meidogger:Tiyoringo|フリジア語（北海沿岸など）]] *[[ga:Úsáideoir:Tiyoringo|アイルランド語]] *[[gd:User:Tiyoringo|スコットランド・ゲール語]] *[[gl:User:Tiyoringo|ガリシア語]] *[[glk:User:Tiyoringo|（イラン・カスピ海沿岸）]] *[[gn:User:Tiyoringo|グアラニー語（パラグアイ、ボリビア）]] *[[got:User:Tiyoringo|ゴート語（ほぼ死語）]] <!-- *[[gsw:User:Tiyoringo]](als:Benutzer:Tiyoringo) --> *[[gu:User:Tiyoringo|グジャラート語（インド、グジャラート州）]] *[[gv:User:Tiyoringo|マン島語]] *[[ha:User:Tiyoringo|ハウサ語（ナイジェリア北部など）]] *[[haw:User:Tiyorinho|ハワイ語]] *[[he:משתמש:Tiyoringo|ヘブライ語]] *[[hi:सदस्य:Tiyoringo|ヒンディー語（インドの大部分）]] *[[ho:User:Tiyoringo|（パプアニューギニアの一部）]] *[[hr:Suradnik:Tiyoringo|クロアチア語]] *[[hsb:User:Tiyoringo|（ザクセン）]] *[[ht:User:Tiyoringo|ハイチ語]] *[[hu:User:Tiyoringo|ハンガリー語]] *[[hy:User:Tiyoringo|アルメニア語]] *[[hz:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] *[[ia:Usator:Tiyoringo|インターリングア（国際補助語）]] *[[id:Pengguna:Tiyoringo|イド語（人工言語）]] *[[ie:User:Tiyoringo|インターリングア（国際補助語）]] *[[ig:User:Tiyoringo|イボ語（ナイジェリア、赤道ギニア）]] *[[ii:User:Tiyoringo|彝語（四川省、雲南省少数民族）]] *[[ik:User:Tiyoringo|イヌイット語（アラスカなど）]] *[[ilo:User:Tiyoringo|イロカノ語（ルソン島北部）]] *[[io:User:Tiyoringo|イド語（人工言語）]] *[[is:Pengguna:Tiyoringo|アイスランド語]] *[[it:Utente:Tiyoringo|イタリア語]] *[[iu:User:Tiyoringo|イヌクティトゥット語（カナダ北極海沿岸地方）]] *[[ja:利用者:Tiyoringo|日本語]] *[[jbo:User:Tiyoringo|ロジバン（人工言語）]] *[[jv:Panganggo:Tiyoringo|ジャワ語（ジャワ島中部、東部）]] *[[ka:მომხმარებელი:Tiyoringo|グルジア語]] <!-- *[[kaa:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] --> *[[kg:User:Tiyoringo|コンゴ語（コンゴ共和国、コンゴ民主共和国、アンゴラ]] *[[ki:User:Tiyoringo|（ケニアの一部）]] *[[kj:User:Tiyoringo|（ナミビア、アンゴラ）]] *[[kk:Қатысушы:Tiyoringo|カザフ語]] <!-- *[[kk-cn:User:Tiyoringo]] *[[kk-kz:User:Tiyoringo]] *[[kk-tr:User:Tiyoringo]] --> *[[kl:User:Tiyoringo|グリーンランド語]] *[[km:User:Tiyoringo|クメール語（カンボジア）]] *[[kn:ಸದಸ್ಯ:Tiyoringo|カンナダ語（インド南部）]] *[[ko:사용자:Tiyoringo|朝鮮語]] *[[kr:User:Tiyoringo|（ナイジェリア、チャド、ニジェール、カメルーン）]] *[[ks:User:Tiyoringo|カシミール語（カシミール地方）]] *[[ksh:Medmaacher:Tiyoringo|リプアーリ語（ラインラント、ベルギー東部）]] *[[ku:Bikarhêner:Tiyoringo|クルド語]] *[[kv:Участник:Tiyoringo|コミ語（ロシア・コミ共和国）]] *[[kw:User:Tiyoringo|コーンウォル語（イギリス、コーンウォル地方）]] *[[ky:User:Tiyoringo|キルギス語]] *[[la:Usor:Tiyoringo|ラテン語]] *[[lad:User:Tiyoringo|ジュデズモ語（スペイン系ユダヤ人）]] *[[lb:User:Tiyoringo|ルクセンブルク語]] *[[lbe:User:Tiyoringo|（ダゲスタン共和国南部）]] *[[lg:User:Tiyoringo|ガンダ語（ウガンダ）]] *[[li:Gebroeker:Tiyoringo|リンブルグ語（低地ドイツ語）]] *[[lij:User:Tiyoringo|リグリア語]] *[[lmo:User:Tiyoringo|ロンバルド語（ロンバルディア地方）]] *[[ln:User:Tiyoringo|リンガラ語（コンゴ民主共和国、コンゴ共和国）]] *[[lo:User:Tiyoringo|ラーオ語（ラオス）]] *[[lt:Naudotojas:Tiyoringo|リトアニア語]] *[[lv:Lietotājs:Tiyoringo|ラトビア語]] *[[map-bms:User:Tiyoringo|バニュマス語（ジャワ島中部ほか）]] *[[mg:User:Tiyoringo|マダガスカル語]] *[[mh:User:Tiyoringo|マーシャル語（マーシャル諸島、ナウル）]] *[[mi:User:Tiyoringo|マオリ語（ニュージーランド先住民）]] *[[mk:Корисник:Tiyoringo|マケドニア語]] *[[ml:User:Tiyoringo|マラヤラム語（インド南部）]] *[[mn:User:Tiyoringo|モンゴル語]] *[[mo:User:Tiyoringo|モルドバ語]] *[[mr:User:Tiyoringo|マラーティー語（インド西部）]] *[[ms:Pengguna:Tiyoringo|マレー語]] *[[mt:User:Tiyoringo|マルタ語]] *[[mus:User:Tiyoringo|（アメリカ先住民）]] *[[my:User:Tiyoringo|ビルマ語（ミャンマー）]] *[[mzn:User:Tiyoringo|マザーンダラン語（イラン・カスピ海沿岸）]] *[[na:User:Tiyoringo|ナウル語]] *[[nah:Usuario:Tiyoringo|ナワトル語（メキシコ先住民）]] *[[nap:Utente:Tiyoringo|ナポリ語]] *[[nds:Bruker:Tiyoringo|低ザクセン語（ドイツ北部）]] *[[nds-nl:Gebruker:Tiyoringo|オランダ低ザクセン語（オランダ北部）]] *[[ne:User:Tiyoringo|ネパール語（ネパール）]] *[[new:User:Tiyoringo|ネパール語（ネパール）]] *[[ng:User:Tiyoringo|（ナミビア、アンゴラ南部）]] *[[nl:Gebruiker:Tiyoringo|オランダ語]] *[[nn:Brukar:Tiyoringo|ニーノシュク（ノルウェーの方言）]] *[[no:Bruker:Tiyoringo|ノルウェー語]] <!-- *[[non:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] --> *[[nov:User:Tiyoringo|ノヴィアル（人工言語）]] *[[nrm:User:Tiyoringo|ノルマン語（ノルマンディー地方）]] *[[nv:User:Tiyoringo|ナバホ語（ニューメキシコ州、ユタ州先住民族）]] *[[ny:User:Tiyoringo|チェワ語（マラウイ）]] *[[oc:Utilizaire:Tiyoringo|オック語（ガスコーニュ地方など）]] *[[om:User:Tiyoringo|オロモ語（エチオピア、ケニア）]] *[[or:User:Tiyoringo|オリヤー語（インド・オリッサ州）]] *[[os:Архайæг:Tiyoringo|オセット語（北オセチア共和国）]] *[[pa:User:Tiyoringo|パンジャブ語（インド・パンジャブ州、パキスタン）]] *[[pag:User:Tiyoringo|（ルソン島中部）]] *[[pam:User:Tiyoringo|パンパンガ語（フィリピン北部の一部）]] *[[pap:User:Tiyoringo|ポルトガル語系言語（オランダ領アンチル諸島及びアルバ）]] *[[pdc:User:Tiyoringo|ペンシルバニア・ドイツ語（ペンシルバニア州、カナダ・アメリカ国境）]] *[[pi:User:Tiyoringo|パーリ語（上座仏教教典）]] *[[pih:User:Tiyoringo|ノーフォーク語（オーストラリア領ノーフォーク島）]] *[[pl:Wikipedysta:Tiyoringo|ポーランド語]] *[[pms:Utent:Tiyoringo|ピエモンテ語（ピエモンテ地方）]] *[[ps:User:Tiyoringo|パシュトー語（アフガニスタンの一部）]] *[[pt:Usuário:Tiyoringo|ポルトガル語]] <!-- *[[pt-br:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] --> *[[qu:Usuario:Tiyoringo|ケチュア語（インカ帝国）]] *[[rm:User:Tiyoringo|ロマンシュ語（スイス）]] *[[rmy:Jeno:Tiyoringo|ロマ語（ジプシー）]] *[[rn:User:Tiyoringo|ルンディ語（ブルンジ）]] *[[ro:Utilizator:Tiyoringo|ルーマニア語]] *[[roa-rup:User:Tiyoringo|アルーマニア語（ルーマニア語の流れを持つ）]] *[[roa-tar:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] *[[ru:Участник:Tiyoringo|ロシア語]] *[[ru-sib:User:Tiyoringo|（シベリア）]] *[[rw:User:Tiyoringo|（ルワンダ）]] *[[sa:User:Tiyoringo|サンスクリット語（インドの古典言語）]] *[[sc:Utente:Tiyoringo|サルディーニャ語（サルディーニャ島）]] *[[scn:User:Tiyoringo|シチリア語（シチリア島）]] *[[sco:User:Tiyoringo|スコットランド語]] *[[sd:User:Tiyoringo|シンディー語（パキスタン、シンド州）]] *[[se:User:Tiyoringo|北部サーミ語（ラップランド）]] *[[sg:User:Tiyoringo|サンゴ語（中央アフリカ共和国）]] *[[sh:User:Tiyoringo|セルビア・クロアチア語]] *[[si:User:Tiyoringo|シンハラ語（スリランカ）]] *[[simple:User:Tiyoringo|シンプル英語]] *[[sk:Redaktor:Tiyoringo|スロバキア語]] *[[sl:Uporabnik:Tiyoringo|スロベニア語]] *[[sm:User:Tiyoringo|サモア語]] *[[sn:User:Tiyoringo|ショナ語（ジンバブエなど）]] *[[so:User:Tiyoringo|ソマリ語（ソマリア）]] *[[sq:Përdoruesi:Tiyoringo|アルバニア語]] *[[sr:Корисник:Tiyoringo|セルビア語]] <!-- *[[sr-ec:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] *[[sr-el:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] *[[sr-jc:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] *[[sr-jl:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] --> *[[ss:User:Tiyoringo|スワジ語（スワジランド）]] *[[st:User:Tiyoringo|ソト語（レソト）]] *[[su:Pamaké:Tiyoringo|スンダ語]] *[[sv:Användare:Tiyoringo|スウェーデン語]] *[[sw:User:Tiyoringo|スワヒリ語（ケニア、タンザニア）]] *[[ta:பயனர்:Tiyoringo|タミル語（スリランカ）]] *[[te:సభ్యుడు:Tiyoringo|テルグ語（インド南東部）]] *[[tet:User:Tiyoringo|テトゥン語（東ティモール）]] *[[tg:User:Tiyoringo|タジク語]] *[[th:ผู้ใช้:Tiyoringo|タイ語]] *[[ti:User:Tiyoringo|ティグリヤ語]] *[[tk:User:Tiyoringo|トルクメン語（トルクメニスタン）]] *[[tl:User:Tiyoringo|タガログ語（フィリピン）]] *[[tlh:User:Tiyoringo|クリンゴン語（スタートレック）]] *[[tn:User:Tiyoringo|ツワナ語（ボツワナ）]] *[[to:User:Tiyoringo|トンガ語]] *[[tokipona:User:Tiyoringo|トキポナ（人工言語）]] *[[tpi:User:Tiyoringo|トク・ピジン（パプア・ニューギニア、ソロモン諸島、バヌアツ）]] *[[tr:Kullanıcı:Tiyoringo|トルコ語]] *[[ts:User:Tiyoringo|（モザンビーク、スワジランドなど）]] *[[tt:Äğzä:Tiyoringo|タタール語（北アジア）]] *[[tum:User:Tiyoringo|トゥンブカ語（マラウイなど）]] *[[tw:User:Tiyoringo|トウィ語（ガーナ）]] *[[ty:User:Tiyoringo|タヒチ語]] <!-- *[[tyv:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] ---> *[[udm:Викиавтор:Tiyoringo|ウドムルト語（ロシアの一部）]] *[[ug:User:Tiyoringo|ウィグル語]] *[[uk:Користувач:Tiyoringo|ウクライナ語]] *[[ur:صارف:Tiyoringo|ウルドゥー語（パキスタン、インドなど）]] *[[uz:User:Tiyoringo|ウズベク語（ウズベキスタン）]] *[[ve:User:Tiyoringo|（南アフリカ、ジンバブエ）]] *[[vec:Utente:Tiyoringo|ヴェネツィア語]] *[[vi:Thành viên:Tiyoringo|ベトナム語]] *[[vls:Gebruker:Tiyoringo|フラマン語]] *[[vo:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] *[[wa:Uzeu:Tiyoringo|ワロン語（ベルギー南部）]] *[[war:User:Tiyoringo|ワライワライ語（フィリピン中部）]] *[[wo:User:Tiyoringo|ウォロフ語（セネガル、ガンビア、モーリタニア）]] *[[wuu:User:Tiyoringo|呉語（上海ほか）]] *[[xal:Орлцач:Tiyoringo|オイラト語（モンゴル西部など）]] *[[xh:User:Tiyoringo|（南アフリカ共和国）]] *[[yi:באַניצער:Tiyoringo|イディッシュ語（ユダヤ人、主に中欧、東欧）]] *[[yo:User:Tiyoringo|ヨルバ語（ナイジェリア）]] *[[za:User:Tiyoringo|チワン語（広西省少数民族など）]] *[[zea:User:Tiyoringo|オランダ南西部北海沿岸地方]] *[[zh:User:Tiyoringo|中国語]] *[[zh-classical:User:Tiyoringo|古文/文言文（漢文）]] <!-- *[[zh-cn:User:Tiyoringo|中国語]] *[[zh-hk:User:Tiyoringo|中国語]] --> *[[zh-min-nan:User:Tiyoringo|閩南語（福建省南部）]] <!-- *[[zh-sg:User:Tiyoringo|中国語]] *[[zh-tw:User:Tiyoringo|中国語]] --> *[[zh-yue:User:Tiyoringo|広東語]] *[[zu:User:Tiyoringo|ズールー語（南アフリカ、ズールー族）]] == プロフィール(PROFILE) == *[[:ja:Wikipedia:善意にとる]] === BASKETBALL === *[[NBA]]、[[w:New York Knics|ニューヨーク・ニックス]]のファン。 *[[2006年バスケットボール世界選手権]]のうち、[[さいたまスーパーアリーナ]]で行なわれた20試合中、12試合を観戦した。 **決勝戦（[[スペイン]]対[[ギリシャ]]）7位8位決定戦（[[リトアニア]]対[[ドイツ]]）(4階席より観戦,仕事のため7位8位決定戦は第2Qぐらいから)[[画像:20060903 2157~001.jpg]] **3位から6位決定戦（[[アメリカ]]対[[アルゼンチン]]）、（[[フランス]]対[[トルコ]]）スタンドS席より観戦 **5位から8位戦（フランス対ドイツ）、（トルコ対リトアニア）、アリーナS席(ゴール裏2列目)より観戦 **準々決勝2日目（アメリカ対ドイツ）、（ギリシャ対フランス）、アリーナS席より観戦 **ベスト8決定戦2日目（アメリカ対[[ニュージーランド]]）、（ドイツ対[[ナイジェリア]]）、（フランス対[[アンゴラ]]）、（ギリシャ対[[中国]]）、午前午後は観客入替（1日4試合スタンドS席より観戦、午後は最後列） *購入したグッズ **ピンバッジ（観戦したほぼ全ての試合、スペイン優勝、その他多数） **[[タオル]][[マフラー]]（ギリシャ（中国戦後）、トルコ（フランス戦後）ドイツ（ナイジェリア戦後？）） **Tシャツ（予選Bグループのもの2種類（黒、白）、ギリシャ、トルコ、北海道の絵柄入りの記念Tシャツ（[[札幌]]ラウンドのもの、ただしXXXサイズ、[[北海道]]出身の職場の人へプレゼント） **お菓子3種類 **タイピン（優勝カップ） **ボールペン（[[バツマル]]） **シャーペン（バツマル） *購入したグッズ（公式以外） **[[携帯ストラップ]]（キティ）部活動シリーズ *購入予定グッズ（DVD全てのセット） *:さすがに30,000円のトーナメントピンバッジ限定200か300セットは購入しませんでした。何年か前だったり、10,000円くらいなら買ってました。 === OTHER SPORTS === *[[NFL]]、[[Chicago Bears|シカゴ・ベアーズ]]のファン。 *[[Jリーグ]]、[[ジェフ千葉]]（[[古河電工]]のときより）のファン。 *天皇杯（サッカー）に出場したことのある大学の出身。J1のチームとの試合には応援に出かけました。 == リンク(LINK) == *[[利用者:Tiyoringo/立ち上げ記事]] *[http://www.nba.com/hawks/ アトランタ・ホークス] *[http://www.nba.com/celtics/ ボストンセルティックス] *[http://www.nba.com/bobcats/index_main.html シャーロット・ボブキャッツ] *[http://www.nba.com/bulls/ シカゴ・ブルズ] *[http://www.nba.com/cavaliers/ クリーブランド・キャバリアーズ] *[http://www.nba.com/mavericks/ ダラス・マーベリックス] *[http://www.nba.com/nuggets/ デンバー・ナゲッツ] *[http://www.nba.com/pistons/index_main.html デトロイト・ピストンズ] *[http://www.nba.com/warriors/index_main.html ゴールデンステート・ウォリアーズ] *[http://www.nba.com/rockets/index_main.html ヒューストン・ロケッツ] *[http://www.nba.com/pacers/ インディアナ・ペイサーズ] *[http://www.nba.com/clippers/index_main.html ロサンゼルス・クリッパーズ] *[http://www.nba.com/lakers/ ロサンゼルス・レイカーズ] *[http://www.nba.com/grizzlies/ メンフィス・グリズリーズ] *[http://www.nba.com/heat/ マイアミ・ヒート] *[http://www.nba.com/bucks/ ミルウォーキー・バックス] *[http://www.nba.com/timberwolves/ ミネソタ・ティンバーウルブズ] *[http://www.nba.com/nets/ ニュージャージー・ネッツ] *[http://www.nba.com/hornets/ ニューオーリンズ・ホーネッツ] *[http://www.nba.com/knicks/ ニューヨーク・ニックス] *[http://www.nba.com/magic/index_main.html オーランド・マジック] *[http://www.nba.com/sixers/index_main.html フィラデルフィア・セブンティシクサーズ] *[http://www.nba.com/suns/index_main.html フェニックス・サンズ] *[http://www.nba.com/blazers/ ポートランド・トレイルブレイザーズ] *[http://www.nba.com/kings/ サクラメント･キングス] *[http://www.nba.com/spurs/ サンアントニオ・スパーズ] *[http://www.nba.com/sonics/ シアトル・スーパーソニックス] *[http://www.nba.com/raptors/ トロント・ラプターズ] *[http://www.nba.com/jazz/ ユタ・ジャズ] *[http://www.nba.com/wizards/index_main.html ワシントン･ウィザーズ] 3973 8702 2006-12-07T15:34:53Z 83.7.225.240 New page: poland is the contury in europ. the capital city of poland is warsaw. warsaw is the biggest city in poland. the first capital city in poland was be gniezno. the most beatiful city in polan... poland is the contury in europ. the capital city of poland is warsaw. warsaw is the biggest city in poland. the first capital city in poland was be gniezno. the most beatiful city in poland is cracow. the cracow was be a second capital city in poland. in cracow it is the polish catedral. in this catedral many polish kings was be there coronated. 3974 8704 2006-12-07T15:43:25Z 83.7.225.240 Polaka to kraj w Europie srodkowej Stolicą Polski jest Warszawa. Pierwszą stolica Polski było Gniezno. Najbardziej znanym polskim miastem jest Kraków. W Krakowie znajduje sie katedra. Wielu polskich królów było tam koronowanych 3975 8722 2006-12-12T20:45:44Z Thijs!bot 143 robot Adding: am, av, chr, dv, fiu-vro, gu, jv, kk, kn, ks, lij, mo, mt, pam, qu, rm, sa, sc, tk, ug, ur, vls Thijs!bot is a bot of [[:nl:User:Thijs!|Thijs!]] creating interwiki-links on many languages. It mostly works on articles that have not been interlinked at all. It uses pywikipedia. It's controller speaks and writes English, German and Dutch and understands the basics of Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, Spanish, French and Italian, on a level sufficiently high to control this bot responsibly. If you have any question to the controller of this bot, please put them on [[:nl:User:Thijs!|his Dutch user page]]. [[af:Gebruiker:Thijs!bot]] [[als:Benutzer:Thijs!bot]] [[am:User:Thijs!bot]] [[an:Usuario:Thijs!bot]] [[ang:User:Thijs!bot]] [[ar:مستخدم:Thijs!bot]] [[ast:Usuariu:Thijs!bot]] [[av:Участник:Thijs!bot]] [[az:İstifadəçi:Thijs!bot]] [[be:Удзельнік:Thijs!bot]] [[bg:Потребител:Thijs!bot]] [[bn:ব্যবহারকারী:Thijs!bot]] [[br:Implijer:Thijs!bot]] [[bs:Korisnik:Thijs!bot]] [[ca:Usuari:Thijs!bot]] [[ceb:User:Thijs!bot]] [[chr:User:Thijs!bot]] [[co:User:Thijs!bot]] [[cs:Wikipedista:Thijs!bot]] [[csb:Brëkòwnik:Thijs!bot]] [[cv:Хутшăнакан:Thijs!bot]] [[cy:Defnyddiwr:Thijs!bot]] [[da:Bruger:Thijs!bot]] [[de:Benutzer:Thijs!bot]] [[dv:User:Thijs!bot]] [[el:Χρήστης:Thijs!bot]] [[en:User:Thijs!bot]] [[eo:Vikipediisto:Thijs!bot]] [[es:Usuario:Thijs!bot]] [[et:Kasutaja:Thijs!bot]] [[eu:Lankide:Thijs!bot]] [[fa:کاربر:Thijs!bot]] [[fi:Käyttäjä:Thijs!bot]] [[fiu-vro:User:Thijs!bot]] [[fo:Brúkari:Thijs!bot]] [[fr:Utilisateur:Thijs!bot]] [[frp:User:Thijs!bot]] [[fur:Utent:Thijs!bot]] [[fy:Meidogger:Thijs!bot]] [[ga:Úsáideoir:Thijs!bot]] [[gd:User:Thijs!bot]] [[gl:User:Thijs!bot]] [[gu:User:Thijs!bot]] [[gv:User:Thijs!bot]] [[he:משתמש:Thijs!bot]] [[hi:सदस्य:Thijs!bot]] [[hr:Suradnik:Thijs!bot]] [[ht:User:Thijs!bot]] [[hu:User:Thijs!bot]] [[hy:User:Thijs!bot]] [[ia:Usator:Thijs!bot]] [[id:Pengguna:Thijs!bot]] [[ie:User:Thijs!bot]] [[io:User:Thijs!bot]] [[is:Notandi:Thijs!bot]] [[it:Utente:Thijs!bot]] [[ja:利用者:Thijs!bot]] [[jv:Panganggo:Thijs!bot]] [[ka:მომხმარებელი:Thijs!bot]] [[kk:User:Thijs!bot]] [[kn:ಸದಸ್ಯ:Thijs!bot]] [[ko:사용자:Thijs!bot]] [[ks:User:Thijs!bot]] [[ksh:Medmaacher:Thijs!bot]] [[ku:Bikarhêner:Thijs!bot]] [[kw:User:Thijs!bot]] [[la:Usor:Thijs!bot]] [[lb:User:Thijs!bot]] [[li:Gebroeker:Thijs!bot]] [[lij:User:Thijs!bot]] [[lmo:User:Thijs!bot]] [[lt:Naudotojas:Thijs!bot]] [[lv:Lietotājs:Thijs!bot]] [[mk:Корисник:Thijs!bot]] [[ml:User:Thijs!bot]] [[mo:User:Thijs!bot]] [[mr:User:Thijs!bot]] [[ms:Pengguna:Thijs!bot]] [[mt:User:Thijs!bot]] [[nap:Utente:Thijs!bot]] [[nds:Bruker:Thijs!bot]] [[nds-nl:Gebruker:Thijs!bot]] [[ne:User:Thijs!bot]] [[nl:Gebruiker:Thijs!bot]] [[nn:Brukar:Thijs!bot]] [[no:Bruker:Thijs!bot]] [[nrm:User:Thijs!bot]] [[oc:Utilizaire:Thijs!bot]] [[os:Архайæг:Thijs!bot]] [[pam:User:Thijs!bot]] [[pap:User:Thijs!bot]] [[pl:Wikipedysta:Thijs!bot]] [[pt:Usuário:Thijs!bot]] [[qu:Usuario:Thijs!bot]] [[rm:User:Thijs!bot]] [[ro:Utilizator:Thijs!bot]] [[ru:Участник:Thijs!bot]] [[sa:User:Thijs!bot]] [[sc:Utente:Thijs!bot]] [[scn:User:Thijs!bot]] [[sco:User:Thijs!bot]] [[se:User:Thijs!bot]] [[sh:User:Thijs!bot]] [[simple:User:Thijs!bot]] [[sk:Redaktor:Thijs!bot]] [[sl:Uporabnik:Thijs!bot]] [[sq:Përdoruesi:Thijs!bot]] [[sr:Корисник:Thijs!bot]] [[su:Pamaké:Thijs!bot]] [[sv:Användare:Thijs!bot]] [[sw:User:Thijs!bot]] [[ta:பயனர்:Thijs!bot]] [[te:సభ్యుడు:Thijs!bot]] [[tg:Корбар:Thijs!bot]] [[th:ผู้ใช้:Thijs!bot]] [[tk:User:Thijs!bot]] [[tl:User:Thijs!bot]] [[tr:Kullanıcı:Thijs!bot]] [[ug:User:Thijs!bot]] [[uk:Користувач:Thijs!bot]] [[ur:صارف:Thijs!bot]] [[uz:User:Thijs!bot]] [[vec:Utente:Thijs!bot]] [[vi:Thành viên:Thijs!bot]] [[vls:User:Thijs!bot]] [[vo:User:Thijs!bot]] [[wa:Uzeu:Thijs!bot]] [[yi:באַניצער:Thijs!bot]] [[zh:User:Thijs!bot]] [[zh-min-nan:User:Thijs!bot]] [[zh-yue:User:Thijs!bot]] 3976 8746 2006-12-17T22:11:13Z Ev 145 {{Babel|roa-rup-0|en-3|es|de-2|fr-1}} [[meta:User:Ev]] *You can leave me a message on [[m:User talk:Ev|my talk page on meta]]. *Vous pouvez me laisser un message sur [[m:User talk:Ev|ma page de discussion sur méta]]. *Puede dejarme un mensaje en [[m:User talk:Ev|mi página de discusión en meta]]. *Puoi lasciarmi un messaggio nella [[m:User talk:Ev|mia pagina di discussione su meta]]. *Sie können mir eine Nachricht auf [[m:User talk:Ev|meiner Diskussionsseite im meta]] hinterlassen. ( Please, help me by adding a similar message in Aromanian at the top of the list, and removing this petition at the same time. Thanks :-) 3977 8734 2006-12-16T13:29:06Z Rosoco 146 New page: Country birth: Albania, Birth City: Voskopoja Origin: Greek-Albanian Age: Secret Sex: Secret Interest: Albanology Favourite Book: Albania: The Bradt Travel Guide Education: Universi... Country birth: Albania, Birth City: Voskopoja Origin: Greek-Albanian Age: Secret Sex: Secret Interest: Albanology Favourite Book: Albania: The Bradt Travel Guide Education: University of Tirana Religion: An Orthodox Albanian [http://www.look-for-albania.com/ A look at Albania] “guide, forum & info” a website for tourism and travel information about Albania". 3978 8735 2006-12-16T13:29:10Z Rosoco 146 New page: Country birth: Albania, Birth City: Voskopoja Origin: Greek-Albanian Age: Secret Sex: Secret Interest: Albanology Favourite Book: Albania: The Bradt Travel Guide Education: Universi... Country birth: Albania, Birth City: Voskopoja Origin: Greek-Albanian Age: Secret Sex: Secret Interest: Albanology Favourite Book: Albania: The Bradt Travel Guide Education: University of Tirana Religion: An Orthodox Albanian [http://www.look-for-albania.com/ A look at Albania] “guide, forum & info” a website for tourism and travel information about Albania". 3979 8744 2006-12-17T21:06:02Z Qurqa 92 New page: :) :) 3980 8768 2006-12-18T23:48:24Z TXiKiBoT 147 New page: This is a bot account, run by [[:eu:Lankide:TXiKi|eu:TXiKi]]. If you want to contact me, please visit [[:eu:Lankide eztabaida:TXiKi|my talk page]]. Thank you! This is a bot account, run by [[:eu:Lankide:TXiKi|eu:TXiKi]]. If you want to contact me, please visit [[:eu:Lankide eztabaida:TXiKi|my talk page]]. Thank you!