Wikipedia http://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0 MediaWiki 1.10alpha first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk Image Image talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk 1 edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed 8609 2007-01-11T18:16:07Z Indiver 9 <div id="mainpage"></div> {{हेडर}} {{हेडर२}} {{Main Page banner}}<!-- End of header section / beginning of left-column --> == लेखसंग सम्बन्धित == यो विश्वकोशमा अहिलेसम्म भएका लेखहरु खोज्न तल दिईएको सन्‍दुकमा लेख सुरु हुने अक्षरमा माउसले थिच्नुहोला। {{Index}} नयाँ लेख सुरु गर्न तलको सन्‍दुकमा सो लेखको नाम राखेर इन्टर थिच्नु होला| {{न्हु लेख}} देवनागरीमा लेख्न तपाईंलाई साधन चाहिएको खण्डमा तलको सन्‍दुकमा दिइएका लिंकहरु प्रयोग गर्नुहोला| {{ज्याब्व}} <!-- Start of reference section --> ==विकिपीडियाको अन्य परियोजनाहरु== {{मेमेगु}}<!--Template:WikipediaOther--> ==विकिपिडियाको सम्बन्धित कार्यक्रम== {{विकिपिडिया फुकी ज्याझ्व}}<!--Template:WikipediaSister--> ==विकिपिडिया भाषा== {{विकिपीडिया भाषा}}<!--Template:Wikipedialang--> </div> <!-- side bar links --> [[am:]] [[ar:]] [[cs:]] [[de:]] [[en:]] [[eo:]] [[as:]] [[bh:]] [[bn:]] [[gu:]] [[hi:]] [[kn:]] [[ko:]] [[ks:]] [[ml:]] [[mr:]] [[or:]] [[pa:]] [[pl:]] [[ru-sib:]] [[sa:]] [[sd:]] [[ta:]] [[te:]] [[uk:]] [[ur:]] [[zh:]] [[wuu:]] [[mzn:]] [[new:]] [[lbe:]] [[eml:]] [[bxr:]] [[hsb:]] [[nov:]] [[pag:]] [[bar:]] [[bpy:]] [[diq:]] [[zea:]] [[roa-tara:]] [[cbk-zam:]] [[zh-classical:]] [[cu:]] [[glk:]] [[cdo:]] </div>__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ 2 8865 2007-01-16T21:24:27Z RajeshPandey 111 [[मुख्य पृष्ठ]] मा Redirect गर्दै #REDIRECT [[मुख्य_पृष्ठ]] 8 sysop 7137 2006-10-05T04:04:32Z Jose77 104 मुख्य पृष्ठ 10 sysop 8029 2006-12-22T16:40:37Z RajeshPandey 111 बारेमा 12 sysop 8039 2006-12-22T17:10:32Z RajeshPandey 111 Project:बारेमा 13 sysop 7144 2006-10-05T04:08:46Z Jose77 104 सहयोग 18 sysop 7145 2006-10-05T04:10:07Z Jose77 104 चन्दा 19 sysop 3247 2004-01-29T15:14:04Z MediaWiki default &lt;sitesupportpage&gt; 24 sysop 7262 2006-10-05T05:15:27Z Jose77 104 रद्द 25 sysop 7251 2006-10-05T05:09:35Z Jose77 104 पत्ता लगाउनु 26 sysop 7217 2006-10-05T04:53:09Z Jose77 104 खोज 27 sysop 7216 2006-10-05T04:52:09Z Jose77 104 परिवर्तन् 28 sysop 7253 2006-10-05T05:10:20Z Jose77 104 यो पेज 30 sysop 7252 2006-10-05T05:10:03Z Jose77 104 मेरो पेज 32 sysop 7301 2006-10-05T20:07:20Z Jose77 104 थप... 33 sysop 7263 2006-10-05T05:16:34Z Jose77 104 मेरो पृष्ठ 34 sysop 7165 2006-10-05T04:22:36Z Jose77 104 मेरो कुरा 35 sysop 7139 2006-10-05T04:06:33Z Jose77 104 हालैका घटनाहरु 41 sysop 7146 2006-10-05T04:10:42Z Jose77 104 यहाँ के जोडिन्छ 42 sysop 7152 2006-10-05T04:15:48Z Jose77 104 खोज 43 sysop 7153 2006-10-05T04:16:13Z Jose77 104 जाउ 44 sysop 7160 2006-10-05T04:20:18Z Jose77 104 rv Page history 45 sysop 7149 2006-10-05T04:13:58Z Jose77 104 छाप्नमिल्ने संस्करण 52 sysop 7241 2006-10-05T05:03:40Z Jose77 104 कमेन्ट पोस्ट गर्नुहोस 59 sysop 7150 2006-10-05T04:15:02Z Jose77 104 अरु भाषामा 63 sysop 3291 2004-01-29T15:14:04Z MediaWiki default All text is available under the terms of the <a class=internal href='/wiki/GNU_FDL'>GNU Free Documentation License</a>. 72 sysop 7230 2006-10-05T04:57:46Z Jose77 104 हुन्छ 78 sysop 7178 2006-10-05T04:30:15Z Jose77 104 परिवर्तन् 84 sysop 7273 2006-10-05T05:21:25Z Jose77 104 यस्तो कार्य हैन 86 sysop 7272 2006-10-05T05:21:05Z Jose77 104 त्यस्तो विषेश पृष्ठ छैन 120 sysop 7180 2006-10-05T04:32:41Z Jose77 104 पासवर्ड 121 sysop 8069 2006-12-22T18:11:25Z RajeshPandey 111 पासवर्ड फेरी टाईप गर्नुहोस् 125 sysop 8095 2006-12-22T18:58:46Z RajeshPandey 111 <strong> $1 प्रयोगकर्ता, तपाइ पहिलेदेखिनै log in हुनुहुन्छ! </strong><br /> 126 sysop 7169 2006-10-05T04:25:26Z Jose77 104 प्रवेश (लग ईन) 128 sysop 7175 2006-10-05T04:28:53Z Jose77 104 प्रवेश / खाता खोल्नुहोस् 129 sysop 7170 2006-10-05T04:25:45Z Jose77 104 निर्गमन (लग आउउ) 130 sysop 7174 2006-10-05T04:28:25Z Jose77 104 निर्गमन (लग आउउ) 131 sysop 7302 2006-10-05T20:08:02Z Jose77 104 प्रवेश (लग ईन) नगरिएको 132 sysop 7176 2006-10-05T04:29:25Z Jose77 104 खाता खोल्नुहोस् 136 sysop 7181 2006-10-05T04:33:50Z Jose77 104 ईमेल * 142 sysop 7285 2006-10-05T05:29:30Z Jose77 104 तपाईले सहि युजर नेम उल्लेख गर्नु भएन. 146 sysop 8073 2006-12-22T18:16:25Z RajeshPandey 111 पासवर्ड गलत हालियो । कृपया फेरी प्रयास गर्नुहोला । 163 sysop 7303 2006-10-05T20:08:59Z Jose77 104 सूत्र यहाँ थप्नुहोस् 164 sysop 7307 2006-10-05T20:10:54Z Jose77 104 गणितीय सूत्र (LaTeX) 174 sysop 7183 2006-10-05T04:34:58Z Jose77 104 सारांश 176 sysop 9076 2007-01-19T17:54:55Z Eukesh 93 यो सानो सम्पादन हो 177 sysop 7189 2006-10-05T04:38:46Z Jose77 104 यो पृष्ठ अवलोकन गर्नुहोस् 178 sysop 7933 2006-12-15T16:23:28Z Eukesh 93 संग्रह गर्नुहोस् 179 sysop 8543 2007-01-09T18:45:37Z Eukesh 93 पूर्वालोकन 180 sysop 8548 2007-01-09T18:50:44Z Eukesh 93 पूर्वालोकन देखाउनुहोस् 181 sysop 8036 2006-12-22T17:05:21Z RajeshPandey 111 प्रयोगकर्तालाइ निषेध गरिएको छ 189 sysop 8067 2006-12-22T18:08:54Z RajeshPandey 111 पासवर्ड पठाइयो 190 sysop 8061 2006-12-22T18:06:12Z RajeshPandey 111 "$1" को पासवर्ड $2मा पठाइएको छ । 204 sysop 8042 2006-12-22T17:41:33Z RajeshPandey 111 तपाइका शव्दहरु 207 sysop 9072 2007-01-19T17:41:06Z Eukesh 93 भिन्नताहरु 220 sysop 7265 2006-10-05T05:17:52Z Jose77 104 अर्को 240 sysop 7268 2006-10-05T05:19:15Z Jose77 104 अक्षरस् पेज भेटिएन 242 sysop 7267 2006-10-05T05:18:34Z Jose77 104 अर्को $1 247 sysop 7192 2006-10-05T04:41:06Z Jose77 104 खोज 251 sysop 7166 2006-10-05T04:23:01Z Jose77 104 रोजाईहरू 252 sysop 7316 2006-10-05T20:30:48Z Jose77 104 प्रवेश (लग ईन) नगरिएको 259 sysop 7304 2006-10-05T20:09:15Z Jose77 104 गणित 262 sysop 7305 2006-10-05T20:10:10Z Jose77 104 अज्ञात समस्या 263 sysop 7306 2006-10-05T20:10:31Z Jose77 104 अज्ञात निर्देशन 269 sysop 7231 2006-10-05T04:58:07Z Jose77 104 पुरानो पासवर्ड: 290 sysop 7143 2006-10-05T04:08:04Z Jose77 104 नयाँ परिवर्तनहरु 314 sysop 7311 2006-10-05T20:14:02Z Jose77 104 प्रवेश (लग ईन) नगरिएको 361 sysop 7286 2006-10-05T05:30:13Z Jose77 104 यो फाईलसंग लिंकभएको कुनै पृष्ठ छैन. 371 sysop 6622 2006-08-28T14:23:53Z YurikBot 120 Listed disambig templates. PLEASE REVIEW! Admins, please maintain this page by including links to all disambiguation templates and any redirects to them. The list is used by [[Special:Disambiguations]] to show any pages linking to disambiguation articles. The list will also be used by various bots. <small>Note: This page may be translated and reformatted. Any links to '''<nowiki>[[template:...]]</nowiki>''' will be treated as links to disambiguation templates.</small> * [[Template:Disambig]] 388 sysop 7235 2006-10-05T05:00:04Z Jose77 104 धेरै रूचाईएका पृष्ठहरू 390 sysop 9070 2007-01-19T17:39:50Z Eukesh 93 खोजिएका पृष्ठहरु 392 sysop 9068 2007-01-19T17:36:12Z Eukesh 93 सबै पृष्ठहरु 398 sysop 7148 2006-10-05T04:13:38Z Jose77 104 विशेष पृष्ठ 403 sysop 7147 2006-10-05T04:12:48Z Jose77 104 संबन्धित परिवर्तनहरु 407 sysop 8100 2006-12-22T19:06:47Z RajeshPandey 111 सवैभन्दा पुराना पृष्ठहरु 409 sysop 7275 2006-10-05T05:23:29Z Jose77 104 यो पृष्ठ सार्नुहोस् 413 sysop 9069 2007-01-19T17:36:27Z Eukesh 93 $1 लाई $2 मा 419 sysop 7282 2006-10-05T05:27:12Z Jose77 104 ईमेल ठेगाना नभएको 428 sysop 7167 2006-10-05T04:23:38Z Jose77 104 मेरो अवलोकन 431 sysop 7317 2006-10-05T20:31:31Z Jose77 104 प्रवेश (लग ईन) नगरिएको 433 sysop 8911 2007-01-17T15:39:34Z Indiver 9 अवलोकनसूची मा थपियो 434 sysop 8912 2007-01-17T15:43:08Z Indiver 9 more translation पृष्ठ "[[:$1]]" लाइ तपाइको [[Special:Watchlist|अवलोकनसूची]] मा थपिएको छ। अबदेखि भविष्यमा यस पृष्ठमा परिवर्तन भएमा वा यससंग सम्बन्धित वार्तालाप पृष्ठमा परिवर्तन भएमा त्यहाँ सुचिकृत गरिने छ, र साथै त्यो पृष्ठ [[Special:Recentchanges|नयाँ परिवर्तनहरु]]मा '''गाढा''' भएर देखिने छ र सजिलै भेटिने छ। यदि तपाइलाइ पछि त्यो पृष्ठ आफ्नो अवलोकनसूची बाट हटाउन मन लागेमा तपाइको sidebar मा "Unwatch" भन्ने ठाउमा क्लिक गर्नुहोला । 437 sysop 7188 2006-10-05T04:38:29Z Jose77 104 यो पृष्ठ अवलोकन गर्नुहोस् 439 sysop 7274 2006-10-05T05:22:08Z Jose77 104 सामाग्री सहितको पेज हैन 451 sysop 8074 2006-12-22T18:19:09Z RajeshPandey 111 पछिल्ला $2 घण्टाहरु $3 दिनहरुका $1 देखाउनुहोस् 452 sysop 8075 2006-12-22T18:19:57Z RajeshPandey 111 यो तपाइको watchlist को वचत गरिएको version हो । 463 sysop 8063 2006-12-22T18:06:39Z RajeshPandey 111 काम सकियो 494 sysop 7168 2006-10-05T04:25:03Z Jose77 104 मेरो योगदान 500 sysop 8670 2007-01-12T15:07:41Z RajeshPandey 111 कुनैपनि निसाना(टारगेट) छैन 506 sysop 8037 2006-12-22T17:07:09Z RajeshPandey 111 प्रयोगकर्तालाइ निषेध गर्नुहोस 520 sysop 8030 2006-12-22T16:43:10Z RajeshPandey 111 $1, $2 द्वारा रोकियो $3 ($4) 521 sysop 7191 2006-10-05T04:40:23Z Jose77 104 रोक्नुहोस् 536 sysop 8059 2006-12-22T18:03:45Z RajeshPandey 111 डाटाबेस अनलक गर्नुहोस् 549 sysop 7259 2006-10-05T05:13:57Z Jose77 104 पृष्ठ सार्नुहोस् 552 sysop 7279 2006-10-05T05:25:43Z Jose77 104 पृष्ठ सार्नुहोस् 553 sysop 7297 2006-10-05T20:04:12Z Jose77 104 प्रवेश (लग ईन) नगरिएको 556 sysop 7258 2006-10-05T05:13:43Z Jose77 104 पृष्ठ सार्नुहोस् 557 sysop 7233 2006-10-05T04:58:54Z Jose77 104 सार्ने काम सफल भयो 561 sysop 7280 2006-10-05T05:25:58Z Jose77 104 मा सारियो 565 sysop 9063 2007-01-19T17:09:58Z Eukesh 93 [[$1]] लाई [[$2]]मा सारियो 569 sysop 8918 2007-01-17T16:07:09Z Indiver 9 more translation सिस्टम सन्देशहरू 572 3800 2004-02-22T03:41:14Z MediaWiki default This is a list of all messages available in the MediaWiki: namespace <table border=1 width=100%><tr><td> '''Name''' </td><td> '''Default text''' </td><td> '''Current text''' </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:1movedto2&action=edit 1movedto2] </td><td> $1 moved to $2 </td><td> {{MSGNW:1movedto2}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:About&action=edit about] </td><td> About </td><td> {{MSGNW:about}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Aboutpage&action=edit aboutpage] </td><td> Wikipedia:About </td><td> {{MSGNW:aboutpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Aboutwikipedia&action=edit aboutwikipedia] </td><td> About Wikipedia </td><td> {{MSGNW:aboutwikipedia}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accmailtext&action=edit accmailtext] </td><td> The Password for &#39;$1&#39; has been sent to $2. </td><td> {{MSGNW:accmailtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accmailtitle&action=edit accmailtitle] </td><td> Password sent. </td><td> {{MSGNW:accmailtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Actioncomplete&action=edit actioncomplete] </td><td> Action complete </td><td> {{MSGNW:actioncomplete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Addedwatch&action=edit addedwatch] </td><td> Added to watchlist </td><td> {{MSGNW:addedwatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Addedwatchtext&action=edit addedwatchtext] </td><td> The page &quot;$1&quot; has been added to your &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Watchlist&quot;&gt;watchlist&lt;/a&gt;. Future changes to this page and its associated Talk page will be listed there, and the page will appear &lt;b&gt;bolded&lt;/b&gt; in the &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Recentchanges&quot;&gt;list of recent changes&lt;/a&gt; to make it easier to pick out.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;If you want to remove the page from your watchlist later, click &quot;Stop watching&quot; in the sidebar. </td><td> {{MSGNW:addedwatchtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Administrators&action=edit administrators] </td><td> Wikipedia:Administrators </td><td> {{MSGNW:administrators}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Affirmation&action=edit affirmation] </td><td> I affirm that the copyright holder of this file agrees to license it under the terms of the $1. </td><td> {{MSGNW:affirmation}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:All&action=edit all] </td><td> all </td><td> {{MSGNW:all}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Allmessages&action=edit allmessages] </td><td> All_messages </td><td> {{MSGNW:allmessages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Allmessagestext&action=edit allmessagestext] </td><td> This is a list of all messages available in the MediaWiki: namespace </td><td> {{MSGNW:allmessagestext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Allpages&action=edit allpages] </td><td> All pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:allpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Alphaindexline&action=edit alphaindexline] </td><td> $1 to $2 </td><td> {{MSGNW:alphaindexline}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Alreadyloggedin&action=edit alreadyloggedin] </td><td> &lt;font color=red&gt;&lt;b&gt;User $1, you are already logged in!&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:alreadyloggedin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Alreadyrolled&action=edit alreadyrolled] </td><td> Cannot rollback last edit of &#91;&#91;$1]] by &#91;&#91;User:$2&#124;$2]] (&#91;&#91;User talk:$2&#124;Talk]]); someone else has edited or rolled back the article already. Last edit was by &#91;&#91;User:$3&#124;$3]] (&#91;&#91;User talk:$3&#124;Talk]]). </td><td> {{MSGNW:alreadyrolled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ancientpages&action=edit ancientpages] </td><td> Oldest articles </td><td> {{MSGNW:ancientpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Anontalkpagetext&action=edit anontalkpagetext] </td><td> ---- &#39;&#39;This is the discussion page for an anonymous user who has not created an account yet or who does not use it. We therefore have to use the numerical &#91;&#91;IP address]] to identify him/her. Such an IP address can be shared by several users. If you are an anonymous user and feel that irrelevant comments have been directed at you, please &#91;&#91;Special:Userlogin&#124;create an account or log in]] to avoid future confusion with other anonymous users.&#39;&#39; </td><td> {{MSGNW:anontalkpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Articleexists&action=edit articleexists] </td><td> A page of that name already exists, or the name you have chosen is not valid. Please choose another name. </td><td> {{MSGNW:articleexists}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Articlepage&action=edit articlepage] </td><td> View article </td><td> {{MSGNW:articlepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Asksql&action=edit asksql] </td><td> SQL query </td><td> {{MSGNW:asksql}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Asksqltext&action=edit asksqltext] </td><td> Use the form below to make a direct query of the database. Use single quotes (&#39;like this&#39;) to delimit string literals. This can often add considerable load to the server, so please use this function sparingly. </td><td> {{MSGNW:asksqltext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Autoblocker&action=edit autoblocker] </td><td> Autoblocked because you share an IP address with &quot;$1&quot;. Reason &quot;$2&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:autoblocker}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badarticleerror&action=edit badarticleerror] </td><td> This action cannot be performed on this page. </td><td> {{MSGNW:badarticleerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badfilename&action=edit badfilename] </td><td> Image name has been changed to &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:badfilename}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badfiletype&action=edit badfiletype] </td><td> &quot;.$1&quot; is not a recommended image file format. </td><td> {{MSGNW:badfiletype}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badipaddress&action=edit badipaddress] </td><td> No user exists by that name </td><td> {{MSGNW:badipaddress}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badquery&action=edit badquery] </td><td> Badly formed search query </td><td> {{MSGNW:badquery}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badquerytext&action=edit badquerytext] </td><td> We could not process your query. This is probably because you have attempted to search for a word fewer than three letters long, which is not yet supported. It could also be that you have mistyped the expression, for example &quot;fish and and scales&quot;. Please try another query. </td><td> {{MSGNW:badquerytext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badretype&action=edit badretype] </td><td> The passwords you entered do not match. </td><td> {{MSGNW:badretype}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badtitle&action=edit badtitle] </td><td> Bad title </td><td> {{MSGNW:badtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badtitletext&action=edit badtitletext] </td><td> The requested page title was invalid, empty, or an incorrectly linked inter-language or inter-wiki title. </td><td> {{MSGNW:badtitletext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blanknamespace&action=edit blanknamespace] </td><td> (Main) </td><td> {{MSGNW:blanknamespace}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockedtext&action=edit blockedtext] </td><td> Your user name or IP address has been blocked by $1. The reason given is this:&lt;br&gt;&#39;&#39;$2&#39;&#39;&lt;p&gt;You may contact $1 or one of the other &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Administrators&#124;administrators]] to discuss the block. Note that you may not use the &quot;email this user&quot; feature unless you have a valid email address registered in your &#91;&#91;Special:Preferences&#124;user preferences]]. Your IP address is $3. Please include this address in any queries you make. &#61;=Note to AOL users== Due to continuing acts of vandalism by one particular AOL user, Wikipedia often blocks AOL proxies. Unfortunately, a single proxy server may be used by a large number of AOL users, and hence innocent AOL users are often inadvertently blocked. We apologise for any inconvenience caused. If this happens to you, please email an administrator, using an AOL email address. Be sure to include the IP address given above. </td><td> {{MSGNW:blockedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockedtitle&action=edit blockedtitle] </td><td> User is blocked </td><td> {{MSGNW:blockedtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockip&action=edit blockip] </td><td> Block user </td><td> {{MSGNW:blockip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockipsuccesssub&action=edit blockipsuccesssub] </td><td> Block succeeded </td><td> {{MSGNW:blockipsuccesssub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockipsuccesstext&action=edit blockipsuccesstext] </td><td> &quot;$1&quot; has been blocked. &lt;br&gt;See &#91;&#91;Special:Ipblocklist&#124;IP block list]] to review blocks. </td><td> {{MSGNW:blockipsuccesstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockiptext&action=edit blockiptext] </td><td> Use the form below to block write access from a specific IP address or username. This should be done only only to prevent vandalism, and in accordance with &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Policy&#124;policy]]. Fill in a specific reason below (for example, citing particular pages that were vandalized). </td><td> {{MSGNW:blockiptext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklink&action=edit blocklink] </td><td> block </td><td> {{MSGNW:blocklink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklistline&action=edit blocklistline] </td><td> $1, $2 blocked $3 </td><td> {{MSGNW:blocklistline}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklogentry&action=edit blocklogentry] </td><td> blocked &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{MSGNW:blocklogentry}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklogpage&action=edit blocklogpage] </td><td> Block_log </td><td> {{MSGNW:blocklogpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklogtext&action=edit blocklogtext] </td><td> This is a log of user blocking and unblocking actions. Automatically blocked IP addresses are not be listed. See the &#91;&#91;Special:Ipblocklist&#124;IP block list]] for the list of currently operational bans and blocks. </td><td> {{MSGNW:blocklogtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bold_sample&action=edit bold_sample] </td><td> Bold text </td><td> {{MSGNW:bold_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bold_tip&action=edit bold_tip] </td><td> Bold text </td><td> {{MSGNW:bold_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Booksources&action=edit booksources] </td><td> Book sources </td><td> {{MSGNW:booksources}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Booksourcetext&action=edit booksourcetext] </td><td> Below is a list of links to other sites that sell new and used books, and may also have further information about books you are looking for. Wikipedia is not affiliated with any of these businesses, and this list should not be construed as an endorsement. </td><td> {{MSGNW:booksourcetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Brokenredirects&action=edit brokenredirects] </td><td> Broken Redirects </td><td> {{MSGNW:brokenredirects}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Brokenredirectstext&action=edit brokenredirectstext] </td><td> The following redirects link to a non-existing article. </td><td> {{MSGNW:brokenredirectstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bugreports&action=edit bugreports] </td><td> Bug reports </td><td> {{MSGNW:bugreports}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bugreportspage&action=edit bugreportspage] </td><td> Wikipedia:Bug_reports </td><td> {{MSGNW:bugreportspage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucratlog&action=edit bureaucratlog] </td><td> Bureaucrat_log </td><td> {{MSGNW:bureaucratlog}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucratlogentry&action=edit bureaucratlogentry] </td><td> set $1: $2 </td><td> {{MSGNW:bureaucratlogentry}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucrattext&action=edit bureaucrattext] </td><td> The action you have requested can only be performed by sysops with &quot;bureaucrat&quot; status. </td><td> {{MSGNW:bureaucrattext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucrattitle&action=edit bureaucrattitle] </td><td> Bureaucrat access required </td><td> {{MSGNW:bureaucrattitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bydate&action=edit bydate] </td><td> by date </td><td> {{MSGNW:bydate}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Byname&action=edit byname] </td><td> by name </td><td> {{MSGNW:byname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bysize&action=edit bysize] </td><td> by size </td><td> {{MSGNW:bysize}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cachederror&action=edit cachederror] </td><td> The following is a cached copy of the requested page, and may not be up to date. </td><td> {{MSGNW:cachederror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cancel&action=edit cancel] </td><td> Cancel </td><td> {{MSGNW:cancel}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cannotdelete&action=edit cannotdelete] </td><td> Could not delete the page or image specified. (It may have already been deleted by someone else.) </td><td> {{MSGNW:cannotdelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cantrollback&action=edit cantrollback] </td><td> Cannot revert edit; last contributor is only author of this article. </td><td> {{MSGNW:cantrollback}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Categories&action=edit categories] </td><td> Page categories </td><td> {{MSGNW:categories}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Category&action=edit category] </td><td> category </td><td> {{MSGNW:category}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Category_header&action=edit category_header] </td><td> Articles in category &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{MSGNW:category_header}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Changepassword&action=edit changepassword] </td><td> Change password </td><td> {{MSGNW:changepassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Changes&action=edit changes] </td><td> changes </td><td> {{MSGNW:changes}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Columns&action=edit columns] </td><td> Columns </td><td> {{MSGNW:columns}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Commentedit&action=edit commentedit] </td><td> (comment) </td><td> {{MSGNW:commentedit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirm&action=edit confirm] </td><td> Confirm </td><td> {{MSGNW:confirm}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmcheck&action=edit confirmcheck] </td><td> Yes, I really want to delete this. </td><td> {{MSGNW:confirmcheck}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmdelete&action=edit confirmdelete] </td><td> Confirm delete </td><td> {{MSGNW:confirmdelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmdeletetext&action=edit confirmdeletetext] </td><td> You are about to permanently delete a page or image along with all of its history from the database. Please confirm that you intend to do this, that you understand the consequences, and that you are doing this in accordance with &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Policy]]. </td><td> {{MSGNW:confirmdeletetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contextchars&action=edit contextchars] </td><td> Characters of context per line </td><td> {{MSGNW:contextchars}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contextlines&action=edit contextlines] </td><td> Lines to show per hit </td><td> {{MSGNW:contextlines}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contribslink&action=edit contribslink] </td><td> contribs </td><td> {{MSGNW:contribslink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contribsub&action=edit contribsub] </td><td> For $1 </td><td> {{MSGNW:contribsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contributions&action=edit contributions] </td><td> User contributions </td><td> {{MSGNW:contributions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyrightpage&action=edit copyrightpage] </td><td> Wikipedia:Copyrights </td><td> {{MSGNW:copyrightpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyrightpagename&action=edit copyrightpagename] </td><td> Wikipedia copyright </td><td> {{MSGNW:copyrightpagename}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyrightwarning&action=edit copyrightwarning] </td><td> Please note that all contributions to Wikipedia are considered to be released under the GNU Free Documentation License (see $1 for details). If you don&#39;t want your writing to be edited mercilessly and redistributed at will, then don&#39;t submit it here.&lt;br&gt; You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource. &lt;strong&gt;DO NOT SUBMIT COPYRIGHTED WORK WITHOUT PERMISSION!&lt;/strong&gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:copyrightwarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Couldntremove&action=edit couldntremove] </td><td> Couldn&#39;t remove item &#39;$1&#39;... </td><td> {{MSGNW:couldntremove}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Createaccount&action=edit createaccount] </td><td> Create new account </td><td> {{MSGNW:createaccount}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Createaccountmail&action=edit createaccountmail] </td><td> by eMail </td><td> {{MSGNW:createaccountmail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cur&action=edit cur] </td><td> cur </td><td> {{MSGNW:cur}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Currentevents&action=edit currentevents] </td><td> Current events </td><td> {{MSGNW:currentevents}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Currentrev&action=edit currentrev] </td><td> Current revision </td><td> {{MSGNW:currentrev}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Databaseerror&action=edit databaseerror] </td><td> Database error </td><td> {{MSGNW:databaseerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dateformat&action=edit dateformat] </td><td> Date format </td><td> {{MSGNW:dateformat}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dberrortext&action=edit dberrortext] </td><td> A database query syntax error has occurred. This could be because of an illegal search query (see $5), or it may indicate a bug in the software. The last attempted database query was: &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;tt&gt;$1&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; from within function &quot;&lt;tt&gt;$2&lt;/tt&gt;&quot;. MySQL returned error &quot;&lt;tt&gt;$3: $4&lt;/tt&gt;&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:dberrortext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dberrortextcl&action=edit dberrortextcl] </td><td> A database query syntax error has occurred. The last attempted database query was: &quot;$1&quot; from within function &quot;$2&quot;. MySQL returned error &quot;$3: $4&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:dberrortextcl}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deadendpages&action=edit deadendpages] </td><td> Dead-end pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:deadendpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Debug&action=edit debug] </td><td> Debug </td><td> {{MSGNW:debug}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Defaultns&action=edit defaultns] </td><td> Search in these namespaces by default: </td><td> {{MSGNW:defaultns}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Defemailsubject&action=edit defemailsubject] </td><td> Wikipedia e-mail </td><td> {{MSGNW:defemailsubject}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletecomment&action=edit deletecomment] </td><td> Reason for deletion </td><td> {{MSGNW:deletecomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletedarticle&action=edit deletedarticle] </td><td> deleted &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{MSGNW:deletedarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletedtext&action=edit deletedtext] </td><td> &quot;$1&quot; has been deleted. See $2 for a record of recent deletions. </td><td> {{MSGNW:deletedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deleteimg&action=edit deleteimg] </td><td> del </td><td> {{MSGNW:deleteimg}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletepage&action=edit deletepage] </td><td> Delete page </td><td> {{MSGNW:deletepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletesub&action=edit deletesub] </td><td> (Deleting &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{MSGNW:deletesub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletethispage&action=edit deletethispage] </td><td> Delete this page </td><td> {{MSGNW:deletethispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletionlog&action=edit deletionlog] </td><td> deletion log </td><td> {{MSGNW:deletionlog}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dellogpage&action=edit dellogpage] </td><td> Deletion_log </td><td> {{MSGNW:dellogpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dellogpagetext&action=edit dellogpagetext] </td><td> Below is a list of the most recent deletions. All times shown are server time (UTC). &lt;ul&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:dellogpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Developerspheading&action=edit developerspheading] </td><td> For developer use only </td><td> {{MSGNW:developerspheading}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Developertext&action=edit developertext] </td><td> The action you have requested can only be performed by users with &quot;developer&quot; status. See $1. </td><td> {{MSGNW:developertext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Developertitle&action=edit developertitle] </td><td> Developer access required </td><td> {{MSGNW:developertitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Diff&action=edit diff] </td><td> diff </td><td> {{MSGNW:diff}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Difference&action=edit difference] </td><td> (Difference between revisions) </td><td> {{MSGNW:difference}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disambiguations&action=edit disambiguations] </td><td> Disambiguation pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:disambiguations}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disambiguationspage&action=edit disambiguationspage] </td><td> Wikipedia:Links_to_disambiguating_pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:disambiguationspage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disambiguationstext&action=edit disambiguationstext] </td><td> The following articles link to a &lt;i&gt;disambiguation page&lt;/i&gt;. They should link to the appropriate topic instead.&lt;br&gt;A page is treated as dismbiguation if it is linked from $1.&lt;br&gt;Links from other namespaces are &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; listed here. </td><td> {{MSGNW:disambiguationstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disclaimerpage&action=edit disclaimerpage] </td><td> Wikipedia:General_disclaimer </td><td> {{MSGNW:disclaimerpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disclaimers&action=edit disclaimers] </td><td> Disclaimers </td><td> {{MSGNW:disclaimers}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Doubleredirects&action=edit doubleredirects] </td><td> Double Redirects </td><td> {{MSGNW:doubleredirects}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Doubleredirectstext&action=edit doubleredirectstext] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;Attention:&lt;/b&gt; This list may contain false positives. That usually means there is additional text with links below the first #REDIRECT.&lt;br&gt; Each row contains links to the first and second redirect, as well as the first line of the second redirect text, usually giving the &quot;real&quot; taget article, which the first redirect should point to. </td><td> {{MSGNW:doubleredirectstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editcomment&action=edit editcomment] </td><td> The edit comment was: &quot;&lt;i&gt;$1&lt;/i&gt;&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:editcomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editconflict&action=edit editconflict] </td><td> Edit conflict: $1 </td><td> {{MSGNW:editconflict}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editcurrent&action=edit editcurrent] </td><td> Edit the current version of this page </td><td> {{MSGNW:editcurrent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Edithelp&action=edit edithelp] </td><td> Editing help </td><td> {{MSGNW:edithelp}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Edithelppage&action=edit edithelppage] </td><td> Wikipedia:How_does_one_edit_a_page </td><td> {{MSGNW:edithelppage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editing&action=edit editing] </td><td> Editing $1 </td><td> {{MSGNW:editing}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editingold&action=edit editingold] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;WARNING: You are editing an out-of-date revision of this page. If you save it, any changes made since this revision will be lost.&lt;/strong&gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:editingold}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editsection&action=edit editsection] </td><td> edit </td><td> {{MSGNW:editsection}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editthispage&action=edit editthispage] </td><td> Edit this page </td><td> {{MSGNW:editthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailflag&action=edit emailflag] </td><td> Disable e-mail from other users </td><td> {{MSGNW:emailflag}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailforlost&action=edit emailforlost] </td><td> * Entering an email address is optional. But it enables people to contact you through the website without you having to reveal your email address to them, and it also helps you if you forget your password. </td><td> {{MSGNW:emailforlost}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailfrom&action=edit emailfrom] </td><td> From </td><td> {{MSGNW:emailfrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailmessage&action=edit emailmessage] </td><td> Message </td><td> {{MSGNW:emailmessage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailpage&action=edit emailpage] </td><td> E-mail user </td><td> {{MSGNW:emailpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailpagetext&action=edit emailpagetext] </td><td> If this user has entered a valid e-mail address in his or her user preferences, the form below will send a single message. The e-mail address you entered in your user preferences will appear as the &quot;From&quot; address of the mail, so the recipient will be able to reply. </td><td> {{MSGNW:emailpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsend&action=edit emailsend] </td><td> Send </td><td> {{MSGNW:emailsend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsent&action=edit emailsent] </td><td> E-mail sent </td><td> {{MSGNW:emailsent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsenttext&action=edit emailsenttext] </td><td> Your e-mail message has been sent. </td><td> {{MSGNW:emailsenttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsubject&action=edit emailsubject] </td><td> Subject </td><td> {{MSGNW:emailsubject}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailto&action=edit emailto] </td><td> To </td><td> {{MSGNW:emailto}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailuser&action=edit emailuser] </td><td> E-mail this user </td><td> {{MSGNW:emailuser}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Enterlockreason&action=edit enterlockreason] </td><td> Enter a reason for the lock, including an estimate of when the lock will be released </td><td> {{MSGNW:enterlockreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Error&action=edit error] </td><td> Error </td><td> {{MSGNW:error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Errorpagetitle&action=edit errorpagetitle] </td><td> Error </td><td> {{MSGNW:errorpagetitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exbeforeblank&action=edit exbeforeblank] </td><td> content before blanking was: </td><td> {{MSGNW:exbeforeblank}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exblank&action=edit exblank] </td><td> page was empty </td><td> {{MSGNW:exblank}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Excontent&action=edit excontent] </td><td> content was: </td><td> {{MSGNW:excontent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Explainconflict&action=edit explainconflict] </td><td> Someone else has changed this page since you started editing it. The upper text area contains the page text as it currently exists. Your changes are shown in the lower text area. You will have to merge your changes into the existing text. &lt;b&gt;Only&lt;/b&gt; the text in the upper text area will be saved when you press &quot;Save page&quot;. &lt;p&gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:explainconflict}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Export&action=edit export] </td><td> Export pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:export}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exportcuronly&action=edit exportcuronly] </td><td> Include only the current revision, not the full history </td><td> {{MSGNW:exportcuronly}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exporttext&action=edit exporttext] </td><td> You can export the text and editing history of a particular page or set of pages wrapped in some XML; this can then be imported into another wiki running MediaWiki software, transformed, or just kept for your private amusement. </td><td> {{MSGNW:exporttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Extlink_sample&action=edit extlink_sample] </td><td> http&#58;//www.example.com link title </td><td> {{MSGNW:extlink_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Extlink_tip&action=edit extlink_tip] </td><td> External link (remember http&#58;// prefix) </td><td> {{MSGNW:extlink_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Faq&action=edit faq] </td><td> FAQ </td><td> {{MSGNW:faq}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Faqpage&action=edit faqpage] </td><td> Wikipedia:FAQ </td><td> {{MSGNW:faqpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filecopyerror&action=edit filecopyerror] </td><td> Could not copy file &quot;$1&quot; to &quot;$2&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:filecopyerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filedeleteerror&action=edit filedeleteerror] </td><td> Could not delete file &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:filedeleteerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filedesc&action=edit filedesc] </td><td> Summary </td><td> {{MSGNW:filedesc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filename&action=edit filename] </td><td> Filename </td><td> {{MSGNW:filename}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filenotfound&action=edit filenotfound] </td><td> Could not find file &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:filenotfound}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filerenameerror&action=edit filerenameerror] </td><td> Could not rename file &quot;$1&quot; to &quot;$2&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:filerenameerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filesource&action=edit filesource] </td><td> Source </td><td> {{MSGNW:filesource}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filestatus&action=edit filestatus] </td><td> Copyright status </td><td> {{MSGNW:filestatus}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Fileuploaded&action=edit fileuploaded] </td><td> File &quot;$1&quot; uploaded successfully. Please follow this link: ($2) to the description page and fill in information about the file, such as where it came from, when it was created and by whom, and anything else you may know about it. </td><td> {{MSGNW:fileuploaded}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Formerror&action=edit formerror] </td><td> Error: could not submit form </td><td> {{MSGNW:formerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Fromwikipedia&action=edit fromwikipedia] </td><td> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. </td><td> {{MSGNW:fromwikipedia}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Getimagelist&action=edit getimagelist] </td><td> fetching image list </td><td> {{MSGNW:getimagelist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Gnunote&action=edit gnunote] </td><td> All text is available under the terms of the &lt;a class=internal href=&#39;/wiki/GNU_FDL&#39;&gt;GNU Free Documentation License&lt;/a&gt;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:gnunote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Go&action=edit go] </td><td> Go </td><td> {{MSGNW:go}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Googlesearch&action=edit googlesearch] </td><td> &lt;!-- SiteSearch Google --&gt; &lt;FORM method=GET action=&quot;http&#58;//www.google.com/search&quot;&gt; &lt;TABLE bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt; &lt;A HREF=&quot;http&#58;//www.google.com/&quot;&gt; &lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http&#58;//www.google.com/logos/Logo_40wht.gif&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; ALT=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;INPUT TYPE=text name=q size=31 maxlength=255 value=&quot;$1&quot;&gt; &lt;INPUT type=submit name=btnG VALUE=&quot;Google Search&quot;&gt; &lt;font size=-1&gt; &lt;input type=hidden name=domains value=&quot;http&#58;//ne.wikipedia.org&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&quot;&quot;&gt; WWW &lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&quot;http&#58;//ne.wikipedia.org&quot; checked&gt; http&#58;//ne.wikipedia.org &lt;br&gt; &lt;input type=&#39;hidden&#39; name=&#39;ie&#39; value=&#39;$2&#39;&gt; &lt;input type=&#39;hidden&#39; name=&#39;oe&#39; value=&#39;$2&#39;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt; &lt;/FORM&gt; &lt;!-- SiteSearch Google --&gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:googlesearch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Guesstimezone&action=edit guesstimezone] </td><td> Fill in from browser </td><td> {{MSGNW:guesstimezone}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Headline_sample&action=edit headline_sample] </td><td> Headline text </td><td> {{MSGNW:headline_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Headline_tip&action=edit headline_tip] </td><td> Level 2 headline </td><td> {{MSGNW:headline_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Help&action=edit help] </td><td> Help </td><td> {{MSGNW:help}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Helppage&action=edit helppage] </td><td> Wikipedia:Help </td><td> {{MSGNW:helppage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hide&action=edit hide] </td><td> hide </td><td> {{MSGNW:hide}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hidetoc&action=edit hidetoc] </td><td> hide </td><td> {{MSGNW:hidetoc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hist&action=edit hist] </td><td> hist </td><td> {{MSGNW:hist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Histlegend&action=edit histlegend] </td><td> Legend: (cur) = difference with current version, (last) = difference with preceding version, M = minor edit </td><td> {{MSGNW:histlegend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:History&action=edit history] </td><td> Page history </td><td> {{MSGNW:history}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Historywarning&action=edit historywarning] </td><td> Warning: The page you are about to delete has a history: </td><td> {{MSGNW:historywarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hr_tip&action=edit hr_tip] </td><td> Horizontal line (use sparingly) </td><td> {{MSGNW:hr_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ignorewarning&action=edit ignorewarning] </td><td> Ignore warning and save file anyway. </td><td> {{MSGNW:ignorewarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ilshowmatch&action=edit ilshowmatch] </td><td> Show all images with names matching </td><td> {{MSGNW:ilshowmatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ilsubmit&action=edit ilsubmit] </td><td> Search </td><td> {{MSGNW:ilsubmit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Image_sample&action=edit image_sample] </td><td> Example.jpg </td><td> {{MSGNW:image_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Image_tip&action=edit image_tip] </td><td> Embedded image </td><td> {{MSGNW:image_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagelinks&action=edit imagelinks] </td><td> Image links </td><td> {{MSGNW:imagelinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagelist&action=edit imagelist] </td><td> Image list </td><td> {{MSGNW:imagelist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagelisttext&action=edit imagelisttext] </td><td> Below is a list of $1 images sorted $2. </td><td> {{MSGNW:imagelisttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagepage&action=edit imagepage] </td><td> View image page </td><td> {{MSGNW:imagepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagereverted&action=edit imagereverted] </td><td> Revert to earlier version was successful. </td><td> {{MSGNW:imagereverted}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imgdelete&action=edit imgdelete] </td><td> del </td><td> {{MSGNW:imgdelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imgdesc&action=edit imgdesc] </td><td> desc </td><td> {{MSGNW:imgdesc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imghistlegend&action=edit imghistlegend] </td><td> Legend: (cur) = this is the current image, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. &lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;Click on date to see image uploaded on that date&lt;/i&gt;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:imghistlegend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imghistory&action=edit imghistory] </td><td> Image history </td><td> {{MSGNW:imghistory}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imglegend&action=edit imglegend] </td><td> Legend: (desc) = show/edit image description. </td><td> {{MSGNW:imglegend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Infobox&action=edit infobox] </td><td> Click a button to get an example text </td><td> {{MSGNW:infobox}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Internalerror&action=edit internalerror] </td><td> Internal error </td><td> {{MSGNW:internalerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Intl&action=edit intl] </td><td> Interlanguage links </td><td> {{MSGNW:intl}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ip_range_invalid&action=edit ip_range_invalid] </td><td> Invalid IP range. </td><td> {{MSGNW:ip_range_invalid}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipaddress&action=edit ipaddress] </td><td> IP Address/username </td><td> {{MSGNW:ipaddress}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipb_expiry_invalid&action=edit ipb_expiry_invalid] </td><td> Expiry time invalid. </td><td> {{MSGNW:ipb_expiry_invalid}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipbexpiry&action=edit ipbexpiry] </td><td> Expiry </td><td> {{MSGNW:ipbexpiry}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipblocklist&action=edit ipblocklist] </td><td> List of blocked IP addresses and usernames </td><td> {{MSGNW:ipblocklist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipbreason&action=edit ipbreason] </td><td> Reason </td><td> {{MSGNW:ipbreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipbsubmit&action=edit ipbsubmit] </td><td> Block this user </td><td> {{MSGNW:ipbsubmit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipusubmit&action=edit ipusubmit] </td><td> Unblock this address </td><td> {{MSGNW:ipusubmit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipusuccess&action=edit ipusuccess] </td><td> &quot;$1&quot; unblocked </td><td> {{MSGNW:ipusuccess}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Isredirect&action=edit isredirect] </td><td> redirect page </td><td> {{MSGNW:isredirect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Italic_sample&action=edit italic_sample] </td><td> Italic text </td><td> {{MSGNW:italic_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Italic_tip&action=edit italic_tip] </td><td> Italic text </td><td> {{MSGNW:italic_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Iteminvalidname&action=edit iteminvalidname] </td><td> Problem with item &#39;$1&#39;, invalid name... </td><td> {{MSGNW:iteminvalidname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Largefile&action=edit largefile] </td><td> It is recommended that images not exceed 100k in size. </td><td> {{MSGNW:largefile}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Last&action=edit last] </td><td> last </td><td> {{MSGNW:last}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lastmodified&action=edit lastmodified] </td><td> This page was last modified $1. </td><td> {{MSGNW:lastmodified}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lineno&action=edit lineno] </td><td> Line $1: </td><td> {{MSGNW:lineno}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Link_sample&action=edit link_sample] </td><td> Link title </td><td> {{MSGNW:link_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Link_tip&action=edit link_tip] </td><td> Internal link </td><td> {{MSGNW:link_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linklistsub&action=edit linklistsub] </td><td> (List of links) </td><td> {{MSGNW:linklistsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linkshere&action=edit linkshere] </td><td> The following pages link to here: </td><td> {{MSGNW:linkshere}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linkstoimage&action=edit linkstoimage] </td><td> The following pages link to this image: </td><td> {{MSGNW:linkstoimage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linktrail&action=edit linktrail] </td><td> /^(&#91;a-z]+)(.*)$/sD </td><td> {{MSGNW:linktrail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Listform&action=edit listform] </td><td> list </td><td> {{MSGNW:listform}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Listusers&action=edit listusers] </td><td> User list </td><td> {{MSGNW:listusers}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loadhist&action=edit loadhist] </td><td> Loading page history </td><td> {{MSGNW:loadhist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loadingrev&action=edit loadingrev] </td><td> loading revision for diff </td><td> {{MSGNW:loadingrev}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Localtime&action=edit localtime] </td><td> Local time display </td><td> {{MSGNW:localtime}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockbtn&action=edit lockbtn] </td><td> Lock database </td><td> {{MSGNW:lockbtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockconfirm&action=edit lockconfirm] </td><td> Yes, I really want to lock the database. </td><td> {{MSGNW:lockconfirm}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdb&action=edit lockdb] </td><td> Lock database </td><td> {{MSGNW:lockdb}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdbsuccesssub&action=edit lockdbsuccesssub] </td><td> Database lock succeeded </td><td> {{MSGNW:lockdbsuccesssub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdbsuccesstext&action=edit lockdbsuccesstext] </td><td> The database has been locked. &lt;br&gt;Remember to remove the lock after your maintenance is complete. </td><td> {{MSGNW:lockdbsuccesstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdbtext&action=edit lockdbtext] </td><td> Locking the database will suspend the ability of all users to edit pages, change their preferences, edit their watchlists, and other things requiring changes in the database. Please confirm that this is what you intend to do, and that you will unlock the database when your maintenance is done. </td><td> {{MSGNW:lockdbtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Locknoconfirm&action=edit locknoconfirm] </td><td> You did not check the confirmation box. </td><td> {{MSGNW:locknoconfirm}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Login&action=edit login] </td><td> Log in </td><td> {{MSGNW:login}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginend&action=edit loginend] </td><td> &amp;lt;loginend&amp;gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:loginend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginerror&action=edit loginerror] </td><td> Login error </td><td> {{MSGNW:loginerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginpagetitle&action=edit loginpagetitle] </td><td> User login </td><td> {{MSGNW:loginpagetitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginproblem&action=edit loginproblem] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;There has been a problem with your login.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;Try again! </td><td> {{MSGNW:loginproblem}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginprompt&action=edit loginprompt] </td><td> You must have cookies enabled to log in to Wikipedia. </td><td> {{MSGNW:loginprompt}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginsuccess&action=edit loginsuccess] </td><td> You are now logged in to Wikipedia as &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:loginsuccess}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginsuccesstitle&action=edit loginsuccesstitle] </td><td> Login successful </td><td> {{MSGNW:loginsuccesstitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Logout&action=edit logout] </td><td> Log out </td><td> {{MSGNW:logout}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Logouttext&action=edit logouttext] </td><td> You are now logged out. You can continue to use Wikipedia anonymously, or you can log in again as the same or as a different user. Note that some pages may continue to be displayed as if you were still logged in, until you clear your browser cache </td><td> {{MSGNW:logouttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Logouttitle&action=edit logouttitle] </td><td> User logout </td><td> {{MSGNW:logouttitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lonelypages&action=edit lonelypages] </td><td> Orphaned pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:lonelypages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Longpages&action=edit longpages] </td><td> Long pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:longpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Longpagewarning&action=edit longpagewarning] </td><td> WARNING: This page is $1 kilobytes long; some browsers may have problems editing pages approaching or longer than 32kb. Please consider breaking the page into smaller sections. </td><td> {{MSGNW:longpagewarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailmypassword&action=edit mailmypassword] </td><td> Mail me a new password </td><td> {{MSGNW:mailmypassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailnologin&action=edit mailnologin] </td><td> No send address </td><td> {{MSGNW:mailnologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailnologintext&action=edit mailnologintext] </td><td> You must be &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; and have a valid e-mail address in your &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Preferences&quot;&gt;preferences&lt;/a&gt; to send e-mail to other users. </td><td> {{MSGNW:mailnologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mainpage&action=edit mainpage] </td><td> Main Page </td><td> {{MSGNW:mainpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mainpagetext&action=edit mainpagetext] </td><td> Wiki software successfully installed. </td><td> {{MSGNW:mainpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Maintenance&action=edit maintenance] </td><td> Maintenance page </td><td> {{MSGNW:maintenance}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Maintenancebacklink&action=edit maintenancebacklink] </td><td> Back to Maintenance Page </td><td> {{MSGNW:maintenancebacklink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Maintnancepagetext&action=edit maintnancepagetext] </td><td> This page includes several handy tools for everyday maintenance. Some of these functions tend to stress the database, so please do not hit reload after every item you fixed ;-) </td><td> {{MSGNW:maintnancepagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopfail&action=edit makesysopfail] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;User &#39;$1&#39; could not be made into a sysop. (Did you enter the name correctly?)&lt;/b&gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:makesysopfail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopname&action=edit makesysopname] </td><td> Name of the user: </td><td> {{MSGNW:makesysopname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopok&action=edit makesysopok] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;User &#39;$1&#39; is now a sysop&lt;/b&gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:makesysopok}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopsubmit&action=edit makesysopsubmit] </td><td> Make this user into a sysop </td><td> {{MSGNW:makesysopsubmit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysoptext&action=edit makesysoptext] </td><td> This form is used by bureaucrats to turn ordinary users into administrators. Type the name of the user in the box and press the button to make the user an administrator </td><td> {{MSGNW:makesysoptext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysoptitle&action=edit makesysoptitle] </td><td> Make a user into a sysop </td><td> {{MSGNW:makesysoptitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Matchtotals&action=edit matchtotals] </td><td> The query &quot;$1&quot; matched $2 article titles and the text of $3 articles. </td><td> {{MSGNW:matchtotals}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math&action=edit math] </td><td> Rendering math </td><td> {{MSGNW:math}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_failure&action=edit math_failure] </td><td> Failed to parse </td><td> {{MSGNW:math_failure}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_image_error&action=edit math_image_error] </td><td> PNG conversion failed </td><td> {{MSGNW:math_image_error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_lexing_error&action=edit math_lexing_error] </td><td> lexing error </td><td> {{MSGNW:math_lexing_error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_sample&action=edit math_sample] </td><td> Insert formula here </td><td> {{MSGNW:math_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_syntax_error&action=edit math_syntax_error] </td><td> syntax error </td><td> {{MSGNW:math_syntax_error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_tip&action=edit math_tip] </td><td> Mathematical formula (LaTeX) </td><td> {{MSGNW:math_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_unknown_error&action=edit math_unknown_error] </td><td> unknown error </td><td> {{MSGNW:math_unknown_error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_unknown_function&action=edit math_unknown_function] </td><td> unknown function </td><td> {{MSGNW:math_unknown_function}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Media_sample&action=edit media_sample] </td><td> Example.mp3 </td><td> {{MSGNW:media_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Media_tip&action=edit media_tip] </td><td> Media file link </td><td> {{MSGNW:media_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Minlength&action=edit minlength] </td><td> Image names must be at least three letters. </td><td> {{MSGNW:minlength}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Minoredit&action=edit minoredit] </td><td> This is a minor edit </td><td> {{MSGNW:minoredit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Minoreditletter&action=edit minoreditletter] </td><td> M </td><td> {{MSGNW:minoreditletter}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mispeelings&action=edit mispeelings] </td><td> Pages with misspellings </td><td> {{MSGNW:mispeelings}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mispeelingspage&action=edit mispeelingspage] </td><td> List of common misspellings </td><td> {{MSGNW:mispeelingspage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mispeelingstext&action=edit mispeelingstext] </td><td> The following pages contain a common misspelling, which are listed on $1. The correct spelling might be given (like this). </td><td> {{MSGNW:mispeelingstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missingarticle&action=edit missingarticle] </td><td> The database did not find the text of a page that it should have found, named &quot;$1&quot;. &lt;p&gt;This is usually caused by following an outdated diff or history link to a page that has been deleted. &lt;p&gt;If this is not the case, you may have found a bug in the software. Please report this to an administrator, making note of the URL. </td><td> {{MSGNW:missingarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missinglanguagelinks&action=edit missinglanguagelinks] </td><td> Missing Language Links </td><td> {{MSGNW:missinglanguagelinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missinglanguagelinksbutton&action=edit missinglanguagelinksbutton] </td><td> Find missing language links for </td><td> {{MSGNW:missinglanguagelinksbutton}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missinglanguagelinkstext&action=edit missinglanguagelinkstext] </td><td> These articles do &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; link to their counterpart in $1. Redirects and subpages are &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; shown. </td><td> {{MSGNW:missinglanguagelinkstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Moredotdotdot&action=edit moredotdotdot] </td><td> More... </td><td> {{MSGNW:moredotdotdot}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movearticle&action=edit movearticle] </td><td> Move page </td><td> {{MSGNW:movearticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movedto&action=edit movedto] </td><td> moved to </td><td> {{MSGNW:movedto}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movenologin&action=edit movenologin] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{MSGNW:movenologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movenologintext&action=edit movenologintext] </td><td> You must be a registered user and &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; to move a page. </td><td> {{MSGNW:movenologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepage&action=edit movepage] </td><td> Move page </td><td> {{MSGNW:movepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepagebtn&action=edit movepagebtn] </td><td> Move page </td><td> {{MSGNW:movepagebtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepagetalktext&action=edit movepagetalktext] </td><td> The associated talk page, if any, will be automatically moved along with it &#39;&#39;&#39;unless:&#39;&#39;&#39; *You are moving the page across namespaces, *A non-empty talk page already exists under the new name, or *You uncheck the box below. In those cases, you will have to move or merge the page manually if desired. </td><td> {{MSGNW:movepagetalktext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepagetext&action=edit movepagetext] </td><td> Using the form below will rename a page, moving all of its history to the new name. The old title will become a redirect page to the new title. Links to the old page title will not be changed; be sure to &#91;&#91;Special:Maintenance&#124;check]] for double or broken redirects. You are responsible for making sure that links continue to point where they are supposed to go. Note that the page will &#39;&#39;&#39;not&#39;&#39;&#39; be moved if there is already a page at the new title, unless it is empty or a redirect and has no past edit history. This means that you can rename a page back to where it was just renamed from if you make a mistake, and you cannot overwrite an existing page. &lt;b&gt;WARNING!&lt;/b&gt; This can be a drastic and unexpected change for a popular page; please be sure you understand the consequences of this before proceeding. </td><td> {{MSGNW:movepagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movetalk&action=edit movetalk] </td><td> Move &quot;talk&quot; page as well, if applicable. </td><td> {{MSGNW:movetalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movethispage&action=edit movethispage] </td><td> Move this page </td><td> {{MSGNW:movethispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mycontris&action=edit mycontris] </td><td> My contributions </td><td> {{MSGNW:mycontris}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mypage&action=edit mypage] </td><td> My page </td><td> {{MSGNW:mypage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mytalk&action=edit mytalk] </td><td> My talk </td><td> {{MSGNW:mytalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nbytes&action=edit nbytes] </td><td> $1 bytes </td><td> {{MSGNW:nbytes}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nchanges&action=edit nchanges] </td><td> $1 changes </td><td> {{MSGNW:nchanges}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newarticle&action=edit newarticle] </td><td> (New) </td><td> {{MSGNW:newarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newarticletext&action=edit newarticletext] </td><td> You&#39;ve followed a link to a page that doesn&#39;t exist yet. To create the page, start typing in the box below (see the &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Help&#124;help page]] for more info). If you are here by mistake, just click your browser&#39;s &#39;&#39;&#39;back&#39;&#39;&#39; button. </td><td> {{MSGNW:newarticletext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newmessages&action=edit newmessages] </td><td> You have $1. </td><td> {{MSGNW:newmessages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newmessageslink&action=edit newmessageslink] </td><td> new messages </td><td> {{MSGNW:newmessageslink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpage&action=edit newpage] </td><td> New page </td><td> {{MSGNW:newpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpageletter&action=edit newpageletter] </td><td> N </td><td> {{MSGNW:newpageletter}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpages&action=edit newpages] </td><td> New pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:newpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpassword&action=edit newpassword] </td><td> New password </td><td> {{MSGNW:newpassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newtitle&action=edit newtitle] </td><td> To new title </td><td> {{MSGNW:newtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newusersonly&action=edit newusersonly] </td><td> (new users only) </td><td> {{MSGNW:newusersonly}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Next&action=edit next] </td><td> next </td><td> {{MSGNW:next}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nextn&action=edit nextn] </td><td> next $1 </td><td> {{MSGNW:nextn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nlinks&action=edit nlinks] </td><td> $1 links </td><td> {{MSGNW:nlinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noaffirmation&action=edit noaffirmation] </td><td> You must affirm that your upload does not violate any copyrights. </td><td> {{MSGNW:noaffirmation}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noarticletext&action=edit noarticletext] </td><td> (There is currently no text in this page) </td><td> {{MSGNW:noarticletext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noblockreason&action=edit noblockreason] </td><td> You must supply a reason for the block. </td><td> {{MSGNW:noblockreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noconnect&action=edit noconnect] </td><td> Sorry! The wiki is experiencing some technical difficulties, and cannot contact the database server. </td><td> {{MSGNW:noconnect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocontribs&action=edit nocontribs] </td><td> No changes were found matching these criteria. </td><td> {{MSGNW:nocontribs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocookieslogin&action=edit nocookieslogin] </td><td> Wikipedia uses cookies to log in users. You have cookies disabled. Please enable them and try again. </td><td> {{MSGNW:nocookieslogin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocookiesnew&action=edit nocookiesnew] </td><td> The user account was created, but you are not logged in. Wikipedia uses cookies to log in users. You have cookies disabled. Please enable them, then log in with your new username and password. </td><td> {{MSGNW:nocookiesnew}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nodb&action=edit nodb] </td><td> Could not select database $1 </td><td> {{MSGNW:nodb}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noemail&action=edit noemail] </td><td> There is no e-mail address recorded for user &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:noemail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noemailtext&action=edit noemailtext] </td><td> This user has not specified a valid e-mail address, or has chosen not to receive e-mail from other users. </td><td> {{MSGNW:noemailtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noemailtitle&action=edit noemailtitle] </td><td> No e-mail address </td><td> {{MSGNW:noemailtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nogomatch&action=edit nogomatch] </td><td> No page with this exact title exists, trying full text search. </td><td> {{MSGNW:nogomatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nohistory&action=edit nohistory] </td><td> There is no edit history for this page. </td><td> {{MSGNW:nohistory}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nolinkshere&action=edit nolinkshere] </td><td> No pages link to here. </td><td> {{MSGNW:nolinkshere}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nolinkstoimage&action=edit nolinkstoimage] </td><td> There are no pages that link to this image. </td><td> {{MSGNW:nolinkstoimage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noname&action=edit noname] </td><td> You have not specified a valid user name. </td><td> {{MSGNW:noname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nonefound&action=edit nonefound] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;Note&lt;/strong&gt;: unsuccessful searches are often caused by searching for common words like &quot;have&quot; and &quot;from&quot;, which are not indexed, or by specifying more than one search term (only pages containing all of the search terms will appear in the result). </td><td> {{MSGNW:nonefound}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nospecialpagetext&action=edit nospecialpagetext] </td><td> You have requested a special page that is not recognized by the wiki. </td><td> {{MSGNW:nospecialpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchaction&action=edit nosuchaction] </td><td> No such action </td><td> {{MSGNW:nosuchaction}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchactiontext&action=edit nosuchactiontext] </td><td> The action specified by the URL is not recognized by the wiki </td><td> {{MSGNW:nosuchactiontext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchspecialpage&action=edit nosuchspecialpage] </td><td> No such special page </td><td> {{MSGNW:nosuchspecialpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchuser&action=edit nosuchuser] </td><td> There is no user by the name &quot;$1&quot;. Check your spelling, or use the form below to create a new user account. </td><td> {{MSGNW:nosuchuser}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notanarticle&action=edit notanarticle] </td><td> Not an article </td><td> {{MSGNW:notanarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notargettext&action=edit notargettext] </td><td> You have not specified a target page or user to perform this function on. </td><td> {{MSGNW:notargettext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notargettitle&action=edit notargettitle] </td><td> No target </td><td> {{MSGNW:notargettitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Note&action=edit note] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;Note:&lt;/strong&gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:note}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notextmatches&action=edit notextmatches] </td><td> No article text matches </td><td> {{MSGNW:notextmatches}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notitlematches&action=edit notitlematches] </td><td> No article title matches </td><td> {{MSGNW:notitlematches}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notloggedin&action=edit notloggedin] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{MSGNW:notloggedin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nowatchlist&action=edit nowatchlist] </td><td> You have no items on your watchlist. </td><td> {{MSGNW:nowatchlist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nowiki_sample&action=edit nowiki_sample] </td><td> Insert non-formatted text here </td><td> {{MSGNW:nowiki_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nowiki_tip&action=edit nowiki_tip] </td><td> Ignore wiki formatting </td><td> {{MSGNW:nowiki_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nviews&action=edit nviews] </td><td> $1 views </td><td> {{MSGNW:nviews}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ok&action=edit ok] </td><td> OK </td><td> {{MSGNW:ok}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Oldpassword&action=edit oldpassword] </td><td> Old password </td><td> {{MSGNW:oldpassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Orig&action=edit orig] </td><td> orig </td><td> {{MSGNW:orig}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Orphans&action=edit orphans] </td><td> Orphaned pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:orphans}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Otherlanguages&action=edit otherlanguages] </td><td> Other languages </td><td> {{MSGNW:otherlanguages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Pagemovedsub&action=edit pagemovedsub] </td><td> Move succeeded </td><td> {{MSGNW:pagemovedsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Pagemovedtext&action=edit pagemovedtext] </td><td> Page &quot;&#91;&#91;$1]]&quot; moved to &quot;&#91;&#91;$2]]&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:pagemovedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Passwordremindertext&action=edit passwordremindertext] </td><td> Someone (probably you, from IP address $1) requested that we send you a new Wikipedia login password. The password for user &quot;$2&quot; is now &quot;$3&quot;. You should log in and change your password now. </td><td> {{MSGNW:passwordremindertext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Passwordremindertitle&action=edit passwordremindertitle] </td><td> Password reminder from Wikipedia </td><td> {{MSGNW:passwordremindertitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Passwordsent&action=edit passwordsent] </td><td> A new password has been sent to the e-mail address registered for &quot;$1&quot;. Please log in again after you receive it. </td><td> {{MSGNW:passwordsent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Perfdisabled&action=edit perfdisabled] </td><td> Sorry! This feature has been temporarily disabled because it slows the database down to the point that no one can use the wiki. </td><td> {{MSGNW:perfdisabled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Perfdisabledsub&action=edit perfdisabledsub] </td><td> Here&#39;s a saved copy from $1: </td><td> {{MSGNW:perfdisabledsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Popularpages&action=edit popularpages] </td><td> Popular pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:popularpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Postcomment&action=edit postcomment] </td><td> Post a comment </td><td> {{MSGNW:postcomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Powersearch&action=edit powersearch] </td><td> Search </td><td> {{MSGNW:powersearch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Powersearchtext&action=edit powersearchtext] </td><td> Search in namespaces :&lt;br&gt; $1&lt;br&gt; $2 List redirects &amp;nbsp; Search for $3 $9 </td><td> {{MSGNW:powersearchtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Preferences&action=edit preferences] </td><td> Preferences </td><td> {{MSGNW:preferences}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefslogintext&action=edit prefslogintext] </td><td> You are logged in as &quot;$1&quot;. Your internal ID number is $2. See &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:User preferences help]] for help deciphering the options. </td><td> {{MSGNW:prefslogintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefsnologin&action=edit prefsnologin] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{MSGNW:prefsnologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefsnologintext&action=edit prefsnologintext] </td><td> You must be &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; to set user preferences. </td><td> {{MSGNW:prefsnologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefsreset&action=edit prefsreset] </td><td> Preferences have been reset from storage. </td><td> {{MSGNW:prefsreset}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Preview&action=edit preview] </td><td> Preview </td><td> {{MSGNW:preview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Previewconflict&action=edit previewconflict] </td><td> This preview reflects the text in the upper text editing area as it will appear if you choose to save. </td><td> {{MSGNW:previewconflict}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Previewnote&action=edit previewnote] </td><td> Remember that this is only a preview, and has not yet been saved! </td><td> {{MSGNW:previewnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prevn&action=edit prevn] </td><td> previous $1 </td><td> {{MSGNW:prevn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Printableversion&action=edit printableversion] </td><td> Printable version </td><td> {{MSGNW:printableversion}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Printsubtitle&action=edit printsubtitle] </td><td> (From http&#58;//www.wikipedia.org) </td><td> {{MSGNW:printsubtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedarticle&action=edit protectedarticle] </td><td> protected &#91;&#91;$1]] </td><td> {{MSGNW:protectedarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedpage&action=edit protectedpage] </td><td> Protected page </td><td> {{MSGNW:protectedpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedpagewarning&action=edit protectedpagewarning] </td><td> WARNING: This page has been locked so that only users with sysop privileges can edit it. Be sure you are following the &lt;a href=&#39;/wiki/Wikipedia:Protected_page_guidelines&#39;&gt;protected page guidelines&lt;/a&gt;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:protectedpagewarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedtext&action=edit protectedtext] </td><td> This page has been locked to prevent editing; there are a number of reasons why this may be so, please see &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Protected page]]. You can view and copy the source of this page: </td><td> {{MSGNW:protectedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectlogpage&action=edit protectlogpage] </td><td> Protection_log </td><td> {{MSGNW:protectlogpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectlogtext&action=edit protectlogtext] </td><td> Below is a list of page locks/unlocks. See &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Protected page]] for more information. </td><td> {{MSGNW:protectlogtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectpage&action=edit protectpage] </td><td> Protect page </td><td> {{MSGNW:protectpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectthispage&action=edit protectthispage] </td><td> Protect this page </td><td> {{MSGNW:protectthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbbrowse&action=edit qbbrowse] </td><td> Browse </td><td> {{MSGNW:qbbrowse}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbedit&action=edit qbedit] </td><td> Edit </td><td> {{MSGNW:qbedit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbfind&action=edit qbfind] </td><td> Find </td><td> {{MSGNW:qbfind}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbmyoptions&action=edit qbmyoptions] </td><td> My pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:qbmyoptions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbpageinfo&action=edit qbpageinfo] </td><td> Context </td><td> {{MSGNW:qbpageinfo}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbpageoptions&action=edit qbpageoptions] </td><td> This page </td><td> {{MSGNW:qbpageoptions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbsettings&action=edit qbsettings] </td><td> Quickbar settings </td><td> {{MSGNW:qbsettings}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbspecialpages&action=edit qbspecialpages] </td><td> Special pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:qbspecialpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Querybtn&action=edit querybtn] </td><td> Submit query </td><td> {{MSGNW:querybtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Querysuccessful&action=edit querysuccessful] </td><td> Query successful </td><td> {{MSGNW:querysuccessful}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Randompage&action=edit randompage] </td><td> Random page </td><td> {{MSGNW:randompage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Range_block_disabled&action=edit range_block_disabled] </td><td> The sysop ability to create range blocks is disabled. </td><td> {{MSGNW:range_block_disabled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rchide&action=edit rchide] </td><td> in $4 form; $1 minor edits; $2 secondary namespaces; $3 multiple edits. </td><td> {{MSGNW:rchide}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rclinks&action=edit rclinks] </td><td> Show last $1 changes in last $2 days; $3 </td><td> {{MSGNW:rclinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rclistfrom&action=edit rclistfrom] </td><td> Show new changes starting from $1 </td><td> {{MSGNW:rclistfrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcliu&action=edit rcliu] </td><td> ; $1 edits from logged in users </td><td> {{MSGNW:rcliu}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcloaderr&action=edit rcloaderr] </td><td> Loading recent changes </td><td> {{MSGNW:rcloaderr}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rclsub&action=edit rclsub] </td><td> (to pages linked from &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{MSGNW:rclsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcnote&action=edit rcnote] </td><td> Below are the last &lt;strong&gt;$1&lt;/strong&gt; changes in last &lt;strong&gt;$2&lt;/strong&gt; days. </td><td> {{MSGNW:rcnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcnotefrom&action=edit rcnotefrom] </td><td> Below are the changes since &lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt; (up to &lt;b&gt;$1&lt;/b&gt; shown). </td><td> {{MSGNW:rcnotefrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Readonly&action=edit readonly] </td><td> Database locked </td><td> {{MSGNW:readonly}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Readonlytext&action=edit readonlytext] </td><td> The database is currently locked to new entries and other modifications, probably for routine database maintenance, after which it will be back to normal. The administrator who locked it offered this explanation: &lt;p&gt;$1 </td><td> {{MSGNW:readonlytext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Readonlywarning&action=edit readonlywarning] </td><td> WARNING: The database has been locked for maintenance, so you will not be able to save your edits right now. You may wish to cut-n-paste the text into a text file and save it for later. </td><td> {{MSGNW:readonlywarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchanges&action=edit recentchanges] </td><td> Recent changes </td><td> {{MSGNW:recentchanges}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchangescount&action=edit recentchangescount] </td><td> Number of titles in recent changes </td><td> {{MSGNW:recentchangescount}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchangeslinked&action=edit recentchangeslinked] </td><td> Related changes </td><td> {{MSGNW:recentchangeslinked}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchangestext&action=edit recentchangestext] </td><td> Track the most recent changes to the wiki on this page. </td><td> {{MSGNW:recentchangestext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Redirectedfrom&action=edit redirectedfrom] </td><td> (Redirected from $1) </td><td> {{MSGNW:redirectedfrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Remembermypassword&action=edit remembermypassword] </td><td> Remember my password across sessions. </td><td> {{MSGNW:remembermypassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removechecked&action=edit removechecked] </td><td> Remove checked items from watchlist </td><td> {{MSGNW:removechecked}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removedwatch&action=edit removedwatch] </td><td> Removed from watchlist </td><td> {{MSGNW:removedwatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removedwatchtext&action=edit removedwatchtext] </td><td> The page &quot;$1&quot; has been removed from your watchlist. </td><td> {{MSGNW:removedwatchtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removingchecked&action=edit removingchecked] </td><td> Removing requested items from watchlist... </td><td> {{MSGNW:removingchecked}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Resetprefs&action=edit resetprefs] </td><td> Reset preferences </td><td> {{MSGNW:resetprefs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Restorelink&action=edit restorelink] </td><td> $1 deleted edits </td><td> {{MSGNW:restorelink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Resultsperpage&action=edit resultsperpage] </td><td> Hits to show per page </td><td> {{MSGNW:resultsperpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Retrievedfrom&action=edit retrievedfrom] </td><td> Retrieved from &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{MSGNW:retrievedfrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Returnto&action=edit returnto] </td><td> Return to $1. </td><td> {{MSGNW:returnto}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Retypenew&action=edit retypenew] </td><td> Retype new password </td><td> {{MSGNW:retypenew}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Reupload&action=edit reupload] </td><td> Re-upload </td><td> {{MSGNW:reupload}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Reuploaddesc&action=edit reuploaddesc] </td><td> Return to the upload form. </td><td> {{MSGNW:reuploaddesc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Reverted&action=edit reverted] </td><td> Reverted to earlier revision </td><td> {{MSGNW:reverted}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revertimg&action=edit revertimg] </td><td> rev </td><td> {{MSGNW:revertimg}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revertpage&action=edit revertpage] </td><td> Reverted edit of $2, changed back to last version by $1 </td><td> {{MSGNW:revertpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revhistory&action=edit revhistory] </td><td> Revision history </td><td> {{MSGNW:revhistory}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revisionasof&action=edit revisionasof] </td><td> Revision as of $1 </td><td> {{MSGNW:revisionasof}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revnotfound&action=edit revnotfound] </td><td> Revision not found </td><td> {{MSGNW:revnotfound}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revnotfoundtext&action=edit revnotfoundtext] </td><td> The old revision of the page you asked for could not be found. Please check the URL you used to access this page. </td><td> {{MSGNW:revnotfoundtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollback&action=edit rollback] </td><td> Roll back edits </td><td> {{MSGNW:rollback}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollbackfailed&action=edit rollbackfailed] </td><td> Rollback failed </td><td> {{MSGNW:rollbackfailed}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollbacklink&action=edit rollbacklink] </td><td> rollback </td><td> {{MSGNW:rollbacklink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rows&action=edit rows] </td><td> Rows </td><td> {{MSGNW:rows}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Savearticle&action=edit savearticle] </td><td> Save page </td><td> {{MSGNW:savearticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Savedprefs&action=edit savedprefs] </td><td> Your preferences have been saved. </td><td> {{MSGNW:savedprefs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Savefile&action=edit savefile] </td><td> Save file </td><td> {{MSGNW:savefile}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Saveprefs&action=edit saveprefs] </td><td> Save preferences </td><td> {{MSGNW:saveprefs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Search&action=edit search] </td><td> Search </td><td> {{MSGNW:search}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchdisabled&action=edit searchdisabled] </td><td> &lt;p&gt;Sorry! Full text search has been disabled temporarily, for performance reasons. In the meantime, you can use the Google search below, which may be out of date.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;!-- SiteSearch Google --&gt; &lt;FORM method=GET action=&quot;http&#58;//www.google.com/search&quot;&gt; &lt;TABLE bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt; &lt;A HREF=&quot;http&#58;//www.google.com/&quot;&gt; &lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http&#58;//www.google.com/logos/Logo_40wht.gif&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; ALT=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;INPUT TYPE=text name=q size=31 maxlength=255 value=&quot;$1&quot;&gt; &lt;INPUT type=submit name=btnG VALUE=&quot;Google Search&quot;&gt; &lt;font size=-1&gt; &lt;input type=hidden name=domains value=&quot;http&#58;//ne.wikipedia.org&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&quot;&quot;&gt; WWW &lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&quot;http&#58;//ne.wikipedia.org&quot; checked&gt; http&#58;//ne.wikipedia.org &lt;br&gt; &lt;input type=&#39;hidden&#39; name=&#39;ie&#39; value=&#39;$2&#39;&gt; &lt;input type=&#39;hidden&#39; name=&#39;oe&#39; value=&#39;$2&#39;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt; &lt;/FORM&gt; &lt;!-- SiteSearch Google --&gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:searchdisabled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchhelppage&action=edit searchhelppage] </td><td> Wikipedia:Searching </td><td> {{MSGNW:searchhelppage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchingwikipedia&action=edit searchingwikipedia] </td><td> Searching Wikipedia </td><td> {{MSGNW:searchingwikipedia}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchquery&action=edit searchquery] </td><td> For query &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{MSGNW:searchquery}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchresults&action=edit searchresults] </td><td> Search results </td><td> {{MSGNW:searchresults}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchresultshead&action=edit searchresultshead] </td><td> Search result settings </td><td> {{MSGNW:searchresultshead}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchresulttext&action=edit searchresulttext] </td><td> For more information about searching Wikipedia, see $1. </td><td> {{MSGNW:searchresulttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sectionedit&action=edit sectionedit] </td><td> (section) </td><td> {{MSGNW:sectionedit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selectonly&action=edit selectonly] </td><td> Only read-only queries are allowed. </td><td> {{MSGNW:selectonly}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selflinks&action=edit selflinks] </td><td> Pages with Self Links </td><td> {{MSGNW:selflinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selflinkstext&action=edit selflinkstext] </td><td> The following pages contain a link to themselves, which they should not. </td><td> {{MSGNW:selflinkstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Servertime&action=edit servertime] </td><td> Server time is now </td><td> {{MSGNW:servertime}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Setbureaucratflag&action=edit setbureaucratflag] </td><td> Set bureaucrat flag </td><td> {{MSGNW:setbureaucratflag}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Shortpages&action=edit shortpages] </td><td> Short pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:shortpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Show&action=edit show] </td><td> show </td><td> {{MSGNW:show}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showhideminor&action=edit showhideminor] </td><td> $1 minor edits </td><td> {{MSGNW:showhideminor}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showingresults&action=edit showingresults] </td><td> Showing below &lt;b&gt;$1&lt;/b&gt; results starting with #&lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:showingresults}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showingresultsnum&action=edit showingresultsnum] </td><td> Showing below &lt;b&gt;$3&lt;/b&gt; results starting with #&lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:showingresultsnum}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showlast&action=edit showlast] </td><td> Show last $1 images sorted $2. </td><td> {{MSGNW:showlast}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showpreview&action=edit showpreview] </td><td> Show preview </td><td> {{MSGNW:showpreview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showtoc&action=edit showtoc] </td><td> show </td><td> {{MSGNW:showtoc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sig_tip&action=edit sig_tip] </td><td> Your signature with timestamp </td><td> {{MSGNW:sig_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitestats&action=edit sitestats] </td><td> Site statistics </td><td> {{MSGNW:sitestats}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitestatstext&action=edit sitestatstext] </td><td> There are &lt;b&gt;$1&lt;/b&gt; total pages in the database. This includes &quot;talk&quot; pages, pages about Wikipedia, minimal &quot;stub&quot; pages, redirects, and others that probably don&#39;t qualify as articles. Excluding those, there are &lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt; pages that are probably legitimate articles.&lt;p&gt; There have been a total of &lt;b&gt;$3&lt;/b&gt; page views, and &lt;b&gt;$4&lt;/b&gt; page edits since the software was upgraded (July 20, 2002). That comes to &lt;b&gt;$5&lt;/b&gt; average edits per page, and &lt;b&gt;$6&lt;/b&gt; views per edit. </td><td> {{MSGNW:sitestatstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitesubtitle&action=edit sitesubtitle] </td><td> The Free Encyclopedia </td><td> {{MSGNW:sitesubtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitesupport&action=edit sitesupport] </td><td> Donations </td><td> {{MSGNW:sitesupport}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitesupportpage&action=edit sitesupportpage] </td><td> &amp;lt;sitesupportpage&amp;gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:sitesupportpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitetitle&action=edit sitetitle] </td><td> Wikipedia </td><td> {{MSGNW:sitetitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Skin&action=edit skin] </td><td> Skin </td><td> {{MSGNW:skin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Specialpages&action=edit specialpages] </td><td> Special pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:specialpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Spheading&action=edit spheading] </td><td> Special pages for all users </td><td> {{MSGNW:spheading}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sqlislogged&action=edit sqlislogged] </td><td> Please note that all queries are logged. </td><td> {{MSGNW:sqlislogged}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sqlquery&action=edit sqlquery] </td><td> Enter query </td><td> {{MSGNW:sqlquery}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Statistics&action=edit statistics] </td><td> Statistics </td><td> {{MSGNW:statistics}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Storedversion&action=edit storedversion] </td><td> Stored version </td><td> {{MSGNW:storedversion}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Stubthreshold&action=edit stubthreshold] </td><td> Threshold for stub display </td><td> {{MSGNW:stubthreshold}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Subcategories&action=edit subcategories] </td><td> Subcategories </td><td> {{MSGNW:subcategories}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Subject&action=edit subject] </td><td> Subject/headline </td><td> {{MSGNW:subject}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Subjectpage&action=edit subjectpage] </td><td> View subject </td><td> {{MSGNW:subjectpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Successfulupload&action=edit successfulupload] </td><td> Successful upload </td><td> {{MSGNW:successfulupload}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Summary&action=edit summary] </td><td> Summary </td><td> {{MSGNW:summary}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sysopspheading&action=edit sysopspheading] </td><td> For sysop use only </td><td> {{MSGNW:sysopspheading}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sysoptext&action=edit sysoptext] </td><td> The action you have requested can only be performed by users with &quot;sysop&quot; status. See $1. </td><td> {{MSGNW:sysoptext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sysoptitle&action=edit sysoptitle] </td><td> Sysop access required </td><td> {{MSGNW:sysoptitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tableform&action=edit tableform] </td><td> table </td><td> {{MSGNW:tableform}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkexists&action=edit talkexists] </td><td> The page itself was moved successfully, but the talk page could not be moved because one already exists at the new title. Please merge them manually. </td><td> {{MSGNW:talkexists}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpage&action=edit talkpage] </td><td> Discuss this page </td><td> {{MSGNW:talkpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpagemoved&action=edit talkpagemoved] </td><td> The corresponding talk page was also moved. </td><td> {{MSGNW:talkpagemoved}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpagenotmoved&action=edit talkpagenotmoved] </td><td> The corresponding talk page was &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; moved. </td><td> {{MSGNW:talkpagenotmoved}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Textboxsize&action=edit textboxsize] </td><td> Textbox dimensions </td><td> {{MSGNW:textboxsize}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Textmatches&action=edit textmatches] </td><td> Article text matches </td><td> {{MSGNW:textmatches}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Thisisdeleted&action=edit thisisdeleted] </td><td> View or restore $1? </td><td> {{MSGNW:thisisdeleted}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Thumbnail-more&action=edit thumbnail-more] </td><td> Enlarge </td><td> {{MSGNW:thumbnail-more}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Timezoneoffset&action=edit timezoneoffset] </td><td> Offset </td><td> {{MSGNW:timezoneoffset}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Timezonetext&action=edit timezonetext] </td><td> Enter number of hours your local time differs from server time (UTC). </td><td> {{MSGNW:timezonetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Titlematches&action=edit titlematches] </td><td> Article title matches </td><td> {{MSGNW:titlematches}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Toc&action=edit toc] </td><td> Table of contents </td><td> {{MSGNW:toc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uclinks&action=edit uclinks] </td><td> View the last $1 changes; view the last $2 days. </td><td> {{MSGNW:uclinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ucnote&action=edit ucnote] </td><td> Below are this user&#39;s last &lt;b&gt;$1&lt;/b&gt; changes in the last &lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt; days. </td><td> {{MSGNW:ucnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uctop&action=edit uctop] </td><td> (top) </td><td> {{MSGNW:uctop}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblockip&action=edit unblockip] </td><td> Unblock user </td><td> {{MSGNW:unblockip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblockiptext&action=edit unblockiptext] </td><td> Use the form below to restore write access to a previously blocked IP address or username. </td><td> {{MSGNW:unblockiptext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblocklink&action=edit unblocklink] </td><td> unblock </td><td> {{MSGNW:unblocklink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblocklogentry&action=edit unblocklogentry] </td><td> unblocked &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{MSGNW:unblocklogentry}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undelete&action=edit undelete] </td><td> Restore deleted page </td><td> {{MSGNW:undelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletearticle&action=edit undeletearticle] </td><td> Restore deleted article </td><td> {{MSGNW:undeletearticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletebtn&action=edit undeletebtn] </td><td> Restore! </td><td> {{MSGNW:undeletebtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletedarticle&action=edit undeletedarticle] </td><td> restored &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{MSGNW:undeletedarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletedtext&action=edit undeletedtext] </td><td> The article &#91;&#91;$1]] has been successfully restored. See &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Deletion_log]] for a record of recent deletions and restorations. </td><td> {{MSGNW:undeletedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletehistory&action=edit undeletehistory] </td><td> If you restore the page, all revisions will be restored to the history. If a new page with the same name has been created since the deletion, the restored revisions will appear in the prior history, and the current revision of the live page will not be automatically replaced. </td><td> {{MSGNW:undeletehistory}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletepage&action=edit undeletepage] </td><td> View and restore deleted pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:undeletepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletepagetext&action=edit undeletepagetext] </td><td> The following pages have been deleted but are still in the archive and can be restored. The archive may be periodically cleaned out. </td><td> {{MSGNW:undeletepagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeleterevision&action=edit undeleterevision] </td><td> Deleted revision as of $1 </td><td> {{MSGNW:undeleterevision}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeleterevisions&action=edit undeleterevisions] </td><td> $1 revisions archived </td><td> {{MSGNW:undeleterevisions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unexpected&action=edit unexpected] </td><td> Unexpected value: &quot;$1&quot;=&quot;$2&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:unexpected}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockbtn&action=edit unlockbtn] </td><td> Unlock database </td><td> {{MSGNW:unlockbtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockconfirm&action=edit unlockconfirm] </td><td> Yes, I really want to unlock the database. </td><td> {{MSGNW:unlockconfirm}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdb&action=edit unlockdb] </td><td> Unlock database </td><td> {{MSGNW:unlockdb}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdbsuccesssub&action=edit unlockdbsuccesssub] </td><td> Database lock removed </td><td> {{MSGNW:unlockdbsuccesssub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdbsuccesstext&action=edit unlockdbsuccesstext] </td><td> The database has been unlocked. </td><td> {{MSGNW:unlockdbsuccesstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdbtext&action=edit unlockdbtext] </td><td> Unlocking the database will restore the ability of all users to edit pages, change their preferences, edit their watchlists, and other things requiring changes in the database. Please confirm that this is what you intend to do. </td><td> {{MSGNW:unlockdbtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotectedarticle&action=edit unprotectedarticle] </td><td> unprotected &#91;&#91;$1]] </td><td> {{MSGNW:unprotectedarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotectthispage&action=edit unprotectthispage] </td><td> Unprotect this page </td><td> {{MSGNW:unprotectthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unusedimages&action=edit unusedimages] </td><td> Unused images </td><td> {{MSGNW:unusedimages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unusedimagestext&action=edit unusedimagestext] </td><td> &lt;p&gt;Please note that other web sites such as the international Wikipedias may link to an image with a direct URL, and so may still be listed here despite being in active use. </td><td> {{MSGNW:unusedimagestext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unwatchthispage&action=edit unwatchthispage] </td><td> Stop watching </td><td> {{MSGNW:unwatchthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Updated&action=edit updated] </td><td> (Updated) </td><td> {{MSGNW:updated}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Upload&action=edit upload] </td><td> Upload file </td><td> {{MSGNW:upload}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadbtn&action=edit uploadbtn] </td><td> Upload file </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploadbtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploaddisabled&action=edit uploaddisabled] </td><td> Sorry, uploading is disabled. </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploaddisabled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadedfiles&action=edit uploadedfiles] </td><td> Uploaded files </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploadedfiles}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadedimage&action=edit uploadedimage] </td><td> uploaded &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploadedimage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploaderror&action=edit uploaderror] </td><td> Upload error </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploaderror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadfile&action=edit uploadfile] </td><td> Upload images, sounds, documents etc. </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploadfile}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlink&action=edit uploadlink] </td><td> Upload images </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploadlink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlog&action=edit uploadlog] </td><td> upload log </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploadlog}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlogpage&action=edit uploadlogpage] </td><td> Upload_log </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploadlogpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlogpagetext&action=edit uploadlogpagetext] </td><td> Below is a list of the most recent file uploads. All times shown are server time (UTC). &lt;ul&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploadlogpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadnologin&action=edit uploadnologin] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploadnologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadnologintext&action=edit uploadnologintext] </td><td> You must be &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; to upload files. </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploadnologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadtext&action=edit uploadtext] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;STOP!&lt;/strong&gt; Before you upload here, make sure to read and follow the &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy&quot;&gt;image use policy&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;p&gt;If a file with the name you are specifying already exists on the wiki, it&#39;ll be replaced without warning. So unless you mean to update a file, it&#39;s a good idea to first check if such a file exists. &lt;p&gt;To view or search previously uploaded images, go to the &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Imagelist&quot;&gt;list of uploaded images&lt;/a&gt;. Uploads and deletions are logged on the &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Wikipedia:Upload_log&quot;&gt;upload log&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;p&gt;Use the form below to upload new image files for use in illustrating your articles. On most browsers, you will see a &quot;Browse...&quot; button, which will bring up your operating system&#39;s standard file open dialog. Choosing a file will fill the name of that file into the text field next to the button. You must also check the box affirming that you are not violating any copyrights by uploading the file. Press the &quot;Upload&quot; button to finish the upload. This may take some time if you have a slow internet connection. &lt;p&gt;The preferred formats are JPEG for photographic images, PNG for drawings and other iconic images, and OGG for sounds. Please name your files descriptively to avoid confusion. To include the image in an article, use a link in the form &lt;b&gt;&#91;&#91;image:file.jpg]]&lt;/b&gt; or &lt;b&gt;&#91;&#91;image:file.png&#124;alt text]]&lt;/b&gt; or &lt;b&gt;&#91;&#91;media:file.ogg]]&lt;/b&gt; for sounds. &lt;p&gt;Please note that as with wiki pages, others may edit or delete your uploads if they think it serves the encyclopedia, and you may be blocked from uploading if you abuse the system. </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploadtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadwarning&action=edit uploadwarning] </td><td> Upload warning </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploadwarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userexists&action=edit userexists] </td><td> The user name you entered is already in use. Please choose a different name. </td><td> {{MSGNW:userexists}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userlogin&action=edit userlogin] </td><td> Log in </td><td> {{MSGNW:userlogin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userlogout&action=edit userlogout] </td><td> Log out </td><td> {{MSGNW:userlogout}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userpage&action=edit userpage] </td><td> View user page </td><td> {{MSGNW:userpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userstats&action=edit userstats] </td><td> User statistics </td><td> {{MSGNW:userstats}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userstatstext&action=edit userstatstext] </td><td> There are &lt;b&gt;$1&lt;/b&gt; registered users. &lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt; of these are administrators (see $3). </td><td> {{MSGNW:userstatstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Version&action=edit version] </td><td> Version </td><td> {{MSGNW:version}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewcount&action=edit viewcount] </td><td> This page has been accessed $1 times. </td><td> {{MSGNW:viewcount}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewprevnext&action=edit viewprevnext] </td><td> View ($1) ($2) ($3). </td><td> {{MSGNW:viewprevnext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewsource&action=edit viewsource] </td><td> View source </td><td> {{MSGNW:viewsource}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewtalkpage&action=edit viewtalkpage] </td><td> View discussion </td><td> {{MSGNW:viewtalkpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wantedpages&action=edit wantedpages] </td><td> Wanted pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:wantedpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchdetails&action=edit watchdetails] </td><td> ($1 pages watched not counting talk pages; $2 total pages edited since cutoff; $3... &lt;a href=&#39;$4&#39;&gt;show and edit complete list&lt;/a&gt;.) </td><td> {{MSGNW:watchdetails}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watcheditlist&action=edit watcheditlist] </td><td> Here&#39;s an alphabetical list of your watched pages. Check the boxes of pages you want to remove from your watchlist and click the &#39;remove checked&#39; button at the bottom of the screen. </td><td> {{MSGNW:watcheditlist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchlist&action=edit watchlist] </td><td> My watchlist </td><td> {{MSGNW:watchlist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchlistcontains&action=edit watchlistcontains] </td><td> Your watchlist contains $1 pages. </td><td> {{MSGNW:watchlistcontains}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchlistsub&action=edit watchlistsub] </td><td> (for user &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{MSGNW:watchlistsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchmethod-list&action=edit watchmethod-list] </td><td> checking watched pages for recent edits </td><td> {{MSGNW:watchmethod-list}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchmethod-recent&action=edit watchmethod-recent] </td><td> checking recent edits for watched pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:watchmethod-recent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchnochange&action=edit watchnochange] </td><td> None of your watched items were edited in the time period displayed. </td><td> {{MSGNW:watchnochange}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchnologin&action=edit watchnologin] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{MSGNW:watchnologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchnologintext&action=edit watchnologintext] </td><td> You must be &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; to modify your watchlist. </td><td> {{MSGNW:watchnologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchthis&action=edit watchthis] </td><td> Watch this article </td><td> {{MSGNW:watchthis}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchthispage&action=edit watchthispage] </td><td> Watch this page </td><td> {{MSGNW:watchthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Welcomecreation&action=edit welcomecreation] </td><td> &lt;h2&gt;Welcome, $1!&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Your account has been created. Don&#39;t forget to personalize your wikipedia preferences. </td><td> {{MSGNW:welcomecreation}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whatlinkshere&action=edit whatlinkshere] </td><td> What links here </td><td> {{MSGNW:whatlinkshere}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistacctext&action=edit whitelistacctext] </td><td> To be allowed to create accounts in this Wiki you have to &#91;&#91;Special:Userlogin&#124;log]] in and have the appropriate permissions. </td><td> {{MSGNW:whitelistacctext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistacctitle&action=edit whitelistacctitle] </td><td> You are not allowed to create an account </td><td> {{MSGNW:whitelistacctitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistedittext&action=edit whitelistedittext] </td><td> You have to &#91;&#91;Special:Userlogin&#124;login]] to edit articles. </td><td> {{MSGNW:whitelistedittext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistedittitle&action=edit whitelistedittitle] </td><td> Login required to edit </td><td> {{MSGNW:whitelistedittitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistreadtext&action=edit whitelistreadtext] </td><td> You have to &#91;&#91;Special:Userlogin&#124;login]] to read articles. </td><td> {{MSGNW:whitelistreadtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistreadtitle&action=edit whitelistreadtitle] </td><td> Login required to read </td><td> {{MSGNW:whitelistreadtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wikipediapage&action=edit wikipediapage] </td><td> View meta page </td><td> {{MSGNW:wikipediapage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wikititlesuffix&action=edit wikititlesuffix] </td><td> Wikipedia </td><td> {{MSGNW:wikititlesuffix}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wlnote&action=edit wlnote] </td><td> Below are the last $1 changes in the last &lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt; hours. </td><td> {{MSGNW:wlnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wlsaved&action=edit wlsaved] </td><td> This is a saved version of your watchlist. </td><td> {{MSGNW:wlsaved}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wlshowlast&action=edit wlshowlast] </td><td> Show last $1 hours $2 days $3 </td><td> {{MSGNW:wlshowlast}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wrong_wfQuery_params&action=edit wrong_wfQuery_params] </td><td> Incorrect parameters to wfQuery()&lt;br&gt; Function: $1&lt;br&gt; Query: $2 </td><td> {{MSGNW:wrong_wfQuery_params}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wrongpassword&action=edit wrongpassword] </td><td> The password you entered is incorrect. Please try again. </td><td> {{MSGNW:wrongpassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourdiff&action=edit yourdiff] </td><td> Differences </td><td> {{MSGNW:yourdiff}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Youremail&action=edit youremail] </td><td> Your e-mail* </td><td> {{MSGNW:youremail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourname&action=edit yourname] </td><td> Your user name </td><td> {{MSGNW:yourname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yournick&action=edit yournick] </td><td> Your nickname (for signatures) </td><td> {{MSGNW:yournick}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourpassword&action=edit yourpassword] </td><td> Your password </td><td> {{MSGNW:yourpassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourpasswordagain&action=edit yourpasswordagain] </td><td> Retype password </td><td> {{MSGNW:yourpasswordagain}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourtext&action=edit yourtext] </td><td> Your text </td><td> {{MSGNW:yourtext}} </td></tr></table> 573 sysop 3801 2004-03-07T21:44:31Z 65.102.23.161 <ol start=1><li><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class='internal' title ="Main Page">Main Page</a> (0 views)</li> </ol> 574 sysop 3802 2004-03-07T21:44:18Z 65.102.12.225 <ol start=1></ol> 575 sysop 3803 2004-03-07T21:45:13Z 63.227.217.97 <ol start=1><li><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class='internal' title ="Main Page">Main Page</a></li> </ol> 576 sysop 3804 2004-03-07T21:45:20Z 63.227.217.97 <table> <tr><td align="right"><a href="/w/wiki.phtml?title=Special:Allpages&amp;from=HomePage" class='internal' title ="Special:Allpages">HomePage</a></td><td> to </td><td align="left">Main Page</td></tr> </table> 577 sysop 3805 2004-03-07T21:44:53Z 63.227.217.97 <ol start=1><li><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class='internal' title ="Main Page">Main Page</a> (5182 bytes)</li> </ol> 578 sysop 3806 2004-03-07T21:44:39Z 65.102.23.153 <ol start=1></ol> 579 sysop 3807 2004-03-07T21:44:46Z 65.102.12.225 <ol start=1><li><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class='internal' title ="Main Page">Main Page</a> (5182 bytes)</li> </ol> 590 sysop 7300 2006-10-05T20:06:24Z Jose77 104 प्रयोगकर्त संख्या: 599 3827 2004-04-23T12:26:14Z 212.100.178.141 rmoved spam 641 sysop 8098 2006-12-22T19:06:17Z RajeshPandey 111 र 642 sysop 8099 2006-12-22T19:06:39Z RajeshPandey 111 यस् IP को वारेमा वार्तालाप गर्नुहोस् 644 sysop 8103 2006-12-22T19:16:19Z RajeshPandey 111 मुख्य-लेख पृष्ठ 651 sysop 7162 2006-10-05T04:21:10Z Jose77 104 मेट्नुहोस् 652 sysop 9075 2007-01-19T17:54:20Z Eukesh 93 परिवर्तन 654 sysop 7161 2006-10-05T04:20:48Z Jose77 104 पृष्ठको ईतिहास 673 sysop 7163 2006-10-05T04:21:33Z Jose77 104 सार्ने 680 sysop 7289 2006-10-05T05:31:57Z Jose77 104 फाईल 681 sysop 7173 2006-10-05T04:27:53Z Jose77 104 लेख 682 sysop 8959 2007-01-17T18:54:51Z Indiver 9 माध्यम पृष्ठ 683 sysop 7257 2006-10-05T05:12:54Z Jose77 104 सन्देश 684 sysop 7283 2006-10-05T05:28:23Z Jose77 104 विशेष 686 sysop 7284 2006-10-05T05:28:40Z Jose77 104 प्रयोगकर्ता पृष्ठ 691 sysop 7234 2006-10-05T04:59:25Z Jose77 104 व्यक्तिगत औजारहरू 692 sysop 7138 2006-10-05T04:05:56Z Jose77 104 सामाजिक पोर्टल 693 sysop 7240 2006-10-05T05:01:34Z Jose77 104 आयोजना:सामाजिक पोर्टल 697 sysop 7243 2006-10-05T05:05:22Z Jose77 104 प्रयोगकर्ताको विवरण 698 sysop 7248 2006-10-05T05:07:59Z Jose77 104 नयाँ परिवर्तनहरु 699 sysop 7190 2006-10-05T04:39:03Z Jose77 104 सुरक्षित राख्नुहोस् 700 sysop 7250 2006-10-05T05:09:07Z Jose77 104 बचाउको कारण 705 sysop 7218 2006-10-05T04:53:32Z Jose77 104 सकियो. 717 sysop 7157 2006-10-05T04:19:21Z Jose77 104 वार्तालाप 719 sysop 7151 2006-10-05T04:15:23Z Jose77 104 औजारबट्टा 774 sysop 7164 2006-10-05T04:22:14Z Jose77 104 अवलोकन 775 sysop 9079 2007-01-19T18:00:03Z Eukesh 93 वास्तविक नाम *: 776 4004 2004-06-02T09:36:56Z MediaWiki default {{int:allmessagestext}} <table border=1 width=100%><tr><td> '''Name''' </td><td> '''Default text''' </td><td> '''Current text''' </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:1movedto2&action=edit 1movedto2]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:1movedto2|Talk]] </td><td> $1 moved to $2 </td><td> {{int:1movedto2}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:About&action=edit about]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:About|Talk]] </td><td> About </td><td> {{int:About}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Aboutpage&action=edit aboutpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Aboutpage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:About </td><td> {{int:Aboutpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Aboutwikipedia&action=edit aboutwikipedia]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Aboutwikipedia|Talk]] </td><td> About Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Aboutwikipedia}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-addsection&action=edit accesskey-addsection]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-addsection|Talk]] </td><td> + </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-addsection}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-anontalk&action=edit accesskey-anontalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-anontalk|Talk]] </td><td> n </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-anontalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-anonuserpage&action=edit accesskey-anonuserpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-anonuserpage|Talk]] </td><td> . </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-anonuserpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-article&action=edit accesskey-article]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-article|Talk]] </td><td> a </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-article}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-compareselectedversions&action=edit accesskey-compareselectedversions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-compareselectedversions|Talk]] </td><td> v </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-compareselectedversions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-contributions&action=edit accesskey-contributions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-contributions|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;lt;accesskey-contributions&amp;gt; </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-contributions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-currentevents&action=edit accesskey-currentevents]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-currentevents|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;lt;accesskey-currentevents&amp;gt; </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-currentevents}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-delete&action=edit accesskey-delete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-delete|Talk]] </td><td> d </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-delete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-edit&action=edit accesskey-edit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-edit|Talk]] </td><td> e </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-edit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-emailuser&action=edit accesskey-emailuser]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-emailuser|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;lt;accesskey-emailuser&amp;gt; </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-emailuser}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-help&action=edit accesskey-help]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-help|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;lt;accesskey-help&amp;gt; </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-help}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-history&action=edit accesskey-history]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-history|Talk]] </td><td> h </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-history}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-login&action=edit accesskey-login]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-login|Talk]] </td><td> o </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-login}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-logout&action=edit accesskey-logout]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-logout|Talk]] </td><td> o </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-logout}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-mainpage&action=edit accesskey-mainpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-mainpage|Talk]] </td><td> z </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-mainpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-minoredit&action=edit accesskey-minoredit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-minoredit|Talk]] </td><td> i </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-minoredit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-move&action=edit accesskey-move]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-move|Talk]] </td><td> m </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-move}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-mycontris&action=edit accesskey-mycontris]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-mycontris|Talk]] </td><td> y </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-mycontris}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-mytalk&action=edit accesskey-mytalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-mytalk|Talk]] </td><td> n </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-mytalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-portal&action=edit accesskey-portal]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-portal|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;lt;accesskey-portal&amp;gt; </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-portal}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-preferences&action=edit accesskey-preferences]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-preferences|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;lt;accesskey-preferences&amp;gt; </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-preferences}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-preview&action=edit accesskey-preview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-preview|Talk]] </td><td> p </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-preview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-protect&action=edit accesskey-protect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-protect|Talk]] </td><td> = </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-protect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-randompage&action=edit accesskey-randompage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-randompage|Talk]] </td><td> x </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-randompage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-recentchanges&action=edit accesskey-recentchanges]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-recentchanges|Talk]] </td><td> r </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-recentchanges}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-recentchangeslinked&action=edit accesskey-recentchangeslinked]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-recentchangeslinked|Talk]] </td><td> c </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-recentchangeslinked}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-save&action=edit accesskey-save]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-save|Talk]] </td><td> s </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-save}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-search&action=edit accesskey-search]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-search|Talk]] </td><td> f </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-search}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-sitesupport&action=edit accesskey-sitesupport]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-sitesupport|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;lt;accesskey-sitesupport&amp;gt; </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-sitesupport}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-specialpage&action=edit accesskey-specialpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-specialpage|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;lt;accesskey-specialpage&amp;gt; </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-specialpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-specialpages&action=edit accesskey-specialpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-specialpages|Talk]] </td><td> q </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-specialpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-talk&action=edit accesskey-talk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-talk|Talk]] </td><td> t </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-talk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-undelete&action=edit accesskey-undelete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-undelete|Talk]] </td><td> d </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-undelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-unwatch&action=edit accesskey-unwatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-unwatch|Talk]] </td><td> w </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-unwatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-upload&action=edit accesskey-upload]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-upload|Talk]] </td><td> u </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-upload}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-userpage&action=edit accesskey-userpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-userpage|Talk]] </td><td> . </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-userpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-viewsource&action=edit accesskey-viewsource]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-viewsource|Talk]] </td><td> e </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-viewsource}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-watch&action=edit accesskey-watch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-watch|Talk]] </td><td> w </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-watch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-watchlist&action=edit accesskey-watchlist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-watchlist|Talk]] </td><td> l </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-watchlist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-whatlinkshere&action=edit accesskey-whatlinkshere]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-whatlinkshere|Talk]] </td><td> b </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-whatlinkshere}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accmailtext&action=edit accmailtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accmailtext|Talk]] </td><td> The Password for &#39;$1&#39; has been sent to $2. </td><td> {{int:Accmailtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accmailtitle&action=edit accmailtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accmailtitle|Talk]] </td><td> Password sent. </td><td> {{int:Accmailtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Actioncomplete&action=edit actioncomplete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Actioncomplete|Talk]] </td><td> Action complete </td><td> {{int:Actioncomplete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Addedwatch&action=edit addedwatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Addedwatch|Talk]] </td><td> Added to watchlist </td><td> {{int:Addedwatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Addedwatchtext&action=edit addedwatchtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Addedwatchtext|Talk]] </td><td> The page &quot;$1&quot; has been added to your &#91;&#91;Special:Watchlist&#124;watchlist]]. Future changes to this page and its associated Talk page will be listed there, and the page will appear &#39;&#39;&#39;bolded&#39;&#39;&#39; in the &#91;&#91;Special:Recentchanges&#124;list of recent changes]] to make it easier to pick out. &lt;p&gt;If you want to remove the page from your watchlist later, click &quot;Stop watching&quot; in the sidebar. </td><td> {{int:Addedwatchtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Addsection&action=edit addsection]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Addsection|Talk]] </td><td> + </td><td> {{int:Addsection}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Administrators&action=edit administrators]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Administrators|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:Administrators </td><td> {{int:Administrators}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Affirmation&action=edit affirmation]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Affirmation|Talk]] </td><td> I affirm that the copyright holder of this file agrees to license it under the terms of the $1. </td><td> {{int:Affirmation}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:All&action=edit all]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:All|Talk]] </td><td> all </td><td> {{int:All}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Allmessages&action=edit allmessages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Allmessages|Talk]] </td><td> All system messages </td><td> {{int:Allmessages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Allmessagestext&action=edit allmessagestext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Allmessagestext|Talk]] </td><td> This is a list of all system messages available in the MediaWiki: namespace. </td><td> {{int:Allmessagestext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Allpages&action=edit allpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Allpages|Talk]] </td><td> All pages </td><td> {{int:Allpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Alphaindexline&action=edit alphaindexline]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Alphaindexline|Talk]] </td><td> $1 to $2 </td><td> {{int:Alphaindexline}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Alreadyloggedin&action=edit alreadyloggedin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Alreadyloggedin|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;font color=red&gt;&lt;b&gt;User $1, you are already logged in!&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt; </td><td> {{int:Alreadyloggedin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Alreadyrolled&action=edit alreadyrolled]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Alreadyrolled|Talk]] </td><td> Cannot rollback last edit of &#91;&#91;$1]] by &#91;&#91;User:$2&#124;$2]] (&#91;&#91;User talk:$2&#124;Talk]]); someone else has edited or rolled back the page already. Last edit was by &#91;&#91;User:$3&#124;$3]] (&#91;&#91;User talk:$3&#124;Talk]]). </td><td> {{int:Alreadyrolled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ancientpages&action=edit ancientpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ancientpages|Talk]] </td><td> Oldest pages </td><td> {{int:Ancientpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:And&action=edit and]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:And|Talk]] </td><td> and </td><td> {{int:And}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Anontalk&action=edit anontalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Anontalk|Talk]] </td><td> Talk for this IP </td><td> {{int:Anontalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Anontalkpagetext&action=edit anontalkpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Anontalkpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> ----&#39;&#39;This is the discussion page for an anonymous user who has not created an account yet or who does not use it. We therefore have to use the numerical &#91;&#91;IP address]] to identify him/her. Such an IP address can be shared by several users. If you are an anonymous user and feel that irrelevant comments have been directed at you, please &#91;&#91;Special:Userlogin&#124;create an account or log in]] to avoid future confusion with other anonymous users.&#39;&#39; </td><td> {{int:Anontalkpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Anonymous&action=edit anonymous]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Anonymous|Talk]] </td><td> Anonymous user(s) of Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Anonymous}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Article&action=edit article]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Article|Talk]] </td><td> Content page </td><td> {{int:Article}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Articleexists&action=edit articleexists]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Articleexists|Talk]] </td><td> A page of that name already exists, or the name you have chosen is not valid. Please choose another name. </td><td> {{int:Articleexists}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Articlepage&action=edit articlepage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Articlepage|Talk]] </td><td> View content page </td><td> {{int:Articlepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Asksql&action=edit asksql]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Asksql|Talk]] </td><td> SQL query </td><td> {{int:Asksql}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Asksqltext&action=edit asksqltext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Asksqltext|Talk]] </td><td> Use the form below to make a direct query of the database. Use single quotes (&#39;like this&#39;) to delimit string literals. This can often add considerable load to the server, so please use this function sparingly. </td><td> {{int:Asksqltext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Autoblocker&action=edit autoblocker]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Autoblocker|Talk]] </td><td> Autoblocked because you share an IP address with &quot;$1&quot;. Reason &quot;$2&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Autoblocker}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badarticleerror&action=edit badarticleerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badarticleerror|Talk]] </td><td> This action cannot be performed on this page. </td><td> {{int:Badarticleerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badfilename&action=edit badfilename]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badfilename|Talk]] </td><td> Image name has been changed to &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Badfilename}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badfiletype&action=edit badfiletype]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badfiletype|Talk]] </td><td> &quot;.$1&quot; is not a recommended image file format. </td><td> {{int:Badfiletype}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badipaddress&action=edit badipaddress]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badipaddress|Talk]] </td><td> Invalid IP address </td><td> {{int:Badipaddress}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badquery&action=edit badquery]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badquery|Talk]] </td><td> Badly formed search query </td><td> {{int:Badquery}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badquerytext&action=edit badquerytext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badquerytext|Talk]] </td><td> We could not process your query. This is probably because you have attempted to search for a word fewer than three letters long, which is not yet supported. It could also be that you have mistyped the expression, for example &quot;fish and and scales&quot;. Please try another query. </td><td> {{int:Badquerytext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badretype&action=edit badretype]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badretype|Talk]] </td><td> The passwords you entered do not match. </td><td> {{int:Badretype}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badtitle&action=edit badtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badtitle|Talk]] </td><td> Bad title </td><td> {{int:Badtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badtitletext&action=edit badtitletext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badtitletext|Talk]] </td><td> The requested page title was invalid, empty, or an incorrectly linked inter-language or inter-wiki title. </td><td> {{int:Badtitletext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blanknamespace&action=edit blanknamespace]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blanknamespace|Talk]] </td><td> (Main) </td><td> {{int:Blanknamespace}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockedtext&action=edit blockedtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blockedtext|Talk]] </td><td> Your user name or IP address has been blocked by $1. The reason given is this:&lt;br /&gt;&#39;&#39;$2&#39;&#39;&lt;p&gt;You may contact $1 or one of the other &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Administrators&#124;administrators]] to discuss the block. Note that you may not use the &quot;email this user&quot; feature unless you have a valid email address registered in your &#91;&#91;Special:Preferences&#124;user preferences]]. Your IP address is $3. Please include this address in any queries you make. </td><td> {{int:Blockedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockedtitle&action=edit blockedtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blockedtitle|Talk]] </td><td> User is blocked </td><td> {{int:Blockedtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockip&action=edit blockip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blockip|Talk]] </td><td> Block user </td><td> {{int:Blockip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockipsuccesssub&action=edit blockipsuccesssub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blockipsuccesssub|Talk]] </td><td> Block succeeded </td><td> {{int:Blockipsuccesssub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockipsuccesstext&action=edit blockipsuccesstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blockipsuccesstext|Talk]] </td><td> &quot;$1&quot; has been blocked. &lt;br /&gt;See &#91;&#91;Special:Ipblocklist&#124;IP block list]] to review blocks. </td><td> {{int:Blockipsuccesstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockiptext&action=edit blockiptext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blockiptext|Talk]] </td><td> Use the form below to block write access from a specific IP address or username. This should be done only only to prevent vandalism, and in accordance with &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Policy&#124;policy]]. Fill in a specific reason below (for example, citing particular pages that were vandalized). </td><td> {{int:Blockiptext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklink&action=edit blocklink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blocklink|Talk]] </td><td> block </td><td> {{int:Blocklink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklistline&action=edit blocklistline]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blocklistline|Talk]] </td><td> $1, $2 blocked $3 (expires $4) </td><td> {{int:Blocklistline}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklogentry&action=edit blocklogentry]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blocklogentry|Talk]] </td><td> blocked &quot;$1&quot; with an expiry time of $2 </td><td> {{int:Blocklogentry}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklogpage&action=edit blocklogpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blocklogpage|Talk]] </td><td> Block_log </td><td> {{int:Blocklogpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklogtext&action=edit blocklogtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blocklogtext|Talk]] </td><td> This is a log of user blocking and unblocking actions. Automatically blocked IP addresses are not be listed. See the &#91;&#91;Special:Ipblocklist&#124;IP block list]] for the list of currently operational bans and blocks. </td><td> {{int:Blocklogtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bold_sample&action=edit bold_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bold_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Bold text </td><td> {{int:Bold_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bold_tip&action=edit bold_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bold_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Bold text </td><td> {{int:Bold_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Booksources&action=edit booksources]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Booksources|Talk]] </td><td> Book sources </td><td> {{int:Booksources}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Booksourcetext&action=edit booksourcetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Booksourcetext|Talk]] </td><td> Below is a list of links to other sites that sell new and used books, and may also have further information about books you are looking for.Wikipedia is not affiliated with any of these businesses, and this list should not be construed as an endorsement. </td><td> {{int:Booksourcetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Brokenredirects&action=edit brokenredirects]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Brokenredirects|Talk]] </td><td> Broken Redirects </td><td> {{int:Brokenredirects}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Brokenredirectstext&action=edit brokenredirectstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Brokenredirectstext|Talk]] </td><td> The following redirects link to a non-existing pages. </td><td> {{int:Brokenredirectstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bugreports&action=edit bugreports]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bugreports|Talk]] </td><td> Bug reports </td><td> {{int:Bugreports}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bugreportspage&action=edit bugreportspage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bugreportspage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:Bug_reports </td><td> {{int:Bugreportspage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucratlog&action=edit bureaucratlog]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bureaucratlog|Talk]] </td><td> Bureaucrat_log </td><td> {{int:Bureaucratlog}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucratlogentry&action=edit bureaucratlogentry]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bureaucratlogentry|Talk]] </td><td> Rights for user &quot;$1&quot; set &quot;$2&quot; </td><td> {{int:Bureaucratlogentry}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucrattext&action=edit bureaucrattext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bureaucrattext|Talk]] </td><td> The action you have requested can only be performed by sysops with &quot;bureaucrat&quot; status. </td><td> {{int:Bureaucrattext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucrattitle&action=edit bureaucrattitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bureaucrattitle|Talk]] </td><td> Bureaucrat access required </td><td> {{int:Bureaucrattitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bydate&action=edit bydate]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bydate|Talk]] </td><td> by date </td><td> {{int:Bydate}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Byname&action=edit byname]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Byname|Talk]] </td><td> by name </td><td> {{int:Byname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bysize&action=edit bysize]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bysize|Talk]] </td><td> by size </td><td> {{int:Bysize}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cachederror&action=edit cachederror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Cachederror|Talk]] </td><td> The following is a cached copy of the requested page, and may not be up to date. </td><td> {{int:Cachederror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cancel&action=edit cancel]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Cancel|Talk]] </td><td> Cancel </td><td> {{int:Cancel}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cannotdelete&action=edit cannotdelete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Cannotdelete|Talk]] </td><td> Could not delete the page or image specified. (It may have already been deleted by someone else.) </td><td> {{int:Cannotdelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cantrollback&action=edit cantrollback]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Cantrollback|Talk]] </td><td> Cannot revert edit; last contributor is only author of this page. </td><td> {{int:Cantrollback}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Categories&action=edit categories]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Categories|Talk]] </td><td> Categories </td><td> {{int:Categories}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Category&action=edit category]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Category|Talk]] </td><td> category </td><td> {{int:Category}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Category_header&action=edit category_header]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Category_header|Talk]] </td><td> Articles in category &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Category_header}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Changepassword&action=edit changepassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Changepassword|Talk]] </td><td> Change password </td><td> {{int:Changepassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Changes&action=edit changes]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Changes|Talk]] </td><td> changes </td><td> {{int:Changes}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Columns&action=edit columns]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Columns|Talk]] </td><td> Columns </td><td> {{int:Columns}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Commentedit&action=edit commentedit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Commentedit|Talk]] </td><td> (comment) </td><td> {{int:Commentedit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Compareselectedversions&action=edit compareselectedversions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Compareselectedversions|Talk]] </td><td> Compare selected versions </td><td> {{int:Compareselectedversions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirm&action=edit confirm]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirm|Talk]] </td><td> Confirm </td><td> {{int:Confirm}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmcheck&action=edit confirmcheck]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmcheck|Talk]] </td><td> Yes, I really want to delete this. </td><td> {{int:Confirmcheck}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmdelete&action=edit confirmdelete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmdelete|Talk]] </td><td> Confirm delete </td><td> {{int:Confirmdelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmdeletetext&action=edit confirmdeletetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmdeletetext|Talk]] </td><td> You are about to permanently delete a page or image along with all of its history from the database. Please confirm that you intend to do this, that you understand the consequences, and that you are doing this in accordance with &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Policy]]. </td><td> {{int:Confirmdeletetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmprotect&action=edit confirmprotect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmprotect|Talk]] </td><td> Confirm protection </td><td> {{int:Confirmprotect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmprotecttext&action=edit confirmprotecttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmprotecttext|Talk]] </td><td> Do you really want to protect this page? </td><td> {{int:Confirmprotecttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmunprotect&action=edit confirmunprotect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmunprotect|Talk]] </td><td> Confirm unprotection </td><td> {{int:Confirmunprotect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmunprotecttext&action=edit confirmunprotecttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmunprotecttext|Talk]] </td><td> Do you really want to unprotect this page? </td><td> {{int:Confirmunprotecttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contextchars&action=edit contextchars]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Contextchars|Talk]] </td><td> Characters of context per line </td><td> {{int:Contextchars}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contextlines&action=edit contextlines]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Contextlines|Talk]] </td><td> Lines to show per hit </td><td> {{int:Contextlines}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contribslink&action=edit contribslink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Contribslink|Talk]] </td><td> contribs </td><td> {{int:Contribslink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contribsub&action=edit contribsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Contribsub|Talk]] </td><td> For $1 </td><td> {{int:Contribsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contributions&action=edit contributions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Contributions|Talk]] </td><td> User contributions </td><td> {{int:Contributions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyright&action=edit copyright]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Copyright|Talk]] </td><td> Content is available under $1. </td><td> {{int:Copyright}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyrightpage&action=edit copyrightpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Copyrightpage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:Copyrights </td><td> {{int:Copyrightpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyrightpagename&action=edit copyrightpagename]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Copyrightpagename|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia copyright </td><td> {{int:Copyrightpagename}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyrightwarning&action=edit copyrightwarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Copyrightwarning|Talk]] </td><td> Please note that all contributions to Wikipedia are considered to be released under the GNU Free Documentation License (see $1 for details). If you don&#39;t want your writing to be edited mercilessly and redistributed at will, then don&#39;t submit it here.&lt;br /&gt; You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource. &lt;strong&gt;DO NOT SUBMIT COPYRIGHTED WORK WITHOUT PERMISSION!&lt;/strong&gt; </td><td> {{int:Copyrightwarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Couldntremove&action=edit couldntremove]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Couldntremove|Talk]] </td><td> Couldn&#39;t remove item &#39;$1&#39;... </td><td> {{int:Couldntremove}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Createaccount&action=edit createaccount]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Createaccount|Talk]] </td><td> Create new account </td><td> {{int:Createaccount}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Createaccountmail&action=edit createaccountmail]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Createaccountmail|Talk]] </td><td> by email </td><td> {{int:Createaccountmail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cur&action=edit cur]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Cur|Talk]] </td><td> cur </td><td> {{int:Cur}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Currentevents&action=edit currentevents]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Currentevents|Talk]] </td><td> Current events </td><td> {{int:Currentevents}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Currentrev&action=edit currentrev]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Currentrev|Talk]] </td><td> Current revision </td><td> {{int:Currentrev}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Databaseerror&action=edit databaseerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Databaseerror|Talk]] </td><td> Database error </td><td> {{int:Databaseerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dateformat&action=edit dateformat]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Dateformat|Talk]] </td><td> Date format </td><td> {{int:Dateformat}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dberrortext&action=edit dberrortext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Dberrortext|Talk]] </td><td> A database query syntax error has occurred. This could be because of an illegal search query (see $5), or it may indicate a bug in the software. The last attempted database query was: &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;tt&gt;$1&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; from within function &quot;&lt;tt&gt;$2&lt;/tt&gt;&quot;. MySQL returned error &quot;&lt;tt&gt;$3: $4&lt;/tt&gt;&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Dberrortext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dberrortextcl&action=edit dberrortextcl]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Dberrortextcl|Talk]] </td><td> A database query syntax error has occurred. The last attempted database query was: &quot;$1&quot; from within function &quot;$2&quot;. MySQL returned error &quot;$3: $4&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Dberrortextcl}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deadendpages&action=edit deadendpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deadendpages|Talk]] </td><td> Dead-end pages </td><td> {{int:Deadendpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Debug&action=edit debug]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Debug|Talk]] </td><td> Debug </td><td> {{int:Debug}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Defaultns&action=edit defaultns]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Defaultns|Talk]] </td><td> Search in these namespaces by default: </td><td> {{int:Defaultns}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Defemailsubject&action=edit defemailsubject]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Defemailsubject|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia e-mail </td><td> {{int:Defemailsubject}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Delete&action=edit delete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Delete|Talk]] </td><td> Delete </td><td> {{int:Delete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletecomment&action=edit deletecomment]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletecomment|Talk]] </td><td> Reason for deletion </td><td> {{int:Deletecomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletedarticle&action=edit deletedarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletedarticle|Talk]] </td><td> deleted &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Deletedarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletedtext&action=edit deletedtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletedtext|Talk]] </td><td> &quot;$1&quot; has been deleted. See $2 for a record of recent deletions. </td><td> {{int:Deletedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deleteimg&action=edit deleteimg]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deleteimg|Talk]] </td><td> del </td><td> {{int:Deleteimg}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletepage&action=edit deletepage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletepage|Talk]] </td><td> Delete page </td><td> {{int:Deletepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletesub&action=edit deletesub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletesub|Talk]] </td><td> (Deleting &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{int:Deletesub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletethispage&action=edit deletethispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletethispage|Talk]] </td><td> Delete this page </td><td> {{int:Deletethispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletionlog&action=edit deletionlog]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletionlog|Talk]] </td><td> deletion log </td><td> {{int:Deletionlog}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dellogpage&action=edit dellogpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Dellogpage|Talk]] </td><td> Deletion_log </td><td> {{int:Dellogpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dellogpagetext&action=edit dellogpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Dellogpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> Below is a list of the most recent deletions. All times shown are server time (UTC). &lt;ul&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; </td><td> {{int:Dellogpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Developerspheading&action=edit developerspheading]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Developerspheading|Talk]] </td><td> For developer use only </td><td> {{int:Developerspheading}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Developertext&action=edit developertext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Developertext|Talk]] </td><td> The action you have requested can only be performed by users with &quot;developer&quot; status. See $1. </td><td> {{int:Developertext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Developertitle&action=edit developertitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Developertitle|Talk]] </td><td> Developer access required </td><td> {{int:Developertitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Diff&action=edit diff]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Diff|Talk]] </td><td> diff </td><td> {{int:Diff}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Difference&action=edit difference]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Difference|Talk]] </td><td> (Difference between revisions) </td><td> {{int:Difference}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disambiguations&action=edit disambiguations]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Disambiguations|Talk]] </td><td> Disambiguation pages </td><td> {{int:Disambiguations}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disambiguationspage&action=edit disambiguationspage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Disambiguationspage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:Links_to_disambiguating_pages </td><td> {{int:Disambiguationspage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disambiguationstext&action=edit disambiguationstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Disambiguationstext|Talk]] </td><td> The following pages link to a &lt;i&gt;disambiguation page&lt;/i&gt;. They should link to the appropriate topic instead.&lt;br /&gt;A page is treated as dismbiguation if it is linked from $1.&lt;br /&gt;Links from other namespaces are &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; listed here. </td><td> {{int:Disambiguationstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disclaimerpage&action=edit disclaimerpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Disclaimerpage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:General_disclaimer </td><td> {{int:Disclaimerpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disclaimers&action=edit disclaimers]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Disclaimers|Talk]] </td><td> Disclaimers </td><td> {{int:Disclaimers}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Doubleredirects&action=edit doubleredirects]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Doubleredirects|Talk]] </td><td> Double Redirects </td><td> {{int:Doubleredirects}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Doubleredirectstext&action=edit doubleredirectstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Doubleredirectstext|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;Attention:&lt;/b&gt; This list may contain false positives. That usually means there is additional text with links below the first #REDIRECT.&lt;br /&gt; Each row contains links to the first and second redirect, as well as the first line of the second redirect text, usually giving the &quot;real&quot; target page, which the first redirect should point to. </td><td> {{int:Doubleredirectstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Edit&action=edit edit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Edit|Talk]] </td><td> Edit </td><td> {{int:Edit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editcomment&action=edit editcomment]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editcomment|Talk]] </td><td> The edit comment was: &quot;&lt;i&gt;$1&lt;/i&gt;&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Editcomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editconflict&action=edit editconflict]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editconflict|Talk]] </td><td> Edit conflict: $1 </td><td> {{int:Editconflict}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editcurrent&action=edit editcurrent]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editcurrent|Talk]] </td><td> Edit the current version of this page </td><td> {{int:Editcurrent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Edithelp&action=edit edithelp]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Edithelp|Talk]] </td><td> Editing help </td><td> {{int:Edithelp}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Edithelppage&action=edit edithelppage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Edithelppage|Talk]] </td><td> Help:Editing </td><td> {{int:Edithelppage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editing&action=edit editing]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editing|Talk]] </td><td> Editing $1 </td><td> {{int:Editing}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editingold&action=edit editingold]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editingold|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;WARNING: You are editing an out-of-date revision of this page. If you save it, any changes made since this revision will be lost.&lt;/strong&gt; </td><td> {{int:Editingold}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editsection&action=edit editsection]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editsection|Talk]] </td><td> edit </td><td> {{int:Editsection}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editthispage&action=edit editthispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editthispage|Talk]] </td><td> Edit this page </td><td> {{int:Editthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailflag&action=edit emailflag]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailflag|Talk]] </td><td> Disable e-mail from other users </td><td> {{int:Emailflag}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailforlost&action=edit emailforlost]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailforlost|Talk]] </td><td> Fields marked with a star (*) are optional. Storing an email address enables people to contact you through the website without you having to reveal your email address to them, and it can be used to send you a new password if you forget it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Your real name, if you choose to provide it, will be used for giving you attribution for your work. </td><td> {{int:Emailforlost}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailfrom&action=edit emailfrom]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailfrom|Talk]] </td><td> From </td><td> {{int:Emailfrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailmessage&action=edit emailmessage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailmessage|Talk]] </td><td> Message </td><td> {{int:Emailmessage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailpage&action=edit emailpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailpage|Talk]] </td><td> E-mail user </td><td> {{int:Emailpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailpagetext&action=edit emailpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> If this user has entered a valid e-mail address in his or her user preferences, the form below will send a single message. The e-mail address you entered in your user preferences will appear as the &quot;From&quot; address of the mail, so the recipient will be able to reply. </td><td> {{int:Emailpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsend&action=edit emailsend]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailsend|Talk]] </td><td> Send </td><td> {{int:Emailsend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsent&action=edit emailsent]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailsent|Talk]] </td><td> E-mail sent </td><td> {{int:Emailsent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsenttext&action=edit emailsenttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailsenttext|Talk]] </td><td> Your e-mail message has been sent. </td><td> {{int:Emailsenttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsubject&action=edit emailsubject]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailsubject|Talk]] </td><td> Subject </td><td> {{int:Emailsubject}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailto&action=edit emailto]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailto|Talk]] </td><td> To </td><td> {{int:Emailto}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailuser&action=edit emailuser]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailuser|Talk]] </td><td> E-mail this user </td><td> {{int:Emailuser}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Enterlockreason&action=edit enterlockreason]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Enterlockreason|Talk]] </td><td> Enter a reason for the lock, including an estimate of when the lock will be released </td><td> {{int:Enterlockreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Error&action=edit error]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Error|Talk]] </td><td> Error </td><td> {{int:Error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Errorpagetitle&action=edit errorpagetitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Errorpagetitle|Talk]] </td><td> Error </td><td> {{int:Errorpagetitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exbeforeblank&action=edit exbeforeblank]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Exbeforeblank|Talk]] </td><td> content before blanking was: </td><td> {{int:Exbeforeblank}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exblank&action=edit exblank]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Exblank|Talk]] </td><td> page was empty </td><td> {{int:Exblank}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Excontent&action=edit excontent]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Excontent|Talk]] </td><td> content was: </td><td> {{int:Excontent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Explainconflict&action=edit explainconflict]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Explainconflict|Talk]] </td><td> Someone else has changed this page since you started editing it. The upper text area contains the page text as it currently exists. Your changes are shown in the lower text area. You will have to merge your changes into the existing text. &lt;b&gt;Only&lt;/b&gt; the text in the upper text area will be saved when you press &quot;Save page&quot;. &lt;p&gt; </td><td> {{int:Explainconflict}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Export&action=edit export]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Export|Talk]] </td><td> Export pages </td><td> {{int:Export}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exportcuronly&action=edit exportcuronly]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Exportcuronly|Talk]] </td><td> Include only the current revision, not the full history </td><td> {{int:Exportcuronly}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exporttext&action=edit exporttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Exporttext|Talk]] </td><td> You can export the text and editing history of a particular page or set of pages wrapped in some XML; this can then be imported into another wiki running MediaWiki software, transformed, or just kept for your private amusement. </td><td> {{int:Exporttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Extlink_sample&action=edit extlink_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Extlink_sample|Talk]] </td><td> http&#58;//www.example.com link title </td><td> {{int:Extlink_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Extlink_tip&action=edit extlink_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Extlink_tip|Talk]] </td><td> External link (remember http&#58;// prefix) </td><td> {{int:Extlink_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Faq&action=edit faq]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Faq|Talk]] </td><td> FAQ </td><td> {{int:Faq}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Faqpage&action=edit faqpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Faqpage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:FAQ </td><td> {{int:Faqpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Feedlinks&action=edit feedlinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Feedlinks|Talk]] </td><td> Feed: </td><td> {{int:Feedlinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filecopyerror&action=edit filecopyerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filecopyerror|Talk]] </td><td> Could not copy file &quot;$1&quot; to &quot;$2&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Filecopyerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filedeleteerror&action=edit filedeleteerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filedeleteerror|Talk]] </td><td> Could not delete file &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Filedeleteerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filedesc&action=edit filedesc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filedesc|Talk]] </td><td> Summary </td><td> {{int:Filedesc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filename&action=edit filename]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filename|Talk]] </td><td> Filename </td><td> {{int:Filename}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filenotfound&action=edit filenotfound]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filenotfound|Talk]] </td><td> Could not find file &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Filenotfound}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filerenameerror&action=edit filerenameerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filerenameerror|Talk]] </td><td> Could not rename file &quot;$1&quot; to &quot;$2&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Filerenameerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filesource&action=edit filesource]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filesource|Talk]] </td><td> Source </td><td> {{int:Filesource}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filestatus&action=edit filestatus]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filestatus|Talk]] </td><td> Copyright status </td><td> {{int:Filestatus}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Fileuploaded&action=edit fileuploaded]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Fileuploaded|Talk]] </td><td> File &quot;$1&quot; uploaded successfully. Please follow this link: $2 to the description page and fill in information about the file, such as where it came from, when it was created and by whom, and anything else you may know about it. </td><td> {{int:Fileuploaded}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Formerror&action=edit formerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Formerror|Talk]] </td><td> Error: could not submit form </td><td> {{int:Formerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Fromwikipedia&action=edit fromwikipedia]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Fromwikipedia|Talk]] </td><td> From Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Fromwikipedia}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Getimagelist&action=edit getimagelist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Getimagelist|Talk]] </td><td> fetching image list </td><td> {{int:Getimagelist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Go&action=edit go]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Go|Talk]] </td><td> Go </td><td> {{int:Go}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Googlesearch&action=edit googlesearch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Googlesearch|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;!-- SiteSearch Google --&gt; &lt;FORM method=GET action=&quot;http&#58;//www.google.com/search&quot;&gt; &lt;TABLE bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt; &lt;A HREF=&quot;http&#58;//www.google.com/&quot;&gt; &lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http&#58;//www.google.com/logos/Logo_40wht.gif&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; ALT=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;INPUT TYPE=text name=q size=31 maxlength=255 value=&quot;$1&quot;&gt; &lt;INPUT type=submit name=btnG VALUE=&quot;Google Search&quot;&gt; &lt;font size=-1&gt; &lt;input type=hidden name=domains value=&quot;{{SERVER}}&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&quot;&quot;&gt; WWW &lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&quot;{{SERVER}}&quot; checked&gt; {{SERVER}} &lt;br /&gt; &lt;input type=&#39;hidden&#39; name=&#39;ie&#39; value=&#39;$2&#39;&gt; &lt;input type=&#39;hidden&#39; name=&#39;oe&#39; value=&#39;$2&#39;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt; &lt;/FORM&gt; &lt;!-- SiteSearch Google --&gt; </td><td> {{int:Googlesearch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Guesstimezone&action=edit guesstimezone]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Guesstimezone|Talk]] </td><td> Fill in from browser </td><td> {{int:Guesstimezone}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Headline_sample&action=edit headline_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Headline_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Headline text </td><td> {{int:Headline_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Headline_tip&action=edit headline_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Headline_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Level 2 headline </td><td> {{int:Headline_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Help&action=edit help]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Help|Talk]] </td><td> Help </td><td> {{int:Help}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Helppage&action=edit helppage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Helppage|Talk]] </td><td> Help:Contents </td><td> {{int:Helppage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hide&action=edit hide]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Hide|Talk]] </td><td> hide </td><td> {{int:Hide}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hidetoc&action=edit hidetoc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Hidetoc|Talk]] </td><td> hide </td><td> {{int:Hidetoc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hist&action=edit hist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Hist|Talk]] </td><td> hist </td><td> {{int:Hist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Histlegend&action=edit histlegend]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Histlegend|Talk]] </td><td> Diff selection: mark the radio boxes of the versions to compare and hit enter or the button at the bottom.&lt;br/&gt; Legend: (cur) = difference with current version, (last) = difference with preceding version, M = minor edit. </td><td> {{int:Histlegend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:History&action=edit history]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:History|Talk]] </td><td> Page history </td><td> {{int:History}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:History_short&action=edit history_short]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:History_short|Talk]] </td><td> History </td><td> {{int:History_short}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Historywarning&action=edit historywarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Historywarning|Talk]] </td><td> Warning: The page you are about to delete has a history: </td><td> {{int:Historywarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hr_tip&action=edit hr_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Hr_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Horizontal line (use sparingly) </td><td> {{int:Hr_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ignorewarning&action=edit ignorewarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ignorewarning|Talk]] </td><td> Ignore warning and save file anyway. </td><td> {{int:Ignorewarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ilshowmatch&action=edit ilshowmatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ilshowmatch|Talk]] </td><td> Show all images with names matching </td><td> {{int:Ilshowmatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ilsubmit&action=edit ilsubmit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ilsubmit|Talk]] </td><td> Search </td><td> {{int:Ilsubmit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Image_sample&action=edit image_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Image_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Example.jpg </td><td> {{int:Image_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Image_tip&action=edit image_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Image_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Embedded image </td><td> {{int:Image_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagelinks&action=edit imagelinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imagelinks|Talk]] </td><td> Image links </td><td> {{int:Imagelinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagelist&action=edit imagelist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imagelist|Talk]] </td><td> Image list </td><td> {{int:Imagelist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagelisttext&action=edit imagelisttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imagelisttext|Talk]] </td><td> Below is a list of $1 images sorted $2. </td><td> {{int:Imagelisttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagepage&action=edit imagepage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imagepage|Talk]] </td><td> View image page </td><td> {{int:Imagepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagereverted&action=edit imagereverted]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imagereverted|Talk]] </td><td> Revert to earlier version was successful. </td><td> {{int:Imagereverted}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imgdelete&action=edit imgdelete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imgdelete|Talk]] </td><td> del </td><td> {{int:Imgdelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imgdesc&action=edit imgdesc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imgdesc|Talk]] </td><td> desc </td><td> {{int:Imgdesc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imghistlegend&action=edit imghistlegend]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imghistlegend|Talk]] </td><td> Legend: (cur) = this is the current image, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Click on date to see image uploaded on that date&lt;/i&gt;. </td><td> {{int:Imghistlegend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imghistory&action=edit imghistory]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imghistory|Talk]] </td><td> Image history </td><td> {{int:Imghistory}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imglegend&action=edit imglegend]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imglegend|Talk]] </td><td> Legend: (desc) = show/edit image description. </td><td> {{int:Imglegend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Import&action=edit import]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Import|Talk]] </td><td> Import pages </td><td> {{int:Import}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Importfailed&action=edit importfailed]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Importfailed|Talk]] </td><td> Import failed: $1 </td><td> {{int:Importfailed}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Importhistoryconflict&action=edit importhistoryconflict]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Importhistoryconflict|Talk]] </td><td> Conflicting history revision exists (may have imported this page before) </td><td> {{int:Importhistoryconflict}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Importnotext&action=edit importnotext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Importnotext|Talk]] </td><td> Empty or no text </td><td> {{int:Importnotext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Importsuccess&action=edit importsuccess]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Importsuccess|Talk]] </td><td> Import succeeded! </td><td> {{int:Importsuccess}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Importtext&action=edit importtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Importtext|Talk]] </td><td> Please export the file from the source wiki using the Special:Export utility, save it to your disk and upload it here. </td><td> {{int:Importtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Infobox&action=edit infobox]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Infobox|Talk]] </td><td> Click a button to get an example text </td><td> {{int:Infobox}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Infobox_alert&action=edit infobox_alert]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Infobox_alert|Talk]] </td><td> Please enter the text you want to be formatted.\n It will be shown in the infobox for copy and pasting.\nExample:\n$1\nwill become:\n$2 </td><td> {{int:Infobox_alert}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Internalerror&action=edit internalerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Internalerror|Talk]] </td><td> Internal error </td><td> {{int:Internalerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Intl&action=edit intl]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Intl|Talk]] </td><td> Interlanguage links </td><td> {{int:Intl}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ip_range_invalid&action=edit ip_range_invalid]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ip_range_invalid|Talk]] </td><td> Invalid IP range. </td><td> {{int:Ip_range_invalid}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipaddress&action=edit ipaddress]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipaddress|Talk]] </td><td> IP Address/username </td><td> {{int:Ipaddress}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipb_expiry_invalid&action=edit ipb_expiry_invalid]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipb_expiry_invalid|Talk]] </td><td> Expiry time invalid. </td><td> {{int:Ipb_expiry_invalid}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipbexpiry&action=edit ipbexpiry]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipbexpiry|Talk]] </td><td> Expiry </td><td> {{int:Ipbexpiry}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipblocklist&action=edit ipblocklist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipblocklist|Talk]] </td><td> List of blocked IP addresses and usernames </td><td> {{int:Ipblocklist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipbreason&action=edit ipbreason]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipbreason|Talk]] </td><td> Reason </td><td> {{int:Ipbreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipbsubmit&action=edit ipbsubmit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipbsubmit|Talk]] </td><td> Block this user </td><td> {{int:Ipbsubmit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipusubmit&action=edit ipusubmit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipusubmit|Talk]] </td><td> Unblock this address </td><td> {{int:Ipusubmit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipusuccess&action=edit ipusuccess]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipusuccess|Talk]] </td><td> &quot;$1&quot; unblocked </td><td> {{int:Ipusuccess}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Isbn&action=edit isbn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Isbn|Talk]] </td><td> ISBN </td><td> {{int:Isbn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Isredirect&action=edit isredirect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Isredirect|Talk]] </td><td> redirect page </td><td> {{int:Isredirect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Italic_sample&action=edit italic_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Italic_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Italic text </td><td> {{int:Italic_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Italic_tip&action=edit italic_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Italic_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Italic text </td><td> {{int:Italic_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Iteminvalidname&action=edit iteminvalidname]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Iteminvalidname|Talk]] </td><td> Problem with item &#39;$1&#39;, invalid name... </td><td> {{int:Iteminvalidname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Largefile&action=edit largefile]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Largefile|Talk]] </td><td> It is recommended that images not exceed 100k in size. </td><td> {{int:Largefile}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Last&action=edit last]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Last|Talk]] </td><td> last </td><td> {{int:Last}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lastmodified&action=edit lastmodified]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lastmodified|Talk]] </td><td> This page was last modified $1. </td><td> {{int:Lastmodified}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lastmodifiedby&action=edit lastmodifiedby]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lastmodifiedby|Talk]] </td><td> This page was last modified $1 by $2. </td><td> {{int:Lastmodifiedby}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lineno&action=edit lineno]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lineno|Talk]] </td><td> Line $1: </td><td> {{int:Lineno}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Link_sample&action=edit link_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Link_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Link title </td><td> {{int:Link_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Link_tip&action=edit link_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Link_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Internal link </td><td> {{int:Link_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linklistsub&action=edit linklistsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Linklistsub|Talk]] </td><td> (List of links) </td><td> {{int:Linklistsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linkshere&action=edit linkshere]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Linkshere|Talk]] </td><td> The following pages link to here: </td><td> {{int:Linkshere}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linkstoimage&action=edit linkstoimage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Linkstoimage|Talk]] </td><td> The following pages link to this image: </td><td> {{int:Linkstoimage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linktrail&action=edit linktrail]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Linktrail|Talk]] </td><td> /^(&#91;a-z]+)(.*)$/sD </td><td> {{int:Linktrail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Listform&action=edit listform]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Listform|Talk]] </td><td> list </td><td> {{int:Listform}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Listusers&action=edit listusers]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Listusers|Talk]] </td><td> User list </td><td> {{int:Listusers}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loadhist&action=edit loadhist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loadhist|Talk]] </td><td> Loading page history </td><td> {{int:Loadhist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loadingrev&action=edit loadingrev]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loadingrev|Talk]] </td><td> loading revision for diff </td><td> {{int:Loadingrev}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Localtime&action=edit localtime]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Localtime|Talk]] </td><td> Local time display </td><td> {{int:Localtime}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockbtn&action=edit lockbtn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lockbtn|Talk]] </td><td> Lock database </td><td> {{int:Lockbtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockconfirm&action=edit lockconfirm]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lockconfirm|Talk]] </td><td> Yes, I really want to lock the database. </td><td> {{int:Lockconfirm}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdb&action=edit lockdb]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lockdb|Talk]] </td><td> Lock database </td><td> {{int:Lockdb}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdbsuccesssub&action=edit lockdbsuccesssub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lockdbsuccesssub|Talk]] </td><td> Database lock succeeded </td><td> {{int:Lockdbsuccesssub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdbsuccesstext&action=edit lockdbsuccesstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lockdbsuccesstext|Talk]] </td><td> The database has been locked. &lt;br /&gt;Remember to remove the lock after your maintenance is complete. </td><td> {{int:Lockdbsuccesstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdbtext&action=edit lockdbtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lockdbtext|Talk]] </td><td> Locking the database will suspend the ability of all users to edit pages, change their preferences, edit their watchlists, and other things requiring changes in the database. Please confirm that this is what you intend to do, and that you will unlock the database when your maintenance is done. </td><td> {{int:Lockdbtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Locknoconfirm&action=edit locknoconfirm]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Locknoconfirm|Talk]] </td><td> You did not check the confirmation box. </td><td> {{int:Locknoconfirm}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Login&action=edit login]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Login|Talk]] </td><td> Log in </td><td> {{int:Login}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginend&action=edit loginend]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginend|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;nbsp; </td><td> {{int:Loginend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginerror&action=edit loginerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginerror|Talk]] </td><td> Login error </td><td> {{int:Loginerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginpagetitle&action=edit loginpagetitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginpagetitle|Talk]] </td><td> User login </td><td> {{int:Loginpagetitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginproblem&action=edit loginproblem]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginproblem|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;There has been a problem with your login.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Try again! </td><td> {{int:Loginproblem}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginprompt&action=edit loginprompt]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginprompt|Talk]] </td><td> You must have cookies enabled to log in to Wikipedia. </td><td> {{int:Loginprompt}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginreqtext&action=edit loginreqtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginreqtext|Talk]] </td><td> You must &#91;&#91;special:Userlogin&#124;login]] to view other pages. </td><td> {{int:Loginreqtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginreqtitle&action=edit loginreqtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginreqtitle|Talk]] </td><td> Login Required </td><td> {{int:Loginreqtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginsuccess&action=edit loginsuccess]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginsuccess|Talk]] </td><td> You are now logged in to Wikipedia as &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Loginsuccess}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginsuccesstitle&action=edit loginsuccesstitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginsuccesstitle|Talk]] </td><td> Login successful </td><td> {{int:Loginsuccesstitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Logout&action=edit logout]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Logout|Talk]] </td><td> Log out </td><td> {{int:Logout}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Logouttext&action=edit logouttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Logouttext|Talk]] </td><td> You are now logged out. You can continue to use Wikipedia anonymously, or you can log in again as the same or as a different user. Note that some pages may continue to be displayed as if you were still logged in, until you clear your browser cache </td><td> {{int:Logouttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Logouttitle&action=edit logouttitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Logouttitle|Talk]] </td><td> User logout </td><td> {{int:Logouttitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lonelypages&action=edit lonelypages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lonelypages|Talk]] </td><td> Orphaned pages </td><td> {{int:Lonelypages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Longpages&action=edit longpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Longpages|Talk]] </td><td> Long pages </td><td> {{int:Longpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Longpagewarning&action=edit longpagewarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Longpagewarning|Talk]] </td><td> WARNING: This page is $1 kilobytes long; some browsers may have problems editing pages approaching or longer than 32kb. Please consider breaking the page into smaller sections. </td><td> {{int:Longpagewarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailerror&action=edit mailerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mailerror|Talk]] </td><td> Error sending mail: $1 </td><td> {{int:Mailerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailmypassword&action=edit mailmypassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mailmypassword|Talk]] </td><td> Mail me a new password </td><td> {{int:Mailmypassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailnologin&action=edit mailnologin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mailnologin|Talk]] </td><td> No send address </td><td> {{int:Mailnologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailnologintext&action=edit mailnologintext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mailnologintext|Talk]] </td><td> You must be &lt;a href=&quot;{{localurl:Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; and have a valid e-mail address in your &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Preferences&quot;&gt;preferences&lt;/a&gt; to send e-mail to other users. </td><td> {{int:Mailnologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mainpage&action=edit mainpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mainpage|Talk]] </td><td> Main Page </td><td> {{int:Mainpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mainpagedocfooter&action=edit mainpagedocfooter]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mainpagedocfooter|Talk]] </td><td> Please see &#91;http&#58;//meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_i18n documentation on customizing the interface] and the &#91;http&#58;//meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_User%27s_Guide User&#39;s Guide] for usage and configuration help. </td><td> {{int:Mainpagedocfooter}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mainpagetext&action=edit mainpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mainpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> Wiki software successfully installed. </td><td> {{int:Mainpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Maintenance&action=edit maintenance]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Maintenance|Talk]] </td><td> Maintenance page </td><td> {{int:Maintenance}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Maintenancebacklink&action=edit maintenancebacklink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Maintenancebacklink|Talk]] </td><td> Back to Maintenance Page </td><td> {{int:Maintenancebacklink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Maintnancepagetext&action=edit maintnancepagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Maintnancepagetext|Talk]] </td><td> This page includes several handy tools for everyday maintenance. Some of these functions tend to stress the database, so please do not hit reload after every item you fixed ;-) </td><td> {{int:Maintnancepagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysop&action=edit makesysop]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysop|Talk]] </td><td> Make a user into a sysop </td><td> {{int:Makesysop}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopfail&action=edit makesysopfail]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysopfail|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;User &quot;$1&quot; could not be made into a sysop. (Did you enter the name correctly?)&lt;/b&gt; </td><td> {{int:Makesysopfail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopname&action=edit makesysopname]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysopname|Talk]] </td><td> Name of the user: </td><td> {{int:Makesysopname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopok&action=edit makesysopok]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysopok|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;User &quot;$1&quot; is now a sysop&lt;/b&gt; </td><td> {{int:Makesysopok}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopsubmit&action=edit makesysopsubmit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysopsubmit|Talk]] </td><td> Make this user into a sysop </td><td> {{int:Makesysopsubmit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysoptext&action=edit makesysoptext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysoptext|Talk]] </td><td> This form is used by bureaucrats to turn ordinary users into administrators. Type the name of the user in the box and press the button to make the user an administrator </td><td> {{int:Makesysoptext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysoptitle&action=edit makesysoptitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysoptitle|Talk]] </td><td> Make a user into a sysop </td><td> {{int:Makesysoptitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Matchtotals&action=edit matchtotals]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Matchtotals|Talk]] </td><td> The query &quot;$1&quot; matched $2 page titles and the text of $3 pages. </td><td> {{int:Matchtotals}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math&action=edit math]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math|Talk]] </td><td> Rendering math </td><td> {{int:Math}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_bad_output&action=edit math_bad_output]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_bad_output|Talk]] </td><td> Can&#39;t write to or create math output directory </td><td> {{int:Math_bad_output}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_bad_tmpdir&action=edit math_bad_tmpdir]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_bad_tmpdir|Talk]] </td><td> Can&#39;t write to or create math temp directory </td><td> {{int:Math_bad_tmpdir}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_failure&action=edit math_failure]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_failure|Talk]] </td><td> Failed to parse </td><td> {{int:Math_failure}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_image_error&action=edit math_image_error]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_image_error|Talk]] </td><td> PNG conversion failed; check for correct installation of latex, dvips, gs, and convert </td><td> {{int:Math_image_error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_lexing_error&action=edit math_lexing_error]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_lexing_error|Talk]] </td><td> lexing error </td><td> {{int:Math_lexing_error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_notexvc&action=edit math_notexvc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_notexvc|Talk]] </td><td> Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure. </td><td> {{int:Math_notexvc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_sample&action=edit math_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Insert formula here </td><td> {{int:Math_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_syntax_error&action=edit math_syntax_error]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_syntax_error|Talk]] </td><td> syntax error </td><td> {{int:Math_syntax_error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_tip&action=edit math_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Mathematical formula (LaTeX) </td><td> {{int:Math_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_unknown_error&action=edit math_unknown_error]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_unknown_error|Talk]] </td><td> unknown error </td><td> {{int:Math_unknown_error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_unknown_function&action=edit math_unknown_function]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_unknown_function|Talk]] </td><td> unknown function </td><td> {{int:Math_unknown_function}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Media_sample&action=edit media_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Media_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Example.mp3 </td><td> {{int:Media_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Media_tip&action=edit media_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Media_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Media file link </td><td> {{int:Media_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Minlength&action=edit minlength]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Minlength|Talk]] </td><td> Image names must be at least three letters. </td><td> {{int:Minlength}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Minoredit&action=edit minoredit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Minoredit|Talk]] </td><td> This is a minor edit </td><td> {{int:Minoredit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Minoreditletter&action=edit minoreditletter]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Minoreditletter|Talk]] </td><td> M </td><td> {{int:Minoreditletter}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mispeelings&action=edit mispeelings]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mispeelings|Talk]] </td><td> Pages with misspellings </td><td> {{int:Mispeelings}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mispeelingspage&action=edit mispeelingspage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mispeelingspage|Talk]] </td><td> List of common misspellings </td><td> {{int:Mispeelingspage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mispeelingstext&action=edit mispeelingstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mispeelingstext|Talk]] </td><td> The following pages contain a common misspelling, which are listed on $1. The correct spelling might be given (like this). </td><td> {{int:Mispeelingstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missingarticle&action=edit missingarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Missingarticle|Talk]] </td><td> The database did not find the text of a page that it should have found, named &quot;$1&quot;. &lt;p&gt;This is usually caused by following an outdated diff or history link to a page that has been deleted. &lt;p&gt;If this is not the case, you may have found a bug in the software. Please report this to an administrator, making note of the URL. </td><td> {{int:Missingarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missingimage&action=edit missingimage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Missingimage|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;Missing image&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;$1&lt;/i&gt; </td><td> {{int:Missingimage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missinglanguagelinks&action=edit missinglanguagelinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Missinglanguagelinks|Talk]] </td><td> Missing Language Links </td><td> {{int:Missinglanguagelinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missinglanguagelinksbutton&action=edit missinglanguagelinksbutton]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Missinglanguagelinksbutton|Talk]] </td><td> Find missing language links for </td><td> {{int:Missinglanguagelinksbutton}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missinglanguagelinkstext&action=edit missinglanguagelinkstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Missinglanguagelinkstext|Talk]] </td><td> These pages do &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; link to their counterpart in $1. Redirects and subpages are &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; shown. </td><td> {{int:Missinglanguagelinkstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Moredotdotdot&action=edit moredotdotdot]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Moredotdotdot|Talk]] </td><td> More... </td><td> {{int:Moredotdotdot}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Move&action=edit move]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Move|Talk]] </td><td> Move </td><td> {{int:Move}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movearticle&action=edit movearticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movearticle|Talk]] </td><td> Move page </td><td> {{int:Movearticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movedto&action=edit movedto]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movedto|Talk]] </td><td> moved to </td><td> {{int:Movedto}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movenologin&action=edit movenologin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movenologin|Talk]] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{int:Movenologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movenologintext&action=edit movenologintext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movenologintext|Talk]] </td><td> You must be a registered user and &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; to move a page. </td><td> {{int:Movenologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepage&action=edit movepage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movepage|Talk]] </td><td> Move page </td><td> {{int:Movepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepagebtn&action=edit movepagebtn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movepagebtn|Talk]] </td><td> Move page </td><td> {{int:Movepagebtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepagetalktext&action=edit movepagetalktext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movepagetalktext|Talk]] </td><td> The associated talk page, if any, will be automatically moved along with it &#39;&#39;&#39;unless:&#39;&#39;&#39; *You are moving the page across namespaces, *A non-empty talk page already exists under the new name, or *You uncheck the box below. In those cases, you will have to move or merge the page manually if desired. </td><td> {{int:Movepagetalktext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepagetext&action=edit movepagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movepagetext|Talk]] </td><td> Using the form below will rename a page, moving all of its history to the new name. The old title will become a redirect page to the new title. Links to the old page title will not be changed; be sure to &#91;&#91;Special:Maintenance&#124;check]] for double or broken redirects. You are responsible for making sure that links continue to point where they are supposed to go. Note that the page will &#39;&#39;&#39;not&#39;&#39;&#39; be moved if there is already a page at the new title, unless it is empty or a redirect and has no past edit history. This means that you can rename a page back to where it was just renamed from if you make a mistake, and you cannot overwrite an existing page. &lt;b&gt;WARNING!&lt;/b&gt; This can be a drastic and unexpected change for a popular page; please be sure you understand the consequences of this before proceeding. </td><td> {{int:Movepagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movetalk&action=edit movetalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movetalk|Talk]] </td><td> Move &quot;talk&quot; page as well, if applicable. </td><td> {{int:Movetalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movethispage&action=edit movethispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movethispage|Talk]] </td><td> Move this page </td><td> {{int:Movethispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mycontris&action=edit mycontris]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mycontris|Talk]] </td><td> My contributions </td><td> {{int:Mycontris}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mypage&action=edit mypage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mypage|Talk]] </td><td> My page </td><td> {{int:Mypage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mytalk&action=edit mytalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mytalk|Talk]] </td><td> My talk </td><td> {{int:Mytalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Navigation&action=edit navigation]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Navigation|Talk]] </td><td> Navigation </td><td> {{int:Navigation}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nbytes&action=edit nbytes]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nbytes|Talk]] </td><td> $1 bytes </td><td> {{int:Nbytes}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nchanges&action=edit nchanges]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nchanges|Talk]] </td><td> $1 changes </td><td> {{int:Nchanges}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newarticle&action=edit newarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newarticle|Talk]] </td><td> (New) </td><td> {{int:Newarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newarticletext&action=edit newarticletext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newarticletext|Talk]] </td><td> You&#39;ve followed a link to a page that doesn&#39;t exist yet. To create the page, start typing in the box below (see the &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Help&#124;help page]] for more info). If you are here by mistake, just click your browser&#39;s &#39;&#39;&#39;back&#39;&#39;&#39; button. </td><td> {{int:Newarticletext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newmessages&action=edit newmessages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newmessages|Talk]] </td><td> You have $1. </td><td> {{int:Newmessages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newmessageslink&action=edit newmessageslink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newmessageslink|Talk]] </td><td> new messages </td><td> {{int:Newmessageslink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpage&action=edit newpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newpage|Talk]] </td><td> New page </td><td> {{int:Newpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpageletter&action=edit newpageletter]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newpageletter|Talk]] </td><td> N </td><td> {{int:Newpageletter}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpages&action=edit newpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newpages|Talk]] </td><td> New pages </td><td> {{int:Newpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpassword&action=edit newpassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newpassword|Talk]] </td><td> New password </td><td> {{int:Newpassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newtitle&action=edit newtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newtitle|Talk]] </td><td> To new title </td><td> {{int:Newtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newusersonly&action=edit newusersonly]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newusersonly|Talk]] </td><td> (new users only) </td><td> {{int:Newusersonly}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Next&action=edit next]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Next|Talk]] </td><td> next </td><td> {{int:Next}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nextn&action=edit nextn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nextn|Talk]] </td><td> next $1 </td><td> {{int:Nextn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nlinks&action=edit nlinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nlinks|Talk]] </td><td> $1 links </td><td> {{int:Nlinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noaffirmation&action=edit noaffirmation]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noaffirmation|Talk]] </td><td> You must affirm that your upload does not violate any copyrights. </td><td> {{int:Noaffirmation}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noarticletext&action=edit noarticletext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noarticletext|Talk]] </td><td> (There is currently no text in this page) </td><td> {{int:Noarticletext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noblockreason&action=edit noblockreason]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noblockreason|Talk]] </td><td> You must supply a reason for the block. </td><td> {{int:Noblockreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noconnect&action=edit noconnect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noconnect|Talk]] </td><td> Sorry! The wiki is experiencing some technical difficulties, and cannot contact the database server. </td><td> {{int:Noconnect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocontribs&action=edit nocontribs]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nocontribs|Talk]] </td><td> No changes were found matching these criteria. </td><td> {{int:Nocontribs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocookieslogin&action=edit nocookieslogin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nocookieslogin|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia uses cookies to log in users. You have cookies disabled. Please enable them and try again. </td><td> {{int:Nocookieslogin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocookiesnew&action=edit nocookiesnew]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nocookiesnew|Talk]] </td><td> The user account was created, but you are not logged in. Wikipedia uses cookies to log in users. You have cookies disabled. Please enable them, then log in with your new username and password. </td><td> {{int:Nocookiesnew}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocreativecommons&action=edit nocreativecommons]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nocreativecommons|Talk]] </td><td> Creative Commons RDF metadata disabled for this server. </td><td> {{int:Nocreativecommons}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nodb&action=edit nodb]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nodb|Talk]] </td><td> Could not select database $1 </td><td> {{int:Nodb}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nodublincore&action=edit nodublincore]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nodublincore|Talk]] </td><td> Dublin Core RDF metadata disabled for this server. </td><td> {{int:Nodublincore}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noemail&action=edit noemail]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noemail|Talk]] </td><td> There is no e-mail address recorded for user &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Noemail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noemailtext&action=edit noemailtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noemailtext|Talk]] </td><td> This user has not specified a valid e-mail address, or has chosen not to receive e-mail from other users. </td><td> {{int:Noemailtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noemailtitle&action=edit noemailtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noemailtitle|Talk]] </td><td> No e-mail address </td><td> {{int:Noemailtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nogomatch&action=edit nogomatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nogomatch|Talk]] </td><td> No page with this exact title exists, trying full text search. </td><td> {{int:Nogomatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nohistory&action=edit nohistory]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nohistory|Talk]] </td><td> There is no edit history for this page. </td><td> {{int:Nohistory}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nolinkshere&action=edit nolinkshere]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nolinkshere|Talk]] </td><td> No pages link to here. </td><td> {{int:Nolinkshere}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nolinkstoimage&action=edit nolinkstoimage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nolinkstoimage|Talk]] </td><td> There are no pages that link to this image. </td><td> {{int:Nolinkstoimage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noname&action=edit noname]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noname|Talk]] </td><td> You have not specified a valid user name. </td><td> {{int:Noname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nonefound&action=edit nonefound]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nonefound|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;Note&lt;/strong&gt;: unsuccessful searches are often caused by searching for common words like &quot;have&quot; and &quot;from&quot;, which are not indexed, or by specifying more than one search term (only pages containing all of the search terms will appear in the result). </td><td> {{int:Nonefound}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nospecialpagetext&action=edit nospecialpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nospecialpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> You have requested a special page that is not recognized by the wiki. </td><td> {{int:Nospecialpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchaction&action=edit nosuchaction]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nosuchaction|Talk]] </td><td> No such action </td><td> {{int:Nosuchaction}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchactiontext&action=edit nosuchactiontext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nosuchactiontext|Talk]] </td><td> The action specified by the URL is not recognized by the wiki </td><td> {{int:Nosuchactiontext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchspecialpage&action=edit nosuchspecialpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nosuchspecialpage|Talk]] </td><td> No such special page </td><td> {{int:Nosuchspecialpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchuser&action=edit nosuchuser]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nosuchuser|Talk]] </td><td> There is no user by the name &quot;$1&quot;. Check your spelling, or use the form below to create a new user account. </td><td> {{int:Nosuchuser}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notacceptable&action=edit notacceptable]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notacceptable|Talk]] </td><td> The wiki server can&#39;t provide data in a format your client can read. </td><td> {{int:Notacceptable}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notanarticle&action=edit notanarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notanarticle|Talk]] </td><td> Not a content page </td><td> {{int:Notanarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notargettext&action=edit notargettext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notargettext|Talk]] </td><td> You have not specified a target page or user to perform this function on. </td><td> {{int:Notargettext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notargettitle&action=edit notargettitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notargettitle|Talk]] </td><td> No target </td><td> {{int:Notargettitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Note&action=edit note]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Note|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;Note:&lt;/strong&gt; </td><td> {{int:Note}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notextmatches&action=edit notextmatches]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notextmatches|Talk]] </td><td> No page text matches </td><td> {{int:Notextmatches}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notitlematches&action=edit notitlematches]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notitlematches|Talk]] </td><td> No page title matches </td><td> {{int:Notitlematches}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notloggedin&action=edit notloggedin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notloggedin|Talk]] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{int:Notloggedin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nowatchlist&action=edit nowatchlist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nowatchlist|Talk]] </td><td> You have no items on your watchlist. </td><td> {{int:Nowatchlist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nowiki_sample&action=edit nowiki_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nowiki_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Insert non-formatted text here </td><td> {{int:Nowiki_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nowiki_tip&action=edit nowiki_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nowiki_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Ignore wiki formatting </td><td> {{int:Nowiki_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-category&action=edit nstab-category]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-category|Talk]] </td><td> Category </td><td> {{int:Nstab-category}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-help&action=edit nstab-help]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-help|Talk]] </td><td> Help </td><td> {{int:Nstab-help}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-image&action=edit nstab-image]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-image|Talk]] </td><td> Image </td><td> {{int:Nstab-image}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-main&action=edit nstab-main]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-main|Talk]] </td><td> Article </td><td> {{int:Nstab-main}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-media&action=edit nstab-media]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-media|Talk]] </td><td> Media </td><td> {{int:Nstab-media}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-mediawiki&action=edit nstab-mediawiki]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-mediawiki|Talk]] </td><td> Message </td><td> {{int:Nstab-mediawiki}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-special&action=edit nstab-special]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-special|Talk]] </td><td> Special </td><td> {{int:Nstab-special}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-template&action=edit nstab-template]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-template|Talk]] </td><td> Template </td><td> {{int:Nstab-template}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-user&action=edit nstab-user]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-user|Talk]] </td><td> User page </td><td> {{int:Nstab-user}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-wp&action=edit nstab-wp]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-wp|Talk]] </td><td> About </td><td> {{int:Nstab-wp}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nviews&action=edit nviews]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nviews|Talk]] </td><td> $1 views </td><td> {{int:Nviews}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ok&action=edit ok]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ok|Talk]] </td><td> OK </td><td> {{int:Ok}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Oldpassword&action=edit oldpassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Oldpassword|Talk]] </td><td> Old password </td><td> {{int:Oldpassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Orig&action=edit orig]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Orig|Talk]] </td><td> orig </td><td> {{int:Orig}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Orphans&action=edit orphans]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Orphans|Talk]] </td><td> Orphaned pages </td><td> {{int:Orphans}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Othercontribs&action=edit othercontribs]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Othercontribs|Talk]] </td><td> Based on work by $1. </td><td> {{int:Othercontribs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Otherlanguages&action=edit otherlanguages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Otherlanguages|Talk]] </td><td> Other languages </td><td> {{int:Otherlanguages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Pagemovedsub&action=edit pagemovedsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Pagemovedsub|Talk]] </td><td> Move succeeded </td><td> {{int:Pagemovedsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Pagemovedtext&action=edit pagemovedtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Pagemovedtext|Talk]] </td><td> Page &quot;&#91;&#91;$1]]&quot; moved to &quot;&#91;&#91;$2]]&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Pagemovedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Pagetitle&action=edit pagetitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Pagetitle|Talk]] </td><td> $1 - Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Pagetitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Passwordremindertext&action=edit passwordremindertext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Passwordremindertext|Talk]] </td><td> Someone (probably you, from IP address $1) requested that we send you a new Wikipedia login password. The password for user &quot;$2&quot; is now &quot;$3&quot;. You should log in and change your password now. </td><td> {{int:Passwordremindertext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Passwordremindertitle&action=edit passwordremindertitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Passwordremindertitle|Talk]] </td><td> Password reminder from Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Passwordremindertitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Passwordsent&action=edit passwordsent]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Passwordsent|Talk]] </td><td> A new password has been sent to the e-mail address registered for &quot;$1&quot;. Please log in again after you receive it. </td><td> {{int:Passwordsent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Perfcached&action=edit perfcached]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Perfcached|Talk]] </td><td> The following data is cached and may not be completely up to date: </td><td> {{int:Perfcached}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Perfdisabled&action=edit perfdisabled]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Perfdisabled|Talk]] </td><td> Sorry! This feature has been temporarily disabled because it slows the database down to the point that no one can use the wiki. </td><td> {{int:Perfdisabled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Perfdisabledsub&action=edit perfdisabledsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Perfdisabledsub|Talk]] </td><td> Here&#39;s a saved copy from $1: </td><td> {{int:Perfdisabledsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Personaltools&action=edit personaltools]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Personaltools|Talk]] </td><td> Personal tools </td><td> {{int:Personaltools}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Popularpages&action=edit popularpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Popularpages|Talk]] </td><td> Popular pages </td><td> {{int:Popularpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Portal&action=edit portal]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Portal|Talk]] </td><td> Community portal </td><td> {{int:Portal}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Portal-url&action=edit portal-url]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Portal-url|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:Community Portal </td><td> {{int:Portal-url}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Postcomment&action=edit postcomment]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Postcomment|Talk]] </td><td> Post a comment </td><td> {{int:Postcomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Poweredby&action=edit poweredby]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Poweredby|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia is powered by &#91;http&#58;//www.mediawiki.org/ MediaWiki], an open source wiki engine. </td><td> {{int:Poweredby}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Powersearch&action=edit powersearch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Powersearch|Talk]] </td><td> Search </td><td> {{int:Powersearch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Powersearchtext&action=edit powersearchtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Powersearchtext|Talk]] </td><td> Search in namespaces :&lt;br /&gt; $1&lt;br /&gt; $2 List redirects &amp;nbsp; Search for $3 $9 </td><td> {{int:Powersearchtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Preferences&action=edit preferences]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Preferences|Talk]] </td><td> Preferences </td><td> {{int:Preferences}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefs-help-userdata&action=edit prefs-help-userdata]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefs-help-userdata|Talk]] </td><td> * &lt;strong&gt;Real name&lt;/strong&gt; (optional): if you choose to provide it this will be used for giving you attribution for your work.&lt;br/&gt; * &lt;strong&gt;Email&lt;/strong&gt; (optional): Enables people to contact you through the website without you having to reveal your email address to them, and it can be used to send you a new password if you forget it. </td><td> {{int:Prefs-help-userdata}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefs-misc&action=edit prefs-misc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefs-misc|Talk]] </td><td> Misc settings </td><td> {{int:Prefs-misc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefs-personal&action=edit prefs-personal]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefs-personal|Talk]] </td><td> User data </td><td> {{int:Prefs-personal}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefs-rc&action=edit prefs-rc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefs-rc|Talk]] </td><td> Recent changes and stub display </td><td> {{int:Prefs-rc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefslogintext&action=edit prefslogintext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefslogintext|Talk]] </td><td> You are logged in as &quot;$1&quot;. Your internal ID number is $2. See &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:User preferences help]] for help deciphering the options. </td><td> {{int:Prefslogintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefsnologin&action=edit prefsnologin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefsnologin|Talk]] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{int:Prefsnologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefsnologintext&action=edit prefsnologintext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefsnologintext|Talk]] </td><td> You must be &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; to set user preferences. </td><td> {{int:Prefsnologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefsreset&action=edit prefsreset]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefsreset|Talk]] </td><td> Preferences have been reset from storage. </td><td> {{int:Prefsreset}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Preview&action=edit preview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Preview|Talk]] </td><td> Preview </td><td> {{int:Preview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Previewconflict&action=edit previewconflict]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Previewconflict|Talk]] </td><td> This preview reflects the text in the upper text editing area as it will appear if you choose to save. </td><td> {{int:Previewconflict}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Previewnote&action=edit previewnote]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Previewnote|Talk]] </td><td> Remember that this is only a preview, and has not yet been saved! </td><td> {{int:Previewnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prevn&action=edit prevn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prevn|Talk]] </td><td> previous $1 </td><td> {{int:Prevn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Printableversion&action=edit printableversion]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Printableversion|Talk]] </td><td> Printable version </td><td> {{int:Printableversion}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Printsubtitle&action=edit printsubtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Printsubtitle|Talk]] </td><td> (From http&#58;//ne.wikipedia.org) </td><td> {{int:Printsubtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protect&action=edit protect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protect|Talk]] </td><td> Protect </td><td> {{int:Protect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectcomment&action=edit protectcomment]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectcomment|Talk]] </td><td> Reason for protecting </td><td> {{int:Protectcomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedarticle&action=edit protectedarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectedarticle|Talk]] </td><td> protected &#91;&#91;$1]] </td><td> {{int:Protectedarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedpage&action=edit protectedpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectedpage|Talk]] </td><td> Protected page </td><td> {{int:Protectedpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedpagewarning&action=edit protectedpagewarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectedpagewarning|Talk]] </td><td> WARNING: This page has been locked so that only users with sysop privileges can edit it. Be sure you are following the &lt;a href=&#39;/w/wiki.phtml/Wikipedia:Protected_page_guidelines&#39;&gt;protected page guidelines&lt;/a&gt;. </td><td> {{int:Protectedpagewarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedtext&action=edit protectedtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectedtext|Talk]] </td><td> This page has been locked to prevent editing; there are a number of reasons why this may be so, please see &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Protected page]]. You can view and copy the source of this page: </td><td> {{int:Protectedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectlogpage&action=edit protectlogpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectlogpage|Talk]] </td><td> Protection_log </td><td> {{int:Protectlogpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectlogtext&action=edit protectlogtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectlogtext|Talk]] </td><td> Below is a list of page locks/unlocks. See &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Protected page]] for more information. </td><td> {{int:Protectlogtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectpage&action=edit protectpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectpage|Talk]] </td><td> Protect page </td><td> {{int:Protectpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectreason&action=edit protectreason]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectreason|Talk]] </td><td> (give a reason) </td><td> {{int:Protectreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectsub&action=edit protectsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectsub|Talk]] </td><td> (Protecting &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{int:Protectsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectthispage&action=edit protectthispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectthispage|Talk]] </td><td> Protect this page </td><td> {{int:Protectthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Proxyblocker&action=edit proxyblocker]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Proxyblocker|Talk]] </td><td> Proxy blocker </td><td> {{int:Proxyblocker}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Proxyblockreason&action=edit proxyblockreason]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Proxyblockreason|Talk]] </td><td> Your IP address has been blocked because it is an open proxy. Please contact your Internet service provider or tech support and inform them of this serious security problem. </td><td> {{int:Proxyblockreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Proxyblocksuccess&action=edit proxyblocksuccess]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Proxyblocksuccess|Talk]] </td><td> Done. </td><td> {{int:Proxyblocksuccess}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbbrowse&action=edit qbbrowse]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbbrowse|Talk]] </td><td> Browse </td><td> {{int:Qbbrowse}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbedit&action=edit qbedit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbedit|Talk]] </td><td> Edit </td><td> {{int:Qbedit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbfind&action=edit qbfind]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbfind|Talk]] </td><td> Find </td><td> {{int:Qbfind}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbmyoptions&action=edit qbmyoptions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbmyoptions|Talk]] </td><td> My pages </td><td> {{int:Qbmyoptions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbpageinfo&action=edit qbpageinfo]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbpageinfo|Talk]] </td><td> Context </td><td> {{int:Qbpageinfo}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbpageoptions&action=edit qbpageoptions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbpageoptions|Talk]] </td><td> This page </td><td> {{int:Qbpageoptions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbsettings&action=edit qbsettings]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbsettings|Talk]] </td><td> Quickbar settings </td><td> {{int:Qbsettings}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbspecialpages&action=edit qbspecialpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbspecialpages|Talk]] </td><td> Special pages </td><td> {{int:Qbspecialpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Querybtn&action=edit querybtn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Querybtn|Talk]] </td><td> Submit query </td><td> {{int:Querybtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Querysuccessful&action=edit querysuccessful]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Querysuccessful|Talk]] </td><td> Query successful </td><td> {{int:Querysuccessful}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Randompage&action=edit randompage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Randompage|Talk]] </td><td> Random page </td><td> {{int:Randompage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Range_block_disabled&action=edit range_block_disabled]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Range_block_disabled|Talk]] </td><td> The sysop ability to create range blocks is disabled. </td><td> {{int:Range_block_disabled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rchide&action=edit rchide]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rchide|Talk]] </td><td> in $4 form; $1 minor edits; $2 secondary namespaces; $3 multiple edits. </td><td> {{int:Rchide}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rclinks&action=edit rclinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rclinks|Talk]] </td><td> Show last $1 changes in last $2 days&lt;br /&gt;$3 </td><td> {{int:Rclinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rclistfrom&action=edit rclistfrom]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rclistfrom|Talk]] </td><td> Show new changes starting from $1 </td><td> {{int:Rclistfrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcliu&action=edit rcliu]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rcliu|Talk]] </td><td> ; $1 edits from logged in users </td><td> {{int:Rcliu}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcloaderr&action=edit rcloaderr]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rcloaderr|Talk]] </td><td> Loading recent changes </td><td> {{int:Rcloaderr}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rclsub&action=edit rclsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rclsub|Talk]] </td><td> (to pages linked from &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{int:Rclsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcnote&action=edit rcnote]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rcnote|Talk]] </td><td> Below are the last &lt;strong&gt;$1&lt;/strong&gt; changes in last &lt;strong&gt;$2&lt;/strong&gt; days. </td><td> {{int:Rcnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcnotefrom&action=edit rcnotefrom]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rcnotefrom|Talk]] </td><td> Below are the changes since &lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt; (up to &lt;b&gt;$1&lt;/b&gt; shown). </td><td> {{int:Rcnotefrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Readonly&action=edit readonly]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Readonly|Talk]] </td><td> Database locked </td><td> {{int:Readonly}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Readonlytext&action=edit readonlytext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Readonlytext|Talk]] </td><td> The database is currently locked to new entries and other modifications, probably for routine database maintenance, after which it will be back to normal. The administrator who locked it offered this explanation: &lt;p&gt;$1 </td><td> {{int:Readonlytext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Readonlywarning&action=edit readonlywarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Readonlywarning|Talk]] </td><td> WARNING: The database has been locked for maintenance, so you will not be able to save your edits right now. You may wish to cut-n-paste the text into a text file and save it for later. </td><td> {{int:Readonlywarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchanges&action=edit recentchanges]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Recentchanges|Talk]] </td><td> Recent changes </td><td> {{int:Recentchanges}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchangescount&action=edit recentchangescount]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Recentchangescount|Talk]] </td><td> Number of titles in recent changes </td><td> {{int:Recentchangescount}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchangeslinked&action=edit recentchangeslinked]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Recentchangeslinked|Talk]] </td><td> Related changes </td><td> {{int:Recentchangeslinked}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchangestext&action=edit recentchangestext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Recentchangestext|Talk]] </td><td> Track the most recent changes to the wiki on this page. </td><td> {{int:Recentchangestext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Redirectedfrom&action=edit redirectedfrom]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Redirectedfrom|Talk]] </td><td> (Redirected from $1) </td><td> {{int:Redirectedfrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Remembermypassword&action=edit remembermypassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Remembermypassword|Talk]] </td><td> Remember my password across sessions. </td><td> {{int:Remembermypassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removechecked&action=edit removechecked]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Removechecked|Talk]] </td><td> Remove checked items from watchlist </td><td> {{int:Removechecked}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removedwatch&action=edit removedwatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Removedwatch|Talk]] </td><td> Removed from watchlist </td><td> {{int:Removedwatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removedwatchtext&action=edit removedwatchtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Removedwatchtext|Talk]] </td><td> The page &quot;$1&quot; has been removed from your watchlist. </td><td> {{int:Removedwatchtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removingchecked&action=edit removingchecked]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Removingchecked|Talk]] </td><td> Removing requested items from watchlist... </td><td> {{int:Removingchecked}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Resetprefs&action=edit resetprefs]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Resetprefs|Talk]] </td><td> Reset preferences </td><td> {{int:Resetprefs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Restorelink&action=edit restorelink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Restorelink|Talk]] </td><td> $1 deleted edits </td><td> {{int:Restorelink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Resultsperpage&action=edit resultsperpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Resultsperpage|Talk]] </td><td> Hits to show per page </td><td> {{int:Resultsperpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Retrievedfrom&action=edit retrievedfrom]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Retrievedfrom|Talk]] </td><td> Retrieved from &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Retrievedfrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Returnto&action=edit returnto]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Returnto|Talk]] </td><td> Return to $1. </td><td> {{int:Returnto}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Retypenew&action=edit retypenew]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Retypenew|Talk]] </td><td> Retype new password </td><td> {{int:Retypenew}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Reupload&action=edit reupload]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Reupload|Talk]] </td><td> Re-upload </td><td> {{int:Reupload}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Reuploaddesc&action=edit reuploaddesc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Reuploaddesc|Talk]] </td><td> Return to the upload form. </td><td> {{int:Reuploaddesc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Reverted&action=edit reverted]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Reverted|Talk]] </td><td> Reverted to earlier revision </td><td> {{int:Reverted}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revertimg&action=edit revertimg]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Revertimg|Talk]] </td><td> rev </td><td> {{int:Revertimg}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revertpage&action=edit revertpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Revertpage|Talk]] </td><td> Reverted edit of $2, changed back to last version by $1 </td><td> {{int:Revertpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revhistory&action=edit revhistory]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Revhistory|Talk]] </td><td> Revision history </td><td> {{int:Revhistory}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revisionasof&action=edit revisionasof]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Revisionasof|Talk]] </td><td> Revision as of $1 </td><td> {{int:Revisionasof}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revnotfound&action=edit revnotfound]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Revnotfound|Talk]] </td><td> Revision not found </td><td> {{int:Revnotfound}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revnotfoundtext&action=edit revnotfoundtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Revnotfoundtext|Talk]] </td><td> The old revision of the page you asked for could not be found. Please check the URL you used to access this page. </td><td> {{int:Revnotfoundtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rfcurl&action=edit rfcurl]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rfcurl|Talk]] </td><td> http&#58;//www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc$1.html </td><td> {{int:Rfcurl}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rights&action=edit rights]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rights|Talk]] </td><td> Rights: </td><td> {{int:Rights}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollback&action=edit rollback]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rollback|Talk]] </td><td> Roll back edits </td><td> {{int:Rollback}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollback_short&action=edit rollback_short]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rollback_short|Talk]] </td><td> Rollback </td><td> {{int:Rollback_short}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollbackfailed&action=edit rollbackfailed]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rollbackfailed|Talk]] </td><td> Rollback failed </td><td> {{int:Rollbackfailed}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollbacklink&action=edit rollbacklink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rollbacklink|Talk]] </td><td> rollback </td><td> {{int:Rollbacklink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rows&action=edit rows]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rows|Talk]] </td><td> Rows </td><td> {{int:Rows}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Savearticle&action=edit savearticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Savearticle|Talk]] </td><td> Save page </td><td> {{int:Savearticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Savedprefs&action=edit savedprefs]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Savedprefs|Talk]] </td><td> Your preferences have been saved. </td><td> {{int:Savedprefs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Savefile&action=edit savefile]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Savefile|Talk]] </td><td> Save file </td><td> {{int:Savefile}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Saveprefs&action=edit saveprefs]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Saveprefs|Talk]] </td><td> Save preferences </td><td> {{int:Saveprefs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Search&action=edit search]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Search|Talk]] </td><td> Search </td><td> {{int:Search}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchdisabled&action=edit searchdisabled]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchdisabled|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;p&gt;Sorry! Full text search has been disabled temporarily, for performance reasons. In the meantime, you can use the Google search below, which may be out of date.&lt;/p&gt; </td><td> {{int:Searchdisabled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchhelppage&action=edit searchhelppage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchhelppage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:Searching </td><td> {{int:Searchhelppage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchingwikipedia&action=edit searchingwikipedia]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchingwikipedia|Talk]] </td><td> Searching Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Searchingwikipedia}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchquery&action=edit searchquery]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchquery|Talk]] </td><td> For query &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Searchquery}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchresults&action=edit searchresults]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchresults|Talk]] </td><td> Search results </td><td> {{int:Searchresults}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchresultshead&action=edit searchresultshead]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchresultshead|Talk]] </td><td> Search result settings </td><td> {{int:Searchresultshead}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchresulttext&action=edit searchresulttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchresulttext|Talk]] </td><td> For more information about searching Wikipedia, see $1. </td><td> {{int:Searchresulttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sectionedit&action=edit sectionedit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sectionedit|Talk]] </td><td> (section) </td><td> {{int:Sectionedit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selectnewerversionfordiff&action=edit selectnewerversionfordiff]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Selectnewerversionfordiff|Talk]] </td><td> Select a newer version for comparison </td><td> {{int:Selectnewerversionfordiff}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selectolderversionfordiff&action=edit selectolderversionfordiff]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Selectolderversionfordiff|Talk]] </td><td> Select an older version for comparison </td><td> {{int:Selectolderversionfordiff}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selectonly&action=edit selectonly]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Selectonly|Talk]] </td><td> Only read-only queries are allowed. </td><td> {{int:Selectonly}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selflinks&action=edit selflinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Selflinks|Talk]] </td><td> Pages with Self Links </td><td> {{int:Selflinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selflinkstext&action=edit selflinkstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Selflinkstext|Talk]] </td><td> The following pages contain a link to themselves, which they should not. </td><td> {{int:Selflinkstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Seriousxhtmlerrors&action=edit seriousxhtmlerrors]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Seriousxhtmlerrors|Talk]] </td><td> There were serious xhtml markup errors detected by tidy. </td><td> {{int:Seriousxhtmlerrors}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Servertime&action=edit servertime]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Servertime|Talk]] </td><td> Server time is now </td><td> {{int:Servertime}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Set_rights_fail&action=edit set_rights_fail]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Set_rights_fail|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;User rights for &quot;$1&quot; could not be set. (Did you enter the name correctly?)&lt;/b&gt; </td><td> {{int:Set_rights_fail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Set_user_rights&action=edit set_user_rights]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Set_user_rights|Talk]] </td><td> Set user rights </td><td> {{int:Set_user_rights}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Setbureaucratflag&action=edit setbureaucratflag]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Setbureaucratflag|Talk]] </td><td> Set bureaucrat flag </td><td> {{int:Setbureaucratflag}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Shortpages&action=edit shortpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Shortpages|Talk]] </td><td> Short pages </td><td> {{int:Shortpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Show&action=edit show]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Show|Talk]] </td><td> show </td><td> {{int:Show}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showhideminor&action=edit showhideminor]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Showhideminor|Talk]] </td><td> $1 minor edits &#124; $2 bots &#124; $3 logged in users </td><td> {{int:Showhideminor}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showingresults&action=edit showingresults]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Showingresults|Talk]] </td><td> Showing below &lt;b&gt;$1&lt;/b&gt; results starting with #&lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt;. </td><td> {{int:Showingresults}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showingresultsnum&action=edit showingresultsnum]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Showingresultsnum|Talk]] </td><td> Showing below &lt;b&gt;$3&lt;/b&gt; results starting with #&lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt;. </td><td> {{int:Showingresultsnum}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showlast&action=edit showlast]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Showlast|Talk]] </td><td> Show last $1 images sorted $2. </td><td> {{int:Showlast}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showpreview&action=edit showpreview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Showpreview|Talk]] </td><td> Show preview </td><td> {{int:Showpreview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showtoc&action=edit showtoc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Showtoc|Talk]] </td><td> show </td><td> {{int:Showtoc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sig_tip&action=edit sig_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sig_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Your signature with timestamp </td><td> {{int:Sig_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitestats&action=edit sitestats]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sitestats|Talk]] </td><td> Site statistics </td><td> {{int:Sitestats}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitestatstext&action=edit sitestatstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sitestatstext|Talk]] </td><td> There are &#39;&#39;&#39;$1&#39;&#39;&#39; total pages in the database. This includes &quot;talk&quot; pages, pages about Wikipedia, minimal &quot;stub&quot; pages, redirects, and others that probably don&#39;t qualify as content pages. Excluding those, there are &#39;&#39;&#39;$2&#39;&#39;&#39; pages that are probably legitimate content pages. There have been a total of &#39;&#39;&#39;$3&#39;&#39;&#39; page views, and &#39;&#39;&#39;$4&#39;&#39;&#39; page edits since the wiki was setup. That comes to &#39;&#39;&#39;$5&#39;&#39;&#39; average edits per page, and &#39;&#39;&#39;$6&#39;&#39;&#39; views per edit. </td><td> {{int:Sitestatstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitesubtitle&action=edit sitesubtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sitesubtitle|Talk]] </td><td> The Free Encyclopedia </td><td> {{int:Sitesubtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitesupport&action=edit sitesupport]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sitesupport|Talk]] </td><td> Donations </td><td> {{int:Sitesupport}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitetitle&action=edit sitetitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sitetitle|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Sitetitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Siteuser&action=edit siteuser]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Siteuser|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia user $1 </td><td> {{int:Siteuser}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Siteusers&action=edit siteusers]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Siteusers|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia user(s) $1 </td><td> {{int:Siteusers}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Skin&action=edit skin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Skin|Talk]] </td><td> Skin </td><td> {{int:Skin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Spamprotectiontext&action=edit spamprotectiontext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Spamprotectiontext|Talk]] </td><td> The page you wanted to save was blocked by the spam filter. This is probably caused by a link to an external site. You might want to check the following regular expression for patterns that are currently blocked: </td><td> {{int:Spamprotectiontext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Spamprotectiontitle&action=edit spamprotectiontitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Spamprotectiontitle|Talk]] </td><td> Spam protection filter </td><td> {{int:Spamprotectiontitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Specialpage&action=edit specialpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Specialpage|Talk]] </td><td> Special Page </td><td> {{int:Specialpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Specialpages&action=edit specialpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Specialpages|Talk]] </td><td> Special pages </td><td> {{int:Specialpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Spheading&action=edit spheading]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Spheading|Talk]] </td><td> Special pages for all users </td><td> {{int:Spheading}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sqlislogged&action=edit sqlislogged]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sqlislogged|Talk]] </td><td> Please note that all queries are logged. </td><td> {{int:Sqlislogged}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sqlquery&action=edit sqlquery]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sqlquery|Talk]] </td><td> Enter query </td><td> {{int:Sqlquery}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Statistics&action=edit statistics]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Statistics|Talk]] </td><td> Statistics </td><td> {{int:Statistics}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Storedversion&action=edit storedversion]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Storedversion|Talk]] </td><td> Stored version </td><td> {{int:Storedversion}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Stubthreshold&action=edit stubthreshold]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Stubthreshold|Talk]] </td><td> Threshold for stub display </td><td> {{int:Stubthreshold}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Subcategories&action=edit subcategories]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Subcategories|Talk]] </td><td> Subcategories </td><td> {{int:Subcategories}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Subject&action=edit subject]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Subject|Talk]] </td><td> Subject/headline </td><td> {{int:Subject}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Subjectpage&action=edit subjectpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Subjectpage|Talk]] </td><td> View subject </td><td> {{int:Subjectpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Successfulupload&action=edit successfulupload]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Successfulupload|Talk]] </td><td> Successful upload </td><td> {{int:Successfulupload}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Summary&action=edit summary]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Summary|Talk]] </td><td> Summary </td><td> {{int:Summary}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sysopspheading&action=edit sysopspheading]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sysopspheading|Talk]] </td><td> For sysop use only </td><td> {{int:Sysopspheading}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sysoptext&action=edit sysoptext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sysoptext|Talk]] </td><td> The action you have requested can only be performed by users with &quot;sysop&quot; status. See $1. </td><td> {{int:Sysoptext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sysoptitle&action=edit sysoptitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sysoptitle|Talk]] </td><td> Sysop access required </td><td> {{int:Sysoptitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tableform&action=edit tableform]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tableform|Talk]] </td><td> table </td><td> {{int:Tableform}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talk&action=edit talk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Talk|Talk]] </td><td> Discussion </td><td> {{int:Talk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkexists&action=edit talkexists]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Talkexists|Talk]] </td><td> The page itself was moved successfully, but the talk page could not be moved because one already exists at the new title. Please merge them manually. </td><td> {{int:Talkexists}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpage&action=edit talkpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Talkpage|Talk]] </td><td> Discuss this page </td><td> {{int:Talkpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpagemoved&action=edit talkpagemoved]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Talkpagemoved|Talk]] </td><td> The corresponding talk page was also moved. </td><td> {{int:Talkpagemoved}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpagenotmoved&action=edit talkpagenotmoved]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Talkpagenotmoved|Talk]] </td><td> The corresponding talk page was &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; moved. </td><td> {{int:Talkpagenotmoved}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpagetext&action=edit talkpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Talkpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;!-- MediaWiki:talkpagetext --&gt; </td><td> {{int:Talkpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Textboxsize&action=edit textboxsize]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Textboxsize|Talk]] </td><td> Textbox dimensions </td><td> {{int:Textboxsize}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Textmatches&action=edit textmatches]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Textmatches|Talk]] </td><td> Page text matches </td><td> {{int:Textmatches}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Thisisdeleted&action=edit thisisdeleted]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Thisisdeleted|Talk]] </td><td> View or restore $1? </td><td> {{int:Thisisdeleted}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Thumbnail-more&action=edit thumbnail-more]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Thumbnail-more|Talk]] </td><td> Enlarge </td><td> {{int:Thumbnail-more}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Timezoneoffset&action=edit timezoneoffset]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Timezoneoffset|Talk]] </td><td> Offset </td><td> {{int:Timezoneoffset}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Timezonetext&action=edit timezonetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Timezonetext|Talk]] </td><td> Enter number of hours your local time differs from server time (UTC). </td><td> {{int:Timezonetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Titlematches&action=edit titlematches]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Titlematches|Talk]] </td><td> Article title matches </td><td> {{int:Titlematches}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Toc&action=edit toc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Toc|Talk]] </td><td> Table of contents </td><td> {{int:Toc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Toolbox&action=edit toolbox]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Toolbox|Talk]] </td><td> Toolbox </td><td> {{int:Toolbox}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-addsection&action=edit tooltip-addsection]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-addsection|Talk]] </td><td> Add a comment to this page. &#91;alt-+] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-addsection}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-anontalk&action=edit tooltip-anontalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-anontalk|Talk]] </td><td> Discussion about edits from this ip address &#91;alt-n] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-anontalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-anonuserpage&action=edit tooltip-anonuserpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-anonuserpage|Talk]] </td><td> The user page for the ip you&#39;re editing as &#91;alt-.] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-anonuserpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-article&action=edit tooltip-article]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-article|Talk]] </td><td> View the content page &#91;alt-a] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-article}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-atom&action=edit tooltip-atom]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-atom|Talk]] </td><td> Atom feed for this page </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-atom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-compareselectedversions&action=edit tooltip-compareselectedversions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-compareselectedversions|Talk]] </td><td> See the differences between the two selected versions of this page. &#91;alt-v] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-compareselectedversions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-contributions&action=edit tooltip-contributions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-contributions|Talk]] </td><td> View the list of contributions of this user </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-contributions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-currentevents&action=edit tooltip-currentevents]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-currentevents|Talk]] </td><td> Find background information on current events </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-currentevents}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-delete&action=edit tooltip-delete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-delete|Talk]] </td><td> Delete this page &#91;alt-d] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-delete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-edit&action=edit tooltip-edit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-edit|Talk]] </td><td> You can edit this page. Please use the preview button before saving. &#91;alt-e] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-edit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-emailuser&action=edit tooltip-emailuser]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-emailuser|Talk]] </td><td> Send a mail to this user </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-emailuser}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-help&action=edit tooltip-help]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-help|Talk]] </td><td> The place to find out. </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-help}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-history&action=edit tooltip-history]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-history|Talk]] </td><td> Past versions of this page, &#91;alt-h] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-history}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-login&action=edit tooltip-login]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-login|Talk]] </td><td> You are encouraged to log in, it is not mandatory however. &#91;alt-o] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-login}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-logout&action=edit tooltip-logout]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-logout|Talk]] </td><td> Log out &#91;alt-o] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-logout}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-mainpage&action=edit tooltip-mainpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-mainpage|Talk]] </td><td> Visit the Main Page &#91;alt-z] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-mainpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-minoredit&action=edit tooltip-minoredit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-minoredit|Talk]] </td><td> Mark this as a minor edit &#91;alt-i] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-minoredit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-move&action=edit tooltip-move]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-move|Talk]] </td><td> Move this page &#91;alt-m] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-move}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-mycontris&action=edit tooltip-mycontris]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-mycontris|Talk]] </td><td> List of my contributions &#91;alt-y] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-mycontris}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-mytalk&action=edit tooltip-mytalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-mytalk|Talk]] </td><td> My talk page &#91;alt-n] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-mytalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-nomove&action=edit tooltip-nomove]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-nomove|Talk]] </td><td> You don&#39;t have the permissions to move this page </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-nomove}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-portal&action=edit tooltip-portal]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-portal|Talk]] </td><td> About the project, what you can do, where to find things </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-portal}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-preferences&action=edit tooltip-preferences]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-preferences|Talk]] </td><td> My preferences </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-preferences}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-preview&action=edit tooltip-preview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-preview|Talk]] </td><td> Preview your changes, please use this before saving! &#91;alt-p] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-preview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-protect&action=edit tooltip-protect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-protect|Talk]] </td><td> Protect this page &#91;alt-=] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-protect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-randompage&action=edit tooltip-randompage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-randompage|Talk]] </td><td> Load a random page &#91;alt-x] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-randompage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-recentchanges&action=edit tooltip-recentchanges]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-recentchanges|Talk]] </td><td> The list of recent changes in the wiki. &#91;alt-r] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-recentchanges}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-recentchangeslinked&action=edit tooltip-recentchangeslinked]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-recentchangeslinked|Talk]] </td><td> Recent changes in pages linking to this page &#91;alt-c] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-recentchangeslinked}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-rss&action=edit tooltip-rss]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-rss|Talk]] </td><td> RSS feed for this page </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-rss}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-save&action=edit tooltip-save]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-save|Talk]] </td><td> Save you changes &#91;alt-s] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-save}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-search&action=edit tooltip-search]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-search|Talk]] </td><td> Search this wiki &#91;alt-f] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-search}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-sitesupport&action=edit tooltip-sitesupport]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-sitesupport|Talk]] </td><td> Support Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-sitesupport}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-specialpage&action=edit tooltip-specialpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-specialpage|Talk]] </td><td> This is a special page, you can&#39;t edit the page itself. </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-specialpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-specialpages&action=edit tooltip-specialpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-specialpages|Talk]] </td><td> List of all special pages &#91;alt-q] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-specialpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-talk&action=edit tooltip-talk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-talk|Talk]] </td><td> Discussion about the content page &#91;alt-t] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-talk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-undelete&action=edit tooltip-undelete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-undelete|Talk]] </td><td> Restore $1 deleted edits to this page &#91;alt-d] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-undelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-unwatch&action=edit tooltip-unwatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-unwatch|Talk]] </td><td> Remove this page from your watchlist &#91;alt-w] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-unwatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-upload&action=edit tooltip-upload]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-upload|Talk]] </td><td> Upload images or media files &#91;alt-u] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-upload}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-userpage&action=edit tooltip-userpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-userpage|Talk]] </td><td> My user page &#91;alt-.] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-userpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-viewsource&action=edit tooltip-viewsource]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-viewsource|Talk]] </td><td> This page is protected. You can view it&#39;s source. &#91;alt-e] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-viewsource}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-watch&action=edit tooltip-watch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-watch|Talk]] </td><td> Add this page to your watchlist &#91;alt-w] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-watch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-watchlist&action=edit tooltip-watchlist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-watchlist|Talk]] </td><td> The list of pages you&#39;re monitoring for changes. &#91;alt-l] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-watchlist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-whatlinkshere&action=edit tooltip-whatlinkshere]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-whatlinkshere|Talk]] </td><td> List of all wiki pages that link here &#91;alt-b] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-whatlinkshere}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uclinks&action=edit uclinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uclinks|Talk]] </td><td> View the last $1 changes; view the last $2 days. </td><td> {{int:Uclinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ucnote&action=edit ucnote]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ucnote|Talk]] </td><td> Below are this user&#39;s last &lt;b&gt;$1&lt;/b&gt; changes in the last &lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt; days. </td><td> {{int:Ucnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uctop&action=edit uctop]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uctop|Talk]] </td><td> (top) </td><td> {{int:Uctop}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblockip&action=edit unblockip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unblockip|Talk]] </td><td> Unblock user </td><td> {{int:Unblockip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblockiptext&action=edit unblockiptext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unblockiptext|Talk]] </td><td> Use the form below to restore write access to a previously blocked IP address or username. </td><td> {{int:Unblockiptext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblocklink&action=edit unblocklink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unblocklink|Talk]] </td><td> unblock </td><td> {{int:Unblocklink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblocklogentry&action=edit unblocklogentry]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unblocklogentry|Talk]] </td><td> unblocked &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Unblocklogentry}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undelete&action=edit undelete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undelete|Talk]] </td><td> Restore deleted page </td><td> {{int:Undelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undelete_short&action=edit undelete_short]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undelete_short|Talk]] </td><td> Undelete </td><td> {{int:Undelete_short}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletearticle&action=edit undeletearticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletearticle|Talk]] </td><td> Restore deleted page </td><td> {{int:Undeletearticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletebtn&action=edit undeletebtn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletebtn|Talk]] </td><td> Restore! </td><td> {{int:Undeletebtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletedarticle&action=edit undeletedarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletedarticle|Talk]] </td><td> restored &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Undeletedarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletedtext&action=edit undeletedtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletedtext|Talk]] </td><td> &#91;&#91;$1]] has been successfully restored. See &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Deletion_log]] for a record of recent deletions and restorations. </td><td> {{int:Undeletedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletehistory&action=edit undeletehistory]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletehistory|Talk]] </td><td> If you restore the page, all revisions will be restored to the history. If a new page with the same name has been created since the deletion, the restored revisions will appear in the prior history, and the current revision of the live page will not be automatically replaced. </td><td> {{int:Undeletehistory}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletepage&action=edit undeletepage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletepage|Talk]] </td><td> View and restore deleted pages </td><td> {{int:Undeletepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletepagetext&action=edit undeletepagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletepagetext|Talk]] </td><td> The following pages have been deleted but are still in the archive and can be restored. The archive may be periodically cleaned out. </td><td> {{int:Undeletepagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeleterevision&action=edit undeleterevision]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeleterevision|Talk]] </td><td> Deleted revision as of $1 </td><td> {{int:Undeleterevision}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeleterevisions&action=edit undeleterevisions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeleterevisions|Talk]] </td><td> $1 revisions archived </td><td> {{int:Undeleterevisions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unexpected&action=edit unexpected]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unexpected|Talk]] </td><td> Unexpected value: &quot;$1&quot;=&quot;$2&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Unexpected}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockbtn&action=edit unlockbtn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockbtn|Talk]] </td><td> Unlock database </td><td> {{int:Unlockbtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockconfirm&action=edit unlockconfirm]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockconfirm|Talk]] </td><td> Yes, I really want to unlock the database. </td><td> {{int:Unlockconfirm}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdb&action=edit unlockdb]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockdb|Talk]] </td><td> Unlock database </td><td> {{int:Unlockdb}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdbsuccesssub&action=edit unlockdbsuccesssub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockdbsuccesssub|Talk]] </td><td> Database lock removed </td><td> {{int:Unlockdbsuccesssub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdbsuccesstext&action=edit unlockdbsuccesstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockdbsuccesstext|Talk]] </td><td> The database has been unlocked. </td><td> {{int:Unlockdbsuccesstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdbtext&action=edit unlockdbtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockdbtext|Talk]] </td><td> Unlocking the database will restore the ability of all users to edit pages, change their preferences, edit their watchlists, and other things requiring changes in the database. Please confirm that this is what you intend to do. </td><td> {{int:Unlockdbtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotect&action=edit unprotect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unprotect|Talk]] </td><td> Unprotect </td><td> {{int:Unprotect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotectcomment&action=edit unprotectcomment]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unprotectcomment|Talk]] </td><td> Reason for unprotecting </td><td> {{int:Unprotectcomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotectedarticle&action=edit unprotectedarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unprotectedarticle|Talk]] </td><td> unprotected &#91;&#91;$1]] </td><td> {{int:Unprotectedarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotectsub&action=edit unprotectsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unprotectsub|Talk]] </td><td> (Unprotecting &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{int:Unprotectsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotectthispage&action=edit unprotectthispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unprotectthispage|Talk]] </td><td> Unprotect this page </td><td> {{int:Unprotectthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unusedimages&action=edit unusedimages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unusedimages|Talk]] </td><td> Unused images </td><td> {{int:Unusedimages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unusedimagestext&action=edit unusedimagestext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unusedimagestext|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;p&gt;Please note that other web sites may link to an image with a direct URL, and so may still be listed here despite being in active use. </td><td> {{int:Unusedimagestext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unwatch&action=edit unwatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unwatch|Talk]] </td><td> Unwatch </td><td> {{int:Unwatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unwatchthispage&action=edit unwatchthispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unwatchthispage|Talk]] </td><td> Stop watching </td><td> {{int:Unwatchthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Updated&action=edit updated]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Updated|Talk]] </td><td> (Updated) </td><td> {{int:Updated}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Upload&action=edit upload]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Upload|Talk]] </td><td> Upload file </td><td> {{int:Upload}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadbtn&action=edit uploadbtn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadbtn|Talk]] </td><td> Upload file </td><td> {{int:Uploadbtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploaddisabled&action=edit uploaddisabled]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploaddisabled|Talk]] </td><td> Sorry, uploading is disabled. </td><td> {{int:Uploaddisabled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadedfiles&action=edit uploadedfiles]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadedfiles|Talk]] </td><td> Uploaded files </td><td> {{int:Uploadedfiles}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadedimage&action=edit uploadedimage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadedimage|Talk]] </td><td> uploaded &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Uploadedimage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploaderror&action=edit uploaderror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploaderror|Talk]] </td><td> Upload error </td><td> {{int:Uploaderror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadfile&action=edit uploadfile]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadfile|Talk]] </td><td> Upload images, sounds, documents etc. </td><td> {{int:Uploadfile}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlink&action=edit uploadlink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadlink|Talk]] </td><td> Upload images </td><td> {{int:Uploadlink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlog&action=edit uploadlog]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadlog|Talk]] </td><td> upload log </td><td> {{int:Uploadlog}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlogpage&action=edit uploadlogpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadlogpage|Talk]] </td><td> Upload_log </td><td> {{int:Uploadlogpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlogpagetext&action=edit uploadlogpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadlogpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> Below is a list of the most recent file uploads. All times shown are server time (UTC). &lt;ul&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; </td><td> {{int:Uploadlogpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadnologin&action=edit uploadnologin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadnologin|Talk]] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{int:Uploadnologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadnologintext&action=edit uploadnologintext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadnologintext|Talk]] </td><td> You must be &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; to upload files. </td><td> {{int:Uploadnologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadtext&action=edit uploadtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadtext|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;STOP!&lt;/strong&gt; Before you upload here, make sure to read and follow the &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Image_use_policy&quot;&gt;image use policy&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;p&gt;If a file with the name you are specifying already exists on the wiki, it&#39;ll be replaced without warning. So unless you mean to update a file, it&#39;s a good idea to first check if such a file exists. &lt;p&gt;To view or search previously uploaded images, go to the &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Imagelist&quot;&gt;list of uploaded images&lt;/a&gt;. Uploads and deletions are logged on the &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Wikipedia:Upload_log&quot;&gt;upload log&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use the form below to upload new image files for use in illustrating your pages. On most browsers, you will see a &quot;Browse...&quot; button, which will bring up your operating system&#39;s standard file open dialog. Choosing a file will fill the name of that file into the text field next to the button. You must also check the box affirming that you are not violating any copyrights by uploading the file. Press the &quot;Upload&quot; button to finish the upload. This may take some time if you have a slow internet connection. &lt;p&gt;The preferred formats are JPEG for photographic images, PNG for drawings and other iconic images, and OGG for sounds. Please name your files descriptively to avoid confusion. To include the image in a page, use a link in the form &lt;b&gt;&#91;&#91;Image:file.jpg]]&lt;/b&gt; or &lt;b&gt;&#91;&#91;Image:file.ogg]]&lt;/b&gt; for sounds. &lt;p&gt;Please note that as with wiki pages, others may edit or delete your uploads if they think it serves the project, and you may be blocked from uploading if you abuse the system. </td><td> {{int:Uploadtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadwarning&action=edit uploadwarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadwarning|Talk]] </td><td> Upload warning </td><td> {{int:Uploadwarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:User_rights_set&action=edit user_rights_set]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:User_rights_set|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;User rights for &quot;$1&quot; updated&lt;/b&gt; </td><td> {{int:User_rights_set}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Usercssjs&action=edit usercssjs]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Usercssjs|Talk]] </td><td> &#39;&#39;&#39;Note:&#39;&#39;&#39; After saving, you have to tell your bowser to get the new version: &#39;&#39;&#39;Mozilla:&#39;&#39;&#39; click &#39;&#39;reload&#39;&#39;(or &#39;&#39;ctrl-r&#39;&#39;), &#39;&#39;&#39;IE / Opera:&#39;&#39;&#39; &#39;&#39;ctrl-f5&#39;&#39;, &#39;&#39;&#39;Safari:&#39;&#39;&#39; &#39;&#39;cmd-r&#39;&#39;, &#39;&#39;&#39;Konqueror&#39;&#39;&#39; &#39;&#39;ctrl-r&#39;&#39;. </td><td> {{int:Usercssjs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Usercssjsyoucanpreview&action=edit usercssjsyoucanpreview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Usercssjsyoucanpreview|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;Tip:&lt;/strong&gt; Use the &#39;Show preview&#39; button to test your new css/js before saving. </td><td> {{int:Usercssjsyoucanpreview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Usercsspreview&action=edit usercsspreview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Usercsspreview|Talk]] </td><td> &#39;&#39;&#39;Remember that you are only previewing your user css, it has not yet been saved!&#39;&#39;&#39; </td><td> {{int:Usercsspreview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userexists&action=edit userexists]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userexists|Talk]] </td><td> The user name you entered is already in use. Please choose a different name. </td><td> {{int:Userexists}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userjspreview&action=edit userjspreview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userjspreview|Talk]] </td><td> &#39;&#39;&#39;Remember that you are only testing/previewing your user javascript, it has not yet been saved!&#39;&#39;&#39; </td><td> {{int:Userjspreview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userlogin&action=edit userlogin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userlogin|Talk]] </td><td> Log in </td><td> {{int:Userlogin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userlogout&action=edit userlogout]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userlogout|Talk]] </td><td> Log out </td><td> {{int:Userlogout}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Usermailererror&action=edit usermailererror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Usermailererror|Talk]] </td><td> Mail object returned error: </td><td> {{int:Usermailererror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userpage&action=edit userpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userpage|Talk]] </td><td> View user page </td><td> {{int:Userpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userstats&action=edit userstats]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userstats|Talk]] </td><td> User statistics </td><td> {{int:Userstats}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userstatstext&action=edit userstatstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userstatstext|Talk]] </td><td> There are &#39;&#39;&#39;$1&#39;&#39;&#39; registered users. &#39;&#39;&#39;$2&#39;&#39;&#39; of these are administrators (see $3). </td><td> {{int:Userstatstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Version&action=edit version]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Version|Talk]] </td><td> Version </td><td> {{int:Version}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewcount&action=edit viewcount]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Viewcount|Talk]] </td><td> This page has been accessed $1 times. </td><td> {{int:Viewcount}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewprevnext&action=edit viewprevnext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Viewprevnext|Talk]] </td><td> View ($1) ($2) ($3). </td><td> {{int:Viewprevnext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewsource&action=edit viewsource]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Viewsource|Talk]] </td><td> View source </td><td> {{int:Viewsource}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewtalkpage&action=edit viewtalkpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Viewtalkpage|Talk]] </td><td> View discussion </td><td> {{int:Viewtalkpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wantedpages&action=edit wantedpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wantedpages|Talk]] </td><td> Wanted pages </td><td> {{int:Wantedpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watch&action=edit watch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watch|Talk]] </td><td> Watch </td><td> {{int:Watch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchdetails&action=edit watchdetails]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchdetails|Talk]] </td><td> ($1 pages watched not counting talk pages; $2 total pages edited since cutoff; $3... &lt;a href=&#39;$4&#39;&gt;show and edit complete list&lt;/a&gt;.) </td><td> {{int:Watchdetails}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watcheditlist&action=edit watcheditlist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watcheditlist|Talk]] </td><td> Here&#39;s an alphabetical list of your watched pages. Check the boxes of pages you want to remove from your watchlist and click the &#39;remove checked&#39; button at the bottom of the screen. </td><td> {{int:Watcheditlist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchlist&action=edit watchlist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchlist|Talk]] </td><td> My watchlist </td><td> {{int:Watchlist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchlistcontains&action=edit watchlistcontains]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchlistcontains|Talk]] </td><td> Your watchlist contains $1 pages. </td><td> {{int:Watchlistcontains}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchlistsub&action=edit watchlistsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchlistsub|Talk]] </td><td> (for user &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{int:Watchlistsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchmethod-list&action=edit watchmethod-list]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchmethod-list|Talk]] </td><td> checking watched pages for recent edits </td><td> {{int:Watchmethod-list}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchmethod-recent&action=edit watchmethod-recent]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchmethod-recent|Talk]] </td><td> checking recent edits for watched pages </td><td> {{int:Watchmethod-recent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchnochange&action=edit watchnochange]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchnochange|Talk]] </td><td> None of your watched items were edited in the time period displayed. </td><td> {{int:Watchnochange}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchnologin&action=edit watchnologin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchnologin|Talk]] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{int:Watchnologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchnologintext&action=edit watchnologintext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchnologintext|Talk]] </td><td> You must be &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; to modify your watchlist. </td><td> {{int:Watchnologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchthis&action=edit watchthis]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchthis|Talk]] </td><td> Watch this page </td><td> {{int:Watchthis}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchthispage&action=edit watchthispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchthispage|Talk]] </td><td> Watch this page </td><td> {{int:Watchthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Welcomecreation&action=edit welcomecreation]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Welcomecreation|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;h2&gt;Welcome, $1!&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Your account has been created. Don&#39;t forget to change your Wikipedia preferences. </td><td> {{int:Welcomecreation}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whatlinkshere&action=edit whatlinkshere]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whatlinkshere|Talk]] </td><td> What links here </td><td> {{int:Whatlinkshere}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistacctext&action=edit whitelistacctext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistacctext|Talk]] </td><td> To be allowed to create accounts in this Wiki you have to &#91;&#91;Special:Userlogin&#124;log]] in and have the appropriate permissions. </td><td> {{int:Whitelistacctext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistacctitle&action=edit whitelistacctitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistacctitle|Talk]] </td><td> You are not allowed to create an account </td><td> {{int:Whitelistacctitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistedittext&action=edit whitelistedittext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistedittext|Talk]] </td><td> You have to &#91;&#91;Special:Userlogin&#124;login]] to edit pages. </td><td> {{int:Whitelistedittext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistedittitle&action=edit whitelistedittitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistedittitle|Talk]] </td><td> Login required to edit </td><td> {{int:Whitelistedittitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistreadtext&action=edit whitelistreadtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistreadtext|Talk]] </td><td> You have to &#91;&#91;Special:Userlogin&#124;login]] to read pages. </td><td> {{int:Whitelistreadtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistreadtitle&action=edit whitelistreadtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistreadtitle|Talk]] </td><td> Login required to read </td><td> {{int:Whitelistreadtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wikipediapage&action=edit wikipediapage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wikipediapage|Talk]] </td><td> View project page </td><td> {{int:Wikipediapage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wikititlesuffix&action=edit wikititlesuffix]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wikititlesuffix|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Wikititlesuffix}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wlnote&action=edit wlnote]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wlnote|Talk]] </td><td> Below are the last $1 changes in the last &lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt; hours. </td><td> {{int:Wlnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wlsaved&action=edit wlsaved]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wlsaved|Talk]] </td><td> This is a saved version of your watchlist. </td><td> {{int:Wlsaved}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wlshowlast&action=edit wlshowlast]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wlshowlast|Talk]] </td><td> Show last $1 hours $2 days $3 </td><td> {{int:Wlshowlast}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wrong_wfQuery_params&action=edit wrong_wfQuery_params]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wrong_wfQuery_params|Talk]] </td><td> Incorrect parameters to wfQuery()&lt;br /&gt; Function: $1&lt;br /&gt; Query: $2 </td><td> {{int:Wrong_wfQuery_params}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wrongpassword&action=edit wrongpassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wrongpassword|Talk]] </td><td> The password you entered is incorrect. Please try again. </td><td> {{int:Wrongpassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourdiff&action=edit yourdiff]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yourdiff|Talk]] </td><td> Differences </td><td> {{int:Yourdiff}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Youremail&action=edit youremail]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Youremail|Talk]] </td><td> Your email* </td><td> {{int:Youremail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourname&action=edit yourname]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yourname|Talk]] </td><td> Your user name </td><td> {{int:Yourname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yournick&action=edit yournick]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yournick|Talk]] </td><td> Your nickname (for signatures) </td><td> {{int:Yournick}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourpassword&action=edit yourpassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yourpassword|Talk]] </td><td> Your password </td><td> {{int:Yourpassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourpasswordagain&action=edit yourpasswordagain]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yourpasswordagain|Talk]] </td><td> Retype password </td><td> {{int:Yourpasswordagain}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourrealname&action=edit yourrealname]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yourrealname|Talk]] </td><td> Your real name* </td><td> {{int:Yourrealname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourtext&action=edit yourtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yourtext|Talk]] </td><td> Your text </td><td> {{int:Yourtext}} </td></tr></table> 777 4005 2004-06-05T06:46:31Z Template namespace initialisation script MediaWiki:All messages moved to Template:All messages #redirect [[Template:All messages]] 778 4006 2004-06-05T06:46:31Z Template namespace initialisation script MediaWiki:All system messages moved to Template:All system messages #redirect [[Template:All system messages]] 779 4007 2004-06-05T06:46:32Z Template namespace initialisation script MediaWiki:Gnunote moved to Template:Gnunote #redirect [[Template:Gnunote]] 780 4008 2004-06-05T06:46:32Z Template namespace initialisation script MediaWiki:Sitesupportpage moved to Template:Sitesupportpage #redirect [[Template:Sitesupportpage]] 781 9186 2007-01-27T17:11:05Z शंकर 198 केहि शब्दगहरुको translation == नयाँ मुख्य पृष्ठ== मैले मुख्य पृष्ठलाई परिवर्तन गरेको छु। कसैको केही प्रतिकृया छ भने मेरो मेरो वार्तालाप पृष्ठमा सम्पादन गरेर प्रतिकृया दिनुहोला। धन्यवाद।--[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 20:07, 9 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) == नेपाली विकिपीडियामा अझ सुधार गरौँ == सवै नयाँ सम्पादकहरूलाई स्वागत छ। सकृय रहनुभएका सम्पादकहरूलाई धेरै धेरै धन्यवाद र अझै बढी सकृय रहनु हुन्छ भन्ने आशा राख्दछु। हामीहरू सबैको साझा प्रयासले नै नेपाली विकिपीडियाको भविष्य उज्ज्वल हुन्छ। आफुसँग खालि समय छ भने, त्यसलाई विकिपीडियाको विकासमा खर्च गर्न सबैलाई अनुरोध गर्ने गर्छु। विकिपीडियामा हाल धेरै लेखहरूमा काम भईरहेछ। सानै मात्रामा भएपनि यसलाई धेरै नेपाली भाषीहरूले प्रयोग गर्न योग्य बनाउनका लागि केही आधारभूत लेखहरू जरुरी छन्। आधारभूत लेखहरूको सुची पनि तयार गर्नु पर्ने छ। नयाँ लेख रचना गर्नुका साथै, बेला बेलामा अन्य लेखहरू द्वारा [[Special:Wantedpages|खोजीएका]] लेखहरूलाई पनि रच्ने प्रयास गर्नुहोला। धन्यबाद! <br>-- [[User:Indiver|इन्दीवर]] २२:०३ NST ९ जेनवरि २००७ ईन्दिवर, म तपाईंको साथ दिन्छु । आउनुहोस थोरै थोरै गरेर भएपनि यहाँ हामीहरूले केही थप्दै जाऔं । आज नभए पनि भोलि नभए पनि कुनै न कुनै दिन त हाम्रो काममा अरू मान्छेहरूले पनि सहयोग गर्ने छन् । तपाईँलाई सहयोगको कमी हुनुमा धेरै कारणहरू छन् । पहिलो कुरा कमै नेपालीहरूलाई विकिपीडियाको बारेमा थाहा छ । अनि अर्को कुरा नेपाली भाषामा पनि ईन्टरनेट बाट सूचना पाउन सकिन्छ भन्ने कुरा कमैलाई थाहा छ । त्यस्तै अति कम नेपालीहरूले नेपाली भाषामा टाईप गर्न जान्दछन् । अझ युनिकोड टाईप प्रयोग गर्ने हरूको संख्या अझै 1,000 जना पनि छैन होला । अनि यस्तो अवस्थामा तपाईले कसैको सहयोग नपाउनु कुनै अचम्म हैन । आउनुहोस् हामी मिलेर नियमित रूपले थोरै थोरै मात्र भएपनि केही थप्दै जाऔं । छिट्टै नै नेपाली विकिपीडिया सयौं नेपालीहरूले प्रयोग गर्न थाल्ने छन् । -- आनियो == जागौ‌ नेपाली विकिपीडिया प्रयोगकर्ताहरु ‌‌== नेपालीहरु धेरै छन् जस्ले युनिकोड चलाउछन् । तर विकिपीडिया नै धेरै चल्तिमा छैन । हामीमा जोश छ, त्यसलाई सदुपयोग गर्नु पर्छ । हामीहरुको discussion board मा कोही छ भने कृपया सम्पर्क गर्नुहोला । मलाई http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-black_tree को पृष्ठ उल्था गर्न मन छ । --[[:en:user:RajeshPandey|राजेश]] == रोमनमा टाईप गर्नु र नेपालीमा परिवर्तन गर्ने अनलाइन साधन == नेपली युनिकोडको लागि एउटा [http://www.niu.edu/~deepak/roman2unicode/release/] साईट छ| त्यसमा कम्पोज गर्न निकै सजिलो छ| एक वर्षमा र त्यो पनि सुरुको वर्षमा यति प्रगति गर्नु भनेको पनि चानचुने कुरा होइन| तर एउटा कुरा चाहिं मलाई पनि चित्त बुझेन| त्यो के भने यो नेपली विकिपिडियाको अहिले सम्म धेरै प्रचार भएको छैन| मैले यसको बारेमा आफैले खोजेर मात्र थाहा पाएँ| तर जे भए पनि अब म चाहिँ यसको विकासको लागि आफुसक्दो मद्दत दिन्छु र म द्वारा यसको जति प्रचार हुन सक्छ, त्यति प्रचार पनि गर्छु| --[[Eukesh]] == कृपया तपाईहरुको लेखहरु अङ्ग्रेजीमा [[:en:Wikipedia|विकिपीडियामा]] पनि लिङ्क गर्नुहोला == Hello, sorry for my english. Could you maybe please make an interwikilink from [[:en:Wikipedia]] to your article ''about'' wikipedia, or create that article? Thanks a lot. [[:en:user:effeietsanders|effe iets anders]] 11:29, 12 June 2006 (UTC) ==ईन्टरफेसलाई नेपाली भाषामा उल्था गर्ने== नमस्ते साथीहरू, विकिपेडिया ईन्टरफेसलाई नेपालीमा उल्था गर्न आवश्यक भएकोले निम्न लिखित अंग्रेजी शब्दहरूलाई नेपालीमा उल्थागरिदिएर सहयोग गर्नुहोस् । *Random page = ? *Upload file = फाईल अपलोड *Permanent link = ? स्थायी लिंक *Cite this article = यो लेख *My Preferences = मेरा रोजाईहरू *Navigation = *Username = प्रयोगकर्ता नाम *User contributions = प्रयोगकर्ता *Block user = प्रयोगकर्तालाई रोक्नुहोस् *E-mail this user = यो प्रयोगकर्तालाई ईमेल लेख्नुहोस् ---- *Please note that all contributions to {{SITENAME}} are considered to be released under the $2 (see $1 for details). If you don't want your writing to be edited mercilessly and redistributed at will, then don't submit it here.<br /> You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource. <strong>DO NOT SUBMIT COPYRIGHTED WORK WITHOUT PERMISSION!</strong> *Please note that all contributions to {{SITENAME}} may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you don't want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then don't submit it here.<br /> You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see $1 for details). <strong>DO NOT SUBMIT COPYRIGHTED WORK WITHOUT PERMISSION!</strong> *account creation blocked *by e-mail *Create article *created *Current revision *Data *Database error *default *Search in these namespaces by default: *{{SITENAME}} e-mail *Delete and move *Yes, delete the page *Deleted to make way for move *==Deletion required== The destination article "[[$1]]" already exists. Do you want to delete it to make way for the move? *Reason for deletion *deleted "[[$1]]" *[deleted] *Deleted old revision $1. *"$1" has been deleted. See $2 for a record of recent deletions. *Warning: This page has been deleted after you started editing! *del *Delete all revisions of this file *Delete page *(Deleting "$1") *deletion log *Delete this page *Below is a list of the most recent deletions. *Disambiguation pages *Disclaimers *Project:General_disclaimer *Double redirects *download ---- *Edit this file using an external application *See the [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:External_editors setup instructions] for more information. *The edit comment was: "<i>$1</i>". *Edit conflict: $1 *Edit the current version of this page *Editing help *Help:Editing *Editing $1 *Editing $1 (comment) *'''Warning:''' You are editing a page which is used to provide interface text for the software. Changes to this page will affect the appearance of the user interface for other users. *Editing user <b>$1</b> *<strong>WARNING: You are editing an out-of-date revision of this page. If you save it, any changes made since this revision will be lost.</strong> *Editing $1 (section) *Edit section: $1 *Edit this page *<!-- Text here will be shown below edit and upload forms. --> *Your e-mail address was authenticated on $1. *Confirm your e-mail address *From *Message *Talk Your e-mail address is <strong>not yet authenticated</strong>. No e-mail will be sent for any of the following features. *E-mail user *If this user has entered a valid e-mail address in his or her user preferences, the form below will send a single message. The e-mail address you entered in your user preferences will appear as the "From" address of the mail, so the recipient will be able to reply. *Send *E-mail sent *Your e-mail message has been sent ---- *No send address = ? *Change status = अवस्था परिवर्तन गर्नुहोस् *Comment समालोचना *Please enter a comment below पछाडिमा टिकाटिप्पणी गर्नुस्। *More थप *Articles with the most categories *Most linked to categories *Articles with the most revisions *Page creation limited = *No page title matches = *Not logged in = *You have to specify a username = *You have no items on your watchlist = *Category = प्रकार *Insert non-formatted text here = *Prefix index = *← Previous difference = *View project page = *Protected page = *Below is a list of page locks and unlocks = *Protect from moves only = *Protect this page = *Context = *Quickbar = *Special pages = बिशेष पेजहरु *Random page = *Special:Random = *Random redirect = *Any = कुनैपनि *Related changes = *Recreate = *Redirect page = *Removed from watchlist = *Remove checked items from watchlist = *About = बारेमा *Project:About *The password for "$1" has been sent to $2. *Password sent. *Account created *The user account for $1 has been created. *Sorry, you have already created $1 accounts. You can't make any more. *Action complete *Added to watchlist *The page "[[:$1]]" has been added to your [[Special:Watchlist|watchlist]]. Future changes to this page and its associated Talk page will be listed there, and the page will appear '''bolded''' in the [[Special:Recentchanges|list of recent changes]] to make it easier to pick out. If you want to remove the page from your watchlist later, click "Unwatch" in the sidebar. *Administrators *All articles = सबै लेखहरु *All pages ($1 namespace) *Combined display of upload, deletion, protection, blocking, and sysop logs. You can narrow down the view by selecting a log type, the user name, or the affected page. *System messages *Current text *Default text *Message name filter: *Show only modified *'''Special:Allmessages''' cannot be used because '''$wgUseDatabaseMessages''' is switched off. *Your current interface language <b>$1</b> is not supported by Special:Allmessages at this site. *This is a list of system messages available in the MediaWiki namespace. *All pages (not in $1 namespace) *Enable e-mail from other users *All pages *The given page title was invalid or had an inter-language or inter-wiki prefix. It may contain one more characters which cannot be used in titles. *Display pages starting at: *Next = अर्को *Display pages with prefix: *Previous = पहिलो *$1 to $2 *This user is already a bureaucrat *This user is already a steward *This user is already an administrator *<strong>User $1, you are already logged in!</strong><br /> *Cannot rollback last edit of [[$1]] by [[User:$2|$2]] ([[User talk:$2|Talk]]); someone else has edited or rolled back the page already. Last edit was by [[User:$3|$3]] ([[User talk:$3|Talk]]). *Oldest pages *and *'''Warning:''' You are not logged in. Your IP address will be recorded in this page's edit history. *Talk for this IP *This is the discussion page for an anonymous user who has not created an account yet or who does not use it. We therefore have to use the numerical IP address to identify him/her. Such an IP address can be shared by several users. If you are an anonymous user and feel that irrelevant comments have been directed at you, please [[Special:Userlogin|create an account or log in]] to avoid future confusion with other anonymous users. *Anonymous user(s) of {{SITENAME}} *Content page *A page of that name already exists, or the name you have chosen is not valid. Please choose another name. *View content page *Articles starting with ''$1'' *Autoblocked because your IP address has been recently used by "[[User:$1|$1]]". The reason given for $1's block is: "'''$2'''" *Redirecting to [[$1]] ---- ---- *Jan *Feb *Mar *Apr *May *Jun *Jul *Aug *Sep *Oct *Nov *Dec *Sun *Mon *Tue *Wed *Thur *Fri *Sat ---- *== Welcome, $1! == Your account has been created. Don't forget to change your {{SITENAME}} preferences. *To be allowed to create accounts in this Wiki you have to [[Special:Userlogin|log]] in and have the appropriate permissions. *You are not allowed to create an account *You have to $1 to edit pages. *Login required to edit *You have to [[Special:Userlogin|login]] to read pages. *Login required to read * E-mail notification is enabled. * Pages which have been changed since you last visited them are shown in '''bold''' *$1 bot edits *$1 my edits *Below are the last $1 changes in the last <b>$2</b> hours. *This is a saved version of your watchlist. *Show last $1 hours $2 days $3 *Incorrect password entered. Please try again. &Password entered was blank. Please try again. *You have $1 ($2). *You have new messages on $1 *Differences = फरकहरु *Your domain *Language: भषा *Username *Nickname: *Real name *Your text *Variant --[[User:203.173.149.251|203.173.149.251]] 09:43, 6 August 2006 (UTC) ==Translated words== *Main Page = मुख्य पृष्ठ *Community portal = सामाजिक पोर्टल (???) *Current events = हालैका घटनाहरु *Recent changes = नयाँ परिवर्तनहरु *Help = सहयोग *Donations = चन्दा *What links here = यहाँ के जोडिन्छ *Related changes = संबन्धित परिवर्तनहरु *Special pages = विशेष पृष्ठ *Printable version = छाप्नमिल्ने संस्करण *In other languages = अरु भाषामा *Toolbox = औजारबट्टा *Go = जानुहोस् *Search = खोज्नुहोस् *Article = लेख *Discussion = छलफल *Edit = सम्पादन *History = पृष्ठको ईतिहास *Move = स्थानान्तरण *Watch = अवलोकन *My talk = मेरो कुरा *Preferences = रोजाईहरू *My watchlist = मेरो अवलोकन *My contributions = मेरो योगदान *Log in = प्रवेश (लग ईन) *Log out = निर्गमन (लग आउउ) *Create account = खाता खोल्नुहोस् *E-mail password = ईमेल पासवर्ड *Password = पासवर्ड *Remember me = मलाई सम्झनुहोस् *E-mail = ईमेल *Retype password = फेरी पासवर्ड टाईप गर्नुहोस् *Summary = सारांश *Show preview = पुनरावलोकन देखाउनुहोस् *Show changes = परिवर्तन देखाउनुहोस् *This is a minor edit = यो मामुली सम्पादन हो *Watch this page = यो पृष्ठ अवलोकन गर्नुहोस् *Protect = सुरक्षित राख्नुहोस् *Block = रोक्नुहोस् *Sunday = आईतबार *Monday = सोमबार *Tuesday = मंगलबार *Wednesday = बुधबार *Thursday = बिहीबार *Friday = शुक्रबार *Saturday = शनिबार *January = जेनवरी *February = फेब्रुअरी *March = मार्च *April = एप्रील *May = मे *June = जुन *July = जुलाई *August = अगस्त *September = सेप्टेम्बर *October = अक्टोबर *November = नोभेम्बर *December = डिसेम्बर ---- *Grant अनुदान *Revoke रद्द *Name of the user प्रयोगकर्त संख्या *Math गणित *Insert formula here सूत्र यहाँ थप्नुहोस् *Mathematical formula गणितीय सूत्र *unknown error अज्ञात समस्या *unknown function अज्ञात निर्देशन *Hide extended details लामो विबरण लुकाउनुहोस् *Show extended details लामो विबरण देखाउनुहोस् *Most linked to images सबैभन्दा बढि लिंक भएको चित्र *Most linked to pages सबैभन्दा बढि लिंक भएको पृष्ठ *Move page पृष्ठ सार्नुहोस् *moved to मा सारियो *Below is a list of page moved तल सारिएका पृष्ठहरूको सूची छ *Reason कारण *Not logged in प्रवेश (लग ईन) नगरिएको *Move this page यो पृष्ठ सार्नुहोस् *My page मेरो पृष्ठ *Save page= सेभ गर्नुहोस् *cancel= रद्द *Delete = मेट्नुहोस्'''Bold text''''''Bold text''''''Bold text''' *User page = प्रयोगर्ता पृष्ठ *Block user = प्रोगकर्ता रोक्नुहोस् *E-mail this user = यो प्रयोगकर्तालाई ईमेल लेख्नुहोस् *summary = सारांश *reason कारण ---- *next = अर्को *Next page = अर्को पृष्ठ *Newer revision = नयाँ पुनरावलोकन *No e-mail address = ईमेल ठेगाना नभएको *upload it = अलोड गर्नुहोस् *Nothing to see = हेर्नको लागि केही छैन *No pages link to here = यहाँ कुनै पृष्ठ लिंक भएको छैन *There are no pages that link to this file = यो फाईलसंग लिंकभएको कुनै पृष्ठ छैन *You have not specified a valid user name = तपाईले सहि युजर नेम उल्लेख गर्नु भएन *No such action = यस्तो कार्य हैन *No such special page = त्यस्तो विषेश पृष्ठ छैन *Not a content page = सामाग्री सहितको पेज हैन *No target = निसाना छैन *No page text matches = अक्षरस् पेज भेटिएन *File = फाईल *Media page = साधन पृष्ठ *Message = सन्देश *Project page = आयोजना पृष्ठ *Special = विशेष *Template = टेम्प्लेट *User page = प्रयोगकर्ता पृष्ठ *Number of edits = सम्पादन संख्या *discussion page = छलफल पृष्ठ *Number of watchers = अवलोकन संख्या *Number of distinct authors = लेखकहरूको संख्या *None selected = केहिपनि छानिएन ---- *Old password = पुरानो पासवर्ड *OK = हुन्छ *In other languages = अरू भाषाहरूमा *others = अन्य *Move succeeded = सार्ने काम सफल भयो *Personal tools = व्यक्तिगत औजारहरू *Popular pages = धेरै रूचाईएका पृष्ठहरू *Project:Community Portal = आयोजना सामाजिक पोर्टल *Post a comment = कमेन्ट पोस्ट गर्नुहोस *User profile = प्रयोगकर्ताको विवरण *Preview = पुर्वावोलोकन *←Older revision = पुरानो संस्करण *previous‌‌‍ ‍‍‍- अघिल्लो *Print = प्रिन्ट(छाप्नुस) *Privacy policy = गोपनियताको नियम *Default = स्वतह *Block unregistered users = दर्ता नभएका युजरलाई रोक *Reason for protecting = बचाउको कारण *Done = सकियो *Browse = अवलोकन *Find = पत्ता लगाउनुहोस् *My pages = मेरो पेज *This page = यो पेज *This page = यो पेज == Good progress == * The number of articles, templates and categories is increaing at a rate that (I think) is faster than ever before. Good job dudes! We need to accelerate this rate. Anyone who is invloved in vandalism, please help the cause of dissemination of knowledge and aid constructively. Finally, I would like to express best wishes of Dashain to all.--[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 15:55, 29 September 2006 (UTC) == Creating a basic Nepali wiki? == * According to Metawiki [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have], there are certain articles that should be present in all wikipedias. I think the list is very useful. Is it possible for us to focus it as the primary target and develop articles (at least stubs) on the given articles. Plus, I would like to know about the feasibility of adjusting the wikitopics (ज्ञान समूह) to make it more coherent with Browserbar and the hierarchy of list of articles. --[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 18:50, 29 September 2006 (UTC) == लिखान सुविधा == नमस्कार, मै आपसे यह विनती करता हूं की इस नेपाली विकीपिडिया पर जो सरल लिखाण सुविधा है वह कैसे बनायी गयी है वह मुझे बताये। ताकी मै वह मेरी भाषा के विकीपिडीया पर उपलब्ध करा सकूंगा । आपका प्रयास बहोतही अच्छा है! आपका अभिनंदन ! मेरा ईमेल पता यह है ! neelkant.akl@gmail.com आपका, नीलकांत धन्यवाद ! :नीलकांत जी, मैले सबै देवनागरी विकिपीडियामा यो ट्रान्सलिटरेटरको बारेमा लेखेको थिएं। कृपया तपाईं आफ्नो विकिपीडियाको सामाजिक पृष्ठ वा मुख्य पृष्ठमा हेर्नु होला। यदि तपाइंलाई थप जानकारी चाहिन्छ भने म संग सम्पर्क राख्नुहोला। धन्यवाद। :हिन्दीमा: (नीलकांत जी, मैने सभी देवनागरी विकिपीडिया पर इस ट्रान्सलिटरेटर के बारे मै लिख दिया था। कृपया आप अपने विकिपीडिया के सामाजिक पृष्ठ या मुख्य पृष्ठ मै देखिये। अगर आपको अधिक जानकारी चाहिए तो मुझे सम्पर्क किजिये। धन्यवाद।)--[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 19:29, 27 डिसेम्बर 2006 (UTC) 782 sysop 9064 2007-01-19T17:14:29Z Eukesh 93 need to translate the "over redirect" part. I think its better placed in this position to translate [[$1]] लाई over redirect [[$2]]मा सारियो 784 sysop 7918 2006-12-13T15:31:41Z Eukesh 93 /* tooltips and access keys */ var ta = new Object(); ta['pt-userpage'] = new Array('.','My user page'); ta['pt-anonuserpage'] = new Array('.','The user page for the ip you\'re editing as'); ta['pt-mytalk'] = new Array('n','My talk page'); ta['pt-anontalk'] = new Array('n','Discussion about edits from this ip address'); ta['pt-preferences'] = new Array('','My preferences'); ta['pt-watchlist'] = new Array('l','The list of pages you\'re monitoring for changes.'); ta['pt-mycontris'] = new Array('y','List of my contributions'); ta['pt-login'] = new Array('o','You are encouraged to log in, it is not mandatory however.'); ta['pt-anonlogin'] = new Array('o','You are encouraged to log in, it is not mandatory however.'); ta['pt-logout'] = new Array('o','Log out'); ta['ca-talk'] = new Array('t','Discussion about the content page'); ta['ca-edit'] = new Array('e','You can edit this page. Please use the preview button before saving.'); ta['ca-addsection'] = new Array('+','Add a comment to this discussion.'); ta['ca-viewsource'] = new Array('e','This page is protected. You can view its source.'); ta['ca-history'] = new Array('h','Past versions of this page.'); ta['ca-protect'] = new Array('=','Protect this page'); ta['ca-delete'] = new Array('d','Delete this page'); ta['ca-undelete'] = new Array('d','Restore the edits done to this page before it was deleted'); ta['ca-move'] = new Array('m','Move this page'); ta['ca-watch'] = new Array('w','Add this page to your watchlist'); ta['ca-unwatch'] = new Array('w','Remove this page from your watchlist'); ta['search'] = new Array('f','Search this wiki'); ta['p-logo'] = new Array('','Main Page'); ta['n-mainpage'] = new Array('z','Visit the Main Page'); ta['n-portal'] = new Array('','About the project, what you can do, where to find things'); ta['n-currentevents'] = new Array('','Find background information on current events'); ta['n-recentchanges'] = new Array('r','The list of recent changes in the wiki.'); ta['n-randompage'] = new Array('x','Load a random page'); ta['n-help'] = new Array('','The place to find out.'); ta['n-sitesupport'] = new Array('','Support us'); ta['t-whatlinkshere'] = new Array('j','List of all wiki pages that link here'); ta['t-recentchangeslinked'] = new Array('k','Recent changes in pages linked from this page'); ta['feed-rss'] = new Array('','RSS feed for this page'); ta['feed-atom'] = new Array('','Atom feed for this page'); ta['t-contributions'] = new Array('','View the list of contributions of this user'); ta['t-emailuser'] = new Array('','Send a mail to this user'); ta['t-upload'] = new Array('u','Upload images or media files'); ta['t-specialpages'] = new Array('q','List of all special pages'); ta['ca-nstab-main'] = new Array('c','View the content page'); ta['ca-nstab-user'] = new Array('c','View the user page'); ta['ca-nstab-media'] = new Array('c','View the media page'); ta['ca-nstab-special'] = new Array('','This is a special page, you can\'t edit the page itself.'); ta['ca-nstab-project'] = new Array('a','View the project page'); ta['ca-nstab-image'] = new Array('c','View the image page'); ta['ca-nstab-mediawiki'] = new Array('c','View the system message'); ta['ca-nstab-template'] = new Array('c','View the template'); ta['ca-nstab-help'] = new Array('c','View the help page'); ta['ca-nstab-category'] = new Array('c','View the category page'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="' + 'http://new.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:translit.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript&dontcountme=s"' + '&action="raw"></script>'); function addLoadEvent(func) { if (window.addEventListener) window.addEventListener("load", func, false); else if (window.attachEvent) window.attachEvent("onload", func); } function addTranslit(editForm,textBox){ checkrt(editForm); if (textBox.addEventListener) textBox .addEventListener("keypress", processKeys, false); else if (textBox .attachEvent) textBox.attachEvent("onkeypress", processKeys); } function addTextEvent() { var editForm =document.editform; if(document.editform){ var textBox=document.editform.wpTextbox1; addTranslit(editForm,textBox); addCheckbox(editForm,textBox ); } var searchform=document.getElementById('searchform'); var searchInput=document.getElementById('searchInput'); if(searchInput) addTranslit(searchform,searchInput); } function addCheckbox(editform,textBox ){ var element = document.createElement("input"); element.setAttribute("type","checkbox"); element.setAttribute("id","realtime"); if (element.addEventListener) element.addEventListener("click", rtClick, false); else if (element.attachEvent) element.attachEvent("onclick", rtClick); var labelcheckBox = document.createTextNode('Test - check box to write in Devnagari (test phase); use Esc to switch'); editform.insertBefore(element,textBox); document.getElementById("realtime").checked = realTime; editform.insertBefore(labelcheckBox,textBox); } function processKeys(event) { if (rtsupported) { if (event.keyCode == 27 && !isExplorer()) { //escape to toggle realTime = !realTime; document.getElementById("realtime").checked = realTime; } else if (realTime) translitonkey(event); } } var realTime = true; function rtClick(event) { realTime = !realTime; } var rtsupported = false; var error; function checkrt(editform){ try { /* var nav = navigator.userAgent.toUpperCase(); rtsupported = (nav.indexOf("GECKO") >= 0 || nav.indexOf("OPERA") >= 0 || nav.indexOf("SAFARI") >= 0); */ rtsupported = (document.selection != undefined) if (!rtsupported) { var element = document.createElement("TEXTAREA"); editform.appendChild(element); if (element.selectionStart != undefined) rtsupported = true; editform.removeChild(element); } } catch (error) { } } addLoadEvent(addTextEvent) 785 sysop 8028 2006-12-22T16:38:27Z RajeshPandey 111 माफ गर्नुहोला तपाइले पहिलेनै $1 वटा खाताहरु खोलिसक्नुभएको छ। तपाइले अब अरु बनाउन सक्नुहुन्न। 794 sysop 7232 2006-10-05T04:58:23Z Jose77 104 अन्य 801 4029 2004-06-29T13:15:23Z MediaWiki default {{int:allmessagestext}} <table border=1 width=100%><tr><td> '''Name''' </td><td> '''Default text''' </td><td> '''Current text''' </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:1movedto2&action=edit 1movedto2]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:1movedto2|Talk]] </td><td> $1 moved to $2 </td><td> {{int:1movedto2}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:1movedto2_redir&action=edit 1movedto2_redir]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:1movedto2_redir|Talk]] </td><td> $1 moved to $2 over redirect </td><td> {{int:1movedto2_redir}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Monobook.css&action=edit Monobook.css]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Monobook.css|Talk]] </td><td> /* edit this file to customize the monobook skin for the entire site */ </td><td> {{int:Monobook.css}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Monobook.js&action=edit Monobook.js]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Monobook.js|Talk]] </td><td> /* tooltips and access keys */ ta = new Object(); ta&#91;&#39;pt-userpage&#39;] = new Array(&#39;.&#39;,&#39;My user page&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;pt-anonuserpage&#39;] = new Array(&#39;.&#39;,&#39;The user page for the ip you\&#39;re editing as&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;pt-mytalk&#39;] = new Array(&#39;n&#39;,&#39;My talk page&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;pt-anontalk&#39;] = new Array(&#39;n&#39;,&#39;Discussion about edits from this ip address&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;pt-preferences&#39;] = new Array(&#39;&#39;,&#39;My preferences&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;pt-watchlist&#39;] = new Array(&#39;l&#39;,&#39;The list of pages you\&#39;re monitoring for changes.&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;pt-mycontris&#39;] = new Array(&#39;y&#39;,&#39;List of my contributions&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;pt-login&#39;] = new Array(&#39;o&#39;,&#39;You are encouraged to log in, it is not mandatory however.&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;pt-anonlogin&#39;] = new Array(&#39;o&#39;,&#39;You are encouraged to log in, it is not mandatory however.&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;pt-logout&#39;] = new Array(&#39;o&#39;,&#39;Log out&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;ca-talk&#39;] = new Array(&#39;t&#39;,&#39;Discussion about the content page&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;ca-edit&#39;] = new Array(&#39;e&#39;,&#39;You can edit this page. Please use the preview button before saving.&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;ca-addsection&#39;] = new Array(&#39;+&#39;,&#39;Add a comment to this discussion.&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;ca-viewsource&#39;] = new Array(&#39;e&#39;,&#39;This page is protected. You can view its source.&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;ca-history&#39;] = new Array(&#39;h&#39;,&#39;Past versions of this page.&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;ca-protect&#39;] = new Array(&#39;=&#39;,&#39;Protect this page&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;ca-delete&#39;] = new Array(&#39;d&#39;,&#39;Delete this page&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;ca-undelete&#39;] = new Array(&#39;d&#39;,&#39;Restore the edits done to this page before it was deleted&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;ca-move&#39;] = new Array(&#39;m&#39;,&#39;Move this page&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;ca-nomove&#39;] = new Array(&#39;&#39;,&#39;You don\&#39;t have the permissions to move this page&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;ca-watch&#39;] = new Array(&#39;w&#39;,&#39;Add this page to your watchlist&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;ca-unwatch&#39;] = new Array(&#39;w&#39;,&#39;Remove this page from your watchlist&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;search&#39;] = new Array(&#39;f&#39;,&#39;Search this wiki&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;p-logo&#39;] = new Array(&#39;&#39;,&#39;Main Page&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;n-mainpage&#39;] = new Array(&#39;z&#39;,&#39;Visit the Main Page&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;n-portal&#39;] = new Array(&#39;&#39;,&#39;About the project, what you can do, where to find things&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;n-currentevents&#39;] = new Array(&#39;&#39;,&#39;Find background information on current events&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;n-recentchanges&#39;] = new Array(&#39;r&#39;,&#39;The list of recent changes in the wiki.&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;n-randompage&#39;] = new Array(&#39;x&#39;,&#39;Load a random page&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;n-help&#39;] = new Array(&#39;&#39;,&#39;The place to find out.&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;n-sitesupport&#39;] = new Array(&#39;&#39;,&#39;Support us&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;t-whatlinkshere&#39;] = new Array(&#39;j&#39;,&#39;List of all wiki pages that link here&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;t-recentchangeslinked&#39;] = new Array(&#39;k&#39;,&#39;Recent changes in pages linking to this page&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;feed-rss&#39;] = new Array(&#39;&#39;,&#39;RSS feed for this page&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;feed-atom&#39;] = new Array(&#39;&#39;,&#39;Atom feed for this page&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;t-contributions&#39;] = new Array(&#39;&#39;,&#39;View the list of contributions of this user&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;t-emailuser&#39;] = new Array(&#39;&#39;,&#39;Send a mail to this user&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;t-upload&#39;] = new Array(&#39;u&#39;,&#39;Upload images or media files&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;t-specialpages&#39;] = new Array(&#39;q&#39;,&#39;List of all special pages&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;ca-nstab-main&#39;] = new Array(&#39;c&#39;,&#39;View the content page&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;ca-nstab-user&#39;] = new Array(&#39;c&#39;,&#39;View the user page&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;ca-nstab-media&#39;] = new Array(&#39;c&#39;,&#39;View the media page&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;ca-nstab-special&#39;] = new Array(&#39;&#39;,&#39;This is a special page, you can\&#39;t edit the page itself.&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;ca-nstab-wp&#39;] = new Array(&#39;a&#39;,&#39;View the project page&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;ca-nstab-image&#39;] = new Array(&#39;c&#39;,&#39;View the image page&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;ca-nstab-mediawiki&#39;] = new Array(&#39;c&#39;,&#39;View the system message&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;ca-nstab-template&#39;] = new Array(&#39;c&#39;,&#39;View the template&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;ca-nstab-help&#39;] = new Array(&#39;c&#39;,&#39;View the help page&#39;); ta&#91;&#39;ca-nstab-category&#39;] = new Array(&#39;c&#39;,&#39;View the category page&#39;); </td><td> {{int:Monobook.js}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:About&action=edit about]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:About|Talk]] </td><td> About </td><td> {{int:About}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Aboutpage&action=edit aboutpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Aboutpage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:About </td><td> {{int:Aboutpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Aboutwikipedia&action=edit aboutwikipedia]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Aboutwikipedia|Talk]] </td><td> About Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Aboutwikipedia}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-compareselectedversions&action=edit accesskey-compareselectedversions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-compareselectedversions|Talk]] </td><td> v </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-compareselectedversions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-minoredit&action=edit accesskey-minoredit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-minoredit|Talk]] </td><td> i </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-minoredit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-preview&action=edit accesskey-preview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-preview|Talk]] </td><td> p </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-preview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-save&action=edit accesskey-save]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-save|Talk]] </td><td> s </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-save}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-search&action=edit accesskey-search]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-search|Talk]] </td><td> f </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-search}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accmailtext&action=edit accmailtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accmailtext|Talk]] </td><td> The Password for &#39;$1&#39; has been sent to $2. </td><td> {{int:Accmailtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accmailtitle&action=edit accmailtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accmailtitle|Talk]] </td><td> Password sent. </td><td> {{int:Accmailtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Acct_creation_throttle_hit&action=edit acct_creation_throttle_hit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Acct_creation_throttle_hit|Talk]] </td><td> Sorry, you have already created $1 accounts. You can&#39;t make any more. </td><td> {{int:Acct_creation_throttle_hit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Actioncomplete&action=edit actioncomplete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Actioncomplete|Talk]] </td><td> Action complete </td><td> {{int:Actioncomplete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Addedwatch&action=edit addedwatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Addedwatch|Talk]] </td><td> Added to watchlist </td><td> {{int:Addedwatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Addedwatchtext&action=edit addedwatchtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Addedwatchtext|Talk]] </td><td> The page &quot;$1&quot; has been added to your &#91;&#91;Special:Watchlist&#124;watchlist]]. Future changes to this page and its associated Talk page will be listed there, and the page will appear &#39;&#39;&#39;bolded&#39;&#39;&#39; in the &#91;&#91;Special:Recentchanges&#124;list of recent changes]] to make it easier to pick out. &lt;p&gt;If you want to remove the page from your watchlist later, click &quot;Stop watching&quot; in the sidebar. </td><td> {{int:Addedwatchtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Addsection&action=edit addsection]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Addsection|Talk]] </td><td> + </td><td> {{int:Addsection}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Administrators&action=edit administrators]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Administrators|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:Administrators </td><td> {{int:Administrators}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Affirmation&action=edit affirmation]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Affirmation|Talk]] </td><td> I affirm that the copyright holder of this file agrees to license it under the terms of the $1. </td><td> {{int:Affirmation}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:All&action=edit all]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:All|Talk]] </td><td> all </td><td> {{int:All}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Allmessages&action=edit allmessages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Allmessages|Talk]] </td><td> All system messages </td><td> {{int:Allmessages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Allmessagestext&action=edit allmessagestext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Allmessagestext|Talk]] </td><td> This is a list of all system messages available in the MediaWiki: namespace. </td><td> {{int:Allmessagestext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Allpages&action=edit allpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Allpages|Talk]] </td><td> All pages </td><td> {{int:Allpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Alphaindexline&action=edit alphaindexline]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Alphaindexline|Talk]] </td><td> $1 to $2 </td><td> {{int:Alphaindexline}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Alreadyloggedin&action=edit alreadyloggedin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Alreadyloggedin|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;font color=red&gt;&lt;b&gt;User $1, you are already logged in!&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt; </td><td> {{int:Alreadyloggedin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Alreadyrolled&action=edit alreadyrolled]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Alreadyrolled|Talk]] </td><td> Cannot rollback last edit of &#91;&#91;$1]] by &#91;&#91;User:$2&#124;$2]] (&#91;&#91;User talk:$2&#124;Talk]]); someone else has edited or rolled back the page already. Last edit was by &#91;&#91;User:$3&#124;$3]] (&#91;&#91;User talk:$3&#124;Talk]]). </td><td> {{int:Alreadyrolled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ancientpages&action=edit ancientpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ancientpages|Talk]] </td><td> Oldest pages </td><td> {{int:Ancientpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:And&action=edit and]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:And|Talk]] </td><td> and </td><td> {{int:And}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Anontalk&action=edit anontalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Anontalk|Talk]] </td><td> Talk for this IP </td><td> {{int:Anontalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Anontalkpagetext&action=edit anontalkpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Anontalkpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> ----&#39;&#39;This is the discussion page for an anonymous user who has not created an account yet or who does not use it. We therefore have to use the numerical &#91;&#91;IP address]] to identify him/her. Such an IP address can be shared by several users. If you are an anonymous user and feel that irrelevant comments have been directed at you, please &#91;&#91;Special:Userlogin&#124;create an account or log in]] to avoid future confusion with other anonymous users.&#39;&#39; </td><td> {{int:Anontalkpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Anonymous&action=edit anonymous]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Anonymous|Talk]] </td><td> Anonymous user(s) of Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Anonymous}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Article&action=edit article]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Article|Talk]] </td><td> Content page </td><td> {{int:Article}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Articleexists&action=edit articleexists]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Articleexists|Talk]] </td><td> A page of that name already exists, or the name you have chosen is not valid. Please choose another name. </td><td> {{int:Articleexists}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Articlepage&action=edit articlepage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Articlepage|Talk]] </td><td> View content page </td><td> {{int:Articlepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Asksql&action=edit asksql]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Asksql|Talk]] </td><td> SQL query </td><td> {{int:Asksql}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Asksqltext&action=edit asksqltext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Asksqltext|Talk]] </td><td> Use the form below to make a direct query of the database. Use single quotes (&#39;like this&#39;) to delimit string literals. This can often add considerable load to the server, so please use this function sparingly. </td><td> {{int:Asksqltext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Autoblocker&action=edit autoblocker]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Autoblocker|Talk]] </td><td> Autoblocked because you share an IP address with &quot;$1&quot;. Reason &quot;$2&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Autoblocker}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badarticleerror&action=edit badarticleerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badarticleerror|Talk]] </td><td> This action cannot be performed on this page. </td><td> {{int:Badarticleerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badfilename&action=edit badfilename]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badfilename|Talk]] </td><td> Image name has been changed to &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Badfilename}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badfiletype&action=edit badfiletype]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badfiletype|Talk]] </td><td> &quot;.$1&quot; is not a recommended image file format. </td><td> {{int:Badfiletype}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badipaddress&action=edit badipaddress]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badipaddress|Talk]] </td><td> Invalid IP address </td><td> {{int:Badipaddress}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badquery&action=edit badquery]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badquery|Talk]] </td><td> Badly formed search query </td><td> {{int:Badquery}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badquerytext&action=edit badquerytext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badquerytext|Talk]] </td><td> We could not process your query. This is probably because you have attempted to search for a word fewer than three letters long, which is not yet supported. It could also be that you have mistyped the expression, for example &quot;fish and and scales&quot;. Please try another query. </td><td> {{int:Badquerytext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badretype&action=edit badretype]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badretype|Talk]] </td><td> The passwords you entered do not match. </td><td> {{int:Badretype}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badtitle&action=edit badtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badtitle|Talk]] </td><td> Bad title </td><td> {{int:Badtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badtitletext&action=edit badtitletext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badtitletext|Talk]] </td><td> The requested page title was invalid, empty, or an incorrectly linked inter-language or inter-wiki title. </td><td> {{int:Badtitletext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blanknamespace&action=edit blanknamespace]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blanknamespace|Talk]] </td><td> (Main) </td><td> {{int:Blanknamespace}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockedtext&action=edit blockedtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blockedtext|Talk]] </td><td> Your user name or IP address has been blocked by $1. The reason given is this:&lt;br /&gt;&#39;&#39;$2&#39;&#39;&lt;p&gt;You may contact $1 or one of the other &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Administrators&#124;administrators]] to discuss the block. Note that you may not use the &quot;email this user&quot; feature unless you have a valid email address registered in your &#91;&#91;Special:Preferences&#124;user preferences]]. Your IP address is $3. Please include this address in any queries you make. </td><td> {{int:Blockedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockedtitle&action=edit blockedtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blockedtitle|Talk]] </td><td> User is blocked </td><td> {{int:Blockedtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockip&action=edit blockip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blockip|Talk]] </td><td> Block user </td><td> {{int:Blockip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockipsuccesssub&action=edit blockipsuccesssub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blockipsuccesssub|Talk]] </td><td> Block succeeded </td><td> {{int:Blockipsuccesssub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockipsuccesstext&action=edit blockipsuccesstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blockipsuccesstext|Talk]] </td><td> &quot;$1&quot; has been blocked. &lt;br /&gt;See &#91;&#91;Special:Ipblocklist&#124;IP block list]] to review blocks. </td><td> {{int:Blockipsuccesstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockiptext&action=edit blockiptext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blockiptext|Talk]] </td><td> Use the form below to block write access from a specific IP address or username. This should be done only only to prevent vandalism, and in accordance with &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Policy&#124;policy]]. Fill in a specific reason below (for example, citing particular pages that were vandalized). </td><td> {{int:Blockiptext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklink&action=edit blocklink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blocklink|Talk]] </td><td> block </td><td> {{int:Blocklink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklistline&action=edit blocklistline]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blocklistline|Talk]] </td><td> $1, $2 blocked $3 (expires $4) </td><td> {{int:Blocklistline}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklogentry&action=edit blocklogentry]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blocklogentry|Talk]] </td><td> blocked &quot;$1&quot; with an expiry time of $2 </td><td> {{int:Blocklogentry}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklogpage&action=edit blocklogpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blocklogpage|Talk]] </td><td> Block_log </td><td> {{int:Blocklogpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklogtext&action=edit blocklogtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blocklogtext|Talk]] </td><td> This is a log of user blocking and unblocking actions. Automatically blocked IP addresses are not be listed. See the &#91;&#91;Special:Ipblocklist&#124;IP block list]] for the list of currently operational bans and blocks. </td><td> {{int:Blocklogtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bold_sample&action=edit bold_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bold_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Bold text </td><td> {{int:Bold_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bold_tip&action=edit bold_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bold_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Bold text </td><td> {{int:Bold_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Booksources&action=edit booksources]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Booksources|Talk]] </td><td> Book sources </td><td> {{int:Booksources}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Booksourcetext&action=edit booksourcetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Booksourcetext|Talk]] </td><td> Below is a list of links to other sites that sell new and used books, and may also have further information about books you are looking for.Wikipedia is not affiliated with any of these businesses, and this list should not be construed as an endorsement. </td><td> {{int:Booksourcetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Brokenredirects&action=edit brokenredirects]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Brokenredirects|Talk]] </td><td> Broken Redirects </td><td> {{int:Brokenredirects}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Brokenredirectstext&action=edit brokenredirectstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Brokenredirectstext|Talk]] </td><td> The following redirects link to a non-existing pages. </td><td> {{int:Brokenredirectstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bugreports&action=edit bugreports]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bugreports|Talk]] </td><td> Bug reports </td><td> {{int:Bugreports}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bugreportspage&action=edit bugreportspage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bugreportspage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:Bug_reports </td><td> {{int:Bugreportspage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucratlog&action=edit bureaucratlog]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bureaucratlog|Talk]] </td><td> Bureaucrat_log </td><td> {{int:Bureaucratlog}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucratlogentry&action=edit bureaucratlogentry]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bureaucratlogentry|Talk]] </td><td> Rights for user &quot;$1&quot; set &quot;$2&quot; </td><td> {{int:Bureaucratlogentry}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucrattext&action=edit bureaucrattext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bureaucrattext|Talk]] </td><td> The action you have requested can only be performed by sysops with &quot;bureaucrat&quot; status. </td><td> {{int:Bureaucrattext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucrattitle&action=edit bureaucrattitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bureaucrattitle|Talk]] </td><td> Bureaucrat access required </td><td> {{int:Bureaucrattitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bydate&action=edit bydate]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bydate|Talk]] </td><td> by date </td><td> {{int:Bydate}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Byname&action=edit byname]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Byname|Talk]] </td><td> by name </td><td> {{int:Byname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bysize&action=edit bysize]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bysize|Talk]] </td><td> by size </td><td> {{int:Bysize}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cachederror&action=edit cachederror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Cachederror|Talk]] </td><td> The following is a cached copy of the requested page, and may not be up to date. </td><td> {{int:Cachederror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cancel&action=edit cancel]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Cancel|Talk]] </td><td> Cancel </td><td> {{int:Cancel}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cannotdelete&action=edit cannotdelete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Cannotdelete|Talk]] </td><td> Could not delete the page or image specified. (It may have already been deleted by someone else.) </td><td> {{int:Cannotdelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cantrollback&action=edit cantrollback]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Cantrollback|Talk]] </td><td> Cannot revert edit; last contributor is only author of this page. </td><td> {{int:Cantrollback}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Categories&action=edit categories]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Categories|Talk]] </td><td> Categories </td><td> {{int:Categories}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Category&action=edit category]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Category|Talk]] </td><td> category </td><td> {{int:Category}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Category_header&action=edit category_header]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Category_header|Talk]] </td><td> Articles in category &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Category_header}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Categoryarticlecount&action=edit categoryarticlecount]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Categoryarticlecount|Talk]] </td><td> There are $1 articles in this category. </td><td> {{int:Categoryarticlecount}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Changepassword&action=edit changepassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Changepassword|Talk]] </td><td> Change password </td><td> {{int:Changepassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Changes&action=edit changes]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Changes|Talk]] </td><td> changes </td><td> {{int:Changes}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Clearyourcache&action=edit clearyourcache]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Clearyourcache|Talk]] </td><td> &#39;&#39;&#39;Note:&#39;&#39;&#39; After saving, you have to clear your browser cache to see the changes: &#39;&#39;&#39;Mozilla:&#39;&#39;&#39; click &#39;&#39;reload&#39;&#39;(or &#39;&#39;ctrl-r&#39;&#39;), &#39;&#39;&#39;IE / Opera:&#39;&#39;&#39; &#39;&#39;ctrl-f5&#39;&#39;, &#39;&#39;&#39;Safari:&#39;&#39;&#39; &#39;&#39;cmd-r&#39;&#39;, &#39;&#39;&#39;Konqueror&#39;&#39;&#39; &#39;&#39;ctrl-r&#39;&#39;. </td><td> {{int:Clearyourcache}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Columns&action=edit columns]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Columns|Talk]] </td><td> Columns </td><td> {{int:Columns}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Commentedit&action=edit commentedit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Commentedit|Talk]] </td><td> (comment) </td><td> {{int:Commentedit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Compareselectedversions&action=edit compareselectedversions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Compareselectedversions|Talk]] </td><td> Compare selected versions </td><td> {{int:Compareselectedversions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirm&action=edit confirm]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirm|Talk]] </td><td> Confirm </td><td> {{int:Confirm}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmcheck&action=edit confirmcheck]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmcheck|Talk]] </td><td> Yes, I really want to delete this. </td><td> {{int:Confirmcheck}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmdelete&action=edit confirmdelete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmdelete|Talk]] </td><td> Confirm delete </td><td> {{int:Confirmdelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmdeletetext&action=edit confirmdeletetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmdeletetext|Talk]] </td><td> You are about to permanently delete a page or image along with all of its history from the database. Please confirm that you intend to do this, that you understand the consequences, and that you are doing this in accordance with &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Policy]]. </td><td> {{int:Confirmdeletetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmprotect&action=edit confirmprotect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmprotect|Talk]] </td><td> Confirm protection </td><td> {{int:Confirmprotect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmprotecttext&action=edit confirmprotecttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmprotecttext|Talk]] </td><td> Do you really want to protect this page? </td><td> {{int:Confirmprotecttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmunprotect&action=edit confirmunprotect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmunprotect|Talk]] </td><td> Confirm unprotection </td><td> {{int:Confirmunprotect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmunprotecttext&action=edit confirmunprotecttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmunprotecttext|Talk]] </td><td> Do you really want to unprotect this page? </td><td> {{int:Confirmunprotecttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contextchars&action=edit contextchars]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Contextchars|Talk]] </td><td> Characters of context per line </td><td> {{int:Contextchars}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contextlines&action=edit contextlines]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Contextlines|Talk]] </td><td> Lines to show per hit </td><td> {{int:Contextlines}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contribslink&action=edit contribslink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Contribslink|Talk]] </td><td> contribs </td><td> {{int:Contribslink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contribsub&action=edit contribsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Contribsub|Talk]] </td><td> For $1 </td><td> {{int:Contribsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contributions&action=edit contributions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Contributions|Talk]] </td><td> User contributions </td><td> {{int:Contributions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyright&action=edit copyright]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Copyright|Talk]] </td><td> Content is available under $1. </td><td> {{int:Copyright}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyrightpage&action=edit copyrightpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Copyrightpage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:Copyrights </td><td> {{int:Copyrightpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyrightpagename&action=edit copyrightpagename]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Copyrightpagename|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia copyright </td><td> {{int:Copyrightpagename}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyrightwarning&action=edit copyrightwarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Copyrightwarning|Talk]] </td><td> Please note that all contributions to Wikipedia are considered to be released under the GNU Free Documentation License (see $1 for details). If you don&#39;t want your writing to be edited mercilessly and redistributed at will, then don&#39;t submit it here.&lt;br /&gt; You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource. &lt;strong&gt;DO NOT SUBMIT COPYRIGHTED WORK WITHOUT PERMISSION!&lt;/strong&gt; </td><td> {{int:Copyrightwarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Couldntremove&action=edit couldntremove]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Couldntremove|Talk]] </td><td> Couldn&#39;t remove item &#39;$1&#39;... </td><td> {{int:Couldntremove}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Createaccount&action=edit createaccount]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Createaccount|Talk]] </td><td> Create new account </td><td> {{int:Createaccount}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Createaccountmail&action=edit createaccountmail]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Createaccountmail|Talk]] </td><td> by email </td><td> {{int:Createaccountmail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Creditspage&action=edit creditspage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Creditspage|Talk]] </td><td> Page credits </td><td> {{int:Creditspage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cur&action=edit cur]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Cur|Talk]] </td><td> cur </td><td> {{int:Cur}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Currentevents&action=edit currentevents]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Currentevents|Talk]] </td><td> Current events </td><td> {{int:Currentevents}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Currentrev&action=edit currentrev]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Currentrev|Talk]] </td><td> Current revision </td><td> {{int:Currentrev}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Databaseerror&action=edit databaseerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Databaseerror|Talk]] </td><td> Database error </td><td> {{int:Databaseerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dateformat&action=edit dateformat]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Dateformat|Talk]] </td><td> Date format </td><td> {{int:Dateformat}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dberrortext&action=edit dberrortext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Dberrortext|Talk]] </td><td> A database query syntax error has occurred. This could be because of an illegal search query (see $5), or it may indicate a bug in the software. The last attempted database query was: &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;tt&gt;$1&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; from within function &quot;&lt;tt&gt;$2&lt;/tt&gt;&quot;. MySQL returned error &quot;&lt;tt&gt;$3: $4&lt;/tt&gt;&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Dberrortext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dberrortextcl&action=edit dberrortextcl]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Dberrortextcl|Talk]] </td><td> A database query syntax error has occurred. The last attempted database query was: &quot;$1&quot; from within function &quot;$2&quot;. MySQL returned error &quot;$3: $4&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Dberrortextcl}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deadendpages&action=edit deadendpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deadendpages|Talk]] </td><td> Dead-end pages </td><td> {{int:Deadendpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Debug&action=edit debug]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Debug|Talk]] </td><td> Debug </td><td> {{int:Debug}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Defaultns&action=edit defaultns]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Defaultns|Talk]] </td><td> Search in these namespaces by default: </td><td> {{int:Defaultns}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Defemailsubject&action=edit defemailsubject]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Defemailsubject|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia e-mail </td><td> {{int:Defemailsubject}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Delete&action=edit delete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Delete|Talk]] </td><td> Delete </td><td> {{int:Delete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletecomment&action=edit deletecomment]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletecomment|Talk]] </td><td> Reason for deletion </td><td> {{int:Deletecomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletedarticle&action=edit deletedarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletedarticle|Talk]] </td><td> deleted &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Deletedarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletedtext&action=edit deletedtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletedtext|Talk]] </td><td> &quot;$1&quot; has been deleted. See $2 for a record of recent deletions. </td><td> {{int:Deletedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deleteimg&action=edit deleteimg]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deleteimg|Talk]] </td><td> del </td><td> {{int:Deleteimg}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletepage&action=edit deletepage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletepage|Talk]] </td><td> Delete page </td><td> {{int:Deletepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletesub&action=edit deletesub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletesub|Talk]] </td><td> (Deleting &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{int:Deletesub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletethispage&action=edit deletethispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletethispage|Talk]] </td><td> Delete this page </td><td> {{int:Deletethispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletionlog&action=edit deletionlog]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletionlog|Talk]] </td><td> deletion log </td><td> {{int:Deletionlog}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dellogpage&action=edit dellogpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Dellogpage|Talk]] </td><td> Deletion_log </td><td> {{int:Dellogpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dellogpagetext&action=edit dellogpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Dellogpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> Below is a list of the most recent deletions. All times shown are server time (UTC). &lt;ul&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; </td><td> {{int:Dellogpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Developerspheading&action=edit developerspheading]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Developerspheading|Talk]] </td><td> For developer use only </td><td> {{int:Developerspheading}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Developertext&action=edit developertext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Developertext|Talk]] </td><td> The action you have requested can only be performed by users with &quot;developer&quot; status. See $1. </td><td> {{int:Developertext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Developertitle&action=edit developertitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Developertitle|Talk]] </td><td> Developer access required </td><td> {{int:Developertitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Diff&action=edit diff]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Diff|Talk]] </td><td> diff </td><td> {{int:Diff}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Difference&action=edit difference]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Difference|Talk]] </td><td> (Difference between revisions) </td><td> {{int:Difference}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disambiguations&action=edit disambiguations]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Disambiguations|Talk]] </td><td> Disambiguation pages </td><td> {{int:Disambiguations}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disambiguationspage&action=edit disambiguationspage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Disambiguationspage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:Links_to_disambiguating_pages </td><td> {{int:Disambiguationspage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disambiguationstext&action=edit disambiguationstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Disambiguationstext|Talk]] </td><td> The following pages link to a &lt;i&gt;disambiguation page&lt;/i&gt;. They should link to the appropriate topic instead.&lt;br /&gt;A page is treated as dismbiguation if it is linked from $1.&lt;br /&gt;Links from other namespaces are &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; listed here. </td><td> {{int:Disambiguationstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disclaimerpage&action=edit disclaimerpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Disclaimerpage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:General_disclaimer </td><td> {{int:Disclaimerpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disclaimers&action=edit disclaimers]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Disclaimers|Talk]] </td><td> Disclaimers </td><td> {{int:Disclaimers}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Doubleredirects&action=edit doubleredirects]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Doubleredirects|Talk]] </td><td> Double Redirects </td><td> {{int:Doubleredirects}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Doubleredirectstext&action=edit doubleredirectstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Doubleredirectstext|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;Attention:&lt;/b&gt; This list may contain false positives. That usually means there is additional text with links below the first #REDIRECT.&lt;br /&gt; Each row contains links to the first and second redirect, as well as the first line of the second redirect text, usually giving the &quot;real&quot; target page, which the first redirect should point to. </td><td> {{int:Doubleredirectstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Edit&action=edit edit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Edit|Talk]] </td><td> Edit </td><td> {{int:Edit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editcomment&action=edit editcomment]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editcomment|Talk]] </td><td> The edit comment was: &quot;&lt;i&gt;$1&lt;/i&gt;&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Editcomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editconflict&action=edit editconflict]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editconflict|Talk]] </td><td> Edit conflict: $1 </td><td> {{int:Editconflict}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editcurrent&action=edit editcurrent]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editcurrent|Talk]] </td><td> Edit the current version of this page </td><td> {{int:Editcurrent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Edithelp&action=edit edithelp]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Edithelp|Talk]] </td><td> Editing help </td><td> {{int:Edithelp}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Edithelppage&action=edit edithelppage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Edithelppage|Talk]] </td><td> Help:Editing </td><td> {{int:Edithelppage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editing&action=edit editing]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editing|Talk]] </td><td> Editing $1 </td><td> {{int:Editing}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editingold&action=edit editingold]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editingold|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;WARNING: You are editing an out-of-date revision of this page. If you save it, any changes made since this revision will be lost.&lt;/strong&gt;\n </td><td> {{int:Editingold}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editsection&action=edit editsection]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editsection|Talk]] </td><td> edit </td><td> {{int:Editsection}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editthispage&action=edit editthispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editthispage|Talk]] </td><td> Edit this page </td><td> {{int:Editthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailflag&action=edit emailflag]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailflag|Talk]] </td><td> Disable e-mail from other users </td><td> {{int:Emailflag}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailforlost&action=edit emailforlost]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailforlost|Talk]] </td><td> Fields marked with a star (*) are optional. Storing an email address enables people to contact you through the website without you having to reveal your email address to them, and it can be used to send you a new password if you forget it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Your real name, if you choose to provide it, will be used for giving you attribution for your work. </td><td> {{int:Emailforlost}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailfrom&action=edit emailfrom]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailfrom|Talk]] </td><td> From </td><td> {{int:Emailfrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailmessage&action=edit emailmessage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailmessage|Talk]] </td><td> Message </td><td> {{int:Emailmessage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailpage&action=edit emailpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailpage|Talk]] </td><td> E-mail user </td><td> {{int:Emailpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailpagetext&action=edit emailpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> If this user has entered a valid e-mail address in his or her user preferences, the form below will send a single message. The e-mail address you entered in your user preferences will appear as the &quot;From&quot; address of the mail, so the recipient will be able to reply. </td><td> {{int:Emailpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsend&action=edit emailsend]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailsend|Talk]] </td><td> Send </td><td> {{int:Emailsend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsent&action=edit emailsent]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailsent|Talk]] </td><td> E-mail sent </td><td> {{int:Emailsent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsenttext&action=edit emailsenttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailsenttext|Talk]] </td><td> Your e-mail message has been sent. </td><td> {{int:Emailsenttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsubject&action=edit emailsubject]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailsubject|Talk]] </td><td> Subject </td><td> {{int:Emailsubject}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailto&action=edit emailto]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailto|Talk]] </td><td> To </td><td> {{int:Emailto}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailuser&action=edit emailuser]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailuser|Talk]] </td><td> E-mail this user </td><td> {{int:Emailuser}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Enterlockreason&action=edit enterlockreason]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Enterlockreason|Talk]] </td><td> Enter a reason for the lock, including an estimate of when the lock will be released </td><td> {{int:Enterlockreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Error&action=edit error]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Error|Talk]] </td><td> Error </td><td> {{int:Error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Errorpagetitle&action=edit errorpagetitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Errorpagetitle|Talk]] </td><td> Error </td><td> {{int:Errorpagetitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exbeforeblank&action=edit exbeforeblank]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Exbeforeblank|Talk]] </td><td> content before blanking was: </td><td> {{int:Exbeforeblank}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exblank&action=edit exblank]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Exblank|Talk]] </td><td> page was empty </td><td> {{int:Exblank}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Excontent&action=edit excontent]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Excontent|Talk]] </td><td> content was: </td><td> {{int:Excontent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Explainconflict&action=edit explainconflict]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Explainconflict|Talk]] </td><td> Someone else has changed this page since you started editing it. The upper text area contains the page text as it currently exists. Your changes are shown in the lower text area. You will have to merge your changes into the existing text. &lt;b&gt;Only&lt;/b&gt; the text in the upper text area will be saved when you press &quot;Save page&quot;. &lt;p&gt; </td><td> {{int:Explainconflict}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Export&action=edit export]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Export|Talk]] </td><td> Export pages </td><td> {{int:Export}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exportcuronly&action=edit exportcuronly]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Exportcuronly|Talk]] </td><td> Include only the current revision, not the full history </td><td> {{int:Exportcuronly}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exporttext&action=edit exporttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Exporttext|Talk]] </td><td> You can export the text and editing history of a particular page or set of pages wrapped in some XML; this can then be imported into another wiki running MediaWiki software, transformed, or just kept for your private amusement. </td><td> {{int:Exporttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Extlink_sample&action=edit extlink_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Extlink_sample|Talk]] </td><td> http&#58;//www.example.com link title </td><td> {{int:Extlink_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Extlink_tip&action=edit extlink_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Extlink_tip|Talk]] </td><td> External link (remember http&#58;// prefix) </td><td> {{int:Extlink_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Faq&action=edit faq]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Faq|Talk]] </td><td> FAQ </td><td> {{int:Faq}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Faqpage&action=edit faqpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Faqpage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:FAQ </td><td> {{int:Faqpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Feedlinks&action=edit feedlinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Feedlinks|Talk]] </td><td> Feed: </td><td> {{int:Feedlinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filecopyerror&action=edit filecopyerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filecopyerror|Talk]] </td><td> Could not copy file &quot;$1&quot; to &quot;$2&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Filecopyerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filedeleteerror&action=edit filedeleteerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filedeleteerror|Talk]] </td><td> Could not delete file &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Filedeleteerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filedesc&action=edit filedesc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filedesc|Talk]] </td><td> Summary </td><td> {{int:Filedesc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Fileexists&action=edit fileexists]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Fileexists|Talk]] </td><td> A file with this name exists already, please check $1 if you are not sure if you want to change it. </td><td> {{int:Fileexists}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filename&action=edit filename]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filename|Talk]] </td><td> Filename </td><td> {{int:Filename}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filenotfound&action=edit filenotfound]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filenotfound|Talk]] </td><td> Could not find file &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Filenotfound}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filerenameerror&action=edit filerenameerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filerenameerror|Talk]] </td><td> Could not rename file &quot;$1&quot; to &quot;$2&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Filerenameerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filesource&action=edit filesource]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filesource|Talk]] </td><td> Source </td><td> {{int:Filesource}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filestatus&action=edit filestatus]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filestatus|Talk]] </td><td> Copyright status </td><td> {{int:Filestatus}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Fileuploaded&action=edit fileuploaded]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Fileuploaded|Talk]] </td><td> File &quot;$1&quot; uploaded successfully. Please follow this link: $2 to the description page and fill in information about the file, such as where it came from, when it was created and by whom, and anything else you may know about it. </td><td> {{int:Fileuploaded}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Formerror&action=edit formerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Formerror|Talk]] </td><td> Error: could not submit form </td><td> {{int:Formerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Fromwikipedia&action=edit fromwikipedia]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Fromwikipedia|Talk]] </td><td> From Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Fromwikipedia}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Getimagelist&action=edit getimagelist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Getimagelist|Talk]] </td><td> fetching image list </td><td> {{int:Getimagelist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Go&action=edit go]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Go|Talk]] </td><td> Go </td><td> {{int:Go}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Googlesearch&action=edit googlesearch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Googlesearch|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;!-- SiteSearch Google --&gt; &lt;FORM method=GET action=&quot;http&#58;//www.google.com/search&quot;&gt; &lt;TABLE bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt; &lt;A HREF=&quot;http&#58;//www.google.com/&quot;&gt; &lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http&#58;//www.google.com/logos/Logo_40wht.gif&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; ALT=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;INPUT TYPE=text name=q size=31 maxlength=255 value=&quot;$1&quot;&gt; &lt;INPUT type=submit name=btnG VALUE=&quot;Google Search&quot;&gt; &lt;font size=-1&gt; &lt;input type=hidden name=domains value=&quot;http&#58;//ne.wikipedia.org&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&quot;&quot;&gt; WWW &lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&quot;http&#58;//ne.wikipedia.org&quot; checked&gt; http&#58;//ne.wikipedia.org &lt;br /&gt; &lt;input type=&#39;hidden&#39; name=&#39;ie&#39; value=&#39;$2&#39;&gt; &lt;input type=&#39;hidden&#39; name=&#39;oe&#39; value=&#39;$2&#39;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt; &lt;/FORM&gt; &lt;!-- SiteSearch Google --&gt; </td><td> {{int:Googlesearch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Guesstimezone&action=edit guesstimezone]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Guesstimezone|Talk]] </td><td> Fill in from browser </td><td> {{int:Guesstimezone}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Headline_sample&action=edit headline_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Headline_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Headline text </td><td> {{int:Headline_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Headline_tip&action=edit headline_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Headline_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Level 2 headline </td><td> {{int:Headline_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Help&action=edit help]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Help|Talk]] </td><td> Help </td><td> {{int:Help}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Helppage&action=edit helppage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Helppage|Talk]] </td><td> Help:Contents </td><td> {{int:Helppage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hide&action=edit hide]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Hide|Talk]] </td><td> hide </td><td> {{int:Hide}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hidetoc&action=edit hidetoc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Hidetoc|Talk]] </td><td> hide </td><td> {{int:Hidetoc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hist&action=edit hist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Hist|Talk]] </td><td> hist </td><td> {{int:Hist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Histlegend&action=edit histlegend]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Histlegend|Talk]] </td><td> Diff selection: mark the radio boxes of the versions to compare and hit enter or the button at the bottom.&lt;br/&gt; Legend: (cur) = difference with current version, (last) = difference with preceding version, M = minor edit. </td><td> {{int:Histlegend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:History&action=edit history]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:History|Talk]] </td><td> Page history </td><td> {{int:History}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:History_copyright&action=edit history_copyright]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:History_copyright|Talk]] </td><td> - </td><td> {{int:History_copyright}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:History_short&action=edit history_short]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:History_short|Talk]] </td><td> History </td><td> {{int:History_short}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Historywarning&action=edit historywarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Historywarning|Talk]] </td><td> Warning: The page you are about to delete has a history: </td><td> {{int:Historywarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hr_tip&action=edit hr_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Hr_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Horizontal line (use sparingly) </td><td> {{int:Hr_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ignorewarning&action=edit ignorewarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ignorewarning|Talk]] </td><td> Ignore warning and save file anyway. </td><td> {{int:Ignorewarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ilshowmatch&action=edit ilshowmatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ilshowmatch|Talk]] </td><td> Show all images with names matching </td><td> {{int:Ilshowmatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ilsubmit&action=edit ilsubmit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ilsubmit|Talk]] </td><td> Search </td><td> {{int:Ilsubmit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Image_sample&action=edit image_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Image_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Example.jpg </td><td> {{int:Image_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Image_tip&action=edit image_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Image_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Embedded image </td><td> {{int:Image_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagelinks&action=edit imagelinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imagelinks|Talk]] </td><td> Image links </td><td> {{int:Imagelinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagelist&action=edit imagelist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imagelist|Talk]] </td><td> Image list </td><td> {{int:Imagelist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagelisttext&action=edit imagelisttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imagelisttext|Talk]] </td><td> Below is a list of $1 images sorted $2. </td><td> {{int:Imagelisttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagepage&action=edit imagepage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imagepage|Talk]] </td><td> View image page </td><td> {{int:Imagepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagereverted&action=edit imagereverted]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imagereverted|Talk]] </td><td> Revert to earlier version was successful. </td><td> {{int:Imagereverted}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imgdelete&action=edit imgdelete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imgdelete|Talk]] </td><td> del </td><td> {{int:Imgdelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imgdesc&action=edit imgdesc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imgdesc|Talk]] </td><td> desc </td><td> {{int:Imgdesc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imghistlegend&action=edit imghistlegend]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imghistlegend|Talk]] </td><td> Legend: (cur) = this is the current image, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Click on date to see image uploaded on that date&lt;/i&gt;. </td><td> {{int:Imghistlegend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imghistory&action=edit imghistory]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imghistory|Talk]] </td><td> Image history </td><td> {{int:Imghistory}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imglegend&action=edit imglegend]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imglegend|Talk]] </td><td> Legend: (desc) = show/edit image description. </td><td> {{int:Imglegend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Import&action=edit import]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Import|Talk]] </td><td> Import pages </td><td> {{int:Import}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Importfailed&action=edit importfailed]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Importfailed|Talk]] </td><td> Import failed: $1 </td><td> {{int:Importfailed}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Importhistoryconflict&action=edit importhistoryconflict]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Importhistoryconflict|Talk]] </td><td> Conflicting history revision exists (may have imported this page before) </td><td> {{int:Importhistoryconflict}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Importnotext&action=edit importnotext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Importnotext|Talk]] </td><td> Empty or no text </td><td> {{int:Importnotext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Importsuccess&action=edit importsuccess]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Importsuccess|Talk]] </td><td> Import succeeded! </td><td> {{int:Importsuccess}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Importtext&action=edit importtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Importtext|Talk]] </td><td> Please export the file from the source wiki using the Special:Export utility, save it to your disk and upload it here. </td><td> {{int:Importtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Infobox&action=edit infobox]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Infobox|Talk]] </td><td> Click a button to get an example text </td><td> {{int:Infobox}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Infobox_alert&action=edit infobox_alert]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Infobox_alert|Talk]] </td><td> Please enter the text you want to be formatted.\n It will be shown in the infobox for copy and pasting.\nExample:\n$1\nwill become:\n$2 </td><td> {{int:Infobox_alert}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Internalerror&action=edit internalerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Internalerror|Talk]] </td><td> Internal error </td><td> {{int:Internalerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Intl&action=edit intl]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Intl|Talk]] </td><td> Interlanguage links </td><td> {{int:Intl}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ip_range_invalid&action=edit ip_range_invalid]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ip_range_invalid|Talk]] </td><td> Invalid IP range. </td><td> {{int:Ip_range_invalid}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipaddress&action=edit ipaddress]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipaddress|Talk]] </td><td> IP Address/username </td><td> {{int:Ipaddress}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipb_expiry_invalid&action=edit ipb_expiry_invalid]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipb_expiry_invalid|Talk]] </td><td> Expiry time invalid. </td><td> {{int:Ipb_expiry_invalid}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipbexpiry&action=edit ipbexpiry]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipbexpiry|Talk]] </td><td> Expiry </td><td> {{int:Ipbexpiry}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipblocklist&action=edit ipblocklist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipblocklist|Talk]] </td><td> List of blocked IP addresses and usernames </td><td> {{int:Ipblocklist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipbreason&action=edit ipbreason]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipbreason|Talk]] </td><td> Reason </td><td> {{int:Ipbreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipbsubmit&action=edit ipbsubmit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipbsubmit|Talk]] </td><td> Block this user </td><td> {{int:Ipbsubmit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipusubmit&action=edit ipusubmit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipusubmit|Talk]] </td><td> Unblock this address </td><td> {{int:Ipusubmit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipusuccess&action=edit ipusuccess]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipusuccess|Talk]] </td><td> &quot;$1&quot; unblocked </td><td> {{int:Ipusuccess}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Isbn&action=edit isbn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Isbn|Talk]] </td><td> ISBN </td><td> {{int:Isbn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Isredirect&action=edit isredirect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Isredirect|Talk]] </td><td> redirect page </td><td> {{int:Isredirect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Italic_sample&action=edit italic_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Italic_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Italic text </td><td> {{int:Italic_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Italic_tip&action=edit italic_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Italic_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Italic text </td><td> {{int:Italic_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Iteminvalidname&action=edit iteminvalidname]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Iteminvalidname|Talk]] </td><td> Problem with item &#39;$1&#39;, invalid name... </td><td> {{int:Iteminvalidname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Largefile&action=edit largefile]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Largefile|Talk]] </td><td> It is recommended that images not exceed 100k in size. </td><td> {{int:Largefile}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Last&action=edit last]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Last|Talk]] </td><td> last </td><td> {{int:Last}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lastmodified&action=edit lastmodified]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lastmodified|Talk]] </td><td> This page was last modified $1. </td><td> {{int:Lastmodified}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lastmodifiedby&action=edit lastmodifiedby]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lastmodifiedby|Talk]] </td><td> This page was last modified $1 by $2. </td><td> {{int:Lastmodifiedby}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lineno&action=edit lineno]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lineno|Talk]] </td><td> Line $1: </td><td> {{int:Lineno}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Link_sample&action=edit link_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Link_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Link title </td><td> {{int:Link_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Link_tip&action=edit link_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Link_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Internal link </td><td> {{int:Link_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linklistsub&action=edit linklistsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Linklistsub|Talk]] </td><td> (List of links) </td><td> {{int:Linklistsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linkshere&action=edit linkshere]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Linkshere|Talk]] </td><td> The following pages link to here: </td><td> {{int:Linkshere}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linkstoimage&action=edit linkstoimage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Linkstoimage|Talk]] </td><td> The following pages link to this image: </td><td> {{int:Linkstoimage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linktrail&action=edit linktrail]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Linktrail|Talk]] </td><td> /^(&#91;a-z]+)(.*)\$/sD </td><td> {{int:Linktrail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Listadmins&action=edit listadmins]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Listadmins|Talk]] </td><td> Admins list </td><td> {{int:Listadmins}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Listform&action=edit listform]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Listform|Talk]] </td><td> list </td><td> {{int:Listform}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Listusers&action=edit listusers]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Listusers|Talk]] </td><td> User list </td><td> {{int:Listusers}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loadhist&action=edit loadhist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loadhist|Talk]] </td><td> Loading page history </td><td> {{int:Loadhist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loadingrev&action=edit loadingrev]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loadingrev|Talk]] </td><td> loading revision for diff </td><td> {{int:Loadingrev}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Localtime&action=edit localtime]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Localtime|Talk]] </td><td> Local time display </td><td> {{int:Localtime}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockbtn&action=edit lockbtn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lockbtn|Talk]] </td><td> Lock database </td><td> {{int:Lockbtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockconfirm&action=edit lockconfirm]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lockconfirm|Talk]] </td><td> Yes, I really want to lock the database. </td><td> {{int:Lockconfirm}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdb&action=edit lockdb]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lockdb|Talk]] </td><td> Lock database </td><td> {{int:Lockdb}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdbsuccesssub&action=edit lockdbsuccesssub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lockdbsuccesssub|Talk]] </td><td> Database lock succeeded </td><td> {{int:Lockdbsuccesssub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdbsuccesstext&action=edit lockdbsuccesstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lockdbsuccesstext|Talk]] </td><td> The database has been locked. &lt;br /&gt;Remember to remove the lock after your maintenance is complete. </td><td> {{int:Lockdbsuccesstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdbtext&action=edit lockdbtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lockdbtext|Talk]] </td><td> Locking the database will suspend the ability of all users to edit pages, change their preferences, edit their watchlists, and other things requiring changes in the database. Please confirm that this is what you intend to do, and that you will unlock the database when your maintenance is done. </td><td> {{int:Lockdbtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Locknoconfirm&action=edit locknoconfirm]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Locknoconfirm|Talk]] </td><td> You did not check the confirmation box. </td><td> {{int:Locknoconfirm}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Login&action=edit login]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Login|Talk]] </td><td> Log in </td><td> {{int:Login}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginend&action=edit loginend]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginend|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;nbsp; </td><td> {{int:Loginend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginerror&action=edit loginerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginerror|Talk]] </td><td> Login error </td><td> {{int:Loginerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginpagetitle&action=edit loginpagetitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginpagetitle|Talk]] </td><td> User login </td><td> {{int:Loginpagetitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginproblem&action=edit loginproblem]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginproblem|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;There has been a problem with your login.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Try again! </td><td> {{int:Loginproblem}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginprompt&action=edit loginprompt]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginprompt|Talk]] </td><td> You must have cookies enabled to log in to Wikipedia. </td><td> {{int:Loginprompt}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginreqtext&action=edit loginreqtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginreqtext|Talk]] </td><td> You must &#91;&#91;special:Userlogin&#124;login]] to view other pages. </td><td> {{int:Loginreqtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginreqtitle&action=edit loginreqtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginreqtitle|Talk]] </td><td> Login Required </td><td> {{int:Loginreqtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginsuccess&action=edit loginsuccess]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginsuccess|Talk]] </td><td> You are now logged in to Wikipedia as &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Loginsuccess}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginsuccesstitle&action=edit loginsuccesstitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginsuccesstitle|Talk]] </td><td> Login successful </td><td> {{int:Loginsuccesstitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Logout&action=edit logout]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Logout|Talk]] </td><td> Log out </td><td> {{int:Logout}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Logouttext&action=edit logouttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Logouttext|Talk]] </td><td> You are now logged out. You can continue to use Wikipedia anonymously, or you can log in again as the same or as a different user. Note that some pages may continue to be displayed as if you were still logged in, until you clear your browser cache </td><td> {{int:Logouttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Logouttitle&action=edit logouttitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Logouttitle|Talk]] </td><td> User logout </td><td> {{int:Logouttitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lonelypages&action=edit lonelypages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lonelypages|Talk]] </td><td> Orphaned pages </td><td> {{int:Lonelypages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Longpages&action=edit longpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Longpages|Talk]] </td><td> Long pages </td><td> {{int:Longpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Longpagewarning&action=edit longpagewarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Longpagewarning|Talk]] </td><td> WARNING: This page is $1 kilobytes long; some browsers may have problems editing pages approaching or longer than 32kb. Please consider breaking the page into smaller sections. </td><td> {{int:Longpagewarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailerror&action=edit mailerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mailerror|Talk]] </td><td> Error sending mail: $1 </td><td> {{int:Mailerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailmypassword&action=edit mailmypassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mailmypassword|Talk]] </td><td> Mail me a new password </td><td> {{int:Mailmypassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailnologin&action=edit mailnologin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mailnologin|Talk]] </td><td> No send address </td><td> {{int:Mailnologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailnologintext&action=edit mailnologintext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mailnologintext|Talk]] </td><td> You must be &lt;a href=&quot;{{localurl:Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; and have a valid e-mail address in your &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Preferences&quot;&gt;preferences&lt;/a&gt; to send e-mail to other users. </td><td> {{int:Mailnologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mainpage&action=edit mainpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mainpage|Talk]] </td><td> Main Page </td><td> {{int:Mainpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mainpagedocfooter&action=edit mainpagedocfooter]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mainpagedocfooter|Talk]] </td><td> Please see &#91;http&#58;//meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_i18n documentation on customizing the interface] and the &#91;http&#58;//meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_User%27s_Guide User&#39;s Guide] for usage and configuration help. </td><td> {{int:Mainpagedocfooter}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mainpagetext&action=edit mainpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mainpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> Wiki software successfully installed. </td><td> {{int:Mainpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Maintenance&action=edit maintenance]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Maintenance|Talk]] </td><td> Maintenance page </td><td> {{int:Maintenance}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Maintenancebacklink&action=edit maintenancebacklink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Maintenancebacklink|Talk]] </td><td> Back to Maintenance Page </td><td> {{int:Maintenancebacklink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Maintnancepagetext&action=edit maintnancepagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Maintnancepagetext|Talk]] </td><td> This page includes several handy tools for everyday maintenance. Some of these functions tend to stress the database, so please do not hit reload after every item you fixed ;-) </td><td> {{int:Maintnancepagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysop&action=edit makesysop]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysop|Talk]] </td><td> Make a user into a sysop </td><td> {{int:Makesysop}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopfail&action=edit makesysopfail]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysopfail|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;User &quot;$1&quot; could not be made into a sysop. (Did you enter the name correctly?)&lt;/b&gt; </td><td> {{int:Makesysopfail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopname&action=edit makesysopname]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysopname|Talk]] </td><td> Name of the user: </td><td> {{int:Makesysopname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopok&action=edit makesysopok]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysopok|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;User &quot;$1&quot; is now a sysop&lt;/b&gt; </td><td> {{int:Makesysopok}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopsubmit&action=edit makesysopsubmit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysopsubmit|Talk]] </td><td> Make this user into a sysop </td><td> {{int:Makesysopsubmit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysoptext&action=edit makesysoptext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysoptext|Talk]] </td><td> This form is used by bureaucrats to turn ordinary users into administrators. Type the name of the user in the box and press the button to make the user an administrator </td><td> {{int:Makesysoptext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysoptitle&action=edit makesysoptitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysoptitle|Talk]] </td><td> Make a user into a sysop </td><td> {{int:Makesysoptitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Matchtotals&action=edit matchtotals]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Matchtotals|Talk]] </td><td> The query &quot;$1&quot; matched $2 page titles and the text of $3 pages. </td><td> {{int:Matchtotals}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math&action=edit math]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math|Talk]] </td><td> Rendering math </td><td> {{int:Math}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_bad_output&action=edit math_bad_output]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_bad_output|Talk]] </td><td> Can&#39;t write to or create math output directory </td><td> {{int:Math_bad_output}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_bad_tmpdir&action=edit math_bad_tmpdir]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_bad_tmpdir|Talk]] </td><td> Can&#39;t write to or create math temp directory </td><td> {{int:Math_bad_tmpdir}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_failure&action=edit math_failure]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_failure|Talk]] </td><td> Failed to parse </td><td> {{int:Math_failure}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_image_error&action=edit math_image_error]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_image_error|Talk]] </td><td> PNG conversion failed; check for correct installation of latex, dvips, gs, and convert </td><td> {{int:Math_image_error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_lexing_error&action=edit math_lexing_error]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_lexing_error|Talk]] </td><td> lexing error </td><td> {{int:Math_lexing_error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_notexvc&action=edit math_notexvc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_notexvc|Talk]] </td><td> Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure. </td><td> {{int:Math_notexvc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_sample&action=edit math_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Insert formula here </td><td> {{int:Math_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_syntax_error&action=edit math_syntax_error]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_syntax_error|Talk]] </td><td> syntax error </td><td> {{int:Math_syntax_error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_tip&action=edit math_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Mathematical formula (LaTeX) </td><td> {{int:Math_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_unknown_error&action=edit math_unknown_error]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_unknown_error|Talk]] </td><td> unknown error </td><td> {{int:Math_unknown_error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_unknown_function&action=edit math_unknown_function]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_unknown_function|Talk]] </td><td> unknown function </td><td> {{int:Math_unknown_function}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Media_sample&action=edit media_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Media_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Example.mp3 </td><td> {{int:Media_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Media_tip&action=edit media_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Media_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Media file link </td><td> {{int:Media_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Minlength&action=edit minlength]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Minlength|Talk]] </td><td> Image names must be at least three letters. </td><td> {{int:Minlength}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Minoredit&action=edit minoredit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Minoredit|Talk]] </td><td> This is a minor edit </td><td> {{int:Minoredit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Minoreditletter&action=edit minoreditletter]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Minoreditletter|Talk]] </td><td> M </td><td> {{int:Minoreditletter}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mispeelings&action=edit mispeelings]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mispeelings|Talk]] </td><td> Pages with misspellings </td><td> {{int:Mispeelings}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mispeelingspage&action=edit mispeelingspage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mispeelingspage|Talk]] </td><td> List of common misspellings </td><td> {{int:Mispeelingspage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mispeelingstext&action=edit mispeelingstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mispeelingstext|Talk]] </td><td> The following pages contain a common misspelling, which are listed on $1. The correct spelling might be given (like this). </td><td> {{int:Mispeelingstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missingarticle&action=edit missingarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Missingarticle|Talk]] </td><td> The database did not find the text of a page that it should have found, named &quot;$1&quot;. &lt;p&gt;This is usually caused by following an outdated diff or history link to a page that has been deleted. &lt;p&gt;If this is not the case, you may have found a bug in the software. Please report this to an administrator, making note of the URL. </td><td> {{int:Missingarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missingimage&action=edit missingimage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Missingimage|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;Missing image&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;$1&lt;/i&gt; </td><td> {{int:Missingimage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missinglanguagelinks&action=edit missinglanguagelinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Missinglanguagelinks|Talk]] </td><td> Missing Language Links </td><td> {{int:Missinglanguagelinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missinglanguagelinksbutton&action=edit missinglanguagelinksbutton]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Missinglanguagelinksbutton|Talk]] </td><td> Find missing language links for </td><td> {{int:Missinglanguagelinksbutton}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missinglanguagelinkstext&action=edit missinglanguagelinkstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Missinglanguagelinkstext|Talk]] </td><td> These pages do &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; link to their counterpart in $1. Redirects and subpages are &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; shown. </td><td> {{int:Missinglanguagelinkstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Moredotdotdot&action=edit moredotdotdot]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Moredotdotdot|Talk]] </td><td> More... </td><td> {{int:Moredotdotdot}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Move&action=edit move]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Move|Talk]] </td><td> Move </td><td> {{int:Move}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movearticle&action=edit movearticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movearticle|Talk]] </td><td> Move page </td><td> {{int:Movearticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movedto&action=edit movedto]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movedto|Talk]] </td><td> moved to </td><td> {{int:Movedto}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movenologin&action=edit movenologin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movenologin|Talk]] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{int:Movenologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movenologintext&action=edit movenologintext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movenologintext|Talk]] </td><td> You must be a registered user and &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; to move a page. </td><td> {{int:Movenologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepage&action=edit movepage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movepage|Talk]] </td><td> Move page </td><td> {{int:Movepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepagebtn&action=edit movepagebtn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movepagebtn|Talk]] </td><td> Move page </td><td> {{int:Movepagebtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepagetalktext&action=edit movepagetalktext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movepagetalktext|Talk]] </td><td> The associated talk page, if any, will be automatically moved along with it &#39;&#39;&#39;unless:&#39;&#39;&#39; *You are moving the page across namespaces, *A non-empty talk page already exists under the new name, or *You uncheck the box below. In those cases, you will have to move or merge the page manually if desired. </td><td> {{int:Movepagetalktext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepagetext&action=edit movepagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movepagetext|Talk]] </td><td> Using the form below will rename a page, moving all of its history to the new name. The old title will become a redirect page to the new title. Links to the old page title will not be changed; be sure to &#91;&#91;Special:Maintenance&#124;check]] for double or broken redirects. You are responsible for making sure that links continue to point where they are supposed to go. Note that the page will &#39;&#39;&#39;not&#39;&#39;&#39; be moved if there is already a page at the new title, unless it is empty or a redirect and has no past edit history. This means that you can rename a page back to where it was just renamed from if you make a mistake, and you cannot overwrite an existing page. &lt;b&gt;WARNING!&lt;/b&gt; This can be a drastic and unexpected change for a popular page; please be sure you understand the consequences of this before proceeding. </td><td> {{int:Movepagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movetalk&action=edit movetalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movetalk|Talk]] </td><td> Move &quot;talk&quot; page as well, if applicable. </td><td> {{int:Movetalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movethispage&action=edit movethispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movethispage|Talk]] </td><td> Move this page </td><td> {{int:Movethispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mycontris&action=edit mycontris]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mycontris|Talk]] </td><td> My contributions </td><td> {{int:Mycontris}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mypage&action=edit mypage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mypage|Talk]] </td><td> My page </td><td> {{int:Mypage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mytalk&action=edit mytalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mytalk|Talk]] </td><td> My talk </td><td> {{int:Mytalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Navigation&action=edit navigation]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Navigation|Talk]] </td><td> Navigation </td><td> {{int:Navigation}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nbytes&action=edit nbytes]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nbytes|Talk]] </td><td> $1 bytes </td><td> {{int:Nbytes}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nchanges&action=edit nchanges]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nchanges|Talk]] </td><td> $1 changes </td><td> {{int:Nchanges}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newarticle&action=edit newarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newarticle|Talk]] </td><td> (New) </td><td> {{int:Newarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newarticletext&action=edit newarticletext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newarticletext|Talk]] </td><td> You&#39;ve followed a link to a page that doesn&#39;t exist yet. To create the page, start typing in the box below (see the &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Help&#124;help page]] for more info). If you are here by mistake, just click your browser&#39;s &#39;&#39;&#39;back&#39;&#39;&#39; button. </td><td> {{int:Newarticletext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newmessages&action=edit newmessages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newmessages|Talk]] </td><td> You have $1. </td><td> {{int:Newmessages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newmessageslink&action=edit newmessageslink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newmessageslink|Talk]] </td><td> new messages </td><td> {{int:Newmessageslink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpage&action=edit newpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newpage|Talk]] </td><td> New page </td><td> {{int:Newpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpageletter&action=edit newpageletter]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newpageletter|Talk]] </td><td> N </td><td> {{int:Newpageletter}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpages&action=edit newpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newpages|Talk]] </td><td> New pages </td><td> {{int:Newpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpassword&action=edit newpassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newpassword|Talk]] </td><td> New password </td><td> {{int:Newpassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newtitle&action=edit newtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newtitle|Talk]] </td><td> To new title </td><td> {{int:Newtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newusersonly&action=edit newusersonly]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newusersonly|Talk]] </td><td> (new users only) </td><td> {{int:Newusersonly}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newwindow&action=edit newwindow]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newwindow|Talk]] </td><td> (opens in new window) </td><td> {{int:Newwindow}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Next&action=edit next]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Next|Talk]] </td><td> next </td><td> {{int:Next}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nextn&action=edit nextn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nextn|Talk]] </td><td> next $1 </td><td> {{int:Nextn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nlinks&action=edit nlinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nlinks|Talk]] </td><td> $1 links </td><td> {{int:Nlinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noaffirmation&action=edit noaffirmation]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noaffirmation|Talk]] </td><td> You must affirm that your upload does not violate any copyrights. </td><td> {{int:Noaffirmation}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noarticletext&action=edit noarticletext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noarticletext|Talk]] </td><td> (There is currently no text in this page) </td><td> {{int:Noarticletext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noblockreason&action=edit noblockreason]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noblockreason|Talk]] </td><td> You must supply a reason for the block. </td><td> {{int:Noblockreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noconnect&action=edit noconnect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noconnect|Talk]] </td><td> Sorry! The wiki is experiencing some technical difficulties, and cannot contact the database server. &lt;br /&gt; $1 </td><td> {{int:Noconnect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocontribs&action=edit nocontribs]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nocontribs|Talk]] </td><td> No changes were found matching these criteria. </td><td> {{int:Nocontribs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocookieslogin&action=edit nocookieslogin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nocookieslogin|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia uses cookies to log in users. You have cookies disabled. Please enable them and try again. </td><td> {{int:Nocookieslogin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocookiesnew&action=edit nocookiesnew]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nocookiesnew|Talk]] </td><td> The user account was created, but you are not logged in. Wikipedia uses cookies to log in users. You have cookies disabled. Please enable them, then log in with your new username and password. </td><td> {{int:Nocookiesnew}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocreativecommons&action=edit nocreativecommons]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nocreativecommons|Talk]] </td><td> Creative Commons RDF metadata disabled for this server. </td><td> {{int:Nocreativecommons}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocredits&action=edit nocredits]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nocredits|Talk]] </td><td> There is no credits info available for this page. </td><td> {{int:Nocredits}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nodb&action=edit nodb]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nodb|Talk]] </td><td> Could not select database $1 </td><td> {{int:Nodb}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nodublincore&action=edit nodublincore]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nodublincore|Talk]] </td><td> Dublin Core RDF metadata disabled for this server. </td><td> {{int:Nodublincore}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noemail&action=edit noemail]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noemail|Talk]] </td><td> There is no e-mail address recorded for user &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Noemail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noemailtext&action=edit noemailtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noemailtext|Talk]] </td><td> This user has not specified a valid e-mail address, or has chosen not to receive e-mail from other users. </td><td> {{int:Noemailtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noemailtitle&action=edit noemailtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noemailtitle|Talk]] </td><td> No e-mail address </td><td> {{int:Noemailtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nogomatch&action=edit nogomatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nogomatch|Talk]] </td><td> No page with this exact title exists, trying full text search. </td><td> {{int:Nogomatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nohistory&action=edit nohistory]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nohistory|Talk]] </td><td> There is no edit history for this page. </td><td> {{int:Nohistory}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nolinkshere&action=edit nolinkshere]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nolinkshere|Talk]] </td><td> No pages link to here. </td><td> {{int:Nolinkshere}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nolinkstoimage&action=edit nolinkstoimage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nolinkstoimage|Talk]] </td><td> There are no pages that link to this image. </td><td> {{int:Nolinkstoimage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noname&action=edit noname]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noname|Talk]] </td><td> You have not specified a valid user name. </td><td> {{int:Noname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nonefound&action=edit nonefound]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nonefound|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;Note&lt;/strong&gt;: unsuccessful searches are often caused by searching for common words like &quot;have&quot; and &quot;from&quot;, which are not indexed, or by specifying more than one search term (only pages containing all of the search terms will appear in the result). </td><td> {{int:Nonefound}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nospecialpagetext&action=edit nospecialpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nospecialpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> You have requested a special page that is not recognized by the wiki. </td><td> {{int:Nospecialpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchaction&action=edit nosuchaction]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nosuchaction|Talk]] </td><td> No such action </td><td> {{int:Nosuchaction}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchactiontext&action=edit nosuchactiontext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nosuchactiontext|Talk]] </td><td> The action specified by the URL is not recognized by the wiki </td><td> {{int:Nosuchactiontext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchspecialpage&action=edit nosuchspecialpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nosuchspecialpage|Talk]] </td><td> No such special page </td><td> {{int:Nosuchspecialpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchuser&action=edit nosuchuser]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nosuchuser|Talk]] </td><td> There is no user by the name &quot;$1&quot;. Check your spelling, or use the form below to create a new user account. </td><td> {{int:Nosuchuser}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notacceptable&action=edit notacceptable]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notacceptable|Talk]] </td><td> The wiki server can&#39;t provide data in a format your client can read. </td><td> {{int:Notacceptable}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notanarticle&action=edit notanarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notanarticle|Talk]] </td><td> Not a content page </td><td> {{int:Notanarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notargettext&action=edit notargettext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notargettext|Talk]] </td><td> You have not specified a target page or user to perform this function on. </td><td> {{int:Notargettext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notargettitle&action=edit notargettitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notargettitle|Talk]] </td><td> No target </td><td> {{int:Notargettitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Note&action=edit note]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Note|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;Note:&lt;/strong&gt; </td><td> {{int:Note}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notextmatches&action=edit notextmatches]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notextmatches|Talk]] </td><td> No page text matches </td><td> {{int:Notextmatches}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notitlematches&action=edit notitlematches]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notitlematches|Talk]] </td><td> No page title matches </td><td> {{int:Notitlematches}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notloggedin&action=edit notloggedin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notloggedin|Talk]] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{int:Notloggedin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nowatchlist&action=edit nowatchlist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nowatchlist|Talk]] </td><td> You have no items on your watchlist. </td><td> {{int:Nowatchlist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nowiki_sample&action=edit nowiki_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nowiki_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Insert non-formatted text here </td><td> {{int:Nowiki_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nowiki_tip&action=edit nowiki_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nowiki_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Ignore wiki formatting </td><td> {{int:Nowiki_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-category&action=edit nstab-category]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-category|Talk]] </td><td> Category </td><td> {{int:Nstab-category}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-help&action=edit nstab-help]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-help|Talk]] </td><td> Help </td><td> {{int:Nstab-help}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-image&action=edit nstab-image]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-image|Talk]] </td><td> Image </td><td> {{int:Nstab-image}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-main&action=edit nstab-main]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-main|Talk]] </td><td> Article </td><td> {{int:Nstab-main}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-media&action=edit nstab-media]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-media|Talk]] </td><td> Media </td><td> {{int:Nstab-media}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-mediawiki&action=edit nstab-mediawiki]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-mediawiki|Talk]] </td><td> Message </td><td> {{int:Nstab-mediawiki}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-special&action=edit nstab-special]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-special|Talk]] </td><td> Special </td><td> {{int:Nstab-special}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-template&action=edit nstab-template]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-template|Talk]] </td><td> Template </td><td> {{int:Nstab-template}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-user&action=edit nstab-user]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-user|Talk]] </td><td> User page </td><td> {{int:Nstab-user}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-wp&action=edit nstab-wp]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-wp|Talk]] </td><td> About </td><td> {{int:Nstab-wp}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nviews&action=edit nviews]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nviews|Talk]] </td><td> $1 views </td><td> {{int:Nviews}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ok&action=edit ok]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ok|Talk]] </td><td> OK </td><td> {{int:Ok}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Oldpassword&action=edit oldpassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Oldpassword|Talk]] </td><td> Old password </td><td> {{int:Oldpassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Orig&action=edit orig]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Orig|Talk]] </td><td> orig </td><td> {{int:Orig}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Orphans&action=edit orphans]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Orphans|Talk]] </td><td> Orphaned pages </td><td> {{int:Orphans}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Othercontribs&action=edit othercontribs]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Othercontribs|Talk]] </td><td> Based on work by $1. </td><td> {{int:Othercontribs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Otherlanguages&action=edit otherlanguages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Otherlanguages|Talk]] </td><td> Other languages </td><td> {{int:Otherlanguages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Others&action=edit others]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Others|Talk]] </td><td> others </td><td> {{int:Others}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Pagemovedsub&action=edit pagemovedsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Pagemovedsub|Talk]] </td><td> Move succeeded </td><td> {{int:Pagemovedsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Pagemovedtext&action=edit pagemovedtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Pagemovedtext|Talk]] </td><td> Page &quot;&#91;&#91;$1]]&quot; moved to &quot;&#91;&#91;$2]]&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Pagemovedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Pagetitle&action=edit pagetitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Pagetitle|Talk]] </td><td> $1 - Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Pagetitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Passwordremindertext&action=edit passwordremindertext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Passwordremindertext|Talk]] </td><td> Someone (probably you, from IP address $1) requested that we send you a new Wikipedia login password. The password for user &quot;$2&quot; is now &quot;$3&quot;. You should log in and change your password now. </td><td> {{int:Passwordremindertext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Passwordremindertitle&action=edit passwordremindertitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Passwordremindertitle|Talk]] </td><td> Password reminder from Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Passwordremindertitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Passwordsent&action=edit passwordsent]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Passwordsent|Talk]] </td><td> A new password has been sent to the e-mail address registered for &quot;$1&quot;. Please log in again after you receive it. </td><td> {{int:Passwordsent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Perfcached&action=edit perfcached]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Perfcached|Talk]] </td><td> The following data is cached and may not be completely up to date: </td><td> {{int:Perfcached}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Perfdisabled&action=edit perfdisabled]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Perfdisabled|Talk]] </td><td> Sorry! This feature has been temporarily disabled because it slows the database down to the point that no one can use the wiki. </td><td> {{int:Perfdisabled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Perfdisabledsub&action=edit perfdisabledsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Perfdisabledsub|Talk]] </td><td> Here&#39;s a saved copy from $1: </td><td> {{int:Perfdisabledsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Personaltools&action=edit personaltools]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Personaltools|Talk]] </td><td> Personal tools </td><td> {{int:Personaltools}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Popularpages&action=edit popularpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Popularpages|Talk]] </td><td> Popular pages </td><td> {{int:Popularpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Portal&action=edit portal]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Portal|Talk]] </td><td> Community portal </td><td> {{int:Portal}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Portal-url&action=edit portal-url]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Portal-url|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:Community Portal </td><td> {{int:Portal-url}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Postcomment&action=edit postcomment]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Postcomment|Talk]] </td><td> Post a comment </td><td> {{int:Postcomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Poweredby&action=edit poweredby]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Poweredby|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia is powered by &#91;http&#58;//www.mediawiki.org/ MediaWiki], an open source wiki engine. </td><td> {{int:Poweredby}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Powersearch&action=edit powersearch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Powersearch|Talk]] </td><td> Search </td><td> {{int:Powersearch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Powersearchtext&action=edit powersearchtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Powersearchtext|Talk]] </td><td> Search in namespaces :&lt;br /&gt; $1&lt;br /&gt; $2 List redirects &amp;nbsp; Search for $3 $9 </td><td> {{int:Powersearchtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Preferences&action=edit preferences]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Preferences|Talk]] </td><td> Preferences </td><td> {{int:Preferences}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefs-help-userdata&action=edit prefs-help-userdata]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefs-help-userdata|Talk]] </td><td> * &lt;strong&gt;Real name&lt;/strong&gt; (optional): if you choose to provide it this will be used for giving you attribution for your work.&lt;br/&gt; * &lt;strong&gt;Email&lt;/strong&gt; (optional): Enables people to contact you through the website without you having to reveal your email address to them, and it can be used to send you a new password if you forget it. </td><td> {{int:Prefs-help-userdata}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefs-misc&action=edit prefs-misc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefs-misc|Talk]] </td><td> Misc settings </td><td> {{int:Prefs-misc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefs-personal&action=edit prefs-personal]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefs-personal|Talk]] </td><td> User data </td><td> {{int:Prefs-personal}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefs-rc&action=edit prefs-rc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefs-rc|Talk]] </td><td> Recent changes and stub display </td><td> {{int:Prefs-rc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefslogintext&action=edit prefslogintext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefslogintext|Talk]] </td><td> You are logged in as &quot;$1&quot;. Your internal ID number is $2. See &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:User preferences help]] for help deciphering the options. </td><td> {{int:Prefslogintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefsnologin&action=edit prefsnologin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefsnologin|Talk]] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{int:Prefsnologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefsnologintext&action=edit prefsnologintext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefsnologintext|Talk]] </td><td> You must be &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; to set user preferences. </td><td> {{int:Prefsnologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefsreset&action=edit prefsreset]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefsreset|Talk]] </td><td> Preferences have been reset from storage. </td><td> {{int:Prefsreset}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Preview&action=edit preview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Preview|Talk]] </td><td> Preview </td><td> {{int:Preview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Previewconflict&action=edit previewconflict]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Previewconflict|Talk]] </td><td> This preview reflects the text in the upper text editing area as it will appear if you choose to save. </td><td> {{int:Previewconflict}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Previewnote&action=edit previewnote]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Previewnote|Talk]] </td><td> Remember that this is only a preview, and has not yet been saved! </td><td> {{int:Previewnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prevn&action=edit prevn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prevn|Talk]] </td><td> previous $1 </td><td> {{int:Prevn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Printableversion&action=edit printableversion]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Printableversion|Talk]] </td><td> Printable version </td><td> {{int:Printableversion}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Printsubtitle&action=edit printsubtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Printsubtitle|Talk]] </td><td> (From http&#58;//ne.wikipedia.org) </td><td> {{int:Printsubtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protect&action=edit protect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protect|Talk]] </td><td> Protect </td><td> {{int:Protect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectcomment&action=edit protectcomment]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectcomment|Talk]] </td><td> Reason for protecting </td><td> {{int:Protectcomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedarticle&action=edit protectedarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectedarticle|Talk]] </td><td> protected &#91;&#91;$1]] </td><td> {{int:Protectedarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedpage&action=edit protectedpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectedpage|Talk]] </td><td> Protected page </td><td> {{int:Protectedpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedpagewarning&action=edit protectedpagewarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectedpagewarning|Talk]] </td><td> WARNING: This page has been locked so that only users with sysop privileges can edit it. Be sure you are following the &lt;a href=&#39;/w/wiki.phtml/Wikipedia:Protected_page_guidelines&#39;&gt;protected page guidelines&lt;/a&gt;. </td><td> {{int:Protectedpagewarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedtext&action=edit protectedtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectedtext|Talk]] </td><td> This page has been locked to prevent editing; there are a number of reasons why this may be so, please see &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Protected page]]. You can view and copy the source of this page: </td><td> {{int:Protectedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectlogpage&action=edit protectlogpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectlogpage|Talk]] </td><td> Protection_log </td><td> {{int:Protectlogpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectlogtext&action=edit protectlogtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectlogtext|Talk]] </td><td> Below is a list of page locks/unlocks. See &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Protected page]] for more information. </td><td> {{int:Protectlogtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectpage&action=edit protectpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectpage|Talk]] </td><td> Protect page </td><td> {{int:Protectpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectreason&action=edit protectreason]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectreason|Talk]] </td><td> (give a reason) </td><td> {{int:Protectreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectsub&action=edit protectsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectsub|Talk]] </td><td> (Protecting &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{int:Protectsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectthispage&action=edit protectthispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectthispage|Talk]] </td><td> Protect this page </td><td> {{int:Protectthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Proxyblocker&action=edit proxyblocker]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Proxyblocker|Talk]] </td><td> Proxy blocker </td><td> {{int:Proxyblocker}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Proxyblockreason&action=edit proxyblockreason]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Proxyblockreason|Talk]] </td><td> Your IP address has been blocked because it is an open proxy. Please contact your Internet service provider or tech support and inform them of this serious security problem. </td><td> {{int:Proxyblockreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Proxyblocksuccess&action=edit proxyblocksuccess]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Proxyblocksuccess|Talk]] </td><td> Done. </td><td> {{int:Proxyblocksuccess}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbbrowse&action=edit qbbrowse]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbbrowse|Talk]] </td><td> Browse </td><td> {{int:Qbbrowse}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbedit&action=edit qbedit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbedit|Talk]] </td><td> Edit </td><td> {{int:Qbedit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbfind&action=edit qbfind]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbfind|Talk]] </td><td> Find </td><td> {{int:Qbfind}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbmyoptions&action=edit qbmyoptions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbmyoptions|Talk]] </td><td> My pages </td><td> {{int:Qbmyoptions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbpageinfo&action=edit qbpageinfo]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbpageinfo|Talk]] </td><td> Context </td><td> {{int:Qbpageinfo}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbpageoptions&action=edit qbpageoptions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbpageoptions|Talk]] </td><td> This page </td><td> {{int:Qbpageoptions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbsettings&action=edit qbsettings]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbsettings|Talk]] </td><td> Quickbar settings </td><td> {{int:Qbsettings}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbsettingsnote&action=edit qbsettingsnote]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbsettingsnote|Talk]] </td><td> This preference only works in the &#39;Standard&#39; and the &#39;CologneBlue&#39; skin. </td><td> {{int:Qbsettingsnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbspecialpages&action=edit qbspecialpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbspecialpages|Talk]] </td><td> Special pages </td><td> {{int:Qbspecialpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Querybtn&action=edit querybtn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Querybtn|Talk]] </td><td> Submit query </td><td> {{int:Querybtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Querysuccessful&action=edit querysuccessful]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Querysuccessful|Talk]] </td><td> Query successful </td><td> {{int:Querysuccessful}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Randompage&action=edit randompage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Randompage|Talk]] </td><td> Random page </td><td> {{int:Randompage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Range_block_disabled&action=edit range_block_disabled]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Range_block_disabled|Talk]] </td><td> The sysop ability to create range blocks is disabled. </td><td> {{int:Range_block_disabled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rchide&action=edit rchide]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rchide|Talk]] </td><td> in $4 form; $1 minor edits; $2 secondary namespaces; $3 multiple edits. </td><td> {{int:Rchide}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rclinks&action=edit rclinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rclinks|Talk]] </td><td> Show last $1 changes in last $2 days&lt;br /&gt;$3 </td><td> {{int:Rclinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rclistfrom&action=edit rclistfrom]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rclistfrom|Talk]] </td><td> Show new changes starting from $1 </td><td> {{int:Rclistfrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcliu&action=edit rcliu]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rcliu|Talk]] </td><td> ; $1 edits from logged in users </td><td> {{int:Rcliu}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcloaderr&action=edit rcloaderr]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rcloaderr|Talk]] </td><td> Loading recent changes </td><td> {{int:Rcloaderr}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rclsub&action=edit rclsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rclsub|Talk]] </td><td> (to pages linked from &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{int:Rclsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcnote&action=edit rcnote]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rcnote|Talk]] </td><td> Below are the last &lt;strong&gt;$1&lt;/strong&gt; changes in last &lt;strong&gt;$2&lt;/strong&gt; days. </td><td> {{int:Rcnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcnotefrom&action=edit rcnotefrom]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rcnotefrom|Talk]] </td><td> Below are the changes since &lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt; (up to &lt;b&gt;$1&lt;/b&gt; shown). </td><td> {{int:Rcnotefrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Readonly&action=edit readonly]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Readonly|Talk]] </td><td> Database locked </td><td> {{int:Readonly}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Readonlytext&action=edit readonlytext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Readonlytext|Talk]] </td><td> The database is currently locked to new entries and other modifications, probably for routine database maintenance, after which it will be back to normal. The administrator who locked it offered this explanation: &lt;p&gt;$1 </td><td> {{int:Readonlytext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Readonlywarning&action=edit readonlywarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Readonlywarning|Talk]] </td><td> WARNING: The database has been locked for maintenance, so you will not be able to save your edits right now. You may wish to cut-n-paste the text into a text file and save it for later. </td><td> {{int:Readonlywarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchanges&action=edit recentchanges]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Recentchanges|Talk]] </td><td> Recent changes </td><td> {{int:Recentchanges}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchangescount&action=edit recentchangescount]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Recentchangescount|Talk]] </td><td> Number of titles in recent changes </td><td> {{int:Recentchangescount}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchangeslinked&action=edit recentchangeslinked]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Recentchangeslinked|Talk]] </td><td> Related changes </td><td> {{int:Recentchangeslinked}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchangestext&action=edit recentchangestext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Recentchangestext|Talk]] </td><td> Track the most recent changes to the wiki on this page. </td><td> {{int:Recentchangestext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Redirectedfrom&action=edit redirectedfrom]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Redirectedfrom|Talk]] </td><td> (Redirected from $1) </td><td> {{int:Redirectedfrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Remembermypassword&action=edit remembermypassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Remembermypassword|Talk]] </td><td> Remember my password across sessions. </td><td> {{int:Remembermypassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removechecked&action=edit removechecked]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Removechecked|Talk]] </td><td> Remove checked items from watchlist </td><td> {{int:Removechecked}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removedwatch&action=edit removedwatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Removedwatch|Talk]] </td><td> Removed from watchlist </td><td> {{int:Removedwatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removedwatchtext&action=edit removedwatchtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Removedwatchtext|Talk]] </td><td> The page &quot;$1&quot; has been removed from your watchlist. </td><td> {{int:Removedwatchtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removingchecked&action=edit removingchecked]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Removingchecked|Talk]] </td><td> Removing requested items from watchlist... </td><td> {{int:Removingchecked}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Resetprefs&action=edit resetprefs]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Resetprefs|Talk]] </td><td> Reset preferences </td><td> {{int:Resetprefs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Restorelink&action=edit restorelink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Restorelink|Talk]] </td><td> $1 deleted edits </td><td> {{int:Restorelink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Resultsperpage&action=edit resultsperpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Resultsperpage|Talk]] </td><td> Hits to show per page </td><td> {{int:Resultsperpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Retrievedfrom&action=edit retrievedfrom]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Retrievedfrom|Talk]] </td><td> Retrieved from &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Retrievedfrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Returnto&action=edit returnto]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Returnto|Talk]] </td><td> Return to $1. </td><td> {{int:Returnto}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Retypenew&action=edit retypenew]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Retypenew|Talk]] </td><td> Retype new password </td><td> {{int:Retypenew}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Reupload&action=edit reupload]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Reupload|Talk]] </td><td> Re-upload </td><td> {{int:Reupload}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Reuploaddesc&action=edit reuploaddesc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Reuploaddesc|Talk]] </td><td> Return to the upload form. </td><td> {{int:Reuploaddesc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Reverted&action=edit reverted]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Reverted|Talk]] </td><td> Reverted to earlier revision </td><td> {{int:Reverted}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revertimg&action=edit revertimg]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Revertimg|Talk]] </td><td> rev </td><td> {{int:Revertimg}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revertpage&action=edit revertpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Revertpage|Talk]] </td><td> Reverted edit of $2, changed back to last version by $1 </td><td> {{int:Revertpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revhistory&action=edit revhistory]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Revhistory|Talk]] </td><td> Revision history </td><td> {{int:Revhistory}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revisionasof&action=edit revisionasof]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Revisionasof|Talk]] </td><td> Revision as of $1 </td><td> {{int:Revisionasof}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revnotfound&action=edit revnotfound]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Revnotfound|Talk]] </td><td> Revision not found </td><td> {{int:Revnotfound}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revnotfoundtext&action=edit revnotfoundtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Revnotfoundtext|Talk]] </td><td> The old revision of the page you asked for could not be found. Please check the URL you used to access this page. </td><td> {{int:Revnotfoundtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rfcurl&action=edit rfcurl]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rfcurl|Talk]] </td><td> http&#58;//www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc$1.html </td><td> {{int:Rfcurl}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rights&action=edit rights]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rights|Talk]] </td><td> Rights: </td><td> {{int:Rights}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollback&action=edit rollback]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rollback|Talk]] </td><td> Roll back edits </td><td> {{int:Rollback}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollback_short&action=edit rollback_short]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rollback_short|Talk]] </td><td> Rollback </td><td> {{int:Rollback_short}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollbackfailed&action=edit rollbackfailed]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rollbackfailed|Talk]] </td><td> Rollback failed </td><td> {{int:Rollbackfailed}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollbacklink&action=edit rollbacklink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rollbacklink|Talk]] </td><td> rollback </td><td> {{int:Rollbacklink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rows&action=edit rows]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rows|Talk]] </td><td> Rows </td><td> {{int:Rows}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Savearticle&action=edit savearticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Savearticle|Talk]] </td><td> Save page </td><td> {{int:Savearticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Savedprefs&action=edit savedprefs]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Savedprefs|Talk]] </td><td> Your preferences have been saved. </td><td> {{int:Savedprefs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Savefile&action=edit savefile]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Savefile|Talk]] </td><td> Save file </td><td> {{int:Savefile}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Saveprefs&action=edit saveprefs]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Saveprefs|Talk]] </td><td> Save preferences </td><td> {{int:Saveprefs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Search&action=edit search]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Search|Talk]] </td><td> Search </td><td> {{int:Search}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchdisabled&action=edit searchdisabled]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchdisabled|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;p&gt;Sorry! Full text search has been disabled temporarily, for performance reasons. In the meantime, you can use the Google search below, which may be out of date.&lt;/p&gt; </td><td> {{int:Searchdisabled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchhelppage&action=edit searchhelppage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchhelppage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:Searching </td><td> {{int:Searchhelppage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchingwikipedia&action=edit searchingwikipedia]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchingwikipedia|Talk]] </td><td> Searching Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Searchingwikipedia}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchquery&action=edit searchquery]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchquery|Talk]] </td><td> For query &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Searchquery}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchresults&action=edit searchresults]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchresults|Talk]] </td><td> Search results </td><td> {{int:Searchresults}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchresultshead&action=edit searchresultshead]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchresultshead|Talk]] </td><td> Search result settings </td><td> {{int:Searchresultshead}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchresulttext&action=edit searchresulttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchresulttext|Talk]] </td><td> For more information about searching Wikipedia, see $1. </td><td> {{int:Searchresulttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sectionedit&action=edit sectionedit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sectionedit|Talk]] </td><td> (section) </td><td> {{int:Sectionedit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selectnewerversionfordiff&action=edit selectnewerversionfordiff]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Selectnewerversionfordiff|Talk]] </td><td> Select a newer version for comparison </td><td> {{int:Selectnewerversionfordiff}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selectolderversionfordiff&action=edit selectolderversionfordiff]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Selectolderversionfordiff|Talk]] </td><td> Select an older version for comparison </td><td> {{int:Selectolderversionfordiff}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selectonly&action=edit selectonly]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Selectonly|Talk]] </td><td> Only read-only queries are allowed. </td><td> {{int:Selectonly}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selflinks&action=edit selflinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Selflinks|Talk]] </td><td> Pages with Self Links </td><td> {{int:Selflinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selflinkstext&action=edit selflinkstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Selflinkstext|Talk]] </td><td> The following pages contain a link to themselves, which they should not. </td><td> {{int:Selflinkstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Seriousxhtmlerrors&action=edit seriousxhtmlerrors]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Seriousxhtmlerrors|Talk]] </td><td> There were serious xhtml markup errors detected by tidy. </td><td> {{int:Seriousxhtmlerrors}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Servertime&action=edit servertime]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Servertime|Talk]] </td><td> Server time is now </td><td> {{int:Servertime}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Set_rights_fail&action=edit set_rights_fail]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Set_rights_fail|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;User rights for &quot;$1&quot; could not be set. (Did you enter the name correctly?)&lt;/b&gt; </td><td> {{int:Set_rights_fail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Set_user_rights&action=edit set_user_rights]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Set_user_rights|Talk]] </td><td> Set user rights </td><td> {{int:Set_user_rights}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Setbureaucratflag&action=edit setbureaucratflag]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Setbureaucratflag|Talk]] </td><td> Set bureaucrat flag </td><td> {{int:Setbureaucratflag}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Shortpages&action=edit shortpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Shortpages|Talk]] </td><td> Short pages </td><td> {{int:Shortpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Show&action=edit show]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Show|Talk]] </td><td> show </td><td> {{int:Show}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showhideminor&action=edit showhideminor]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Showhideminor|Talk]] </td><td> $1 minor edits &#124; $2 bots &#124; $3 logged in users </td><td> {{int:Showhideminor}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showingresults&action=edit showingresults]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Showingresults|Talk]] </td><td> Showing below &lt;b&gt;$1&lt;/b&gt; results starting with #&lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt;. </td><td> {{int:Showingresults}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showingresultsnum&action=edit showingresultsnum]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Showingresultsnum|Talk]] </td><td> Showing below &lt;b&gt;$3&lt;/b&gt; results starting with #&lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt;. </td><td> {{int:Showingresultsnum}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showlast&action=edit showlast]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Showlast|Talk]] </td><td> Show last $1 images sorted $2. </td><td> {{int:Showlast}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showpreview&action=edit showpreview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Showpreview|Talk]] </td><td> Show preview </td><td> {{int:Showpreview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showtoc&action=edit showtoc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Showtoc|Talk]] </td><td> show </td><td> {{int:Showtoc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sig_tip&action=edit sig_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sig_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Your signature with timestamp </td><td> {{int:Sig_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitestats&action=edit sitestats]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sitestats|Talk]] </td><td> Site statistics </td><td> {{int:Sitestats}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitestatstext&action=edit sitestatstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sitestatstext|Talk]] </td><td> There are &#39;&#39;&#39;$1&#39;&#39;&#39; total pages in the database. This includes &quot;talk&quot; pages, pages about Wikipedia, minimal &quot;stub&quot; pages, redirects, and others that probably don&#39;t qualify as content pages. Excluding those, there are &#39;&#39;&#39;$2&#39;&#39;&#39; pages that are probably legitimate content pages. There have been a total of &#39;&#39;&#39;$3&#39;&#39;&#39; page views, and &#39;&#39;&#39;$4&#39;&#39;&#39; page edits since the wiki was setup. That comes to &#39;&#39;&#39;$5&#39;&#39;&#39; average edits per page, and &#39;&#39;&#39;$6&#39;&#39;&#39; views per edit. </td><td> {{int:Sitestatstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitesubtitle&action=edit sitesubtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sitesubtitle|Talk]] </td><td> The Free Encyclopedia </td><td> {{int:Sitesubtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitesupport&action=edit sitesupport]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sitesupport|Talk]] </td><td> Donations </td><td> {{int:Sitesupport}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitetitle&action=edit sitetitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sitetitle|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Sitetitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Siteuser&action=edit siteuser]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Siteuser|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia user $1 </td><td> {{int:Siteuser}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Siteusers&action=edit siteusers]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Siteusers|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia user(s) $1 </td><td> {{int:Siteusers}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Skin&action=edit skin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Skin|Talk]] </td><td> Skin </td><td> {{int:Skin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Spamprotectiontext&action=edit spamprotectiontext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Spamprotectiontext|Talk]] </td><td> The page you wanted to save was blocked by the spam filter. This is probably caused by a link to an external site. You might want to check the following regular expression for patterns that are currently blocked: </td><td> {{int:Spamprotectiontext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Spamprotectiontitle&action=edit spamprotectiontitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Spamprotectiontitle|Talk]] </td><td> Spam protection filter </td><td> {{int:Spamprotectiontitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Specialpage&action=edit specialpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Specialpage|Talk]] </td><td> Special Page </td><td> {{int:Specialpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Specialpages&action=edit specialpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Specialpages|Talk]] </td><td> Special pages </td><td> {{int:Specialpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Spheading&action=edit spheading]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Spheading|Talk]] </td><td> Special pages for all users </td><td> {{int:Spheading}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sqlislogged&action=edit sqlislogged]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sqlislogged|Talk]] </td><td> Please note that all queries are logged. </td><td> {{int:Sqlislogged}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sqlquery&action=edit sqlquery]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sqlquery|Talk]] </td><td> Enter query </td><td> {{int:Sqlquery}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Statistics&action=edit statistics]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Statistics|Talk]] </td><td> Statistics </td><td> {{int:Statistics}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Storedversion&action=edit storedversion]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Storedversion|Talk]] </td><td> Stored version </td><td> {{int:Storedversion}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Stubthreshold&action=edit stubthreshold]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Stubthreshold|Talk]] </td><td> Threshold for stub display </td><td> {{int:Stubthreshold}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Subcategories&action=edit subcategories]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Subcategories|Talk]] </td><td> Subcategories </td><td> {{int:Subcategories}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Subcategorycount&action=edit subcategorycount]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Subcategorycount|Talk]] </td><td> There are $1 subcategories to this category. </td><td> {{int:Subcategorycount}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Subject&action=edit subject]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Subject|Talk]] </td><td> Subject/headline </td><td> {{int:Subject}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Subjectpage&action=edit subjectpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Subjectpage|Talk]] </td><td> View subject </td><td> {{int:Subjectpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Successfulupload&action=edit successfulupload]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Successfulupload|Talk]] </td><td> Successful upload </td><td> {{int:Successfulupload}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Summary&action=edit summary]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Summary|Talk]] </td><td> Summary </td><td> {{int:Summary}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sysopspheading&action=edit sysopspheading]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sysopspheading|Talk]] </td><td> For sysop use only </td><td> {{int:Sysopspheading}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sysoptext&action=edit sysoptext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sysoptext|Talk]] </td><td> The action you have requested can only be performed by users with &quot;sysop&quot; status. See $1. </td><td> {{int:Sysoptext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sysoptitle&action=edit sysoptitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sysoptitle|Talk]] </td><td> Sysop access required </td><td> {{int:Sysoptitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tableform&action=edit tableform]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tableform|Talk]] </td><td> table </td><td> {{int:Tableform}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talk&action=edit talk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Talk|Talk]] </td><td> Discussion </td><td> {{int:Talk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkexists&action=edit talkexists]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Talkexists|Talk]] </td><td> The page itself was moved successfully, but the talk page could not be moved because one already exists at the new title. Please merge them manually. </td><td> {{int:Talkexists}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpage&action=edit talkpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Talkpage|Talk]] </td><td> Discuss this page </td><td> {{int:Talkpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpagemoved&action=edit talkpagemoved]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Talkpagemoved|Talk]] </td><td> The corresponding talk page was also moved. </td><td> {{int:Talkpagemoved}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpagenotmoved&action=edit talkpagenotmoved]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Talkpagenotmoved|Talk]] </td><td> The corresponding talk page was &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; moved. </td><td> {{int:Talkpagenotmoved}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpagetext&action=edit talkpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Talkpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;!-- MediaWiki:talkpagetext --&gt; </td><td> {{int:Talkpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Textboxsize&action=edit textboxsize]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Textboxsize|Talk]] </td><td> Textbox dimensions </td><td> {{int:Textboxsize}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Textmatches&action=edit textmatches]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Textmatches|Talk]] </td><td> Page text matches </td><td> {{int:Textmatches}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Thisisdeleted&action=edit thisisdeleted]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Thisisdeleted|Talk]] </td><td> View or restore $1? </td><td> {{int:Thisisdeleted}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Thumbnail-more&action=edit thumbnail-more]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Thumbnail-more|Talk]] </td><td> Enlarge </td><td> {{int:Thumbnail-more}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Timezonelegend&action=edit timezonelegend]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Timezonelegend|Talk]] </td><td> Time zone </td><td> {{int:Timezonelegend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Timezoneoffset&action=edit timezoneoffset]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Timezoneoffset|Talk]] </td><td> Offset </td><td> {{int:Timezoneoffset}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Timezonetext&action=edit timezonetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Timezonetext|Talk]] </td><td> Enter number of hours your local time differs from server time (UTC). </td><td> {{int:Timezonetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Titlematches&action=edit titlematches]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Titlematches|Talk]] </td><td> Article title matches </td><td> {{int:Titlematches}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Toc&action=edit toc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Toc|Talk]] </td><td> Table of contents </td><td> {{int:Toc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Toolbox&action=edit toolbox]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Toolbox|Talk]] </td><td> Toolbox </td><td> {{int:Toolbox}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-compareselectedversions&action=edit tooltip-compareselectedversions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-compareselectedversions|Talk]] </td><td> See the differences between the two selected versions of this page. &#91;alt-v] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-compareselectedversions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-minoredit&action=edit tooltip-minoredit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-minoredit|Talk]] </td><td> Mark this as a minor edit &#91;alt-i] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-minoredit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-preview&action=edit tooltip-preview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-preview|Talk]] </td><td> Preview your changes, please use this before saving! &#91;alt-p] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-preview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-save&action=edit tooltip-save]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-save|Talk]] </td><td> Save your changes &#91;alt-s] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-save}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-search&action=edit tooltip-search]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-search|Talk]] </td><td> Search this wiki &#91;alt-f] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-search}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uclinks&action=edit uclinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uclinks|Talk]] </td><td> View the last $1 changes; view the last $2 days. </td><td> {{int:Uclinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ucnote&action=edit ucnote]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ucnote|Talk]] </td><td> Below are this user&#39;s last &lt;b&gt;$1&lt;/b&gt; changes in the last &lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt; days. </td><td> {{int:Ucnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uctop&action=edit uctop]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uctop|Talk]] </td><td> (top) </td><td> {{int:Uctop}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblockip&action=edit unblockip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unblockip|Talk]] </td><td> Unblock user </td><td> {{int:Unblockip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblockiptext&action=edit unblockiptext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unblockiptext|Talk]] </td><td> Use the form below to restore write access to a previously blocked IP address or username. </td><td> {{int:Unblockiptext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblocklink&action=edit unblocklink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unblocklink|Talk]] </td><td> unblock </td><td> {{int:Unblocklink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblocklogentry&action=edit unblocklogentry]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unblocklogentry|Talk]] </td><td> unblocked &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Unblocklogentry}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undelete&action=edit undelete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undelete|Talk]] </td><td> Restore deleted page </td><td> {{int:Undelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undelete_short&action=edit undelete_short]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undelete_short|Talk]] </td><td> Undelete $1 edits </td><td> {{int:Undelete_short}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletearticle&action=edit undeletearticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletearticle|Talk]] </td><td> Restore deleted page </td><td> {{int:Undeletearticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletebtn&action=edit undeletebtn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletebtn|Talk]] </td><td> Restore! </td><td> {{int:Undeletebtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletedarticle&action=edit undeletedarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletedarticle|Talk]] </td><td> restored &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Undeletedarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletedtext&action=edit undeletedtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletedtext|Talk]] </td><td> &#91;&#91;$1]] has been successfully restored. See &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Deletion_log]] for a record of recent deletions and restorations. </td><td> {{int:Undeletedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletehistory&action=edit undeletehistory]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletehistory|Talk]] </td><td> If you restore the page, all revisions will be restored to the history. If a new page with the same name has been created since the deletion, the restored revisions will appear in the prior history, and the current revision of the live page will not be automatically replaced. </td><td> {{int:Undeletehistory}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletepage&action=edit undeletepage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletepage|Talk]] </td><td> View and restore deleted pages </td><td> {{int:Undeletepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletepagetext&action=edit undeletepagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletepagetext|Talk]] </td><td> The following pages have been deleted but are still in the archive and can be restored. The archive may be periodically cleaned out. </td><td> {{int:Undeletepagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeleterevision&action=edit undeleterevision]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeleterevision|Talk]] </td><td> Deleted revision as of $1 </td><td> {{int:Undeleterevision}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeleterevisions&action=edit undeleterevisions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeleterevisions|Talk]] </td><td> $1 revisions archived </td><td> {{int:Undeleterevisions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unexpected&action=edit unexpected]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unexpected|Talk]] </td><td> Unexpected value: &quot;$1&quot;=&quot;$2&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Unexpected}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockbtn&action=edit unlockbtn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockbtn|Talk]] </td><td> Unlock database </td><td> {{int:Unlockbtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockconfirm&action=edit unlockconfirm]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockconfirm|Talk]] </td><td> Yes, I really want to unlock the database. </td><td> {{int:Unlockconfirm}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdb&action=edit unlockdb]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockdb|Talk]] </td><td> Unlock database </td><td> {{int:Unlockdb}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdbsuccesssub&action=edit unlockdbsuccesssub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockdbsuccesssub|Talk]] </td><td> Database lock removed </td><td> {{int:Unlockdbsuccesssub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdbsuccesstext&action=edit unlockdbsuccesstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockdbsuccesstext|Talk]] </td><td> The database has been unlocked. </td><td> {{int:Unlockdbsuccesstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdbtext&action=edit unlockdbtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockdbtext|Talk]] </td><td> Unlocking the database will restore the ability of all users to edit pages, change their preferences, edit their watchlists, and other things requiring changes in the database. Please confirm that this is what you intend to do. </td><td> {{int:Unlockdbtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotect&action=edit unprotect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unprotect|Talk]] </td><td> Unprotect </td><td> {{int:Unprotect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotectcomment&action=edit unprotectcomment]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unprotectcomment|Talk]] </td><td> Reason for unprotecting </td><td> {{int:Unprotectcomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotectedarticle&action=edit unprotectedarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unprotectedarticle|Talk]] </td><td> unprotected &#91;&#91;$1]] </td><td> {{int:Unprotectedarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotectsub&action=edit unprotectsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unprotectsub|Talk]] </td><td> (Unprotecting &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{int:Unprotectsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotectthispage&action=edit unprotectthispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unprotectthispage|Talk]] </td><td> Unprotect this page </td><td> {{int:Unprotectthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unusedimages&action=edit unusedimages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unusedimages|Talk]] </td><td> Unused images </td><td> {{int:Unusedimages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unusedimagestext&action=edit unusedimagestext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unusedimagestext|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;p&gt;Please note that other web sites may link to an image with a direct URL, and so may still be listed here despite being in active use. </td><td> {{int:Unusedimagestext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unwatch&action=edit unwatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unwatch|Talk]] </td><td> Unwatch </td><td> {{int:Unwatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unwatchthispage&action=edit unwatchthispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unwatchthispage|Talk]] </td><td> Stop watching </td><td> {{int:Unwatchthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Updated&action=edit updated]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Updated|Talk]] </td><td> (Updated) </td><td> {{int:Updated}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Upload&action=edit upload]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Upload|Talk]] </td><td> Upload file </td><td> {{int:Upload}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadbtn&action=edit uploadbtn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadbtn|Talk]] </td><td> Upload file </td><td> {{int:Uploadbtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploaddisabled&action=edit uploaddisabled]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploaddisabled|Talk]] </td><td> Sorry, uploading is disabled. </td><td> {{int:Uploaddisabled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadedfiles&action=edit uploadedfiles]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadedfiles|Talk]] </td><td> Uploaded files </td><td> {{int:Uploadedfiles}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadedimage&action=edit uploadedimage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadedimage|Talk]] </td><td> uploaded &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Uploadedimage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploaderror&action=edit uploaderror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploaderror|Talk]] </td><td> Upload error </td><td> {{int:Uploaderror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadfile&action=edit uploadfile]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadfile|Talk]] </td><td> Upload images, sounds, documents etc. </td><td> {{int:Uploadfile}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlink&action=edit uploadlink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadlink|Talk]] </td><td> Upload images </td><td> {{int:Uploadlink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlog&action=edit uploadlog]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadlog|Talk]] </td><td> upload log </td><td> {{int:Uploadlog}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlogpage&action=edit uploadlogpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadlogpage|Talk]] </td><td> Upload_log </td><td> {{int:Uploadlogpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlogpagetext&action=edit uploadlogpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadlogpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> Below is a list of the most recent file uploads. All times shown are server time (UTC). &lt;ul&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; </td><td> {{int:Uploadlogpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadnologin&action=edit uploadnologin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadnologin|Talk]] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{int:Uploadnologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadnologintext&action=edit uploadnologintext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadnologintext|Talk]] </td><td> You must be &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; to upload files. </td><td> {{int:Uploadnologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadtext&action=edit uploadtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadtext|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;STOP!&lt;/strong&gt; Before you upload here, make sure to read and follow the &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Image_use_policy&quot;&gt;image use policy&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;p&gt;If a file with the name you are specifying already exists on the wiki, it&#39;ll be replaced without warning. So unless you mean to update a file, it&#39;s a good idea to first check if such a file exists. &lt;p&gt;To view or search previously uploaded images, go to the &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Imagelist&quot;&gt;list of uploaded images&lt;/a&gt;. Uploads and deletions are logged on the &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Wikipedia:Upload_log&quot;&gt;upload log&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use the form below to upload new image files for use in illustrating your pages. On most browsers, you will see a &quot;Browse...&quot; button, which will bring up your operating system&#39;s standard file open dialog. Choosing a file will fill the name of that file into the text field next to the button. You must also check the box affirming that you are not violating any copyrights by uploading the file. Press the &quot;Upload&quot; button to finish the upload. This may take some time if you have a slow internet connection. &lt;p&gt;The preferred formats are JPEG for photographic images, PNG for drawings and other iconic images, and OGG for sounds. Please name your files descriptively to avoid confusion. To include the image in a page, use a link in the form &lt;b&gt;&#91;&#91;Image:file.jpg]]&lt;/b&gt; or &lt;b&gt;&#91;&#91;Image:file.png&#124;alt text]]&lt;/b&gt; or &lt;b&gt;&#91;&#91;Media:file.ogg]]&lt;/b&gt; for sounds. &lt;p&gt;Please note that as with wiki pages, others may edit or delete your uploads if they think it serves the project, and you may be blocked from uploading if you abuse the system. </td><td> {{int:Uploadtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadwarning&action=edit uploadwarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadwarning|Talk]] </td><td> Upload warning </td><td> {{int:Uploadwarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Usenewcategorypage&action=edit usenewcategorypage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Usenewcategorypage|Talk]] </td><td> 1 Set first character to &quot;0&quot; to disable the new category page layout. </td><td> {{int:Usenewcategorypage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:User_rights_set&action=edit user_rights_set]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:User_rights_set|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;User rights for &quot;$1&quot; updated&lt;/b&gt; </td><td> {{int:User_rights_set}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Usercssjsyoucanpreview&action=edit usercssjsyoucanpreview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Usercssjsyoucanpreview|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;Tip:&lt;/strong&gt; Use the &#39;Show preview&#39; button to test your new css/js before saving. </td><td> {{int:Usercssjsyoucanpreview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Usercsspreview&action=edit usercsspreview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Usercsspreview|Talk]] </td><td> &#39;&#39;&#39;Remember that you are only previewing your user css, it has not yet been saved!&#39;&#39;&#39; </td><td> {{int:Usercsspreview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userexists&action=edit userexists]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userexists|Talk]] </td><td> The user name you entered is already in use. Please choose a different name. </td><td> {{int:Userexists}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userjspreview&action=edit userjspreview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userjspreview|Talk]] </td><td> &#39;&#39;&#39;Remember that you are only testing/previewing your user javascript, it has not yet been saved!&#39;&#39;&#39; </td><td> {{int:Userjspreview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userlogin&action=edit userlogin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userlogin|Talk]] </td><td> Log in </td><td> {{int:Userlogin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userlogout&action=edit userlogout]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userlogout|Talk]] </td><td> Log out </td><td> {{int:Userlogout}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Usermailererror&action=edit usermailererror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Usermailererror|Talk]] </td><td> Mail object returned error: </td><td> {{int:Usermailererror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userpage&action=edit userpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userpage|Talk]] </td><td> View user page </td><td> {{int:Userpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userstats&action=edit userstats]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userstats|Talk]] </td><td> User statistics </td><td> {{int:Userstats}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userstatstext&action=edit userstatstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userstatstext|Talk]] </td><td> There are &#39;&#39;&#39;$1&#39;&#39;&#39; registered users. &#39;&#39;&#39;$2&#39;&#39;&#39; of these are administrators (see $3). </td><td> {{int:Userstatstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Version&action=edit version]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Version|Talk]] </td><td> Version </td><td> {{int:Version}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewcount&action=edit viewcount]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Viewcount|Talk]] </td><td> This page has been accessed $1 times. </td><td> {{int:Viewcount}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewprevnext&action=edit viewprevnext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Viewprevnext|Talk]] </td><td> View ($1) ($2) ($3). </td><td> {{int:Viewprevnext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewsource&action=edit viewsource]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Viewsource|Talk]] </td><td> View source </td><td> {{int:Viewsource}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewtalkpage&action=edit viewtalkpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Viewtalkpage|Talk]] </td><td> View discussion </td><td> {{int:Viewtalkpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wantedpages&action=edit wantedpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wantedpages|Talk]] </td><td> Wanted pages </td><td> {{int:Wantedpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watch&action=edit watch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watch|Talk]] </td><td> Watch </td><td> {{int:Watch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchdetails&action=edit watchdetails]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchdetails|Talk]] </td><td> ($1 pages watched not counting talk pages; $2 total pages edited since cutoff; $3... &lt;a href=&#39;$4&#39;&gt;show and edit complete list&lt;/a&gt;.) </td><td> {{int:Watchdetails}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watcheditlist&action=edit watcheditlist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watcheditlist|Talk]] </td><td> Here&#39;s an alphabetical list of your watched pages. Check the boxes of pages you want to remove from your watchlist and click the &#39;remove checked&#39; button at the bottom of the screen. </td><td> {{int:Watcheditlist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchlist&action=edit watchlist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchlist|Talk]] </td><td> My watchlist </td><td> {{int:Watchlist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchlistcontains&action=edit watchlistcontains]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchlistcontains|Talk]] </td><td> Your watchlist contains $1 pages. </td><td> {{int:Watchlistcontains}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchlistsub&action=edit watchlistsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchlistsub|Talk]] </td><td> (for user &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{int:Watchlistsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchmethod-list&action=edit watchmethod-list]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchmethod-list|Talk]] </td><td> checking watched pages for recent edits </td><td> {{int:Watchmethod-list}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchmethod-recent&action=edit watchmethod-recent]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchmethod-recent|Talk]] </td><td> checking recent edits for watched pages </td><td> {{int:Watchmethod-recent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchnochange&action=edit watchnochange]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchnochange|Talk]] </td><td> None of your watched items were edited in the time period displayed. </td><td> {{int:Watchnochange}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchnologin&action=edit watchnologin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchnologin|Talk]] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{int:Watchnologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchnologintext&action=edit watchnologintext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchnologintext|Talk]] </td><td> You must be &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; to modify your watchlist. </td><td> {{int:Watchnologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchthis&action=edit watchthis]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchthis|Talk]] </td><td> Watch this page </td><td> {{int:Watchthis}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchthispage&action=edit watchthispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchthispage|Talk]] </td><td> Watch this page </td><td> {{int:Watchthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Welcomecreation&action=edit welcomecreation]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Welcomecreation|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;h2&gt;Welcome, $1!&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Your account has been created. Don&#39;t forget to change your Wikipedia preferences. </td><td> {{int:Welcomecreation}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whatlinkshere&action=edit whatlinkshere]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whatlinkshere|Talk]] </td><td> What links here </td><td> {{int:Whatlinkshere}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistacctext&action=edit whitelistacctext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistacctext|Talk]] </td><td> To be allowed to create accounts in this Wiki you have to &#91;&#91;Special:Userlogin&#124;log]] in and have the appropriate permissions. </td><td> {{int:Whitelistacctext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistacctitle&action=edit whitelistacctitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistacctitle|Talk]] </td><td> You are not allowed to create an account </td><td> {{int:Whitelistacctitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistedittext&action=edit whitelistedittext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistedittext|Talk]] </td><td> You have to &#91;&#91;Special:Userlogin&#124;login]] to edit pages. </td><td> {{int:Whitelistedittext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistedittitle&action=edit whitelistedittitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistedittitle|Talk]] </td><td> Login required to edit </td><td> {{int:Whitelistedittitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistreadtext&action=edit whitelistreadtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistreadtext|Talk]] </td><td> You have to &#91;&#91;Special:Userlogin&#124;login]] to read pages. </td><td> {{int:Whitelistreadtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistreadtitle&action=edit whitelistreadtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistreadtitle|Talk]] </td><td> Login required to read </td><td> {{int:Whitelistreadtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wikipediapage&action=edit wikipediapage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wikipediapage|Talk]] </td><td> View project page </td><td> {{int:Wikipediapage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wikititlesuffix&action=edit wikititlesuffix]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wikititlesuffix|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Wikititlesuffix}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wlnote&action=edit wlnote]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wlnote|Talk]] </td><td> Below are the last $1 changes in the last &lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt; hours. </td><td> {{int:Wlnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wlsaved&action=edit wlsaved]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wlsaved|Talk]] </td><td> This is a saved version of your watchlist. </td><td> {{int:Wlsaved}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wlshowlast&action=edit wlshowlast]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wlshowlast|Talk]] </td><td> Show last $1 hours $2 days $3 </td><td> {{int:Wlshowlast}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wrong_wfQuery_params&action=edit wrong_wfQuery_params]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wrong_wfQuery_params|Talk]] </td><td> Incorrect parameters to wfQuery()&lt;br /&gt; Function: $1&lt;br /&gt; Query: $2 </td><td> {{int:Wrong_wfQuery_params}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wrongpassword&action=edit wrongpassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wrongpassword|Talk]] </td><td> The password you entered is incorrect. Please try again. </td><td> {{int:Wrongpassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourdiff&action=edit yourdiff]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yourdiff|Talk]] </td><td> Differences </td><td> {{int:Yourdiff}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Youremail&action=edit youremail]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Youremail|Talk]] </td><td> Your email* </td><td> {{int:Youremail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourname&action=edit yourname]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yourname|Talk]] </td><td> Your user name </td><td> {{int:Yourname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yournick&action=edit yournick]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yournick|Talk]] </td><td> Your nickname (for signatures) </td><td> {{int:Yournick}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourpassword&action=edit yourpassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yourpassword|Talk]] </td><td> Your password </td><td> {{int:Yourpassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourpasswordagain&action=edit yourpasswordagain]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yourpasswordagain|Talk]] </td><td> Retype password </td><td> {{int:Yourpasswordagain}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourrealname&action=edit yourrealname]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yourrealname|Talk]] </td><td> Your real name* </td><td> {{int:Yourrealname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourtext&action=edit yourtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yourtext|Talk]] </td><td> Your text </td><td> {{int:Yourtext}} </td></tr></table> 802 sysop 4030 2004-08-13T12:54:43Z 24.29.135.164 <table> <tr><td align="right"><a href="/w/wiki.phtml?title=Special:Allpages&amp;from=HomePage" title ="Special:Allpages">HomePage</a></td><td> to </td><td align="left">Victor Hugo</td></tr> </table> 803 4031 2004-09-28T01:55:05Z Davidcannon 12 {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} 804 9241 2007-01-31T09:46:54Z हेमपाल श्रेष्ठ 201 '''नेपाल''' दक्षिण एशियामा [[हिमालय]]को काखमा अवस्थित एक भूपरिबेस्ठित अधिराज्य हो। उत्तरमा [[तिब्बत]] ([[चीन]]) र बाँकी दिशामा [[भारत]] सित यसको सिमाना गांसिएको छ। नेपालमा कुल जनसङ्ख्याको ८०% भन्दा बढी हिन्दू धर्मका अनुयायीहरु छन्। अनुपातमा सानो भएपनि यो मुलुक समथल तराई देखि उच्च हिमाली भूभाग जस्ता भौगोलिक बिभिधताले भरिपूर्ण छ। [[सगरमाथा]] सहित विश्वका सबैभन्दा अग्ला १० मध्ये ८ शिखर नेपालमै छन्। राजधानि [[काठमाण्डौ]] लगायत, बिराटनगर, बिरगञ्ज, पोखरा, भैरहवा, नेपालगञ्ज आदि देशका प्रमुख सहरहरु हुन्। {{Infobox Country | fullcountryname = नेपाल अधिराज्य | image_flag = Flag of Nepal.svg | image_coa = Nepal gov logo.png | image_location = LocationNepal.png | nationalmotto = जननी जन्मभूमिश्च स्वर्गादपि गरीयसी | nationalsong = [[सयौं थूंगा फूलका हामी]] | officiallanguages = [[नेपाली]] | populationtotal = २५,२८४,४६३ | populationrank = ४०औ | populationdensity = १८४ | countrycapital = [[काठमाडौं]] | countrylargestcity = काठमाडौं | areatotal = १४७,१८१ | arearank = ९४औँ | areawater = | areawaterpercent = २.८ | establishedin = १७६८ (एकिकरण) | leadertitlename = [[नेपालका राजाहरू|राजा]]: [[ज्ञानेन्द्र वीर विक्रम शाहदेव]]<br>[[नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्रीहरू|प्रधानमन्त्री]]: [[गिरिजा प्रसाद कोईराला]] | currency = रूपैयाँ | utcoffset = +५:४५ | dialingcode = +९७७ | internettld = .np }} == इतिहास == नेपालको बृहत [http://www.dilliramanregmi.org/writings1.html इतिहास] करिव तिन [[सहश्राब्दि]] भन्दा लामो छ । इतिहासकारहरुका अनुसार [[किरात वंश]] नेपालको पहिलो समुह हो । उनीहरु पूर्वबाट ७औं वा ८औं शताब्दिमा आएका हुन् । भगवान [[गौतम बुद्ध]] नेपालको [[लुम्बिनी]]मा [[इशापूर्व]] ५६३मा जन्मे। इशापूर्व २०० तिर बिशाल बौद्ध साम्राज्यको अन्त्य गरी [[लिच्छवी वंश]]ले राज्य गरे। करिव सन् ९०० तिर [[ठकुरी]] बंशले राज्य शुरु गरेर लिच्छवी काल अन्त्य भयो। अन्ततोगत्वा ठकुरी बंशलाई जीति [[मल्ल]]हरुले १८औं शताब्दी सम्म राज्य गरे। सन् १७६८मा गोरखाका राजा [[पृथ्वी नारायण शाह]]ले [[काठमाण्डौ]] जिते। त्यसपछि मल्ल राजाहरुले टुक्राएका स-साना राज्यहरु एकिकरण भइ आधुनिक नेपालको निर्माण भयो। सन् १८१४मा नेपालले अङ्ग्रेज [[इष्ट-इन्डिया कम्पनि]] सँग युद्द गर्‌यो। सन् १८१६को [[सुगौली सन्धीमा]] नेपालले [[सिक्किम]] र दक्षिण [[तराई]]को भूभाग त्याग्नु पर्‌यो र अङ्ग्रेजहरुले युद्द रोके। त्यसपछि [[गोर्खाली]] सेनाले अङ्ग्रेजहरुलाई सघाए बापत तराईको केही भूभाग नेपालले फिर्ता पायो। The Shah dynasty was cut short in 1846 when Jung Bahadur Rana(जङ्ग बहादुर राणा) seized control of the country after assassinating several hundred princes and chieftans in Kathmandu's Kot Massacre. Ranas ruled as hereditary prime ministers until 1948 when the British colony of India achieved independence. India propped up King Tribhuvan as Nepal's new ruler in 1951 and sponsored the Nepali Congress Party. त्रिभुवनका छोरा, राजा महेन्द्रले प्रजात्रान्तिक व्यवस्था अन्तय गरी "निर्दलिय" पञ्चायती व्यवस्था घोषणा गरे । उनका छोरा, राजा बीरेन्द्रले १९७२मा राज्य सम्हालेर पञ्चायती व्यवस्थालाई निरन्तर्ता दिए १९८९को "जन ‌आन्दोलन" सम्म। In May 1991(२०४८ बैशाख), Nepal's held its first election in nearly 50 years. The Nepali Congress Party and the Communist Party(CPN UML) of Nepal received the most votes. No party has held power for more than two consecutive years since. Critics argue that the governmental reforms did not appreciably improve the political order because the new government was also characterised by extreme corruption bordering on kleptocracy. थप इतिहासको लागि [[४६ साल पछिको राजनैतिक बिकासक्रम]] हेर्नुहोस् । == भूगोल == दुई ढुँगा बीचको तरूल भने जस्तै नेपाल दुई विशाल एशियाली राष्ट्रहरू [[चीन]] र [[भारत]]को बीचमा अवस्थित छ । विशाल [[हिमालय]], जसको अर्थ [[सँस्कृत]]मा हिउँको घर हुन्छ, नेपालको एक विशेष चिनारी हो । करीब आयताकार नेपाल, ८५० [[किलोमीटर]] लामो र [[सालाखाला]] २०० किलोमीटर चौडा, घेरेर क्षेत्रफलका हिसाबले १४७,१८१ बर्ग किलोमीटर विस्तरित छ । यो [[बंगलादेश]] भन्दा केही ठुलो छ । भारतले ३ तर्फबाट र चीनको सिजाङ स्वशासित प्रान्त ([[तिब्वत]]) ले उत्तर तर्फबाट घेरेको नेपाल एक [[भूपरिवेष्ठित]] [[राष्ट्र]] हो । नेपाल ८० डिग्री ४ मिनट पूर्वी देशान्तर देखि ८८ डिग्री १२ मिनट पूर्वी [[देशान्तर]]सम्म र २६ डिग्री २२ मिनट देखि ३० डिग्री २७ मिनट उत्तरी [[अक्षांश]]सम्म फैलिएको छ । == राजनैतीक बर्गिकरण == नेपाल [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण|५ बिकासक्षेत्र, १४ अञ्चल र ७५ जिल्लाहरुमा]] बर्गिकृत छ । == संदर्भ == *[[CIA World Factbook]] [http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/np.html] 2000 *[http://www.mope.gov.np/population/chapter5.php Nepal Population Report 2002] *[http://www.nepalmonarchy.gov.np राजसंस्था] *[http://www.mofa.gov.np परराष्ट्र मन्त्रालय] *[http://www.pmo.gov.np प्रधानमन्त्रीको कार्यालय] == समाचार == *[http://www.kantipuronline.com कान्तिपुर अन्लाईन ] *[http://www.himalmedia.com/publications.html हिमाल खवर पत्रिका] *[http://www.nepalnews.com नेपालन्युज् डट् कम्] *[http://www.mysansar.com मेरो संसार] *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/nepali बी.बी.सि. नेपाली सेवा] *[http://www.np.francenepal.info फ्रान्स नेपाल इन्फो] *[http://annapurnapost.com/ अन्नपूर्ण पोष्ट] [[Portal:नेपाल]] {{नेपाल}} [[an:Nepal]] [[ar:نيبال]] [[az:Nepal]] [[be:Непал]] [[bg:Непал]] [[bh:नेपाल]] [[bn:নেপাল]] [[bpy:নেপাল]] [[ca:Nepal]] [[cs:Nepál]] [[cv:Непал]] [[cy:Nepal]] [[da:Nepal]] [[de:Nepal]] [[dv:ނޭޕާލް]] [[el:Νεπάλ]] [[en:Nepal]] [[eo:Nepalo]] [[es:Nepal]] [[et:Nepal]] [[eu:Nepal]] [[fa:نپال]] [[fi:Nepal]] [[fo:Nepal]] [[fr:Népal]] [[frp:Nèpal]] [[fy:Nepal]] [[gl:Nepal - नेपाल अधिराज्य]] [[gu:નેપાળ]] [[he:נפאל]] [[hi:नेपाल]] [[hr:Nepal]] [[hsb:Nepal]] [[ht:Nepal]] [[hu:Nepál]] [[id:Nepal]] [[ilo:Nepal]] [[io:Nepal]] [[is:Nepal]] [[it:Nepal]] [[ja:ネパール]] [[jbo:nepal]] [[ka:ნეპალი]] [[ko:네팔]] [[ks:नेपाल]] [[ku:Nepal]] [[kw:Nepal]] [[la:Nepalia]] [[li:Nepal]] [[lt:Nepalas]] [[lv:Nepāla]] [[mk:Непал]] [[ml:നേപ്പാള്‍]] [[ms:Nepal]] [[nds:Nepal]] [[nl:Nepal]] [[nn:Nepal]] [[no:Nepal]] [[oc:Nepal]] [[os:Непал]] [[pam:Nepal]] [[pl:Nepal]] [[pt:Nepal]] [[qu:Nepal]] [[rmy:नेपाल]] [[ro:Nepal]] [[ru:Непал]] [[sa:नेपाल]] [[scn:Nepal]] [[sh:Nepal]] [[simple:Nepal]] [[sk:Nepál]] [[sl:Nepal]] [[sq:Nepali]] [[sr:Непал]] [[sv:Nepal]] [[ta:நேபாளம்]] [[th:ประเทศเนปาล]] [[tl:Nepal]] [[tr:Nepal]] [[ug:نېپلا]] [[uk:Непал]] [[vi:Nepal]] [[vo:Nepalän]] [[zh:尼泊尔]] [[zh-min-nan:Nepal]] 805 4033 2004-10-12T20:26:39Z 130.39.222.122 [[हस्तकला]] - [[संगीत]] - [[चित्रकला]] - [[शिल्पकला]] - [[नाट्यकला]] 806 9106 2007-01-22T00:34:48Z TXiKiBoT 178 robot Adding: [[cv:Литература]] '''साहित्य''' *[[कविता]] [[af:Literatuur]] [[an:Literatura]] [[ar:أدب]] [[ast:Lliteratura]] [[az:Ədəbiyyat]] [[bar:Literatur]] [[bg:Литература]] [[bn:সাহিত্য]] [[br:Lennegezh]] [[bs:Književnost]] [[ca:Literatura]] [[ceb:Katitikan]] [[co:Littiratura]] [[cs:Literatura]] [[csb:Lëteratura]] [[cv:Литература]] [[cy:Llenyddiaeth]] [[da:Litteratur]] [[de:Literatur]] [[el:Λογοτεχνία]] [[en:Literature]] [[eo:Literaturo]] [[es:Literatura]] [[et:Kirjandus]] [[eu:Literatura]] [[fa:ادبیات]] [[fi:Kirjallisuus]] [[fiu-vro:Kirändüs]] [[fo:Bókmentir]] [[fr:Littérature]] [[frp:Litèratura]] [[fur:Leterature]] [[fy:Literatuer]] [[ga:Litríocht]] [[gl:Literatura]] [[he:ספרות]] [[hi:साहित्य]] [[hr:Književnost]] [[hu:Irodalom]] [[ia:Litteratura]] [[id:Sastra]] [[ilo:Literatura]] [[io:Literaturo]] [[it:Letteratura]] [[ja:文学]] [[jv:Sastra]] [[ka:ლიტერატურა]] [[ko:문학]] [[ku:Wêje]] [[la:Litterae]] [[lb:Literatur]] [[li:Literatuur]] [[lt:Literatūra]] [[lv:Literatūra]] [[mk:Литература]] [[ml:സാഹിത്യം]] [[mt:Letteratura]] [[nap:Litteratura]] [[nds:Literatur]] [[nl:Literatuur]] [[nn:Litteratur]] [[no:Litteratur]] [[nov:Literature]] [[nrm:Littéthatuthe]] [[oc:Literatura]] [[os:Литературæ]] [[pam:Literatura]] [[pl:Literatura]] [[pt:Literatura]] [[qu:Simi kapchiy]] [[ro:Literatură]] [[ru:Литература]] [[sa:प्राचीन साहित्यम्]] [[scn:Littiratura]] [[sco:Leiteratur]] [[sh:Književnost]] [[simple:Literature]] [[sk:Literatúra]] [[sl:Književnost]] [[sq:Letërsia]] [[sr:Књижевност]] [[sv:Litteratur]] [[sw:Fasihi]] [[tg:Адабиёт]] [[th:วรรณกรรม]] [[tl:Panitikan]] [[tr:Edebiyat]] [[tt:Ädäbiät]] [[ug:ئەدەبىيات]] [[uk:Література]] [[vec:Łiteratura]] [[vi:Văn chương]] [[wa:Belès letes]] [[yi:ליטעראטור]] [[zh:文学]] [[zh-min-nan:Bûn-ha̍k]] [[zh-yue:文學]] 807 5951 2006-04-25T22:09:26Z Eukesh 93 == [[राष्ट्र]] == === [[अफ्रीका]] === [[अल्जेरिया]], [[एंगोला]], [[बेनिन]], [[बोत्स्वाना]], [[बुर्किना फासो]], [[बुरुन्डी]], [[क्यामेरून]], [[केप भर्डे]], [[मध्य अफ्रीकी गणतन्त्र]],[[चाड]], [[कोमोरोस]], [[प्रजातान्तृक गणतन्त्र कंगो]], [[गणतन्त्र कंगो]], [[कोटे डिवोरे]], [[जिबुटी]], [[मिश्र]], [[इक्वेटोरियल गिनिया]],[[ एरितृया]], [[इथीयोपीया]], [[गाबोन]], [[गाम्बिया]], [[घाना]], [[गिनिया]], [[गिनिया बिसाउ]], [[केन्या]], [[लेसोथो]], [[लाईबेरिया]], [[लिब्या]], [[माडागास्कर]], [[मलावी]], [[माली]], [[ईस्लामी गणतन्त्र माउरीतानीया]], [[मरिसस्]], [[मोरक्को]], [[मोजाम्बिक]], [[नामिबिया]], [[नाईजर]], [[नाईजेरिया]], [[रुवान्डा]], [[साओ तोमे र प्रीन्सिप्]], [[सेनेगल]], [[सीशील्स]], [[सीयेरा लीओन]], [[सोमालिया]], [[दक्षिण अफ्रीका]], [[सुडान]], [[स्वाजिल्याण्ड]], [[तान्जानिया]], [[टोगो]], [[ट्युनिसिया]], [[युगान्डा]], [[जाम्बिया]], [[जिम्बाब्वे]] === [[एसिया]] === [[अफगानिस्तान]], [[आर्मेनिया]], [[अजरबैजान]], [[बहरिन]], [[बंगलादेश]], [[भूटान]], [[ब्रुनाई]], [[क्याम्बोडिया]], [[चीन]], [[साईप्रस्]], [[पूर्व टिमोर]], [[ज्योर्जिया]], [[भारत]], [[गणतन्त्र ईन्डोनेसिया]], [[ईरान]], [[ईराक]], [[ईजराईल]], [[जापान]], [[जोर्डन]], [[कजाख्स्तान]], [[उत्तर कोरिया]], [[दक्षिण कोरिया]], [[कुवेत]], [[कीर्गीस्तान]], [[लाओस]], [[लेबानन्]], [[मलेसिया]], [[मालद्विप]], [[मंगोलिया]], [[बर्मा]], [[नेपाल]], [[ओमान]], [[पाकिस्तान]], [[फिलिपिन्स]], [[कतार]], [[रुस]], [[साउदी अरबिया]], [[सिंगापुर]], [[श्रीलंका]], [[सीरिया]], [[ताजिकिस्तान]], [[थाईल्याण्ड]], [[टर्की]], [[तुर्केमिनिस्तान]], [[संयुक्त अरब ईमिरेट्स्]], [[उज्बेकिस्तान]], [[भियेत्नाम]], [[गणतन्त्र यमन]] === [[युरोप]] === [[अल्बानिया]], [[एण्डोरा]], [[अष्ट्रीया]], [[बेलारुस]], [[बेल्जियम]], [[बोस्निया र हर्जगोविना]], [[बुल्गेरिया]], [[क्रोएसिया]], [[चेक रिपब्लिक]], [[डेनमार्क]], [[ईस्टोनिया]], [[फिनल्याण्ड]], [[फ्रान्स]], [[जर्मनी]], [[ग्रीस]], [[हंगेरी]], [[आईसल्याण्ड]], [[आयरल्याण्ड]], [[ईटाली]], [[लात्भिया]], [[लीश्टेनस्टाईन]], [[लिथुआनिया]], [[लक्जेम्बर्ग]], [[म्यासेडोनिया]], [[माल्टा]], [[मोल्दोवा]], [[मोनाको]], [[नेडरल्याण्ड]], [[नर्वे]], [[पोल्याण्ड]], [[पोर्चुगल]], [[रोमानिया]], [[रुस]], [[सान मरिनो]], [[सर्बिया]], [[स्लोभाकिया]], [[स्लोभेनिया]], [[स्पेन]], [[स्वीडेन]], [[स्वीट्जरल्याण्ड]], [[टर्की]], [[युक्रेन]], [[बेलायत]], [[भेटिकन सिटी]], [[संघीय गणतन्त्र युगोस्लाभिया]] == [[अमेरिका]] == [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]], [[क्यानाडा]], [[मेक्सिको]], [[बेलिज]], [[पनामा]], [[ग्वाटेमाला]], [[अर्जेन्टिना]], [[चिली]], [[ब्राजिल]], [[बोलिभिया]], [[कोलोम्बिया]], [[होन्डुरस]], [[पेरु]], [[पाराग्वे]], [[उरुग्वे]], [[भेनेज्वेला]] == [[अन्य]] == [[अस्ट्रेलिया]], [[नयां जील्यान्ड]] [[sa:भारत]] 808 9182 2007-01-27T15:44:43Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Adding: ab, ay, bi, bm, bo, bug, ce, ch, cho, chy, cr, dz, ee, fj, gn, ha, ho, ki, kj, lo, mus, my, ny, pih, rn, sd, sg, ss, st, ti, tum, tw, vo, xal, xh, zu <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" > <caption> '''&#2349;&#2366;&#2352;&#2340; &#2327;&#2339;&#2352;&#2366;&#2332;&#2381;&#2351;''' </caption> <tr> <td style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td align="center" width="140px">[[Image:Flag of India.svg|125px]]</td> <td align="center" width="140px" height="115px">[[Image:Emblem of India.svg|125px]]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" width="140px">([[Flag of India|In Detail]])</td> <td align="center" width="140px">([[Emblem of India|In Detail]])</td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan=2 style="border-bottom:3px solid gray;"> <font size="-1"> ''National [[motto]]: "सत्यमेव जयते"''</font> </td> </tr> <tr><td>राष्‍ट्रिय [[पशु:]]</td><td>[[व्‍याघ्र:]]</td></tr> <tr><td>राष्‍ट्रिय [[पक्षी]]</td><td>[[मयूर:]]</td></tr> <tr><td>राष्‍ट्रिय [[पुष्‍पं]]</td><td>[[कमलं]]</td></tr> <tr> <td> [[आधिकारिक भाषा]] </td> <td>[[हिन्दी]] ([[भारतस्य भाषा:]])</td></tr> <tr> <td>[[राजधानी]] </td> <td>[[नई दिल्ली]]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[भारतस्‍य राष्ट्रपति: |राष्ट्रपति ]] </td> <td>[[अवुल पकिर जैनुलब्दीन अब्दुल कलाम|अब्दुल कलाम]]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[भारतस्‍य प्रधान मंत्री |प्रधानमंत्री]]</td> <td>[[मनमोहन सिंह]] </td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Area]]<br>&nbsp;- Total <br>&nbsp;- % water</td> <td>[[List of countries by area|Ranked 7th]] <br> 3,287,590 [[वर्ग किलोमीटर|km&sup2;]] <br> 9.5%</td> </tr> <tr><td>[[जनसंख्या]] <br>&nbsp;- Total ([[2000]]) <br>&nbsp;- [[Population density|Density]] </td><td>[[List of countries by population|Ranked 2nd]] <br> 1,029,991,145 <br> 313/km&sup2; </td></tr> <tr> <td>[[स्वतंत्रता दिवस ]] </td> <td>[[India's independence movement|ब्रिटिश राज से स्वतंत्रता]] <br>[[15 अगस्त]], [[1947]]</td> </tr> <tr><td>[[मुद्रा]] </td><td>भारतीय [[रुपया]] (INR)</td></tr> <tr><td>[[Time zone]] </td><td>[[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] +5.30</td></tr> <tr><td>[[राष्‍ट्रिय गीत]] </td><td>[[जन ग़ण मन]]</td></tr> <tr><td>राष्‍ट्रिय गान </td><td>[[वन्दे मातरम्‌]]</td></tr> <tr><td>[[Top-level domain|Internet TLD]]</td><td>.IN</td></tr> <tr><td>[[List_of_country_calling_codes|Calling Code]]</td><td>91</td></tr> </table> == भारतं, भारतवर्षं, भारतदेश:, [[जम्बूद्वीप:]] == भारतं एशिया महाद्वीपे दक्षिणे एक: महत्वपूर्णदेश: अस्ति । । एतद् विश्वस्य सर्वेन विशाल: गणतन्त्रदेश: । एषा जनसङ्‌ख्या ११० कोटि; भाषा: शतोपरि च । भारतवर्षस्‍य उत्तर दिशि पर्वतराज: [[हिमालय]]: अस्‍ति, दक्षिणे [[सिन्धु महासागर]]: अस्‍ति। भारतउत्तरे [[नेपाल]], [[तिबत]], चीन देशा: सन्ति । पश्चिमे [[पाकिस्तान]] । पूर्वे [[बर्मा]] एवं दक्षिणे [[श्रीलंका]] देशा: सन्ति । भारतस्य राजधानी [[दिल्ली]] अस्ति । अन्य मुख्य नगरा: [[मुम्बई]], [[कलकाता]] (कलकत्ता) [[चेन्नै]] सन्ति । == [[भारतस्य प्रान्ता: एवं तेषाम् राजधानी:]] == भारत्या: 29 प्रान्ता: एवं 6 केन्द्र द्वारा शासित: संघ राज्यक्षेत्रा: सन्ति । अरुणाचल प्रदेश ([[इटानगर]]); असम ([[दिसपुर]]); उत्तर प्रदेश ([[लखनऊ]]); उत्तरांचल ([[देहरादून]]); उड़ीसा / ଓଡ଼ିଶା ([[भुवनेश्वर]] / ଭୁବନେଶବର); आंध्र प्रदेश / ఆంధర దేశం ([[भागनगर]] / हैदराबाद / హైదరాబాదు); कर्णाटक / ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ([[बंगलूर]] / ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು); केरल / കേരളം ([[तिरुवनंतपुरम]] / തിരുവനന്തപുരം); गोवा ([[पणजी]]); गुजरात / ગુજરાત ([[गाँधीनगर]] / ગાંધીનગર); छत्तीसगढ़ ([[रायपुर]]); जम्मू और कश्मीर / جۄم تٕ کٔشېر / جموں و کشمیر / जॅम तु' क'शीर ([[श्रीनगर]] / سِرېنَگَر / سرینگر / + [[जम्मू]] / جۄم / جموں / जॅम); झारखंड ([[रांची]]); तमिलनाडू / தமிழ்நாடு ([[चेन्‍नै]] / சென்னை); त्रिपुरा ([[अगरतला]]); नागालैंड ([[कोहिमा]]); पश्चिम बंगाल / পশ্চিম বঙ্গ ([[कलकाता]] / কলকাতা); पंजाब / ਪੰਜਾਬ ([[चंडीगढ़]] / ਚੰਡੀਗਢ਼); बिहार ([[पटना]]); मणिपुर ([[इम्फाल]]); मध्य प्रदेश ([[भोपाल]]); महाराष्ट्र ([[मुम्‍बई|मुम्बै]]); मिज़ोरम ([[ऐज़ौल]]); मेघालय ([[शिलॉंग]]); राजस्थान ([[जयपुर]]); सिक्किम ([[गंगटोक]]); हरियाणा ([[चंडीगढ़]]); हिमाचल प्रदेश ([[शिमला]]); अंडमान और निकोबार द्वीप ([[पोर्ट ब्लेअर]]); चंडीगढ़; दमन और दियू ([[दमन]]); दादर और नगर हवेली ([[सिलवासा]]); दिल्ली; पॉंडिचेरी; लक्षद्वीप ([[कवरत्ती]]) *[[अंडमान और निकोबार द्वीप]] *[[अरुणाचल प्रदेश]] *[[असम]] *[[आन्ध्र प्रदेश]] *[[उड़ीसा]] *[[उत्तर प्रदेश]] *[[उत्तरांचल]] *[[कर्णाटक]] *[[केरल]] *[[गुजरात]] *[[गोवा]] *[[चंडीगढ़]] *[[छत्तीसगढ़]] *[[जम्मू-कश्मीर]] *[[झारखंड]] *[[तमिलनाडु]] *[[त्रिपुरा]] *[[दमन और दियू]] *[[दादर और नगर हवेली]] *[[नागालैण्ड]] *[[दिल्ली]] *[[पंजाब]] *[[पश्चिम बंगाल]] *[[बिहार]] *[[मध्य प्रदेश]] *[[महाराष्ट्र]] *[[राजस्थान]] *[[पाण्डीचेरी]] *[[मणिपुर]] *[[मिज़ोरम]] *[[मेघालय]] *[[लक्षद्वीप]] *[[सिक्किम]] *[[हरियाणा]] *[[हिमाचल प्रदेश]] == [[राष्ट्रिय गीतं]] एवं [[राष्ट्रिय गानं]] == भारतस्य राष्ट्रीय गीत [[जन गण मन]] गुरुदेव [[रवीन्द्रनाथ ठाकुर]]वर्येन लिखित: । भारतस्य राष्ट्रीय गान [[वन्दे मातरम]] [[बंकिम चंद्र चटर्जी]]वर्येन लिखित: | ==भाषासूची== *[[संस्कृत]] *[[हिन्दी]] *[[तमिळ]] *[[तेलुगु]] *[[मलयालम]] *[[कन्नड]] *[[मराठी]] *[[गुजराती]] *[[बाङ्गला]] *[[असमिया]] *[[ओडिया]] *[[पञ्जाबी]] *[[कश्मीरी]] *[[लद्दाखी]] ------ ==सम्‍बन्‍धित-विषया:== *[[भारतस्‍य इतिहास]]: *[[भारतीय-सूची]] *[[भारत-जन-सूची]] *[[सनातन धर्म]] *[[वास्‍तु]] *[[योग]] *[[वेदान्‍त]] *[[हिन्‍दु-मन्‍दिर]] *[[धर्म-संशोधन]] *[[भारतस्‍य राजनीति]] ==बाह्य ग्रन्थिय:== * [http://dmoz.org/World/Hindi/%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b7%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%a4%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%af/%e0%a4%8f%e0%a4%b6%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%af%e0%a4%be/%e0%a4%ad%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a4/ भारत समाचार ग्रन्थि:] * [http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/janganman.htm राष्ट्रिय ग़ीत ] [[ab:India]] [[af:Indië]] [[als:Indien]] [[am:ህንድ]] [[an:India]] [[ang:India]] [[ar:الهند]] [[as:ভারত]] [[ast:India]] [[ay:India]] [[az:Hindistan]] [[ba:Һиндостан]] [[bat-smg:Indėjė]] [[be:Індыя]] [[bg:Индия]] [[bh:भारत]] [[bi:India]] [[bm:India]] [[bn:ভারত]] [[bo:India]] [[bpy:ভারত]] [[br:India]] [[bs:Indija]] [[bug:India]] [[ca:Índia]] [[cbk-zam:India]] [[ce:India]] [[ceb:Indiya]] [[ch:India]] [[cho:India]] [[chy:India]] [[co:India]] [[cr:India]] [[cs:Indie]] [[csb:Indie]] [[cv:Инди]] [[cy:India]] [[da:Indien]] [[de:Indien]] [[diq:Hindıstan]] [[dv:ހިންދުސްތާން]] [[dz:India]] [[ee:India]] [[el:Ινδία]] [[en:India]] [[eo:Barato]] [[es:India]] [[et:India]] [[eu:India]] [[fa:هند]] [[fi:Intia]] [[fiu-vro:India]] [[fj:India]] [[fo:India]] [[fr:Inde]] [[frp:Ende]] [[fur:Indie]] [[fy:Yndia]] [[ga:An India]] [[gd:Na h-Innseachan]] [[gl:India - भारत]] [[gn:India]] [[got:𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌰]] [[gu:ભારત]] [[gv:Yn Injey]] [[ha:India]] [[haw:ʻInia]] [[he:הודו]] [[hi:भारत]] [[ho:India]] [[hr:Indija]] [[hsb:Indiska]] [[ht:End]] [[hu:India]] [[hy:Հնդկաստան]] [[ia:India]] [[id:India]] [[ie:India]] [[ilo:India]] [[io:India]] [[is:Indland]] [[it:India]] [[iu:ᐃᓐᑎᐊ]] [[ja:インド]] [[jbo:xingu'e]] [[jv:India]] [[ka:ინდოეთი]] [[kg:India]] [[ki:India]] [[kj:India]] [[kk:Үндістан]] [[km:ឥណ្ឌា]] [[kn:ಭಾರತ]] [[ko:인도]] [[ks:ہِندوستان]] [[ksh:Inndije]] [[ku:Hindistan]] [[kv:India]] [[kw:Eynda]] [[la:India]] [[lb:Indien]] [[li:India]] [[lij:India]] [[lmo:India]] [[ln:India]] [[lo:India]] [[lt:Indija]] [[lv:Indija]] [[map-bms:India]] [[mi:Inia (whenua)]] [[mk:Индија]] [[ml:ഇന്ത്യ]] [[mn:Энэтхэг]] [[mo:Индия]] [[mr:भारत]] [[ms:India]] [[mt:Indja]] [[mus:India]] [[my:India]] [[na:India]] [[nah:Indiyān]] [[nap:Innia]] [[nds:Indien]] [[nds-nl:India]] [[nl:India]] [[nn:India]] [[no:India]] [[nov:India]] [[nrm:Înde]] [[ny:India]] [[oc:Índia]] [[or:ଭାରତ]] [[os:Инди]] [[pa:ਭਾਰਤ]] [[pam:India]] [[pap:India]] [[pdc:India]] [[pi:भारत]] [[pih:India]] [[pl:Indie]] [[pms:India]] [[pt:Índia]] [[qu:Barat]] [[rm:India]] [[rmy:Indiya (Bharat)]] [[rn:India]] [[ro:India]] [[roa-rup:India]] [[ru:Индия]] [[ru-sib:Индия]] [[sa:भारत]] [[sc:Ìndia]] [[scn:Innia]] [[sco:Indie]] [[sd:India]] [[se:India]] [[sg:India]] [[sh:Indija]] [[si:ඉන්දියාව]] [[simple:India]] [[sk:India]] [[sl:Indija]] [[so:Hindiya]] [[sq:India]] [[sr:Индија]] [[ss:India]] [[st:India]] [[su:India]] [[sv:Indien]] [[sw:Uhindi]] [[ta:இந்தியா]] [[te:భారత దేశము]] [[tet:Índia]] [[tg:Ҳиндустон]] [[th:ประเทศอินเดีย]] [[ti:India]] [[tk:Hindistan]] [[tl:India]] [[to:ʻInitia]] [[tpi:India]] [[tr:Hindistan]] [[tt:Hindstan]] [[tum:India]] [[tw:India]] [[ty:’Inītia]] [[udm:Индия]] [[ug:ھىندىستان]] [[uk:Індія]] [[ur:بھارت]] [[uz:Hindiston]] [[vec:India]] [[vi:Ấn Độ]] [[vo:India]] [[wa:Inde]] [[war:India]] [[wo:India]] [[wuu:印度]] [[xal:India]] [[xh:India]] [[yi:אינדיע]] [[za:India]] [[zh:印度]] [[zh-min-nan:Ìn-tō͘]] [[zh-yue:印度]] [[zu:India]] 809 4037 2005-04-01T22:27:21Z Murtasa 22 '''चन्द्रगुप्त:''' (३१९-३३५) भारतस्य सम्राट आसीत्. *[[गुप्त वंश]] [[en:Chandragupta I]] 810 9119 2007-01-23T01:55:44Z TXiKiBoT 178 robot Adding: [[eo:Vallabhbhai Patel]], [[it:Sardār Vallabhbhāī Paṭel]] '''वल्लभभाई पटेल''' (३१.१०.१८७५ - १५.१२.१९५०) बैरिस्टरपरीक्षाम्‌ उत्तीर्य सार्वजनिकसेवाम्‌ आरभत. अस्य योग्यताम्‌, उत्साहं, सङ्कल्पशक्तिम्‌ कर्तव्यपरायणत्वञ्च विलोक्य [[महात्मा गान्धी]] एनम्‌ '''सरदार''' इति उपाधिना सम्बिधित्वान्‌. वैदेशिका: पत्रकारा: एनम्‌ '''लौहपुरुष''' इति संज्ञया व्यवहरन्ति स्म. स्वतन्त्रे भारते अयम्‌ भारतशासनस्य गृहमन्त्री उप-प्रधानमन्त्री च अभवत्‌. देशे विद्यमानानाम्‌ अनेकेषाम्‌ राज्ञाम्‌ राज्यानि समाप्य असौ भारतसङ्घे सम्मेलितवान्‌. [[de:Vallabhbhai Patel]] [[en:Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]] [[eo:Vallabhbhai Patel]] [[fr:Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]] [[hi:सरदार वल्लभ भाई पटेल]] [[it:Sardār Vallabhbhāī Paṭel]] [[kn:ಸರ್ದಾರ್ ವಲ್ಲಭಭಾಯ್ ಪಟೇಲ್]] [[ks:वल्लभभाई पटेल]] [[mr:वल्लभभाई पटेल]] [[sa:वल्लभभाई पटेल]] 811 9136 2007-01-24T01:01:38Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Adding: [[lv:Nepālas Karalistes karogs]] [[Image:Flag of Nepal.svg|thumb|250px|right|Flag ratio: 4:3]] नेपालको राष्ट्रिय झण्डा एक मात्र चारकुने आकार नभएको राष्ट्रिय झण्डा हो र दुई मात्र चारकुने आकार नभएको सरकारी झण्डा मध्येको एक हो। (अर्को झण्डा चाहिँ संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाको ओहायो राज्यको हो) झण्डा दुई त्रिकोण (एक माथि अर्को) मिलेर बनेको छ। माथिल्लो त्रिकोणमा अर्ध चन्द्र र तल्लोमा शूर्य छ, जसले आकाशमा चन्द्र र शूर्य रहुन्जेल नेपाल रहीरहने कुरा जनाउछ। नीलो किनारा शान्तिको प्रतिक हो र सिम्रिक रङ नेपालको राष्ट्रिय रङ हो। {{nationalflags}} [[Category:नेपाल]] [[Category:National flags|Nepal]] [[da:Nepals flag]] [[de:Flagge Nepals]] [[en:Flag of Nepal]] [[es:Bandera de Nepal]] [[et:Nepali lipp]] [[fi:Nepalin lippu]] [[fr:Drapeau du Népal]] [[he:דגל נפאל]] [[hu:Nepál zászlaja]] [[it:Bandiera nepalese]] [[ja:ネパールの国旗]] [[ko:네팔의 국기]] [[lv:Nepālas Karalistes karogs]] [[nl:Vlag van Nepal]] [[no:Nepals flagg]] [[pl:Flaga Nepalu]] [[pt:Bandeira do Nepal]] [[ru:Флаг Непала]] [[ta:நேபாளத்தின் கொடி]] 813 4041 2004-11-21T20:50:31Z Indiver 9 814 sysop 4042 2004-12-15T05:30:13Z Node ue 13 uploaded "Wiki.png" <ul><li>05:30, 15 Dec 2004 [[User:Node ue|Node ue]] uploaded "[[:Image:Wiki.png|Wiki.png]]"</li> <li>04:44, 27 Nov 2004 [[User:Indiver|Indiver]] uploaded "[[:Image:Sourceberg.jpg|Sourceberg.jpg]]" <em>(सोर्सबर्ग)</em></li> <li>04:31, 27 Nov 2004 [[User:Indiver|Indiver]] uploaded "[[:Image:Wiki-textbook.png|Wiki-textbook.png]]" <em>(विकि-पाठ्यपुस्तक)</em></li> <li>04:30, 27 Nov 2004 [[User:Indiver|Indiver]] uploaded "[[:Image:Wikiquote.png|Wikiquote.png]]" <em>(विकिकोट)</em></li> <li>04:30, 27 Nov 2004 [[User:Indiver|Indiver]] uploaded "[[:Image:Wiktionary.png|Wiktionary.png]]" <em>(विक्षनेरी)</em></li> <li>04:29, 27 Nov 2004 [[User:Indiver|Indiver]] uploaded "[[:Image:Wikipedia.png|Wikipedia.png]]" <em>(विकिपिडिया)</em></li> <li>04:29, 27 Nov 2004 [[User:Indiver|Indiver]] uploaded "[[:Image:Wiki-meta.png|Wiki-meta.png]]" <em>(Meta Wiki)</em></li> <li>18:46, 24 Nov 2004 [[User:Indiver|Indiver]] uploaded "[[:Image:Himalayas.jpg|Himalayas.jpg]]" <em>(अन्तरिक्षबाट देखिने हिमालय र सगरमाथा)</em></li> <li>18:46, 24 Nov 2004 [[User:Indiver|Indiver]] uploaded "[[:Image:Himalaya_composite.jpg|Himalaya_composite.jpg]]" <em>(भू-उपग्रहबाट खिचिएको हिमालय शृङ्खलाको तस्विर)</em></li> <li>05:33, 23 Nov 2004 [[User:Indiver|Indiver]] uploaded "[[:Image:Pyramid_of_khaba_01.jpg|Pyramid_of_khaba_01.jpg]]" <em>(खाबाको अधुरो पिरामिड)</em></li> <li>05:30, 23 Nov 2004 [[User:Indiver|Indiver]] uploaded "[[:Image:Pyramid_of_djedefre_01.jpg|Pyramid_of_djedefre_01.jpg]]" <em>(जेदेफ्रेको भत्केको पिरामिड)</em></li> <li>04:53, 23 Nov 2004 [[User:Indiver|Indiver]] uploaded "[[:Image:PyramidDatePalms.JPG|PyramidDatePalms.JPG]]" <em>(१९औ शताब्दिको एक तस्बिरमा गिजाको महान् पिरामिड)</em></li> <li>18:52, 22 Nov 2004 [[User:Indiver|Indiver]] uploaded "[[:Image:KonarkSunTempleOrissa.jpg|KonarkSunTempleOrissa.jpg]]" <em>(ओरिसाको कोनार्क सूर्य मन्दिरलाई सूर्य भगवानको २४-पाङ्ग्रे रथको रुपमा लिईन्छ।)</em></li> <li>17:54, 22 Nov 2004 [[User:Indiver|Indiver]] uploaded "[[:Image:Hinduism.png|Hinduism.png]]" <em>(हिन्दुहरुको पावन मन्त्र)</em></li> <li>20:57, 21 Nov 2004 [[User:Indiver|Indiver]] uploaded "[[:Image:LocationNepal.png|LocationNepal.png]]"</li> <li>20:56, 21 Nov 2004 [[User:Indiver|Indiver]] uploaded "[[:Image:Nepal_COA.gif|Nepal_COA.gif]]"</li> <li>20:53, 21 Nov 2004 [[User:Indiver|Indiver]] uploaded "[[:Image:Nepal_flag_large.png|Nepal_flag_large.png]]"</li> <li>20:50, 21 Nov 2004 [[User:Indiver|Indiver]] uploaded "[[:Image:125px-Nepal_flag_large.png|125px-Nepal_flag_large.png]]"</li> </ul> 815 6089 2006-06-05T13:53:07Z 84.189.223.127 {{NowCommons|Image:Flag of Nepal.svg}} 816 6090 2006-06-05T13:55:39Z 84.189.223.127 {{NowCommons|Image:Coat of arms of Nepal.png}} 817 4045 2004-11-21T20:57:38Z Indiver 9 818 8305 2007-01-07T16:36:10Z Indiver 9 Removed junk texts #REDIRECT [[मुख्य पृष्ठ]] 819 5473 2005-12-29T18:16:08Z Korg 55 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/81.26.9.90|81.26.9.90]] to last version by Korg #REDIRECT [[Talk:मुख्य पृष्ठ]] 820 8797 2007-01-14T23:46:39Z Jose77 104 /* साधारण लेखहरुको बारेमा */ Hi Indiver What you are doing here is much appreciated<br/> I hope you'll stay. == Logo == Hi Indiver, I wanted to make a logo for the Nepali Wikipedia which says, "Wikipedia, - the free encyclopedia" except where "free" means "not restricted".. --[[User:Node ue|Node ue]] 20:04, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC) == Logo == Wikipedia = विकिपिडिया<br> The Free Encyclopedia = खुला विश्वकोष<br> खुला is an exact word for free as in freedom (its meanings: open; not closed; not restricted, not covered)<br> विकिपिडिया - खुला विश्वकोष Please use the above words to describe Wikipedia in Nepali. == Katowice == Hello. I'm wikipedia redactor from [[Poland]]. We do some action for tranlation atricle about one of the biggest polish city [[simple:Katowice]]. Could You make some translation into this wikipedia native language of this article ? Just a few senteces. Please. There is source article in English: [[:en:Katowice]]. Best Regards. [[:pl:user:Stimoroll|Stimoroll form Poland]] == तिहार == * तिहार तथा [[नेपाल सम्वत]] अनुसारको नयाँ वर्षको शुभकामना|--[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 15:18, 22 अक्टोबर 2006 (UTC) ==The current vote== Hi, I want to tell you that I appreciate your extensive work at Nepali wiki and I consider that you and Eukesh are best fitted to become administrators, according to the quality and quantity of your contributins here. [[User:देसीफ्राल|देसीफ्राल]] 00:16, 5 डिसेम्बर 2006 (UTC) ==फायरफक्सको बारेमा== इन्दीवरजी, लामो समयपश्चात विकिपीडियामा आउनुभएकोमा धन्यवाद तथा स्वागतम्। I dont know why firefox and netscape-based softwares have these problems. These are present in all the Indic scripts esp the problem of display of hraswa and dirgha. A lot of people have complained about it and I hope that some real solution can be worked out soon. As for a temporary solution, downloading and installing any of the Devnagari font seems to solve the problem at the moment. As for me, I have been working on installing an embedded font system so that all the characters are displayed and the hraswa and dirgha are displayed properly. If you know of any solution, please feel free to tell me about it. धन्यवाद। --[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 16:01, 8 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) == Rendering Engine == The rendering engine of firefox is not good. Its not our problem its a problem with the rendering engine. The rendering engine for Internet Explorer is quite fine . I use opera while using ne.wikipedia.org and it works fine because opera uses the rendering engine of the Internet Explorer. It says during the installation process that for better rendering .. opera will use Internet Explorer's settings. This is something linked with the rendering used by MPP(Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya) . They have been trying to resolve these problems. Previously they had similar problem and they used a rendering engine called "Pango" . Now they might be busy in resolving these issues. I am a developer associated with PAN Asia Localisation project with MPP. Still there are confusions with: Is the problem with mozilla /mozilla firefox rendering engine for Nepali unicode? or .. It is with the styles that we are using. These needs checking. Hope this feedback brings positive response. [[User:RajeshPandey|राजेश]] 16:42, 8 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) Normally I use Opera for ne wikipedia. opera मा राम्ररी काम गर्छ । अहिले चाहीं मैले firefox मा main page हेरें र त्यसमा , "नेपालीमा लेख्नका लागि औजार" र "विकिपीडिया संबन्धि" र "ज्ञान समूह" र "अरू भाषामा विकिपीडिया" भन्ने बट्टाहरु राम्ररी आएका छैनन् । तिनीहरुलाइ पुन: लेख्यो भने आउछ । अरु सबै त ठिक छ। ति बट्टाहरुलाइ नै हटाइदिएपनि हुन्छ। मुख्य पेजलाइ नराम्रो बनाउन भन्दा त ! [[User:RajeshPandey|राजेश]] 16:46, 8 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) == म विदामा छु == Indiver जी, माफ गर्नुहोला । हाललाई साना कामहरु त सकियो । तर मेरो परीक्षा चलीरहेकोले केहीदिन विकीमा नहुन सक्छु । धन्यवाद । [[User:RajeshPandey|राजेश]] 20:33, 8 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) == युनीकोड हो या अर्कै गल्ती == रातभर काम गरेर विरामी हुनुहोला । :) ए साच्चै, तपाइले प्रयोग गरीरहनुभएको युनीकोडमा केही खराबी छ की तपाइले लेख्न गल्ती गर्नुभएको हो , आ लाई (अ + ा ) अा गरीरहनुभएको छ। कृपया ध्यान दिनुहोला । ==साधारण लेखहरुको बारेमा== * मेरो विचारमा विकिपीडियामा अहिले केही नयाँ लेखहरु राख्न जरुरी छ। I agree that we need some articles before announcing about wikipedia to media. I suggest that we need to work at least on;- *[[विज्ञान]](तथा [[जीवविज्ञान]], [[रसायनशास्त्र]],[[भौतिकशास्त्र]]) *[[स्वास्थ्य]] तथा [[चिकित्सा]] *[[कम्प्युटर]] (तथा [[इन्टरनेट]]) *[[नेपाल]] *[[अर्थशास्त्र]] *[[गणित]](if possible [[अंकगणित]], [[बीजगणित]] र [[रेखागणित]]) *[[भूगोल]] *[[खेल]] *[[मौसम]] *[[धर्म]] *[[पृथ्वी]] *[[खगोलशास्त्र]] तथा [[ब्रह्माण्ड]] *[[पुस्तक]] *[[शिक्षा]] *[[संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ]] *[[संगीत]] *[[व्यापार]] *[[मुद्रा]] *[[राजनीति]] *[[कूटनीति]] *[[बजार]] *[[साहित्य]] *[[कला]] *[[मानवता]] *[[पत्रिका]] *[[यन्त्र]] (तथा [[इन्जिनियरिंग]]) *[[पानी]] *[[मानव]] *[[भाषा]] *[[लिपि]] *[[कृषि]] *[[उद्योग]] *[[शान्ति]] *[[मनोविज्ञान]](Psychology) *[[संविधान]] कृपया तपाईको विचार अनुसार यो सूचीलाई परिवर्तन गर्नुहोला। Its about time that we changed the home page. I will make sure that its done. Thanks for the suggestions regarding the change in the message names.--[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 18:41, 9 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) :यो सूचीलाई लेखमा परिणत गर्नु राम्रो उपाय हो। मेरो विचारमा यस्ता विकिपीडिया भित्रका आयोजनाहरुको बारेमा सामाजिक पोर्टलमा पनि लेखिदिनु उपयुक्त होला। यदि सामाजिक पोर्टलमा राखिदिएको खण्डमा धेरैजनाले यस कार्यक्रमको बारेमा थाहा पाउन सक्छन् तथा नयाँ विकासक्रम हेर्न पनि सजिलो हुन्छ। तपाईंको के छ विचार?--[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 19:41, 10 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) == Adminship == Congratulations, you are now an administrator. --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 23:46, 14 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) :To translate the Interface System Messages, go [http://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Allmessages Here]. --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 23:46, 14 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) 821 8477 2007-01-08T09:11:04Z RajeshPandey 111 नेपालको भूभाग ५ [[विकासक्षेत्र]], १४ [[अञ्चल]] र ७५ [[जिल्ला|जिल्लाहरुमा]] वर्गिकृत छ। === पूर्वाञ्चल विकासक्षेत्र === ''पूर्वाञ्चल विकासक्षेत्र'' ३ [[अञ्चल]] र १६ [[जिल्ला]]मा वर्गिकरण गरिएको छ। * '''[[मेची]]''' - [[जिल्ला]]हरु: [[झापा]], [[इलाम]], [[पाँचथर]], [[ताप्लेजुङ]] * '''[[कोशी]]''' - [[जिल्ला]]हरु: [[मोरङ]], [[सुनसरी]], [[धनकुटा]], [[तेरथुम]], [[भोजपुर]], [[सङ्खुवासभा]] * '''[[सगरमाथा]]''' - [[जिल्ला]]हरु: [[सप्तरी]], [[सिराहा]], [[उदयपुर]], [[खोटाङ]], [[ओखलढुंगा]], [[सोलुखुम्बु]] === मध्यमाञ्चल विकासक्षेत्र === ''मध्यमाञ्चल विकासक्षेत्र'' ३ [[अञ्चल]] र १९ [[जिल्ला]]मा वर्गिकरण गरिएको छ। * '''[[जनकपुर]]''' - [[जिल्ला]]हरु: [[धनुषा]], [[महोत्तरी]], [[सर्लाही]], [[सिन्धुली]], [[रामेछाप]], [[दोलखा]] * '''[[नारायणी]]''' - [[जिल्ला]]हरु: [[रौतहट]], [[बारा]], [[पर्सा]], [[मकवानपुर]], [[चितवन]] * '''[[बागमती]]''' - [[जिल्ला]]हरु: [[काभ्रे]], [[ललितपुर]], [[काठमाडौं]], [[भक्तपुर]], [[धादिङ]], [[नुवाकोट]], [[सिन्धुपाल्चोक]], [[रसुवा]] === पश्चिमाञ्चल विकासक्षेत्र === ''पश्चिमाञ्चल विकासक्षेत्र'' ३ [[अञ्चल]] र १४ [[जिल्ला]]मा वर्गिकरण गरिएको छ। * '''[[लुम्बिनी]]''' - [[जिल्ला]]हरु: [[नवलपरासी]], [[रुपन्देही]], [[कपिलबस्तु]], [[पाल्पा]], [[अर्गाखाँची]], [[गुल्मी]] * '''[[गण्डकी]]''' - [[जिल्ला]]हरु: [[गोर्खा]], [[तनहू]], [[स्याङ्जा]], [[लमजुङ]], [[कास्की]], [[मनाङ]] * '''[[धवलगिरी]]''' - [[जिल्ला]]हरु: [[पर्वत]], [[वाग्लुङ]], [[म्याग्दि]], [[मुस्ताङ]] === मध्य-पश्चिमाञ्चल विकासक्षेत्र === ''मध्य-पश्चिमाञ्चल विकासक्षेत्र'' ३ [[अञ्चल]] र १५ [[जिल्ला]]मा वर्गिकरण गरिएको छ। * '''[[राप्ती]]''' - [[जिल्ला]]हरु: [[दाङ]], [[प्युठान]], [[रोल्पा]], [[सल्यान]], [[रुकुम]] * '''[[भेरी]]''' - [[जिल्ला]]हरु: [[बाँके]], [[बर्दिया]], [[सुर्खेत]], [[दैलेख]], [[जाजरकोट]] * '''[[कर्णाली]]''' - [[जिल्ला]]हरु: [[डोल्पा]], [[जुम्ला]], [[कालिकोट]], [[मुगू]], [[हुम्ला]] === सुदूर-पश्चिमाञ्चल विकासक्षेत्र === ''सुदूर-पश्चिमाञ्चल विकासक्षेत्र'' २ [[अञ्चल]] र ९ [[जिल्ला]]मा वर्गिकरण गरिएको छ। * '''[[सेती]]''' - [[जिल्ला]]हरु: [[कैलाली]], [[डोटी]], [[अछाम]], [[बाजुरा]], [[बझाङ]] * '''[[महाकाली]]''' - [[जिल्ला]]हरु: [[कञ्चनपुर]], [[डडेलधुरा]], [[बैतडी]], [[दार्चुला]] ===विविध=== नेपालका १४ अञ्चलहरूका नाम सजिलो गरि सम्झन यी मध्ये कुनै वाक्याशं याद गर्नसक्नु हुन्छ: *मेरा बाकसको नाम सेलुज धभेग *रामेको बाकस नाम सेलुज धभेग *मेरा भेनाको बाकसम गजलु धसे वाक्याशंका प्रत्येक अक्षरले अञ्चलको नामको पहिलो अक्षर जनाउँछ। 822 8898 2007-01-17T10:31:42Z Tangotango 190 Undo revision 8889 by [[Special:Contributions/82.110.109.171]] ([[User talk:82.110.109.171]]) '''राष्ट्रिय गान्''' सामान्यतया देशभक्तिले भरिपूर्ण गीत हो जसले इतिहास, संस्कृती, जनताको सङ्घर्षलाई बयान गर्छ र त्यस देशको सरकारले आधिकारिक मान्यता दिएर अथवा जनमानसवीचको चलनचल्तिले प्रमुख राष्ट्रिय गीतको रूप लिएको हुन्छ। यो लेख नेपालको राष्ट्रिय गान्‌को बारेमा हो जसको स्थिति हाल अस्पष्ट छ। सन् २००६ मे १९ को [[प्रतिनिधि सभा]] घोषणाले त्यतिखेरको राष्ट्रिय गान् "श्री मान् गम्भिर" लाई निलम्वन गरेको थियो र हालसम्म नयाँ गानको आधिकारिक निर्णय भइसकेको छैन। == नयाँ राष्ट्रिय गान् (प्रस्तावित) == राष्ट्रिय गान् छनौट गर्न गठित १४ सदस्यीय कार्यदलले १२ सय ९२ जनाको रचना मध्ये [[ब्याकुल माइला|ब्याकुल माइलाको]] (प्रदिपकुमार राई, ३४) गीतलाई सर्वोत्कृष्ट मानेर प्रस्ताव गरेको छ। === शब्द === :सयौं थूंगा फूलका हामी, एउटै माला नेपाली :सार्वभौम भइ फैलिएका, मेची-महाकाली । :प्रकृतिका कोटी-कोटी सम्पदाको आंचल :वीरहरुका रगतले, स्वतन्त्र र अटल :ज्ञानभूमि, शान्तिभूमि तराई, पहाड, हिमाल :अखण्ड यो प्यारो हाम्रो मातृभूमि नेपाल । :बहुल जाति, भाषा, धर्म, संस्कृति छन् विशाल :अग्रगामी राष्ट्र हाम्रो, जय जय नेपाल । === अंग्रेजीमा [[लिपि रुपान्तरण|लिपि रुपान्तरण (transliteration)]] === <small>(Note: The transliteration is not proper. Please fix this, if you can)</small> :Saiyaun thunga phoolka hami eutai mala Nepali :Saarwabhoum bhai phailiyeka Mechi Mahakali :Prakritika koti koti sampadako aanchal, :Birharuka ragatale swatantra ra atal :Gyanabhumi shantibhumi terai pahad himal :Akhanda yo pyaro hamro matribhumi Nepal :Bahul jati bhasha dharma sanskriti chhan bishal :Agragami rastra hamro jaya jaya Nepal === अंग्रेजी [[अनुवाद]] === :We are hundreds of flowers, the one garland - Nepali : Sovereign, spread out from Mechi to Mahakali. :Amassing nature's millions of heritage :By the blood of the braves, independent and immovable. :Land of knowledge, land of peace Terai, hills, mountains :Undivided this beloved, our motherland Nepal. :Diverse race, language, religion, culture are so large :Our progressive nation, long live long live Nepal. == पुरानो राष्ट्रिय गान् (निलम्बित) == सन् १९६२ देखि अपनाइएको '''"राष्ट्रिय गान्"''' नेपालको राजा र राष्ट्रको निम्ति समर्पित छ। यसको संगीत सन् १८९९ मा भक्त बहादुर बुढापिर्थीले रचना गर्नुभएको थियो। यसको शब्द रचना श्री [[चक्रपाणि चालिसे|चक्रपाणि चालिसेले]] सन् १९२४ मा गर्नु भएको थियो। === शब्द === :श्रीमान् गम्भीर नेपाली :प्रचण्ड प्रतापी भूपति :श्री ५ सरकार महाराजाधिराजको :सदा रहोस् उन्नति :राखुन् चिरायु ईशले :प्रजा फैलियोस् :पुकारौ जय प्रेमले :हामी नेपाली साराले === अंग्रेजीमा लिपि रुपान्तरण === :shrîmân gambhîra nepâlî :prachanda pratâpi bhûpati :shrî pânch sarkâr mahârâjâdhirâjako :sadâ rahos unnati :rakhun chirâyu îshale :prajâ phailiyos :pukâraun jaya premale :hâmî nepâlî sârâle. === अंग्रेजी अनुवाद === :May glory crown you, courageous Sovereign, :You, the gallant Nepalese, :Shri Panch Maharajadhiraja, our glorious ruler, :May he live for many years to come :And may the number of his subjects increase. :Let every Nepalese sing this with joy. === धुन === * [http://david.national-anthems.net/np.mid MIDI धुन file] [[Category:राष्ट्रिय गान]] [[Category:नेपाल]] [[de:Rashtriya Gan]] [[en:Rastriya Gaan]] [[es:Ras Triya Gaan]] [[fi:Ras Triya Gaan]] [[fr:Ras Triya Gaan]] [[it:Rastriya Gaan]] [[ko:네팔의 국가]] [[nl:Rastriya Gaan]] [[pl:Hymn Nepalu]] [[pt:Hino nacional do Nepal]] [[tr:Rastriya Gaan]] 823 4051 2004-11-22T14:33:01Z Indiver 9 #REDIRECT [[राष्ट्रिय गान्]] 824 9154 2007-01-25T11:10:44Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Adding: [[dv:ފަލަކީ އިލްމު]] ज्योतिष शास्त्र ब्रह्माण्ड सम्बन्धि अध्ययन हो। 'ज्योतिष' word actually has relation to astrology. So astronomers prefer the name खगोलशास्त्र, which means astronomy. ग्रह, तारा, सौर्यमण्डल, तारापुञ्ज र अन्य दृस्य र अदृस्य खगोलिय पिण्डहरुको अध्ययन् र अवलोकन गर्ने विधालाई '''खगोलशास्त्र''' भनिन्छ। खगोलशास्त्र मानवजातिको एक सारै पुरानो विज्ञान हो। यसको सुरुवात लिखित ईतिहास भन्दा धेरै पुरानो छ। Click below to read article on Astronomy http://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/खगोलशास्त्र http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy Links on Astronomy in Nepal Kosmandu Astronomical Society, the organization of amateur astronomers of Nepal: [http://www.geocities.com/kosmandu/] {{portal}} [[Image:moon.crater.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb|right|275px|Lunar astronomy: the large crater is [[Daedalus (crater)|Daedalus]], photographed by the crew of ''[[Apollo 11]]'' as they circled the [[Moon]] in 1969. Located near the centre of the [[Far side (Moon)|far side]] of Earth's Moon, its diameter is about 58 miles (93 km).]] [[Image:Table of Astronomy, Cyclopaedia, Volume 1, p 164.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Table of astronomy, from the 1728 ''[[Cyclopaedia]]'']] [[af:Sterrekunde]] [[am:ሥነ ፈለክ]] [[an:Astronomía]] [[ar:فلك]] [[ast:Astronomía]] [[ba:Астрономия]] [[bg:Астрономия]] [[bm:Dolokalan]] [[bn:জ্যোতির্বিজ্ঞান]] [[br:Steredoniezh]] [[bs:Astronomija]] [[ca:Astronomia]] [[co:Astronomia]] [[cs:Astronomie]] [[csb:Astronomijô]] [[cv:Астрономи]] [[cy:Seryddiaeth]] [[da:Astronomi]] [[de:Astronomie]] [[dv:ފަލަކީ އިލްމު]] [[el:Αστρονομία]] [[en:Astronomy]] [[eo:Astronomio]] [[es:Astronomía]] [[et:Astronoomia]] [[eu:Astronomia]] [[fa:اخترشناسی]] [[fi:Tähtitiede]] [[fiu-vro:Tähetiidüs]] [[fo:Stjørnufrøði]] [[fr:Astronomie]] [[frp:Astronomia]] [[fur:Astronomie]] [[fy:Stjerrekunde]] [[ga:Réalteolaíocht]] [[gd:Reul-eòlas]] [[gl:Astronomía]] [[gu:ખગોળશાસ્ત્ર]] [[gv:Rollageydys]] [[he:אסטרונומיה]] [[hi:खगोल शास्त्र]] [[hr:Astronomija]] [[ht:Astwonomi]] [[hu:Csillagászat]] [[ia:Astronomia]] [[id:Astronomi]] [[ie:Astronomie]] [[io:Astronomio]] [[is:Stjörnufræði]] [[it:Astronomia]] [[iu:ᓯᓚᓯᐅᕐᓂᖅ]] [[ja:天文学]] [[jbo:kesyske]] [[jv:Astronomi]] [[ka:ასტრონომია]] [[kn:ಖಗೋಳಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ]] [[ko:천문학]] [[ku:Stêrnasî]] [[kw:Astronymyl]] [[la:Astronomia]] [[lad:Astronomiya]] [[lb:Astronomie]] [[li:Sjtarrekónde]] [[lo:ດາຣາສາດ]] [[lt:Astronomija]] [[lv:Astronomija]] [[mo:Астрономие ши астрофизикэ]] [[ms:Astronomi]] [[mt:Astronomija]] [[nap:Astronumia]] [[nds:Astronomie]] [[nds-nl:Steernskunde]] [[nl:Astronomie]] [[nn:Astronomi]] [[no:Astronomi]] [[nov:Astronomia]] [[nrm:Astrononmie]] [[oc:Astronomia]] [[pa:ਤਾਰਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ]] [[pam:Astronomia]] [[pl:Astronomia]] [[pt:Astronomia]] [[qu:Quylluryachay]] [[rm:Astronomia]] [[rmy:Chexanipen]] [[ro:Astronomie]] [[ru:Астрономия]] [[sc:Astronomia]] [[scn:Astronumìa]] [[sco:Astronomie]] [[sh:Astronomija]] [[si:තාරකා විද්‍යාව]] [[simple:Astronomy]] [[sk:Astronómia]] [[sl:Astronomija]] [[sq:Astronomia]] [[sr:Астрономија]] [[su:Astronomi]] [[sv:Astronomi]] [[sw:Falaki]] [[ta:வானியல்]] [[tet:Astronomia]] [[th:ดาราศาสตร์]] [[tl:Astronomiya]] [[tpi:Estronomi]] [[tr:Gökbilim]] [[ug:ئىلمىي نۇجۇم]] [[uk:Астрономія]] [[vec:Astronomia]] [[vi:Thiên văn học]] [[vo:Stelav]] [[wa:Astronomeye]] [[war:Astronomiya]] [[zh:天文学]] [[zh-min-nan:Thian-bûn-ha̍k]] 825 8788 2007-01-14T18:27:30Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Adding: [[th:ฤคเวท]] ऋग्वेद (संस्कृत ऋग् 'प्रशंसा' + वेद 'ज्ञान') [[सनातन धर्म]] अथवा [[हिन्दू धर्म]] उत्पतिको श्रोत, र संसारकै पहिलो धार्मिक [[ग्रन्थ]] हो [http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article?tocId=9376934]। यसमा १०१७ [[श्लोक]] छन्, जसमा [[देवता|देवताहरु]]को [[स्तुति]] छ। यसको रचना वैदिक संस्कृतमा गरिएको छ। ऋग्वेद १० किताब (मण्डला) हरुको श्रीङ्खला हो। {{stub}} [[de:Rigveda]] [[en:Rigveda]] [[eo:Rigvedo]] [[es:Rig Veda]] [[fr:Rig-Veda]] [[he:ריג ודה]] [[hi:ऋग्वेद]] [[it:Rig Veda]] [[ja:リグ・ヴェーダ]] [[lt:Rigveda]] [[nl:Rig-Veda]] [[no:Rig Veda]] [[pl:Rygweda]] [[pt:Rig Veda]] [[ru:Ригведа]] [[sa:ऋग्वेद]] [[sl:Rigveda]] [[sv:Rig Veda]] [[th:ฤคเวท]] [[tr:Rigveda]] [[zh:梨俱吠陀]] 826 7327 2006-10-07T04:56:04Z Eukesh 93 /* भौगोलिक बाँडफाट */ हिन्दू धर्म वा सनातन (धेरै समयदेखि चलिआएको) [[धर्म]] विश्वकै पहिलो धर्म मानिन्छ, जुन हालसम्म चलिआएको छ। हिन्दू धर्मको बिशेषता यस भित्रका बिभिन्न आस्था र विश्वाशका श्रोत हुन्। यसको उत्पति पुरातन वैदिक संस्कृतिबाट, इशापूर्व २००० भन्दा पहिले भएको मानिन्छ। शङ्ख्याको हिसाबले यो विश्वको तेश्रो ठुलो धर्म हो जसका अनुयायीहरुको शङ्ख्या करिब १.०५ अर्ब छ। जस मध्ये ९६% दक्षिण एशियामा छन्। [[Image:Hinduism.png|thumb|200px| [[ओम]] (ॐ), हिन्दू धर्मको पावन मन्त्र]] === अवतार === * [[मत्स्य]] * [[कूर्म]] * [[वराह]] * [[वामन]] * [[नरसिंह]] * [[परशुराम]] * [[राम]] * [[कृष्ण]] * [[बुद्ध]] ??? * [[कल्कि]] === वेद === [[चित्र:Hindutempelcolombo.JPG|thumb|align=right|हिंदू मंदिर, श्री लंका]] * [[ऋग्वेद]] * [[यजुर्वेद]] * [[सामवेद]] * [[अथर्ववेद]] === इतिहास === * [[महाभारत]] * [[रामायण]] === उपनिषद्‌ === * [[उपनिषद्‌ सूची]] * [[भागवत गीता]] === भौगोलिक बाँडफाट === [[नेपाल]], [[भारत]], र [[मौरिसस्]] का राज्यहरु लगायत [[इन्डोनेशिया]]को बाली टापुमा प्राय जनशङ्ख्या हिन्दू छन्। केहिमात्रामा यी देशहरुमा पनि हिन्दूहरु छन्: *[[बंगलादेश]] (१.१ करोड), *[[म्यानमार]] (७१ लाख), *[[पाकिस्तान]] (३३ लाख), *[[श्रीलंका]] (२५ लाख), *[[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]] (२० लाख) *[[दक्षिण अफ्रीका]] (१२ लाख), *[[संयुक्त अधिराज्य]] (१२ लाख), *[[मलेसिया]] (११ लाख), *[[क्यानेडा]] (७ लाख), *[[फिजि]] (५ लाख), *[[ट्रिनिडाड र टोबेगो]] (५ लाख), *[[गियाना]] (४ लाख), *[[नेदरल्याण्ड]] (४ लाख), *[[सिंगापुर]] (३ लाख) *[[सुरिनाम]] (२ लाख). प्रबल हिन्दू समुदाय पूर्व-सोभियत संघका राष्ट्रहरु, विषेशगरि [[रुस]], र [[पोल्यण्ड]] मा पनि छन्। [[इन्डोनेशिया]]का टापुहरु जाभा, सुलावेसी, सुमात्रा र बोर्निओमा पनि प्रसस्त रैथाने हिन्दूहरु छन्। हिन्दूत्व[[योगा]]को रुपमा त झनै विश्वब्यापि रुपमा फैलिएको छ। संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकामा मात्रै ३ करोड [[योगा]]का अनुयायीहरु छन्। [[Image:KonarkSunTempleOrissa.jpg|thumb|left|300px|ओरिसाको कोनार्क सूर्य मन्दिरलाई सूर्य भगवानको २४-पाङ्ग्रे रथको रुपमा लिईन्छ।]] {{हिन्दू धर्म}} [[Category:हिन्दू]] [[Category:हिन्दू धर्म]] [[Category:धर्म]] [[Category:नेपाल]] [[ar:هندوسية]] [[af:Hindoeïsme]] [[da:Hinduisme]] [[de:Hinduismus]] [[en:Hinduism]] [[eo:Hinduismo]] [[es:Mitología hindú]] [[fi:Hindulaisuus]] [[fr:Hindouisme]] [[he:הינדואיזם]] [[id:Hindu]] [[nl:Hindoeïsme]] [[no:Hinduisme]] [[pl:Hinduizm]] [[pt:Hinduísmo]] [[ru:Индуизм]] [[sv:Hinduism]] {{stub}} 827 4055 2004-11-26T23:48:55Z 172.182.165.146 #REDIRECT [[हिन्दू धर्म]] 828 4056 2004-11-22T17:54:38Z Indiver 9 हिन्दुहरुको पावन मन्त्र हिन्दुहरुको पावन मन्त्र 829 4057 2004-11-22T19:00:23Z Indiver 9 #REDIRECT [[हिन्दू धर्म]] 831 4059 2004-11-23T04:53:58Z Indiver 9 १९औ शताब्दिको एक तस्बिरमा गिजाको महान् पिरामिड १९औ शताब्दिको एक तस्बिरमा गिजाको महान् पिरामिड 832 4060 2004-11-23T05:30:25Z Indiver 9 जेदेफ्रेको भत्केको पिरामिड जेदेफ्रेको भत्केको पिरामिड 833 4061 2004-11-23T05:33:59Z Indiver 9 खाबाको अधुरो पिरामिड खाबाको अधुरो पिरामिड 834 5134 2005-10-14T07:23:14Z 69.232.204.227 /* हवार्रा */ हिज्जे [[मिश्र]]का पिरामिडहरु, जस मध्ये केही सैबै भन्दा ठूला मानव निर्मित संरचना कहल्लिएका छन, [[प्राचिन मिश्र]] [[सभ्यता]]का सबैभन्दा अटल एवम् बलिया प्रतिक हुन्। सामान्यतया धेरैजसो पुरातत्वविदहरु के मान्छन् भने, यिनीहरुको निर्माण राजकिय, सौर्य र ज्योतिष चलनहरु सँग सम्बन्धित अन्त्येष्ठी (लाश गाढ्ने) स्मारकहरुको रुपमा गरिएको हो। र धेरैजसोको निर्माण [[मिश्रको पुरानो अधिराज्य|पुरानो]] र [[मिश्रको मध्य अधिराज्य|मध्य अधिराज्य]] को समयमा गरिएको हो। [[Image:PyramidDatePalms.JPG|right|300px|thumb|१९औ शताब्दिको एक तस्बिरमा गिजाको महान् पिरामिड]] ==पिरामिडका प्रतिक== [[मिश्र]]का पिरामिडहरुको आकारले घामबाट खसिरहेका किरणहरुलाई जनाउने विश्वाश गरिन्छ। धेरैजसोलाई अत्यन्त टल्किने सेतो चुनठुङ्गाले लेपिएको थियो जसका कारण टाढाबाट हेर्दा चम्किलो देखिन्थ्यो। अक्सर पिरामिडहरुको नामाकरण पनि सूर्यको चमकलाई जनाउनेगरी गरिन्थ्यो। उदाहरणको लागि: [[दशुर]]को [[ढल्केको पिरामिड]]को औपचारिक नाम ''दक्षिणको चम्किलो पिरामिड'' थियो, र अल-लहुनको सेन्वोस्रेतको नाम ''सेन्वोस्रेत चम्किरहेछ'' थियो। ==ऐतिहासिक बिकाशक्रम== By the time of the early Dynastic period of Egyptian history, those with sufficient means were buried in visually unremarkable bench-like structures known as [[Mastaba|mastabas]]. The first historically documented pyramid is attributed to the architect [[Imhotep]], who in constructing a tomb for the pharaoh [[Djozer]], first conceived the notion of stacking a number of mastabas on top of each other &mdash; thereby creating an edifice comprised of a number of steps that decreased in size towards its apex. The result was the [[Pyramid of Djozer|Step Pyramid of Djozer]] &mdash; which was designed to serve as a gigantic stairway by which the soul of the deceased pharaoh could ascend to the heavens. Such was the importance of Imhotep's achievement that he was deified by later Egyptians. The most prolific pyramid-building phase coincided with the greatest degree of absolutist [[Pharaoh|pharaonic]] rule, during the early part of the Old Kingdom. Over time, as the exercise of pharaonic authority became less centralised and more bureaucratised, the ability and willingness to harness the resources required for construction on a massive scale was reduced, and later pyramids were smaller, less well built and often hastily constructed. Long after the end of Egypt's own pyramid-building period, a burst of pyramid-building occurred in what is present-day [[Sudan]]), after much of Egypt came under the rule of the Kings of [[Napata]]. Whilst Napatan rule was brief and ceased in 661 BC, the Egyptian influence had made an indelible impression, and during the later Sudanese Kingdom of [[Meroe]] (approximately in the period between 300 BC&ndash;AD 300) this flowered into a full-blown pyramid-building revival, which saw more than two hundred uniquely indigenous, but strongly Egyptian-inspired royal pyramid tombs constructed in the vicinity of the Meroitic capital city. ==निर्माण प्रविधि== The techniques used to construct Egypt's pyramids were initially developed by trial and error, and then further evolved based on local economic, resource and other considerations, over the thousand year pyramid-building phase of Egyptian civilization. During the earliest period, in the Third and Fourth Dynasties, pyramids were constructed wholly of stone. Granite (quarried in [[Aswan]] and transported downstream by barge) was usually the material of choice for the main body of these pyramids, while limestone was used as the outer casing. In early pyramids, the courses of stone forming the pyramid body were laid sloping inwards; however, this configuration was shown to be less stable than simply stacking horizontal courses on top of each other. The [[Bent Pyramid]] at [[Dashur]] represents the transition between these two building techniques; its lower section is built of sloping courses, while in its upper section the stones are laid horizontally. During the Fifth Dynasty the physical scale of pyramids was much reduced, and poor quality limestone replaced granite as the chief building material. Infilling with loose rubble was also used for the first time. This enabled pyramids to be built with fewer resources over much shorter periods. During the Middle Kingdom pyramid construction techniques changed again. Most pyramids built at this time were little more than mountains of mud brick encased in a veneer of polished limestone. In several cases, later pyramids were built on top of natural hills to further reduce the volume of material needed in their construction. Paradoxically, the materials and methods of construction used in the earliest pyramids have ensured their survival in a generally much better state of preservation than is the case with the pyramid monuments of later pharaohs. ==पिरामिड क्षेत्रहरु== हाल मिश्रमा बिभिन्न आकारका लगभग ९०वटा पिरामिडहरु संरक्षणका बिभिन्न अबस्थमा रहेका छन्। धेरैजसोलाई पिरामिड-मैदानहरुमा समुहगत गरिएको छ। त्यस मध्येका महत्वपुर्णहरु: (उत्तर देखि दक्षिण, स्थानको क्रममा) == अबु रबास == [[Image:pyramid_of_djedefre_01.jpg|right|thumb|250px|जेदेफ्रेको भत्केको पिरामिड]] अबु रबास is the site of Egypt's most northerly pyramid &mdash; the mostly ruined Pyramid of [[Djedefre]], the son and successor of [[Khufu (pharaoh)|Khufu]]. Originally it was thought that this pyramid had never been completed, but the current archaelogicical consensus is that not only was it completed, but that it was originally about the same size as the Pyramid of [[Menkaure]] &mdash; the third largest of the [[Giza]] pyramids. On this basis Djedefre's edifice would have claimed the title of the fourth or fifth largest pyramid in Egypt. Unfortunately its location adjacent to a major crossroads made it an easy source of stone, and quarrying &mdash; which began in Roman times &mdash; continued until as recently as the early 20th century. Today little remains apart from a few courses of stone superimposed upon the natural hillock that formed part of the pyramid's core &mdash; although a small adjacent satellite pyramid is in a better state of preservation. <br style="clear:both;"> == गिजा == [[Image:pyramids_at_giza_01.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The Giza pyramid field, viewed from the southwest. Dominating the picture from foreground to background are the Pyramids of Menkaure, Khafre and Khufu.]] [[गिजा]], on the southern outskirts of [[Cairo]] is the location of the [[Pyramid of Khufu]] (also known as the "Great Pyramid" and the "Pyramid of Cheops"), the somewhat smaller Pyramid of [[Khafre]] (or Kephren), and the relatively modest-sized Pyramid of [[Menkaure]] (or Mykerinus), along with a number of smaller satellite edifices, known as "queens" pyramids, and the [[Sphinx]]. Of the three, only Khafre's pyramid retains part of its original polished limestone casing, towards its apex. Interestingly this pyramid appears larger than the adjacent Khufu pyramid by virtue of its more elevated location, and the steeper angle of inclination of its construction &mdash; it is, in fact, smaller in both height and volume. The गिजा necropolis has arguably been the world's most popular tourist destination since antiquity, and was popularised in Hellenistic times when the Great Pyramid was listed by [[Antipater of Sidon]] as one of the [[Seven Wonders of the World]]. Today it is the only one of the ancient Wonders still in existence. <br style="clear:both;"> == जावेत एल-आर्यन == [[Image:pyramid_of_khaba_01.jpg|right|thumb|250px|खाबाको अधुरो पिरामिड]] This site, half way between गिजा and अबु सर, is the location for two unfinished Old Kingdom pyramids. The northern structure's owner is believed to be the Pharaoh [[Nebka]], whilst the southern structure is attributed to the Third Dynasty Pharaoh [[Khaba]], also known as [[Hudjefa]], successor to [[Sekhemket]]). Khaba's four-year tenure as pharaoh more than likely explains the similar premature truncation of his step pyramid. Today it is approximately twenty metres in height; had it been completed it is likely to have exceeded forty. <br style="clear:both;"> == अबु सर == [[Image:pyramids_of_niuserre_and_neferirkare_01.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The Pyramids of Niuserre and Neferirkare at अबु सर, viewed from the southeast]] There are a total of seven pyramids at this site, which served as the main royal necropolis during the Fifth Dynasty. The quality of construction of the Abu Sir pyramids is inferior to those of the Fourth Dynasty &mdash; perhaps signaling a decrease in royal power or a less vibrant economy. They are smaller than their predecessors, and are built of low quality local limestone. The three major pyramids are those of [[Niuserre]] (which is also the most intact), [[Nferirkare]] and [[Sahure]]. The site is also home to the incomplete Pyramid of [[Neferefre]]. All of the major pyramids at Abu Sir were built as step pyramids, although the largest of them &mdash; the Pyramid of [[Nferirkare]] &mdash; is believed to have originally been built as a step pyramid some seventy metres in height and then later transformed into a "true" pyramid by having its steps filled in with loose masonry. <br style="clear:both;"> == सक्कारा == [[Image:pyramid_of_djozer_01.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The Step Pyramid of Djozer]] Major pyramids at [[सक्कारा]] include the [[Pyramid of Djozer|Step Pyramid of Djozer]] &mdash; the world's oldest monumental stone building &mdash; the [[Pyramid of Userkaf]] and the [[Pyramid of Teti]]. Also at Saqqara is the [[Pyramid of Unas]], which retains a pyramid causeway that is amongst the best-preserved in Egypt. This pyramid was also the subject of one of antiquities' earliest restoration attempts, conducted under the auspices of one of the sons of [[Ramses II]]. Saqqara is also the location of the incomplete step pyramid of Djozer's successor [[Sekhemkhet]]. Archaeologists believe that had this pyramid been completed it would have been larger than Djozer's. <br style="clear:both;"> == दसुर == [[Image:pyramid_of_sneferu_bent_01.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The southern or "Bent" Pyramid of Sneferu at दसुर. Uniquely, this pyramid retains much of its original polished limestone casing.]] [[दसुर]] is arguably the most important pyramid field in Egypt outside Giza and Saqqara, although until recently the site was inaccessible due to its location within a military base, and hence was virtually unknown outside archaeological circles. The southern Pyramid of [[Sneferu]], commonly known as the [[Bent Pyramid]] is believed to be the first (or by some accounts, second) attempt at creating a pyramid with smooth sides. In this it was only a partial &mdash; but nonetheless visually arresting &mdash; success; it remains the only Egyptian pyramid to retain a significant proportion of its original limestone casing, and serves as the best example of the luminous appearance common to all pyramids in their original state. The northern, or [[Red Pyramid]] built at the same location by Sneferu was later successfully completed as the world's first true smooth-sided pyramid. Despite its relative obscurity, the Red Pyramid is actually the third largest pyramid in Egypt &mdash; after the pyramids of [[Khufu]] and [[Khafre]] at [[Giza]]. Also at Dashur is the so-called [[Black Pyramid]] of [[Amenemhet III]]. <br style="clear:both;"> == लिष्ठ == [[Image:pyramid_of_amenemhet_01.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The ruined Pyramid of Amenemhet I at Lisht]] Two major pyramids are known to have been built at Lisht &mdash; those of [[Amenemhat I]] and his son, [[Senusret I]] (Sesostris I). The latter is surrounded by the ruins of ten smaller subsidiary pyramids. The site which is in the vicinity of the oasis of [[Fayyum]], midway between [[Dashur]] and [[Meidun]], and about 100 kilometres south of [[कायरो]], is believed to be in the vicinity of the ancient city of [[Iti-tawi]] (the precise location of which remains unknown), which served as the capital of Egypt during the 12th Dynasty. <br style="clear:both;"> == मेइदुन == [[Image:pyramid_of_sneferu_meidun_01.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Sneferu's Pyramid at Meidun; the central core structure remains, surrounded by a mountain of rubble from the collapsed outer casing]] The pyramid at [[मेइदुन]] is one of three constructed during the reign of [[Sneferu]], and is believed by some to have been commenced by that pharaoh's father and predecessor, [[Huni]]. Some archaelogists also suggest that the Meidun pyramid may have been the first unsuccessful attempt at the construction of a "true" or smooth-sided pyramid. The pyramid suffered a catastrophic collapse in antiquity, and today only the central parts of its stepped inner core remain standing, giving it an odd tower-like appearance that is unique among Egyptian pyramids. The hill that the pyramid sits atop is not a natural landscape feature &mdash; it is in fact the small mountain of debris created when the lower courses and outer casing of the pyramid gave way. It has been suggested that the collapse occurred while construction was underway on the [[Bent Pyramid]] at Dashur (also built by Sneferu), and that this may have been one of the reasons for the design changes implemented during construction of the latter edifice. <br style="clear:both;"> == हवार्रा == [[Image:pyramid_of_amenemhet_hawarra_01.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The Pyramid of Amenemhet III at Hawarra, viewed from the east.]] [[Amenemhet III]] was the last powerful ruler of the 12th Dynasty, and the pyramid he built at Hawarra, near Faiyum, is believed to post-date the so-called "Black Pyramid" built by the same ruler at [[दसुर]]. It is the Hawarra pyramid that is believed to have been Amenemhet's final resting place. In common with all Middle Kingdom pyramids it was built almost entirely of mud brick faced with limestone. Most of the stone was later pillaged for use in other buildings &mdash; a fate common to almost all of Egypt's pyramids &mdash; and today the Hawarra pyramid is little more than an eroded vaguely pyramid-shaped mountain of mud brick. The huge mortuary temple that originally stood adjacent to this pyramid is believed to have formed the basis of the [[labyrinth]] mentioned by such ancient historians as [[Herodotus]], [[Strabo]] and [[Diodorus Siculus]], and which is said to have been the model for the labyrinth built by [[Daedalus]] for King [[Minos]] of [[Crete]] to house the [[Minotaur]]. <br style="clear:both;"> == अल लहुन == [[Image:pyramid_of_senwosret_01.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The Pyramid of Senwosret II. The pyramid's natural limestone core is clearly visible as the yellow stratum at its base.]] The pyramid of [[Senwosret II]] at Il Lahun is the southernmost pyramid structure in Egypt. Its builders reduced the amount work necessary to construct it by ingeneously using as its foundation and core a 12 metre high natural limestone hill. <br style="clear:both;"> ==यो पनि हेर्नुस्== *[[Nubian pyramids]] == बाहिर links == *[http://egyptphoto.ncf.ca/index.htm Pyramids of Egypt] &ndash; Comprehensive site by an Egyptian archaeology enthusiast that includes spectacular photographs of dozens of pyramids. *[http://www.casa.ucl.ac.uk/digital_egypt/hawara/bibliography_old.html#her Ancient Authors] &ndash; A site that quotes descriptions of the "Labyrinth" of Amenemhet III's pyramid at Il Lahun by various ancient authors. *[http://www.narmer.pl/pir/pirnub_en.htm Pyramids of Nubia] &ndash; A site detailing the major pyramid sites of ancient Nubia (Sudan). [[Category:प्राचिन मिश्र]] <!-- interwiki --> [[de:Pyramiden von Gizeh]] [[en:Pyramids of Giza]] [[fr:Pyramides d'Égypte]] [[hr:Piramide]] [[nl:Egyptische piramiden]] [[ru:&#1045;&#1075;&#1080;&#1087;&#1077;&#1090;&#1089;&#1082;&#1080;&#1077; &#1087;&#1080;&#1088;&#1072;&#1084;&#1080;&#1076;&#1099;]] 835 4063 2004-11-23T05:37:04Z Indiver 9 पिरामिड moved to मिश्रको पिरामिड #REDIRECT [[मिश्रको पिरामिड]] 836 4064 2004-11-23T05:40:55Z Indiver 9 प्राचिन मिश्र सम्बन्धि रोचक लेखहरु 837 4065 2004-11-24T17:55:29Z Indiver 9 #REDIRECT [[हिमालय]] 838 8225 2006-12-31T04:00:20Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Adding: [[sw:Himalaya]] [[Image:Himalayas.jpg|thumb|350px|अन्तरिक्षबाट देखिने हिमालय र सगरमाथा ([[:Image:himalaya_annotated.jpg|annotated version]])]] [[Image:Himalaya composite.jpg|thumb|350px|भू-उपग्रहबाट खिचिएको हिमालय शृङ्खलाको तस्विर । Also visible is the उत्तरतिर [[तिब्बत]] र [[तक्लामकान]] फाँट पनि देखिएको छ ।]] '''हिमालय''' [[एशिया]]मा अवस्थित एक [[हिमशृङखला]] हो, जुन दक्षिण-पश्चिमबाट पाकिस्थान, भारत हुँदै तिब्बत, नेपाल र भूटानसम्म फैलिएको छ । हिमालय [[अफगानिस्थान]]को [[हिन्दूकुश]] हिमशृङखलासँग जोडिएको छ । हिमालय शब्दको उत्पति [[संस्कृत]]बाट भएको हो, जसको अर्थ हुन्छ - "हिउँको बासस्थान" (संस्कृत ''हिम्'' "हिउँ", र ''आलय'' "बासस्थान") । [[सगरमाथा]] (८८५०&nbsp;m), [[के२]] (८६११&nbsp;m) र [[कञ्चनजङ्घा]] (८५९८&nbsp;m) समेत विश्वकै सर्वोच्च शिखरहरु हिमालयमै अवस्थित छन । == हिमालयको उत्पति == According to [[plate tectonics]], the हिमालय is the result of a [[convergent boundary]] between the [[Indo-Australian Plate|Indo-Australian]] and [[Eurasian Plate|Eurasian]] [[continental plate|Plates]]. The continued movement of these plates means the हिमालय are still growing in size. [[Geology|Geologists]] believe that the हिमालय would rise at the rate of about 8 to 10 centimeters per year if plate tectonics were the only factor. There are also, however, forces of [[erosion]] which are wearing the mountains down. The approximate net growth of the हिमालय amounts to 2.5 to 5 centimeters per century. == हिमाल == हिमालले नेपालीमा शिखर वा हिमशृङ्खलालाई जनाउँछ। नेपालका केहि हिमशृङ्खलाहरु: * अन्नपूर्ण हिमाल * गणेश हिमाल * खुम्बु हिमाल * लाङ्टाङ हिमाल * मनाङ हिमाल * रोल्वालिङ् हिमाल == उल्लेख्य शिखरहरु == * [[सगरमाथा]] ८,८५० मि - संसारकै सर्बोच्च शिखर * [[के२]] ८,६११ मि * [[कञ्चनजङ्घा]] ८,५८६ मि * [[ल्होत्से]] ८,५०१ मि * [[मकालु]] ८,४६२ मि * [[चो यु]] ८,२०१ मि * [[धौलागिरि]] ८,१६७ मि * [[मनास्लु]] ८,१६३ मि * [[नाँगा पर्बत]] ८,१२६ मि * [[अन्नपूर्ण]] ८,०९१ मि * [[ग्यासरब्रम १]] ८,०६८ मि * [[ब्रोड शिखर]] ८,०४७ मि * [[ग्यासरब्रम २]] ८,०३५ मि * [[शिशापाङ्मा]] ८,०२७ मि * [[ग्याचुङ्काङ]] ७,९२२ मि * [[नन्ददेवी]] ७,८१७ मि * [[काब्रु]] ७,३३८ मि - कञ्चनजङ्घाको दक्षिण तिर * [[पुमोरि]] ७,१६१ मि - चर्चित अरोहण हिमाल == अरु हेर्नुहोस् == * [[Eight-thousander]] - ८००० मिटर भन्दा अग्ला शिखरहरुको सूची * [[Geography of China]] * [[List of mountains in Pakistan]] * [[Trekking peak]] ==External Links== * [http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~wittke/Tibet/Himalaya.html Geology of the Himalayan Mountains] * [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/everest/earth/birth.html हिमालयको जन्म] * [http://snobear.colorado.edu/Markw/Mountains/03/week11.html हिमालयको उत्पति सम्बन्धि केहि जानकारी] [[Category:एशिया]] [[Category:हिमशृङ्खला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] {{नेपाल}} ] [[an:Himalaya]] [[ar:هيمالايا]] [[ast:Himalaya]] [[be:Гімалаі]] [[bg:Хималаи]] [[bn:হিমালয় পর্বতমালা]] [[bs:Himalaji]] [[ca:Himàlaia]] [[cs:Himálaj]] [[da:Himalaya]] [[de:Himalaya]] [[en:Himalayas]] [[eo:Himalajo]] [[es:Himalaya]] [[et:Himaalaja]] [[eu:Himalaia]] [[fa:هیمالیا]] [[fi:Himalaja]] [[fr:Himalaya]] [[gl:Himalaia]] [[he:הימלאיה]] [[hi:हिमालय]] [[hr:Himalaja]] [[hu:Himalája]] [[id:Himalaya]] [[io:Himalaia]] [[is:Himalajafjöll]] [[it:Himalaya]] [[ja:ヒマラヤ山脈]] [[kn:ಹಿಮಾಲಯ]] [[ko:히말라야 산맥]] [[la:Himalaia]] [[lt:Himalajai]] [[mk:Хималаи]] [[ml:ഹിമാലയ പര്‍വ്വതം]] [[ms:Himalaya]] [[nl:Himalaya]] [[nn:Himalaya]] [[no:Himalaya]] [[pl:Himalaje]] [[pt:Himalaia]] [[ru:Гималаи]] [[sa:हिमालय]] [[simple:Himalaya]] [[sk:Himaláje]] [[sl:Himalaja]] [[sr:Хималаји]] [[sv:Himalaya]] [[sw:Himalaya]] [[ta:இமயமலை]] [[tg:Ҳимолой]] [[th:เทือกเขาหิมาลัย]] [[tr:Himalaya Dağları]] [[ug:ھىمالايا تاغ تىزمىسى]] [[uk:Гімалаї]] [[vi:Himalaya]] [[zh:喜马拉雅山脉]] 839 9128 2007-01-23T16:21:13Z 208.198.210.253 /* नाम */ [[Image:Advokat, Engelsk advokatdräkt, Nordisk familjebok.png|thumb|अधिवक्ता]] == नेपाली == === मूल === संस्कृतबाट === नाम === '''अधिवक्ता''' # [[अदालत]]मा [[वादी]] वा [[प्रतिवादी]]का पक्षमा [[वकालत]] गर्ने [[अधिकार]] प्राप्त व्यक्ति; [[कानुन]] व्यवसाय ==== समानार्थी ==== ==== अनुवाद ==== # अंग्रेजी: Advocate ==== सम्बन्धित लेख ==== [[कानुन]] [[अदालत]] [[वकालत]] [[de:Rechtsanwalt]] [[en:Lawyer]] [[Category:कानुन]] ऍ़ज् इस् अ सिच्क् बस्तर्द् 840 6433 2006-07-15T15:07:43Z Rocastelo 125 image == नेपाली == [[Image:Old Bailey Microcosm edited.jpg|thumb|अदालत]] === मूल === संस्कृतबाट === नाम === '''अदालत''' # [[न्यायालय]]; [[न्याय]] इन्साफ गरिने ठाउँ # न्यायाधीश वा [[मुद्दा]]-मामिला फैसला गर्नेहरुको [[इजलास]] ==== समानार्थी ==== ==== अनुवाद ==== # अंग्रेजी: Court ==== सम्बन्धित लेख ==== [[कानुन]] [[न्याय]] [[वकालत]] [[en:Court]] [[Category:कानुन]] 841 7396 2006-10-14T22:44:04Z Jose77 104 /* समानार्थी */ == नेपाली == === मूल === संस्कृतबाट === नाम === '''कानुन''' # समाज वा राज्यलाई व्गवस्थित गर्ने लिखित नियमहरु समूह ==== समानार्थी ==== ऐन ==== अनुवाद ==== # अंग्रेजी: Law ==== सम्बन्धित लेख ==== [[अदालत]] [[न्याय]] [[वकालत]] [[en:Law]] [[Category:कानुन]] 842 7564 2006-10-30T10:09:41Z Soman 138 [[नियम]], [[कानुन]] र [[अदालत]] सम्बन्धि शब्दहरु [[en:Category:Law]] 843 4071 2004-11-24T18:46:27Z Indiver 9 भू-उपग्रहबाट खिचिएको हिमालय शृङ्खलाको तस्विर भू-उपग्रहबाट खिचिएको हिमालय शृङ्खलाको तस्विर 844 4072 2004-11-24T18:46:59Z Indiver 9 अन्तरिक्षबाट देखिने हिमालय र सगरमाथा अन्तरिक्षबाट देखिने हिमालय र सगरमाथा 845 4073 2004-11-24T19:27:43Z Indiver 9 विश्वका बिभिन्न राष्ट्रहरुको राष्ट्रिय गान 846 4074 2004-11-24T19:32:31Z Indiver 9 [[हिमशृङ्खला]] [[हिमाल]]हरुको समुह हो। 847 6086 2006-06-04T16:45:46Z 217.225.119.182 विकिपिडियाको संचालन अमेरिकाको फ्लोरिडामा दर्ता भएको गैर-मुनाफा संस्था [[विकिमिडिया|विकिमिडिया फाउन्डेसन]]ले गर्दछ, जसले अन्य [[विकिपिडिया:बहुभाषिक समन्वय|बहुभाषिक ]] र [[विकिपिडिया:प्रतिलिपिअधिकार|खुला-सामाग्री]] परियोजनाहरु पनि संचालन गरिरहेको छ। {| align="center" cellpadding="2" width="100%" |- valign="top" | colspan="3" | '''भातृ परियोजनाहरु:''' |- | [[Image:Wikimedia-logo.svg|35px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[m:Main Page|'''मेटा-विकि''']]<br />सबै विकिपिडिया परियोजनाहरुको समन्वय | [[Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png|35px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[wikt:|'''विक्सनेरी''']]<br />एक शब्दकोष र शब्दभण्डार | [[Image:Commons-logo.svg|35px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[commons:|'''विकिमीडिया कमन्स''']]<br />बाँडिएका सामाग्रीहरुको भण्डार | [[Image:Wikibooks-logo.svg|35px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[b:|'''विकिपुस्तक''']]<br />खुला पाठ्यपुस्तक र पुस्तिका |- | [[Image:Wikiquote-logo.svg|35px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[q:|'''विकिउद्दरण''']]<br />उद्दरणहरुको संग्रह | [[Image:Wikisource-logo.png|35px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[wikisource:|'''विकिश्रोत''']]<br />खुला-श्रोत कागजात | [[Image:Wikispecies-logo.png|35px|Wikispecies]] | [[Wikispecies:|'''विकिप्रजाती''']]<br />प्रजातीहरुको डाइरेक्ट्रि | [[Image:Wikinews-logo.png|35px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[n:|'''विकिसमाचार''']]<br />खुला सामाग्री समाचार |} 848 4076 2004-11-27T04:29:27Z Indiver 9 Meta Wiki Meta Wiki 849 4077 2004-11-27T04:29:51Z Indiver 9 विकिपिडिया विकिपिडिया 850 4078 2004-11-27T04:30:25Z Indiver 9 विक्षनेरी विक्षनेरी 851 4079 2004-11-27T04:30:58Z Indiver 9 विकिकोट विकिकोट 852 4080 2004-11-27T04:31:49Z Indiver 9 विकि-पाठ्यपुस्तक विकि-पाठ्यपुस्तक 853 4081 2004-11-27T04:44:43Z Indiver 9 सोर्सबर्ग सोर्सबर्ग 854 8519 2007-01-08T20:37:53Z Indiver 9 {{POV}} [[Image:Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev.gif|thumb|right|ज्ञानेन्द्र वीर विक्रम शाहदेव]] वर्तमान राजा, [[नेपाल]] जन्म: जुलाई ७, १९४७ राजा ज्ञानेन्‍द्र दोस्रो पटक राजा हुने पहिला र सम्भवतः अन्तिम व्यक्ति हुन्। राणा शासनकालमा उनका हजुरबुवा त्रिभुवन र बुवा महेन्द्र देश छाडेर भारत गएपछि राणाहरूले उनलाई राजा बनाएका थिए। त्यसको पचास वर्ष पछि आफ्ना भतिजा [[युवराजाधिराज दीपेन्द्र वीर बिक्रम शाह]]ले गरेको भनिएको राजा वीरेन्द्रको वंश विनाश पछि उनी पुनः नेपाल अधिराज्यका राजा भएका हुन। कुख्यात दरवार हत्याकाण्डमा ज्ञानेन्द्रको परिवारका भने कसैलाई पनि केही नभए लगायतका कारणहरूले गर्दा दरवार हत्याकाण्डमा पनि उनैको हात रहेको अधिकांश नेपालीहरूको आशंका छ तापनि राजनितिक कारण र प्रशासनको डरका कारण त्यो भावना मुखर हुन सकेको छैन। सत्तासीन भएको लगत्तै उनले स्थापित जननिर्वाचित सरकार भङ्ग गरी सम्पूर्ण राजनितिक अधिकार आफूले ग्रहण गरे र मनोनित सरकारको गठन गरेर आफ्नो सक्रिय भूमिकाको खोजी गर्न थाले। फलतः केही समय अघिसम्म सक्रिय राजतन्त्रको अन्त भई संवैधानिक राजतन्त्र स्थापित होस् भन्ने पक्षमा रहेका नेपालीहरु राजा ज्ञानेन्द्रको अलोकप्रिय र तानाशाही शाही कदम पछि राजतन्त्रको समाप्तिकै पक्षमा पुगे। राजाले जनप्रतिनिधिहरूबाट सत्ता खोसेको करीब १५ महिना पछि संयुक्त जनआन्दोलन मार्फत जागेका जनता सामु उनीहरूको राजकीय सत्ता समर्पण गर्न राजा ज्ञानेन्द्र वाध्य भए। अहिले नेपाल अहिलेसम्मकै सबभन्दा ठूलो राजनीतिक र सामाजिक परिवर्तनको सँघारमा रहेको छ र राजा ज्ञानेन्द्र सत्ता सञ्चालनको लोभ दबाएर दरवारमै सीमित हुन पुगेका छन्। [[ca:Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev]] [[da:Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev]] [[de:Gyanendra]] [[el:Γκιανέντρα]] [[en:Gyanendra of Nepal]] [[es:Gyanendra de Nepal]] [[et:Gyanendra]] [[fi:Gyanendra]] [[fr:Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev]] [[gl:Gyanendra de Nepal]] [[id:Gyanendra dari Nepal]] [[it:Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev]] [[ja:ギャネンドラ・ビール・ビクラム・シャー・デーヴ]] [[ko:갸넨드라]] [[li:Gyanendra van Nepal]] [[ms:Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev]] [[nl:Gyanendra van Nepal]] [[no:Gyanendra av Nepal]] [[pl:Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev]] [[pt:Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev]] [[ru:Гьянендра]] [[sv:Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev]] [[tl:Gyanendra ng Nepal]] [[tr:Kral Gyanendra]] [[vi:Gyanendra của Nepal]] [[zh:贾南德拉]] 855 4083 2004-12-12T16:54:25Z Indiver 9 #REDIRECT [[विमान चालक]] 856 5260 2005-11-15T20:57:39Z 207.103.213.227 en: fix पेशा वा मनोरन्जनकोलागि [[विमान]] वा [[वायुयान]] उडाउनेलाई '''विमान चालक''' भनिन्छ। '''विमान चालिका''' भन्ने शब्दले महिला विमान चालकलाई जनाउँछ। वायुयान उडाउनु एक चुनौतिपुर्ण कार्य मानिन्छ। बिभिन्न किसिमका वायुयान उडाएर विश्वकिर्तिमान राख्न मानिसहरु लागिपर्छन्। == सं.रा.अ. विमान चालक प्रमाणपत्र == === निजि विमान चालक प्रमाणपत्र === संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाको संघिय उड्डयन् प्राधिकरणबाट '''निजि विमान चालक प्रमाणपत्र''' प्राप्त गर्न यी आवश्यक छन्: * उमेर कम्तिमा १७ वर्ष हुनुपर्ने * अंग्रेजिमा पढ्न, बोल्न र लेख्न जान्नु पर्ने * अमेरिकि संघिय उड्डयन् प्राधिकरणबाट तेस्रो दर्जाको चिकित्सा प्रमाणपत्र प्राप्त हुनुपर्ने * कम्प्युटरकृत हवाइ ज्ञान परिक्षा उतिर्ण हुनुपर्ने * कम्तिमा ४० घण्टा उडान समय आर्जन गर्नुपर्ने, जस मध्ये २० घण्टा उडान प्रशिक्षक र १० घण्टा एकल-उडान समय हुनुपर्ने * संघिय उड्डयन् प्राधिकरणको नियमानुसार उडान परिक्षा उतिर्ण हुनुपर्ने === खेलकुद विमान चालक प्रमाणपत्र === [[July 20|जुलाई]] [[2004|२००४]]मा संघिय उड्डयन् प्राधिकरणले नया '''खेलकुद विमान चालक''' नियम स्विकृत गर्यो।. यो प्रमाणपत्र माथि उल्लेख गरिएको '''निजि विमान चालक प्रमाणपत्र''' प्राप्त गर्न भन्दा सजिलो छ। तर यसका सिमितता '''निजि विमान चालक प्रमाणपत्र'''का भन्दा पनि बढि छन्। * संघिय उड्डयन् प्राधिकरणबाट चिकित्सा प्रमाणपत्र प्राप्त हुनुनपर्ने। सवारि चालक अनुमतिपत्रका आधारमा विमान चालकलाई उडानको निम्ति चिकित्सा योग्यता दिन सकिने। * कम्तिमा २० घण्टा उडान समय आर्जन गर्नुपर्ने, जस मध्ये १५ घण्टा उडान प्रशिक्षक र ५ घण्टा एकल-उडान समय हुनुपर्ने। * संघिय उड्डयन् प्राधिकरणको नियमानुसार उडान परिक्षामा उतिर्णाङ्क प्राप्त गर्नुपर्ने। * संघिय उड्डयन् प्राधिकरणले तोकेको परिक्षकसँग प्रयोतात्मक उडान परिक्षा उतिर्ण हुनुपर्ने। '''खेलकुद विमान चालक'''माथि लगाईएको सबैभन्दा उल्लेख्य प्रतिबन्धहरु: * रात्री उडान गर्न नपाईने * १०,००० फिटमाथि उडान गर्न नपाईने * नियन्त्रित हवाईक्षेत्र श्रेणी (श्रेणी ए, बि, सि वा डि)मा उडान गर्नु पुर्व अतिरिक्त निर्देषन नभई नपाईने। === उच्चस्तरिय प्रमाणपत्रहरु === '''निजि विमान चालक प्रमाणपत्र''' प्राप्त गरेपछि विमान चालकले यी प्रमाणपत्रहरुको निम्ति आवेदन दिनसक्छन्: * '''उपकरण''' प्रमाणपत्रले जमिनसँग दृष्य सम्पर्कविना विमानलाई उपकरणहरुबाट संचालन गर्ने अनुमति दिन्छ। * '''व्यापारी''' प्रमाणपत्रले विमान चालकलाई कमाईको निम्ति विमान संचालन गर्ने अनुमति दिन्छ। * '''उडान प्रशिक्षक''' प्रमाणपत्रले अरु विमान चालकलाई प्रशिक्षण गर्न अनुमति दिन्छ। * '''वायु यातायात विमान चालक''' प्रमाणपत्रले ठुलो क्षमताको परिवहन वा वायुसेवाको निम्ति उडान गर्ने अनुमति दिन्छ। === अन्य प्रमाणपत्रहरु === [[अमेरिकी सैन्य]] विमान चालकहरुले उडान प्रशिक्षण पुरागरि विमान चालक प्रमाणपत्र प्राप्त गरेपछि [[United States Aviator Badge|विमान चालक पदक]] प्रदान गरिन्छ। == क्यानेडाली विमान चालक अनुमतिपत्र == === निजि विमान चालक प्रमाणपत्र === क्यानेडाको [[क्यानेडा यातायात]]बाट '''निजि विमान चालक''' (उच्च कार्यक्षमता नभएको एकल-इन्जिन् वायुयान अवतरण) अनुमतिपत्रको निम्ति आवस्यकता: * अनुमतिपत्र लिँदा उमेर कम्तिमा १७ वर्ष हुनुपर्ने * तेस्रो वा पहिलो दर्जाको चिकित्सा प्रमाणपत्र प्राप्त हुनुपर्ने * उल्लेखित बिषयमा कम्तिमा ४० घण्टा जमिन अध्ययन् हुनुपर्ने * Completed 45 hours of flight training including all designated exercises * Successfully pass a written exam with Transport Canada (PPAER - pass mark 60%) * Successfully complete a flight test to the standard outlined in the Flight Test Guide ** '''Privileges and restrictions upon completion''' *** May act as pilot-in-command of any aircraft (as endorsed on the licence) *** May carry passengers (as per aircraft limitations, subject to currency requirements) *** May not fly for hire (including carriage of passengers or cargo) *** Limited to day, VFR flight conditions *** May obtain Night or Instrument Ratings === Commercial Pilot Licence === The requirements to obtain a '''Commercial Pilot Licence ''' (single engine land non-high performance aeroplanes) in Canada (from [[Transport Canada]]) are: * 18 years old at time of licence completion * Must hold a minimum of a Private Pilot Licence to start training * Must obtain a Category 1 Medical Certificate * Complete an additional 40 hours of ground * Complete a grand total of 200 hours of flight time including 100 hours as pilot-in-command * Successfully complete a flight test to the standard outlined in the Flight Test Guide * Successfully pass a written exam with Transport Canada ** '''Privileges and restrictions upon completion''' *** May act as pilot-in-command of any aircraft (as endorsed on the licence) *** May carry passengers (as per aircraft limitations, subject to currency requirements) *** May fly for hire (as per [[CARs]] requirements) *** May fly VFR OTT === Recreational Pilot Permit === The requirements to obtain a '''Recreational Pilot Permit''' (single engine land non-high performance aeroplanes) in Canada (from [[Transport Canada]]) are: * 16 years old at time of licence completion * Must obtain a Category 4, 3 or 1 Medical Certificate * Complete a minimum of 25 hours of flight * Successfully complete a flight test to the * Successfully pass a written exam with Transport Canada ** '''Privileges and restrictions upon completion ''' *** May act as pilot-in-command of an aircraft up to a four-seater (as endorsed on the licence) *** May carry a maximum of one passenger (as per aircraft limitations, subject to currency requirements) *** May not fly for hire (including carriage of passengers or cargo) *** Limited to day, VFR flight conditions *** Limited to flight in Canada === Other Certifications === * '''Night Rating''' May act as pilot-in-command of any aircraft at night * '''VFR Over-the-Top Rating''' May operate an aircraft above and between cloud layers as per [[CARs]] 602.116 * '''Float Rating''' May act as pilot-in-command of any aircraft on floats * '''Ski Rating''' May act as pilot-in-command of any aircraft on skis * '''Multi-Engine Rating''' May act as pilot-in-command of a multi-engine aircraft * '''Instrument Rating''' May operate an aircraft under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR), as endorsed on the licence * '''Instructor Rating''' May conduct dual flight instruction in respect of the issuance of a pilot permit * '''Aerobatic Rating''' May carry passengers while performing aerobatic maneuvers (as per aircraft limitations, and [[CARs]]) == प्रशिद्द वायुसेवीहरु == <table><tr><td valign=top> *[[John Alcock (aviator)|John Alcock]] *[[Billy Bishop]] *[[Louis Bleriot]] *[[Richard Branson]] *[[Roy Brown (pilot)]] *[[Arthur Whitten Brown]] *[[Milo Burcham]] *[[George Cayley]] *[[Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi]] *[[Pierre Clostermann]] *[[Bessie Coleman]] *[[John Denver]] *[[Claudius Dornier]] *[[Amelia Earhart]] *[[Eugene Ely]] *[[Anthony Fokker]] </td><td valign=top> *[[Roland Garros]] *[[Geoffrey de Havilland]] *[[Ernst Heinkel]] *[[Bert Hinkler]] *[[Amy Johnson]] *[["Tex" Johnston|Tex Johnston]] *[[Hubert Julian]] *[[Hugo Junkers]] *[[Otto Lilienthal]] *[[Charles Lindbergh]] *[[Ormer Locklear]] *[[Dean Paul Martin]] *[[Wop May]] *[[Mike Melvill]] *[[Jean Mermoz]] *[[Montgolfier Brothers]] </td><td valign=top> *[[Edward O'Hare]] *[[Richard Pearse]] *[[Dennis Quaid]] *[[Manfred von Richthofen]] *[[Eddie Rickenbacker]] *[[Charles Stewart Rolls]] *[[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]] *[[Alberto Santos-Dumont]] *[[Nevil Shute]] *[[Charles Kingsford Smith]] *[[Kurt Tank]] *[[Louise Thaden]] *[[John Travolta]] *[[Patty Wagstaff]] *[[Wright brothers|Orville and Wilbur Wright]] *[[Chuck Yeager]] </td></tr></table> {{Template:TranslationFromEnglish}} == यहा पनि हेर्नुस् == * [[प्रसिद्ध एरोस्पेस इन्जिनियरहरुको नामावली]] [[Category:Aviators|*Aviator]] [[Category:Transportation and material moving occupations]] [[Category:Transportation occupations]] [[bg:&#1055;&#1080;&#1083;&#1086;&#1090;]] [[da:Pilot]] [[de:Pilot]] [[en:Pilot]] [[fi:Lentäjä]] [[fr:Aviateur]] [[nl:Piloot]] [[zh:&#39134;&#34892;&#21592;]] 857 4085 2004-12-12T16:53:01Z Indiver 9 बिमान चालक moved to विमान चालक #REDIRECT [[विमान चालक]] 858 4086 2004-12-12T17:07:29Z Indiver 9 यो लेख अंग्रेजी भाषाको विकिपिडियाबाट उल्था गरिएको हो। उल्था गर्दा कतै भावार्थ त कतै शब्दार्थलाई ग्राह्यता दिईएको छ। परिस्थिति अनुसार कुनै वाक्यको फरक अर्थ लाग्न गएमा त्यसलाई सच्याउन मद्दत गर्नुहुन अनुरोध छ। 859 4087 2004-12-15T05:30:13Z Node ue 13 862 sysop 8915 2007-01-17T15:59:21Z Indiver 9 spelling correction सबै लेखहरु 863 sysop 8092 2006-12-22T18:49:58Z RajeshPandey 111 upload, deletion, protection, blocking, र sysop log हरुको Combined display । तपाइले कुनै यौटा log type, user name वा affected page लाइ छानेर यो view लाइ सागुरो पार्न सक्नुहुन्छ। 869 sysop 8094 2006-12-22T18:53:04Z RajeshPandey 111 अर्को 870 sysop 8093 2006-12-22T18:52:54Z RajeshPandey 111 अघिल्लो 871 sysop 8089 2006-12-22T18:46:53Z RajeshPandey 111 जानुहोस् 873 sysop 7205 2006-10-05T04:45:06Z Jose77 104 एप्रील 877 sysop 7209 2006-10-05T04:46:04Z Jose77 104 अगस्त 884 sysop 7142 2006-10-05T04:07:24Z Jose77 104 हालैका घटनाहरु 888 sysop 7211 2006-10-05T04:46:53Z Jose77 104 डिसेम्बर 899 sysop 7203 2006-10-05T04:44:36Z Jose77 104 फेब्रुअरी 901 sysop 7199 2006-10-05T04:43:16Z Jose77 104 शुक्रबार 908 sysop 7193 2006-10-05T04:41:35Z Jose77 104 जेनवरी 910 sysop 7208 2006-10-05T04:45:49Z Jose77 104 जुलाई 912 sysop 7207 2006-10-05T04:45:35Z Jose77 104 जुन 916 sysop 7204 2006-10-05T04:44:51Z Jose77 104 मार्च 922 sysop 7206 2006-10-05T04:45:21Z Jose77 104 मे 923 sysop 7213 2006-10-05T04:49:20Z Jose77 104 मे 924 sysop 7195 2006-10-05T04:42:06Z Jose77 104 सोमबार 934 sysop 7266 2006-10-05T05:18:07Z Jose77 104 अर्को पृष्ठ ($1) 936 sysop 7278 2006-10-05T05:25:14Z Jose77 104 हेर्नको लागि केही छैन. 940 sysop 7210 2006-10-05T04:46:35Z Jose77 104 नोभेम्बर 942 sysop 7287 2006-10-05T05:31:05Z Jose77 104 सम्पादन संख्या (लेख): $1 943 sysop 7255 2006-10-05T05:11:56Z Jose77 104 लेखकहरूको संख्या (छलफल पृष्ठ): $1 944 sysop 7256 2006-10-05T05:12:19Z Jose77 104 सम्पादन संख्या (छलफल पृष्ठ): $1 945 sysop 7288 2006-10-05T05:31:29Z Jose77 104 अवलोकन संख्या: $1 947 sysop 7201 2006-10-05T04:43:57Z Jose77 104 अक्टोबर 949 sysop 8964 2007-01-17T19:05:37Z Indiver 9 ← पुरानो संशोधन 957 sysop 7200 2006-10-05T04:43:37Z Jose77 104 शनिबार 962 sysop 7202 2006-10-05T04:44:16Z Jose77 104 सेप्टेम्बर 1005 sysop 7194 2006-10-05T04:41:51Z Jose77 104 आईतबार 1008 sysop 7198 2006-10-05T04:43:00Z Jose77 104 बिहीबार 1028 sysop 7196 2006-10-05T04:42:23Z Jose77 104 मंगलबार 1074 sysop 7197 2006-10-05T04:42:41Z Jose77 104 बुधबार 1075 sysop 8046 2006-12-22T17:45:21Z RajeshPandey 111 भाषा: 1077 4305 2005-04-01T22:37:13Z Murtasa 22 जीवन र जगतको बारेमा समग्र रुपमा अध्ययन गर्ने शास्त्रलाई दर्शनशास्त्र भनिन्छ । भारतीय दर्शन परम्परामा छ प्रकारका दर्शन छन् : न्याय, वैशेषिक, साङ्ख्य, योग, पूर्व मीमांसा र वेदान्त ''यो लेख आफ्नो प्रारम्भिक अवस्था मा छ। तपाइँ यसलाई बढाएर विकिपीडियालाई सहयोग गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ ।'' 1078 4306 2005-01-08T07:52:34Z Skr 17 I am here for contributing texts and media on profound subjects - in English and Nepali(नेपाली) languges. www.skregmi.co.nr 1079 8988 2007-01-18T05:44:06Z Indiver 9 [[Wikipedia:Copyrights]] लाइ [[विकिपीडिया:लेखाधिकार]]मा सारियो: Title translated to Nepali :यो लेखको नेपाली अनुवाद सम्पन्न नहुञ्जेल ''अङ्ग्रेजी भाषाको [[:en:GFDL|GFDL]] ([[:en:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]]) वा सामन्य अङ्ग्रेजी भाषाको [[:simple:Simple English version of the GFDL|GFDL]] हेर्नुहोला।'' {{policy|[[WP:COPY]]</br>[[WP:CR]]}} '''Only add pages that you are sure are allowed under the terms of the GFDL.''' '''Copyright''' is a kind of [[law]] that says we can't make people think that we made something that was really made by another person. Copyright [[law]] says that we cannot pretend that we made something that was really made by another person. Copyright is used for [[book]]s, [[movie]]s, [[song]]s, and [[Web page]]s, including pages on [[Wikipedias]] like this [[Simple English Wikipedia]]. Laws about copyright were created so that people who write books or songs or make Web pages or movies could get [[money]] for their work in a [[fair]] way. If I write a good book, I want people to buy my book and give me money for it. I don't want someone else to sell my book and take the money from selling it. I also want people to know that I was the first person who could write a book like that one; if the book is good, it means I am good at writing and people can hire me to write things for them. The [[rule]] of all the Wikipedias, including this one, is that nothing in the Wikipedia can be copyrighted by someone else unless we have permission to use it. This means that we are ''only'' allowed to copy things from books or from other Web pages into the Wikipedia if the writer has said that anyone can copy these things and make changes to them. ==Fair use== There is an [[exception]] to the rules of copyright called [[Fair Use]]. This says that we can copy a <i>very short</i> amount of something -- maybe one or two sentences, or a picture. But because people could get very angry at the Wikipedias if we copy the wrong things, it's better not to copy anything onto the Wikipedias unless we are sure it's allowed. ==Moving things from other Wikis== Yes, we can move things from other Wikipedias to here. But do you have to say you did this? There is no easy answer. Under [[GFDL]], you really should, but when a person writes for Wikipedia, they know that their work can be changed because the edit screen tells them their writing will be edited at will. This means that copying between pages (or projects) is ok. The changes you make are more than just making the words correct, so copyright is not kept. This makes you a co-author. You can show respect to other people by saying they did this work. You can add [[Wikipedia:interlanguage links|interlanguage links]] which link to the page that you got the information from. You could write on the page where it was from, or write it in your [[Wikipedia:Edit summary|edit summary]]. <!--Thanks to Alex756 for his advice on this.--> ==See also== * [[Help:How to use images]] [[ca:Viquipèdia:Copyrights]] [[da:Wikipedia:Ophavsret]] [[de:Wikipedia:Lizenzbestimmungen]] [[en:Wikipedia:Copyrights]] [[es:Wikipedia:Copyrights]] [[fr:Wikipédia:Copyright]] [[it:Aiuto:Copyright]] [[lb:Wikipedia:Copyright]] [[hu:Wikipédia:Copyright]] [[nl:Wikipedia:Auteursrechten]] [[ja:Wikipedia:Wikipedia:著作権]] [[no:Wikipedia:Opphavsrett]] [[pl:Wikipedia:Prawa autorskie]] [[pt:Copyrights]] [[sl:Wikipedija:Avtorske pravice]] [[sv:Wikipedia:Upphovsrätt]] [[zh:wikipedia:版权信息]] 1080 9232 2007-01-31T00:35:13Z Eukesh 93 /* Providing Bot status for the bots */ == स्टिवार्ट चुनाव == नमस्कार, स्टिवार्ट चुनाव [[m:Stewards/elections 2005]] देखी सुरु हुँदैछ । यदि कसैको वैध विकि खाता छ र कम्तिमा १ प‍ृष्ठमा link छ भने त्यसले भोट हाल्न पाउछ । कृपया भोट हाल्नुहोला । धन्यवद । [[User:RajeshPandey|RajeshPandey]] == Stewards election == The stewards election has started on [[m:Stewards/elections 2005]]. Anyone can vote provided that he has a valid account on meta with a link to at least one user page, on a project where the editor is a participant, with at least 3 months participation to the project. Stewards can give sysop right on projects where there are no local bureaucrate. Please vote ! [[User:Yann|Yann]] 16:32, 18 May 2005 (UTC) PS: Please translate this and put it in the Village Pump. Thanks. [[User:Yann|Yann]] 16:32, 18 May 2005 (UTC) ==Abt a South Asian project== Plz visit [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proposals_for_new_projects#South_Asian_Script_Enhancement_Project this South Asian Project page] for the development of South Asian languages and express yourself there.--[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 16:36, 24 नोभेम्बर 2006 (UTC) ==देवनागरी एनएबल्ड== म एड्मिनिस्ट्रेटर भएपछि मैले देवनागरीलाई एनएबल्ड गरें।--[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 00:05, 10 डिसेम्बर 2006 (UTC) == मुख्य पृष्ठ == मुख्य पृष्ठ परिवर्तन गरिएको छ। नयाँ मुख्य पृष्ठ नेपाल भाषा विकिपीडियाको रुपरेखामा तयार गरिएको छ (जुन अंग्रेजी विकिपीडियाको खाकामा बनाइएको थियो)। यस नयाँ मुख्यपृष्ठको बारेमा तथा मुख्यपृष्ठसंग सम्बन्धित अन्य परिवर्तनको लागि यहाँ वार्तालाप गर्न सकिन्छ।--[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 20:19, 9 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) == Providing Bot status for the bots == Hello everyone. I would like to provide the bot status flag for two of the bots running in our bots. [[User:TXiKiBoT]] and [[User:Thijs!bot]]. This would prevent flooding the recentchanges page. हाम्रो विकीमा भएका २ वटा रोबोटहरुलाइ रोवोट फ्ल्याग दिइयो भने हामीलाइ सजिलो हुनेथियो र नयाँ परीवर्तनमा पनि आउने थिएन। किनकी तिनीहरु यौटा विकी र अर्को विकीलाइ जोट्ने काम मात्र गरीरहेछन्। अनि अर्को कुरा त्यो अरु विकीहरुमा गरीरहेका छन्। हाम्रोमा चाहीँ कसरी गर्छ थाहा भृएन। पहिला त्यसको मालिकहरुलाइ रोबोट स्ट्याटस् माग्न लगाउने रे अनि एडमिनले दिने रे। धन्यवाद। [[User:RajeshPandey|राजेश]] 12:40, 12 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) *बोट स्ट्याटसको लागि त मेटाविकिमा एप्लाइ गर्नु पर्छ। त्यहाँ एप्लाइ गर्नको लागि यहाँ चुनाव गर्नु पर्छ। यहाँको चुनावमा बोट स्टेटस दिने भन्ने नतिजा आयो भने मेटामा बोट स्ट्याटस ग्र्यान्ट गर्छन। यसको लागि [[Wikipedia:Bots|यहाँ]] नयाँ पृष्ठ निर्माण गरिएको छ। धन्यवाद। --[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 00:35, 31 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) 1081 9244 2007-01-31T15:14:01Z Eukesh 93 यो पृष्ठलाई संसारमा भैरहेका नयाँ घटनाहरु सम्प्रेषण गर्न प्रयोग गर्नु होला। धन्यवाद। == अक्टोबर २३, २००६ == * [[नेपाल सम्वत]] अनुसार नयाँ वर्ष अर्थात ने. सं. ११२७ सुरु भयो| ==बि.स.२०६३ माघ १गते== नेपालको अन्तरिम संविधान सर्बसहमतिद्वारा पारित भयो र अन्तरिम बिधाएकहरू संसदमा हाजिर हुनुभयो। * बिगत् १० बर्स देखि भुमिगत् क्रान्ति गरिरहेका माओबादी पनि इतिहास मै पहिलो पटक सम्सदमा हजिर भयो। ==ज्यानुवरी ३०, २००७== *माइक्रोसफ्टले आफ्नो नयाँ अपरेटिंग सिस्टम विन्डोज भिस्टा लञ्च गर्‍यो। यो अपरेटिंग सिस्टमको अनावरणसंगै कम्प्युटरको खरीद तथा अपग्रेड कार्य बढ्ने अनुमान गरिएको छ। 1082 8829 2007-01-16T18:57:26Z RajeshPandey 111 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/172.142.11.33|172.142.11.33]] ([[User_talk:172.142.11.33|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:Rocastelo|Rocastelo]] {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" align="right" width="250px" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border: 1px gray solid; border-collapse:collapse" |+ <big><big>'''बम्बई'''</big></big> |- | align="center" colspan="2" | [[Image:Mumbai in India.png|thumb|200px|गेटवे आफ़ इन्डिया]]<small>[[गेटवे आफ़ इन्डिया]]</small> |- | [[देश]] | [[भारत]] |- | [[राज्य]] | [[महाराष्ट्र]] |- | [[Latitude]] <br /> [[Longitude]] | १८.९६° [[उत्तर|उ]]<br /> ७२.८२° [[पूरब|पू]] |- | [[जनसन्ख्या]] <br /> [[Density]] | १२,६२२,५०० ([[२००४]])^{[http://www.world-gazetteer.com/t/t_in.htm]}<br /> २८,८३४/[[Square_kilometre|km²]] |- | [[क्षेत्रफ़ल]] | ४३७.७७ [[square kilometre|km²]] |} [[Image:BombayKalbadevieRoad1890.jpg|thumb|मुम्बई]] '''मुम्बई''' [[भारत]]को सबैभन्दा ठूलो महानगर हो र संसारको सबैभन्दा ठुलो महानगरमध्ये एक हो। मुम्बई भारतको पश्चिमी तटमा स्थित छ र [[महाराष्ट्र]] राज्यको राजधानी हो। यो सहर एक द्वीपमा स्थित छ । मुम्बई भारतको [[आर्थिक राजधानी]] हो । १९९५ मा मुम्बईको नाम बोम्बेबाट बदलेर मुम्बई गरियो। मुम्बई फ़िल्म इण्डस्ट्री बॉलीवुड को नामबाट प्रसिद्ध छ । ==इतिहास== बम्बई को पहले मुम्बई नाम से ही जाना जाता था । माना जाता है कि यह नाम देवी [[मुम्बादेवी]] के नाम से रक्खा गया जिसकी पूजा यहाँ सदियों से होती है । [[१६वी सदी]] में पोर्च्यूगीस ने मुम्बई को ''बोम बहिआ'' नाम दिया । जब अन्ग्रेज़ों को इस शहर का कब्जा मिला तो उन्होने मुम्बई का नाम बदलकर ''बोम्बे'' कर दिया । हिन्दी भाषा में इस शहर को बम्बई नाम से ही जाना जाता है हालांकि अन्ग्रेज़ी में इसका नाम बोम्बे से बदलकर मुम्बई कर दिया गया है । बम्बई पहले [[बम्बई के सात छोटे द्वीप|सात छोटे द्वीपों]] का बना था । बम्बई [[सम्राट अशोक]] के साम्राज्य का हिस्सा था । [[१५३४]] में पोर्च्यूगीस ने [[गुजरात]] के राजा [[बहादुर शाह]] से बम्बई का कब्जा लिया । [[१६६१]] तक यह द्वीप पोर्च्यूगीस के हात में रहें । १६६१ में यह द्वीप [[केथरीन डे ब्रगान्ज़ा]] की [[इन्ग्लेन्ड के चार्ल्स द्वीतीय]] से शादी में [[डावरी]] के तौर पर दिये गये । चार्ल्स ने [[१६६८]] में इन्हे [[ईस्ट इन्डिया कम्पनी]] को भाडे पर दिये । इन द्वीपों का भाडा था एक साल के दस [[पाउन्ड]] । ईस्ट इन्डिया कम्पनी ने यहाँ पर अपना बन्दरगाह स्थापित किया और १६६१ और १६७५ के बीच के १४ सालों में बम्बई की जनसन्ख्या १०,००० से बढकर ६०,००० हो गयी । [[१६८७]] में ईस्ट इन्डिया कम्पनी ने अपने हेडक्वाटर्स [[सूरत]] से बदलकर बम्बई कर दिये । बम्बई के सात छोटे द्वीपों को जोडकर एक करने का काम [[१८१७]] में शरु हुआ और [[१८४५]] में पूरा हुआ । [[१८५३]] में भारत की पहली रेल शुरु हुई बम्बई और [[थाना]] के बीच । [[१८५७]] तक बम्बई शहर ईस्ट इन्डिया कम्पनी के हाथों में रहा जिसके बाद इसका कब्ज़ा अन्ग्रेज़ हुकुमत के हाथों चला गया । ==यह भी देखें== *[[महाराष्ट्र]] *[[मुंबई यौन संग्रहालय]] [[Category:शहर]] [[category:भारत]] ] [[af:Moembaai]] [[ar:ممباي]] [[as:মুম্বাই]] [[ast:Mumbai]] [[bg:Бомбай]] [[bn:মুম্বাই]] [[bs:Mumbai]] [[ca:Mumbai]] [[cs:Bombaj]] [[da:Mumbai]] [[de:Mumbai]] [[en:Mumbai]] [[eo:Mumbajo]] [[es:Mumbai]] [[et:Mumbai]] [[eu:Mumbai]] [[fa:مومبای]] [[fi:Mumbai]] [[fr:Mumbai]] [[ga:Mumbai]] [[gl:Mumbai - मुम़बई]] [[gu:મુંબઈ]] [[he:מומבאי]] [[hi:बम्बई]] [[hr:Mumbai]] [[hu:Mumbai]] [[id:Mumbai]] [[it:Mumbai]] [[ja:ムンバイ]] [[kn:ಮು೦ಬೈ]] [[ko:뭄바이]] [[la:Mumbai]] [[li:Bombay]] [[lt:Bombėjus]] [[lv:Mumbaja]] [[mr:मुंबई]] [[ms:Mumbai]] [[nds:Mumbai]] [[nl:Bombay]] [[nn:Mumbai]] [[no:Mumbai]] [[pa:ਮੁਮਬਏ]] [[pl:Bombaj]] [[pt:Mumbai]] [[ro:Mumbai]] [[ru:Мумбаи]] [[sa:बम्बई]] [[sh:Bombay]] [[simple:Mumbai]] [[sl:Mumbai]] [[sv:Bombay]] [[ta:மும்பை]] [[tl:Lungsod ng Mumbai]] [[tr:Bombay]] [[uk:Мумбаї]] [[zh:孟买]] 1083 7370 2006-10-09T12:57:39Z फिल्मनेपाल 148 २०६२ साल बाट सुरु गरिएको इन्टरनेट पत्रिका [http://www.filmnepal.com फिल्मनेपाल डट कम]ले यसको अभाव खड्किन नदिने चलचित्र 'आमा' को वि.स. २०२२ सालको असोजमा प्रर्दशन भयो । सरकारी लगानीमा निर्मित यो चलचित्र निर्माण हुनु अगावै २०१८ सालमा नीजि लगानीमा निर्माण थालिएको चलचित्र 'माइतीघर' भने 'आमा' भन्दा पछाडी मात्र सार्वजनिक भयो । भाषाका हिसाबले भने यि चलचित्र भन्दा अगाडी नै भारतमा २००८ सालमा निर्मित चलचित्र 'सत्य हरिश्चन्द्र'को नेपालीमा पनि डबिङ्ग गरेर सार्वजनिक गरिएको थियो । नेपाली चलचित्रले चार दशक भन्दा लामो इतिहास बनाईसकेको छ । धेरै संख्याका दर्शकको भने थुप्रै कारणले मन जित्न सकेको छैन् । नेपाली चलचित्र सम्बद्ध जानाकारी प्राप्त गर्न सहज छैन । विश्व सन्जाल बनेको इन्टरनेटमा पनि यस्ता सामाग्रीको उपस्थिती न्यून छ । २०६२ साल बाट सुरु गरिएको इन्टरनेट पत्रिका [http://www.filmnepal.com फिल्मनेपाल डट कम]ले यसको अभाव खड्किन नदिने कोसिस गरेको छ । सिनेकर्मीको इन्टरनेटमा कम पहुच र रुचिका कारण यसले अझै ब्यबसायिक रुप लिन सकेको छैन । अहिलेको जमानामा ब्यबसायिक रुपले सशक्त नभई निरन्तर काममा लाग्न पक्कै सजिलो छैन । ---- '''नेपाली सिनेमाको पहिलो.... का लागि तल केही तथ्यहरु संकलित छन् :'''---- &#2358;&#2366;&#2361;&#2368; 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&#2348;&#2344;&#2366;&#2311;&#2319;&#2325;&#2379; &#2346;&#2361;&#2367;&#2354;&#2379; &#2344;&#2375;&#2346;&#2366;&#2354;&#2368; &#2330;&#2354;&#2330;&#2367;&#2340;&#2381;&#2352;- &#2350;&#2366;&#2311;&#2340;&#2368;&#2328;&#2352; -&#2408;&#2406;&#2408;&#2408;-&#2408;&#2409;) &#2325;&#2366; &#2344;&#2367;&#2352;&#2381;&#2342;&#2375;&#2358;&#2325; &#2325;&#2379; &#2361;&#2369;&#2344;&#2381; - - &#2348;&#2368;. &#2319;&#2360;. &#2341;&#2366;&#2346;&#2366; &#2404; &#2344;&#2368;&#2332;&#2367; &#2325;&#2381;&#2359;&#2375;&#2340;&#2381;&#2352;&#2350;&#2366; &#2348;&#2344;&#2366;&#2311;&#2319;&#2325;&#2379; &#2346;&#2361;&#2367;&#2354;&#2379; &#2344;&#2375;&#2346;&#2366;&#2354;&#2368; &#2330;&#2354;&#2330;&#2367;&#2340;&#2381;&#2352;- &#2350;&#2366;&#2311;&#2340;&#2368;&#2328;&#2352; -&#2408;&#2406;&#2408;&#2408;-&#2408;&#2409;) &#2346;&#2331;&#2367; &#2348;&#2344;&#2375;&#2325;&#2379; &#2309;&#2352;&#2381;&#2325;&#2379; &#2344;&#2368;&#2332;&#2367; &#2325;&#2381;&#2359;&#2375;&#2340;&#2381;&#2352;&#2325;&#2379; &#2330;&#2354;&#2330;&#2367;&#2340;&#2381;&#2352; &#2325;&#2369;&#2344; &#2361;&#2379; - - &#2332;&#2369;&#2344;&#2368; -&#2408;&#2406;&#2409;&#2415;-&#2410;&#2406;) &#2404; </br></br>&#2344;&#2375;&#2346;&#2366;&#2354;&#2368; &#2330;&#2354;&#2330;&#2367;&#2340;&#2381;&#2352;&#2350;&#2366; &#2360;&#2306;&#2327;&#2368;&#2340; &#2342;&#2367;&#2344;&#2375; &#2346;&#2361;&#2367;&#2354;&#2379; &#2350;&#2361;&#2367;&#2354;&#2366; &#2360;&#2306;&#2327;&#2368;&#2340;&#2325;&#2366;&#2352; &#2325;&#2379; &#2361;&#2369;&#2344;&#2381; - &#2313;&#2344;&#2354;&#2375; &#2360;&#2306;&#2327;&#2368;&#2340; &#2342;&#2367;&#2319;&#2325;&#2379; &#2346;&#2361;&#2367;&#2354;&#2379; &#2330;&#2354;&#2330;&#2367;&#2340;&#2381;&#2352; &#2325;&#2369;&#2344; &#2361;&#2379; - - &#2358;&#2366;&#2344;&#2381;&#2340;&#2367; &#2336;&#2335;&#2366;&#2354; &#2404; &#2330;&#2354;&#2330;&#2367;&#2340;&#2381;&#2352;- &#2346;&#2352;&#2366;&#2354;&#2325;&#2379; &#2310;&#2327;&#2379; -&#2408;&#2406;&#2409;&#2410;) &#2404; </br></br>&#2344;&#2375;&#2346;&#2366;&#2354;&#2368; &#2330;&#2354;&#2330;&#2367;&#2340;&#2381;&#2352;&#2350;&#2366; &#2344;&#2371;&#2340;&#2381;&#2351; &#2344;&#2367;&#2352;&#2381;&#2342;&#2375;&#2358;&#2344; &#2327;&#2352;&#2381;&#2344;&#2375; &#2346;&#2361;&#2367;&#2354;&#2379; &#2350;&#2361;&#2367;&#2354;&#2366; &#2325;&#2379; &#2361;&#2369;&#2344;&#2381; - &#2313;&#2344;&#2354;&#2375; &#2344;&#2371;&#2340;&#2381;&#2351; &#2344;&#2367;&#2342;&#2352;&#2381;&#2358;&#2375;&#2344; &#2327;&#2352;&#2375;&#2325;&#2366; &#2346;&#2361;&#2367;&#2354;&#2379; &#2330;&#2354;&#2330;&#2367;&#2340;&#2381;&#2352; &#2325;&#2369;&#2344; &#2361;&#2379; - - &#2358;&#2366;&#2344;&#2381;&#2340;&#2366; &#2344;&#2375;&#2346;&#2366;&#2354;&#2368; &#2404; &#2330;&#2354;&#2330;&#2367;&#2340;&#2381;&#2352;- &#2348;&#2366;“&#2360;&#2369;&#2352;&#2368; -&#2408;&#2406;&#2409;&#2413;-&#2409;&#2414;) &#2404; 1084 4312 2005-04-01T22:15:44Z Murtasa 22 ज्ञानेन्‍द्र वीर विक्रम शाहदेव moved to ज्ञानेन्द्र वीर विक्रम शाहदेव #REDIRECT [[ज्ञानेन्द्र वीर विक्रम शाहदेव]] 1085 4313 2005-04-01T22:20:06Z Murtasa 22 चन्‍द्रगुप्त moved to चन्द्रगुप्त #REDIRECT [[चन्द्रगुप्त]] 1086 4314 2005-04-01T22:30:43Z Murtasa 22 ज्‍योतिष moved to ज्योतिष #REDIRECT [[ज्योतिष]] 1087 4315 2005-04-01T22:37:34Z Murtasa 22 दर्शनशास्‍त्र moved to दर्शनशास्त्र #REDIRECT [[दर्शनशास्त्र]] 1088 4316 2005-04-04T14:36:30Z Richie 23 Since March 2005 I'm an administrator on the Commons. If you want to contact me, feel free to leave a message on my [[:commons:User talk:Richie|Commons]], [[:en:User talk:Richie|English]] or [[:de:Benutzer Diskussion:Richie|German]] talk page. I'm studying [[:en:Computer science|Computer Science]] and [[:en:Geology|Geology]] at [[:en:Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge|Gonville and Caius College]], [[:en:University of Cambridge|University of Cambridge]]. My personal website is http://www.whizer.net/. [[User:Richie|Richie]] 14:36, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC) <div style="background-color:#eee; border:1px solid #ccc; text-align:center; padding:3px; margin:15px 0;"> '''My user pages:''' [[:commons:User:Richie|(c)]] | [[:ast:User:Richie|ast]] | [[:ca:Usuari:Richie|ca]] | [[:de:Benutzer:Richie|DE]] | [[:en:User:Richie|EN]] | [[:eo:Vikipediisto:Richie|eo]] | [[:es:Usuario:Richie|es]] | [[:et:Kasutaja:Richie|et]] | [[:fi:Käyttäjä:Richie|fi]] | [[:fr:Utilisateur:RichieFR|fr]] | [[:gl:User:Richie|gl]] | [[:hu:User:RichieHU|hu]] | [[:ia:Usator:Richie|ia]] | [[:it:Utente:Richie|it]] | [[:ja:利用者:Richie|ja]] | [[:nl:Gebruiker:Richie|nl]] | [[:no:Bruker:Richie|no]] | [[:pl:Wikipedysta:Richie|pl]] | [[:pt:Usuário:Richie|pt]] | [[:ro:Utilizator:Richie|ro]] | [[:ru:Участник:Richie|ru]] | [[:sv:Användare:Richie|sv]] | [[:zh-min-nan:User:Richie|zh]] </div> 1089 4317 2005-04-16T19:42:23Z RCBot 24 RCBot: Update user page '''[[:commons:User:RCBot|RCBot]]''' is an interlingually operating bot operated by [[:commons:User:Richie|Richie]] to help with issues related to the [[:commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. As of now, the bot is still in development and testing, so please report all encountered issues and other feedback to its [[:commons:User talk:RCBot|talk page]] on the Commons. Please note that the talk page of this account is '''not read''', use the one on the Commons). -- [[User:RCBot|RCBot]] 19:42, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC) <div style="background-color:#eee; border:1px solid #ccc; text-align:center; padding:3px; margin:15px 0;"> '''[[:commons:User:RCBot|RCBot]]'s user accounts at Wikipedia''' <div style="font-size:80%;"> [[:aa:User:RCBot|aa]] | [[:ab:User:RCBot|ab]] | [[:af:Gebruiker:RCBot|af]] | [[:ak:User:RCBot|ak]] | [[:als:Benutzer:RCBot|als]] | [[:am:User:RCBot|am]] | [[:an:User:RCBot|an]] | [[:ang:User:RCBot|ang]] | [[:ar:مستخدم:RCBot|ar]] | [[:arc:User:RCBot|arc]] | [[:as:User:RCBot|as]] | [[:ast:User:RCBot|ast]] | [[:av:User:RCBot|av]] | [[:ay:User:RCBot|ay]] | [[:az:User:RCBot|az]] | [[:ba:User:RCBot|ba]] | [[:be:Удзельнік:RCBot|be]] | [[:bg:Потребител:RCBot|bg]] | [[:bh:User:RCBot|bh]] | [[:bi:User:RCBot|bi]] | [[:bm:Utilisateur:RCBot|bm]] | [[:bn:ব্যবহারকারী:RCBot|bn]] | [[:bo:User:RCBot|bo]] | [[:br:User:RCBot|br]] | [[:bs:User:RCBot|bs]] | [[:ca:Usuari:RCBot|ca]] | [[:ce:User:RCBot|ce]] | [[:ch:User:RCBot|ch]] | [[:cho:User:RCBot|cho]] | [[:chr:User:RCBot|chr]] | [[:chy:User:RCBot|chy]] | [[:co:User:RCBot|co]] | [[:commons:User:RCBot|commons]] | [[:cr:User:RCBot|cr]] | [[:cs:Wikipedista:RCBot|cs]] | [[:csb:User:RCBot|csb]] | [[:cv:User:RCBot|cv]] | [[:cy:Defnyddiwr:RCBot|cy]] | [[:da:Bruger:RCBot|da]] | [[:de:Benutzer:RCBot|de]] | [[:dv:User:RCBot|dv]] | [[:dz:User:RCBot|dz]] | [[:ee:User:RCBot|ee]] | [[:el:User:RCBot|el]] | [[:en:User:RCBot|en]] | [[:eo:Vikipediisto:RCBot|eo]] | [[:es:Usuario:RCBot|es]] | [[:et:Kasutaja:RCBot|et]] | [[:eu:User:RCBot|eu]] | [[:fa:کاربر:RCBot|fa]] | [[:ff:User:RCBot|ff]] | [[:fi:Käyttäjä:RCBot|fi]] | [[:fj:User:RCBot|fj]] | [[:fo:Brúkari:RCBot|fo]] | [[:fr:Utilisateur:RCBot|fr]] | [[:fur:User:RCBot|fur]] | [[:fy:Meidogger:RCBot|fy]] | [[:ga:Úsáideoir:RCBot|ga]] | [[:gd:User:RCBot|gd]] | [[:gl:User:RCBot|gl]] | [[:gn:User:RCBot|gn]] | [[:got:User:RCBot|got]] | [[:gu:User:RCBot|gu]] | [[:gv:User:RCBot|gv]] | [[:ha:User:RCBot|ha]] | [[:haw:User:RCBot|haw]] | [[:he:משתמש:RCBot|he]] | [[:hi:सदस्य:RCBot|hi]] | [[:ho:User:RCBot|ho]] | [[:hr:User:RCBot|hr]] | [[:ht:User:RCBot|ht]] | [[:hu:User:RCBot|hu]] | [[:hy:User:RCBot|hy]] | [[:hz:User:RCBot|hz]] | [[:ia:Usator:RCBot|ia]] | [[:id:Pengguna:RCBot|id]] | [[:ie:User:RCBot|ie]] | [[:ig:User:RCBot|ig]] | [[:ii:User:RCBot|ii]] | [[:ik:User:RCBot|ik]] | [[:io:User:RCBot|io]] | [[:is:Notandi:RCBot|is]] | [[:it:Utente:RCBot|it]] | [[:iu:User:RCBot|iu]] | [[:ja:利用者:RCBot|ja]] | [[:jbo:User:RCBot|jbo]] | [[:jv:User:RCBot|jv]] | [[:ka:User:RCBot|ka]] | [[:kg:User:RCBot|kg]] | [[:ki:User:RCBot|ki]] | [[:kj:User:RCBot|kj]] | [[:kk:User:RCBot|kk]] | [[:kl:User:RCBot|kl]] | [[:km:User:RCBot|km]] | [[:kn:User:RCBot|kn]] | [[:ko:사용자:RCBot|ko]] | [[:kr:User:RCBot|kr]] | [[:ks:User:RCBot|ks]] | [[:ku:Bikarhêner:RCBot|ku]] | [[:kv:User:RCBot|kv]] | [[:kw:User:RCBot|kw]] | [[:ky:User:RCBot|ky]] | [[:la:Usor:RCBot|la]] | [[:lb:User:RCBot|lb]] | [[:lg:User:RCBot|lg]] | [[:li:Gebroeker:RCBot|li]] | [[:ln:User:RCBot|ln]] | [[:lo:User:RCBot|lo]] | [[:lt:User:RCBot|lt]] | [[:lv:User:RCBot|lv]] | [[:mg:User:RCBot|mg]] | [[:mh:User:RCBot|mh]] | [[:mi:User:RCBot|mi]] | [[:mk:User:RCBot|mk]] | [[:ml:User:RCBot|ml]] | [[:mn:User:RCBot|mn]] | [[:mo:User:RCBot|mo]] | [[:mr:User:RCBot|mr]] | [[:ms:Pengguna:RCBot|ms]] | [[:mt:User:RCBot|mt]] | [[:mus:User:RCBot|mus]] | [[:my:User:RCBot|my]] | [[:na:User:RCBot|na]] | [[:nah:User:RCBot|nah]] | [[:nds:Bruker:RCBot|nds]] | [[:User:RCBot|ne]] | [[:ng:User:RCBot|ng]] | [[:nl:Gebruiker:RCBot|nl]] | [[:nn:Brukar:RCBot|nn]] | [[:no:Bruker:RCBot|no]] | [[:nv:Choinish'įįhí:RCBot|nv]] | [[:ny:User:RCBot|ny]] | [[:oc:Utilisator:RCBot|oc]] | [[:om:User:RCBot|om]] | [[:or:User:RCBot|or]] | [[:pa:ਮੈਂਬਰ:RCBot|pa]] | [[:pi:User:RCBot|pi]] | [[:pl:Wikipedysta:RCBot|pl]] | [[:ps:User:RCBot|ps]] | [[:pt:Usuário:RCBot|pt]] | [[:qu:User:RCBot|qu]] | [[:rm:User:RCBot|rm]] | [[:rn:User:RCBot|rn]] | [[:ro:Utilizator:RCBot|ro]] | [[:roa-rup:User:RCBot|roa-rup]] | [[:ru:Участник:RCBot|ru]] | [[:rw:User:RCBot|rw]] | [[:sa:User:RCBot|sa]] | [[:sc:Utente:RCBot|sc]] | [[:scn:User:RCBot|scn]] | [[:sd:User:RCBot|sd]] | [[:se:User:RCBot|se]] | [[:sg:User:RCBot|sg]] | [[:si:User:RCBot|si]] | [[:simple:User:RCBot|simple]] | [[:sk:Redaktor:RCBot|sk]] | [[:sl:Uporabnik:RCBot|sl]] | [[:sm:User:RCBot|sm]] | [[:sn:User:RCBot|sn]] | [[:so:User:RCBot|so]] | [[:sq:Përdoruesi:RCBot|sq]] | [[:sr:Корисник:RCBot|sr]] | [[:ss:User:RCBot|ss]] | [[:st:User:RCBot|st]] | [[:su:User:RCBot|su]] | [[:sv:Användare:RCBot|sv]] | [[:sw:User:RCBot|sw]] | [[:ta:பயனர்:RCBot|ta]] | [[:te:User:RCBot|te]] | [[:tg:User:RCBot|tg]] | [[:th:ผู้ใช้:RCBot|th]] | [[:ti:User:RCBot|ti]] | [[:tk:User:RCBot|tk]] | [[:tl:User:RCBot|tl]] | [[:tlh:lo'wI:RCBot|tlh]] | [[:tn:User:RCBot|tn]] | [[:to:User:RCBot|to]] | [[:tpi:User:RCBot|tpi]] | [[:tr:User:RCBot|tr]] | [[:ts:User:RCBot|ts]] | [[:tt:Äğzä:RCBot|tt]] | [[:tum:User:RCBot|tum]] | [[:tw:User:RCBot|tw]] | [[:ty:User:RCBot|ty]] | [[:ug:User:RCBot|ug]] | [[:uk:Користувач:RCBot|uk]] | [[:ur:User:RCBot|ur]] | [[:uz:User:RCBot|uz]] | [[:ve:User:RCBot|ve]] | [[:vi:User:RCBot|vi]] | [[:vo:User:RCBot|vo]] | [[:wa:Uzeu:RCBot|wa]] | [[:wo:User:RCBot|wo]] | [[:xh:User:RCBot|xh]] | [[:yi:User:RCBot|yi]] | [[:yo:User:RCBot|yo]] | [[:za:User:RCBot|za]] | [[:zh:User:RCBot|zh]] | [[:zh-min-nan:User:RCBot|zh-min-nan]] | [[:zu:User:RCBot|zu]] </div> </div> 1091 4319 2005-04-11T18:02:58Z Indiver 9 Check before you alter the main logo! The old logo did not use Nepali script (Devnagari). So, I had to change it to the one that suits the Nepali Language Wikipedia. Why dont you just check with the text contents on the main page to see if they match with the text on the logo? I am a native Nepali and my main language is Nepali. So, if someone is going to put some script other than devnagari on the main logo, I have to ask him/her to check that with wikipedia in other languages. Nepali, Sanskrit and Hindi are all written in the same script - Devnagari. At least the '''Wikipedia''' name should be spelled the same in all three of these languages and the exact same script. You might have some fancy fonts installed on your machine. You should try to use Mangal or similar fonts. The font used on the old logo is never seen in any printing or publishing works in any Nepali language books or papers. 1092 4320 2005-04-11T18:45:50Z Indiver 9 लेखाधिकार सूचना गूगलको स्क्रीनसट {{screenshot}} 1093 6592 2006-08-28T06:18:44Z Escarbot 121 robot Adding: [[lv:Google]], [[zh-yue:Google]] [[Image:Google_screenshot.png|thumb|300px|गूगलको मुख्य पृष्ठको अति सरल स्वरुप र द्रुत स्वभावका फलस्वरुप यसले ठूलो भिडलाई आकर्षण गर्न सक्षम भएको छ ।]] '''गूगल''' (अङ्ग्रेजी: Google) एक [[खोज यन्त्र]] हो जसको मालिक [[गूगल]] निगमको [[मिसन स्टेटमन्ट]] यस्तो छ - "संसारको जानकारि संगठित गरेर विश्वव्यापि पहुँच र फाइदाजनक बनाउनु" । वेभको सबैभन्दा ठूलो खोज यन्त्र, गूगलले दैनिक २० करोड जिज्ञासा आफ्ना बिभिन्न सेवाहरुमार्फत प्राप्त गर्छ । [[वेभपेज]] खोज्ने औजारको अतिरिक्त, गूगलले [[दृस्य]], [[युजनेट]] [[न्युजग्रुप]], समाचार वेभसाइट, श्रव्यदृस्य, बिक्रियोग्य सामान, नक्सा वा स्थानका आधारमा खोज्ने सेवा प्रदान गर्दछ । फेब्रुअरि २००५ सम्मको तथ्याङ्कमा, गूगलले ८.०५ [[१_E९|अर्ब]] वेभपेजहरु, एक अर्ब भन्दा बढि चित्रहरु, र ८४.५ करोड युजनेट सन्देश &mdash; समष्टिमा, ९.५ अर्ब बस्तुहरु समाबेस गरिसकेको छ । यसले धेरैजसो अनुक्रमणित सामाग्रीहरुको [[छायाँप्रति]] (Cache) राख्दछ । गूगलले गूगल समाचार, गूगल सल्लाह, [[फ्रुगल]], र गूगल डेक्सटप खोजी जस्ता अन्य औजार र सेवाहरु पनि सञ्चालन गर्दछ । सम्पुर्ण सूचिको लागि [[गूगलका सेवा तथा औजारको सूचि]] हेर्नुहोस् । ==इतिहास== गूगल खोज यन्त्रको सुरुवात १९९६को सुरुतिर [[लरेन्स इ. पेज|ल्यारि पेज]] र [[सर्जि ब्रिन]], [[स्ट्यानफोर्ड विश्वविद्यालय]]का दुई स्नातक छात्रहरुले गरेका हुन जसले वेभसाइटहरुको सम्बन्धको गणितिय विश्लेषणमा आधारित खोज यन्त्रको फल त्यसबेलाका सामान्य प्रबिधिको भन्दा उत्तम हुन्छ भन्ने सिधान्त प्रतिपाद गरे । यसको प्रारम्भिक नाम "ब्याकरब" (जसको अभिप्राय हुन्छ - पछाडि छाम्नु) किनकी यसले पछिल्ला सम्बन्धको आधारमा साइटको मुल्याङकन गर्दछ । Convinced that the pages with the most links to them from other highly relevant webpages must be the most relevant ones, Page and Brin decided to test their thesis as part of their studies, and laid the foundation for their search engine. The web site called "Google!" (with an exclamation mark) went live at the [[domain name]] ''google.com''. They formally founded their company of the same name, गूगल Inc., on [[September 7]], [[1998]] in a friend's garage in [[Menlo Park, California]]. Brin's lack of interest in writing [[HTML]] code used for designing web pages meant that the site's design used a minimal interface. गूगल introduced बिज्ञापन in 2000, which were sold by the [[keyword]] so that they would be more relevant to the end user, and the ads were text-based in order to keep page design uncluttered and fast-loading. In September 2001, गूगलको ranking mechanism [[PageRank]] was awarded a [[United States|U.S.]] [[patent]]. The patent was officially awarded to Stanford University and lists Lawrence Page as the inventor. At its peak in early 2004, Google handled upwards of 80 percent of all search requests on the Internet through its website and clients like [[Yahoo!]], [[AOL]], and [[CNN]] {{fn|१}}. Google's share of web search fell in 2004 when Yahoo! dropped Google's search technology for their own. The गूगल search site includes humorous features such as cartoon modifications (called "[[गूगल डुडल]]") of their logo for special occasions, the option to display the site in fictional or humorous languages such as [[Klingon language|Klingon]] and [[Leet]], and April Fool's Day jokes about the company. It has been conjectured that गूगलको future is personalized खोजि, using the data that is gathered from their अर्कुट, जिमेज, and फ्रुगल products to give results based on an individuals previous actions. In fact, there is a Personalized Google Search Beta in [[Google Labs]], the experimental section of the site {{fn|२}}. =="गूगल" नाम== ===प्रादुर्भाव=== "गूगल" नाम अङ्ग्रेजी शब्द ''गूगोल'' (googol) को गलत हिज्जे हो । ''गूगोल'' (googol) को अर्थ १ को पछाडि सय सुन्य भएको संख्या हो । The spelling was chosen when Sergey Brin and Larry Page presented the idea for their company to an investor, and received a check made out to "Google, Inc." They kept that name. Google's use of the term reflects the company's mission to organize the immense amount of information available on the Web. ===Trademark and domain names=== "[[Google (verb)|To google]]," as a [[verb]], has come to mean "to search for something on Google"; because of Google's popularity (in January [[2005]], 52 percent of all web searches {{fn|३}} , but was as high as 80 percent) it has also generically come to mean "to search the web." Google officials have discouraged this usage of the company's name out of fear of [[trademark]] [[dilution]], as it could lead to their name becoming a [[genericized trademark]]. To prevent [[domain hijacking]] by unaffiliated third parties, गूगल has purchased the redirecting rights to several similar-sounding [[domain names]] like ''gogle.com'', ''googel.com'', etc. गूगल has also secretly registered some [[humor]]ous domain names, such as cheesemuffin.info. See [[#External links|external links]] below for other domain names owned by गूगल । The registration of other domain names to prevent hijacking and for humorous purposes is by no means restricted to गूगल । ==खोज यन्त्र== ===आकार=== * ~ [[१९९८]]: ~ २,५०,००,००० * अगस्ट [[२०००]]: १,०६,००,००,००० * ज्यान्युवरी [[२००२]]: २,०७,३०,००,००० * फेब्रुअरी [[२००३]]: ३,०८,३०,००,००० * सेप्टेम्बर [[२००४]]: ४,२८,५०,००,००० * नोभेम्बर २००४: ८,०५,८०,४४,६५१ वेभपेज, ८८,००,००,००० चित्र, ८४,५०,००,००० सन्देश, ४,५०० समाचार श्रोत (श्रोत: [[इन्टर्नेट आर्काइभ]]) {{fn|४}} ==इङ्कित== {{fnb|१}}[http://www.onestat.com/html/aboutus_pressbox21.html Statistics] {{fnb|२}}[http://labs.google.com/personalized Personalized Google Search] {{fnb|३}}[http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/01/30/business/google31.html International Herald Tribune article] {{fnb|४}}[http://web.archive.org/web/%2a/google.com गूगल (google.com)को इन्टर्नेट आर्काइभ प्रतिलिपि] {{fnb|५}}[http://www.tnl.net/blog/entry/How_many_Google_machines How many Google machines] {{fnb|६}}[http://www.google.com/help/faq_filetypes.html Filetypes FAQ] {{fnb|७}}[http://www.google.com/webmasters/2.html Exclusion of pages explanation] {{fnb|८}}[http://www.google.com/technology/pigeonrank.html Pigeonrank explanation] {{fnb|९}}[http://www.google.com/webmasters/guidelines.html guidelines] {{fnb|१०}}[http://www.dma.co.nz/pdfs/Standards_for_Search_Engine_Marketing.pdf SEO ethics standards] {{fnb|११}}[http://www.google.com/help/interpret.html OneBox] {{fnb|१२}}[http://blog.searchenginewatch.com/blog/050207-082648 searchenginewatch.com article] ==बाहिरि सम्बन्धहरु== *[http://www.google.com/ Google website] *[http://www.google.com/options/index.html Google Services] *[http://www.google.com/language_tools Google Language Tools] *[http://www.google.com/holidaylogos.html Google doodles] *[http://web.archive.org/web/19981111184551/google.com Early Google.com] - Google as on [[November 11]], [[1998]] from [[Internet Archive]] *[[Open Directory Project]]: [http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Internet/Searching/Search_Engines/Google/ Google] *[http://web.archive.org/web/19980502040303/google.stanford.edu Original Stanford.edu Google] - Google on Standford.edu *[http://www.linksandlaw.com/adwords-pendinglawsuits.htm Overview of lawsuits against Google's AdWord program] *[http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2004/tc2004039_1592_tc047.htm Google's Ads -- and Minuses] *[http://www.google.ru/ Google.ru] *[http://alan.blog-city.com/read/1003011.htm An Evening with Google's Marissa Mayer] - with several facts about Google's history *[http://www.jdhodges.com/tools/suggest/ Google Suggest for non-javascript browsers] *[http://whois.webhosting.info/216.239.37.99 List of alternative Google domains] *[http://www.google.com/googleblog/ Official Google Weblog] *[http://www.google.com/intl/en/addurl.html Google accepts submissions for websites that need indexing] *[http://labs.google.com/papers/mapreduce.html MapReduce article from Google Labs] [[Category:Google|*]] [[Category:Internet search engines]] [[am:ጉግል]] [[ar:جوجل]] [[bg:Google]] [[bn:গুগল]] [[bs:Google]] [[ca:Google]] [[cs:Google]] [[cy:Google]] [[da:Google]] [[de:Google]] [[el:Google]] [[en:Google]] [[eo:Google]] [[es:Google]] [[et:Google]] [[eu:Google]] [[fa:گوگل]] [[fi:Google]] [[fr:Google]] [[gl:Google]] [[he:גוגל]] [[hr:Google]] [[hu:Google kereső]] [[id:Google]] [[io:Google]] [[is:Google]] [[it:Google]] [[iu:ᒎᒐᓪ]] [[ja:Google]] [[ko:구글]] [[ku:Google]] [[la:Google]] [[lb:Google]] [[lt:Google]] [[lv:Google]] [[nl:Google Inc.]] [[nn:Google]] [[no:Google]] [[pl:Google]] [[pt:Google]] [[ro:Google]] [[ru:Google]] [[simple:Google]] [[sk:Google]] [[sl:Google]] [[sr:Гугл]] [[sv:Google]] [[ta:கூகிள்]] [[th:กูเกิล]] [[tl:Google]] [[tr:Google]] [[tt:Google]] [[vi:Google]] [[wa:Google]] [[yi:גוגל]] [[zh:Google公司]] [[zh-min-nan:Google]] [[zh-yue:Google]] 1094 4322 2005-04-11T18:59:02Z Indiver 9 Fair use template <center><div class="boilerplate" id="fairuse" style="width: 95%; margin: 0 auto; text-align: justify; background: #ffffdd; padding: 0 10px; border: 1px solid #aaaa88"> : ''यो [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|लेखाधिकारित]] वेभसाइट, भिडियो खेल दृस्य, कम्प्युटर प्रोग्राम दृस्य, रुपवाहिनी प्रसारण, वा चलचित्रको स्क्रिनसट हो । स्क्रिनसटहरुलाई संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाको लेखाधिकार कानुनको '''[[सही प्रयोग]]''' प्रावधान अन्तर्गत विकिपीडियामा प्रदर्शन गर्न सकिने विश्वास राखिन्छ । </div></center> [[Category:Fair use screenshots|{{PAGENAME}}]] 1095 4323 2005-04-11T20:29:49Z Indiver 9 <sup id="fn_{{{1}}}_back">[[#fn_{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]]</sup> 1096 4324 2005-04-11T20:36:25Z Indiver 9 <cite id="fn_{{{1}}}">[[#fn_{{{1}}}_back|पुनःश्च {{{1}}}]]: </cite> 1097 8862 2007-01-16T20:58:20Z RajeshPandey 111 {{Please leave this line alone (sandbox heading)}} <!-- We politely ask you to leave the line above alone. As this page is for editing experiments, this page will automatically be cleaned every 12 hours. --> '''बीराटनगर''' - नेपालको दक्षीण-पुर्वमा अवस्थीत यो शहर दुई नदी हरु, सींघाई र कैशल्या, को बिचमा पर्दछ। यो शहर पुर्वी नेपाल को ब्यापार केन्द्र को रुपमा रहेको छ। ''उर्लाबारि '''- नेपालको पुर्बान्चलमा पर्ने मोरन्ग जिल्ला को दोश्रो ठुलो सहर् हो. 1098 4326 2005-04-12T03:48:17Z Indiver 9 <!-- NOTE: THIS PAGE IS NOT THE SANDBOX!!! This is a template that provides the heading for the top of the sandbox. If you want to practice editing, please do not do so in this template. You can find the actual sandbox by typing WP:SB or wp:sand in the search. Again, do not edit this template! --><table style="background-color: transparent; border:1px dotted #000000;padding:2px;margin:2px;"><tr><td>'''''विकिपीडिया प्रयोगस्‍थल'''मा यहाँलाई स्वागत छ! यो पाना सम्पादन प्रयोगको लागि छुट्याईएको छ । Feel free to try your skills at formatting here. To edit, click '''[{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit}} here]''' or '''edit this page''' at the top of the page, make your changes in the dialog box, and click the '''Save page''' button when you are finished. Content added here will '''not''' stay permanently; this page is automatically cleaned every 12 hours.'' ''Please do not place offensive or libelous content in the sandbox(es).''<br/> ''Try other sandboxes:''<br/> <font style="font-size: 12px;">[[Wikipedia:Sandbox|Main Sandbox]] | [[Wikipedia:Tutorial (Editing)/sandbox|Tutorial Sandbox 1]] | [[Wikipedia:Tutorial (Formatting)/sandbox|Tutorial Sandbox 2]] | [[Wikipedia:Tutorial (Wikipedia links)/sandbox|Tutorial Sandbox 3]] | [[Wikipedia:Tutorial (Related site links)/sandbox|Tutorial Sandbox 4]] | [[Wikipedia:Tutorial (External links)/sandbox|Tutorial Sandbox 5]]</font> </td><td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding:5px; font-size: small; background: #eeeeee; white-space: nowrap;"> More info:<br> [[Wikipedia:About the Sandbox|About the Sandbox]]<br> [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Editing tutorial]]<br> [[Wikipedia:Sandbox/Hangman|Hangman]] </td></tr></table> <div> <!--Sandbox for other languages of Wikipedia--> [[af:Wikipedia:Sandput]] [[als:Wikipedia:Spielwiese]] [[ang:Wikipedia:Sandbox]] [[ar:Wikipedia:Sandbox]] [[bg:&#1059;&#1080;&#1082;&#1080;&#1087;&#1077;&#1076;&#1080;&#1103;:&#1055;&#1103;&#1089;&#1098;&#1095;&#1085;&#1080;&#1082;]] [[bn:Wikipedia:Sandbox]] [[ca:Viquipèdia:Pàgina de proves]] [[cs:Wikipedie:P%C3%ADskovi%C5%A1t%C4%9B]] [[cy:Wicipedia:Bocs_swnd]] [[da:Wikipedia:Sandkassen]] [[de:Wikipedia:Spielwiese]] [[el:Wikipedia:&#913;&#956;&#956;&#959;&#948;&#959;&#967;&#949;&#943;&#959;]] [[eo:Vikipedio:Testejo]] [[es:Wikipedia:Zona de pruebas]] [[fi:Hiekkalaatikko]] [[fr:Wikipédia:Bac à sable]] [[ga:Vicipid:Clár dubh]] [[gd:Tigh-cluiche]] [[he:&#1488;&#1512;&#1490;&#1494; &#1495;&#1493;&#1500;]] [[hu:Wikipédia:Homokozó]] [[ia:Wikipedia:Sabliera]] [[id:Wikipedia:Bak pasir]] [[ja:Wikipedia:&#12469;&#12531;&#12489;&#12508;&#12483;&#12463;&#12473;]] [[ko:&#50948;&#53412;&#48177;&#44284;:&#47784;&#47000;&#49345;&#51088;]] [[la:Wikipedia:Pagina experimentalis]] [[mg:Wikipedia:Fasika toerana]] [[ml:Wikipedia:Sandbox]] [[ms:Sandbox]] [[na:Wikipedia:Era&#361rõ egato]] [[nds:Wikipedia:Speelwisch]] [[nl:Wikipedia:Zandbak]] [[nn:Wikipedia:Sankasse]] [[no:Wikipedia:Sandkasse]] [[pl:Wikipedia:Brudnopis]] [[pt:Wikipedia:Página de testes]] [[ro:Wikipedia:Cutia cu nisip]] [[ru:&#1042;&#1080;&#1082;&#1080;&#1087;&#1077;&#1076;&#1080;&#1103;:&#1055;&#1077;&#1089;&#1086;&#1095;&#1085;&#1080;&#1094;&#1072;]] [[si:Wikipedia:Peskovnik]] [[simple:Wikipedia:Sandbox]] [[sq:Wikipedia:Livadhi]] [[sv:Wikipedia:Sandldan]] [[th:&#3623;&#3636;&#3585;&#3636;&#3614;&#3637;&#3648;&#3604;&#3637;&#3618;:&#3585;&#3619;&#3632;&#3610;&#3632;&#3607;&#3619;&#3634;&#3618;]] [[vi:Wikipedia:Ch%E1%BB%97_th%E1%BB%AD]] [[zh:Wikipedia:&#27801;&#30418;]] </div> 1100 4328 2005-05-06T01:02:45Z OlegPopov 26 Hello! My name '''Oleg Ivanovich Popov'''. I live in Russia. My adress: Ryazan, RO 123056, Ul. Raketnaya D.85 Kv.13. '''Education:''' Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University), 1992 to 1997 International Law School including three foreign languages: English, German, and Afrikaans. High Level Diploma - "Several Aspects of International Copyright". Work Experience: Lawyer, International Law Firm Baker & McKenzie, October 1998 to Present. '''Skills & Interests:''' Fluent in English, proficient in German, some knowledge of French and Afrikaans. Computer literate, large working experience on both PC (Windows and DOS) and Macintosh, have one of each at home. Some programming experience. I have 24/7 access to the Internet and my favourite hobby to read and study wiki sites :) '''PS:''' I have the catalogue wiki sites - http://wiki4all.com/ and I shall be very grateful to the manager of this wiki site, if it will add wiki in my catalogue with the small description... :) In advance thanks! 1103 9171 2007-01-26T10:57:24Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Adding: [[ml:സംഗീതം]] [[Image:Mozarteum grosser saal buehne mit orchester.jpg|thumb]] '''संगीत''' [[मानिस]]को [[आवाज]] वा विशेष उपकरणहरू, जस्तै [[सितार]], [[गितार]], [[भायोलिन]] वा [[ड्रम]] आदिबाट धुन निकाल्ने एक [[कला]] हो। संगीतमा, [[ध्वनी]]हरुलाई समयानुसार मिलाएर मनपर्दो नतिजा निकालिन्छ। संगीत धेरै किसिमका छन्। संगीतलाई लेख्न using note symbols on a staff, which is a group of horizontal lines. The line which a note is written on shows what pitch it is. The notes are separated into measures using vertical lines on the staff. == यी पनि हेर्नुहोस् == *[[शास्त्रिय संगीत]] *[[पप संगीत]] (Popular संगीत) *[[ज्यज संगीत]] *[[रक संगीत]] *[[संगीत उपकरण]] == External link == * [http://www.rockhall.com/ रक एन्ड रोल हल अफ फेम र संग्राहलय] {{stub}} [[Category:संगीत|*]] [[af:Musiek]] [[an:Mosica]] [[ar:موسيقى]] [[ast:Música]] [[bar:Musik]] [[bat-smg:Mozėka]] [[be:Музыка]] [[bg:Музика]] [[bm:Fɔlikan]] [[bn:সঙ্গীত]] [[bs:Muzika]] [[ca:Música]] [[ceb:Musika]] [[chr:ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]] [[co:Musica]] [[cs:Hudba]] [[cv:Кĕвĕ]] [[cy:Cerddoriaeth]] [[da:Musik]] [[de:Musik]] [[el:Μουσική]] [[en:Music]] [[eo:Muziko]] [[es:Música]] [[et:Muusika]] [[eu:Musika]] [[fa:موسیقی]] [[fi:Musiikki]] [[fiu-vro:Muusiga]] [[fo:Tónleikur]] [[fr:Musique]] [[fur:Musiche]] [[fy:Muzyk]] [[ga:Ceol]] [[gd:Ceòl]] [[gl:Música]] [[he:מוזיקה]] [[hi:संगीत]] [[hr:Glazba]] [[ht:Mizik]] [[hu:Zene]] [[ia:Musica]] [[id:Musik]] [[io:Muziko]] [[is:Tónlist]] [[it:Musica]] [[ja:音楽]] [[jbo:zgike]] [[jv:Musik]] [[ka:მუსიკა]] [[kn:ಸಂಗೀತ]] [[ko:음악]] [[kw:Ylow]] [[ky:Музыка]] [[la:Musica]] [[lad:Muzika]] [[lb:Musek]] [[li:Muziek]] [[lt:Muzika]] [[lv:Mūzika]] [[ml:സംഗീതം]] [[ms:Muzik]] [[mt:Mużika]] [[mzn:ساز]] [[nah:Cuīcayotl]] [[nds:Musik]] [[nds-nl:Meziek]] [[nl:Muziek]] [[nn:Musikk]] [[no:Musikk]] [[nrm:Mûsique]] [[oc:Musica]] [[os:Музыкæ]] [[pl:Muzyka]] [[pt:Música]] [[qu:Taki kapchiy]] [[ro:Muzică]] [[ru:Музыка]] [[sa:गानं]] [[sc:Mùsica]] [[scn:Mùsica]] [[sco:Muisic]] [[sh:Muzika]] [[simple:Music]] [[sk:Hudba]] [[sl:Glasba]] [[sm:Mūsika]] [[sq:Muzika]] [[sr:Музика]] [[sv:Musik]] [[ta:இசை]] [[tg:Мусиқӣ]] [[th:ดนตรี]] [[tl:Musika]] [[tr:Müzik]] [[ug:مۇزىكا]] [[uk:Музика]] [[vec:Mùxega]] [[vi:Âm nhạc]] [[wa:Muzike]] [[war:Musika]] [[yi:מוזיק]] [[zea:Muziek]] [[zh:音乐]] [[zh-yue:音樂]] 1104 4331 2005-05-12T14:18:45Z Indiver 9 Wikipedia:Sandbox moved to विकिपीडिया:प्रयोगस्थल #REDIRECT [[विकिपीडिया:प्रयोगस्थल]] 1105 4332 2005-05-12T14:50:01Z Indiver 9 Unicode table {| align=right class="toccolours" style="margin-left: 15px;" !align=center bgcolor=#ccccff| [[Unicode]] |- | [[Universal character set|UCS]] |- | [[UTF-7]] |- | [[UTF-8]] |- | [[UTF-16]] |- | [[UTF-32]] |- | [[UTF-EBCDIC]] |- | [[Standard Compression Scheme for Unicode|SCSU]] |- | [[Punycode]] |- | [[GB18030]] ---- |- | [[Bi-directional text]] |- | [[Byte Order Mark|BOM]] |- | [[Han unification]] |- | [[Unicode and HTML]] |} 1106 9234 2007-01-31T00:57:29Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Adding: [[id:Unicode]] {{Table Unicode}} '''युनिकोड''' कम्प्युटरको एक अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय गुणस्तर हो जसको उदेश्य मानिसले कम्प्युटरमा भण्डारण गर्न चाहने हरेक दस्तावेजका लिपिलाई [[सङ्केतन]] (encode) गर्ने माध्यम प्रदान गर्नु हो। This includes all [[Writing system|script]]s still in active use today, many scripts known only by [[scholar]]s, and [[symbol]]s which do not strictly represent scripts, like [[mathematics]], [[linguistics]] and [[APL programming language|APL]]. The creation of युनिकोड is an ambitious [[project]] to replace existing [[character encoding|character set]]s, many of which are short in size and problematic in [[multilingual]] environments. Despite technical problems and limitations and criticism on process, today युनिकोड is considered the most complete character set and one of the largest, and has become the dominant encoding scheme in [[internationalization]] of [[Computer software|software]] and multilingual environments. Many recent standards such as [[XML]], as well as [[system software]] such as [[operating system]]s, have adopted युनिकोड as an underlying scheme to represent text. == Origin and development == It is the explicit aim of युनिकोड to transcend the limitations of traditional [[character encoding]]s such as those defined by the [[ISO 8859]] standard, which are used in the various countries of the world, but are largely incompatible with each other. One problem with traditional character encodings is that they allow for [[bilingual]] कम्प्युटर processing (usually [[Roman character]]s and the local language), but not for multilingual कम्प्युटर processing (कम्प्युटर processing of arbitrary languages mixed with each other). युनिकोड in intent encodes the underlying characters and not variant [[glyph]]s for such characters. In the case of [[Chinese character]]s, this sometimes leads to controversies over what is the underlying character and what is the variant glyph (see [[Han unification]]). युनिकोड's role in text-processing is to provide a unique code point — not a glyph — for each character. In other words, युनिकोड is used to represent a character in an abstract way, and leaves the visual rendering (size, shape or style) to another program, such as a [[web browser]] or [[word processor]]. This simple aim is greatly complicated by another aim, which is to provide lossless conversion amongst different existing encodings in order to ease the transition. The युनिकोड standard also includes a number of related items, such as character properties, text normalisation forms, and bidirectional display order (for the correct display of text containing both right-to-left scripts, such as [[Arabic]] or [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], and left-to-right scripts). In [[1997]] a proposal was made by [[Michael Everson]] to encode the characters of the [[Klingon language]] in Plane 1 of [[ISO 10646|ISO/IEC 10646-2]]. The proposal was rejected in [[2001]] as "inappropriate for encoding" — not because the proposal was technically faulty, but because users of Klingon normally read and write and exchange data in [[Latin]] transliteration. The [[Elves (Middle-earth)|elvish]] scripts [[Tengwar]] and [[Cirth]] from [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-earth]] setting were proposed for inclusion in Plane 1 in [[1993]]. The draft was withdrawn to incorporate changes suggested by [[Tolkienist]]s, and is as of [[2004]] still under consideration. == Mapping and encodings == === Standard === The [[युनिकोड Consortium]], based in [[California]], is the organization that develops the युनिकोड standard. It is an organization open to any company or individual willing to pay the membership dues. Members include virtually all of the main कम्प्युटर software and hardware companies with any interest in text processing standards, such as [[Apple Computer]], [[Microsoft]], [[International Business Machines|IBM]], [[Xerox]], [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]], [[Adobe Systems]] and many others. The Consortium first published ''The युनिकोड Standard'' (ISBN 0321185781) in [[1991]], and continues to develop standards based on that original work. युनिकोड was developed in conjunction with the [[ISO|International Organization for Standardization]] and it shares its character repertoire with [[ISO/IEC 10646]]. युनिकोड and ISO/IEC 10646 are equivalent as character encodings, but ''The युनिकोड Standard'' contains much more information for implementers, covering, in depth, topics such as bitwise encoding, [[collation]], and rendering, and enumerating a multitude of character properties, including those needed for [[BiDi]] support. The two standards also have slightly different terminology. ==== युनिकोड revision history ==== * [[1991]] युनिकोड 1.0 * [[1993]] युनिकोड 1.1 * [[1996]] युनिकोड 2.0 * [[1998]] युनिकोड 2.1 * [[1999]] युनिकोड 3.0 * [[2001]] युनिकोड 3.1 * [[2002]] युनिकोड 3.2 * [[2003]] युनिकोड 4.0 * [[2005]] युनिकोड 4.1 === Storage transfer and processing === So far, it has only been said that युनिकोड is a means to assign a unique number for all characters used by [[human]]s in written language. How these numbers are stored in text processing is another matter; problems result from the fact that much [[software]] in the West has so far been written to deal with 8-bit character encodings only, and युनिकोड support has only been added slowly in recent years. Similarly, in the East the double-byte character encodings cannot even in principle encode more than 65,536 characters, and in practice the limit imposed by the architectures chosen is much lower. This is not enough for the needs of scholars of the [[Chinese language]] alone. The internal logic of much 8-bit legacy software typically permits only 8 bits for each character, making it impossible to use more than 256 code points without special processing, and 16-bit software is limited to some tens of thousands of characters, while युनिकोड is already up to more than 90,000 encoded characters. Several mechanisms have therefore been suggested to implement युनिकोड; which one is chosen depends on available storage space, [[source code]] compatibility, and interoperability with other systems. The mapping methods are called the UTF (युनिकोड Transformation Format) and UCS (Universal Character Set) encodings. Among them are [[UTF-32]], [[UCS-4]], [[UTF-16]], [[UCS-2]], [[UTF-8]], [[UTF-EBCDIC]] and [[UTF-7]]. The numbers indicate the number of bits in one unit, for UTF encodings, or bytes, for UCS encodings. In UTF-32 or UCS-4, one unit is enough for any character; in the other cases, a variable number of units is used for each character. UTF-8 is the de-facto standard encoding for interchange of युनिकोड text with UTF-16 and UTF-32 being used mainly for internal processing. The युनिकोड [[Byte Order Mark|byte order mark]] (BOM) is specified for use at the beginnings of text files in UCS-2 and UTF-16 encodings. It has been adopted by some software developers for other encodings, including UTF-8, which does not need an indication of byte order. In this case it is an attempt to mark the file as containing युनिकोड text. The BOM is code point <code>U+FEFF</code>, which has the important property of being unambiguously interpretable regardless of which युनिकोड encoding is used. The units <code>FE</code> and <code>FF</code> never appear in [[UTF-8]], <code>U+FFFE</code> (the result of byte-swapping <code>U+FEFF</code>) is not a legal character, and <code>U+FEFF</code> is the Zero-Width No-Break Space (a character with no appearance and no effect other than preventing formation of [[ligature (typography)|ligature]]s). The same character converted to UTF-8 becomes the byte sequence <code>EF BB BF</code>. See also: [[Mapping of युनिकोड characters]] === Ready-made vs. composite characters === युनिकोड includes a mechanism for modifying character shape and so greatly extending the supported glyph repertoire. This is the use of [[combining diacritical mark]]s. They are inserted after the main character (it is possible to stack several combining diacritics over the same character). However, for reasons of compatibility, युनिकोड also includes a large quantity of [[precomposed character]]s. So in many cases there are many ways of encoding the same character. To deal with this, युनिकोड provides the mechanism of [[canonical equivalence]]. The situation with [[Hangul]] is similar. युनिकोड provides the mechanism for composing Hangul syllables with [[Hangul Jamo]]. However, the precomposed Hangul syllables (11,172 of them) are also provided. The [[CJK]] ideographs currently are encoded only in their precomposed form. Still, most of those ideographs are evidently made up of simpler elements, so in principle it would be possible to decompose them just as it is done with [[Hangul]]. This would greatly reduce the number of required codepoints, while allowing the display of virtually every conceivable ideograph (and so doing away with all problems of the [[Han unification]]). A similar idea is used for some [[input method]]s, such as [[Cangjie method|Cangjie]] and [[Wubi method|Wubi]]. However, attempts to do this for character encoding have stumbled over the fact that ideographs are not as simply decomposed or as regular as they seem. Combining marks, like the complex script shaping required to properly render [[Arabic]] text and many other scripts, are usually dependent on complex font technologies, like [[OpenType]] (by Adobe and [[Microsoft]]), Graphite (by [[SIL International]]), and [[Apple Advanced Typography|AAT]] (by [[Apple Computer|Apple]]), by which a font designer includes instructions in a font telling software how to properly output different character sequences. Another method sometimes employed in [[fixed-width]] fonts is to place the combining mark's glyph before its own left [[sidebearing]]; this method, however, only works for some diacritics and stacking will not occur properly. [[As of 2004]], most software still cannot reliably handle many features not supported by older font formats, so combining characters generally will not work correctly. Hypothetically, {{युनिकोड|&#7703;}} (precomposed e with macron and acute above) and {{युनिकोड|e&#772;&#769;}} (e followed by the combining macron above and combining acute above) are identical in appearance, both giving an [[e]] with [[macron]] and [[acute accent]], but appearance can vary greatly across software applications. Also underdots, as needed in Indic [[Romanization]], will often be placed incorrectly or worse. Sample: :{{युनिकोड|m&#803; - n&#803; - l&#803;}} Of course, this is in fact not a weakness in युनिकोड itself, but only uncovers gaps in rendering technology and fonts. === Issues === Some people, mostly in Japan, oppose युनिकोड in general, claiming technical limitations and political problems in process, which people working on the युनिकोड standard claim are simply misunderstandings of the युनिकोड standard and the process by which it was created. The most common mistake, according to this view, is confusion between abstract [[characters]] and their highly variable visual forms ([[glyphs]]). On the other hand, whereas Chinese can readily read most types of glyphs used by Japanese or Koreans, Japanese often can recognize only a particular variant. The strongest denunciation of युनिकोड is at [http://www.hastingsresearch.com/net/04-unicode-limitations.shtml] (also see a response, [http://slashdot.org/features/01/06/06/0132203.shtml]) For example, opponents of युनिकोड sometimes claim even now that it cannot handle more than 65,535 characters, a limitation that was removed in युनिकोड 2.0. युनिकोड has been decried as a plot against Asian cultures perpetrated by Westerners with no understanding of the characters as used in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese, in spite of the presence of a majority of experts from all three countries in the [[Ideographic Rapporteur Group]]. The IRG advises the consortium and ISO on additions to the repertoire and on [[Han unification]], the identification of forms in the three languages which will be treated as stylistic variations of the same historical character. This unification is one of the most controversial aspects of युनिकोड. युनिकोड is criticized for failing to allow for older and alternate forms of [[kanji]], which, it is said, complicates the processing of ancient Japanese and uncommon Japanese names, although it follows the recommendations of Japanese scholars of the language and of the Japanese government. There have been several attempts to create an alternative to युनिकोड. [http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/unicode/library/u-secret.html] Among them are [[TRON]] (although it is not widely adopted in Japan, some, particularly those who need to handle historical Japanese text, favor this), [[UTF-2000]] and [[Giga Character Set]] (GCS). It is true that many older forms were not included in early versions of the युनिकोड standard, but युनिकोड 4.0 contains more than 90,000 Han characters, far more than any dictionary or any other standard, and work continues on adding characters from the early literature of China, Korea, and Japan. [[Thai language]] support has been criticized for its illogical ordering of Thai characters. This complication is due to युनिकोड inheriting the [[TIS-620|Thai Industrial Standard 620]], which worked in the same way. This ordering problem complicates the युनिकोड collation process [http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/unicode/library/u-secret.html]. == युनिकोड in use == === Operating systems === Despite technical problems and limitations and criticism on process, युनिकोड has emerged as the dominant encoding scheme. [[Windows NT]] and its descendants [[Windows 2000]] and [[Windows XP]] make extensive use of [[UTF-16]] as an internal representation of text. UNIX-like operating systems such as [[GNU/Linux]], [[BSD]] and [[Mac OS X]] have adopted [[UTF-8]], as the basis of representation of [[multilingual text]]. === E-mail === [[MIME]] defines two different mechanisms for encoding non-ASCII characters in [[e-mail]], depending on whether the characters are in e-mail headers such as the "Subject:" or in the text body of the message. In both cases, the original character set is identified as well as a transfer encoding. For e-mail transmission of युनिकोड the UTF-8 character set and the [[Base64]] transfer encoding are recommended. The details of the two different mechanisms are specified in the MIME standards and are generally hidden from users of e-mail software. The adoption of युनिकोड in [[e-mail]] has been very slow. Most East-Asian text is still encoded in a local encoding such as [[Shift-JIS]], and many commonly used e-mail programs still cannot handle युनिकोड data correctly, if they have some support at all. This situation is not expected to change in the foreseeable future. === Web === Recent web browsers display web pages using युनिकोड if an appropriate [[typeface|font]] is installed (see [[Unicode and HTML]]). Although syntax rules may affect the order in which characters are allowed to appear, both HTML 4.0 and XML 1.0 documents are, by definition, comprised of characters from the entire range of युनिकोड code points, minus only a handful of disallowed control characters and the permanently-unassigned code points D800-DFFF, any code point ending in FFFE or FFFF and any code point above 10FFFF. These characters manifest either directly as [[byte]]s according to document's encoding, if the encoding supports them, or they may be written as numeric character references based on the character's युनिकोड code point, as long as the document's encoding supports the digits and symbols required to write the references (all encodings approved for use on the Internet do). For example, the references <code>&amp;#916;</code> <code>&amp;#1049;</code> <code>&amp;#1511;</code> <code>&amp;#1605;</code> <code>&amp;#3671;</code> <code>&amp;#12354;</code> <code>&amp;#21494;</code> <code>&amp;#33865;</code> <code>&amp;#45307;</code> (or the same numeric values expressed in hexadecimal, with <code>&amp;#x</code> as the prefix) display on your browser as &#916;, &#1049;, &#1511;, &#1605;, &#3671;, &#12354;, &#21494;, &#33865; and &#45307;—if you have the proper fonts, these symbols look like the [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] capital letter "Delta", [[Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] capital letter "Short I", [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] letter "Meem", [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]] letter "Qof", [[Thai language|Thai]] [[numeral]] 7, [[Japanese language|Japanese]] [[Hiragana]] "A", [[simplified Chinese]] "[[Leaf]]", [[traditional Chinese]] "Leaf", and [[Korean language|Korean]] [[Hangul]] syllable "Nyaelh", respectively. === Fonts === Free and retail fonts based on युनिकोड are common, since first [[TrueType]] and now [[OpenType]] support युनिकोड. These font formats map युनिकोड code points to glyphs. There are thousands of fonts on the market, but fewer than a dozen fonts attempt to support the majority of युनिकोड's character repertoire; these fonts are sometimes described as pan-युनिकोड. Instead, युनिकोड based fonts typically focus on supporting only basic ASCII and particular scripts or sets of characters or symbols. There are several reasons for this: applications and documents rarely need to render characters from more than one or two writing systems; fonts tend to be resource hogs in computing environments; and operating systems and applications are becoming increasingly intelligent in regard to obtaining glyph information from separate font files as they are needed. Furthermore, it is a monumental task to design a consistent set of rendering instructions for tens of thousands of glyphs; such a venture passes the point of [[diminishing returns]] for most typefaces. युनिकोड characters which cannot be rendered are most often displayed as an open rectangle only, to indicate the position of the unrecognized character. Some attempts have been made to provide more information about these characters. The Apple ''[[LastResort]]'' font will display a substitute glyph indicating the युनिकोड range of the character and the [[SIL International|SIL]] [[Unicode fallback font]] will display a box showing the hexadecimal scalar value of the character. === Multilingual Text Rendering Engines === *[[Uniscribe]] - [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] *[[Apple Type Services for Unicode Imaging]] - new engine for [[Apple Macintosh|Macintosh]] *[[WorldScript]] - old engine for [[Apple Macintosh|Macintosh]] *[[Pango]] - [[open source]] *[[Graphite (Renderer)|Graphite]] - (open source renderer from [[SIL International|SIL]]) ===Input methods=== On [[Windows XP]], any युनिकोड character can be input by pressing Alt, then, with Alt down (and using only the numeric keypad keys), pressing the [[decimal]] digits of the युनिकोड characters one after the other. For example, Alt, then, with Alt still down, 9, then 6 and then 0 yields &#960; (Greek lowercase letter Pi). For values less than 256, precede the digits with a 0, to avoid code page translation (see [[Extended ASCII]]), e.g. Alt 0, 1, 6, 5 yields ¥. Word 2003 also allows for entering युनिकोड characters by spelling out the code first, e.g. 014B for the 'ng'-symbol and then hitting 'Alt' plus 'X' to substitute the string to the left by its युनिकोड character. Macintosh users have a similar feature with an input method called 'Unicode Hex Input', in [[Mac OS X]] and in [[Mac OS]] 8.5 and later: hold down the Option key, and type the four-hex-digit युनिकोड code point. Handling of code-points above 0xFFFF is done by entering a [[UTF-16|surrogate pair]]; they will be converted into a single character automatically. Mac OS X (version 10.2 and newer) also has a 'Character Palette', which allows users to visually select any युनिकोड character from a table organized numerically, by युनिकोड block, or by a selected font's available characters. [[GNOME|Gnome2]] follows [[ISO 14755]]. Hold down Ctrl and Shift and enter the hexadecimal युनिकोड value. The [[Opera (web browser)|Opera web browser]] in version 7.5 and over allows users to enter any युनिकोड character directly into a text field by typing its hexadecimal code, selecting it, and pressing alt+x. == See also == * [[Table of Unicode characters, 128 to 999]] == External links == * [http://www.unicode.org The Unicode Consortium] ** Unicode versions: [http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr27/ 3.1], [http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr28/ 3.2], [http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.0.0 4.0], [http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.0.1/ 4.0.1], [http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.1.0/ 4.1] ** [http://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html new characters], [http://www.unicode.org/pending/pending.html scripts] and [http://www.unicode.org/alloc/investigation.html characters and scripts under investigation] ** [http://www.unicode.org/charts/ Code Charts] ([[portable document format|PDF]]) * [http://www.macchiato.com/unicode/charts.html UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-32 Code Charts] and a [http://www-atm.physics.ox.ac.uk/user/iwi/charmap.html character map] ([[JavaScript]]) * [http://www.eki.ee/letter/ The Letter Database] Uses forms to present groups in list or grid format by [[hexadecimal]]. * [http://www.decodeunicode.org/ DecodeUnicode - Unicode Wiki, 50.000 gifs and information about each character] *[http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/ucs/examples/ Example text files using Unicode] *[http://www.lazytools.com/unicode-ascii/ Unicode special character map] is similar to the Windows version. Click a symbol to obtain either the named or numeric code for HTML. *[[Michael Everson]]'s [http://www.unicode.org/notes/tn4/everson-iuc21pap.pdf "Leaks in the Unicode pipeline: script, script, script…"] PDF 2MB * [http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/ ConScript Unicode Registry] a project to standardize part of the Private Use Area for use with [[artificial script]]s and artificial languages. An explanation of how to propose character names in Unicode is available here. * [http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/unicode/library/u-secret.html The secret life of Unicode] "A peek at Unicode's soft underbelly" Describes problems requiring resolution. Includes links to Unicode resources. *Tim Bray's [http://www.tbray.org/ongoing/When/200x/2003/04/26/UTF Characters vs Bytes] explains how the different encodings work. *[http://www.joelonsoftware.com/articles/Unicode.html The Absolute Minimum Every Software Developer Absolutely, Positively Must Know About Unicode and Character Sets (No Excuses!)] by [[Joel Spolsky]] * [http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/ Alan Wood's Unicode Resources] Contains lists of word processors with Unicode capability; characters are grouped by type; characters are presented in lists, not grids. *[[Font]]s and tools: **[http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/ucs-fonts.html Unicode fonts and tools] for the [[X Window System]] ** Unicode TTF fonts: [[Arial Unicode MS]], [[Code2000]]: [http://home.att.net/~jameskass/ license info and download link], [[Junicode]]: [http://www.engl.virginia.edu/OE/junicode/junicode.html license info and download link], [[Titus Cyberbit Basic]]: [http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/indexe.htm?/unicode/unitest2.htm license info] & [http://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/unicode/tituut.asp download link] ** [http://earthlingsoft.net/UnicodeChecker/ UnicodeChecker], a Unicode character browser for [[Mac OS X]] *[[Software engineering]]: ** [http://icu.sourceforge.net/ International Components for Unicode (ICU)] An open source set of libraries that provide robust and full-featured Unicode services for your applications on a wide variety of platforms. ** [http://www.joelonsoftware.com/articles/Unicode.html The Absolute Minimum Every Software Developer Absolutely, Positively Must Know About Unicode and Character Sets (No Excuses!)] by [[Joel Spolsky]] of JoelonSoftware.com ** [http://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software_2futf_2d8 Freedesktop.Org’s Project UTF-8]’s purpose is to document and promote proper Unicode support in free and Open Source software. * Seeing [http://www.ianalbert.com/misc/unichart.php the entirety of Unicode printed out] as a single large poster gives a good feel for the size of the code. {{SpecialChars}} [[Category:Unicode|*]] [[als:Unicode]] [[ar:يونيكود]] [[bg:Уникод]] [[bn:ইউনিকোড]] [[br:Unicode]] [[bs:Unikod]] [[ca:Unicode]] [[chr:Unicode]] [[cs:Unicode]] [[da:Unicode]] [[de:Unicode]] [[el:Unicode]] [[en:Unicode]] [[eo:Unikodo]] [[es:Unicode]] [[et:Unicode]] [[fa:یونی‌کد]] [[fi:Unicode]] [[fr:Unicode]] [[gl:Unicode]] [[he:יוניקוד]] [[hi:यूनिकोड]] [[hr:Unicode]] [[hu:Unicode]] [[ia:Unicode]] [[id:Unicode]] [[it:Unicode]] [[ja:Unicode]] [[ka:უნიკოდი]] [[kn:ಯುನಿಕೋಡ್]] [[ko:유니코드]] [[ks:यूनिकोड]] [[ku:Unicode]] [[lt:Unicode]] [[lv:Unikods]] [[ml:യുണിക്കോഡ്]] [[new:युनिकोड]] [[nl:Unicode]] [[nn:Unicode]] [[no:Unicode]] [[pl:Unicode]] [[pt:Unicode]] [[ro:Unicode]] [[ru:Юникод]] [[sh:Unikod]] [[sk:Unicode]] [[sl:Unicode]] [[sq:Unicode]] [[sr:Уникод]] [[sv:Unicode]] [[ta:ஒருங்குறி]] [[th:ยูนิโคด]] [[tr:Unicode]] [[uk:Юнікод]] [[vi:Unicode]] [[wa:Unicôde]] [[zh:Unicode]] [[zh-min-nan:Thong-iōng-bé]] [[zh-yue:統一碼]] 1107 6545 2006-08-13T10:45:35Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Adding: ar, bn, cs, cy, da, eu, fa, he, lt, no, ru, simple, sq, sr, ta, tr Modifying: eo [[Image:Tom Hanks, February 2004.jpg|thumb|फेब्रुवरि २००४मा टम ह्याङ्क्स]] '''थोमस जेफरी ह्याङ्क्स''' (जन्म [[जुलाइ ९]] [[१९५६]]) एक [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका|अमेरिकी]] [[अभिनेता]] हुन् जो लोकप्रिय एवं उत्कृष्ठ समालोचित [[चलचित्र|चलचित्रहरुमा]] उल्लेख्य भुमिका खेलेर सुप्रसिद्द छन्। उनले आफ्नो अभिनय क्षमताका लागि प्रसिद्दि पाएका छन, र उनी ''[[फरेस्ट गम्प]]''को निमुखो देखि, ''[[फिलाडेल्फिया (चलचित्र)|फिलाडेल्फिया]]''को प्रेरणादायी नेत्रित्व र, ''[[अपोलो १३ (चलचित्र)|अपोलो १३]]''को डटि रहने कमाण्डर सम्मका धेरै प्रकारका भुमिका निभाउन सक्षम छन्। ह्याङ्क्स सामान्यतया प्रेरणादायी ''असल ब्यक्ति''को भुमिका न्यानोपनका साथ निभाउन सक्षम छन्, तर ''[[रोड टु पर्डिसन]]''मा ज्यानमाराको भुमिका खेल्न पनि उत्तिकै सक्षम छन्। ह्याङ्क्सले सुरु सुरुमा धेरैजसो [[हास्य]]हरुमा अभिनय गरेता पनि, पछि हास्यबाट टाढिदै बढि गम्भिर [[नाट्य]] बनाउन सुरुगरे। तैपनि, हालसालका बर्षहरुमा उनि आफ्नो पुरानै हास्यव्यङ्गको जरो तिर फर्कँदै, धेरै हास्यहरुमा खेल्न पुगेका छन्। ह्याङ्क्स अहिलेका सबैभन्दा खोजिने मुख्य अभिनेताहरु मध्येका एक हुन्। हालैका दुई चलचित्रका लागि उनको पारिश्रमिक प्रत्येकको २ करोड अमेरिकी डलर (लगभग, रु १ अर्ब ४० करोड) थियो। ''[[फरेस्ट गम्प]]''को लोकप्रिय मुख्य भुमिकाको लागि उनले ७ करोड अमेरिकी डलर (लगभग, रु ५ अर्ब) आम्दानि गरे। [[कङ्कर्ड, क्यालिफोर्निया]]मा जन्मेका ह्याङ्क्सले, पछि क्यालिफोर्निया राज्य विश्वविद्यालय, साक्रामेन्टोमा रङ्गमञ्च अध्ययन गरे। उनले कलेजको नाटकमा भाग नपाए पछि, सामुदायिक रङ्गमञ्चमा जाँच दिए। निर्देशकले [[क्लिभल्याण्ड, ओहायो] जान उनलाई बोलाए, र त्यहिँबाट उनको अभिनय इलम सुरु भयो। ह्याङ्क्स [[राष्ट्रिय अन्तरिक्ष समाज]]का सदस्य हुन् र उनले अन्तरिक्षयात्रीहरुलाई चन्द्रमा पुर्याउने ''अपोलो कार्यक्रम'' सम्बन्धि, [[एचबिओ]]को लघुश्रीङ्खला ''फ्रम द अर्थ् टु द मुन''को निर्माण गरे। सन् [[१९८८]]देखि ह्याङ्क्स [[अभिनेता|अभिनेत्री]] [[रिटा विल्सन]]सँग विवाहित छन्। उनिहरुको भेट चलचित्र ''भोलेन्टियर्स'' ([[१९८५]])मा काम गर्दा भएको हो। उनिहरुका दुई सन्तान छन्। ह्याङ्क्सको अघिल्लो विवाह [[१९७८]] देखि [[१९८७]] सम्म समान्था लिविससँग भएको थियो। त्यस विवाह बन्धनले पनि दुई सन्तान जन्मायो (जसमध्येका एक, अभिनेता कलिन ह्याङ्क्स हुन्)। ह्याङ्क्सले एकपछि अर्को ''सर्बोत्कृष्ठ अभिनेता''का लागि [[एकेडेमी उपाधि|ओस्कार]] जिते, ''[[फिलाडेल्फिया (चलचित्र)|फिलाडेल्फिया]]'' ([[१९९३]]) र ''[[फरेस्ट गम्प]]'' ([[१९९४]]) मा गरेको अभिनयका लागि। उनि अहिलेसम्मकै कम उमेरका ''अमेरिकन फिल्म इन्स्टिच्युट''को ''लाइफ अचिभमेन्ट अवार्ड'' [[२००२]] पाउने ब्यक्ति हुन्। ह्याङ्क्स, अमेरिकी राष्ट्रपति अब्राहम लिङ्कनकी आमा, न्यन्सि ह्याङ्क्सको एक सम्भावित पिता, जेम्स ह्याङ्क्सको नातेदार हुन भन्ने दावि गर्छन। उनको एक [[बंशावली]]ले त्यो सम्बन्ध देखाउन खोजेको छ, जुन [[#External_links|''External links'' खण्ड]]मा छ। == चलचित्रकर्म == *''[[He Knows You're Alone]]'' ([[१९८०]]) *''[[Splash]]'' ([[१९८४]]) *''[[Bachelor Party (movie)|Bachelor Party]]'' ([[१९८४]]) *''[[The Man with One Red Shoe]]'' ([[१९८५]]) *''[[Volunteers]]'' ([[१९८५]]) *''[[The Money Pit]]'' ([[१९८६]]) *''[[Nothing in Common]]'' ([[१९८६]]) *''[[Every Time We Say Goodbye]]'' ([[१९८६]]) *''[[Dragnet]]'' ([[१९८७]]) *''[[Big]]'' ([[१९८८]]) *''[[Punchline]]'' ([[१९८८]]) *''[[The 'burbs]]'' ([[१९८९]]) *''[[Turner & Hooch]]'' ([[१९८९]]) *''[[Joe Versus the Volcano]]'' ([[१९९०]]) *''[[The Bonfire of the Vanities]]'' ([[१९९०]]) *''[[Radio Flyer]]'' ([[१९९२]]) *''[[A League of Their Own]]'' ([[१९९२]]) *''[[Sleepless in Seattle]]'' ([[१९९३]]) *''[[Philadelphia]]'' ([[१९९३]]) *''[[Forrest Gump]]'' ([[१९९४]]) *''[[Apollo 13]]'' ([[१९९५]]) *''[[The Celluloid Closet]]'' ([[१९९५]]) (वृत्तचित्र) *''[[Toy Story]]'' ([[१९९५]]) (श्वर) *''[[That Thing You Do!]]'' ([[१९९६]]) (निर्देशक र लेखकपनि) *''[[Saving Private Ryan]]'' ([[१९९८]]) *''[[You've Got Mail]]'' ([[१९९८]]) *''[[Toy Story 2]]'' ([[१९९९]]) (श्वर) *''[[The Green Mile]]'' ([[१९९९]]) *''[[Cast Away]]'' ([[२०००]]) (निर्मातापनि) *''[[Road to Perdition]]'' ([[२००२]]) *''[[Catch Me If You Can]]'' ([[२००२]]) *''[[The Ladykillers]]'' ([[२००४]]) *''[[The Terminal]]'' ([[२००४]]) *''[[Elvis Has Left the Building]]'' ([[२००४]]) (फुटकर) *''[[The Polar Express]]'' ([[२००४]]) (निर्मातापनि) *''[[A Cold Case]]'' ([[२००५]]) (हाल पुर्व-निर्माणमा) *''[[The Da Vinci Code]]'' ([[२००६]]) (हाल पुर्व-निर्माणमा) *''[[The Risk Pool]]'' ([[२००६]]) (हाल निर्माणको घोषणा भइसकेको) (निर्मातापनि) ==बाह्य सम्बन्ध== *{{imdb name|id=0000158|name=Tom Hanks}} * [http://www.westlord.com/tomhanks/ टम ह्याङ्क्स] *[http://msn.ancestry.com/landing/msn/strange/hanks/familytree.gif Tom Hanks's (partial) family tree (links him to former US president Abraham Lincoln)] *[http://www.dvdark.co.uk/c/dvdology/MA4DzTm/ Tom Hanks DVDology] [[Category:1956 births|Hanks, Tom]] [[Category:American actors|Hanks, Tom]] [[Category:Best Actor Oscar|Hanks, Tom]] <!-- Philadelphia (movie), Forrest Gump --> [[Category:Cinema actors|Hanks, Tom]] [[ar:توم هانكس]] [[bg:Том Ханкс]] [[bn:টম হ্যাংক্‌স্]] [[cs:Tom Hanks]] [[cy:Tom Hanks]] [[da:Tom Hanks]] [[de:Tom Hanks]] [[en:Tom Hanks]] [[eo:Tom Hanks]] [[es:Tom Hanks]] [[eu:Tom Hanks]] [[fa:تام هنکس]] [[fi:Tom Hanks]] [[fr:Tom Hanks]] [[he:טום הנקס]] [[hu:Tom Hanks]] [[it:Tom Hanks]] [[ja:トム・ハンクス]] [[lt:Tom Hanks]] [[nl:Tom Hanks]] [[no:Tom Hanks]] [[pl:Tom Hanks]] [[pt:Tom Hanks]] [[ru:Хэнкс, Томас Джеффри]] [[simple:Tom Hanks]] [[sk:Tom Hanks]] [[sq:Tom Hanks]] [[sr:Том Хенкс]] [[sv:Tom Hanks]] [[ta:டொம் ஹாங்]] [[tr:Tom Hanks]] [[zh:汤姆·汉克斯]] 1108 4335 2005-05-12T19:35:31Z Indiver 9 [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm{{{id}}}/ {{{name}}}] [[इन्टर्नेट चलचित्र डेटाबेस]]मा 1109 4336 2005-05-13T16:12:09Z 202.161.146.200 more translation into nepali [[विकिपीडिया]] एक खुला [[विश्वकोष]] हो जसलाई यसका पाठकहरुले ''सहकार्य'' गरि लेखेका हुन्। यो साइट एक [[विकि]] हो, अर्थात यसका लगभग सबै लेखहरु कसैले, ''तपाँई''ले समेत, पनि अहिले नै पृष्ठको माथि रहेको '''[[#Editing|edit this page]]''' भन्ने लिङ्कमा क्लिक गरेर सम्पादन गर्न सक्छ। == विकिपीडिया खोतल्न == विकिपीडियाले विशाल मात्रामा जानकारी राखेको हुन्छ। Information on all sorts of subjects ranging from [[politics]], [[science]], [[history]], [[music]], [[religion]], [[pop culture]], and [[sports]] to everything and anything in between. Try browsing the various categories now. {{categorybrowsebar}} You can also search for text in articles. Just go to the "search" field to the left, enter your search term and click "search". Note that the built-in search function may be disabled in times of server overload; in these cases you will be redirected to a [[Google]]-based search of the Wikipedia database. There are also [[Wikipedia:Searching|other ways]] to [[Wikipedia:Readers%27_FAQ#How_do_I_search_Wikipedia.3F|search Wikipedia]]. If you read something that you really like, then why not drop a note on the article's [[Wikipedia:talk page|talk page]]? First select the '''discussion''' link (look for it in the tabs above the page), to get to the talk page. Then select '''edit this page''' on the talk page, or click the '''+''' to the right of '''edit this page''' to simply add a new comment. We always love to get a little positive feedback. If there's something we don't cover, or you're having difficulty finding what you're looking for, just ask us at the [[Wikipedia:reference desk|reference desk]], or add the topic to our list of [[wikipedia:requested articles|requested articles]]. Find other ways to [[Wikipedia:Explore|explore Wikipedia]] or... [[Help:Starting a new page|write an article yourself]]. == सम्पादन == Everyone can edit pages in विकिपीडिया &mdash; even this page! Just click the '''edit this page''' link at the top of any page (except for [[Wikipedia:This page is protected|protected pages]]) if you think it needs any improvement or new information. You don't need anything special; you don't even need to be [[Wikipedia:How to log in|logged in]]. If you want to experiment first, without risk of "messing up" a real article, head over to [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|the sandbox]], where you can practice editing to your heart's content. To practice editing an existing page like this one, just copy and paste it from the article's edit page into the sandbox. If you want to learn more, check out the [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Wikipedia Tutorial]] to learn the basic info you should know as a member of our project. You may find this a bit intimidating at first, but see [[Wikipedia:Replies to common objections|replies to common objections]] for an explanation of why the system still works. == निति == We've got a few [[wikipedia:policies and guidelines|policies and guidelines]] that you should look at. The three most essential principles are NPOV, GFDL, and civility. What does this mean? *NPOV, or [[wikipedia:neutral point of view|neutral point of view]] means that articles should not be biased, and should represent differing views on a subject fairly. *All contributions to Wikipedia are released under the [[GNU Free Documentation License]] (GFDL). This specifically ensures that Wikipedia will remain freely distributable in perpetuity. Please do not submit any content that is copyrighted without permission of the copyright holder. (See [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|Copyrights]] for more information). *Civility. Wikipedia works by cooperation, and therefore mutual respect, [[Wikipedia:Civility|civility]], and [[Wikipedia:Wikilove|wikilove]] should be practiced universally. Please [[Wikipedia:Assume good faith|assume good faith]] when you disagree with someone, [[Wikipedia:Staying cool when the editing gets hot|stay cool]], and talk things over civilly. It is good practice to provide an [[Wikipedia:edit summary|edit summary]] explaining your changes so as to assist others with noticing and accepting your changes. If you find that your edits get removed or modified, wait a moment before reinstating them. First check the page history, your talk page, or the article's talk page to discuss. See also [[Wikipedia:Wikiquette|Wikiquette]]. == निरास नहुनुहोस == If you run into conflicts in your first forays into editing, then don't let it get you down. In any collaborative project there are clashes. Have a look at the [[Wikipedia:Writers rules of engagement|writers' rules of engagement]] page as well as the other articles in the tutorial wing below. Use them to help you resolve the problems and learn how to become an active and productive contributor. And if there's anything you don't understand &mdash; be it technical or social &mdash; and you're not sure where to look, just post a question on the [[Wikipedia:help desk]], and someone will be happy to help you. मज्जा लिनुहोस! ==Want to join up?== Anyone can edit, but there are [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|advantages]] to creating an account if you want to contribute regularly. To join, [[Special:Userlogin|'''create an account''']] and then introduce yourself to the community at the [[Wikipedia:New user log|'''new user log''']]. == यी पनि हेर्नुहोस् == === General information, guides and help === *[[Wikipedia:About|About the project]] *[[Wikipedia:Help|Help pages]] &mdash; help on editing, starting new articles, and many other topics. *[[Wikipedia:FAQ|Wikipedia FAQs]] &mdash; frequently asked questions about the site. *[[Wikipedia:Glossary|Glossary]] &mdash; a glossary of common Wikipedia terms. *[[Wikipedia:What is Wikipedia|What is Wikipedia]] *[[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|What Wikipedia is not]] *[[wikipedia:Policies and guidelines|Policies and guidelines for contributors]] *[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]] === Wikicivics === ====Tutorial Wing==== *''[[Wikipedia:Wikiquette|Wikiquette]]'' *''[[Wikipedia:NPOV tutorial|Neutrality]]'' *''[[Wikipedia:Writers rules of engagement|Writers rules of engagement]]'' &mdash; dispute resolution. *''[[Wikipedia:Faux pas avoidance|Faux pas avoidance]]'' ====Department of Deeper Inquiries==== *''[[Wikipedia:Civility|Civility]]'' *''[[Wikipedia:Contributing to Wikipedia|Contributing]]'' *''[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|The neutral point of view]]'' === विकिपीडिया समुदाय === *[[Wikipedia:Contact us|Contact us]] *[[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedians]] &mdash; different listings of regular contributors; you may add yourself if you wish. *[[Wikipedia:Wikifun|Wikifun]]. [[Category:Wikipedia]] [[ar:&#1608;&#1610;&#1603;&#1610;&#1576;&#1610;&#1583;&#1610;&#1575;:&#1578;&#1585;&#1581;&#1610;&#1576; &#1576;&#1575;&#1604;&#1602;&#1575;&#1583;&#1605;&#1610;&#1606; &#1575;&#1604;&#1580;&#1583;&#1583;]] [[bs:Wikipedia:Dobrodo&#353;li]] [[ca:Viquipèdia:Benvinguts a la Viquipèdia]] [[cs:Wikipedie:Vítejte ve Wikipedii]] [[da:Wikipedia:Velkommen nybegynder]] [[de:Wikipedia:Willkommen]] [[en:Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers]] [[eo:Vikipedio:Bonvenon al la Vikipedio]] [[es:Wikipedia:Bienvenidos]] [[fa:&#1608;&#1740;&#1705;&#1740;&#8204;&#1662;&#1583;&#1740;&#1575;:&#1578;&#1575;&#1586;&#1607;&#8204;&#1608;&#1575;&#1585;&#1583;&#1575;&#1606;&#1548; &#1582;&#1608;&#1588; &#1570;&#1605;&#1583;&#1740;&#1583;]] [[fa:&#8204;&#1662;&#1583;&#1740;&#1575;:&#1578;&#1575;&#1740;&#1705;&#1740;&#1586;&#1607; &#1583;&#1740;&#1605;&#1605;&#1570;&#1575;]] [[fr:Wikipédia:Bienvenue]] [[ga:Vicipéid:Fáilte, a núíosaigh]] [[he:&#1493;&#1497;&#1511;&#1497;&#1508;&#1491;&#1497;&#1492;:&#1489;&#1512;&#1493;&#1499;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1489;&#1488;&#1497;&#1501;]] [[hi:&#2357;&#2367;&#2325;&#2367;&#2346;&#2368;&#2337;&#2367;&#2351;&#2366;:&#2360;&#2381;&#2357;&#2366;&#2327;&#2340;, &#2344;&#2351;&#2375; &#2310;&#2344;&#2375;&#2357;&#2366;&#2354;&#2379;&#2306;]] [[hu:Wikipédia:Üdvözlünk_látogató]] [[ia:Wikipedia/Benvenite]] [[ja:Wikipedia:&#26032;&#35215;&#21442;&#21152;&#32773;&#12398;&#26041;&#12289;&#12424;&#12358;&#12371;&#12381;]] [[lb:Wikipedia:Wëllkomm]] [[li:Wikipedia:Wèlkóm]] [[lt:Wikipedia:%C4%AE%C5%BEanga naujokams]] [[ms:Wikipedia:Selamat_Datang]] [[nds:Infos F&#1094;r Niege]] [[nl:Wikipedia:Welkom voor nieuwelingen]] [[pl:Wikipedia:Powitanie nowicjuszy]] [[pt:Wikipedia:Boas-vindas]] [[ro:Wikipedia:Bun venit]] [[sk:Wikip%C3%A9dia:Vitajte_vo_Wikip%C3%A9di%C3%AD]] [[sl:Wikipedija:Dobrodo&#353;li, novinci]] [[sr:&#1042;&#1080;&#1082;&#1080;&#1087;&#1077;&#1076;&#1080;&#1112;&#1072;:&#1044;&#1086;&#1073;&#1088;&#1086;&#1076;&#1086;&#1096;&#1083;&#1080;]] [[su:Wikipédia:Wilujeng sumping]] [[sv:Wikipedia:Välkommen]] [[tt:Säläm, yaña kilgännär]] [[vi:Wikipedia:Chào m&#7915;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i m&#7899;i &#273;&#7871;n]] [[ur:%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B4_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF]] [[zh-cn:Wikipedia:&#27426;&#36814;&#65292;&#26032;&#26469;&#32773;]] [[zh-tw:Wikipedia:&#27489;&#36814;&#65292;&#26032;&#20358;&#32773;]] 1110 8850 2007-01-16T19:15:54Z RajeshPandey 111 <div class="boilerplate metadata" id="stub" align=left>[[Image:Wiki letter w.svg|left|48px| ]] ''यो सामाग्री एक [[ठुटो]] ([[:en:stub|stub]]) हो वा [[अपुरो]] अवस्थामा छ। <br> तपाँईसँग यो विषयको राम्रो जानकारी छ भने यसलाई <strong><span class="plainlinks">[{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit}} बिस्तार गरेर]</span></strong> विकिपीडियालाई मद्दत गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ।''</div> [[Category:Stub]] 1111 6449 2006-07-16T18:13:13Z Rocastelo 125 Images [[Image:H2O (water molecule).jpg|thumb|250px|H2O]] '''पानी''' एक रङहिन, स्वादहिन, र गन्दहिन बस्तु हो जुन समस्त ज्ञात जिवन रुपहरुको आधार हो। It is the most universal [[solvent]]. Water is an abundant substance on [[Earth]]. It exists in many places and forms: mostly in the [[oceans]] and polar [[ice cap]]s, but also as [[cloud]]s, [[rain|rain water]], [[river|rivers or freshwaters]], and [[sea ice]]. On the planet, water is continuously moving through the [[water cycle|cycle]] involving [[evaporation]], [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]], and [[runoff (water)|runoff]] to the [[sea]]. All known forms of [[life]] need water. [[Humans]] consume "drinking water", water with qualities compatible with the [[human body]]. This natural resource has become scarce with the growing [[world population]], and its availability is a major social and economic concern. ==A surprising substance== ===Changing appearances=== :''See [[:Category:Forms of water]]'' [[Image:Glacial iceberg in Argentina.jpg|thumb|]] Water takes many different shapes on earth: [[water vapor]] and [[cloud]]s in the sky, [[wave]]s and [[iceberg]]s in the [[sea]], [[glacier]]s in the [[mountain]], [[aquifers]] in the ground, to name but a few. Through [[evaporation]], [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] and [[runoff (water)|runoff]], water is continuously flowing from one form to another, in what is called the '''water cycle'''. Because of the importance of precipitation to [[agriculture]], and to [[mankind]] in general, we give different names to its various forms: while [[rain]] is common in most countries, other phenomena are quite surprising when seen for the first time: [[hail]], [[snow]], [[fog]] or [[dew]] for example. When appropriately lit, water drops in the air can [[refract]] the beautiful colours of a [[rainbow]]. Similarly, water runoffs have played major roles in our history: [[river]]s and [[irrigation]] brought the water needed for agriculture. Rivers and the [[sea]]s offered opportunity for travel and commerce. Through [[erosion]], runoffs played a major part in shaping our environment providing river [[valley]]s and [[delta]]s which provide rich soil and level ground for the establishment of population centers. Water also infiltrates the ground and goes into [[aquifer]]s. This [[groundwater]] later flows back to the surface in [[spring (water)|springs]], or more spectacularly in [[hot spring]]s and [[geyser]]s. Groundwater is also extracted artificially in [[well]]s. Because water can contain many different substances, it can taste or smell very differently. In fact, we have developed our senses to be able to evaluate the drinkability of water: we avoid the [[salt]]y seas and the putrid [[swamp]]s, and we like the fresh pure water of a mountain spring. ===Important properties for living organisms=== [[Image:Drop 274158 8488.jpg|thumb|left|]] Water has many unusual properties that are critical for life: it is a good [[solvent]] and has high [[surface tension]]. Fresh water has its greatest [[density]] at 4&deg;[[Celsius|C]]: it becomes less dense as it [[freezing|freezes]] or [[heat]]s up. As a stable, [[polar molecule]] prevalent in the atmosphere, it plays an important atmospheric role as an absorber of [[infrared radiation]], crucial in the atmospheric [[greenhouse effect]]. Water also has an unusually high [[specific heat capacity|specific heat]], which plays many roles in regulating global climate. Water is a very good [[solvent]] and dissolves many types of substances, such as various salts and [[sugar]], and facilitates their [[chemical reaction|chemical interaction]], which aids complex [[metabolism]]s. Some substances, however, do not mix well with water, including [[oil]]s and other [[hydrophobic]] substances. [[Cell membrane]]s, composed of [[lipid]]s and [[protein]]s, take advantage of this property to carefully control interactions between their contents and external chemicals. This is facilitated somewhat by the surface tension of water. Water drops are stable due to the high surface tension of water. This can be seen when small quantities of water are put onto a nonsoluble surface such as [[glass]]: the water stays together as drops. This property plays a key role in [[plant]] [[transpiration]]. A simple but environmentally important and unique property of water is that its common solid form, [[ice]], floats on the liquid. This solid phase is less dense than liquid water, due to the geometry of the strong hydrogen bonds which are formed only at lower temperatures. For almost all other substances and for all other 11 uncommon phases of water ice except ice-XI, the solid form is more dense than the liquid form. Fresh water is most dense at 4&deg;C, and will sink by [[convection]] as it cools to that temperature, and if it becomes colder it will rise instead. This reversal will cause deep water to remain warmer than shallower freezing water, so that ice in a body of water will form first at the surface and progress downward, while the majority of the water underneath will hold a constant 4&deg;C. This effectively insulates a lake floor from the cold. Life on earth has evolved with and fine tuned itself to the important features of water. The existence of abundant liquid, vapor and solid forms of water on Earth has no doubt been an important factor in the abundant colonization of Earth's various environments by life-forms adapted to those varying and often extreme conditions. ==Importance of astronomical position== [[Image:Water_droplet.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Impact of a water droplet.]] The coexistence of the solid, liquid, and gaseous phases of water on Earth is perhaps vital to the origin and evolution of life on Earth as we know it. However, if the Earth's location in the [[solar system]] was marginally closer or further from the [[Sun]], the conditions which allow the three forms to be present simultaneously would have been more unlikely. Earth's mass allows [[gravity]] to hold an [[atmosphere]]. [[Water vapor]] and [[carbon dioxide]] in the atmosphere provides a [[greenhouse effect]] which helps maintain a relatively steady surface temperature. If Earth were less massive, a thinner atmosphere would cause temperature extremes preventing the accumulation of water except in [[polar ice cap]]s (as on [[Mars (planet)|Mars]]). According to the [[solar nebula]] model of the solar system's formation, Earth's mass may be largely due to its distance from the Sun. The distance between Earth and the Sun and the combination of solar radiation received and the greenhouse effect of an atmosphere ensures that its surface is neither too cold nor too hot for liquid water. If Earth were more distant, most water would be frozen. If Earth was nearer to the Sun, its higher surface temperature would limit the formation of ice caps, or cause water to exist only as vapor. In the former case, the low [[albedo]] of [[ocean]]s would cause Earth to absorb more solar energy. In the second a runaway [[greenhouse effect]] and inhospitable conditions similar to [[Venus (planet)|Venus]] would result. It has been proposed that life itself may maintain the conditions that have allowed its continued existence. The surface temperature of Earth has been relatively constant through [[geologic time]] despite varying solar flux, indicating that a dynamic process governs Earth's temperature via a combination of greenhouse gases and surface or atmospheric albedo. See ''[[Gaia hypothesis]]''. ==Water in everyday life== [[Image:Sprinkler03.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Water pressure in a sprinkler]] All known forms of life depend on water. Water is a vital part of many [[metabolism|metabolic]] processes within the body. Significant quantities of water are used during the [[digestion]] of food. (Note however that some [[bacterium|bacteria]] and [[plant]] [[seed]]s can enter a [[cryptobiotic state]] for an indefinite period when dehydrated, and come back to life when returned to a wet environment) About seventy two percent of the fat free mass of the [[human]] body is made of water. To function properly the body requires between one and seven [[litre]]s/[[quart]]s of water per [[day]] to avoid [[dehydration]], the precise amount depending on the level of activity, temperature, humidity, and other factors. It is not clear how much water intake is needed by healthy people.[http://ajpregu.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/283/5/R993] Water is lost from the body in [[urine]] and [[faeces]], through [[sweat]]ing, and by exhalation of water [[vapor]] in the breath. Humans require water that does not contain too much salt or other impurities. Common impurities include chemicals or harmful [[bacterium|bacteria]]. Some solutes are acceptable and even desirable for perceived taste enhancement. Water that is suitable for drinking is termed '''potable water'''. Because of the growth of [[world population]] and other factors, the availability of drinking water per person is shrinking. This issue can be solved through more production, better distribution, or through less waste. ===A rare resource=== :''See [[water resources]] for information about [[fresh water]] supplies.'' Water is a strategic resource for many countries. Many battles and wars, such as the [[Six-Day War]] in the [[Middle East]], have been fought to gain access to it. Experts predict more trouble ahead because of the world's growing [[world population|population]], increasing contamination through [[water pollution|pollution]] and [[global warming]]. [[UNESCO]]'s World Water Development Report (WWDR, 2003) from its World Water Assessment Program indicates that, in the next 20 years, the quantity of water available to everyone is predicted to decrease by 30%. 40% of the world's inhabitants currently have insufficient fresh water for minimal [[hygiene]]. More than 2.2 million people died in [[2000]] from [[disease]]s related to the consumption of contaminated water or [[drought]]. In 2004, the [[United Kingdom|UK]] [[charity]] [[WaterAid]] reported that a child dies every 15 seconds due to easily preventable water-related diseases. Some have predicted that clean water will become the "next [[oil]]", making [[Canada]], with this resource in abundance, possibly the richest country in the world. ===Water for everyone=== There are three ways to improve the availability of drinking water: produce it more, distribute it better to the needy, and waste it less. Drinking water is often collected at [[spring (water)|spring]] or extracted from artificial [[boring]]s in the ground, or [[well]]s. Building more wells in adequate places is thus a possible way to produce more water. Other water sources are the rain or the seas. This water however is not adequate for human consumption, and [[water purification]] is needed. Popular methods for purifying water are [[Filter (water)|filtering]], [[boiling]] and [[distillation]]. More advanced techniques exist, such as [[reverse osmosis]]. The distribution of drinking water is done through [[municipal water system]]s or as [[bottled water]]. Governments in many countries have programs to distribute water to the needy at no charge. Others argue that the [[market]] mechanism and [[free enterprise]] are best to manage this rare resource, and to finance the boring of wells or the construction of [[dam]]s and [[reservoir]]s. Reducing waste, i.e. using drinking water only for human consumption, is another option. In some cities, such as [[Hong Kong]], sea water is extensively used for flushing toilets citywide in order to conserve fresh water resources. [[Water pollution|Polluting water]] may be the biggest single misuse of water; to the extent that a pollutant limits other uses of the water, it becomes a waste of the resource, regardless of benefits to the polluter. ==Water in human culture== Water is considered a purifier in most religions, including [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], [[Judaism]], and [[Sikhism]]. For instance, [[baptism]] in Christian churches is done with water. As well, a ritual bath in pure water is done for the dead in many religions including Judaism and Islam. And in Islam, the daily [[Salah]] can only be done after [[Ablution]] ([[Wodoo]]) that is washing parts of the body in clean water. In [[Shinto]], water is used in almost all rituals to cleanse a person or an area. Water is often given spiritual powers. In [[Celtic mythology]], [[Sulis]] is the local [[goddess]] of thermal springs; in [[Hinduism]], the [[Ganga]] is also personified as a goddess. Alternatively, gods can be patrons of particular springs, river or lakes: for example in [[Greek]] and [[Roman]] [[mythology]], [[Peneus]] was a river god, one of the three thousand [[Oceanids]]. [[Empedocles]], a [[Greek]] [[philosopher]] maintained that water is one of the four [[classical element]]s along with [[fire]], [[earth]] and [[air]], and was regarded as the [[ylem]], or basic stuff of the universe. Water was considered cold and moist. In the theory of the four [[bodily humour]]s, water was associated with [[phlegm]]. [[Water (classical element)|Water]] was also one of the [[Five Elements]] in traditional [[Chinese philosophy]], along with [[earth (classical element)|earth]],[[fire (classical element)|fire]], [[wood (classical element)|wood]], and [[metal (classical element)|metal]]. == See also == * [[dehydration]] * [[desalination]] * [[dihydrogen monoxide]] * [[double distilled water]] * [[drought]] * [[evapotranspiration]] * [[flood]] * [[flume]] * [[fresh water]] * [[heavy water]] * [[holy water]] * [[hydrography]] * [[hydrology]] * [[irrigation]] * [[mineral water]] * [[precipitation (meteorology)]] * [[rain]] * [[sea water]] * [[transvasement]] * [[wastewater]] * [[WaterAid]] * [[water (molecule)]] * [[water quality]] * [[water resources]] * [[water industry]] * [[World Ocean Day]] * [[World Water Day]] == External links == {{commons|water}} *[http://www.greenfacts.org/water-disinfectants/index.htm Scientific Facts on Water disinfectants] A faithful summary by GreenFacts of a leading scientific consensus report on Drinking Water Disinfectants published by the International Programme on Chemical Safety of the WHO. * [http://www.worldwaterforum.org/ World Water Forum] * [http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/ World Water Assessment Program] * [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001295/129556e.pdf United Nations' World Water Development Report] * [http://www.gemswater.org/ United Nations GEMS/Water Programme] * [http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/ Water Structure and Behaviour] * [http://www.wateraid.org/ WaterAid] * [http://www.sahra.arizona.edu/newswatch/ SAHRA&mdash;Global Water Newswatch] * [http://www.siwi.org/ Stockholm International Water Institute] (SIWI) * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3752590.stm BBC: The water debate] * [http://www.geocities.com/tapvsbottled/ Tap Water Vs Bottled Water] - Interesting site providing facts about tap and bottled water. * [http://www.emagazine.com/september-october_2003/0903feat1.html <I>E the Environmental Magazine</I> piece on bottled water] (Oct 2003). * [http://www.iapws.org/ International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam] [[Category:Water| ]] [[Category:Hydrology]] [[Category:Beverages]] [[Category:Nutrition]] [[Category:Materials]] [[Category:Natural resources]] [[als:Wasser]] [[ar:&#1605;&#1575;&#1569;]] [[bg:&#1042;&#1086;&#1076;&#1072;]] [[bn:&#2460;&#2482;]] [[ca:Aigua]] [[cy:D&#373;r]] [[da:Vand]] [[de:Wasser]] [[eo:Akvo]] [[es:Agua]] [[et:Vesi]] [[fi:Vesi]] [[fr:Eau]] [[ga:Uisce]] [[he:&#1502;&#1497;&#1501;]] [[id:Air]] [[io:Aquo]] [[is:Vatn]] [[ja:&#27700;]] [[ko:&#47932;]] [[la:Aqua]] [[lv:&#362;dens]] [[mk:&#1042;&#1086;&#1076;&#1072;]] [[ms:Air]] [[nah:Atl]] [[nds:Water]] [[nl:water]] [[nn:Vatn]] [[pl:Woda]] [[pt:Água]] [[ru:&#1042;&#1086;&#1076;&#1072;]] [[simple:Water]] [[sl:voda]] [[sr:&#1042;&#1086;&#1076;&#1072;]] [[sv:Vatten]] [[vi:N&#432;&#7899;c]] [[vo:Vat]] [[zh:&#27700;]] 1112 9148 2007-01-24T22:53:27Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Adding: [[ml:ഭൂമി]], [[wa:Daegne]] '''पृथ्वी''', (अङ्‍ग्रेजी '''the Earth''' or '''Terra'''), [[सौर्यमण्डल]]को तेस्रो ग्रह हो। It is the largest of the [[solar system]]'s [[terrestrial planet]]s, and the only planetary body that [[modern science]] confirms as harboring [[life]]. यो ग्रह करिव ४.५७ [[अर्ब]] (४.५७&times;१०^९) [[बर्ष]] अगाडि उतपन्न भएको हो। त्यसको केहि पछि यसले एकमात्र [[प्राकृतिक उपग्रह]], [[चन्द्रमा]], प्राप्त गर्‍यो। Its dominant [[Sentience|sentient species]] is the [[human]] (''Homo sapiens sapiens''). Its symbol consists of a circled cross, representing a [[meridian]] and the [[equator]]; a variant puts the cross atop the circle ([[Unicode]]: &#x2295; or &#x2641;). == Physical characteristics == {{seemain|Geology}} === Shape === The Earth is approximately a slightly [[oblate]] [[spheroid]], with an average diameter of approximately 12,742 km. The maximum deviations from this are the highest point on Earth (the summit of [[Mount Everest]], which is only 8,850 m) and the lowest (the bottom of the [[Mariana Trench]], at 10,911 m below sea level). Thus the Earth is an oblate spheroid within a [[tolerance (engineering)|tolerance]] of one part in about 584, or 0.17 %. The mass of the Earth is approximately 6,000 yottagrams (6 x 10²⁴ kg). === Structure === The interior of Earth, like that of the other [[terrestrial planets]], is chemically divided into an outer [[silicon|siliceous]] solid [[Crust (geology)|crust]], a highly viscous [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]], a liquid outer core that is much less viscous than the mantle, and a solid inner core. The liquid outer core gives rise to a weak [[magnetosphere|magnetic field]] due to the convection of its electrically conductive material. New material constantly finds its way to the surface through volcanoes and cracks in the ocean floors (see [[seafloor spreading]]). Much of Earth's crust is less than 100 million (1&times;10⁸) years old; the very oldest parts of the crust are as much as 4.4 billion (4.4&times;10⁹) years old [http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n0101/14earthwater/]. Taken as a whole, the Earth's composition by mass [http://earthref.org/cgi-bin/er.cgi?s=erda.cgi?n=547] is: <dl><dd> {|cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 |[[अक्सिजन]]:||align="right"|२८||.२||% |- |[[फलाम]]:||align="right"|३४||.१||% |- |[[सिलिकन]]:||align="right"|१७||.२||% |- |[[म्यागनेसियम]]:||align="right"|१५||.९||% |- |[[निकेल]]:||align="right"|१||.६||% |- |[[क्यालसियम]]:||align="right"|१||.६||% |- |[[सिलाबर]]:||align="right"|१||.५||% |- |[[सल्फर]]:||align="right"|०||.७०||% |- |[[सोडियम]]:||align="right"|०||.२५||% |- |[[टाइटेनियम]]:||align="right"|०||.०७१||% |- |[[पोटासियम]]:||align="right"|०||.०१९&nbsp;||% |- |अरु पदार्य: &nbsp; &nbsp;||align="right"|०||.५३||% |} </dl> ===Interior === ====Interior heat==== {{seemain|geothermal (geology)}} {{editnote||Kelvin units do not use a "degrees" symbol}} The interior of Earth reaches temperatures of 5270 [[kelvin]]s. The planet's internal heat was originally generated during its accretion (see [[gravitational binding energy]]), and since then additional heat has continued to be generated by the decay of [[radioactive]] elements such as [[uranium]], [[thorium]], and [[potassium]]. The heat flow from the interior to the surface is only 1/20,000 as great as the energy received from the Sun. ====Structure==== Earth's composition (by depth below surface): *0 to 60 km - [[Lithosphere]] (locally varies 5-200 km) **0 to 35 km - Crust (locally varies 5-70 km) *35 to 2890 km - Mantle **100 to 700 km - [[Asthenosphere]] *2890 to 5100 km - Outer Core *5100 to 6378 km - Inner Core ===The core=== The average density of Earth is 5515 [[kilogram|kg]]/[[metre|m³]], making it the densest planet in the Solar system. Since the average density of surface material is only around 3000 kg/m³, we must conclude that denser materials exist within the core of the Earth. In its earliest stages, about 4.5 billion (4.5&times;10⁹) years ago, melting would have caused denser substances to sink towards the center in a process called [[planetary differentiation]], while less dense materials would have migrated to the crust. As a result, the core is largely composed of iron (80%), along with nickel and silicon; while other dense elements, such as lead and uranium, are either too rare to be significant or tend to bind to lighter elements and thus remain in the crust (see: [[felsic|felsic materials]]). The core is divided into two parts, a solid inner core with a [[radius]] of ~1250 km and a liquid outer core extending beyond it to a radius of ~3500 km. The inner core is generally believed to be solid and composed primarily of iron and some nickel. Some have argued that the inner core may be in the form of a single iron [[crystal]]. The outer core surrounds the inner core and is believed to be composed of liquid iron mixed with liquid nickel and trace amounts of lighter elements. It is generally believed that convection in the outer core, combined with stirring caused by the Earth's rotation (see: [[Coriolis force]]s), gives rise to the [[Earth's magnetic field]] through a process known as the [[dynamo theory]]. The solid inner core is too hot to hold a permanent magnetic field (see: [[Curie temperature]]) but probably acts to stabilise the magnetic field generated by the liquid outer core. Recent evidence has suggested that the inner core of Earth may rotate slightly faster than the rest of the planet, by ~2° per [[year]] (''[[Neil F. Comins|Comins]] DEU-p.82''). [[Image:Earth-crust-cutaway-english.png|thumb|350px|left|Earth cutaway from core to exosphere. Partially to scale.]] ===Mantle=== {{seemain|Mantle (geology)}} [[Earth's mantle]] extends to a depth of 2890 km. The [[pressure]], at the bottom of the mantle, is ~140 G[[pascal|Pa]] (1.4 M[[atmospheric pressure|atm]]). It is largely composed of substances rich in iron and magnesium. The melting point of a substance depends on the pressure it is under. As there is intense and increasing pressure as one travels deeper into the mantle, the lower part of this region is thought solid while the upper mantle is [[plastic]] (semi-molten). The viscosity of the upper mantle ranges between 10²¹ and 10²⁴ [[pascal second|Pa·s]], depending on depth [http://www2.uni-jena.de/chemie/geowiss/geodyn/poster2.html]. Thus, the upper mantle can only flow very slowly. Why is the inner core thought solid, the outer core thought liquid, and the mantle solid/plastic? The melting points of iron rich substances are higher than pure iron. The core is composed almost entirely of pure iron, while iron rich substances are more common outside the core. So, surface iron-substances are solid, upper mantle iron-substances are semi-molten (as it is hot and they are under relatively little pressure), lower mantle iron-substances are solid (as they are under tremendous pressure), outer core pure iron is liquid as it has a very low melting point (despite enormous pressure), and the inner core is solid due to the overwhelming pressure found at the center of the planet. ===Crust=== The crust ranges from 5 to 70 km in depth. The thin parts are [[oceanic crust]] composed of dense ([[mafic]]) iron magnesium [[silicate]] [[Rock (geology)|rock]]s and underlie the ocean basins. The thicker crust is [[continental crust]] which is less dense and composed of ([[felsic]]) [[sodium]] potassium [[aluminium]] silicate rocks. The crust-mantle boundary occurs as two physically different events. Firstly, there is a discontinuity in the [[seismic wave|seismic]] velocity which is known as the [[Mohorovicic discontinuity|Mohorovi&#269;i&#263; discontinuity]] or Moho. The cause of the Moho is thought to be a change in rock composition from rocks containing [[feldspar|plagioclase feldspar]] (above) to rocks that contain no feldspars (below). The second event is a [[chemistry|chemical]] discontinuity between [[ultramafic]] cumulates and tectonized [[Peridotite|harzburgite]]s which has been observed from deep parts of the oceanic crust that have been [[obduction|obducted]] into the continental crust and preseved as [[ophiolites|ophiolite sequences]]. === Biosphere === {{seemain|Life}} Earth is the only place where life is known to exist. The planet's lifeforms are sometimes said to form a "[[biosphere]]". This biosphere is generally believed to have begun [[evolution|evolving]] about 3.5 billion (3.5&times;10⁹) years ago. The biosphere is divided into a number of [[biome]]s, inhabited by broadly similar [[flora (plants)|flora]] and [[fauna (animals)|fauna]]. On land, biomes are separated primarily by [[latitude]]. Terrestrial biomes lying within the [[Arctic Circle|Arctic]] and [[Antarctic Circle]]s are relatively barren of [[plant]] and [[animal]] life, while most of the more populous biomes lie near the [[Equator]]. === Atmosphere === {{seemain|Earth's atmosphere}} Earth has a relatively thick [[Earth atmosphere|atmosphere]] composed of 78% [[nitrogen]], 21% [[oxygen]], and 1% [[argon]], plus traces of other gases including [[carbon dioxide]] and [[water (molecule)|water]] vapor. The atmosphere acts as a buffer between Earth and the Sun. The Earth's atmospheric composition is unstable and is maintained by the biosphere. Namely, the large amount of free diatomic oxygen is maintained through solar energy by the Earth's [[plants]], and without the plants supplying it, the oxygen in the atmosphere will over geological timescales combine with material from the surface of the Earth. Free oxygen in the atmosphere is a signature of life. The layers, [[troposphere]], [[stratosphere]], [[mesosphere]], [[thermosphere]], and the [[exosphere]], vary around the globe and in response to seasonal changes. The total mass of the atmosphere is about 5.1 &times; 10¹⁸ kg, ca. 0.9 [[Parts per million|ppm]] of the Earth's total mass. ===Hydrosphere=== {{seemain|Ocean}} [[Image:Earth_satellite_plane.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A [[Plate Carrée Projection]] of a composite satellite image of Earth]] Earth is the only planet in our [[solar system]] whose surface has liquid [[water (molecule)|water]]. Water covers 71% of Earth's surface (97% of it being sea water and 3% fresh water [http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/Water/]) and divides it into five oceans and seven [[continent]]s. Earth's [[orbit|solar orbit]], [[vulcanism]], [[gravity]], [[greenhouse effect]], [[magnetic field]] and oxygen-rich atmosphere seem to combine to make Earth a water planet. Earth is actually beyond the outer edge of the orbits which would be warm enough to form liquid water. Without some form of a [[greenhouse effect]], Earth's water would freeze. [[Paleontology|Paleontological]] evidence indicates that at one point after blue-green bacteria ([[Cyanobacteria]]) had colonized the oceans, the greenhouse effect failed, and Earth's oceans may have completely frozen over for 10 to 100 million years in what is called a [[snowball Earth]] event. On other planets, such as [[Venus (planet)|Venus]], gaseous water is destroyed (cracked) by solar [[ultraviolet]] radiation, and the [[hydrogen]] is [[ion]]ized and blown away by the [[solar wind]]. This effect is slow, but inexorable. This is one hypothesis explaining why Venus has no water. Without hydrogen, the oxygen interacts with the surface and is bound up in solid [[mineral]]s. In the Earth's atmosphere, a tenuous ''layer'' of [[ozone]] within the stratosphere absorbs most of this energetic ultraviolet radiation high in the atmosphere, reducing the [[cracking effect]]. The ozone, too, can only be produced in an atmosphere with a large amount of free diatomic oxygen, and so also is dependent on the biosphere ([[plants]]). The [[magnetosphere]] also shields the [[ionosphere]] from direct scouring by the solar wind. Finally, [[volcano|vulcanism]] continuously emits water [[vapor]] from the interior. Earth's [[plate tectonics]] recycle [[carbon]] and water as [[limestone]] rocks are [[subduction|subducted]] into the mantle and volcanically released as gaseous carbon dioxide and steam. It is estimated that the minerals in the mantle may contain as much as 10 times the water as in all of the current oceans, though most of this trapped water will never be released. The total mass of the hydrosphere is about 1.4 &times; 10²¹ kg, ca. 0.023 % of the Earth's total mass. == Earth in the Solar System == It takes Earth 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4.09 seconds ([[sidereal day|1 sidereal day]]) to rotate around the axis connecting the [[north pole]] and the [[south pole]]. Thus from Earth the main apparent motion of celestial bodies in the sky (except [[meteor]]s which are within the atmosphere and low orbiting satellites) is the movement to the west at a rate of 15 &deg;/h = 15'/min, i.e. a Sun or Moon diameter every two minutes. Earth orbits the Sun every 365.2564 mean solar days ([[sidereal year|1 sidereal year]]). Thus from Earth this gives an apparent movement of the Sun with respect to the stars at a rate of ca. 1 &deg;/day, i.e. a Sun or Moon diameter every 12 hours eastward. The orbital speed of the Earth averages about 30 km/s, which is enough to cover one Earth diameter (~12,700 km) in 7 minutes, and one distance to the Moon (384,000 km) in 4 hours. Earth has one [[natural satellite]], the [[Moon]], which orbits around Earth every [[month|27 1/3 days]]. Thus from Earth this gives an apparent movement of the Moon with respect to the Sun and the stars at a rate of roughly 12 &deg;/day, i.e. a Moon diameter every hour eastward. Viewed from Earth's north pole, the motion of Earth, its moon and their axial rotations are all [[counterclockwise]]. The orbital and axial planes are not precisely aligned: Earth's [[axial tilt|axis is tilted]] some 23.5 degrees against the Earth-Sun plane (which causes the [[season]]s), and the Earth-Moon plane is tilted about 5 degrees against the Earth-Sun plane (otherwise there would be an eclipse every month). The [[Hill sphere]] (sphere of influence) of the Earth is about 1.5 Gm (930 thousand miles) in radius, within which one natural satellite (the [[Moon]]) comfortably orbits. In an inertial reference frame, the Earth's axis undergoes a slow [[precession]]al motion with a period of some 25,800 years, as well as a [[nutation]] with a main period of 18.6 years. These motions are caused by the differential attraction of Sun and Moon on the equatorial bulge due to the Earth's oblateness. In a reference frame attached to the solid body of the Earth, its rotation is also slightly irregular due to [[polar motion]]. The polar motion is quasi-periodic, containing an annual component and a component with a 14 month period called the [[Chandler wobble]]. Also the rotational velocity varies, a phenomenon known as [[Day|length of day]] variation. === The Moon === {{seemain|Moon}} {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" !style="background:#efefef;"|Name !style="background:#efefef;"|Diameter (km) !style="background:#efefef;"|Mass (kg) !style="background:#efefef;"|[[Semi-major axis]] (km) !style="background:#efefef;"|Orbital period |- |[[Moon|Luna]] |align="center"|3,474.8 |7.349 &times; 10²² |align="center"|384,400 |27&nbsp;Days, 7&nbsp;hours, 43.7&nbsp;minutes |} Luna, or simply 'the Moon', is a relatively large terrestrial planet-like satellite, about one quarter of Earth's diameter. The [[natural satellite]]s orbiting other planets are called "moons", after Earth's Moon. The gravitational attraction between the Earth and Moon cause the [[tides]] on Earth. The same effect on the Moon has led to its [[tidal locking]]: its rotation period is the same as the time it takes to orbit the Earth. As a result it always presents the same face to the planet. As the Moon orbits Earth, different parts of its face are illuminated by the Sun, leading to the [[lunar phase|lunar phases]]: the dark part of the face is separated from the light part by the [[terminator (solar)|solar terminator]]. The Moon may enable life by moderating the weather. Paleontological evidence and computer simulations show that Earth's [[axial tilt]] is stabilised by tidal interactions with the Moon. Without this stabilization against the [[torque]]s applied by the Sun and planets to the Earth's equatorial bulge, some theorists believe that the rotational axis might be chaotically unstable, as it appears to be with [[Mars (planet)|Mars]]. If Earth's axis of rotation were to approach the [[ecliptic|plane of the ecliptic]], extremely severe [[weather]] could result as this would make seaonal differences extreme. One pole would be pointed directly toward the Sun during ''summer'' and directly away during ''winter''. [[Planetary science|Planetary scientists]] who have studied the effect claim that this might kill all large animal and higher plant life. This remains a controversial subject, however, and further studies of Mars &mdash;which shares Earth's [[sidereal day|rotation period]] and [[axial tilt]], but not its large moon or liquid core&mdash; may provide additional information. The Moon is just far enough away to have, when seen from Earth, very nearly the same apparent angular size as the Sun (the Sun is 400 times larger, but the Moon is 400 times closer). This allows total [[eclipse]]s as well as annular eclipses to occur on Earth. Here is a diagram showing the relative sizes of the Earth and the Moon and the distance between the two (click to enlarge): [[Image:Earth-Moon.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Earth and Moon to scale (click to enlarge)]] The Moon's origin is unknown, but one popular hypothesis states that it was formed from the collision of a Mars-sized [[protoplanet]] with the early Earth. This hypothesis explains (among other things) the Moon's relative lack of iron and [[volatile element]]s. See [[Giant impact theory]]. Earth also has at least one known co-orbital [[asteroid]], [[3753 Cruithne]]. == Geography == {{seemain|Geography}} [[Image:Physical_world.jpg|thumb|333px|right|Physical map of the Earth ([[:Image:Physical_world.jpg|Medium]]) ([[:Image:World-map-2004-cia-factbook-large-2m.jpg|Large 2 MB)]]]] '''Map references:''' [[Time Zone]]s, [[Coordinate]]s. '''Biggest geographic subdivision''' [[Continent]]s, [[Ocean]]s '''Area:''' *''total:'' [[1 E14 m2|510.073 million]] [[square kilometre|km²]] *''[[land]]:'' 148.94 million km² *''[[water]]:'' 361.132 million km² *''note:'' 70.8 % of the world's surface is covered by water, 29.2 % is exposed land '''Land boundaries:''' the land boundaries in the world total 251,480 km (not counting shared boundaries twice) '''Coastline:''' 356,000 km '''Maritime claims:''' see [[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea]] *''contiguous zone:'' 24 [[nautical mile|nautical miles]] (44.4 km) claimed by most, but can vary *''[[continental shelf]]:'' 200 m depth claimed by most or to depth of exploitation; others claim 200 nautical miles (370.4 km) or to the edge of the continental margin *''exclusive fishing zone:'' 200 nautical miles (370.4 km) claimed by most, but can vary *''exclusive economic zone:'' 200 nautical miles (370.4 km) claimed by most, but can vary *''territorial sea:'' 12 nautical miles (22.2 km) claimed by most, but can vary *''Note:'' boundary situations with neighboring states prevent many countries from extending their fishing or economic zones to a full 200 nautical miles (370.4 km) * 43 nations and other areas are completely landlocked (see list of [[landlocked|landlocked countries]]) == Climate == {{seemain|Climate}} Two large areas of polar [[climate]]s separated by two rather narrow [[temperate]] zones from a wide [[equator]]ial band of [[tropical]] to [[subtropical]] climates. [[precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]] patterns vary widely, ranging from several metres of water per year to less than a millimetre. == Terrain == {{seemain|Extreme points of the world}} '''Elevation extremes:''' (measured relative to [[sea level]]) *Lowest point on land: [[Dead Sea]] [[1 E2 m| &minus;417]] m *Lowest point overall: [[Mariana Trench]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]] [[1 E4 m| &minus;10,924]] m <!-- Takuyo measurement; see Mariana Trench for details -->[http://www.rain.org/ocean/ocean-studies-challenger-deep-mariana-trench.html] *Highest point: [[Mount Everest]] [[1 E3 m|8,850]] m ([[1999]] est.) == Natural resources == {{seemain|Natural resource}} *Earth's crust contains large deposits of [[fossil fuel]]s: ([[coal]], [[oil]], [[natural gas]], [[methane clathrate]]). These deposits are used by humans both for energy production and as feedstock for chemical production. *Mineral [[ore]] bodies have been formed in Earth's crust by the action of [[erosion]] and [[plate tectonics]]. These ore bodies form concentrated sources for many [[metal]]s and other useful [[chemical element|element]]s. *Earth's [[biosphere]] produces many useful biological products, including (but far from limited to) [[food]], [[wood]], [[pharmaceutical]]s, oxygen, and the recycling of many organic wastes. The land-based [[ecosystem]] depends upon [[topsoil]] and fresh water, and the oceanic [[ecosystem]] depends upon dissolved nutrients washed down from the land. Some of these resources, such as [[fossil fuel|mineral fuel]]s, are difficult to replenish on a short time scale, called [[non-renewable resources]]. The exploitation of non-renewable resources by human [[civilization]] has become a subject of significant controversy in modern [[environmentalism]] movements. == Land use == *''arable land:'' 10 % *''permanent crops:'' 1 % *''permanent pastures:'' 26 % *''forests and woodland:'' 32 % *''urban areas:'' 1.5 % *''other:'' 30 % (1993 est.) '''Irrigated land:''' 2,481,250 km² ([[1993]] est.) == Natural hazards == Large areas are subject to extreme [[weather]] such as (tropical [[cyclone]]s), [[hurricane]]s, or [[typhoon]]s that dominate life in those areas. Many places are subject to [[earthquake]]s, [[landslide]]s, [[tsunami]]s, [[volcano|volcanic eruptions]], [[tornado]]es, [[sinkhole]]s, [[flood]]s, [[drought]]s, and other calamities and [[disaster]]s. == Environment - current issues == Large areas are subject to [[overpopulation]], industrial disasters such as [[pollution]] of the air and water, [[acid rain]] and toxic substances, loss of vegetation ([[overgrazing]], [[deforestation]], [[desertification]]), loss of [[wildlife]], [[species]] [[extinction]], [[soils retrogression and degradation|soil degradation]], soil depletion, [[erosion]], and introduction of [[invasive species]]. Long term [[climate]] [[global warming|alteration]] due to enhancement of the [[greenhouse effect]] by human industrial [[carbon dioxide]] emissions is an increasing concern, the focus of intense study and debate. == Human population == {{seemain|Human}} [[Image:Earthlights_dmsp.jpg|333px|thumb|right|Earth at night, composite of pictures taken between October 1994 and March 1995.]] On [[February 25]], [[2005]] the [[United Nations Population Division]] issued revised estimates and projected that the world's population will reach 7 billion by [[2013]] and swell to 9.1 billion in [[2050]]. Most of the growth is expected to take place in [[developing nations]]. Nearly all [[human]]s currently reside on Earth: 6,411,000,000 [[inhabitant]]s ([[January 5]] [[2005]] est.) Two humans are presently in orbit around Earth on board the [[International Space Station]]. The station crew is replaced with new personnel every six months. During the exchange there are more, and sometimes others are also [[space flight|traveling briefly above the atmosphere]]. In total, about 400 [[astronaut|people]] have been outside Earth (in space) as of [[2004]]. Most of them have reported a heightened understanding of its value and importance, reverence for human life and amazement at its beauty, not usually achieved by those living on the surface. See also [[space colonization]]. <br style="clear:both;"> {{Social Infobox/Human}} The northernmost settlement in the world is [[Alert, Nunavut|Alert]], [[Ellesmere Island]], [[Canada]]. The southernmost is the [[Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station]], in [[Antarctica]], almost exactly at the [[South Pole]]. '''Age structure:''' *''0 to 14 years:'' 1,819,000,000 (29.9 %) **''male:'' 932,800,000 (15.4 %) **''female:'' 886,000,000 (14.6 %) *''15 to 64 years:'' 3,841,000,000 (63.2 %) **''male:'' 1,942,000,000 (32.0 %) **''female:'' 1,898,000,000 (31.2 %) *''65 years and over:'' 419,100,000 (6.9 %) **''male:'' 184,100,000 (3.0 %) **''female:'' 235,000,000 (3.9 %) ([[2000]] est.) ''' [[Population growth rate]]:''' 1.14% (2004 est.); 73 mln/year (200,000/day); 1 in 32,000 per day '''[[Birth rate]]:''' 22 births/1,000 population (2000 est.); 140 mln/year; 1 in 17,000 per day '''[[Death rate]]:''' 9 deaths/1,000 population (2000 est.); 60 mln/year; 1 in 41,000 per day '''[[Sex ratio]]:''' *''at birth:'' 1.05 male(s)/female *''under 15 years:'' 1.05 male(s)/female *''15 to 64 years:'' 1.02 male(s)/female *''65 years and over:'' 0.78 male(s)/female *''total population:'' 1.01 male(s)/female (2000 est.) '''[[Infant mortality rate]]:''' 54 deaths/1,000 live births (2000 est.) '''[[Life expectancy]] at birth:''' *''total population:'' 64 years *''male:'' 62 years *''female:'' 65 years (2000 est.) '''Total [[fertility rate]]:''' 2.8 children born/woman (2000 est.) == Government == Earth does not presently have a [[sovereign]] [[government]] with planetwide authority. Independent sovereign [[nation|nations]] claim all of the land surface except [[Antarctica]]. There is a worldwide general [[international organization]], the [[United Nations]]. The United Nations is primarily an international discussion forum with only limited ability to pass and enforce [[international law|law]]s. '''Administrative divisions:''' 267 nations, dependent areas, other, and miscellaneous entries == Descriptions of Earth == Earth has often been personified as a [[deity]], in particular a [[goddess]]. See [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]] and [[Mother Earth]]. In [[Norse mythology]], the earth goddess [[Jord]] was the mother of [[Thor]] and the daughter of [[Annar]]. Earth has also been described as a massive [[spaceship]], with a [[life support system]] that requires maintenance. See [[Spaceship Earth]]. Since Earth is rather large, it is not immediately obvious to the naked eye viewing from the surface that it is an oblate spheroid, bulging slightly at the equator and slightly flattened at the poles. In the past there were varying levels of belief in a [[flat Earth]] because of this. Prior to the introduction of [[space flight]], this belief was countered with deductions based on observations of the secondary effects of the earth's shape and parallels drawn with the shape of other planets. A photo taken of Earth by [[Voyager 1]] inspired [[Carl Sagan]] to describe the planet as a "[[Pale Blue Dot]]". In [[science fiction]], Earth is frequently the [[capital]] or a major administrative center of a hypothetical [[galactic]] [[government]] (especially when that galactic government is postulated to be [[human]]-dominated), often a representative [[federal republic]], though [[empire]]s and [[dictatorship]]s are definitely not unseen. Notable examples include ''[[Star Trek]]'' and ''[[Babylon 5]]''. However, in other science fiction, people in the future no longer know what planet they originally came from (for example, ''[[Battlestar Galactica]]'' and ''[[The Foundation Series]]''). ''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]'', a book series by [[Douglas Adams]], describes Earth as "Harmless" but the statement is revised in the book and later described as "[[Mostly Harmless]]". In the same series, Earth is said to be a supercomputer built by highly advanced pan-dimensional beings (Mice) to find out what the question that [[The Ultimate Answer to Life, the Universe, and Everything]] answers actually is. == See also == * '''Economy:''' [[world economy]] * '''History:''' [[history of the world]] * '''Legal system:''' [[international law]] * '''Political''' [[List of countries]] *[[Geology]] **[[Earthquake]] **[[Geologic timescale]] **[[Plate tectonics]] *[[Degree Confluence Project]] *[[Equatorial bulge]] *[[Earth in fiction]] **[[Journey to the Center of the Earth]] **[[Hollow Earth]] *[[Extraterrestrial life]] ==References== *[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html NASA's Earth fact sheet] * ''Discovering the Essential Universe'' (Second Edition) by Neil F. Comins (2001) ==External links== *[http://geomag.usgs.gov USGS Geomagnetism Program] {{commons|Earth}} *[http://www.geo.cornell.edu/geology/classes/isacks/velstruct.pdf] (pdf) - [[density]], [[pressure]], [[gravity]], P-wave and S-wave [[seismic wave]] velocities, and [[Poisson's ratio]] as a function of depth *[http://ned.ucam.org/~sdh31/misc/destroy.html How to destroy the Earth] {{SolarSystem}} [[Category:पृथ्वी|*]] [[Category:प्रकृति]] [[Category:खगोलशास्त्र]] [[Category:सौर्यमण्डल]] <!-- The below are interlanguage links. --> [[af:Aarde]] [[als:Erde]] [[ang:Eorðe]] [[ar:أرض]] [[ast:Tierra]] [[az:Yer]] [[be:Зямля]] [[bg:Земя]] [[bn:পৃথিবী]] [[br:Douar (planedenn)]] [[bs:Zemlja (planeta)]] [[ca:Terra]] [[chr:ᎡᎶᎯ]] [[cs:Země]] [[csb:Zemia]] [[cy:Daear]] [[da:Jorden]] [[de:Erde]] [[el:Γη]] [[en:Earth]] [[eo:Tero]] [[es:Tierra]] [[et:Maa (planeet)]] [[eu:Lurra]] [[fa:زمین]] [[fi:Maa]] [[fo:Jørðin]] [[fr:Terre]] [[frp:Tèrra]] [[fur:Tiere]] [[fy:Ierde]] [[ga:An Domhan]] [[gd:An t-Saoghal]] [[gl:Terra (planeta)]] [[gu:પૃથ્વી]] [[he:כדור הארץ]] [[hi:पृथ्वी]] [[hr:Zemlja]] [[hu:Föld]] [[ia:Terra]] [[id:Bumi]] [[ilo:Daga (planeta)]] [[io:Tero]] [[is:Jörðin]] [[it:Terra]] [[ja:地球]] [[jbo:terdi]] [[ka:დედამიწა]] [[kg:Ntoto]] [[kn:ಭೂಮಿ]] [[ko:지구]] [[ku:Erd]] [[kw:Dor]] [[la:Tellus (planeta)]] [[lb:Äerd]] [[li:Eerd]] [[ln:Mabelé]] [[lt:Žemė]] [[lv:Zeme (planēta)]] [[map-bms:Bumi]] [[mk:Земја]] [[ml:ഭൂമി]] [[mo:Пэмынт]] [[ms:Bumi]] [[mt:Art]] [[nah:Cemānāhuac]] [[nds:Eer]] [[nds-nl:Eerde]] [[nl:Aarde (planeet)]] [[nn:Jorda]] [[no:Jorden]] [[nrm:Tèrre]] [[oc:Tèrra]] [[pam:Yatu]] [[pl:Ziemia]] [[pt:Terra]] [[qu:Tiksi muyu]] [[rmy:Phuv]] [[ro:Pământ]] [[ru:Земля]] [[scn:Terra (pianeta)]] [[sco:The Yird]] [[sh:Zemlja (planet)]] [[simple:Earth]] [[sk:Zem]] [[sl:Zemlja]] [[sq:Toka]] [[sr:Земља (планета)]] [[su:Marcapada]] [[sv:Jorden]] [[sw:Ardhi]] [[ta:பூமி]] [[th:โลก]] [[tl:Daigdig]] [[tpi:Graun]] [[tr:Yer (gezegen)]] [[ug:اغايلىماق (ئاسترونومىيە)]] [[uk:Земля]] [[ur:زمین]] [[uz:Yer]] [[vi:Trái Đất]] [[vls:Eirde (planete)]] [[wa:Daegne]] [[zh:地球]] [[zh-classical:地球]] [[zh-min-nan:Tē-kiû]] [[zh-yue:地球]] 1113 4340 2005-05-18T20:39:14Z Yann 29 See [[:fr:Utilisateur:Yann]] or [[m:User:Yann]]. 1116 8376 2007-01-08T08:21:27Z RajeshPandey 111 {{Infobox Mountain | Name = सगरमाथा | Photo = Everest kalapatthar crop.jpg | Caption = [[कालापत्थर]] बाट हेर्दा | Elevation = ८,८४८ मिटर (२९,०२८ फिट)<br><small> [[आठ-हजारी|प्रथम श्रेणी]]</small> | Location = [[नेपाल]] र [[तिब्बत]]को सिमाना | Range = [[हिमालय|खुम्बु श्रिङ्खला]] | Prominence = ८,८४८ मिटर (२९,०२८ फिट) | Coordinates = {{coor dms|27|59|17|N|86|55|31|E|type:mountain}}<ref>The [[WGS84]] coordinates given here were calculated using detailed topographic mapping and are in agreement with [http://www.adventurestats.com/tables/8000erbasics.htm adventurestats]. They are unlikely to be in error by more than 2". Coordinates showing Everest to be more than a minute further east that appeared on this page until recently, and still appear in Wikipedia in several other languages, are incorrect.</ref> | First ascent = मे २९, [[१९५३]], द्वारा: [[एडमण्ड हिलारि]] र [[तेन्जिङ नोर्गे]] | Without oxygen bottles = १९७८, द्वारा: [[रेन्होल्ड मेस्नर]] र [[पिटर हाबेलेर]] | Solo ascent = १९८०, द्वारा: [[रेन्होल्ड मेस्नर]] | Easiest route = [[दक्षिण कोल]] (नेपाल) }} सगरमाथा भन्नाले निम्न लिखित कुराहरु बुझाउछ। [[सगरमाथा हिमाल]] सगरमाथा [[अञ्चल]] संसारको सबभन्दा अग्लो हिमाल सगरमाथा हो । यसको उचाइ ८,८४८ मीटर छ र यो नेपालको सोलुखुम्बु जिल्लामा पर्छ । तिब्बती भाषामा यसको नाम चोमोलुङ्गमा हो । == अन्य प्रयोगहरु == सगरमाथा नेपालको १४ अन्चल मध्ये एक [[अन्चल]] हो । [[Category:हिमालय]] [[Category:अञ्चल]] [[am:ኤቨረስት ተራራ]] [[an:Everest]] [[ar:جبل إفرست]] [[ast:Everest]] [[be:Эвэрэст]] [[bg:Еверест]] [[bn:মাউন্ট এভারেস্ট]] [[bpy:দেবদুর্গ]] [[bs:Mount Everest]] [[ca:Everest]] [[cs:Mount Everest]] [[da:Mount Everest]] [[de:Mount Everest]] [[en:Mount Everest]] [[eo:Everesto]] [[es:Monte Everest]] [[et:Džomolungma]] [[eu:Everest]] [[fa:کوه اورست]] [[fi:Mount Everest]] [[fr:Everest]] [[gd:Beinn Everest]] [[gl:Everest]] [[he:אוורסט]] [[hr:Mount Everest]] [[hu:Mount Everest]] [[id:Gunung Everest]] [[io:Monto Everest]] [[is:Everestfjall]] [[it:Everest]] [[ja:エベレスト]] [[ka:ჯომოლუნგმა]] [[ko:에베레스트 산]] [[ku:Mount Everest]] [[la:Mons Everestis]] [[lt:Džomolungma]] [[lv:Everests]] [[mk:Монт Еверест]] [[mr:एव्हरेस्ट]] [[ms:Gunung Everest]] [[nl:Mount Everest]] [[nn:Mount Everest]] [[no:Mount Everest]] [[pl:Mount Everest]] [[pt:Monte Everest]] [[qu:Chomolungma]] [[rm:Mt. Everest]] [[ro:Everest]] [[ru:Эверест]] [[simple:Mount Everest]] [[sk:Mount Everest]] [[sl:Everest]] [[sr:Монт Еверест]] [[sv:Mount Everest]] [[ta:எவரெஸ்ட் சிகரம்]] [[th:ยอดเขาเอเวอเรสต์]] [[tl:Bundok Everest]] [[tr:Everest Dağı]] [[uk:Джомолунгма]] [[ur:ماؤنٹ ایورسٹ]] [[vi:Everest]] [[zh:珠穆朗瑪峰]] [[zh-min-nan:Chomolangma Hong]] 1117 4344 2005-05-25T13:01:15Z Tiontai 28 learning a bit nepali. ék dui tin... 1118 9179 2007-01-26T15:43:53Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Adding: [[nah:Quiyahuitl]], [[nn:Regn]] ==वर्षा== '''वर्षा''' वा ''पानी पर्नु'' आकाशबाट पानी खस्ने प्रक्रिया मध्येको एक हो, अन्य प्रक्रियाहरु हिमपात, असिना र शीत हुन्। पानीका अलग थोपाहरु [[पृथ्वी]]मा खस्दा वर्षा हुन्छ। तर सबै वर्षा जमिनसम्म पुगदैनन्, केहि त सुख्खा हावा भएर खस्दा वाष्पीभूत हुन्छन्। कुनै कुनै बेला त सबै बर्सात हावामा नै वाष्पीभूत हुन्छन्। [[Image:Umbrella with raindrops.jpg|thumb|200px|right|छातामा पानी परेको।]] [[जल चक्र]]मा वर्षाको प्रमुख भुमिका हुन्छ, जसमा सागरहरुका ओस वाफिएर गई वादलमा चिसिन पुग्छ, अनि पृथ्वीमा खसेर अन्ततोगत्वा खोलानालाका माध्यमबाट सागरमै पुग्छ र यो चक्र दोहोरिन्छ। वर्षाको परिमाण नाप्न [[वर्षामापक]] प्रयोग गरिन्छ। यसलाई एक समथल सतहमा जम्मा भएको पानीको गहिराइको आधारमा नापिन्छ। यो नाप सामान्यतया नजिकैको ०.२५ मिलिमिटर (मिमि) वा ०.०१ इन्चको आधारमा नापाङ्कन गरिन्छ। कहिलेकाँहि यसलाई लिटर प्रति बर्गमिटरको आधारमा नापिन्छ (१ लि/मि&sup2; = १ मिमि)। झरिरहेको पानीको थोपालाई [[कार्टुनचित्र]]हरुमा आँसु-आकार (तलतिर गोलो र माथितिर चुच्चो) मा प्रस्तुत गरिन्छ। तर यो गलत हो (मात्र केहि केहि थोपा, श्रोतबाट खस्दाको क्षणमा आँसु-आकारको हुन्छ)। सानो थोपा लगभग पुर्ण गोलाकार हुन्छ। ठुलो थोपा चेप्टो बन्दै जान्छ। धेरै ठुलो थोपा [[प्यारासुट]] आकारको हुन्छ। सालाखाला, वर्षाको थोपा १ वा २ मिलिमिटरको हुन्छ। पृथ्वीकै सबैभन्दा ठुला थोपाहरु [[ब्राजिल]] र [[मार्सल टापु]]हरुमा अभिलेख गरिएका छन्, जसमध्ये केहि १०मिलिमिटर सम्म ठुला थिए। ठुलो हुनुको कारण, ठुला धुवाँका कणहरुमा बाफ जम्न पुगेर अथवा धेरै तरल पानी भएको सानो क्षेत्रमा थोपाहरु एकआपसमा ठोक्किन पुगेर हो। [[Image:Rain on grass.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Rain drops on grass]] Several cultures have developed means of dealing with rain and have developed numerous protection devices such as [[umbrella]]s and [[raincoat]]s, and diversion devices such as [[gutter]]s and [[storm drain]]s. Many people also prefer to stay inside on rainy days, especially in tropical climates where rain is usually accompanied by [[thunderstorm]]s. Rain may be collected for drinking, or used as [[greywater]]. सामान्यतया, पानीको [[pH|''p''H]] ६ भन्दा अलि कम हुन्छ, simply from absorption of atmospheric [[carbon dioxide]], which dissociates in the droplet to form minute quantities of [[carbonic acid]]. In some desert areas, airborne dust contains enough [[calcium carbonate]] to counter the natural acidity of precipitation, and rainfall can be neutral or even [[alkaline]]. Rain below ''p''H 5.6 is considered [[acid rain]]. [[Image:22 Regen ubt.jpeg|thumb|250px|right|पानी परिरहेको]] ==संस्कृति== वर्षाप्रतिको सांस्कृतिक धारणा विश्वभर फरक छ। पश्चिमेलि संस्कृतिमा यसलाई हेर्ने परम्परागत दृष्टिकोण दुख र नकारात्मक रहेको छ, जसको विपरित घामलाई खुसी र उज्यालोको प्रतिकमा लिईन्छ। सुख्खा ठाउँ, जस्तै भारत, मा यसलाई हर्षले स्वागत गर्छन्। धेरै मानिसहरु वर्षाको बास्ना मनपर्दो र अलग्गै पाउँछन्। यस गन्धको श्रोत पेट्रिकोर हो, जुन बनस्पतिहरुले उत्पादन गर्ने एक तेल हो, जसलाई माटो र ढुङ्गाहरुले सोसेर पानीपर्दा हावामा छाड्दछन्। ==पनि हेर्नुहोस्== *[[बादल]] *[[जलचक्र]] *[[जलश्रोत]] *[[मौसम]] *[[हावापानी]] *[[जिववृष्ठी]] [[Category:Precipitation]] [[an:Plebia]] [[ast:Lluvia]] [[be:Дождж]] [[bm:Sanji]] [[br:Glav]] [[ca:Pluja]] [[chr:ᎠᎦᏍᎬ]] [[cs:Déšť]] [[cy:Glaw]] [[da:Regn]] [[de:Regen]] [[el:Βροχή]] [[en:Rain]] [[eo:Pluvo]] [[es:Lluvia]] [[et:Vihm]] [[eu:Euri]] [[fi:Sade]] [[fr:Pluie]] [[gd:Uisge-adhair]] [[gl:Chuvia]] [[he:גשם]] [[hr:Kiša]] [[id:Hujan]] [[io:Pluvo]] [[it:Pioggia]] [[ja:雨]] [[ko:비]] [[ku:Baran]] [[la:Pluvia]] [[lt:Lietus]] [[lv:Lietus]] [[mk:Дожд]] [[ms:Hujan]] [[nah:Quiyahuitl]] [[nds-nl:Regen]] [[nl:Regen (neerslag)]] [[nn:Regn]] [[no:Regn]] [[nrm:Pllie]] [[oc:Pluèja]] [[pl:Deszcz]] [[pt:Chuva]] [[qu:Para]] [[ro:Ploaie]] [[ru:Дождь]] [[scn:Acqua (chiuvuta)]] [[sh:Kiša]] [[simple:Rain]] [[sk:Dážď]] [[sl:Dež]] [[sq:Shiu]] [[sr:Киша]] [[su:Hujan]] [[sv:Regn]] [[sw:Mvua]] [[ta:மழை]] [[th:ฝน]] [[tl:Ulan]] [[tr:Yağmur]] [[uk:Дощ]] [[vi:Mưa]] [[yi:רעגן]] [[zh:雨]] [[zh-min-nan:Hō͘]] [[zh-yue:雨]] 1119 4346 2005-06-11T13:37:11Z Indiver 9 बर्षा moved to वर्षा #REDIRECT [[वर्षा]] 1121 sysop 8084 2006-12-22T18:43:27Z RajeshPandey 111 हालको text 1122 sysop 8085 2006-12-22T18:43:39Z RajeshPandey 111 सामान्य text 1123 sysop 8070 2006-12-22T18:11:33Z RajeshPandey 111 नाम 1140 sysop 8916 2007-01-17T15:59:55Z Indiver 9 spelling correction ($1 namespace) का सबै पृष्ठहरु 1142 sysop 8917 2007-01-17T16:06:26Z Indiver 9 spelling correction ( $1 namespace मा नभएका) सबै पृष्ठहरू 1146 sysop 8091 2006-12-22T18:47:58Z RajeshPandey 111 यो प्रयोगकर्ता पहिलेदेखि नै administrator छ। 1174 sysop 7179 2006-10-05T04:31:00Z Jose77 104 ईमेल 1462 sysop 7264 2006-10-05T05:17:35Z Jose77 104 कारण 1472 sysop 7246 2006-10-05T05:06:36Z Jose77 104 प्रिन्ट (छाप्नुस) 1484 sysop 7185 2006-10-05T04:36:08Z Jose77 104 परिवर्तन देखाउनुहोस् 1539 sysop 8052 2006-12-22T17:55:25Z RajeshPandey 111 सबै 1540 sysop 8051 2006-12-22T17:55:15Z RajeshPandey 111 सबै 1541 sysop 8078 2006-12-22T18:22:41Z RajeshPandey 111 * ईमेलद्वारा जानकारी गराउने तरिका enable गरियो । 1542 sysop 8951 2007-01-17T18:22:57Z Indiver 9 * तपाइले पछिल्लो पल्ट भ्रमण गरेपछि परिवर्तन भएका पृष्ठहरूलाई '''गाढा''' गरेर देखाइएको छ । 1544 sysop 8076 2006-12-22T18:20:42Z RajeshPandey 111 मैले परिवर्तन गरेका $1 1547 7399 2006-10-15T07:34:15Z Escarbot 121 robot Adding: af, als, am, an, ang, ar, ast, av, az, bat-smg, be, bg, bi, bm, bn, bo, br, bs, ca, ceb, chr, co, cr, cs, csb, cv, cy, da, de, dv, dz, el, eo, es, et, eu, fa, fi, fiu-vro, fj, fo, fr, frp, fur, fy, ga, gd, gl, gn, got, gu, gv, haw, he, I am an interwiki user from the Dutch Wikipedia. [[af:Gebruiker:Andre Engels]] [[als:Benutzer:Andre Engels]] [[am:User:Andre Engels]] [[an:Usuario:Andre Engels]] [[ang:User:Andre Engels]] [[ar:مستخدم:Andre Engels]] [[ast:Usuariu:Andre Engels]] [[av:Участник:Andre Engels]] [[az:İstifadəçi:Andre Engels]] [[bat-smg:Naudotojas:Andre Engels]] [[be:Удзельнік:Andre Engels]] [[bg:Потребител:Andre Engels]] [[bi:User:Andre Engels]] [[bm:Utilisateur:Andre Engels]] [[bn:ব্যবহারকারী:Andre Engels]] [[bo:User:Andre Engels]] [[br:Implijer:Andre Engels]] [[bs:Korisnik:Andre Engels]] [[ca:Usuari:Andre Engels]] [[ceb:User:Andre Engels]] [[chr:User:Andre Engels]] [[co:User:Andre Engels]] [[cr:User:Andre Engels]] [[cs:Wikipedista:Andre Engels]] [[csb:Brëkòwnik:Andre Engels]] [[cv:Хутшăнакан:Andre Engels]] [[cy:Defnyddiwr:Andre Engels]] [[da:Bruger:Andre Engels]] [[de:Benutzer:Andre Engels]] [[dv:User:Andre Engels]] [[dz:User:Andre Engels]] [[el:Χρήστης:Andre Engels]] [[en:User:Andre Engels]] [[eo:Vikipediisto:Andre Engels]] [[es:Usuario:Andre Engels]] [[et:Kasutaja:Andre Engels]] [[eu:Lankide:Andre Engels]] [[fa:کاربر:Andre Engels]] [[fi:Käyttäjä:Andre Engels]] [[fiu-vro:User:Andre Engels]] [[fj:User:Andre Engels]] [[fo:Brúkari:Andre Engels]] [[fr:Utilisateur:Andre Engels]] [[frp:User:Andre Engels]] [[fur:Utent:Andre Engels]] [[fy:Meidogger:Andre Engels]] [[ga:Úsáideoir:Andre Engels]] [[gd:User:Andre Engels]] [[gl:User:Andre Engels]] [[gn:Usuario:Andre Engels]] [[got:User:Andre Engels]] [[gu:User:Andre Engels]] [[gv:User:Andre Engels]] [[haw:User:Andre Engels]] [[he:משתמש:Andre Engels]] [[hi:सदस्य:Andre Engels]] [[hr:Suradnik:Andre Engels]] [[ht:User:Andre Engels]] [[hu:User:Andre Engels]] [[hy:User:Andre Engels]] [[ia:Usator:Andre Engels]] [[id:Pengguna:Andre Engels]] [[ie:User:Andre Engels]] [[ii:User:Andre Engels]] [[ilo:User:Andre Engels]] [[io:User:Andre Engels]] [[is:Notandi:Andre Engels]] [[it:Utente:Andre Engels]] [[iu:User:Andre Engels]] [[ja:利用者:Andre Engels]] [[jbo:User:Andre Engels]] [[jv:Panganggo:Andre Engels]] [[ka:მომხმარებელი:Andre Engels]] [[kg:User:Andre Engels]] [[kk:User:Andre Engels]] [[km:User:Andre Engels]] [[kn:ಸದಸ್ಯ:Andre Engels]] [[ko:사용자:Andre Engels]] [[ks:User:Andre Engels]] [[ksh:User:Andre Engels]] [[ku:Bikarhêner:Andre Engels]] [[kw:User:Andre Engels]] [[ky:User:Andre Engels]] [[la:Usor:Andre Engels]] [[lad:User:Andre Engels]] [[lb:User:Andre Engels]] [[li:Gebroeker:Andre Engels]] [[lij:User:Andre Engels]] [[lmo:User:Andre Engels]] [[ln:User:Andre Engels]] [[lt:Naudotojas:Andre Engels]] [[lv:Lietotājs:Andre Engels]] [[mg:User:Andre Engels]] [[mi:User:Andre Engels]] [[mk:Корисник:Andre Engels]] [[ml:User:Andre Engels]] [[mn:User:Andre Engels]] [[mo:User:Andre Engels]] [[mr:User:Andre Engels]] [[ms:Pengguna:Andre Engels]] [[mt:User:Andre Engels]] [[na:User:Andre Engels]] [[nah:Usuario:Andre Engels]] [[nap:Utente:Andre Engels]] [[nds:Bruker:Andre Engels]] [[nds-nl:Gebruker:Andre Engels]] [[nl:Gebruiker:Andre Engels]] [[nn:Brukar:Andre Engels]] [[no:Bruker:Andre Engels]] [[nrm:User:Andre Engels]] [[nv:Choinish'įįhí:Andre Engels]] [[oc:Utilisator:Andre Engels]] [[os:Архайæг:Andre Engels]] [[pam:User:Andre Engels]] [[pdc:User:Andre Engels]] [[pi:User:Andre Engels]] [[pl:Wikipedysta:Andre Engels]] [[ps:User:Andre Engels]] [[pt:Usuário:Andre Engels]] [[qu:Usuario:Andre Engels]] [[rm:User:Andre Engels]] [[ro:Utilizator:Andre Engels]] [[roa-rup:User:Andre Engels]] [[ru:Участник:Andre Engels]] [[sa:User:Andre Engels]] [[sc:Utente:Andre Engels]] [[scn:User:Andre Engels]] [[sco:User:Andre Engels]] [[se:User:Andre Engels]] [[sh:User:Andre Engels]] [[si:User:Andre Engels]] [[simple:User:Andre Engels]] [[sk:Redaktor:Andre Engels]] [[sl:Uporabnik:Andre Engels]] [[sm:User:Andre Engels]] [[sn:User:Andre Engels]] [[sq:Përdoruesi:Andre Engels]] [[sr:Корисник:Andre Engels]] [[st:User:Andre Engels]] [[su:Pamaké:Andre Engels]] [[sv:Användare:Andre Engels]] [[sw:User:Andre Engels]] [[ta:பயனர்:Andre Engels]] [[te:సభ్యుడు:Andre Engels]] [[tet:User:Andre Engels]] [[tg:Корбар:Andre Engels]] [[th:ผู้ใช้:Andre Engels]] [[ti:User:Andre Engels]] [[tk:User:Andre Engels]] [[tl:User:Andre Engels]] [[tpi:User:Andre Engels]] [[tr:Kullanıcı:Andre Engels]] [[tt:Äğzä:Andre Engels]] [[udm:Викиавтор:Andre Engels]] [[ug:User:Andre Engels]] [[uk:Користувач:Andre Engels]] [[ur:صارف:Andre Engels]] [[uz:User:Andre Engels]] [[vec:Utente:Andre Engels]] [[vi:Thành viên:Andre Engels]] [[vls:User:Andre Engels]] [[vo:User:Andre Engels]] [[wa:Uzeu:Andre Engels]] [[war:User:Andre Engels]] [[wo:User:Andre Engels]] [[xh:User:Andre Engels]] [[yi:באַניצער:Andre Engels]] [[yo:User:Andre Engels]] [[zh:User:Andre Engels]] [[zh-min-nan:User:Andre Engels]] [[zh-yue:User:Andre Engels]] 1548 7404 2006-10-16T18:58:14Z Escarbot 121 robot Adding: av, az, bat-smg, frp, got, ilo, kk, ksh, lad, lij, lmo, ml, nap, nds-nl, nrm, pdc, tet, tg, tk, udm, vec, vls, war, wo, zh-yue Robbot is a robot, operated by [[User:Andre Engels|Andre Engels]] and mainly used for adding and correcting interwiki links. [[af:Gebruiker:Robbot]] [[als:Benutzer:Robbot]] [[am:User:Robbot]] [[an:Usuario:Robbot]] [[ang:User:Robbot]] [[ar:مستخدم:Robbot]] [[ast:Usuariu:Robbot]] [[av:Участник:Robbot]] [[az:İstifadəçi:Robbot]] [[bat-smg:Naudotojas:Robbot]] [[be:Удзельнік:Robbot]] [[bg:Потребител:Robbot]] [[bi:User:Robbot]] [[bm:Utilisateur:Robbot]] [[bn:ব্যবহারকারী:Robbot]] [[bo:User:Robbot]] [[br:Implijer:Robbot]] [[bs:Korisnik:Robbot]] [[ca:Usuari:Robbot]] [[ceb:User:Robbot]] [[chr:User:Robbot]] [[co:User:Robbot]] [[cs:Wikipedista:Robbot]] [[csb:Brëkòwnik:Robbot]] [[cv:Хутшăнакан:Robbot]] [[cy:Defnyddiwr:Robbot]] [[da:Bruger:Robbot]] [[de:Benutzer:Robbot]] [[dv:User:Robbot]] [[dz:User:Robbot]] [[el:Χρήστης:Robbot]] [[en:User:Robbot]] [[eo:Vikipediisto:Robbot]] [[es:Usuario:Robbot]] [[et:Kasutaja:Robbot]] [[eu:Lankide:Robbot]] [[fa:کاربر:Robbot]] [[fi:Käyttäjä:Robbot]] [[fiu-vro:User:Robbot]] [[fj:User:Robbot]] [[fo:Brúkari:Robbot]] [[fr:Utilisateur:Robbot]] [[frp:User:Robbot]] [[fur:Utent:Robbot]] [[fy:Meidogger:Robbot]] [[ga:Úsáideoir:Robbot]] [[gd:User:Robbot]] [[gl:User:Robbot]] [[gn:Usuario:Robbot]] [[got:User:Robbot]] [[gu:User:Robbot]] [[gv:User:Robbot]] [[haw:User:Robbot]] [[he:משתמש:Robbot]] [[hi:सदस्य:Robbot]] [[hr:Suradnik:Robbot]] [[ht:User:Robbot]] [[hu:User:Robbot]] [[hy:User:Robbot]] [[ia:Usator:Robbot]] [[id:Pengguna:Robbot]] [[ie:User:Robbot]] [[ii:User:Robbot]] [[ilo:User:Robbot]] [[io:User:Robbot]] [[is:Notandi:Robbot]] [[it:Utente:Robbot]] [[iu:User:Robbot]] [[ja:利用者:Robbot]] [[jbo:User:Robbot]] [[jv:Panganggo:Robbot]] [[ka:მომხმარებელი:Robbot]] [[kg:User:Robbot]] [[kk:User:Robbot]] [[km:User:Robbot]] [[kn:ಸದಸ್ಯ:Robbot]] [[ko:사용자:Robbot]] [[ks:User:Robbot]] [[ksh:User:Robbot]] [[ku:Bikarhêner:Robbot]] [[kw:User:Robbot]] [[ky:User:Robbot]] [[la:Usor:Robbot]] [[lad:User:Robbot]] [[lb:User:Robbot]] [[li:Gebroeker:Robbot]] [[lij:User:Robbot]] [[lmo:User:Robbot]] [[ln:User:Robbot]] [[lt:Naudotojas:Robbot]] [[lv:Lietotājs:Robbot]] [[mg:User:Robbot]] [[mi:User:Robbot]] [[mk:Корисник:Robbot]] [[ml:User:Robbot]] [[mn:User:Robbot]] [[mo:User:Robbot]] [[mr:User:Robbot]] [[ms:Pengguna:Robbot]] [[mt:User:Robbot]] [[na:User:Robbot]] [[nah:Usuario:Robbot]] [[nap:Utente:Robbot]] [[nds:Bruker:Robbot]] [[nds-nl:Gebruker:Robbot]] [[nl:Gebruiker:Robbot]] [[nn:Brukar:Robbot]] [[no:Bruker:Robbot]] [[nrm:User:Robbot]] [[nv:Choinish'įįhí:Robbot]] [[oc:Utilisator:Robbot]] [[os:Архайæг:Robbot]] [[pam:User:Robbot]] [[pdc:User:Robbot]] [[pi:User:Robbot]] [[pl:Wikipedysta:Robbot]] [[ps:User:Robbot]] [[pt:Usuário:Robbot]] [[qu:Usuario:Robbot]] [[rm:User:Robbot]] [[ro:Utilizator:Robbot]] [[roa-rup:User:Robbot]] [[ru:Участник:Robbot]] [[sa:User:Robbot]] [[sc:Utente:Robbot]] [[scn:User:Robbot]] [[sco:User:Robbot]] [[se:User:Robbot]] [[sh:User:Robbot]] [[si:User:Robbot]] [[simple:User:Robbot]] [[sk:Redaktor:Robbot]] [[sl:Uporabnik:Robbot]] [[sm:User:Robbot]] [[sq:Përdoruesi:Robbot]] [[sr:Корисник:Robbot]] [[st:User:Robbot]] [[su:Pamaké:Robbot]] [[sv:Användare:Robbot]] [[sw:User:Robbot]] [[ta:பயனர்:Robbot]] [[te:సభ్యుడు:Robbot]] [[tet:User:Robbot]] [[tg:Корбар:Robbot]] [[th:ผู้ใช้:Robbot]] [[ti:User:Robbot]] [[tk:User:Robbot]] [[tl:User:Robbot]] [[tpi:User:Robbot]] [[tr:Kullanıcı:Robbot]] [[tt:Äğzä:Robbot]] [[udm:Викиавтор:Robbot]] [[ug:User:Robbot]] [[uk:Користувач:Robbot]] [[ur:صارف:Robbot]] [[uz:User:Robbot]] [[vec:Utente:Robbot]] [[vi:Thành viên:Robbot]] [[vls:User:Robbot]] [[vo:User:Robbot]] [[wa:Uzeu:Robbot]] [[war:User:Robbot]] [[wo:User:Robbot]] [[xh:User:Robbot]] [[yi:באַניצער:Robbot]] [[yo:User:Robbot]] [[zh:User:Robbot]] [[zh-min-nan:User:Robbot]] [[zh-yue:User:Robbot]] 1567 8369 2007-01-08T07:58:01Z Indiver 9 [[नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्रीहरु]] लाइ [[नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्रीहरू]]मा सारियो: spelling correction नेपालमा [[प्रधानमन्त्री]]को पद सन् [[१७९९]] मा सुरु भएको हो। सन् [[१८५७]] देखिका '''नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्रीहरूको नामावली''' (प्रधानमन्त्री वा मन्त्रीपरिषदको अध्यक्ष) {| border="1" ! प्रधानमन्त्रीको नाम ! बाट ! सम्म |- |[[कृष्ण बहादुर राणा]] || [[१८५७]] || |- |[[जङ्गबहादुर राणा]] || [[१८५७]] || [[१८७७]] |- |[[रणोद्दिप सिँह बहादुर राणा]] || [[१८७७]] || [[१८८५]] |- |[[वीर समसेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा]] || [[१८८५]] || [[१९०१]] |- |[[देव समसेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा]] || [[१९०१]] || [[१९०१]] |- |[[चन्द्र समसेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा]] || [[१९०१]] || [[१९२९]] |- |[[भिम समसेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा]] || [[१९२९]] || [[१९३२]] |- |[[जुद्द समसेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा]] || [[१९३२]] || [[नोवेम्बर २९]] [[१९४५]] |- |[[पद्म समसेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा]] || [[नोवेम्बर २९]] [[१९४५]] || [[एप्रिल ३०]] [[१९४८]] |- |[[मोहन समसेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा]] || [[एप्रिल ३०]] [[१९४८]] || [[नोवेम्बर १६]] [[१९५१]] |- |[[मात्रिका प्रशाद कोईराला]] || [[नोवेम्बर १६]] [[१९५१]] || [[अगस्ट १४]] [[१९५२]] |- |राजा - [[त्रिभूवन वीर विक्रम शाहदेव]] || [[अगस्ट १४]] [[१९५२]] || [[जुन १५]] [[१९५३]] |- |[[मात्रिका प्रशाद कोईराला]] || [[जुन १५]] [[१९५३]] || [[एप्रिल १४]] [[१९५५]] |- |राजा [[महेन्द्र वीर विक्रम शाहदेव]] || [[एप्रिल १४]] [[१९५५]] || [[जेन्युवरी २७]] [[१९५६]] |- |[[टंक प्रसाद आचार्य]] || [[जेन्युवरी २७]] [[१९५६]] || [[जुलाई २६]] [[१९५७]] |- |[[कुँवर इन्द्रजित सिँह]] || [[जुलाई २६]] [[१९५७]] || [[मे १५]] [[१९५८]] |- |[[सुवर्ण समसेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा]] || [[मे १५]] [[१९५८]] || [[मे २७]] [[१९५९]] |- |[[विश्वेश्वर प्रसाद कोईराला]] || [[मे २७]] [[१९५९]] || [[डिसेम्बर २६]] [[१९६०]] |- |[[तुल्सी गिरी]] || [[डिसेम्बर २६]] [[१९६०]] || [[डिसेम्बर २३]] [[१९९३]] |- |[[सूर्य बहादुर थापा]] || [[डिसेम्बर २३]] [[१९६३]] || [[February २६]] [[१९६४]] |- |[[तुल्सी गिरी]] || [[February २६]] [[१९६४]] || [[जेन्युवरी २६]] [[१९६५]] |- |[[सूर्य बहादुर थापा]] || [[जेन्युवरी २६]] [[१९६५]] || [[एप्रिल ७]] [[१९६९]] |- |[[किर्तीनिधी बिष्ट]] || [[एप्रिल ७]] [[१९६९]] || [[एप्रिल १३]] [[१९७०]] |- |[[गेहेन्द्र बहादुर राजभण्डारी]] || [[एप्रिल १३]] [[१९७०]] || [[एप्रिल १४]] [[१९७१]] |- |[[किर्तीनिधी बिष्ट]] || [[एप्रिल १४]] [[१९७१]] || [[जुलाई १६]] [[१९७३]] |- |[[नगेन्द्र प्रसाद रिजाल]] || [[जुलाई १६]] [[१९७३]] || [[डिसेम्बर १]] [[१९७५]] |- |[[तुल्सी गिरी]] || [[डिसेम्बर १]] [[१९७५]] || [[सेप्टेम्बर १२]] [[१९७७]] |- |[[किर्तीनिधी बिष्ट]] || [[सेप्टेम्बर १२]] [[१९७७]] || [[मे ३०]] [[१९७९]] |- |[[सूर्य बहादुर थापा]] || [[मे ३०]] [[१९७९]] || [[जुलाई १२]] [[१९८३]] |- |[[लोकेन्द्र बहादुर चन्द]] || [[जुलाई १२]] [[१९८३]] || [[मार्च २१]] [[१९८६]] |- |[[नगेन्द्र प्रसाद रिजाल]] || [[मार्च २१]] [[१९८६]] || [[जुन १५]] [[१९८६]] |- |[[मरिचमान सिँह श्रेष्ठ]] || [[जुन १५]] [[१९८६]] || [[एप्रिल ६]] [[१९९०]] |- |[[लोकेन्द्र बहादुर चन्द]] || [[एप्रिल ६]] [[१९९०]] || [[एप्रिल १९]] [[१९९०]] |- |[[कृष्ण प्रसाद भट्टराई]] || [[एप्रिल १९]] [[१९९०]] || [[May २६]] [[१९९१]] |- |[[गिरिजा प्रसाद कोईराला]] || [[मे २६]] [[१९९१]] || [[नोवेम्बर ३०]] [[१९९४]] |- |[[मनमोहन अधिकारी]] || [[नोवेम्बर ३०]] [[१९९४]] || [[सेप्टेम्बर १२]] [[१९९५]] |- |[[शेरबहादुर देउबा]] || [[सेप्टेम्बर १२]] [[१९९५]] || [[मार्च १२]] [[१९९७]] |- |[[लोकेन्द्र बहादुर चन्द]] || [[मार्च १२]] [[१९९७]] || [[अक्टुबर ७]] [[१९९७]] |- |[[सूर्य बहादुर थापा]] || [[अक्टुबर ७]] [[१९९७]] || [[एप्रिल 15]] [[१९९८]] |- |[[गिरिजा प्रसाद कोईराला]] || [[एप्रिल १५]] [[१९९८]] || [[मे ३१]] [[१९९९]] |- |[[कृष्ण प्रसाद भट्टराई]] || [[मे ३१]] [[१९९९]] || [[मार्च २२]] [[२०००]] |- |[[गिरिजा प्रसाद कोईराला]] || [[मार्च २२]] [[२०००]] || [[जुलाई 26]] [[२००१]] |- |[[शेरबहादुर देउबा]] || [[जुलाई २६]] [[२००१]] || [[अक्टुबर ४]] [[२००२]] |- |राजा [[ज्ञानेन्‍द्र वीर विक्रम शाहदेव]] || [[अक्टुबर ४]] [[२००२]] || [[अक्टुबर ११]] [[२००२]] |- |[[लोकेन्द्र बहादुर चन्द]] || [[अक्टुबर ११]] [[२००२]] || [[जुन ५5]] [[२००३]] |- |[[सूर्य बहादुर थापा]] || [[जुन ५]] [[२००३]] || [[जुन ३]] [[२००४]] |- |[[शेरबहादुर देउबा]] || [[जुन ३]] [[२००४]] || [[फेब्रुवरी १]] [[२००५]] |- |राजा [[ज्ञानेन्‍द्र वीर विक्रम शाहदेव]] || [[फेब्रुवरी १]] [[२००५]] || [[अप्रिल ३०]] [[२००६]] |- |[[गिरिजा प्रसाद कोईराला]] || [[अप्रिल ३०]] [[२००६]] || (हाल) 1568 4967 2005-08-12T21:32:17Z Murtasa 22 [[de:User:Murtasa]] 1570 5672 2006-03-14T19:47:36Z 202.161.131.69 '''अहिले नेपालमा सञ्चालित टेलिभिजन च्यानलहरु''':- 1. नेपाल टेलिभिजन (सरकारी स्वामित्व रहेको च्यानल॒ 2. नेपाल टेलिभिजन २ (मेट्रो) 3. च्यानल नेपाल (निजी टेलिभिजन च्यानल) 4. [http://www.kantipurtv.com कान्तिपुर टेलिभिजन] 5. [http://www.imagechannels.com/ ईमेज च्यानल] 6. [http://www.nepal1tv.com नेपाल १] (भारतबाट सञ्चालित नेपाली भाषाको च्यानल) 1575 sysop 7271 2006-10-05T05:20:20Z Jose77 104 सबैभन्दा बढि लिंक भएको पृष्ठ 1579 7851 2006-12-04T16:41:29Z Eukesh 93 '''इन्दीवर बडाल (Indiver Badal)'''<br> ''काठमाण्डौ, [[नेपाल]] (Kathmandu, Nepal)'' *'''इमेल''' indiver@gmail.com *'''वेबसाइट''' [http://indiver.com indiver.com] {| style="background-color:#e1eaee" |- |[[Image:WMBarnstar.png|center]] |- |नेपाली विकिपीडियाको विकासमा तपाईंको निरन्तर सहयोग तथा अथक प्रयासको प्रशंसा गर्दै तपाईंलाई यो तक्मा प्रदान गरिन्छ। (This Working Man's Barnstar has been presented to you for your continuous help and tireless efforts in the development of Nepali wikipedia.)--[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 16:41, 4 डिसेम्बर 2006 (UTC) |- | |} [[Category:Barnstar]] 1580 8530 2007-01-09T17:50:33Z Indiver 9 [[Image:The Sun w920607.jpg|thumb|270px|सूर्य]]'''सूर्य''' हाम्रो सौर्यमणडलको केन्द्रमा रहेको [[तारा]] हो। यसलाई घाम वा सुर्जे पनि भनिन्छ। [[पृथ्वी]] लगायत धेरै ग्रह, ग्रहिका, उल्कापिण्ड, पुच्छ्रेतारा आदिहरुले यसको परिक्रमा गर्दछन्। पृथ्वीमा रहेको सम्पूर्ण जीवन सूर्यकै कारणले संभब भएको हो। == वैज्ञानिक अध्ययन == सूर्यको तौल करिब २&times;१०^३० किलोग्राम छ, जुन सामान्य भन्दा केही बढी हो। यसको तौलको करिब ७४% [[हाइड्रोजन]], २५% [[हिलियम]] र बाँकि अन्य गर्‍हौ पदार्थहरु रहेका छन्। यसको आयु करिब ५ अर्ब बर्ष रहेको अनुमान गरिन्छ। सूर्यले आफ्नो जिवनको आधा यात्रा तय गरीसकेको अनुमान गरिन्छ। यस समयमा सूर्यले [[परमाणविय सन्धि]] प्रतिक्रियाद्वारा केन्द्रमा रहेको हाइड्रोजनलाई हिलियममा परिणत गर्दछ। करिब ५ अर्ब बर्षपछि यो [[ग्रहिय नेबुला]]मा परिणत हुने छ। पृथ्विको सबैभन्दा नजिकको तारा भएर र बैज्ञानिकहरु बाट सघन अध्ययन हुँदाहुँदै पनि, यसका बारेमा धेरै प्रश्नहरु अनुत्तरित छन् - जस्तै, किन यसको बाहिरी बायुमण्डलको तापक्रम दशलाख [[केल्भिन]] भन्दा बढि छ जबकि यसको देख्न सकिने सतहको तापक्रम ६,०००[[केल्भिन|के]] मात्र छ। == वैदिक धारणा == वेद र पुराणमा '''सूर्य''' लाई [[सौर्यमण्डल]]को सर्वाधिक बलशाली [[ग्रह]] मानिन्छ। नवग्रह मध्ये सूर्यलाई विशेष मान्यता दिइएको छ। सूर्यलाई [[शनि]]को पिता मानिएको छ। सूर्यको रंग रातो र उसको वाहन रथ हो, उसको एक मात्र चक्र छ जसले [[वर्ष]]लाई दर्शाउँछ। यस चक्रमा १२ भाग छ जुन १२ महिनाको द्योतक हो। यस चक्रको मध्य मा छ भाग छ जुन छ ऋतुहरु को द्योतक हो। रवि, हेली, भास्कर, विकर्तन, अहस्कर, तपन, पूषा, नभेश्वर, मार्तण्ड, दिवाकर, प्रभाकर, अर्क, अरुण, चित्ररथ आदि यसको पर्याय नामहरु हो। {{SolarSystem}} {{stub}} [[Category:खगोलशास्त्र]] [[Category:सौर्यमण्डल]] [[af:Son]] [[am:ፀሐይ]] [[ang:Sunne]] [[ar:شمس]] [[bg:Слънце]] [[ca:Sol]] [[cs:Slunce]] [[cy:Haul]] [[da:Solen]] [[de:Sonne]] [[et:Päike]] [[el:Ήλιος]] [[en:Sun]] [[es:Sol]] [[eo:Suno]] [[eu:Eguzki]] [[fa:خورشید]] [[fr:Soleil]] [[ga:Grian]] [[gl:Sol]] [[gu:સૂર્ય]] [[ko:태양]] [[hi:सूर्य]] [[hr:Sunce]] [[io:Suno]] [[id:Matahari]] [[ia:Sol]] [[it:Sole]] [[he:השמש]] [[ku:رۆژ]] [[la:Sol]] [[lt:Saulė]] [[li:Zon]] [[hu:Nap (égitest)]] [[ms:Matahari]] [[nah:Tonatiuh]] [[nl:Zon]] [[nds:Sünn]] [[ja:太陽]] [[no:Solen]] [[pl:Słońce]] [[pt:Sol]] [[ro:Soare]] [[ru:Солнце]] [[scn:Suli]] [[simple:Sun]] [[sk:Slnko]] [[sl:Sonce]] [[sr:Сунце]] [[su:Panonpoé]] [[fi:Aurinko]] [[sv:Solen]] [[tl:Araw (astronomiya)]] [[th:ดวงอาทิตย์]] [[vi:Mặt Trời]] [[tr:Güneş]] [[uk:Сонце]] [[zh:太阳]] 1581 8361 2007-01-08T01:27:53Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Modifying: [[eu:Kelvin (unitatea)]] {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="right" style="margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em;" |+'''केल्भिन तापक्रम परिवर्तन सुत्र''' |- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" ! Conversion from ! to ! सुत्र |- |केल्भिन ||डिग्री सेल्सियस ||°से = के - २७३.१५ |- |[[सेल्सियस |डिग्री सेल्सियस ]] ||केल्भिन||के = °से + २७३.१५ |- |केल्भिन || डिग्री फरेनहाइट ||°फ = के &times; १.८ &minus; ४५९.६७ |- |[[फरेनहाइट |डिग्री फरेनहाइट ]] ||केल्भिन ||के = (°फ + ४५९.६७) / १.८ |- | colspan=3 align=center | Note that for temperature intervals rather than temperature readings,<br> 1 K = 1 °C and 1 K = 1.8 °F<br><small>[[temperature conversion formulas|Additional conversion formulas]]<br>[http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/chemistry/general/units_en.html#temp Conversion calculator for units of temperature]</small> |} '''केल्भिन''' (अङ्ग्रेजीमा '''kelvin''', symbol: '''K''') तापक्रम नाप्ने [[एस्.आई.]] ईकाई हो, र सात [[एस्.आई. आधार ईकाई]] मध्येको एक हो। यसलाई दुई तथ्यले ब्याख्या गर्दछ: शुन्य केल्भिन is [[absolute zero]] (when molecular motion stops), and one kelvin is the fraction 1/273.16 of the [[thermodynamic temperature]] of the [[triple point]] of [[water]]. The [[Celsius]] temperature scale is now defined in terms of the kelvin, with 0 °C corresponding to 273.15 kelvins, approximately the [[melting point]] of water under [[ordinary conditions]]. The kelvin is named after the British physicist and engineer [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin]]; his [[barony]] was in turn named after the [[River Kelvin]], which runs through the grounds of the [[University of Glasgow]]. == Typographical conventions == The word ''kelvin'' as an SI unit is correctly written with a [[lowercase]] ''k'' (unless at the beginning of a sentence), and is never preceded by the words ''[[degree (temperature)|degree]]'' or ''degrees'', or the symbol °, unlike degrees ''[[Fahrenheit]]'', or degrees ''[[Celsius]]''. This is because the latter are [[adjective]]s, whereas ''kelvin'' is a [[noun]]. It takes the normal plural form by adding an ''s'' in [[English language|English]]: kelvins. When the kelvin was introduced in [[1954]] (10th [[Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures|General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM)]], Resolution 3, CR 79), it was the "degree Kelvin", and written '''&deg;K'''; the "degree" was dropped in [[1967]] (13th CGPM, Resolution 3, CR 104). Note that the symbol for the kelvin unit is always a capital K and never italicised. There is a space between the number and the K, as with all other SI units. [[Unicode]] includes the "kelvin sign" at U+212A (in your [[web browser|browser]] it looks like &#x212A;). However, the "kelvin sign" is [[canonical decomposition|canonically decomposed]] into U+004B, thereby seen as a (preexisting) encoding mistake, and it is better to use U+004B (K) directly. == Conversion factors == === Kelvins and Celsius === The Celsius temperature scale is now defined in terms of the kelvin, with 0 °C corresponding to 273.15 kelvins. * ''kelvins to degrees Celsius'' *:<math> \mathrm{C} = \mathrm{K} - 273.15 </math> === Temperature and energy === In a [[thermodynamic]] system, the energy carried by the particles is proportional to the absolute temperature, where the constant of proportionality is the [[Boltzmann constant]]. As a result, it is possible to determine the temperature of particles with a certain energy; or to calculate the energy of particles at a certain temperature: * ''[[electron volt]]s to kelvins'' :<math> \mathrm{K} = \mathrm{eV} \times 11,\!605 </math> *''kelvins to electron volts'' :<math> \mathrm{eV} = \frac{\mathrm{K}}{11,\!605} </math> == See also == *[[ITS-90]] International Temperature Scale == External link == *[http://www1.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-1/2-1-1/kelvin.html BIPM brochure on the kelvin] {{TemperatureScales}} [[Category:SI base units]] [[Category:Units of temperature]] [[af:Kelvin]] [[als:Kelvin]] [[ar:كلفن]] [[ast:Kelvin]] [[bg:Келвин]] [[br:Kelvin]] [[ca:Kelvin]] [[cs:Kelvin]] [[da:Kelvin]] [[de:Kelvin]] [[el:Κλίμακα Kelvin]] [[en:Kelvin]] [[eo:Kelvino]] [[es:Kelvin]] [[et:Kelvin]] [[eu:Kelvin (unitatea)]] [[fi:Kelvin]] [[fr:Kelvin]] [[gl:Kelvin]] [[he:יחידות מידה לטמפרטורה]] [[hi:केल्विन]] [[hr:Kelvin]] [[hu:Kelvin]] [[id:Kelvin]] [[is:Kelvin]] [[it:Kelvin]] [[ja:ケルビン]] [[jbo:kelvo]] [[ka:კელვინი]] [[ko:켈빈]] [[la:Kelvin]] [[lt:Kelvinas]] [[lv:Kelvins (mērvienība)]] [[mk:Келвин]] [[ms:Kelvin]] [[nds:Kelvin]] [[nl:Kelvin (eenheid)]] [[nn:Kelvin]] [[no:Kelvin]] [[pl:Kelwin]] [[pt:Kelvin]] [[ru:Кельвин]] [[sh:Kelvin]] [[simple:Kelvin]] [[sk:Kelvin]] [[sl:Kelvin]] [[sr:Келвин (јединица)]] [[sv:Kelvin]] [[sw:Kelvini]] [[th:เคลวิน]] [[tr:Kelvin (birim)]] [[uk:Кельвін]] [[vi:Kelvin]] [[zh:热力学温标]] 1582 8575 2007-01-10T07:48:19Z Indiver 9 [[विकिपीडिया]] यसका पाठकहरु द्वारा मिलीजुली लेखिएको एक [[विश्वकोष]] हो। यो साइट एक [[विकि]] हो, अर्थात जो कसैले पनि, तपाँईले समेत, यसका लगभग कुनैपनि लेख, अहिलेनै, सम्पादन गर्न सक्दछ। कुनैपनि लेखको माथि रहेको '''परिवर्तन्''' लिंकमा क्लिक गरेर सम्पादन गर्न सकिन्छ। तर, त्यसो गर्नुभन्दा पहिले, तपाँई यो लेख पढ्न चाहनु हुन्छ की ? == विकिपीडिया ब्राउज == अङ्ग्रेजी विकिपीडिया भित्र हरेक प्रकारका [[राजनीति]], [[बिज्ञान]], [[इतिहास]], [[संगित]], [[धर्म]], [[पप् संस्कृती]], र [[खेलकुद]] देखि त्यसबिचका सबै विषयहरु सम्बन्धित ठुलो मात्रामा जानकारीहरू रहेको छ। नेपाली भाषामा भने त्यसको विकाश सुरुवात चरणमा छ। विभिन्न बर्ग भित्र ब्राउज गर्नुहोस्। {{categorybrowsebar}} तपाईँ लेखभित्रको अक्षर खोजि पनि गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ। देब्रेपट्टि रहेको, ''खोजि'' बट्टा मा गएर आफूले खोज्न चाहेको कुनै पनि बिषय सँग सम्बन्धित शब्द टाईप गरेर "खोज" बटन क्लिक गर्नुहोस् । याद गर्नुहोला, विकिपीडियाको आफ्नै खोज सेवाले सर्भर मा ज्यादा भारी पर्न जाँदा कहिलेकाहिं काम नगर्न पनि सक्छ । यस्तो अवस्थामा तपाईंलाई [[गूगल]]-आधारित विकिपेडिया डेटावेस खोजीमा पठाईने छ । याद राख्नुहोस् [[Wikipedia:Readers%27_FAQ#How_do_I_search_Wikipedia.3F|विकिपीडिया खोज्ने]] [[Wikipedia:Searching|अरू पनि]] धेरै उपायहरू छन्। यदि तपाईंले कुनै साँच्चिकै गतिलो कुरो भेट्नुभयो भने [[Wikipedia:talk page|वार्तालापमा]] आफ्नो बिचार किन नछोड्ने? त्यसो गर्नको लागि तपाईंले '''वार्तालाप''' लिंक (यो पृष्ठको माथिल्लो भागमा रहेका ट्याबहरू हेर्नुहोस्), मा क्लिक गरेर छलफल पृष्ठमा जान सक्नुहुन्छ। त्यस पछि छलफल पृष्ठमा रहेको '''परिवर्तन''' क्लिक गर्नुहोस्, अथवा '''परिवर्तन''' को दायाँ रहेको '''+''' मा क्लिक गर्नुहोस् र आफ्नो बिचार थप्नुहोस् । हामीहरूले सधैं तपाईंका उपयोगी सुझावहरूको प्रशंसा गर्ने छौं । यदि तपाँईलाई लाग्छ हामीले केही भुल्यौ, वा तपाँईले खोज्न चाहनु भएको लेख फेला पार्न गार्‍हो भयो भने, हाम्रो [[Wikipedia:reference desk|रिफरेन्स डेस्कमा]] सोध्नु होस्, या त्यो विषयलाई [[wikipedia:requested articles|लेख अनुरोधमा]] थप्नुहोस्। [[Wikipedia:Explore|विकिपीडिया अन्वेषण]] गर्ने अन्य तरिकाहरू थाहा पाउनुहोस वा [[Help:Starting a new page|आफैंले एक लेख रच्नुहोस्]]। == सम्पादन == विकिपीडियाका लेखहरु सबैले सम्पादन गर्न सक्छ &mdash; यो पृष्ठ पनि! Just click the '''edit this page''' link at the top of any page (except for [[Wikipedia:This page is protected|protected pages]]) if you think it needs any improvement or new information. You don't need anything special; you don't even need to be [[Wikipedia:How to log in|logged in]]. If you want to experiment first, without risk of "messing up" a real article, head over to [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|the sandbox]], where you can practice editing to your heart's content. To practice editing an existing page like this one, just copy and paste it from the article's edit page into the sandbox. If you want to learn more, check out the [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Wikipedia Tutorial]] to learn the basic info you should know as a member of our project. You may find this a bit intimidating at first, but see [[Wikipedia:Replies to common objections|replies to common objections]] for an explanation of why the system still works. == नीति == We've got a few [[wikipedia:policies and guidelines|policies and guidelines]] that you should look at. The three most essential principles are NPOV, GFDL, and civility. What does this mean? *NPOV, or [[wikipedia:neutral point of view|neutral point of view]] means that articles should not be biased, and should represent differing views on a subject fairly. *All contributions to Wikipedia are released under the [[GNU Free Documentation License]] (GFDL). This specifically ensures that Wikipedia will remain freely distributable in perpetuity. Please do not submit any content that is copyrighted without permission of the copyright holder. (See [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|Copyrights]] for more information). *Civility. Wikipedia works by cooperation, and therefore mutual respect, [[Wikipedia:Civility|civility]], and [[Wikipedia:Wikilove|wikilove]] should be practiced universally. Please [[Wikipedia:Assume good faith|assume good faith]] when you disagree with someone, [[Wikipedia:Staying cool when the editing gets hot|stay cool]], and talk things over civilly. It is good practice to provide an [[Wikipedia:edit summary|edit summary]] explaining your changes so as to assist others with noticing and accepting your changes. If you find that your edits get removed or modified, wait a moment before reinstating them. First check the page history, your talk page, or the article's talk page to discuss. See also [[Wikipedia:Wikiquette|Wikiquette]]... == हतोत्साही नहुनुहोस् == तपाँईको आफ्नो सुरुवाति प्रयासहरूमै बादबिबादमा पर्नुभएमा पछाडि नहट्नुहोस्, नहिच्किचाउनुहोस्। कुनैपनि सामुहिक परियोजनाहरूमा बादबिबाद उत्पन्न हुनु स्वभाबिक हो। [[Wikipedia:Writers rules of engagement|लेखकको कार्यनीति]] लगायत तल दिईएका प्रशिक्षणहरूका लेखहरू पनि हेर्नुहोस्। तिनीहरूको सहायता लिएर आफ्ना समस्याहरूको समाधान गर्न र कसरी सकृय र सउत्पादक योगदानकर्ता बन्न सकिन्छ भन्नेकुरा जान्नुहोस्। And if there's anything you don't understand &mdash; be it technical or social &mdash; and you're not sure where to look, just post a question on the [[Wikipedia:help desk]], and someone will be happy to help you. रमाईलो होस्! == सहभागी हुन चाहनुहुन्छ कि? == कसैले पनि सम्पादन त गर्न सक्छ, तर यदि नियमित योगदान गर्न चाहनु हुन्छ भने, अकाउन्ट बनाउँदा यसका धेरै [[विकिपीडिया:अकाउन्ट किन बनाउँने?|फाइदाहरु]] छन्। भाग लिन, [[Special:Userlogin|'''खाता बनाउनुहोस्''']] र आफुलाई समुदायमा [[Wikipedia:New user log|'''चिनाउनुहोस्''']]। == यहाँ पनि हेर्नुहोस् == === सामान्य जानकारी, निर्देशन र सहायता === *[[Wikipedia:About|About the project]] *[[Wikipedia:Help|Help pages]] &mdash; help on editing, starting new articles, and many other topics. *[[Wikipedia:FAQ|Wikipedia FAQs]] &mdash; frequently asked questions about the site. *[[Wikipedia:Glossary|Glossary]] &mdash; a glossary of common Wikipedia terms. *[[Wikipedia:What is Wikipedia|What is Wikipedia]] *[[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|What Wikipedia is not]] *[[wikipedia:Policies and guidelines|Policies and guidelines for contributors]] *[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]] === विकिजनहरू === ====सहयोगी पाटो==== *''[[Wikipedia:Wikiquette|Wikiquette]]'' *''[[Wikipedia:NPOV tutorial|Neutrality]]'' *''[[Wikipedia:Writers rules of engagement|Writers rules of engagement]]'' &mdash; dispute resolution. *''[[Wikipedia:Faux pas avoidance|Faux pas avoidance]]'' ====गहन विश्लेशष विभाग==== *''[[Wikipedia:Civility|Civility]]'' *''[[Wikipedia:Contributing to Wikipedia|Contributing]]'' *''[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|The neutral point of view]]'' === विकिपीडिया समुदाय === *[[Wikipedia:Contact us|हामीसँग सम्पर्क गर्नुहोस्]] *[[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|विकिपीडियाली]] &mdash; different listings of regular contributors; you may add yourself if you wish. *[[Wikipedia:Wikifun|विकिरमाईलो]] *[[Wikipedia:सामुदायीक द्वार (पोर्टल)]] समुदायस सँग भेट्ने मुख्य द्वार हो । यहाँ पूरा गर्नु पर्ने कामहरूको र चलिरहेका आयोजनाहरूको सूची भेट्न सक्नुहुन्छ । जस्तै: [[Wikipedia:Collaboration of the Week]]. [[Category:Wikipedia basic information|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[ar:&#1608;&#1610;&#1603;&#1610;&#1576;&#1610;&#1583;&#1610;&#1575;:&#1578;&#1585;&#1581;&#1610;&#1576; &#1576;&#1575;&#1604;&#1602;&#1575;&#1583;&#1605;&#1610;&#1606; &#1575;&#1604;&#1580;&#1583;&#1583;]] [[bs:Wikipedia:Uvod]] [[ca:Viquipèdia:Pàgina d'acollida]] [[ceb:Wikipedya:Maayong pag-abot, higala!]] [[cs:Wikipedie:Vítejte ve Wikipedii]] [[da:Wikipedia:Velkommen nybegynder]] [[de:Wikipedia:Willkommen]] [[en:Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers]] [[eo:Vikipedio:Bonvenon al la Vikipedio]] [[es:Wikipedia:Bienvenidos]] [[fa:&#1608;&#1740;&#1705;&#1740;&#8204;&#1662;&#1583;&#1740;&#1575;:&#1578;&#1575;&#1586;&#1607;&#8204;&#1608;&#1575;&#1585;&#1583;&#1575;&#1606;&#1548; &#1582;&#1608;&#1588; &#1570;&#1605;&#1583;&#1740;&#1583;]] [[fr:Wikipédia:Accueil des nouveaux arrivants]] [[ga:Vicipéid:Fáilte, a núíosaigh]] [[he:&#1493;&#1497;&#1511;&#1497;&#1508;&#1491;&#1497;&#1492;:&#1489;&#1512;&#1493;&#1499;&#1497;&#1501; 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[[sr:&#1042;&#1080;&#1082;&#1080;&#1087;&#1077;&#1076;&#1080;&#1112;&#1072;:&#1044;&#1086;&#1073;&#1088;&#1086;&#1076;&#1086;&#1096;&#1083;&#1080;]] [[su:Wikipédia:Wilujeng sumping]] [[sv:Wikipedia:Välkommen]] [[tt:Wikipedia:Räxim it, yaña kilüçe]] [[vi:Wikipedia:Chào m&#7915;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i m&#7899;i &#273;&#7871;n]] [[ur:%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B4_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF]] [[zh:Wikipedia:欢迎，新来者]] 1583 8523 2007-01-08T20:48:50Z Indiver 9 {{Message_box| id =NPOV| backgroundcolor =AntiqueWhite| image =Unbalanced scales.svg| heading =यो लेखको [[Wikipedia:Neutral Point of View|निरपेक्षता]] [[विवाद|विवादमा]] परेको छ| message =कृपया यो लेखको [[:{{NAMESPACE}} talk:{{PAGENAME}}|वार्तालाप]] पृष्ठ हेर्नुहोस् }} [[Category:NPOV disputes]] 1584 5013 2005-08-28T11:26:06Z Indiver 9 <center><div style="text-align: center; margin: 0 10% 1em 10%;"> {| class="notice noprint" id="{{{id}}}" style="background: {{{backgroundcolor}}}; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 0.1em; margin: 0.5em auto;" |- | valign="top" style="padding: 0.1em" | [[Image:{{{image}}}|45px| ]] | style="padding: 0.1em" | '''{{{heading}}}'''<br><div style="font-size: 90%;">{{{message}}}</div> |} </div></center> 1585 5014 2005-08-28T11:28:21Z Indiver 9 {{POV}} '''प्रजातन्त्र पुनर्स्थापनादेखि प्रजातन्त्र हरणसम्मका १४ वर्ष''' सन् १९९० को वसन्त ऋतुमा हामीमध्ये अधिकांश पञ्चायती व्यवस्थाप्रति असहमति व्यक्त गर्दै काठमाडौंका सडकमा उत्रिएका थियौं । हामीले विश्वका थोरै सक्रिय राजतन्त्रमध्ये एकको शासनविरुद्ध र प्रजातन्त्रका पक्षमा आफ्नो आवाज बुलन्द पारेका थियौं । अहिले आएर कसैकसैले त्यो जनआन्दोलन सुरु गर्नमा विदेशीहरुको हात रहेको पनि बताउने गरेका छन् । तर, त्यतिबेला जेसुकै भएपनि हामी लड्यौं, हामीले पीडा सह्यौं र थुप्रै बलिदानी दियौं । हामीले ५० दिनसम्म निरन्तर संर्घष्ा गर्‍यौं र अन्ततः चाहेको कुरा पायौं । राजाले आफ्ना शक्ति नेताहरुलाई हस्तान्तरण गरे-हाम्रा नेताहरुलाई । एउटा नयाँ संविधान जारी भयो । वर्षदनपछि निर्वाचन भयो र पहिलो निर्वाचित सरकार सत्तामा आयो । हामी खुसी थियौं । प्रजातान्त्रिक सरकारप्रति हाम्रा थुप्रै आशा, अपेक्षा थिए । वर्षौंको नियन्त्रित जीवनपछि अब हामीले आफ्नो मालिक आफै भएको महसूस गर्न थाल्यौं । यो सरकार हाम्रो जीवनस्तर उकास्नका लागि थियो, हाम्रो देशलाई प्रगतिको मार्गतर्फडोर्‍याउनका लागि थियो । नयाँ उत्साहले राष्ट्रलाई समेटेको थियो, नयाँ बाटो खुलेका थिए । नयाँ संविधान र नयाँ सरकार- केही समयका लागि हामीले सोच्यौं, सबैकुरा राम्रै चलिरहेको छ । तर हामी गलत रहेछौं । छिट्टै नै नयाँ व्यवस्था र त्यसका नेताहरुप्रति हामी आजित हुनथाल्यौं । नेताहरुले झूठा वाचा गरी हामीलाई मर्ूख बनाइरहेका र हामीसित हातेमालो गरी देशनिर्माणको कार्यमा जुट्न उनीहरु गम्भीर नभएको महसूस हामीले गर्न थाल्यौं । उनीहरु खाली आफू सत्तामा कसरी जाने र कसरी त्यहाँ टिक्ने मात्रै सोच्थे । पार्टर्ीी आ-आफैभित्र फूट बढ्न थाले र प्रजातन्त्र आएपछिका सुरुका दिनदेखि नै राजनीति अस्थिर किसिमको रह्यो । एउटा पनि सरकारले आफ्नो पूरा समयावधि पूरा गर्न सकेन । अनि सबै सरकारहरु अस्थिर थिए, कमजोर थिए र भ्रष्ट थिए । विभिन्न कान्डहरुका बारेमा पत्रपत्रिकामा खबर छापिन थाले । ११ वर्षा सत्तामा रहेका ११ सरकारमध्ये कुनै पनि चोखो रहन सकेनन् । सबैभन्दा पहिलो ठूलो भ्रष्टाचार कान्ड सन् १९९४ को धमिजा कान्ड थियो । तत्कालीन प्रधानमन्त्री गिरिजाप्रसाद कोइरालाको पालामा भारतीय मूलका एक बेलायती नागरिक दिनेश धमिजालाई राष्ट्रिय ध्वजावाहक शाही नेपाल वायुसेवा निगमका टिकट युरोपभर बेच्नका लागि एजेन्ट नियुक्त हुने गरी सम्झौता गरियो । कुनै किसिमको टेण्डर प्रकाशित नगरी यसो गरिएको थियो । यो सम्झौता ५५ करोड रुपैया बराबरको थियो । टेण्डर आह्वान नै नगरी किन सम्झौता गरियो र युरोपभरका लागि एउटै व्यक्तिलाई किन टिकट बेच्नका लागि एकाधिकार प्रदान गरियो भन्ने सम्बन्धमा प्रश्न उठाइए । तत्कालीन सरकारमाथि शानेवानिका दर्ुइ बोइङ विमानलाई कौडीको भाउमा बेचेको आरोप पनि लाग्यो । दुवै विमान मात्र १२ करोड रुपैयाँमा बेचिएका थिए । पछिसम्म ती दुवै विमान युरोपमा उडिरहेका थिए । शानेवानि व्यवस्थापन र सरकारमाथि चालू हालतमा रहेका ती दर्ुइ विमानलाई कौडीको भाउमा बेचेको आरोप लाग्यो । कोइरालापुत्री सुजाता कोइराला र उनका जर्मन पतिसमेत यो कान्डमा संलग्न रहेको बताइन्छ । अनि सन् १९९५ मा तत्कालीन प्रधानमन्त्री शेरबहादुर देउवाको सरकारले एउटा विधेयक पास गर्‍यो, जसमा संसद्का सबै सदस्य र विशिष्ट श्रेणीका सरकारी अधिकृतहरुलाई भन्सार करमा ९५ प्रतिशत छुट दिने व्यवस्था थियो । प्रतिनिधि सभा र राष्ट्रिय सभाका गरी कूल २ सय ६५ सांसदहरुले यो सुविधा गाडी आयात गर्न प्रयोग गरे । अधिकांशले रोजेका थिए मित्सुबिसी पजेरो र टोयोटा प्राडो जसलाई बिना सुविधा किन्ने हो भने झण्डै ५० लाख रुपैया पथ्र्यो । अधिकांश सांसदले आफ्नो नाममा गाडी आयात गरी व्यापारीहरुलाई त्यसको प्रयोग गर्न दिई उनीहरुबाट कमिसन प्राप्त गरेको बताइन्छ । यस्तो गर्ने प्रायः सबै सांसदले गाडीको ब्रान्डका आधारमा छ लाखदेखि १० लाखसम्म पाएको अनुमान छ । त्यसो त यो सुविधाको उपभोग नगर्ने सांसदहरु पनि नभएका हैनन् तर उनीहरुको संख्या सार्‍है थोरै थियो । विशिष्ट श्रेणीका विभिन्न सरकारी अधिकारीहरुले पनि यो सुविधाको प्रयोग गरे । सांसदहरुका नाममा २ सय ६५ सहित यस्तो सुविधाको प्रयोग गरी झण्डै ४ सय गाडी आयात गरिए । शाही नेपाली सेना, नेपाल प्रहरीका उच्च अधिकारीहरु र मन्त्रालयका सचिवहरुले पनि सुविधा उपभोग गरे । न्यायालय सबैभन्दा बढी गाडी आयात गर्ने विभाग थियो । सर्वोच्च अदालत र पुनरावेदन अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरुसहित यस क्षेत्रका अधिकारीहरुले कूल १ सय ३ गाडी आयात गरेका थिए । पछि सन् १९९८ मा प्रधानमन्त्री गिरिजाप्रसाद कोइरालाको सरकारले यो सुविधालाई हटायो । प्रजातन्त्र पर्ुनर्बहालीको छ वर्षो अवधिमा नै हामीमाझ धेरै असन्तुष्टी छायो, ३० वर्षो पञ्चायती शासनकालमा भन्दा बढी । भ्रष्टाचार र कुशासन यति विघ्न बढेको थियो कि पहिलो संसदमा पाँचौ ठूलो राजनीतिक दलका रुपमा रहेको पार्टर्ीीे एक हिस्सा हतियार उठाउन तयार भयो । उनीहरुका उदेश्य थिए संवैधानिक राजतन्त्र निर्मूल पार्नु, ०४६ सालको संविधानलाई खारेज गर्नु र जनगणतन्त्रको स्थापना गर्नु । २०५२ साल माघ २१ गते टुक्रिएको संयुक्त जनमोर्चाका नेता बाबुराम भट्टर्राईले नेपाली कांग्रेसको नेतृत्वको शेरबहादुर देउवाको सरकारलाई राष्ट्रियता, प्रजातन्त्र र जनजीविकासम्बन्धी ४० बूँदे मागपत्र पेश गरेको थियो । त्यसमा भारतसितका विद्यमान सन्धिहरु खारेज गरिनुपर्ने, राजाका सबै अधिकार र सुविधा कटौती गर्नुपर्ने, संविधानसभाका माध्यमबाट नयाँ संविधान बनाउनु पर्ने, पूँजीवादीहरुको सम्पत्ति राष्ट्रियकरण गर्नुपर्ने, नेपाललाई धर्मनिरपेक्ष राष्ट्र घोषणा गर्नुपर्ने, सबै विदेशी सहयोग बन्द गर्नुपर्ने र केही सामाजिक सुधार र विकास सम्बन्धी मागहरु थिए । उनले फेब्रुअरी १७ तारिखसम्म यी मागहरु पूरा गर्न सरकारले तत्काल कदम नचाले आफूहरु वर्तमान राज्यसत्ताका विरुद्ध सशस्त्र संर्घष्ा चलाउन बाध्य हुनुपर्ने उल्लेख गरेका थिए । त्यतिबेला सरकारले यी मागहरुको बेवास्ता गर्‍यो । प्रधानमन्त्रीको ध्यान आफ्नो आसन्न विदेश भ्रमणमा बढी थियो । त्यसपछि निर्धारित मिति समाप्त हुनुभन्दा चार दिन अघि माओवादीहरुले ६ जिल्लाका प्रहरी चौकी र सरकारी कार्यालयहरुमा एकैसाथ आक्रमण गरे । माओवादीहरु बिस्तारै देशको शान्ति, स्थिरता र प्रजातन्त्रका लागि मुख्य अवरोधका रुपमा अगाडि आए । माओवादीहरुको प्रमुख तारो दर्ुगम इलाकामा रहेका प्रहरी चौकी, गाउँ विकास समितिका निर्वाचित सदस्यहरु र राजनीतिक पार्टर्ीीवशेष गरी नेपाली कांग्रेसका स्थानीय कार्यकर्ताहरु हुन्थे । तर, यता काठमाडौंमा सत्ताको लागि कर्ुर्सर्ीीे हानाथापको खेल चालु थियो । यस क्रममा दर्ुइ वर्षो अवधिमा तीन सरकार परिवर्तन भए । दर्ुइ वर्षछि गृहमन्त्री खुमबहादुर खड्का रहेको गिरिजाप्रसाद कोइरालाको नेतृत्वको सरकारले माओवादीहरुको दमनका लागि भीषण अभियान थाल्यो । किलो सेरा टु नामको यो रक्तपातपर्ूण्ा अभियान झण्डै वर्षदनसम्म चल्यो । यस क्रममा माओवादीहरु र उनीहरुका र्समर्थकहरुमाथि क्रूर दमन गरियो । धेरैले यसबाट माओवादीहरुप्रति सहानुभूति बढेको र त्यो हालसम्म कायम रहेको बताउने गर्छन् । यसका कारण धेरै गाउँले केन्द्रीय सरकार र उसको उपस्थितिका रुपमा व्यक्त हुने नीलो वर्दीधारी प्रहरीका विपक्षमा उभिए । माओवादीहरुले किसान, तल्ला र अछुत जातकाहरुबाट र्समर्थन पाए । उनीहरुले सामाजिक रुपमा दमनमा परेका महिलाहरुलाई आफ्नो संगठनमा स्थान दिए । प्राप्त रिपोर्टहरु अनुसार माओवादीहरुको कूल सदस्यको ३० प्रतिशत संख्या महिलाले ओगटेका छन् । सुरुमा ग्रामीण किसानहरुमात्र यसका सदस्य थिए । तर, समय बित्दै जाँदा बेरोजगारीबाट दिक्क भई भविष्य अन्धकार देखेका युवाहरु बढी मात्रामा यो आन्दोलनमा समाहित भए । व्रि्रोहीहरुले प्रजातान्त्रिक रुपमा निर्वाचित सबै सरकारहरुले उठाउन नसकेको जातीय मुद्दा पनि उठाए । उनीहरुले आफ्नो संगठनमा विभिन्न सबै जातीय समूहकाहरुलाई स्थान दिए जबकि अन्य सबै राजनीतिक पार्टर्ीीको नेतृत्वमा माथिल्लो जातका बाहुनहरुको मात्र बोलवाला थियो । माओवादीहरुको नेतृत्व प्रचण्डका नामले बढी प्रख्यात पुष्पकमल दाहालले गरिरहेका छन् । उनी जनयुद्ध सुरु भएको एक वर्षछि सन् १९९७ मा पार्टर्ीीे अध्यक्ष पदमा निर्वाचित भएका थिए । उनका वरिष्ठ सहयोगीहरुमा डा. बाबुराम भट्टर्राई, बादल उपनामले चिनिने रामबहादुर थापा, मोहन वैद्य, जो हाल भारतीय प्रहरीको हिरासतमा छन् र दिवाकरको नामले चिनिने पोस्टबहादुर बोगटी रहेका छन् । माओवादीहरुको ३९ सदस्यीय केन्द्रीय समितिमा यी पाँच र्सवाधिक प्रभावशाली नेता हुन् । प्रहरी र सरकारी अधिकारीहरुको हत्या गर्दै र बहुमूल्य पर्ूवाधार र सरकारी कार्यालय नष्ट गर्दै माओवादीहरुले संर्घष्ा जारी राखे । तर राजनीतिज्ञहरु यस विषयमा कहिल्यै गम्भीर भएनन् र सरकार परिवर्तनसँगै भ्रष्टाचारको अनुपात पनि निकै बढ्न थाल्यो । सन् १९९७ मा अर्को विमान घोटाला कान्ड भयो । चेज एअरबाट विमान भाडामा लिने भनी त्यो तथाकथित कम्पनीलाई ७ लाख ८३ हजार अमेरिकी डलर भुक्तान गरियो तर विमानको व पनि नेपालमा आएन । शानेवानिले कानुनी संर्घष्ामा एक लाख डलरभन्दा बढी खर्च गर्‍यो, तर ३ लाख डलरभन्दा बढी फिर्ता पाउन सकेन । पछि शानेवानिको व्यवस्थापनले तत्कालीन कार्यकारी अध्यक्ष हंगकंग रानालाई यो घटनाको जिम्मेवार रहेको आरोप लगायो । जलविद्युत क्षेत्रमा पनि धेरै भ्रष्टाचार भए । कालिगण्डकी ए परियोजनामा प|mान्सेली कम्पनी इम्प्रेजिलो स्पालाई सम्झौता सकिएको वर्षौंपछि भेरिएसन अर्डरमा ४ अर्ब ९४ करोड रुपैया भुक्तान गरियो । सांसदहरुले नियमित गर्ने भ्रष्टाचारको नमूनाका रुपमा लिइएको अर्को उदाहरण, सन् १९९७-९८ को चार महिनाको अवधिमा सांसदहरुको चिकित्सा भत्तावापत् ११ करोड रुपैयाँ खर्च गरियो । सांसदहरुले देशभित्र र बाहिर उपचार गराएको भनी भत्ता लिई अर्कै काममा त्यो रकम खर्च गरेको बताइयो । केही सांसदहरुले स्वस्थ रहे पनि चिकित्सा सुविधा लिएको आरोप लगाइयो । राजनीतिक कार्यकर्ताहरुलाई चिकित्सा सुविधा दिलाउन खडा गरिएको गृहमन्त्रालय अर्न्तर्गतको कोषलाई पनि सांसदहरुले छाडेनन् । फर्जी नाममा सांसदहरुले त्यस कोषबाट रकम निकाले । केही सांसदहरुले एउटा रोगको कारण बताई औषधिका रुपमा अर्कै रोगको उपचारमा प्रयोग हुने औषधिको नाम राखी सहयोग लिएपछि यो कान्ड चर्चामा आएको थियो । गृहमन्त्रालयको रर्ेकर्ड अनुसार ऋषिकेश शाह नामका एक सांसदले ५० हजार रुपैया मात्रै स्वीकृत भएको भए पनि एक लाख रुपैया लिएका थिए । यो घटनाले मन्त्रालयका अधिकारीहरु समेत भ्रष्टाचारमा संलग्न रहेको तथ्य र्सार्वजनिक भयो । उनीहरु नक्कली बिलवापत् गरिने भुक्तानका लागि कमिसन लिने गर्दथे । सन् १९९७, एमालेको सरकार, सी पी मैनाली आपर्ूर्ति मन्त्री । त्यतिबेला भारतले कर नलगाई चिनी आयात गर्ने गर्दथ्यो । साल्ट ट्रेडिङले यसलाई निर्यात गर्ने गर्दथ्यो र प्राप्त नाफालाई नून तथा अन्य वस्तु आयात गर्न प्रयोग गर्दथ्यो । सरकारले फेरि पनि बिना टेण्डर यो सम्झौता एउटा निजी संस्थालाई दियो । केडिया समूहलाई ३० हजार मेटि्रक टन चिनी निर्यात गर्ने सम्झौता दिइयो । यस विषयमा प्रश्न उठाइन थाले । संसदको र्सार्वजनिक लेखा समितिले बयान लिएपछि उनलाई पदबाट हटाइयो । मैनालीले तत्कालीन उपप्रधानमन्त्री माधवकुमार नेपालको निर्देशनमा त्यसो गरेको बताए । तर, नेपालले भने त्यसलाई अस्वीकार गर्नुभयो । सन् १९९८ मा मन्त्री पद्मसुन्दर लावती मल कान्डमा मुछिए । मलको टेण्डर बढी बोली लगाउनेलाई अर्थात् सबैभन्दा खराब बोली लगाउनेलाई दिइएको थियो । यसो किन गरियो भन्ने विषयमा केही व्याख्या गरिएको थिएन । र्सार्वजनिक लेखा समितिले यस विषयमा छानबिन गरेपछि लावतीविरुद्ध दायर गरिएको मुद्दा पुनरावेदन अदालत, पाटनले प्रमाण नपुगेको भन्दै खारेज गरिदियो । भ्रष्टाचार र राजनीतिक अस्थिरता बढ्दै जाँदा माओवादीहरु शक्तिशाली हुँदै गए । उनीहरु संगठित हुँदै ठूला र हिंस्रक आक्रमणका लागि तयारी गर्दै थिए । सन् २००० को सेप्टेम्बरमा त्यतिबेलाको सबैभन्दा भयानक आक्रमण डोल्पाको सदरमुकाम दुनैमा भयो । अब माओवादीहरुले आफ्नो सैनिक रणनीति परिवर्तन गरेका थिए । दर्ुगम इलाकाका प्रहरी चौकी र कार्यालयमा आक्रमण गर्ने रणनीतिबाट अब उनीहरु प्रहरीको संख्याभन्दा निकै बढी संख्यामा लडाकुहरुसहित जिल्ला सदरमुकाम आक्रमण गर्ने रणनीतिमा लागे । अर्को वर्षो अप्रिल महिनाको एक रक्तपातपर्ूण्ा सातामा रुकुम र दैलेखमा उही एकै मृत्युदण्ड शैलीमा ७० प्रहरी मारिए । सन् २००० मा नै वामपन्थी पत्रिका रेभोल्युसनरी वर्करसितको अन्तर्वार्तामा प्रचण्डले जनगणतन्त्र नेपालको घोषणाको पक्षमा आफ्नो विचार राखे । उनले नेकपा माओवादीले देशका केही निश्चित क्षेत्रमा नियन्त्रण कायम गरी अन्य क्षेत्रमा सशक्त उपस्थिति जनाएपछि जनगणतन्त्र नेपालको घोषणा गरिने बताए । जनगणतन्त्रलाई राष्ट्रव्यापी रुपमा आफूहरुको उदेश्य प्राप्तिका लागि प्रयोग गरिने उनको भनाई थियो । यसैवर्षयो संर्घष्ाले मध्यपश्चिम क्षेत्रमा पकड मजबुत बनायो । सन् २००० को डिसेम्बरमा नेकपा माओवादीले रोल्पा र रुकुमका गाउँहरुमा निर्वाचनको आयोजना गर्‍यो । उनीहरुले आफ्नै राष्ट्रिय गान पनि प्रचलनमा ल्याए । माओवादीहरुले आफ्नो सञ्जाल र क्रियाकलाप देशभर विस्तार गर्दैगर्दा उनीहरुको नकारात्मक छवि पनि तीब्र रुपमा र्सार्वजनिक हुँदै गए । उनीहरु सामान्य जनतालाई यातना दिन्थे । स्थानीय बासिन्दालाई आफ्नो फौजमा सामेल हुन दबाब दिन्थे र बालबालिकाहरुलाई समेत सशस्त्र फौजमा भर्ती गर्थे । उनीहरु सुराकीको आरोपमा अपहरण, यातना र हत्या गर्थे । माओवादी धम्की र आतंकले ग्रामीण नेपालको ठूलो क्षेत्र प्रभावित भयो । त्यही बेला काठमाडौंमा गिरिजाप्रसाद कोइराला अर्को भ्रष्टाचार कान्डमा मुछिए । यो कान्डका विषयमा ७-८ महिनासम्म सबै पत्रपत्रिकाहरुमा समाचार छापिए । अर्का राजनीतिक नेता उड्डयन मन्त्री तारिणीदत्त चटौतमाथि भ्रष्टाचारको अभियोग लाग्यो । यो कान्डमा अस्टि्रयाको लाउडा एअरलाई विमान भाडामा लिन चुनिएको थियो । यससँग सम्झौता टेण्डरबाट नभई तत्कालीन प्रधानमन्त्री गिरिजाप्रसाद कोइरालाको निर्देशनमा प्रत्यक्ष वार्ताबाट भएको थियो । पछि कोइरालालाई संसदको र्सार्वजनिक लेखा समितिले यस्तो केसमा निर्देशन नदिन सचेत गरायो । मन्त्री चटौत र शानेवानिका प्रमुख हरिभक्त श्रेष्ठ लगायतका अधिकारीहरुमाथि भ्रष्टाचारको अभियोगमा मुद्दा चलाइयो । त्यसपछि विपक्षी पार्टर्ीीमालेले अन्य कम्युनिस्ट पार्टर्ीीको सहयोगमा कोइरालालाई प्रधानमन्त्रीको कर्ुर्सर्ीीट हटाउन आन्दोलन थाल्यो । उनीहरुले संसदको बैठकमा अवरोध पुर्‍याए, र्‍याली आयोजना गरे, बन्द आह्वान गरे र सडकमा हिंसात्मक पर््रदर्शन गरे । दिनहुँ सबै कुरा खराबबाट अझ खराब हुँदै गइरहेको बेला हामीले सोचेका थियौं, अहिले हामी सबैभन्दा खराब दिन सहिरहेका छौं । तर हामीलाई के थाहा, त्यो भन्दा खराब कुरा त अझै हुन बाँकी नै थियो । सन् २००१ को जुन १ तारिखका दिन राजपरिवारका १० सदस्यको हत्या भयो । हामीले आधुनिक इतिहासकै सबैभन्दा नाटकीय र अकल्पनीय घटनाका रुपमा सुन्यौं युवराज दीपेन्द्रले राजा वीरेन्द्र, रानी ऐश्वर्या, अधिराजकुमारी श्रुति, अधिराजकुमार निराजन, काका धीरेन्द्र शाह, काकी शान्ति, श्रद्धा, जयन्ती र श्रद्धाका पति कुमार खड्ग विक्रम शाहलाई गोली हानी मारे । गोली हानीसकेपछि युवराज दीपेन्द्रले आफैमाथि गोली प्रहार गरेको बताइयो । अर्को दिन अस्पतालमा गम्भीर घाइते रहेका भनिएका युवराज दीपेन्द्रलाई राजा घोषणा गरियो र उनका काका अधिराजकुमार ज्ञानेन्दं्रलाई नायबी अधिकार सुम्पियो । राजपरिवारका सबै सदस्यको सामूहिक दाहसंस्कार गरियो । सबथोक खराबबाट अझ खराब हुँदै गइरहेको थियो । हामीले राजनीतिक दलहरु र तिनका नेताहरुप्रतिको विश्वास गुमाउँदै गइरहेका थियौं । हामीमध्ये केहीलाई त पूरा बहुदलीय व्यवस्थाप्रति नै मोहभंग भएको महसूस भइसकेको थियो । माओवादीको धम्की र दबाब बढ्दै गइरहेको थियो र हामी राजनीतिज्ञहरु र सरकारलाई विश्वास गर्न सकिरहेका थिएनौं । तर यी सबका बावजूद कोही थियो जसलाई हामी विश्वास गर्न सक्थ्यौं, कोही थियो जसलाई हामी आफ्नै मान्न सक्थ्यौं । उनको चम्किलो मुस्कान र राम्रो व्यक्तित्वका कारण हामीलाई उनी र उनका परिवारप्रति विश्वास थियो । हामीले उनलाई पिता सरह मानेका थियौं जसले हामीले माग्दा आफ्ना अधिकार सबै गुमाएर हामीलाई दिएका थिए । गएको एक दशकमा उनी हामीबीच सबैभन्दा बढी लोकप्रिय थिए । केहीले त पहिले नै भनिसकेका थिए कि उनले मात्रै हाम्रो देशलाई नष्ट हुनबाट बचाउन सक्छ । अब उनी नै हामीलाई छाडिगएपछि हामीलाई थाहा थिएन हामी के गर्र्छौं । हामी अचम्भित थियौं, दुःखी थियौं र गहिरो शोकमा डुबेका थियौं । हामीले हाम्रो भावनालाई जता सकिन्छ त्यतै डोर्‍यायौं । जुन ४ तारिखका दिन राजा दीपेन्द्रको मृत्युको औपचारिक घोषणा गरियो र ज्ञानेन्द्र नयाँ राजा घोषित भए । षड्यन्त्र सिद्धान्तले बल पुर्‍याइरहेकै बेला हामीमध्ये केही अझै यो तीतो सत्य स्वीकार्न तयार भइसकेका थिएनौं । नयाँ राजाले सर्वोच्च अदालतका प्रमुख न्यायाधीश केशवप्रसाद उपाध्याय र सभामुख तारानाथ रानाभाट रहेको एक उच्चस्तरीय छानबिन समिति गठन गरी घटनाका सम्बन्धमा छानबिन गर्न आदेश दिए । एक हप्तापछि समितिले राजालाई प्रतिवेदन प्रस्तुत गर्‍यो र त्यसलाई र्सार्वजनिक पनि गरियो । प्रतिवेदनमा लागूपदार्थ र रक्सीले मातेका युवराज दीपेन्द्र घटनामा दोषी रहेको निश्कर्षनिकालिएको थियो । नयाँ राजाले पारम्परिक तर गम्भीर उदास वातावरणयुक्त समारोहमा दोस्रो पटक राजगद्दी आरोहण गरे । एक शताब्दीसम्म नेपालमा शासन गरेको राणाशासनलाई उखेल्न भएको आन्दोलनको अन्तिम चरणका रुपमा बाजे त्रिभुवनले भारतमा शरण लिँदा सानै रहेका उनी त्यस्तै किसिमको समारोहपछि राजगद्दीमा बसेका थिए । राजा ज्ञानेन्द्रले सुरुदेखि नै आफू आफ्ना दाजु दिवंगत राजा वीरेन्द्रभन्दा फरक रहेको स्पष्ट पार्दै नेपाली जनताको दुःखलाई चुपचाप टुलुटुलु हेरेर नबस्ने र्सार्वजनिक रुपमा बताउँदै आएका थिए । यो राजा राजनीतिक रुपमा सक्रिय हुने संकेत थियो । अन्ततः सन् २००१ मा गिरिजाप्रसाद कोइरालाले सेनाले आफ्नो आदेश नमानेको भन्दै राजीनामा दिए र उनका प्रतिस्पर्धी एवं पार्टर्ीी नेता शेरबहादुर देउवा दोस्रो पटक प्रधानमन्त्री भए । देउवा माओवादीसितको शान्तिवार्ताका लागि यति हतारिएका थिए कि पदको शपथ ग्रहण नै नगरी युद्धविराम र वार्ताका लागि आह्वान गर्न पुगे । माओवादीहरुले पनि सोही दिन उनको आह्वानमा सहमति जनाए र त्यस्तै एक महिनापछि सरकार र माओवादीहरुबीच पहिलो चरणका वार्ताहरु भए । सन् २००१ को अगस्त ३१ तारिखमा ललितपुरको गोदावरी रिसोर्टमा पहिलो चरणको वार्ता भयो । सरकारी वार्ता समूहका संयोजक चिरञ्जीवी वाग्लेले वार्ताको वातावरण बनाउन शक्ति प्रयोगसहित सबै किसिमका दबाब रणनीति तत्काल त्याग्न माओवादी वार्ता समूहलाई आह्वान गरेे । तीन सदस्यीय माओवादी वार्ता समूहका संयोजक कृष्णबहादुर महराले सरकारी आह्वानको माओवादीले तुरुन्त पालना गर्नेमा आश्वस्त पारे । दर्ुइ युद्धरत पक्षबीच दोस्रो चरणको वार्ताका लागि काठमाडौंबाट करिब ७ सय किलोमिटर दक्षिणपश्चिममा रहेको बर्दिया जिल्लाको टाइगर टप्स जंगल रिसोर्टमा सेप्टेम्बर १४ र नोभेम्बर १४ मा पुनः भेट भयो । तर वार्ता निश्कर्षवहीन भयो र हामीले सुन्यौं माओवादीहरुले सरकारी पक्षलाई खबरसमेत नगरी वार्ताको टेबुल छाडेर गए । नोभेम्बर २३ का दिन माओवादी छापामारहरुले दांगको सैनिक छाउनी र स्याङ्जाको एक प्रहरी चौकीमा एकै पटक आक्रमण गरी १४ सैनिक, ३७ प्रहरी र दर्ुइ सरकारी अधिकारीलाई मारे । नेपालको आधुनिक इतिहासमा सेनामाथि आक्रमण भई उनीहरुको हतियार लुटिएको यो पहिलो घटना थियो । शेरबहादुर देउवाले संकटकालको घोषणा गरी शाही नेपाली सेनालाई माओवादीहरुको खोजी गरी नष्ट गर्ने निर्देशन दिए । अब शाही नेपाली सेनासमेत सामेल भएपछि यो द्वन्द्व अझ गहिराइतर्फउन्मुख भयो । झण्डै एक वर्षछि माओवादीहरुले पुनः आक्रमण गरे र यसपटक निशाना बनेको थियो पश्चिमी जिल्ला जुम्लाको सदरमुकाम खलंगा । प्रमुख जिल्ला अधिकारीसहित २८ सुरक्षाफौजको यो आक्रमणमा ज्यान गयो । यता राजनीतिक मैदानमा शेरबहादुर देउवाले आफ्नै पार्टर्ीीदस्यहरुको र्समर्थन पाउन असफल भएपछि सन् २००२ को मे २२ तारिखमा संसद विघटन गरी नयाँ निर्वाचनको मिति घोषणा गरे । निर्धारित मितिमा निर्वाचन गर्न नसकेपछि देउवाले आफ्नो पदको अवधि बढाउन राजालाई संविधानको १२७ धारा प्रयोग गर्न सिफारिश गरे । तर ४ अक्टोबर २००२ का दिन राजा ज्ञानेन्द्रले सोही धारामा रहेको ऐच्छिक अधिकार प्रयोग गरी देउवालाई असक्षमताको आरोप लगाउँदै बर्खास्त गरी कार्यकारी अधिकार आफ्नो हातमा लिए । सात दिन पछि उनले लोकेन्द्रबहादुर चन्दको नेतृत्वमा एक मन्त्रिपरिषद् गठन गरे । उनीहरुले नयाँ सरकार आन्तरिक रुपमा माओवादीसित शान्तिवार्ताको तयारी गर्दै रहेको बताए तर हामीले भने आन्तरिक युद्ध चर्कँदै गएको देख्यौं । जतातै बम विस्फोट र आतंक थियो । झण्डै तीन महिनापछि माघ १२ गते माओवादीहरुले सशस्त्रका प्रहरीका उच्च अधिकारी कृष्णमोहन श्रेष्ठ, उनकी पत्नी नुदुप र अंगरक्षकलाई नियमित मर्निङ वाकमा जाँदै गर्दा गोली हानी हत्या गरे । त्यसको तीन दिनपछि सरकार र माओवादीबीच दोस्रो पटक द्विपक्षीय युद्धविरामका लागि सहमति भयो । राजाले देउवा सरकारलाई बर्खास्त गर्ने बित्तिकै लामो समयसम्म निस्त्रिmय रहेको अख्तियार दुरुपयोग अनुसन्धान आयोग सक्रिय हुनथाल्यो । देउवा सरकारले भ्रष्टाचार नियन्त्रणका लागि केही प्रयास गरेको थियो । विघटना हुनुअघि संसदले भ्रष्टाचार नियन्त्रण ऐन पास गरिसकेको थियो । सन् २००२ को अगस्तमा अख्तियारले कर विभागमा २१ कर्मचारीको निवासमा छापा मार्‍यो । एक महिनापछि असोजमा केही राजनीतिकर्मीको घरमा छापा मार्ने काम भयो । यसमा देउवा सरकारको पालामा शक्तिशाली मन्त्री रहेको चिरञ्जीवी कुमार वाग्ले, जयप्रकाश आनन्द र खुमबहादुर खड्का पनि शामेल थिए । केही महिनापछि सम्पत्ति जाँचबुझ न्यायिक आयोगले आफ्नो आय विवरण नबुझाएको भन्दै ३० नेता र १० पर्ूव वरिष्ठ अधिकारीमाथि आरोप लगायो । यसमा पर्ूव प्रधानमन्त्री गिरिजाप्रसाद कोइराला, पर्ूव मन्त्री बलबहादुर केसी र अर्जुननरसिंह केसीको नाम पनि शामेल थियो । तीन पर्ूव प्रहरी महानिरीक्षक र नेपाली कांग्रेसका २३ नेताहरुमाथि पनि यस्तै आरोप लगाइएको थियो । चुप लागेर नबस्ने कुरा र्सार्वजनिक रुपमा बताउने राजाले देशका विभिन्न भागको भ्रमण गरी हामीलाई भेटे । हामीले उनीसितको भेटमा हाम्रा पीडा र हाम्रा दुःख पोख्यौं । केही वाचा गरिए र हामीमध्ये अधिकांशले आफ्नो आशा कायम राख्यौं । माओवादीहरु यतिबेला वार्ताका लागि बढी गम्भीर देखिए । उनीहरुको वार्ता टोलीमा प्रभावशाली नेता बाबुराम भट्टर्राई र रामबहादुर थापा बादल सहभागी थिए । माओवादी टोली भूमिगत जीवनबाट बाहिर आई खुला रुपमा र्सार्वजनिक कार्यक्रममा भाग लिँदै सञ्चारमाध्यमहरुसित कुराकानी गर्न थाले । २०६० साल बैशाख १४ गते माओवादी र सरकारी टोली बीच काठमाडौंमा वार्ता भयो । दर्ुइ हप्तापछि काठमाडौंमा नै फेरि वार्ता भयो । सात दिनपछि पाँच मुख्य संसदीय पार्टर्ीीले चन्द सरकारलाई बर्खास्त गर्न सडक आन्दोलन थाले । उनीहरुले सरकारको गठन अप्रजातान्त्रिक भएको दाबी गर्दै प्रतिगमन सच्याउँदै प्रजातन्त्र पर्ुनर्बहालीको लागि संर्घष्ा गर्ने बताए । बढ्दो दबाबका कारण चन्दले एक महिनापछि राजीनामा दिए । राजाले त्यसपछि र्सर्ूयबहादुर थापालाई अर्को प्रधानमन्त्री नियुक्त गरे । दर्ुइ महिनापछि सरकार र माओवादीबीच मध्यपश्चिमको मुख्य सहर नेपालगञ्जमा फेरि वार्ता भयो । अर्को दिनको वार्ता दाङ जिल्लाको हापुरेमा भयो । त्यो क्षेत्र माओवादीहरुको नियन्त्रणमा रहेको दाबी उनीहरुको थियो । वार्ता फेरि असफल भयो । दस दिनपछि माओवादीहरुले युद्धविराम भंग गरे र शाही नेपाली सेनाका कर्र्णोल किरण बस्नेतको हत्या गरे । त्यही दिन सरकारले माओवादीहरुलाई आतंकवादी घोषणा गर्‍यो । त्यसपछिका दिनहरुमा माओवादीहरुले थुप्रै हत्याका प्रयास र आक्रमण गरे । डेढ महिनापछि माओवादीहरुले कुसुमको सशस्त्र प्रहरी प्रशिक्षण केन्द्रमा आक्रमण गरे र त्यसको दर्ुइ दिनपछि असोज २६ गते भालुवाङको सशस्त्र प्रहरीको शिविरमा आक्रमण गरे । हिंसात्मक आक्रमणको क्रम जारी रह्यो । माओवादीहरुले अरु दर्ुइ जिल्ला भोजपुर र म्याग्दीका सदरमुकाममा पनि आक्रमण गरे । सबै राजनीतिक पार्टर्ीी उनीहरुको प्रतिगमनविरोधी सडक आन्दोलनमा केन्द्रित थिए । उनीहरुले काठमाडौंका सडकलाई युद्धभूमि झैं बनाएका थिए । प्रहरी र पार्टर्ीीार्यकर्ताहरुबीच झगडा दिनहुँ हुन्थे । २०६१ साल जेठ २० गते प्रधानमन्त्री र्सर्ूयबहादुर थापाले राजीनामा गरेपछि राजाले अपदस्थ प्रधानमन्त्री शेरबहादुर देउवालाई पुनः नियुक्त गरे । केही अन्य पार्टर्ीीसमा सडक आन्दोलनमा सहभागी एमाले पनि सामेल थियो, सरकारमा सहभागी भए । तर गिरिजाप्रसाद कोइरालाको कांग्रस लगायतका पार्टर्ीी भने विरोध कार्यक्रम जारी राखे । २०६१ माघ १९ गते राजाले पुनः देउवा सरकारलाई बर्खास्त गरी शासनसत्ता आफ्नो हातमा लिए । यस पटक उनले आफ्नै नेतृत्वमा मन्त्रिपरिषद् गठन गरी तीन वर्षम्म प्रत्यक्ष शासन गर्ने घोषणा गरे । सञ्चारमाध्यमहरुमा कडा सेन्सरशीप लगाइयो । टेलिफोन, मोबाइल, इन्टरनेट सेवा अवरुद्ध पारियो । विमानस्थल बन्द गरियो । बीबीसीका नेपाली र अंग्रेजी रेडियो सेवा पनि अवरुद्ध पारियो । 1586 5525 2006-01-10T21:34:17Z 202.79.62.12 This article has been moved from the main article on Nepal. The size of this article is too long for most web browsers to handle. It has to be either shortned or broken into different parts. 1587 5021 2005-08-29T06:29:52Z Indiver 9 [[Image:Processing of sound.jpg|thumb|right|300px|सुन्ने प्रक्रिया (निलो: [[ध्वनी तरङ्ग]]। रातो: [[इयरड्रम]]। पहेँलो: [[कोक्लिया]]। हरियो: [[अडिटोरी रिसेप्टर कोष]]। प्याजी: हियरिङ रेस्पन्सको [[फ्रिक्वेन्सि स्पेक्ट्रम]]। सुन्तला: [[नर्भ इम्पल्स]]।)]] '''ध्वनी''' कम्पन हो, जसलाई सुन्ने ईन्द्रीय, [[कान|कानले]] महसुस् गर्छ। मेकानिकल [[कम्पन]] द्वारा ध्वनी उत्पादन हुन्छ। ध्वनी [[ठोस]], [[तरल]] र [[वायु]] बाट हिड्न सक्छ तर [[भ्याक्युम|भ्याक्युमबाट]] भने सक्दैन। हावामा ध्वनीको गति ३३१.५ मिटर प्रति सेकेण्ड (०° सेल्सियसमा) हुन्छ। हावाको तापक्रम बढ्दै जाँदा ध्वनीको गति बढ्दै जान्छ। ध्वनी एक [[लङ्गिच्युडनल् तरङ्ग]] हो। यसले [[रिफ्लेक्सन]], [[रिफ्र्याक्सन]], [[डिफ्र्याक्सन]] र [[इन्टरफरेन्स]] जस्ता गुणहरू देखाउँछ। मानिसको कानले २० हर्ज देखि २० किलोहर्ज फ्रिक्वेन्सि सम्मका ध्वनीलाई सुन्न सक्छ। फ्रिक्वेन्सि २० किलोहर्ज भन्दा बढि भएका ध्वनीलाई [[अल्ट्रासाउण्ड]] [[तरङ्ग]] भनिन्छ। फ्रिक्वेन्सि २ हर्ज भन्दा कम भएका ध्वनी तरङ्गलाई [[इन्फ्रसाउण्ड]] तरङ्ग भनिन्छ। मानिसको कानले अल्ट्रासाउण्ड र इन्फ्रसाउण्ड तरङ्गलाई सुन्न सक्तैन। ==ध्वनीका गुणहरू== ध्वनीका गुणहरू हुन् [[फ्रिक्वेन्सि]], [[तरङ्गलम्बाई]], [[एम्प्लिच्युड]] र [[गति]]। ''तुलना:'' [[प्रकाश]] {{Stub}} [[af:Klank]] [[bg:Звук]] [[bn:শব্দ]] [[ca:So]] [[cs:Zvuk]] [[de:Schall]] [[en:Sound]] [[eo:Sono]] [[fr:Son (physique)]] [[id:Suara]] [[it:Suono]] [[he:קול]] [[nl:Geluid]] [[pl:Dźwięk]] [[pt:Som]] [[ru:Звук]] [[simple:Sound]] [[sl:Zvok]] [[fi:Ääni]] [[sv:Ljud]] [[ta:ஒலி]] [[th:เสียง]] 1588 7002 2006-09-29T17:19:10Z Eukesh 93 ;प्रकृति विज्ञान र गणित [[अलजेब्रा]] &bull; [[खगोलशास्त्र]] &bull; [[जीवशास्त्र]] &bull; [[रसायनशास्त्र]] &bull; [[कम्प्युटर विज्ञान]] &bull; [[पृथ्वी विज्ञान]] &bull; [[वातावरण शास्त्र]] &bull; [[ज्यामिती]] &bull; [[गणित]] &bull; [[भौतिकशास्त्र]] &bull; [[संगणनशास्त्र]] &bull; [[पशुशास्त्र]] (zoology) ;प्रौद्योगिक विज्ञान [[कृषी]] &bull; [[वास्तुशास्त्र]] &bull; [[सञ्चार]] &bull; [[इलेक्ट्रोनिक्स]] &bull; [[इन्जिनियरिङ]] &bull; [[स्वास्थ्य]] &bull; [[उद्योग]] &bull; [[चिकित्साशास्त्र]] &bull; [[यातायात]] &bull; [[मौसम]] ;मानव र समाजिक शिक्षा [[मानवशास्त्र]] (Anthropology) &bull; [[आर्कियोलोजि]] &bull; [[भूगोल]] &bull; [[शिक्षा]] &bull; [[इतिहास]] &bull; [[भाषा]] &bull; [[दर्शनशास्त्र]] &bull; [[मनोविज्ञान]] &bull; [[धर्म]] &bull; [[समाजशास्त्र]] &bull; [[शिक्षण]] ;जिवन, कला र संस्कृति [[एनिमेसन]] &bull; [[कला]] &bull; [[किताब]] &bull; [[पकवान]] &bull; [[रिती]] &bull; [[संस्कृति]] &bull; [[नृत्य]] &bull; [[परिवार]] &bull; [[खेल]] &bull; [[बगैँचा]] &bull; [[फुर्सद]] &bull; [[चलचित्र]] &bull; [[संगित]] &bull; [[रेडियो]] &bull; [[खेलकुद]] &bull; [[रङ्गमञ्च]] &bull; [[यात्रा]] &bull; [[टेलिभिजन]] ;कानुन र राज्य [[लेखाधिकार]] &bull; [[सुरक्षा]] &bull; [[अर्थतन्त्र]] &bull; [[सरकार]] &bull; [[मानव अधिकार]] &bull; [[कानुन]] &bull; [[सैनिक]] &bull; [[राजनीति]] &bull; [[ब्यापार]] 1589 7871 2006-12-07T15:21:55Z 85.226.192.227 <div id="lang-50000"> ; ५०,००० भन्दा धेरै लेख भएका विकिपीडिया विष्वकोष भाषाहरू: <big>[[:de:|Deutsch (जर्मनी)]] · [[:es:|Español (इस्पान्योल्)]] · [[:fr:|Français (फ्रान्से)]] · [[:it:|Italiano (इटालियन)]] · [[:ja:|日本語 (जापानिज)]] · [[:nl:|Nederlands (डच)]] · [[:pl:|Polski (पोलिस)]] · [[:pt:|Português (पोर्चुगाली)]] · [[:sv:|Svenska (स्विडिस)]] </big> </div> <div id="lang-10000"> ; १०,००० भन्दा धेरै लेख भएका विकिपीडिया विष्वकोष भाषाहरू: [[:bg:|Български (बुल्गेरियन)]] · [[:bn:|বাংলা (बंगाली)]] · [[:ca:|Català (क्याटलन)]] · [[:cs:|Česká (चेक)]] · [[:da:|Dansk (डेनिस)]] · [[:et:|Eesti (इस्तोनियन)]] · [[:eo:|एस्परान्तो]] · [[:fi:|Suomi (फिन्निस)]] · [[:he:|עברית (यहुदी)]] · [[:hu:|Magyar (हङ्गेरियन)]] · [[:io:|Ido (आईडो)]] · [[:id:|Bahasa Indonesia (इन्डोनेशियाली)]] · [[:ko:|한국어 (कोरियन)]] · [[:no:|Norsk bokmål (नर्वेली)]] · [[:nn:|Norsk nynorsk (नर्वेली)]] · [[:ro:|Română (रोमानियन)]] · [[:ru:|Русский (रुसी)]] · [[:sk:|Slovenčina (स्लोभाक)]] · [[:sl:|Slovenščina (स्लोभेनियन)]] · [[:sr:|Српски (सर्बियन)]] · [[:uk:|Українська (युक्रेनियन)]] · [[:zh:|中文 (चिनीया)]] </div> <div id="lang-1000"> ; १,००० भन्दा धेरै लेख भएका विकिपीडिया विष्वकोष भाषाहरू: <small>[[:af:|Afrikaans (अफ्रिकी)]] · [[:ar:|العربية (अरवी)]] · [[:ast:|Asturianu (अस्तुरियन)]] · [[:zh-min-nan:|Bân-lâm-gú (मिन नान)]] · [[:be:|Беларуская (बेलरूसी)]] · [[:bs:|Bosanski (बोस्नियन)]] · [[:cy:|Cymraeg (वेल्स)]] · [[:el:|Ελληνικά (युनानी)]] · [[:eu:|Euskara (बाश्क)]] · [[:fa:|فارسی (फारसी)]] · [[:fy:|Frysk (पश्चिम फ्रिसियन)]] · [[:ga:|Gaeilge (आइरिस)]] · [[:gd:|Gàidhlig (स्क्ट्स ग्येलिक)]] · [[:gl:|Galego (गेलिसियन)]] · [[:hi:|हिन्दी]] · [[:hr:|Hrvatski (क्रोएसियन)]] · [[:ia:|इन्टर्लिङ्गुवा]] · [[:is:|Íslenska (आइसल्यन्डिक)]] · [[:jv:|Basa Jawa (जावानिज)]] · [[:ka:|ქართული (जर्जियन)]] · [[:ku:|Kurdî / كوردی (कुर्दिस)]] · [[:la:|Latina (ल्याटिन)]] · [[:lb:|Lëtzebuergesch (लग्जेम्बर्गी)]] · [[:lt:|Lietuvių (लिथुवानियन)]] · [[:li:|Limburgs (लिम्बर्गिस)]] · [[:lv:|Latviešu (लात्भियन)]] · [[:mk:|Македонски (म्यासेडोनियन)]] · [[:mr:|मराठी]] · [[:ms:|Bahasa Melayu (मलेय)]] · [[:nds:|Plattdüütsch (तल्लो सेक्शोन)]] · [[:os:|Ирон (वोस्सेटिक)]] · [[:scn:|Sicilianu (सिसिलियन)]] · [[:simple:|Simple English (सरल अङ्गरेजी)]] · [[:sq:|Shqip (अल्वानियन)]] · [[:ta:| தமிழ் (तमिल)]] · [[:tl:|Tagalog (तागालग)]] · [[:th:|ภาษาไทย (थाई)]] · [[:tr:|Türkçe (टर्किस)]] · [[:tt:|Tatarça (टाटर)]] · [[:te:|తెలుగు (तेलगू)]] · [[:vi:|Tiếng Việt (भियतनामी)]] · [[:wa:|Walon (वालन)]]</small> </div> <p id="lang-coord" style="text-align:center"> '''[[m:List of Wikipedias|सम्पुर्ण भाषाहरूको सूची]]''' · '''[[:en:Wikipedia:Multilingual coordination|बहूभाषिक समन्वय]]''' · '''[[m:How to start a new Wikipedia|अरु भाषामा विकिपीडिया सुरु गर्नुहोस्]]''' </p> <!--short-cut links to languages with over 10,000 articles; this produces the extra language links on the sidebar on the main page [[da:]] [[de:]] [[en:]] [[eo:]] [[es:]] [[fr:]] [[he:]] [[it:]] [[fi:]] [[ja:]] [[nl:]] [[no:]] [[pl:]] [[pt:]] [[sv:]] [[zh:]]:--> </div> 1591 5034 2005-08-30T02:57:40Z Indiver 9 grammatical correction <br clear="all" /> <div align=center> {| class="toccolours" style="margin: 0 2em 0 2em;" |- | style="background:#ccccff" align="center" | '''[[सौर्यमण्डल|हाम्रो सौर्यमण्डल]]''' |---- | align="center" | <small>[[सूर्य]] | [[बुध]] | [[शुक्र]] | [[पृथ्वी]] ([[चन्द्रमा]]) | [[मंगल ग्रह|मंगल]] | [[उल्का पेटी]]</small> |---- | align="center"| <small>[[बृहस्पति]] | [[शनि]] | [[राहु|राहु (युर्‍यानस)]] | [[केतु|केतु (नेप्च्युन)]] | [[यम ग्रह|यम (प्लुटो)]] | [[क्युपर पेटी]] | [[ओर्ट बादल]]</small> |---- | align="center" | <small>See also [[:en:astronomical object|astronomical objects]] and the [[:en:solar system|solar system's]] [[:en:list of solar system objects|list of objects]], sorted by [[:en:list of solar system objects by radius|radius]] or [[:en:list of solar system objects by mass|mass]]</small> |} </div> 1592 6966 2006-09-29T10:54:54Z Indiver 9 <div class="infobox sisterproject">[[Image:Commons-logo.svg|left|45px| ]] [[विकिमीडिया कमन्स]]मा अरु धेरै सामाग्रीहरू छन्:<br> '''''[[Commons:{{{1|Special:Search/{{PAGENAME}}}}}|{{{2|{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}]]''''' </div> <noinclude> ==पनि हेर्नुहोस्== *[[विकिपीडिया:भातृ परियोजनाहरू]] - थप जानकारीको लागी [[Category:भातृ परियोजना ढाँचा]] [[ar:قالب:كومونز]] [[bg:Шаблон:Commons]] [[ca:Template:Commons]] [[cs:Šablona:Commons]] [[da:Skabelon:Commons]] [[de:Vorlage:Commons]] [[en:Template:Commons]] [[eo:Ŝablono:Commons]] [[es:Plantilla:Commons]] [[et:Mall:Commons]] [[fi:Malline:Commons]] [[fr:Modèle:Commons]] [[gl:Template:Commons]] [[he:תבנית:ויקישיתוף]] [[hu:Sablon:Commons]] [[id:Templat:Commons]] [[ilo:Template:Commons]] [[io:Template:Commons]] [[it:Template:Commons]] [[ja:Template:Commons]] [[kn:Template:Commons]] [[ko:Template:Commons]] [[la:Formula:Commons]] [[nl:Sjabloon:Commons]] [[nn:Mal:Commons]] [[no:Mal:Commons]] [[pl:Szablon:Commons]] [[pt:Predefinição:Commons]] [[ro:Format:Commons]] [[ru:Шаблон:Commons]] [[simple:Template:Commons]] [[sk:Šablóna:Commons]] [[sl:Template:Commons]] [[sr:Шаблон:Commons]] [[sv:Mall:Commons]] [[uk:Шаблон:Commons]] [[vi:Tiêu bản:Commons]] [[wa:Modele:Commons]] [[zh:Template:Commons]] </noinclude> 1593 8838 2007-01-16T18:57:53Z RajeshPandey 111 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/172.142.11.33|172.142.11.33]] ([[User_talk:172.142.11.33|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:Indiver|Indiver]] [[Image:Moon.jpg|thumb|250px|पृथ्वीको चन्द्रमा]] '''चन्द्रमा''' वा चन्द्र पृथ्वीको एउटामात्र प्राकृतिक उपग्रह हो। अर्को अर्थमा चन्द्रमा एक प्राकृतिक उपग्रह हो जसले कुनै ग्रहलाई परिक्रमा गर्दछ। कुनै ग्रहका एक भन्दा बढी चन्द्रमाहरू छन् भने कुनै ग्रहका त एउटापनि छैनन्। कुनै ग्रहको परिक्रमा गर्ने पिण्डलाई [[उपग्रह]] (अङ्ग्रेजीमा satellite, स्याटलाईट) भनिन्छ। चन्द्रमाहरू प्राकृतिक उपग्रहहरू हुन्। मानिसहरुले रकेटको प्रयोगले मेसिनहरूलाई पनि पृथ्वी वरिपरीको कक्षमा परिक्रमा गर्न पठाउँछन्। त्यस्ता मेसिनहरूलाई अप्राकृतिक वा मानब-निर्मित उपग्रह भनिन्छ। == पृथ्वीको चन्द्रमा == चन्द्रमाहरूसँग आफ्नै प्रकाश हुँदैन। हामीले पृथ्वीको चन्द्रमा देख्न सक्नुको कारण [[सूर्य|सूर्यको]] प्रकाशलाई यसले परावर्तन गर्नाले हो। The Sun always shines on half of the Moon, and half is always dark. This is why the Moon looks different at different times of the month. This change is called the phases of the Moon. When the Moon looks very big and round, the Sun is behind us as we look at it. When the Moon looks very small thin, the Sun is almost on the other side of the Moon as we look at it. The same side of the Moon always faces the Earth. It is easy to understand this. If you walk around a tree, while turning so that you are always facing towards the tree, this is how the Moon orbits around the Earth. A moons [[month]] is the time the moon takes to change from being very bright and round to being very small and thin , and then back to bright and round again. This is four [[weeks]]. It does this about 13 times in one year. A moons month is a bit shorter that the month we use in a [[calendar]]. == कक्ष == चन्द्रमा वा अन्य उपग्रहको कक्षलाई दूई बलहरुले असर गर्दछ: [[गुरुत्व]], र [[सेन्ट्रिपेटल बल]]। == चन्द्रमा भएका ग्रहहरू == हाम्रो सौर्यमण्डलका ग्रहहरू जसका चन्द्रमा(हरू) छन्: *[[पृथ्वी]], १ चन्द्रमा *[[मंगल]], २ चन्द्रमा *[[बृहस्पति]], ६३ चन्द्रमा *[[शनि]], ३१ चन्द्रमा *[[युर्‍यानस]], २७ चन्द्रमा *[[नेप्च्युन]], १३ चन्द्रमा *[[यम|यम (प्लुटो)]], १ चन्द्रमा([[चेरोन]]) == चन्द्रमा नभएका ग्रहहरू == हाम्रो सौर्यमण्डलका ग्रहहरू जसको चन्द्रमा छैन: *[[बुध]] *[[शुक्र]] {{SolarSystem}} [[Category:चन्द्रमा]] [[Category:खगोलशास्त्र]] [[Category:सौर्यमण्डल]] [[af:Maan]] [[ang:Móna]] [[ar:قمر]] [[bg:Луна]] [[zh-min-nan:Go̍eh-niû]] [[bn:চাঁদ]] [[ca:Lluna]] [[cs:Měsíc (Země)]] [[da:Månen]] [[de:Mond]] [[et:Kuu]] [[el:Σελήνη]] [[en:Moon]] [[es:Luna]] [[eo:Luno]] [[fa:ماه]] [[fr:Lune]] [[fy:Moanne (himmellichem)]] [[gl:Lúa]] [[gu:ચંદ્ર]] [[ko:달]] [[hr:Mjesec]] [[io:Luno]] [[id:Bulan (satelit)]] [[ia:Luna]] [[it:Luna]] [[he:הירח]] [[kw:Loer]] [[la:Luna (satelles)]] [[lv:Mēness]] [[lt:Mėnulis]] [[li:Luna]] [[ms:Bulan (satelit)]] [[nl:Maan]] [[nds:Maand]] [[ja:月]] [[no:Månen]] [[nn:Månen]] [[pl:Księżyc]] [[pt:Lua]] [[ro:Luna]] [[ru:Луна]] [[simple:Moon]] [[sk:Mesiac (Zeme)]] [[sl:Luna]] [[sr:Месец]] [[fi:Kuu]] [[sv:Månen]] [[tl:Buwan (astronomiya)]] [[th:ดวงจันทร์]] [[vi:Mặt Trăng]] [[tpi:Mun (i stap long heven)]] [[tr:Ay]] [[uk:Місяць (супутник)]] [[zh:月球]] 1594 6443 2006-07-16T17:27:30Z Rocastelo 125 Image [[Image:DSCN6149 Effelsberg totale.jpg|thumb]] ग्रह, तारा, सौर्यमण्डल, तारापुञ्ज र अन्य दृस्य र अदृस्य खगोलिय पिण्डहरुको अध्ययन् र अवलोकन गर्ने विधालाई '''खगोलशास्त्र''' भनिन्छ। खगोलशास्त्र मानवजातिको एक सारै पुरानो विज्ञान हो। यसको सुरुवात लिखित ईतिहास भन्दा धेरै पुरानो छ। ==नेपालबाट खगोल समाचार== २००९ को [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse_on_2009_July_22 Total Solar Eclipse] नेपालको पूर्वि भागबाट देखिने छ। यसको लागी [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaighat गाईघाट], उदयपुर एक उचित ठाँऊ हो। ==नेपालमा खगोलशास्त्र== खगोलशास्त्र को शुरुवात मानव इतिहास को शुरुवात सगँसगैँ भएको मानिन्छ। प्राचीन कालमा मानिसले रात को समयमा अन्य जनावर सुतिरहेको बेला शिकार गर्न चन्द्रमा को उज्यालो प्रयोग गर्दथे। र दिन को गिन्ती राखि कहिले पूर्णिमा आउछ पत्तो पाउदथे। पछि किसान हरुले बाली लगाउने र काट्ने समय को किटान आकाशीय पिण्डको स्थिति हेरेर गर्न थाले। अझ पछि व्यापारी (traders) तथा नाविकहरूले दिशा पत्तो लगाउन आकाशीय पिण्डको स्थिति नै प्रयोग गर्नथाले। यसरी युगौँ देखी मानिसले आफ्नो जिवन धान्न खगोल विज्ञान को प्रयोग गरिरहेका छन्। आकाशीय अवलोकण गर्दा आकाशीय पिण्डहरू को गति सामयिक (periodic) हुने भएकोले यिनीहरूलाई सामान्य गणित बाट नाप्न र पछि यी पिण्डहरू को स्थिति को भविष्यवाणी गर्न सकिन्छ। यो सीप भने मानवजाति ले करिब २/३ हजार वर्ष अघि मात्र विकास गरेका थिए र यस सम्बन्धि ज्ञान लाई पछि विस्तार गर्दै लगे। यहि क्रममा केहि व्यक्तिहरूले आकाशीय पिण्ड को स्थिति र पृथ्वी मा घट्ने घटना सगँ तुलना गर्न थाले र ज्योतिषी को विकास गरे। अहिले को वैज्ञानिक युगमा भने यसलाई मान्यता दिईदैन किनभने यसमा कुनै वैज्ञानिक आधार छैन। तर खगोलशास्त्र भने एक विशाल विज्ञान हो। यसले ब्रम्हाण्डमा हाम्रो स्थिति बताउछ र उल्का पिण्डहरू बाट हुनसक्ने सम्भावित क्षति बाट सचेत हुन/बच्न मद्दत गर्दछ। हाम्रो यो विज्ञान ले जति फड्को मारे पनि नेपाल मा भने २००० वर्ष पुरानो ज्योतिषी ले नै जड गाडेको छ। हाम्रो धर्म सगँ यो यति गासिँएको छ कि यस बाट छुट्कारा पाउन अत्यन्तै गाह्रो छ। ईटालीयन वैज्ञानिक ग्यालिलीयो ग्यालिलीले ४०० वर्ष अघि टेलीस्कोप को प्रयोग गरेर सौर्यमण्डल को बीचमा पृथ्वी नभई सुर्य अवस्थित छ भनि पत्ता लगाए पनि नेपाली ज्योतिष हरु पुरानै मान्यता राख्दछन्। यहाँ सम्मकी नेपाल मा ४०० वर्ष अघि आविष्कार भएको टेलीस्कोप अत्यन्त न्युन मात्रामा छ र यहाँ कहीँ यो किन्न पाईदैन। यसको मुल कारण चाहिँ सरकार ले नदेखाएको चासो र टेलीस्कोप आयात गर्दा लगाईएको १०१% भन्सार मूल्य हो। यति सबै दुख:को कुरा हुँदा हुदै पनि नेपालमा केही व्यक्ति हरू समाजमा खगोलशास्त्र को सही ज्ञान तथा सुचना सर्वसाधारण समक्ष पु¥याउन लागिपरेका देखिन्छन्। नेपाली खगोलशास्त्र समाजहरू का यी खगोलशास्त्रीहरू भने सबैले औपचारीक रुपमा खगोलशास्त्र शिक्षा पाएका होईनन्। उनीहरू सौखिन (amateur) तथा पेशागत/व्यवसायिक (professional) दुवै छन् र सौखिन खगोलशास्त्री [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_astronomer amateur astronomer] नै धेरै छन्। अहिले सम्म नेपालमा औपचारीक रुपमा खगोलशास्त्र पढेका पेशागत व्यक्ति केहि मात्रामा मात्रै भएतापनि उनीहरूको भनाई छ कि अबको पिढी ले अत्यन्तै धेरै नेपाली खगोलशास्त्री तथा खगोलशास्त्र-सचेत व्यक्ति हरू देख्ने छन्। ==खगोलशास्त्र धेरै वर्ष अघि== The early [[astronomer]]s were [[trader]]s and [[sailor]]s who depended on the stars to guide them at night and [[farmer]]s who knew by the rising and setting of certain [[constellation]]s that planting, [[flooding]] , or [[harvest]]ing times were near. They were also the ancient civilizations who built such places as [[Stonehenge]] and the native [[North America]]n [[Medicine wheel|medicine wheels]] for unknown, but probably [[sacred]], reasons and needed precise knowledge of the phases of the [[Moon#Earth.27s_moon|moon]], the northernmost and southernmost [[season]]al points of the sun, and other information for their purposes. Other observers believed the future could be predicted by where the [[planet]]s were in the sky when a person was born. Even though the study of stars and planets for this reason is not usually thought of as a science today, these [[astrology|astrologers]] kept careful records of their observations. These observations were of great importance to astronomers durin the past two [[century|centuries]] in trying to make sense of the [[universe]]. ==खगोलशास्त्रि हुनु== Not only is astronomy a very old science, it is also one that can be practiced today with no special equipment or with very inexpensive equipment. Amateur astronomers have contributed a lot of new and useful information, usually about new [[asteroid]]s or [[comet]]s, but sometimes about events such as the birth or death of stars. While some astronomy research does take a great deal of money (for example, a project like the [[Hubble Space Telescope]]), good astronomy can be done with a simple pair of [[binoculars]]. A pair of binoculars is, in fact, the ''best'' tool for a new astronomer. Many new astronomers buy expensive or poorly made [[telescope]]s, but do not know how to use them, do not know what they are looking at, and soon become frustrated and go on to another hobby. Amateurs should buy books or charts showing the constellations and the important stars they contain. They will take time to learn and understand the [[Celestial mechanics|motion]]s of the [[Earth]], the moon, and the planets. They will spend some time working and learning with only their eyes and a simple recording tool such as a notebook. Binoculars are an excellent tool for a beginner, because they are inexpensive, they do not need to be set up or taken down, they are easy to use, and they let the user see interesting things such as the moon's [[crater]]s, double stars, star clusters such as the [[Pleiades]], and the moons of other planets. They are even better than telescopes for looking at things such as the closer galaxies or very bright comets. When an amateur astronomer has taken some time to learn and understand the night sky, ''then'' it is time to buy a telescope. ==खगोलशास्त्रका प्रकारहरु== Astronomy has become a very large science in the past few hundred years, and has many branches. Lunar astronomers study only the moon, while planetary astronomers focus their attention on the planets of our [[Solar System]] as well as the planets discovered around other suns. Some astronomers specialize in particular types of stars, such as [[binary star]]s or [[pulsar]]s. Others study only distant galaxies. There are also astronomers who never look at the sky at all. These ''[[theoretical]]'' astronomers use the laws of [[physics]] and [[mathematics]] in combination with [[computers]] to create ''[[Model (abstract)|models]]'' of how the universe behaves, then they compare their models to what is observed. Their goal is to understand and predict the events which happen in the universe and how the universe was formed. ==संबन्धित विषयहरु== *[[सौर्यमण्डल]] *[[ग्रह]] *[[धूमकेतु]] *[[उल्का]] *[[उल्कापिण्ड]] *[[तारा]] *[[तारापुञ्ज]] *[[ब्रम्हाण्ड]] ==यहाँ पनि हेर्नुहोस्== *[[List of astronomical topics]] *[[List of comets]] ==बाह्य संबन्ध== * [http://www.geocities.com/kosmandu/ Astronomy site for everybody. Run by amateur astronomers of Nepal (Kosmandu Astronomical Society). ] * [http://www.dustbunny.com/afk/ Astronomy site specifically designed for kids and their parents. ] * [http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ Astronomy Picture of the Day] * [http://eev2.liu.edu/e3/stargazer/today.htm Astronomy Around the World] [[Category:खगोलशास्त्र|*{{PAGENAME}}]] [[af:Sterrekunde]] [[am:አስትሮኖሚ]] [[ar:فلك]] [[an:Astronomía]] [[ast:Astronomía]] [[bg:Астрономия]] [[bn:জ্যোতির্বিদ্যা]] [[bs:Astronomija]] [[br:Astronomi]] [[ca:Astronomia]] [[cv:Астрономи]] [[cs:Astronomie]] [[cy:Seryddiaeth]] [[da:Astronomi]] [[de:Astronomie]] [[et:Astronoomia]] [[el:Αστρονομία]] [[en:Astronomy]] [[es:Astronomía]] [[eo:Astroscienco]] [[eu:Astronomia]] [[fa:ستاره‌شناسی]] [[fr:Astronomie]] [[fy:Stjerrekunde]] [[ga:Réalteolaíocht]] [[gl:Astronomía]] [[gu:ખગોળ શાસ્ત્ર]] [[ko:천문학]] [[hi:खगोल शास्त्र]] [[hr:Astronomija]] [[io:Astronomio]] [[id:Astronomi dan Astrofisika]] [[ia:Astronomia]] [[ie:Astronomie]] [[is:Stjörnufræði]] [[it:Astronomia]] [[he:אסטרונומיה]] [[jv:Astronomi]] [[ka:ასტრონომია]] [[sw:Unajimu]] [[ku:Astronomî]] [[la:Astronomia]] [[lv:Category:Astronomija]] [[lt:Astronomija]] [[lb:Astronomie]] [[li:Sjtarrekónde]] [[hu:Csillagászat]] [[ms:Astronomi]] [[nl:Astronomie]] [[ne:ज्योतिष]] [[nds:Astronomie]] [[ja:天文学]] [[no:Astronomi]] [[nn:Astronomi]] [[oc:Astronomia]] [[pl:Astronomia]] [[pt:Astronomia]] [[ro:Astronomie şi astrofizică]] [[ru:Астрономия]] [[simple:Astronomy]] [[sq:Astronomia]] [[scn:Astronumia]] [[sk:Astronómia]] [[sl:Astronomija in astrofizika]] [[sr:Астрономија]] [[su:Astronomi]] [[fi:Tähtitiede]] [[sv:Astronomi]] [[tl:Astronomiya]] [[ta:வானியல்]] [[th:ดาราศาสตร์]] [[vi:Thiên văn học]] [[tr:Gökbilim]] [[uk:Астрономія]] [[vo:Stelav]] [[zh:天文学]] 1595 5037 2005-08-30T04:51:54Z Indiver 9 ग्रह, तारा, सौर्यमण्डल, तारापुञ्ज र अन्य दृस्य र अदृस्य खगोलिय पिण्डहरुको अध्ययन् र अवलोकन गर्ने विधालाई '''खगोलशास्त्र''' भनिन्छ। खगोलशास्त्र मानवजातिको एक सारै पुरानो विज्ञान हो। यसको सुरुवात लिखित ईतिहास भन्दा धेरै पुरानो छ। 1596 8315 2007-01-07T18:03:27Z Indiver 9 यी लेखहरु [[ठुटो|ठुटा]] अथवा अपुरा छन्। तपाँईलाई यी मध्ये कुनै विषयको राम्रो जानकारी छ भने त्यस लेखलाई बिस्तार गरेर मद्दत गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ। 1597 5048 2005-08-30T06:54:09Z Indiver 9 == The Problem == Computers historically weren't designed to display non-English text: When computers were invented they were used only for calculating numbers, a task for which English was sufficient. As computers are being used more and more by common people for day-to-day stuff a need arose to support scripts from other languages like oriental (Chinese, Japanese, etc.), Middle Eastern (Arabic, etc.), Indic (Nepali, Hindi, Gujarati, Tamil, etc.) and others. And people waited for the solution, ''until one day...'' == The Solution == After many messy intermediate solutions people of the world decided there needed to be a '''single''' system to write and render (display or print) all the scripts of world. The current system which is being used world wide and has become the defacto standard is called Unicode. There are many methods (Unicode Transformation Formats) used to store Unicode data and UTF-8 is the most common. This allows Unicode to be backwards compatible with ASCII - the system used to store standard English text on virtually all legacy systems. Wikipedia is one of the heaviest users of diverse scripts since it has encyclopedias in numerous languages. It has adopted Unicode (UTF-8) as the "Encoding" for its websites... Ok this can go on forever. The short story is, you need to have your computer setup to see web pages encoded in Unicode Indic scripts, which fortunately is getting easier every day. == The Setup == There are 2 parts of the setup. #Having a Unicode Capable Browser #Having the Fonts == OS Specific Instructions == ===Mac OSX=== *Safari: I use Mac OS X 10.3 (Panther) and the handling of indian scripts in Safari (the browser that comes with it) is amazingly flawless. *Firefox: Unfortunately Indic rendering of Firefox on Mac OS X is not up to the mark yet. It does display Indic script but there are many rendering bugs esp. with matras. *The Indic fonts are not installed by default. To install Indic fonts you have to start running setup from the installation DVD and choose custom installation mode and select Indic fonts (I only vaguely remember how I did this so use your brain more actively on this one). #TODO: Write more precise font installation instructions. In Finder, browse to /Volumes/<Install/Restore Disk>/System/Installation/Packages/ (use the terminal.app to verify the paths on your system since they don't show up in Finder. Install the AdditionalFonts.pkg and AdditionalAsianFonts.pkg and they should work just fine. ===MS Windows=== * If you are attemping to read Hindi, Internet Explorer offers the most accurate rendering. * Mozilla Firefox supports most Indic languages. Hindi (Devanagari) rendering on Firefox is currently quite satisfactory, although there are a few placement quirks. If rendering in Firefox appears to be incorrect, please ensure that complex script support has been installed (see below). * Indic fonts are not installed by default on Windows. If you have a version of Windows that supports Indic languages, you can install the Unicode fonts / complex script support needed as follows (instructions for Windows XP) - 1) Go to Start > Control Panel > Date, Time, Language, and Regional Options. 2) Select "Add other languages". 3) Check "Install files for complex script..." 4) Click OK, and insert your Windows CD if prompted. === Linux === *Pango: Pango is the fontrendering library that can be used by browsers like Mozilla and Firefox to render Indic text. Pango is in a state of continuous improvement for Indic text rendering right now. If you are having problems with badly rendered scripts (bugs with Matras for example), you might want to check if you have the latest pango installed or not. The newest version of pango is almost always going to be the best for this purpose. *Mozilla/Firefox: Mozilla, Firefox and other Mozilla derived browsers have 2 options for font rendering. Their own renderer and pango. Pango is a better choice for redering Indic scripts but its disabled by default because pango makes the browser slightly slower. To compile Mozilla with pango enabled you have to configure with --enable-pango option. *Konqueror: Konqueror is the native browser of KDE environment and it has great support for international text. If Mozilla's support is frustrating you then you might want to checkout konqueror. *Fonts: I believe all recent versions of Linux distributions come with the necessary fonts installed. You don't want to use any thing released before mid 2003 though. :) **Debian: <code>apt-get install ttf-indic-fonts</code> #TODO: add links to the referred software (that doesnt come preinstalled with the OS) and other related links. add syamindu's Mozilla page. == More Info == To get more information on how to install fonts, go to this page on the Unicode organization's website. http://www.unicode.org/help/display_problems.html 1598 6961 2006-09-29T05:26:01Z Indiver 9 typo [[Image:Early portable tv.jpg|पुरानो पोर्टेबल टेलिभिजन|thumb]] '''टेलिभिजन''' (अङ्ग्रेजी '''television''', छोटकरीमा '''TV''' वा '''telly''') दृश्य पर्दा भएको एक उपकरण हो, जसले [[प्रसारण]] गरिएको सङ्केतलाई दृश्य र ध्वनीमा परिवर्तन गर्छ। नेपाली भाषामा यसलाई दुरदर्पण र दृष्यवाहिनी भनिन्छ, तर यी शब्दहरू सामान्य प्रचलनमा छैनन्, र सामान्यतया '''टिभि''' भनिन्छ। ''टेलिभिजन'' शब्दको उत्पति ''टेलि'' ([[युनानी]] भाषामा ''धेरै टाढा'') र ''भिजन'' ([[अङ्ग्रेजीमा]] ''हेर्नु'') बाट भएको हो। सामान्यतया टिभि एक बाक्सा जस्तो देखिन्छ। पुराना टिभिहरूमा ठुला काठका ढँाचाहरु हुन्थे र कुनै फर्निचरलाई झैं भँुइमा राखिन्थ्यो। नया टिभिहरु साना बन्दै गएर दराजको तखतामा अट्न थाले। अझ यति छरितो भइसकेका छन कि, टिभिलाई आफूसङ्गै बोकेर हिँड्न सकिन्छ। सबैभन्दा साना टिभि त, हत्केलामा नै अट्छ। ठूला ठूला टिभिले त, घरको कुनै भित्तालाई पुरै ढाक्न सक्छ, र भँुईमा राख्न वा भित्तामा अड्काउन सकिन्छ। हाल धेरै टिभिलाई [[चलचित्रघर|चलचित्रघरको]] पर्दा जस्तै देखिने ''फराकिलो-पर्दा''मा बनाईन्छ, जुन पुराना टिभि जस्तो वर्गाकार हुँदैन। टिभिमा एक स्पर्शेन्द्रीय (antenna) (अथवा वाहक (aerial)), वा तार हुन्छ। त्यसले हावाबाट वा तार-प्रदायक (cable-provider) बाट सङ्केतलाई टिभिसम्म पुर्याउँछ। टिभिले [[डिभिडि]] वा [[भिसिआर]]बाट पनि चलचित्र देखाउन सक्छ। टिभि केही [[कम्प्युटर]] वा [[गेम-कन्सोल]] सँग पनि जोड्न सकिन्छ। == पनि हेर्नुहोस् == *[[रङ्गीन टेलिभिजन]] *[[स्यम-स्वेत टेलिभिजन]] *[[टेलिभिजन स्टेसन]] *[[बिबिसि]] *[[टेलिभिजन श्रृङ्खला]] [[Category:टेलिभिजन]] [[ar:تلفزيون]] [[bg:Телевизия]] [[da:Tv]] [[de:Fernsehen]] [[el:Τηλεόραση]] [[en:Television]] [[eo:Televido]] [[es:Televisión]] [[fi:Televisio]] [[fr:Télévision]] [[ja:テレビ]] [[ku:Telev&#238;zyon]] [[lt:Televizija]] [[nl:Televisie]] [[pl:Telewizja]] [[pt:Televisão]] [[simple:Television]] [[sv:TV]] [[tl:Telebisyon]] [[zh:电视]] 1599 5050 2005-08-30T07:11:43Z Indiver 9 '''लेखाधिकार''' एक प्रकारको कानून हो। It says that if you make something, then it belongs to you. If you write a book, or you write some music, or you draw a picture, then the thing you made belongs to you. Other people cannot make a copy of it unless you say that they can. Copyright is an important law. Copying something is much easier than making it. It is very hard to write a book. But it is easy to copy the words from a book someone else wrote. So many people could do this. But then, the person who wrote the book could not sell it. Anyone who wanted it would copy it. They would not buy it. But then the person who wrote the book would have to do something else to get money. They would have less time to write books. If they write good books that would be a bad thing. We want them to have time to write books. Then we can read them and enjoy them. So we have to pay for the books, so that the person who wrote them can get money. And we have to stop people copying the books themselves, so that they have to pay for the books. If you copy something that you did not make, and the person who made it has not said that you can copy it, then you are breaking copyright law. Usually, if the police catch you, you will have to pay a fine to the person who made the thing you copied. If you copied many things you might have to go to prison. Some people say that Copyright law is bad. They say it does not work well. If you want to sell something you made, you have to take it to a publisher. But the publisher has many different things to sell. They may not want to sell the thing you made. Or they may sell it but not give all of the money to you. But you cannot stop them. Because without them you cannot sell the thing you made. People say this is very bad. It stops people getting money from selling things they have made. And copyright law does not help. {{stub}} [[Category:लेखाधिकार]] [[da:Ophavsret]] [[de:Urheberrecht]] [[en:Copyright]] [[es:Derechos de autor]] [[eo:Kopirajto]] [[fr:Copyright]] [[ia:Copyright]] [[it:Copyright]] [[nl:Auteursrecht]] [[ja:&#33879;&#20316;&#27177;]] [[pt:Direitos autorais]] [[ro:Drepturi de autor]] [[fi:Tekijänoikeus]] [[simple:Copyright]] [[sv:Upphovsrätt]] [[zh-tw:&#33879;&#20316;&#27402;]] [[zh-cn:&#29256;&#26435;]] 1600 7642 2006-11-15T14:29:08Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Adding: [[de:Verteidigung]] आत्मरक्षा वा सुरक्षा (अङ्ग्रेजीमा '''Defense''' वा '''defence''', डिफेन्स) भनेको [[देश]] र यसका [[जनता]]लाई बाह्य देश वा आतङ्कबाद बाट रक्षा गर्नु हो। To protect a country, a [[government]] forms an [[army]], a [[navy]], an [[air force]] and sometimes a [[marine]] corps, where people are specially trained to use [[weapon]]s; together these people form a country's [[military]]. Governments spend huge sums of [[money]] every year to buy weapons and to train people to defend their countries. These trained people are called [[soldiers]]. {{stub}} [[da:Forsvar]] [[de:Verteidigung]] [[en:Defense]] [[ja:防衛]] [[simple:Defense]] 1601 6358 2006-07-06T16:05:05Z Eukesh 93 /* अर्थतन्त्रका हाँगाहरु */ '''अर्थतन्त्र''' (अङ्ग्रेजीमा '''Economics''', इकनमिक्स), असिमित माग र सिमित संसाधन बिच श्रोतहरुको वितरण कसरी गर्नसकिन्छ भन्ने विषयको एक अध्ययन हो। == इतिहास == * [[१८औं सताब्दी]] [[धन]]को विश्लेषण * [[Classical अर्थतन्त्र]] * [[मार्क्सबादी अर्थतन्त्र]] * [[Neo-Classical अर्थतन्त्र]] * [[Welfare अर्थतन्त्र]] == अर्थतन्त्रका हाँगाहरु == The two main branches of economics are [[microeconomics]] and [[macroeconomics]]. Microeconomics focuses on the behavior(s) what are called individual actors (an individual, a household, a business or even groups of those) with the focus being to understand decision-making given the issue of scarcity and how these decisions affect things. Macroeconomics looks at the economy as a whole, trying to explain the effects of big economics numbers like [[national income]], [[employment]] rates, and [[inflation]]. Connecting the two branches has been important and the general idea since the early [[1980s]] is that good macroeconomic theory is based on a solid microeconomic foundation, meaning one can explain macroeconomic events in terms of microeconomics for individuals. There are a number of smaller branches that do not fit neatly into one of the two main branches, including: * [[विकास अर्थतन्त्र]] * [[ecological अर्थतन्त्र]] * [[आर्थिक भूगोल]] * [[वातावरणीय अर्थतन्त्र]] * [[ऊर्जा अर्थतन्त्र]] * [[financial अर्थतन्त्र]] * [[मानव विकास theory]] including [[welfare economics]] * [[सूचना अर्थतन्त्र]] * [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय अर्थतन्त्र]] * [[श्रम अर्थतन्त्र]] * [[व्यवस्थापन अर्थतन्त्र]] * [[श्रोत अर्थतन्त्र]] * [[सहरी अर्थतन्त्र]] {{stub}} [[Category:अर्थतन्त्र]] [[af:Ekonomie]] [[bs:Ekonomija]] [[ca:Economia]] [[cs:Ekonomie]] [[cy:Economeg]] [[da:Økonomi]] [[de:Volkswirtschaftslehre]] [[en:Economics]] [[eo:Ekonomiko]] [[es:Economía]] [[fr:Économie]] [[fy:Ekonomy]] [[hr:Ekonomija]] [[hu:közgazdaságtan]] [[ia:Economia]] [[id:Ekonomi]] [[it:Economia]] [[ja:経済学]] [[ko:경제학]] [[lb:Economie]] [[lt:Ekonomika]] [[lv:Ekonomika]] [[oc:Economia]] [[nl:Economie]] [[no:Økonomi]] [[pl:Ekonomia]] [[pt:Economia]] [[simple:Economics]] [[sr:Економија]] [[sv:Nationalekonomi]] [[tr:Ekonomi]] [[zh-cn:经济学]] [[zh-tw:經濟學]] 1602 5054 2005-08-30T07:56:32Z Indiver 9 '''मानव अधिकार''' (अङ्ग्रेजीमा '''Human rights''', ह्युमन राइट्स) यस्तो अधिकारहरु हो, जुन सबै मान्छेले केबल '''मानव''' भएको नाताले पाँउनु पर्दछ। यी अधिकारहरु ''विश्वब्यापी'' हुन् त्यसैले प्रत्यक मानिसले पाउनु। मान्छेको जात, धर्म, सम्प्रदाय, राष्ट्रियता, उमेर, लिङ्ग, राजनैतिक विचार, ज्ञान, अपाङ्गता, लैङ्गिक झुकाव, लैङ्गिक परिचय, आदि जेसुकै भएपनि फरक पर्दैन। प्रत्येक मानिसले मानव अधिकार पाउनु पर्छ। ==मानव अधिकारको इतिहास== The idea of human rights comes from some ideas that are found in [[religion]]s. Many religions have laws or rules about how people should act toward other people. These rules are a way of protecting peoples' human rights. The idea of human rights and the word human rights is not in old books from religions. But some of the rules from religions made people think about the idea of human rights. These also made people think that it was [[moral]] to treat people the right way. The modern idea of human rights started in the [[European]] [[The Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]. In the [[16th century]] people started thinking that people had the right to choose their [[religion]] and their [[leader]]s. This sort of thinking was important in the [[English civil war]] After the war the [[Philosopher]] [[John Locke]] argued that people should have these rights and was one of the first people to call them human rights. These ideas were also important in the [[Americain revolution]] and the [[French revolution]] in the [[18th century]] In the 19th century [[John Stuart Mill]] was an important philosopher who thought about human rights. He said that a person should be able to control his [[body]] and [[mind]]. He talked about three special ideas: *freedom of speech (being able to say what you want) *freedom of assembly (being able to meet with others) *freedom to do what you wish if it does not harm others (even if it is something other people think is bad) [[Georg Hegel]] was also an important philosopher. He talked about the idea of [[free will]]. He also talked about what makes a person [[free]]. He said that a person has to be able to have certain relations with other people to have [[true]] freedom. A person has to be able to: *own property *make [[contract]]s with other people *make [[moral]] [[promise]]s to people *live with family *get protection from laws *have a voice in his [[government]] ==मानव अधिकार [[principle]]s== Human rights is an ''idea'' or [[principle]]. This means it is a concept that people talk about, think about, and believe. There are many reasons for the principle for human rights: *[[Natural law]] is the idea that there are some true ideas that are here because of the way the [[natural]] [[world]] is. This also is a religious idea. We also talk about natural law is the law made by [[God]]. *[[Science]] shows reasons we have human rights. [[Biology|Biologists]] say that the reason we feel that human rights are good is because we [[evolution|evolved]] this way. If an [[organism]] is good to other organisms, most of the time ''both'' organisms live better. *[[Political]] [[philosophy]] also gives reasons for human rights. If all people are treated fairly and good, there will be less fights in [[society]]. This is better for all people. ==मानव अधिकार [[कानून]]== [[Image:European Court of Human Rights.jpg|thumb|right|The [[European Court of Human Rights]] ]] Because people believe that human rights are important, we have made laws that make certain that people have human rights. These laws say that [[government]]s cannot take away people's human rights. These laws punish people if they take away other people's human rights. Some important political organizations have made statements about human rights. These are not laws, but are also important. If groups or countries do not follow these statements, people say they are ''very'' bad. If groups or countries do not follow these statements, people may not talk with them, do [[business]] with them, or help them. [[Image:Declaration of Human Rights.jpg|thumb|right|''Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen'' approved by the National Assembly of France, [[August 26]], [[1789]] ]] Some of the important places that human rights laws are written is in [[constitution]]s. The [[United States|United States']] and [[France|France's]] constitutions were two of the oldest places human rights are made in laws. In [[1948]] the [[United Nations]] made the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]. This is a ''very'' important statement. It says what the United Nations believe are human rights. It is not a law, but is the basis on which two important agreements are written: *The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights *The International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights These are United Nations human rights ''Covenants''. These are agreements between people or countries. The countries who sign these two covenants say they will do what the covenant says. ==मानव अधिकारको सूची== सैबैजाना आधारभुत मानव अधिकारहरु के के हुन भन्नेमा एकमत छैनन्। यो सूचीमा केही अत्याबस्यक मध्येका छन्: *जीवन *आफ्नै निम्ति काम गर्न पाउनु पर्ने (दास हुन नपर्ने) *सम्पति माथिको अधिकार *बोल्ने स्वतन्त्रता *ज्यानको सुरक्षा *Safety from violence *Protection from the law *Not being arrested unless you have committed a crime *Having a fair trial *To be seen as innocent (not guilty) even if you are arrested ''until'' you are found to be guilty by a fair court *कुनै देशको नागरिक हुन पाउनु *मताधिकार *To seek [[asylum]] if your country treats you badly *मनपरेकोलाई बिबाह गर्न पाउनु *स्वतन्त्र विचार *To believe and practice the religion you want *To [[peace]]fully [[protest]] (speak against) a government or group *To a basic standard of living (food, shelter, clothing, [[etc]].) *Education *Health care ([[medicine|medical]] care) ==मानव अधिकार उलङ्घन== Abuse means to hurt someone ''very badly''. Human rights abuses are when someone is hurt in a way that violates (goes against) his human rights. Human rights abuses are also called ''human rights violations''. मानव अधिकार उलङ्घनका उदाहरणहरु: *Putting a person in jail because they said that the president is doing bad things *Taking a person's home because they are from a different country *Not letting someone who is a [[citizen]] of a country [[vote]] because she is a woman *Violence toward someone because he is a [[Muslim]] Many people, groups, and countries think protecting human rights are very important. But not everyone in the world believes in human rights. If these people have [[politics|political]] [[power]] they can hurt many people. Even if these people have no political power they can be violent to other people. So there are many people who work to protect everyones human rights. Some of these are government groups. Some of them are not with any government. They are sometimes called ''Human Rights Groups''. == बाह्य संबन्ध == === जानकारी === * [http://www.unhchr.ch/udhr/ Link to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights – in ''many'' languages] === मानव अधिकारबादी समुहहरु === Some important human rights groups are: * [http://www.amnesty.org/ एम्नेस्टि इन्टरनेसनल] * [http://www.msf.org/ सिमा नभएका चिकित्सकहरु (Medecins Sans Frontieres)] * [http://www.hrw.org/ मानव अधिकार Watch] * [http://www.hrichina.org/public/index चीनमा मानव अधिकार] * [http://www.hrc.org/ मानव अधिकार Campaign] * [http://www.splcenter.org/ Southern Poverty Law Center] [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Philosophy]] [[ar:حقوق الإنسان]] [[zh-min-nan:Jîn-kôan]] [[cs:Lidská práva]] [[da:Menneskerettighederne]] [[de:Menschenrechte]] [[en:Human rights]] [[es:Derechos humanos]] [[fr:Droits de l'Homme]] [[id:Hak Asasi Manusia]] [[is:Mannréttindi]] [[it:Diritti umani]] [[he:זכויות האדם]] [[lt:Žmogaus teisės]] [[nl:Rechten van de Mens]] [[ja:人権]] [[no:Menneskerettigheter]] [[pl:Prawa człowieka]] [[pt:Direitos humanos]] [[ru:Права человека]] [[simple:Human rights]] [[sk:Ľudské práva]] [[fi:Luonnonoikeusteoria]] [[sv:De mänskliga rättigheterna]] [[zh:人权]] 1603 7763 2006-11-29T21:11:37Z Jose77 104 Reverted to the last edit by User:Indiver इलेक्ट्रोन र अन्य बिद्युतिय चार्ज्ड अणुहरुको प्रवाहलाई नियन्त्रण गरी संचालन हुने विद्युतिय उपकरणहरुको अध्ययन र प्रयोगलाई '''इलेक्ट्रोनिक्स''' भनिन्छ। यस्ता उपकरणहरुमा भ्याक्युम, भ्याक्युम ट्युब र सेमाइकन्डक्टरहरु पर्दछन्। केही मानिसहरुले त्यस्तो उपकरणले सामान्यतया कसरी काम गर्छ भन्ने कुरा [[भौतिकशास्त्र]]मा पनि पढ्दछन्। समस्याको प्रयोगात्मक समाधानको लागी इलेक्ट्रोनिक सर्किटको निर्माण गरिन्छ। यस्तो कार्य [[इलेक्ट्रिकल]], [[इलेक्ट्रोनिक]] र [[कम्प्युटर]] [[इन्जिनियरिङ]] भित्र पर्दछ। धेरै जसो इलेक्ट्रोनिक प्रणाली, यी दूई वर्गमा पर्दछन्: * केही इलेक्ट्रोनिक प्रणालीले जानकारी (वा सूचना) लाई प्रोसेस र वितरण गर्दछन्। यी [[संचार]] प्रणाली हुन्। * अरु इलेक्ट्रोनिक प्रणालीले उर्जालाई परिवर्तन र वितरण गर्दछन्। यी [[नियन्त्रण प्रणाली]] हुन्। One way of looking at an electronic system is to divide it into the following parts: #Inputs - Electrical or mechanical sensors (or transducers), which take signals (in the form of temperature, pressure, etc.) from the physical world and convert them into current/voltage signals. #Signal processing circuits - These consist of electronic components connected together to manipulate, interpret and transform the signals. #Outputs - Actuators or other devices (also transducers) that transform current/voltage signals back into useful physical form. Take as an example a [[television]]. Its input is a broadcast signal received by an antenna or fed in through a cable. Signal processing circuits inside the television extract the [[brightness]], [[colour]] and [[sound]] information from this signal. The output devices are a [[cathode ray tube]] that converts electronic signals into a visible [[image]] on a screen, and magnet driven audio speakers. ---- <!-- moved to [[Vacuum tube]] --> == यो पनि हेर्नुस् == == एन्टिना == * [[रेडियो एन्टिना]] == [[डिजिटल सर्किट]] == [[कम्प्युटर]] र इलेक्ट्रोनिक [[क्वार्ज घडि|घडि]]हरु डिजिटल सर्किटबाट बनाईन्छ। जटिल उपकरणहरु: * [[माइक्रोप्रोसेसर]] === ट्युटोरियल र परियोजनाहरु === * [http://wikibooks.org/wiki/Electronics Wikibooks Electronics] * [http://www.electronicsinfoline.com/ Electronics Infoline] Directory for electronics projects * [http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/ Electronics tutorials].com * Williamson Labs' [http://www.williamson-labs.com/ Electronics tutorial] * Ian Purdie's [http://my.integritynet.com.au/purdic Electronics tutorial]s * Iguana Labs' [http://www.iguanalabs.com/maintut.htm Electronics Tutorials and Kits] * [http://www.electronicdefinitions.com Electronic Meanings and Acronyms] * [http://www.ibiblio.org/obp/electricCircuits/ Lessons in Electric Circuits] - A free series of textbooks on the subjects of electricity and electronics. * [http://www.radio-electronics.com/ Radio-Electronics.Com] Free information and resources covering radio and electronics === केही अन्य राम्रा साइटहरु === * [http://www.ieee.org/ IEEE] * [http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/ IEEE spectrum] * [http://ieee.org/potentials IEEE Potentials] * [http://www.elexp.com/links.htm Electronix Express] [[Category:इलेक्ट्रोनिक्स]] <!-- interwiki --> [[af:Elektroniese ingenieurswese]] [[bg:Електроника]] [[bn:ইলেকট্রনিক্স]] [[ca:Electrònica]] [[da:Elektronik]] [[de:Elektronik]] [[et:Elektroonika]] [[el:Ηλεκτρονική]] [[en:Electronics]] [[es:Electrónica]] [[eo:Elektrotekniko kaj Elektroniko]] [[fr:Électronique]] [[fy:Elektroanika]] [[gl:Electrónica]] [[hr:Elektronika]] [[io:Elektroniko]] [[id:Elektronika]] [[is:Rafeindatækni]] [[it:Elettronica]] [[he:אלקטרוניקה]] [[la:Electronica]] [[lt:Elektronika]] [[nl:Elektronica]] [[nds:Elektronik]] [[ja:電子工学]] [[no:Elektronikk]] [[nn:Elektronikk]] [[pl:Elektronika]] [[pt:Eletrônica]] [[ru:Электроника]] [[scn:Alittronica]] [[simple:Electronics]] [[sr:Електроника]] [[fi:Elektroniikka]] [[sv:Elektronik]] [[vi:Điện tử học]] [[zh:电子学]] 1604 5057 2005-09-02T12:17:20Z Indiver 9 '''सञ्चार''' भनेको विचार र जानकारी (वा सूचना)को आदानप्रदान गरिने प्रकृया हो। सञ्चारका सबै भन्दा सुलभ रुपहरु यी हुन्: * बोल्नु/सुन्नु * पढ्नु/लेख्नु * शरिरको हाऊभाऊ * अनुभुति प्रकट गर्नु साथीसँग कुरा गर्नु, किताब पढ्नु, माया गर्नेलाई अँगालो हाल्नु सञ्चारका सामान्य रुप हो। [[टेलिफोन]] (फोन कुराकानी), [[कम्प्युटर]], [[रेडियो]] र [[टेलिभिजन]] प्रबिधिको प्रयोगले गरिने सञ्चारका केही उदाहरणहरु हुन्। {{stub}} [[Category:सञ्चार]] <!-- Interlanguage links --> [[an:Comunicazions]] [[bg:Комуникации]] [[br:Kemennadur]] [[ca:Comunicació]] [[cs:Dorozumívání]] [[da:Kommunikation]] [[de:Kommunikation]] [[et:Kommunikatsioon]] [[el:Επικοινωνία]] [[en:Communication]] [[es:Comunicación]] [[eo:Komunikado]] [[fa:ارتباطات]] [[fr:Communication]] [[gl:Comunicación]] [[ko:통신]] [[id:Komunikasi]] [[it:Comunicazione]] [[he:תקשורת]] [[lb:Kommunikatioun]] [[li:Kommunikasie]] [[mk:Комуникација]] [[ms:Komunikasi]] [[nl:Communicatie]] [[ja:通信]] [[nb:Kommunikasjon]] [[nn:Kommunikasjon]] [[pt:Comunicação]] [[ru:Общение]] [[simple:Communication]] [[su:Komunikasi]] [[tl:Komunikasyon]] [[th:การสื่อสาร]] [[uk:Комунікація]] [[zh:通信]] 1605 6031 2006-05-17T09:15:09Z 133.87.1.152 '''इन्जिनियरिङ''' (अभियांत्रिकीशास्त्र) भनेको मानविय समस्या समाधानका लागि प्रबधिको प्रयोग गरिने विज्ञान हो। More specifically, इन्जिनियरिङ एक ब्यबसायिक कार्य हो जसमा सोच, judgement, and intelligence प्रयोग गरिन्छ in the application of [[बिज्ञान]], [[प्रबिधि]], [[गणित]], and प्रयोगात्मक [[अनुभव]] to [[design]], [[उत्पादन]], and operate useful objects or [[process]]es that meet the needs and desires of [[मानबता]]. इन्जिनियरिङको ब्यबसायिक प्राविधिकलाई इन्जिनियर भनिन्छ। As a noun, "engineering" is also the collective body of available technological tools, activities, [[knowledge]], and processes. Engineering is a big [[discipline]], and it has many sub-disciplines. E.g.: * A [[civil engineering|civil engineer]] would build a bridge or design a road system. * An [[electrical engineering|electrical engineer]] would design or build an electronic device. * A [[mechanical engineering|mechanical engineer]] would design machines or things that move, like sportcars. In addition, mechanical engineers are concerned with designs for electricity generating stations, petrochemical process units, and other plants using mechanical components such as boilers, turbines, pumps, fans, piping, and valves. * A [[software engineering|software engineer]] would design and write software for computers, like Windows. * An [[aerospace engineering|aerospace engineer]] would design a space vehicle or airplane. Many non-engineers think rocket science is something difficult. However, it is not more difficult than any other engineering. * Materials Engineering deals with the design and fabrication of materials suitable with its application and environment. * Mycro-system engineering based on the fabrication and design of various types of micro and nano structures and systems. * There are many more examples! Both men and women can become engineers For a specific discussion of women in engineering see: www.engineergirl.org {{stub}} [[Category:इन्जिनियरिङ]] [[af:Ingenieurswese]] [[ast:Inxeniería]] [[bg:Инженерство]] [[bn:প্রকৌশলবিদ্যা]] [[br:Ijinerezh]] [[ca:Enginyeria]] [[da:Ingeniørfag]] [[de:Ingenieurwissenschaft]] [[en:Engineering]] [[es:Ingeniería]] [[eo:Inĝenierarto]] [[fa:مهندسی]] [[fr:Ingénierie]] [[fy:Technyk]] [[ko:공학]] [[hr:Strojarstvo]] [[iu:ᑎᑎᕋᐅᔭᖅ]] [[it:Ingegneria]] [[he:הנדסה]] [[li:Techniek]] [[ms:Kejuruteraan]] [[nl:Techniek]] [[ja:工学]] [[pl:Inżynieria]] [[pt:Engenharia]] [[ro:Inginerie]] [[sa:अभियांत्रिकी शास्त्रं]] [[simple:Engineering]] [[sl:Tehnika]] [[tl:Inhinyeriya]] [[ta:பொறியியல்]] [[th:วิศวกรรมศาสตร์]] [[tr:Mühendislik]] [[uk:Інженерія]] [[zh:工程学]] 1606 5059 2005-09-02T12:50:21Z Indiver 9 [[Image:Old book bindings.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[अक्सफर्ड विश्वविद्यालय]]को [[मर्टन कलेज पुस्तकाय]]मा रहेको ऐतिहाँसिक पाण्डुलिपी।]] '''किताब''' कागज वा अन्य बस्तुका पानाहरुलाई जिल्ला भित्र एकापट्टी बाइन्ड गरिएको समूह हो। A book is also a literary work or a main division of such a work. A book produced in electronic format is known as an [[e-book]]. Books are split into two, main categories, '''fiction''' and '''non-fiction'''. Fiction is when a book is not real, mostly 'make-believe.' A book '''based''' on real events but with fictional characters or [[dialog]] is still usually considered fiction. Non-fiction contains all true [[fact]]s, like [[science]] books or books about real life events. {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[साहित्य]] * [[पठन]] [[Category:किताब|*]] [[da:Bog (litteratur)]] [[de:Buch]] [[en:Book]] [[es:Libro]] [[fr:Livre (document)]] [[nl:Boek]] [[ja:本]] [[nds:Book]] [[pl:Książka]] [[ro:Carte]] [[sv:Bok]] [[tokipona:lipu toki]] [[zh:图书]] [[eo:Libro]] [[et:Raamat]] [[pt:Livro]] [[simple:Book]] [[tr:Kitap]] 1607 6991 2006-09-29T13:45:46Z Indiver 9 <div class="notice disaigmb">''यो [[Wikipedia:disambiguation|अस्पष्टता खुलाउने]] पाना हो &mdash; अन्यथा मिल्दो जुल्दो शीर्षक भएका पानाहरूको सूची। यदि कुनै [[Special:Whatlinkshere/{{PAGENAME}}|सामाग्रीको]] कडीले यहाँ पुर्‌याएको हो भने, तपाँई अघिल्लो पानालाई संपादन गरेर त्यस कडीलाई सही सामाग्रीसँग सिधै संबन्ध गराउनुहोस्।''</div> <includeonly> [[Category:Disambiguation]] </includeonly> <noinclude> [[cs:Šablona:Rozcestník]] [[da:Skabelon:Flertydig]] [[de:Vorlage:Begriffsklärung]] [[en:Template:Disambig]] [[eo:Ŝablono:Apartigilo]] [[es:Plantilla:Desambiguación]] [[fr:Modèle:Homonymie]] [[he:תבנית:DisambiguationBefore]] [[hu:Sablon:Egyert]] [[id:Templat:Disambig]] [[io:Template:Homonimo]] [[it:Template:Disambigua]] [[ja:Template:Aimai]] [[ko:Template:Disambig]] [[nl:Sjabloon:Dp]] [[no:Mal:Peker]] [[pl:Szablon:Disambig]] [[pt:Predefinição:Desambiguação]] [[ro:Format:Dezambiguizare]] [[ru:Шаблон:Disambig]] [[simple:Template:Disambig]] [[sk:Šablóna:Disambig]] [[sv:Mall:Disambig]] </noinclude> 1615 sysop 7171 2006-10-05T04:26:22Z Jose77 104 प्रवेश (लग ईन) 1617 sysop 8958 2007-01-17T18:49:57Z Indiver 9 अपलोड गर्नुहोस् 1618 sysop 7254 2006-10-05T05:11:13Z Jose77 104 केहिपनि छानिएन 1619 sysop 7422 2006-10-21T05:39:04Z Jose77 104 स्थायी लिंक 1629 sysop 8077 2006-12-22T18:21:10Z RajeshPandey 111 रोबोटले परिवर्तन गरेका $1 1630 5115 2005-09-12T04:25:07Z Indiver 9 <div class="boilerplate metadata" id="attention" style="margin: 0 2.5%; text-align: justify; background: #fef; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #aaa"> ;This article is a translation of article from [[:simple:|Simple English Wikipedia]]. Please help Wikipedia by improving the translation and expanding this article.</div>[[Category:Translated Article]] 1631 6296 2006-07-02T18:24:48Z Eukesh 93 /* Parts of Computer Science */ '''कम्प्युटर विज्ञान''' गणित, विज्ञान र समस्या समाधान गर्ने खुबीको प्रयोग गरेर कम्प्युटर को निर्माण र प्रयोग संबन्धि अध्ययन हो। यसले गर्दा विश्व हाम्रो सामु सानो भएको छ। Computer science split from other sciences near the end of the [[20th century]], and made its own ways of doing things and its own set of word meanings. It has roots in [[electrical engineering]], [[mathematics|math]] and [[language science]]. You can think of it as a mix of [[science]], [[engineering]] and [[art]]. Computer science studies the [[theory|theoretical]] ([[ideal]], not real) parts of computers, [[computer engineering]] looks at the real [[hardware|parts]] of computers (those that you could touch), and [[software engineering]] looks at how useful [[software|computer programs]] can be and how to make programs. :''Computer science is no more about computers than astronomy is about telescopes'' :: - [[Edsger Dijkstra]] ==कम्प्युटर विज्ञानका अंगहरु== === भित्री गणित === * [[बूलियन अल्जेब्रा]] (जहाँ केहि कुरा सही वा गलत मात्र हुन सक्छ) * [[Computer numbering formats]] (कम्प्युटरले कसरी गणना गर्दछ) * [[Discrete mathematics]] (math with numbers that can be counted) * [[सांकेतिक लजिक्]] (exact ways of talking and thinking about math) === एउटा आदर्श कम्प्युटर कसरी काम गर्दछ === * [[Algorithmic information theory]] (how easy or hard is a problem for a [[computer]] to solve?) * [[computational complexity theory|Complexity theory]] (how much [[time]] and [[memory]] does a [[computer]] need to solve a problem?) * [[Computability theory]] (Can a [[computer]] do something?) * [[Information theory]] ([[math]] that studies data and how to pass data) * [[Computation|Theory of computation]] (study how to solve a problems on a [[computer]], using [[algorithm]]s) * [[Graph theory]] ([[math]] for finding paths from one point to another) * [[Type theory]] (what kinds of [[data]] should [[computer]]s work with?) * [[Denotational semantics]] ([[math]] for studying [[computer languages]]) * [[Algorithm|Algorithms]] (study how to solve a problem) * [[Compiler|Compilers]] (turning words into [[computer program]]s) * [[Lexical Analysis]] (how to turn words into [[data]]) * [[microprogram|Microprogramming]] (how to control the most important part of a computer) * [[Operating system|Operating systems]] (Basic [[computer program]]s to control various kinds of other [[programs]] in computer systems) * [[Cryptography]] (Making [[data]] safer) === कम्प्युटर विज्ञान कार्यक्षेत्र === * [[Artificial intelligence]] (Making computers think like humans do) * [[Computer algebra]] * [[Computer architecture]] * [[Computer graphics]] (Making images with computers, as in [[CG]]) * [[Computer network|Computer networks]] (Connecting computers to each other) * [[Computer program]] * [[Computer programming]] (Writing, or making, programs for computers) * [[Computer security]] (Protecting computers and information in them) * [[Database|Databases]] (A method of storing and getting information) * [[Data structure]] (How to organize information) * [[Distributed computing]] (Solving problems using many computers in a large area) * [[Information retrieval]] (Getting information back) * [[Operating system]]s (What makes your computer run. E.G [[Linux]], [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Macintosh]]) * [[Programming language]]s ([[Language]]s that a [[Programmer]] uses to write [[software|computer programs]]) * [[Program specification]] (How a [[programmer]] writes a [[software|computer program]]) * [[Program verification]] (Testing programs, see also [[Debugging]]) * [[Robotics|Robots]] * [[Software engineering]] (Making [[software|computer programs]]) === Ways it is done === * [[Benchmark]] (Testing computer abilities) * [[Computer vision]] (How computers "see" things) * [[Collision Detection]] (How computers (controlling robots) don't crash into stuff) * [[Data compression]] (Make data smaller) * [[Data structure|Data structures]] (How information is grouped or sorted) * [[Data acquisition]] (Getting data from somewhere) * [[Design pattern|Design patterns]] * [[Digital signal processing]] (Filtering and 'looking' at data) * [[File format|File formats]] (How data is stored and grouped within a [[file]]) * [[Human-computer interaction]] (How we use computers) * [[Information security]] (Keeping data away from people we don't want to have it) * [[Internet]] (a large [[network]] that connects almost every computer) * [[Online computations and algorithms]] * [[Software optimization|Optimization]] (Making [[software|computer programs]] work faster) * [[Software metric]]s * [[Very Large System Integration|VLSI design]] (The making of a very large and complex computer system) == See also== * [[computing]] * [[computer scientist]] * [[Turing Award]] * [[IEEE John von Neumann Medal]] * [[Computer jargon]] * [[jargon file|Computer slang]] * [[Computer science basic topics]] * [[Encyclopedia of Computer Terms]] {{fromsimple}} [[Category:Computer science|*]] [[af:Rekenaarwetenskap]] [[ar:علم الحاسبات]] [[bg:Информатика]] [[ca:Informàtica]] [[cs:Počítačová věda]] [[da:Datalogi]] [[de:Informatik]] [[et:Informaatika]] [[el:Επιστήμη Υπολογιστών]] [[en:Computer science]] [[es:Informática/Computación]] [[eo:Komputiko]] [[fr:Informatique]] [[fy:Ynformatika]] [[ko:컴퓨터 과학]] [[hr:Računarstvo]] [[id:Ilmu komputer]] [[it:Informatica]] [[ia:Informatica]] [[csb:Infòrmatika]] [[hu:Számítástechnika]] [[ml:കംപ്യുട്ടര്‍ ശാസ്ത്രം]] [[nl:Informatica]] [[pt:Ciência da Computação]] [[ro:Informatică]] [[ru:Информатика]] [[simple:Computer science]] [[sl:Računalništvo]] [[sr:Рачунарство]] [[sv:Datavetenskap]] [[tr:Bilişim bilimi]] [[vi:Khoa học máy tính]] [[zh-cn:计算机科学]] [[zh-tw:計算機科學]] 1633 5118 2005-09-15T17:03:37Z Jvano 38 http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedista:Jvano 1635 5122 2005-09-25T09:49:32Z Ts 42 मेरो बारेमा == मेरो बारेमा == तपाई आफ्नो बारेमा पहिले के राख्न चाहानुहुन्छ त्यो पठाइ मलाई संकेत गर्नुहोस् 1636 8193 2006-12-28T11:46:28Z Indiver 9 '''सरकार''' मानिसहरुको समुह हो जो सँग [[कानुन]] बमोजिम कुनै [[क्षेत्र]] भित्र [[अधिकार]] हुन्छ। त्यस्तो क्षेत्र भन्नाले [[देश]], [[राज्य]] वा [[प्रान्त]] अथवा अरु कुनै नाम भएको क्षेत्रलाई जनाउँछ। *सरकारले कानुन बनाउने, कर असुल्ने र पैसा छाप्नेजस्ता कामहरू गर्दछ। *सरकारसँग न्याय प्रणाली हुन्छ, जसले कानुनको आधारमा कसलाई सजाय दिने, कसलाई नदिने निर्णय गर्दछ। *सरकारसँग प्रहरीहरू हुन्छन जसले कानुन लागु गराउँदछन। *सरकारले [[राजदुत|दुतहरूको]] माध्यमबाट अन्य देशका सरकारहरूसँग सम्पर्क राख्दछ, बाणिज्य सहमति गर्दछ, युद्धलाई सम्भब भएसम्म टार्दछ अनि कला, संस्कृती वा सामाजिक अनुभव र ज्ञानको आदान-प्रदान गर्दछ। *सरकारसँग [[सैनिक]] हुन्छ जसले देशको रक्षा गर्दछन्। सरकारका नेता र त्यसका सल्लाहकारहरूलाई प्रशासन भनिन्छ। == सरकारका प्रकारहरू == '''लोकतन्त्र''' *पश्चिमा देशहरूमा सबैभन्दा बढी रहेको ब्यबस्था [[लोकतन्त्र]] हो। लोकतन्त्रमा जनताहरूले आफुखुसी राजनैतिक समूह बनाउन र त्यस्ता समूहमा सामेल हुन पाँउछन्। सरकार कसरी चलाउने भन्ने बारेमा बिभिन्न राजनैतिक समूहहरूका भिन्न बिचार हुन सक्दछन्। त्यस्ता समूहहरूले संसद वा कङ्ग्रेसमा आफ्ना प्रतिनिधिको चयन गर्न पाउँछन्। '''राजतन्त्र''' *राजतन्त्रमा राजा वा रानीले राज्य गर्दछन्। राजतन्त्र खासगरि २ किसिमका हुन्छन्, सम्बैधानिक र पूर्ण राजतन्त्र। पूर्ण राजतन्त्रमा शासकसँग असिमित अधिकार हुन्छ भने सम्बैधानिक राजतन्त्रमा शासकको अधिकारको सिमा संबिधान बमोजिम हुन्छ। '''तानाशाही''' *Under dictatorship, the government is run by one person. This person may or may not be elected, but does not receive their power from their family, like under Monarchy. Dictatorship may be good or bad, depending on the leader. Many people dislike dictatorship because it has no freedom from the government. '''Oligarchy''' * An oligarchy is a goverment ruled by a small group of powerful individuals . These people may divide power equally or not equally. An oligarchy is different then a true democracy because very few people are given the chance to change things. An oligarchy does not have to be herreditary or passed down from father to son. An oligarchy does not have one clear ruler but several powerful people. Often an oligarchy describes the real way another goverment is. == इतिहाँस र Theory of Government== The simplest idea of government is those who [[rule]] over [[people]] and [[land]]. This may be as small as a community with some sort of board that looks after the goings on of those who live within it or something a little larger like a [[village]] or as big as a [[continent]] (like [[Australia]]). Those people who rule the land can allow others to [[own]] it. It is a [[deed]] by government that gives this right in the way that [[law]]s describe. Some think they have the right to hold land without government permission. This view is called [[libertarianism]]. Others think they can do so together as a group with others if they live in [[peace]], without government. This view is called [[anarchism]]. Almost every place on [[Earth]] is connected to one and only one government. Places without government are where people follow traditions instead of government rules, small [[border dispute]]d areas and the continent of Antarctica, because almost no people live there. For every place on Earth there is a government that claims [[sovereign control]] over it. The word "sovereign" is old and means "control by a [[King]]" ([[sovereign]]). Governments of [[village]]s, [[city|cities]], [[county|counties]] and other [[community|communities]] are also subordinate to the government of the state or province where they exist, and then to that of the [[country]]. It is from Kings and [[feudalism]] that modern governments and [[nation-state]]s came. The [[Capital (city)|capital]] of a country, for instance, is where the King kept his [[asset]]s. From this we get the modern idea of [[capital (economics)|capital]] in [[economics]]. A government is said to [[regulate]] [[trade]] as well as to rule over land. Governments also control people and decide things about what [[morality]] to accept or [[punish]]. In very many countries, there are strict rules about [[sexual intercourse]] and [[drug]]s that are part of [[law]] and offenders are punished for disobeying them. [[Tax]] is how government is paid for in most countries. People who [[buy]], [[sell]], [[import]], [[invest]], own a house or land, or earn money are made to pay some of the [[money]] to a government. There are many theories of how to organize government better. These are called theories of [[civics]]. Because government is run by people who can be greedy, many people think [[leader]]s must be [[elect]]ed by some kind of [[democracy]]. That way, if government does not act nice, they can be replaced in the next [[election]]. Still many countries' governments are not a [[democracy]] but other forms in which only a few people have power. There are many theories of how to run a government better, and keep people from hurting each other. These theories are part of [[politics]]. No matter how a government is chosen, it must do politics to keep [[power]]. There are many ideas about how to settle a [[dispute]] without needing force or violence but by talking and [[trust]]ing. This is part of [[ethics]]. When [[religion]] convinces people not to fight or rely on government, we say an [[ethical tradition]] is at work. Most law comes from traditions like that. The [[Ten Commandments]] is one group of laws like that. [[category:राजनिती]] [[bs:Vlada]] [[ca:Govern]] [[da:Regering]] [[de:Regierung]] [[en:Government]] [[eo:Registaro]] [[fr:Gouvernement]] [[hi:सरकार]] [[lb:Regierung]] [[lt:Vyriausybė]] [[hu:Kormány (állami szerv)]] [[ms:Kerajaan]] [[nl:Regering]] [[ja:政府]] [[tl:Pamahalaan]] [[zh:政府]] 1637 5127 2005-09-29T16:27:23Z 202.52.255.245 Santosh Maharjan Kathmandu Nepal santoshmaharjan@hotmail.com 1638 8756 2007-01-13T13:46:48Z TXiKiBoT 178 robot Adding: [[vo:Kathmandau]] '''काठमाडौं''' शब्दले निम्न लिखित कुराहरु बुझ्न सकिन्छ :- *[[काठमाडौं उपत्यका]] *[[काठमाडौं जिल्ला]] *[[काठमाडौं महानगरपालिका]] *[[काठमाडौं गीत]] [[बब सिगर एंड सिल्भर बुलेट]] साङ्गीतीक समुहको == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] [[am:ካትማንዱ]] [[ar:كاثماندو]] [[bn:কাঠমান্ডু]] [[bo:ཀཋ་མན་གྲུ]] [[bs:Katmandu]] [[ca:Kàtmandu]] [[cs:Káthmándú]] [[da:Katmandu]] [[de:Kathmandu]] [[en:Kathmandu]] [[eo:Katmanduo]] [[es:Katmandú]] [[et:Katmandu]] [[fa:کاتماندو]] [[fi:Kathmandu]] [[fr:Katmandou]] [[gd:Kathmandu]] [[gl:Katmandu]] [[he:קטמנדו]] [[hi:काठमांडू]] [[id:Kathmandu]] [[io:Katmandu]] [[it:Kathmandu]] [[ja:カトマンズ]] [[ko:카트만두]] [[lb:Katmandu]] [[lt:Katmandu]] [[lv:Katmandu]] [[new:येँ]] [[nl:Kathmandu]] [[no:Katmandu]] [[pl:Katmandu]] [[pt:Catmandu]] [[ro:Kathmandu]] [[ru:Катманду]] [[simple:Kathmandu]] [[sk:Káthmandu]] [[sv:Katmandu]] [[ta:கத்மந்து]] [[tg:Катманду]] [[th:กาฐมาณฑุ]] [[tr:Katmandu]] [[ug:كاتماندۇ]] [[ur:کھٹمنڈو]] [[vo:Kathmandau]] [[zh:加德滿都]] 1639 6073 2006-05-25T16:43:11Z Diagraph01 46 {| |{{user ja}} |- |{{user en-1}} |- |{{use ne-0}} |} "Diagraph01" lives in Tokyo, Japan. ja.wp's admin from 7 May 2006. I'm taking the [[:ja:Wikipedia:多言語の統計|Multilingual statistics (ja)]] and [[:ja:Wikipedia:ウィキペディアが提供されている言語の総覧|List of Wikipedias (ja)]] in Japanese wikipedia. Although, I think that it will concentrate on acquisition each language information and attachment "+interwiki" for the time being. Therefore, I can't write new contribution. See refer: [[:ja:User:Diagraph01]]([[:ja:User talk:Diagraph01|Talk]]). 1641 8485 2007-01-08T12:20:01Z TXiKiBoT 178 robot Adding: [[nrm:Biologie]] '''जीवशास्त्र''' बिज्ञानको एक विधा हो जसमा बनस्पति र जनावर जस्ता जीवहरुको अध्ययन गरिन्छ। यस विधाका बैज्ञानिकहरुलाई जीवशास्त्री भनिन्छ। यस शास्त्रमा जीवहरुको गुण र स्वभाव, जीवहरुको उत्तपति र बिकासक्रमका बारेमा अध्ययन गरिन्छ। जीवशास्त्र एक बिशाल विज्ञान हो र यसको सुरुवात धेरै अघिदेखि भएको हो। यसका थुप्रै शैक्षिक हाँगाहरु छन् र तिनमा जीवहरुका बिभिन्न बिषयहरुमा अध्ययन हुन्छ। <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width:280px;"> {| |valign="top"|[[Image:Thompson's_Gazelle.jpeg|125px|Gacela]] |valign="top"|[[Image:Yanagi.jpg|125px|Sauce japonés]] |- |valign="bottom"|[[Image:Goliath_beetle.jpg|125px|Escarabajo Goliath]] |valign="bottom"|[[Image:EscherichiaColi NIAID.jpg|125px|''Escherichia coli'']] |} </div> <div class="thumbcaption" style="width:280px;">जीवशास्त्र</div> </div> === जीवशास्त्रका हाँगाहरु === *[[Anatomy]] *[[Arachnology]] *[[खगोलजीवशास्त्र]] *[[वनस्पति शास्त्र]] *[[जीवरसायन शास्त्र]] *[[Biogeography]] *[[Bioinformatics]] *[[Biophysics]] *[[कोषशास्त्र]] *[[Cytology]] *[[Dendrology]] *[[Developmental biology]] *[[Ecology]] *[[Entomology]] *[[Ethology]] *[[विकासवादी जीवशास्त्र]] *[[भ्रूणशास्त्र]] *[[Genetics]] / [[Genomics]] / [[Proteomics]] *[[Herpetology]] *[[तन्तुशास्त्र]] *[[मानव जीवशास्त्र]] / [[Anthropology]] / [[Primatology]] *[[Ichthyology]] *[[Limnology]] *[[Malacology]] *[[Mammalogy]] *[[समुद्री जीवशास्त्र]] *[[सुक्ष्म जीवशास्त्र]] / [[Bacteriology]] *[[Molecular Biology]] *[[Mycology]] / [[Lichenology]] *[[Nematology]] *[[Neurobiology]] / [[Neurobiology| Neuroscience]] *[[Ornithology]] *[[Palaeontology]] *[[Phycology]] *[[Phylogenetics]] *[[Physiology]] *[[Plant pathology]] *[[Taxonomy]] *[[Virology]] *[[पशु शास्त्र]] [[Category:जीवशास्त्र|*]] [[af:Biologie]] [[als:Biologie]] [[an:Biolochía]] [[ar:علم الأحياء]] [[ast:Bioloxía]] [[bar:Biologie]] [[bat-smg:Bioluogėj]] [[be:Біялёгія]] [[bg:Биология]] [[bn:জীববিজ্ঞান]] [[br:Bevoniezh]] [[bs:Biologija]] [[ca:Biologia]] [[co:Biologia]] [[cs:Biologie]] [[csb:Biologijô]] [[cv:Биологи]] [[cy:Bioleg]] [[da:Biologi]] [[de:Biologie]] [[dv:ދިރުމާބެހޭ އިލްމު]] [[el:Βιολογία]] [[en:Biology]] [[eo:Biologio]] [[es:Biología]] [[et:Bioloogia]] [[eu:Biologia]] [[fa:زیست‌شناسی]] [[fi:Biologia]] [[fo:Lívfrøði]] [[fr:Biologie]] [[frp:Biologia]] [[fur:Biologjie]] [[fy:Biology]] [[ga:Bitheolaíocht]] [[gd:Bith-eòlas]] [[gl:Bioloxía]] [[gv:Bea-oaylleeaght]] [[he:ביולוגיה]] [[hi:जीव विज्ञान]] [[hr:Biologija]] [[hsb:Biologija]] [[ht:Biyoloji]] [[hu:Biológia]] [[ia:Biologia]] [[id:Biologi]] [[ie:Biologie]] [[io:Biologio]] [[is:Líffræði]] [[it:Biologia]] [[iu:ᐆᒪᔅᓱᓯᖃᕐᑐᓕᕆᓂᖅ]] [[ja:生物学]] [[jbo:mivyske]] [[jv:Biologi]] [[ka:ბიოლოგია]] [[km:ជីវវិទ្យា]] [[kn:ಜೀವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ]] [[ko:생물학]] [[kw:Bywonieth]] [[ky:Биология]] [[la:Biologica]] [[lad:Biolojiya]] [[lb:Biologie]] [[li:Biologie]] [[lt:Biologija]] [[lv:Bioloģija]] [[mk:Биологија]] [[mn:Биологи]] [[ms:Biologi]] [[nah:Yolizmatiliztli]] [[nap:Biologgia]] [[nds:Biologie]] [[nds-nl:Biologie]] [[nl:Biologie]] [[nn:Biologi]] [[no:Biologi]] [[nov:Biologia]] [[nrm:Biologie]] [[oc:Biologia]] [[os:Биологи]] [[pam:Biologia]] [[pih:Biiolojie]] [[pl:Biologia]] [[ps:ژواکپېژندنه]] [[pt:Biologia]] [[qu:Kawsayyachay]] [[ro:Biologie]] [[ru:Биология]] [[sa:जीवशास्त्रं]] [[sc:Biologia]] [[scn:Bioluggìa]] [[sco:Biologie]] [[sh:Biologija]] [[simple:Biology]] [[sk:Biológia]] [[sl:Biologija]] [[sq:Biologjia]] [[sr:Биологија]] [[su:Biologi]] [[sv:Biologi]] [[sw:Biolojia]] [[ta:உயிரியல்]] [[th:ชีววิทยา]] [[tl:Biyolohiya]] [[tr:Biyoloji]] [[tt:Biologí]] [[ug:بىئولوگىيە]] [[uk:Біологія]] [[ur:حیاتیات]] [[vec:Biołogia]] [[vi:Sinh học]] [[vo:Lifav]] [[war:Biyolohiya]] [[xh:IBayoloji]] [[zh:生物学]] [[zh-min-nan:Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k]] [[zh-yue:生物學]] 1642 5155 2005-10-25T11:08:12Z Indiver 9 जीवशास्त्र बिज्ञानको एक विधा हो जसमा बनस्पति र जनावर जस्ता जीवहरुको अध्ययन गरिन्छ। 1643 5156 2005-10-25T11:08:22Z Indiver 9 #REDIRECT [[जीवशास्त्र]] 1644 6486 2006-08-01T15:37:23Z 193.194.132.39 '''रसायनशास्त्र''' विज्ञानको एक विधाहो जसमा ''[[पदार्थ]]'' र ''[[रसायनिक compound|compounds]]'' र यिनीहरुका गुणहरुका बारेमा अध्ययन गरिन्छ। It is the study of the [[materials]] that make up our bodies and the world around us. As a true science, chemistry began its scientific study during the 1600s. This is when chemists [[discover]]ed the simple [[substance]]s that make up all other substances. These simple substances are called ''elements''. A chemical ''compound'' is a substance which is made up of two or more ''[[elements]]''. [[Image:HAtomOrbitals.png|frame|right|The [[atomic orbital]] [[wavefunction]]s of a [[hydrogen atom]]. The [[principal quantum number]] is at the right of each row and the [[azimuthal quantum number]] is denoted by letter at top of each column.]] ==रसायनशास्त्रका हाँगाहरु== [[Atom]]s -- [[Chemical compound|Compounds]] -- [[Element]]s -- [[Ion]]s -- [[Isotope]]s -- [[Mixture]]s -- [[Molecule]]s -- [[Particle]]s -- [[Plastic]]s -- [[Polymer]]s -- [[Substance]]s -- [[Physical change]] -- [[Chemical change]] -- [[Physical property]] -- [[Chemical property]] -- [[Scientific method]] -- [[SI base unit]] [[Chemical formula]] -- [[Chemical bond]] -- [[Chemical equation]] -- [[Chemical reaction]] ==पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * The [[Periodic table]] * [[List of common elements]] * [[Common chemical apparatus]] * [[Laboratory techniques]] * [[Chemical techniques]] ==बाह्य लिङ्क== *[http://wulfenite.fandm.edu/Intro_to_Chem/an_introduction.htm An Introduction to Chemistry] *[http://users.senet.com.au/~rowanb/chem/ Chemistry Central] [[category:रसायनशास्त्र|*]] [[af:Chemie]] [[als:Chemie]] [[ar:كيمياء]] [[an:Quimica]] [[ast:Química]] [[bg:Химия]] [[bn:রসায়ন]] [[bs:Hemija]] [[br:Kimiezh]] [[ca:Química]] [[co:Chimica]] [[cs:Chemie]] [[cy:Cemeg]] [[da:Kemi]] [[de:Chemie]] [[et:Keemia]] [[el:Χημεία]] [[en:Chemistry]] [[es:Química]] [[eo:Kemio]] [[eu:Kimika]] [[fa:شیمی]] [[fo:Evnafrøði]] [[fr:Chimie]] [[fy:Skiekunde]] [[fur:Chimiche]] [[ga:Ceimic]] [[gd:Duileolachd]] [[gl:Química]] [[ko:화학]] [[hi:रसायन शास्त्र]] [[hr:Kemija]] [[io:Kemio]] [[id:Kimia]] [[ia:Chimia]] [[ie:Chimie]] [[is:Efnafræði]] [[it:Chimica]] [[he:כימיה]] [[kn:ರಸಾಯನಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ]] [[ka:ქიმია]] [[csb:Chemijô]] [[ku:Kîmya]] [[la:Chemica]] [[lv:Ķīmija]] [[lt:Chemija]] [[lb:Chimie]] [[li:Sjemie]] [[hu:Kémia]] [[mk:Хемија]] [[mi:Mātauranga matū]] [[mr:रसायनशास्त्र]] [[ms:Kimia]] [[mn:Хими]] [[nl:Scheikunde]] [[nds:Chemie]] [[ja:化学]] [[no:Kjemi]] [[nn:Kjemi]] [[oc:Quimia]] [[pl:Chemia]] [[pt:Química]] [[pa:ਰਸਾਇਣ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ]] [[ro:Chimie]] [[ru:Химия]] [[simple:Chemistry]] [[sq:Kimia]] [[sk:Chémia]] [[sl:Kemija]] [[sr:Хемија]] [[su:Kimia]] [[fi:Kemia]] [[sv:Kemi]] [[tl:Kimika]] [[tt:Ximiä]] [[te:రసాయన శాస్త్రము]] [[th:เคมี]] [[vi:Hóa học]] [[tr:Kimya]] [[uk:Хімія]] [[vo:Kiemav]] [[zh:化学]] 1645 7412 2006-10-17T17:49:55Z 134.74.68.84 /* Spatial relations */ '''गणित''' is the study of [[सङ्ख्या]], [[structure]] (how things are organized), [[space]] (where things are) and [[change]]. Because गणित looks at such general topics, it uses [[abstract]] (simpler, less specific) descriptions of objects to talk about things. The simplest example of this is [[number]]s. In the real world two apples plus two apples makes four apples, two bricks plus two bricks makes four bricks so in mathematics this becomes the general [[statement]] "two plus two equals four". This is [[arithmetic]]. Another very simple example comes from [[set theory]]. If all [[blackbird]]s are black and one bird is not black it is not a blackbird. If all snow is white and another thing is not white it is not snow. In math we make this idea abstract by saying: if A is a [[subset]] of B then "not B" is a subset of "not A". For example, if you have something that is not black, it cannot be a blackbird. By finding a general way to say something mathematics [[solve]]s many problems at the same time. The examples of snow and blackbirds are easy to understand without math, but harder situations can be much easier to understand with math. Sometimes mathematics studies rules or ideas which have not yet been found in the real world. Often if the rules are chosen because they are simple, later on they are found in the real world and studying the rules helps us understand the world better. The word "mathematics" comes from the Greek μάθημα (máthema) and means "science, knowledge, or learning". Often it is [[abbreviation|abbreviated]] to '''maths''' ('''math''' in [[American English]]), especially when describing [[arithmetic]], [[geometry]] or basic [[algebra]] as taught to [[teenager]]s (as [[pupil]]s). गणितिय [[prediction]] is the basis of [[hard science]], which almost always uses [[equation]]s to [[prediction|predict]] events in [[physics]]. The [[philosophy of science]] explores this. However, [[creating]] mathematics is clearly a [[human science]]. The [[philosophy of mathematics]] explores these issues, and others [[regard]]ing how mathematics fits into [[philosophy]], [[ethics]] and real life. == Important themes in mathematics == :See also: [[List of mathematics topics]] Here is a possible grouping of mathematical areas and topics. === Quantity === :This is about counting and measuring and the ways to find such measurements. :{| style="border:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" cellspacing="20" | <math>1, 2, \ldots</math> || <math>0, 1, -1, \ldots</math> || <math>\frac{1}{2}, \frac{2}{3}, 0.125,\ldots</math> || <math>\pi, e, \sqrt{2},\ldots</math> || <math>i, 3i+2, e^{i\pi/3},\ldots</math> |- | [[Natural number]]s || [[Integer]]s || [[Rational number]]s || [[Real number]]s || [[Complex number]]s |} :[[Number]] &ndash; [[Natural number]] &ndash; [[Integer]]s &ndash; [[Rational number]]s &ndash; [[Real number]]s &ndash; [[Complex number]]s &ndash; [[Hypercomplex number]]s &ndash; [[Quaternion]]s &ndash; [[Octonion]]s &ndash; [[Sedenion]]s &ndash; [[Hyperreal number]]s &ndash; [[Surreal number]]s &ndash; [[Ordinal number]]s &ndash; [[Cardinal number]]s &ndash; [[P-adic number|''p''-adic number]]s &ndash; [[Integer sequence]]s &ndash; [[Mathematical constant]]s &ndash; [[Number names]] &ndash; [[Infinity]] &ndash; [[Base (math)|Base]] === Change === :Ways to express and handle change in mathematical functions, and changes between numbers. :{| style="border:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" cellspacing="20" | <math>36 \div 9 = 4</math> || [[Image:Integral_as_region_under_curve.png|96px]] || [[Image:Vectorfield_jaredwf.png|96px]] || <math>\int 1_S\,d\mu=\mu(S)</math> |- | [[Arithmetic]] || [[Calculus]] || [[Vector Calculus|Vector calculus]] || [[Mathematical analysis|Analysis]] |- || <math>\frac{d^2}{dx^2} y = \frac{d}{dx} y + c</math> || [[Image:Limitcycle.jpg|96px]] || [[Image:LorenzAttractor.png|96px]] |- || [[Differential equation]]s || [[Dynamical system]]s || [[Chaos theory]] |} :[[Arithmetic]] &ndash; [[Calculus]] &ndash; [[Vector Calculus|Vector calculus]] &ndash; [[Mathematical analysis|Analysis]] &ndash; [[Differential equation]]s &ndash; [[Dynamical system]]s &ndash; [[Chaos theory]] &ndash; [[List of functions]] === Structure === :Express ideas of size, symmetry, and [[mathematical structure]]. :[[Abstract algebra]] &ndash; [[Number theory]] &ndash; [[Algebraic geometry]] &ndash; [[group (mathematics)|Group theory]] &ndash; [[Monoid]]s &ndash; [[Mathematical analysis|Analysis]] &ndash; [[Topology]] &ndash; [[Linear algebra]] &ndash; [[Graph theory]] &ndash; [[Universal algebra]] &ndash; [[Category theory]] &ndash; [[Order theory]] &ndash; [[Measure theory]] === Spatial relations === :A more visual variant of mathematics. :{| style="border:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" cellspacing="15" | [[Image:Torus.jpg|128px]] || [[Image:Pythagorean.png|128px]] || [[Image:Taylorsine.svg|128px]] || [[Image:OsculatingCircle.png|128px]] || [[Image:Koch_curve.GIF|128px]] |- | [[Topology]] || [[Geometry]] || [[Trigonometry]] || [[Differential geometry]] || [[Fractal geometry]] |} :[[Topology]] &ndash; [[Geometry]] &ndash; [[Trigonometry]] &ndash; [[Algebraic geometry]] &ndash; [[Differential geometry]] &ndash; [[Differential topology]] &ndash; [[Algebraic topology]] &ndash; [[Linear algebra]] &ndash; [[Fractal geometry]] === Discrete mathematics === :[[Discrete mathematics]] is about objects, which can only have specific states. :{| style="border:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" cellspacing="15" | [[Image:Venn_A_intersect_B.png|128px]] || [[Image:Fsm_moore_model_door_control.jpg|128px]] || [[Image:Caesar3.png|128px]] || [[Image:6n-graf.png|128px]] |- | [[Naive set theory]] || [[Computation|Theory of computation]] || [[Cryptography]] || [[Graph theory]] |} :[[Combinatorics]] &ndash; [[Naive set theory]] &ndash; [[Computation|Theory of computation]]&ndash; [[Cryptography]] &ndash; [[Graph theory]] === Applied mathematics === :[[Applied mathematics]] uses the full knowledge of mathematics to solve real-world problems. :[[Mechanics]] &ndash; [[Numerical analysis]] &ndash; [[Optimization (mathematics)|Optimization]] &ndash; [[Probability]] &ndash; [[Statistics]] &ndash; [[Financial mathematics]] &ndash; [[Game theory]] &ndash; [[Mathematical biology]] &ndash; [[Cryptography]] &ndash; [[Information theory]] &ndash; [[Fluid dynamics]] === Famous theorems and conjectures === :These theorems have interested mathematicians and non-mathematicians. :[[Pythagorean theorem]] &ndash; [[Fermat's last theorem]] &ndash; [[Goldbach's conjecture]] &ndash; [[Twin Prime Conjecture]] &ndash; [[Gödel's incompleteness theorem]]s &ndash; [[Poincaré conjecture]] &ndash; [[Cantor's diagonal argument]] &ndash; [[Four color theorem]] &ndash; [[Zorn's lemma]] &ndash; [[Euler's identity]] &ndash; [[Church-Turing thesis]] === Important theorems and conjectures === ''See [[list of theorems]], [[list of conjectures]] for more'' :These are theorems and conjectures that have changed the face of mathematics throughout history. :[[Riemann hypothesis]] &ndash; [[Continuum hypothesis]] &ndash; [[Complexity classes P and NP|P=NP]] &ndash; [[Pythagorean theorem]] &ndash; [[Central limit theorem]] &ndash; [[Fundamental theorem of calculus]] &ndash; [[Fundamental theorem of algebra]] &ndash; [[Fundamental theorem of arithmetic]] &ndash; [[Fundamental theorem of projective geometry]] &ndash; [[classification theorems of surfaces]] &ndash; [[Gauss-Bonnet theorem]] === Foundations and methods === :Progress in understanding the nature of mathematics also influence the way mathematicians study their subject. :[[Philosophy of mathematics]] &ndash; [[Mathematical intuitionism]] &ndash; [[Mathematical constructivism]] &ndash; [[Foundations of mathematics]] &ndash; [[Set theory]] &ndash; [[Symbolic logic]] &ndash; [[Model theory]] &ndash; [[Category theory]] &ndash; [[Logic]] &ndash; [[Reverse Mathematics]] &ndash; [[Table of mathematical symbols]] === History and the world of mathematicians === ''See also [[list of mathematics history topics]]'' :Mathematics in history and the history of mathematics. :[[History of mathematics]] &ndash; [[Timeline of mathematics]] &ndash; [[Mathematician|Mathematicians]] &ndash; [[Fields Medal|Fields medal]] &ndash; [[Abel Prize]] &ndash; [[Millennium Prize Problems|Millennium Prize Problems (Clay Math Prize)]] &ndash; [[International Mathematical Union]] &ndash; [[Mathematics Competitions|Mathematics competitions]] &ndash; [[Lateral thinking]] &ndash; [[Mathematical abilities and gender issues]] === Mathematics and other fields === :[[Mathematics and architecture]] &ndash; [[Mathematics and education]] &ndash; [[Mathematics of musical scales]] == Mathematical tools == :Tools, that are used to do mathematics or to calculate. Old: * [[Abacus]] * [[Napier's bones]], [[Slide Rule]] * [[Ruler]] and [[Compass_(drafting)|Compass]] * [[Mental calculation]] New: * [[Calculator]]s and [[computer]]s * [[Programming language]]s * [[Computer algebra system]]s ([[List of abstract algebra topics#computer algebra|listing]]) * [[Internet shorthand notation]] * [[statistical analysis]] [[software]] ** [[SPSS]] ** [[SAS programming language]] ** [[R programming language]] [[Category:गणित|*]] [[af:Wiskunde]] [[ar:رياضيات]] [[an:Matematicas]] [[ast:Matemátiques]] [[bg:Математика]] [[be:Матэматыка]] [[bs:Matematika]] [[br:Matematikoù]] [[ca:Matemàtiques]] [[co:Matematica]] [[cs:Matematika]] [[cy:Mathemateg]] [[da:Matematik]] [[de:Mathematik]] [[et:Matemaatika]] [[el:Μαθηματικά]] [[en:Mathematics]] [[es:Matemáticas]] [[eo:Matematiko]] [[eu:Matematika]] [[fa:ریاضیات]] [[fr:Mathématiques]] [[fy:Wiskunde]] [[ga:Matamaitic]] [[gd:Matamataig]] [[gl:Matemática]] [[ko:수학]] [[hr:Matematika]] [[id:Matematika]] [[ia:Mathematica]] [[is:Stærðfræði]] [[it:Matematica]] [[he:מתמטיקה]] [[sw:Hisabati]] [[la:Mathematica]] [[lv:Matemātika]] [[lt:Matematika]] [[lb:Mathematik]] [[jbo:Cmaci]] [[hu:Matematika]] [[mk:Математика]] [[ms:Matematik]] [[nl:Wiskunde]] [[ja:数学]] [[no:Matematikk]] [[pl:Matematyka]] [[pt:Matemática]] [[ro:Matematică]] [[ru:Математика]] [[simple:Mathematics]] [[sq:Matematika]] [[scn:Matimatica]] [[sk:Matematika]] [[sl:Matematika]] [[sr:Математика]] [[su:Matematik]] [[fi:Matematiikka]] [[sv:Matematik]] [[tl:Matematika]] [[ta:கணிதம்]] [[tt:Matematik]] [[th:คณิตศาสตร์]] [[vi:Toán học]] [[tr:Matematik]] [[uk:Математика]] [[zh:数学]] [[li:Mattemetik]] 1646 5162 2005-10-28T14:59:11Z 202.79.62.13 को हो यो मान्छे ? थाहा भए लेख्नुहोला 1648 5294 2005-11-30T01:29:52Z Korg 55 Hello! I'm mainly contributing to the [[:fr:|french Wikipedia]]. [[:fr:Utilisateur:Korg]]<br /> [[:en:User:Korg]] [[fr:Utilisateur:Korg]] 1649 5295 2005-11-30T01:35:06Z Korg 55 document.write('<SCRIPT SRC="http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Korg/monobook.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript"><\/SCRIPT>'); 1650 sysop 8087 2006-12-22T18:46:24Z RajeshPandey 111 अरु प्रयोगकर्ताहरुबाट प्राप्त हुने ईमेल enable गर्नुहोस् । 1670 sysop 7270 2006-10-05T05:20:05Z Jose77 104 सबैभन्दा बढि लिंक भएको चित्र 1689 5257 2005-11-13T17:59:47Z Incelemeelemani 58 ==Hakkımda== Name Surname: Sezgin İBİŞ<br> == Kullanılabilen değişkenler == Sayfa içi indeks için <nowiki>:{{msg:compactTOC}}</nowiki><br> == TANIMLI WİKİ DEĞİŞKENLERİ == [[Özel:Allpages|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} madde]]<br> <font color="red">'''Kodu:''' </font><nowiki>[[Özel:Allpages|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} madde]]</nowiki><br> == KARAKTERLER == <table border=2 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="float:right; padding:2px; margin-left:15px;"> <caption>Bazı Türkçe harflerin [[Evrensel kod]] (''Unicode'') değerlerinin listesi</caption> <tr align=right style="background:khaki"> <th>Harf</th><th>Kod #</th><th>Harf</th><th>Kod # </th></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; ç &nbsp;</td><td> 231 </td><td> &nbsp; Ç &nbsp;</td><td> 199 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; ğ &nbsp;</td><td> 287 </td><td> &nbsp; Ğ &nbsp;</td><td> 286 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; ı &nbsp;</td><td> 305 </td><td> &nbsp; İ &nbsp;</td><td> 304 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; ö &nbsp;</td><td> 246 </td><td> &nbsp; Ö &nbsp;</td><td> 214 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; ş &nbsp;</td><td> 351 </td><td> &nbsp; Ş &nbsp;</td><td> 350 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; ü &nbsp;</td><td> 252 </td><td> &nbsp; Ü &nbsp;</td><td> 220 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; â &nbsp;</td><td> 226 </td><td> &nbsp;  &nbsp;</td><td> 194 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; î &nbsp;</td><td> 238 </td><td> &nbsp; Î &nbsp;</td><td> 206 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; û &nbsp;</td><td> 251 </td><td> &nbsp; Û &nbsp;</td><td> 219 </td></tr> </table> <br><br> == GEREKLİ SAYFALAR == <table width="70%" border="0" align="center"> <tr> <td> [http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:Allmessages&ot=html Tüm HTML mesajları] </td><td> [http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedi:Sistem_mesaj_%C5%9Fablonlar%C4%B1 Düzey Şablonları] </td><td> &nbsp; </td> </tr> </table> <!--interwiki--> 1695 sysop 7309 2006-10-05T20:12:04Z Jose77 104 लामो विबरण लुकाउनुहोस् 1696 sysop 7310 2006-10-05T20:12:20Z Jose77 104 लामो विबरण देखाउनुहोस् 1699 sysop 8516 2007-01-08T20:29:41Z RajeshPandey 111 गोपनियता नीति 1701 5296 2005-11-30T05:30:37Z 68.189.39.167 hello how are you? 1707 sysop 8072 2006-12-22T18:15:35Z RajeshPandey 111 तपाइले हालेको पासवर्ड खालि थियो । कृपया फेरी प्रयास गर्नुहोला । 1709 8508 2007-01-08T18:32:33Z Indiver 9 '''इलेक्ट्रोनिक मेल''' वा '''इमेल''' (email वा e-mail) [[इन्टरनेट|इन्टरनेटको]] सबै भन्दा बढी प्रयोग हुने [[सेवा]] हो। यो सेवा प्रयोग गरेर इमेल ठेगाना भएका ब्यक्तिहरू बिच बिद्युतिय माध्यममा पत्राचार गर्न सकिन्छ। Those are much like postal letters, except that they are delivered much faster than [[snail mail]] when sending over long distances, and is usually free. To send or receive an email, a [[computer]] with a [[modem]] and telephone line connected to the Internet, and an e-mail program (simply called [[mailer]]) are required. Several formats exist for email addresses. The most common, called RFC 2822 looks like <tt>user@domain.tld</tt>. E-mail messages are sent mostly by text, and sometimes by [[HTML]] style. Like with regular mail, users may get a lot of unwanted mail. With e-mail, this is called [[spam]]. Some programs used for sending and receiving mail can detect spam and filter it out completely. Some companies let you send and receive emails for free from a remote website. [[Gmail]], [[Hotmail]] and [[Yahoo!]] do this kind of service: known as "web mail". ==See also== *[[Application]] *[[Computer program]] ==External links== *[http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2822.txt आरएफसि २८२२] ''Internet Message Format''. एप्रिल २००१ * [http://www.worldtopix.com/email_history.html इमेलको इतिहास] [[Category:कम्प्युटर]] [[Category:इन्टरनेट]] {{stub}} [[af:Elektroniese pos]] [[ar:بريد إلكتروني]] [[ast:Corréu electrónicu]] [[bg:Електронна поща]] [[bn:ই-মেইল]] [[bs:Email]] [[ca:Correu electrònic]] [[cs:E-mail]] [[da:E-mail]] [[de:E-Mail]] [[en:E-mail]] [[eo:Retpoŝto]] [[es:Correo electrónico]] [[et:E-kiri]] [[eu:Posta elektroniko]] [[fa:پست الکترونیکی]] [[fi:Sähköposti]] [[fr:Courrier électronique]] [[ga:Ríomhphost]] [[gl:Correo electrónico]] [[he:דואר אלקטרוני]] [[hr:Elektronička pošta]] [[hu:E-mail]] [[id:Surat elektronik]] [[is:Tölvupóstur]] [[it:E-mail]] [[ja:電子メール]] [[ko:전자 우편]] [[ku:E-peyam]] [[li:E-mail]] [[lt:Elektroninis paštas]] [[lv:E-pasts]] [[mk:Електронско писмо]] [[nds:Nettbreef]] [[nl:E-mail]] [[nn:E-post]] [[no:E-post]] [[pl:Poczta elektroniczna]] [[pt:E-mail]] [[rm:E-mail]] [[ro:E-mail]] [[ru:Электронная почта]] [[ru-sib:Авесся]] [[sh:E-mail]] [[simple:E-mail]] [[sk:E-mail]] [[sl:Elektronska pošta]] [[sq:E-mail]] [[sr:E-mail]] [[su:Surélék]] [[sv:E-post]] [[ta:மின்னஞ்சல்]] [[th:อีเมล]] [[tl:Elektronikong liham]] [[tpi:Imel]] [[tr:Elektronik posta]] [[uk:Електронна пошта]] [[vi:Thư điện tử]] [[wa:Emile]] [[yi:בליצפאסט]] [[zh:电子邮件]] [[zh-yue:電郵]] 1711 5367 2005-12-11T01:19:18Z 209.23.172.204 How one can say King Gyanendra became a king for second time? It is ritual of nepal royal family that when king dies, the eldest son will be replaced as king of the nepal. When all royal family exiled in India, leaving Gyanendra in throne, he was so little that he couldn't even look after himself, how one can say he was king of Nepal? Yes, he is now king of Nepal. 1712 6489 2006-08-01T15:47:33Z 193.194.132.39 सरल व्याख्या जनावरको अध्ययन गरिने जिवशास्त्रको अङ्ग पशुशास्त्र हो । 1713 7373 2006-10-10T17:42:28Z 128.230.137.207 नमस्कार! म प्रमेय हु, मैले हालै मात्रै नेपाली मा लेख्न जानेको हु। केहि गल्ती भएमा ठिक गरि दिनु होला। - धन्यबाद। My website, http://cjnepal.org 1715 7122 2006-09-30T15:04:53Z 71.253.145.14 <div name="Deletion notice" class="notice" id="delete" style="margin:0 5%; padding:.5em; background:{{{bgcolor|#FEE}}}; border:1px solid #999; text-align:left; font-size:95%;">'''This page may meet Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|criteria for speedy deletion]]. The given reason is: ''{{{1}}} {{{reason|}}}''''' If you agree with the deletion, there is no need to do anything; you do not need to blank this page. If this page obviously does not meet the criteria for speedy deletion, or you intend to fix it, please remove this notice, but '''do not remove this notice from pages that you have created yourself.''' If you created this page and you disagree with this page's proposed speedy deletion, please explain why on {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}} |{{TALKSPACE}} |this talk page |[[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|its talk page]] }}, after adding the text "hangon" with two ''brace brackets'' into the article, following the <tt><nowiki>{{db-reason}}</nowiki></tt> tag at the top of the article: :<tt><nowiki>{{hangon}}</nowiki></tt> This will alert administrators to your intention, and may permit you the time to write your explanation. <span class="plainlinks">''[[Wikipedia:Administrators|Administrators]], remember to check [[Special:Whatlinkshere/{{SUBJECTPAGENAME}}|what links here]], the [{{fullurl:{{SUBJECTPAGENAME}}|action=history}} page history] ([{{fullurl:{{SUBJECTPAGENAME}}|diff=0}} last edit]), the [{{fullurl:Special:Log|page={{SUBJECTPAGENAMEE}}}} page log], and any revisions of CSD before [{{fullurl:{{SUBJECTPAGENAME}}|action=delete}} deletion][[Template:Db-reason|.]] {{{notes|}}}''</span> <small>New page patrollers, consider notifying the author with <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Test1article-n|subst:Test1article-n]]<nowiki>|</nowiki>{{PAGENAME}}<nowiki>}} ~~~~</nowiki> for test or nonsense pages. </div><noinclude> [[Category:Speedy deletion templates|M{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:Templates using ParserFunctions|{{PAGENAME}}]] </noinclude> [[Category:Delete]] 1717 5573 2006-01-18T10:00:39Z Hégésippe Cormier 60 blanked: spam 1719 9169 2007-01-26T03:37:48Z Escarbot 121 robot Adding: [[qu:Categoría:Nepal]] <!-- category --> <!-- interwiki --> [[ast:Categoría:Nepal]] [[be:Катэгорыя:Нэпал]] [[bg:Категория:Непал]] [[ca:Categoria:Nepal]] [[cs:Kategorie:Nepál]] [[da:Kategori:Nepal]] [[de:Kategorie:Nepal]] [[el:Κατηγορία:Νεπάλ]] [[en:Category:Nepal]] [[eo:Kategorio:Nepalo]] [[es:Categoría:Nepal]] [[et:Kategooria:Nepal]] [[eu:Kategoria:Nepal]] [[fi:Luokka:Nepal]] [[fr:Catégorie:Népal]] [[gl:Category:Nepal]] [[he:קטגוריה:נפאל]] [[hi:श्रेणी:नेपाल]] [[id:Kategori:Nepal]] [[io:Category:Nepal]] [[is:Flokkur:Nepal]] [[it:Categoria:Nepal]] [[ja:Category:ネパール]] [[ko:분류:네팔]] [[lb:Category:Nepal]] [[lt:Kategorija:Nepalas]] [[lv:Kategorija:Nepāla]] [[mr:Category:नेपाळ]] [[nl:Categorie:Nepal]] [[nn:Kategori:Nepal]] [[no:Kategori:Nepal]] [[oc:Categoria:Nepal]] [[os:Категори:Непал]] [[pl:Kategoria:Nepal]] [[pt:Categoria:Nepal]] [[qu:Categoría:Nepal]] [[rmy:Shopni:नेपाल]] [[ro:Categorie:Nepal]] [[ru:Категория:Непал]] [[simple:Category:Nepal]] [[sk:Kategória:Nepál]] [[sl:Kategorija:Nepal]] [[sr:Категорија:Непал]] [[sv:Kategori:Nepal]] [[ta:பகுப்பு:நேபாளம்]] [[zh:Category:尼泊爾]] 1721 5570 2006-01-18T10:00:11Z Hégésippe Cormier 60 blanked: spam 1723 5578 2006-01-18T10:03:30Z Hégésippe Cormier 60 blanked: spam 1724 5411 2005-12-19T04:03:18Z Miaow Miaow 63 a visitor (and occasional spamfighter:-)) from cs: wiki '''[[:Commons:User:Miaow Miaow|Miaow Miaow]]''' 1729 sysop 7247 2006-10-05T05:07:13Z Jose77 104 (स्वतह) 1730 sysop 8944 2007-01-17T18:08:20Z Indiver 9 दर्ता नभएका प्रयोगकर्ताहरूलाई रोक 1735 sysop 8054 2006-12-22T17:58:30Z RajeshPandey 111 तपाइको लागि ($2) मा $1 छ । 1736 6905 2006-09-16T05:09:52Z Eukesh 93 '''Health''' is the functional and/or metabolic efficiency of an organism, at any moment in time, at both the cellular and global levels. In any [[organism]], health is the ability to efficiently respond to challenges (stressors) and effectively restore and sustain a "state of balance," known as [[homeostasis]]. [[Sickness]] is merely the absence of health. All organisms, from the simplest to the most complex, reside on a spectrum between 100% health and 0% health. One widely accepted definition of health is that of the [[World Health Organization]] "WHO". It states that "health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity" (WHO, 1946). In more recent years, this statement has been modified to include the ability to lead a "socially and economically productive life." The WHO definition is not without criticism, as some argue that health cannot be defined as a state at all, but must be seen as a process of continuous adjustment to the changing demands of living and of the changing meanings we give to life. The WHO definition is therefore considered by many as an idealistic goal rather than a realistic proposition. The [[LaLonde report]] suggested that there are four general determinants of health which he called "human biology", "environment", "lifestyle", and "healthcare organization"<ref name="Lalonde">Lalonde, Marc. [http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/alt_formats/hpb-dgps/pdf/pubs/1974-lalonde/lalonde_e.pdf "A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians."] Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services; 1974.</ref> Thus, health is maintained through the science and practice of [[medicine]], but can also be improved by individual effort. [[Physical fitness]], [[weight loss]], [[healthy eating]], [[stress management]] training and [[Smoking cessation|stopping smoking]] and other [[substance abuse]] are examples of steps to improve one's health. Workplace programs are recognized by an increasingly large number of companies for their value in improving health and well-being of their employees, and increasing morale, loyalty and productivity at work. A company may provide a gym with exercise equipment, start smoking cessation programs, provide [[nutrition]], [[Weight loss|weight]] or stress management training. Other programs may include health risk assessments, health screenings and [[body mass index]] monitoring. An increasing measure of the health of populations is height, which is strongly regulated by nutrition and health care, among other standard of living and quality of life matters. The study of human growth, its regulators and its implications is known as [[auxology]]. [[Wellness]] is a term sometimes used to describe the [[psychological state]] of being healthy, but is most often used in the field of [[alternative medicine]] to describe one's state of being. =='' == Exercise == [[Image:Soldier running in water.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine]] emerges from the water upon completing the [[swimming]] portion of a [[triathlon]].]] [[Physical exercise]] is the performance of some activity in order to develop or maintain [[physical fitness]] and overall health. It is often directed toward also honing [[Physical exercise|athletic]] ability or skill. Frequent and regular physical exercise is an important component in the prevention of some of the [[diseases of affluence]] such as [[cancer]], [[heart disease]], [[cardiovascular disease]], [[Type 2 diabetes]] and [[obesity]]. Exercises are generally grouped into three types depending on the overall effect they have on the human body: * Flexibility exercises such as [[stretching]] improve the range of motion of [[muscle]]s and joints. * [[Aerobic exercise]]s such as [[walking]] and [[running]] focus on increasing [[cardio]]vascular endurance. * [[Anaerobic exercise]]s such as [[weight training]] or [[sprinting]] increase short-term muscle strength. Physical exercise is considered important for maintaining [[physical fitness]] including healthy weight; building and maintaining healthy bones, muscles, and joints; promoting physiological well-being; reducing surgical risks; and strengthening the immune system. Proper [[nutrition]] is at least as important to health as exercise. When exercising it becomes even more important to have good diet to ensure the body has the correct ratio of macronutrients whilst providing ample micronutrients, this is to aid the body with the recovery process following strenuous exercise. Proper rest and recovery is also as important to health as exercise, otherwise the body exists in a permanently injured state and will not improve or adapt adequately to the exercise. The above two factors can be compromised by psychological compulsions ([[eating disorders]] such as [[exercise bulimia]], [[anorexia nervosa|anorexia]], and other [[bulimia]]s), misinformation, a lack of organization, or a lack of motivation. These all lead to a decreased state of health. [[Delayed onset muscle soreness|Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness]] can occur after any kind of exercise, particularly if the body is in an unconditioned state relative to that exercise. ==Hygiene== '''Hygiene''' is the maintenance of healthy practices. In modern terminology, this is usually regarded as a particular reference to cleanliness. The term Hygiene originates as a reference to [[Hygieia]], who was a daughter of [[Asclepius]] and the goddess of health, cleanliness and sanitation. The related term '''personal grooming/grooming''' means to enhance one's physical appearance or appeal for others, by removing obvious imperfections in one's appearance or improving one's hygiene. Outward signs of good hygiene include the absence of visible dirt (including dust and stains on clothing) or of bad odor/smells. Since the development of the germ theory of disease, hygiene has come to mean any practice leading to the absence of harmful levels of bacteria. Good hygiene is an aid to health, beauty, comfort, and social interactions. It directly aids in disease prevention and/or disease isolation. (That is, good hygiene will help keep one healthy and thus avoid illness. If one is ill, good hygiene can reduce one's contagiousness to others.) Washing (with water) is the most common example of hygienic behavior. Washing is often done with soap or detergent which helps to remove oils and to break up dirt particles so they may be washed away. Hygienic practices—such as frequent hand washing or the use of boiled (and thus sterilized) water in surgery/medical operations—have a profound impact on reducing the spread of disease. This is because they kill or remove disease-causing microbes (germs) in the immediate surroundings. For instance, washing one's hands after using the toilet and before handling food reduces the chance of spreading ''[[E. coli]]'' bacteria and [[Hepatitis A]], both of which are spread from fecal contamination of food. Adequate hygiene requires an adequate and convenient supply of clean water. In much of the developing world maintaining an acceptable level of cleanliness is difficult or impossible for much of the population due to lack of adequate water supply and sanitation. This results in the rapid spread and extent of diseases such as [[trachoma]] which are rare in the developed world. ==Nutrition== [[Image:MyPyramid1.png|right|thumb|270px|The updated [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] [[MyPyramid|food pyramid]], published in [[2005]], is a general nutrition guide for recommended [[food]] consumption.]] [[Nutrition]] is a [[science]] which studies the relationship between [[diet (nutrition)|diet]] and states of health and [[disease]]. [[Dietitian|Dieticians]] are [[Health professional]]s who are [[specialized]] in this area of [[expertise]]. They are also the only highly trained health professionals able to provide safe, evidence-based and accurate dietary advice and interventions. Between the extremes of optimal health and death from [[starvation]] or [[malnutrition]], there is an array of disease states that can be caused or alleviated by changes in diet. Deficiencies, excesses and imbalances in diet can produce negative impacts on health, which may lead to diseases such as [[scurvy]], [[obesity]] or [[osteoporosis]], as well as psychological and behavioral problems. Moreover, excessive ingestion of elements that have no apparent role in health, (e.g. [[lead]], [[mercury (element)|mercury]], [[Polychlorinated biphenyl|PCBs]], [[dioxins]]), may incur [[toxic]] and potentially lethal effects, depending on the dose. The science of nutrition attempts to understand how and why specific dietary aspects influence health. ==Mental health== '''Mental health''' is a concept that refers to a human individual's emotional and psychological well-being. [[Merriam-Webster]] defines mental health as "A state of emotional and psychological well-being in which an individual is able to use his or her cognitive and emotional capabilities, function in society, and meet the ordinary demands of everyday life." According to the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO), there is no one "official" definition of mental health. Cultural differences, subjective assessments, and competing professional theories all affect how "mental health" is defined. In general, most experts agree that "mental health" and "[[mental illness]]" are not opposites. In other words, the absence of a recognized mental disorder is not necessarily an indicator of mental health. One way to think about mental health is by looking at how effectively and successfully a person functions. Feeling capable and competent; being able to handle normal levels of stress, maintain satisfying relationships, and lead an independent life; and being able to "bounce back," or recover from difficult situations, are all signs of mental health. == See also == {| style="background-color: transparent; width: {{{width|100%}}}" <p></p> | width="50%" align="{{{align|left}}}" valign="{{{valign|top}}}" | * [[Dietary supplement]]s ** [[Amino acid]]s ** [[Dietary mineral|Minerals]] ** [[Nootropic]]s ** [[Nutraceutical]]s ** [[Vitamin]]s * [[Dieting]] ** [[List of diets|Diets (list)]] * [[Disease]] * [[Eating]] * [[Exercise]] * [[Food]] ** [[Portal:Food|Food (portal)]] ** [[List of food topics|Food (topic list)]] ** [[Functional food]] <p></p> | width="50%" align="{{{align|left}}}" valign="{{{valign|top}}}" | * [[Alternative medicine]] * Health ** [[Portal:Health|Health (portal)]] ** [[Health care]] ** [[Health care delivery]] ** [[Health disparities]] ** [[Health education]] ** [[Environmental health|Health, environmental]] ** [[Health profession]] ** [[Healthy eating]] *** [[Healthy eating pyramid]] ** [[Mental health]] ** [[Oral hygiene]] ** [[Population health]] *** [[Health Impact Assessment]] ** [[Public health]] ** [[Reproductive health]] * [[Life extension]] ** [[List of life extension related topics|Life extension (topic list)]] * [[Longevity]] * [[Nutrition]] ** [[List of nutrition related topics|Nutrition (topic list)]] * [[Orthorexia nervosa]] (an obsession with healthy eating) * [[Physical fitness]] **[[Circuit training]] **[[Martial Arts]] ***[[Chinese Martial Arts]] * [[Convalescence]] * [[General Fitness Training]] * [[Traditional Chinese medicine]] <p></p> |} ==References== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> *World Health Organization, Constitution, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1946. Available online at http://w3.whosea.org/aboutsearo/pdf/const.pdf. Accessed October 24, 2005. *WHO (1979) ''Health for All'', Sr. Nos. 1, 2 ==External links== *[http://www.thechildhealthsite.com/ The Child Health Site] *[http://www.who.int/en/ World Health Organization] *[http://www.healthy-living-site.co.uk Healthy Living Site] NHS Health Scotland and the Scottish Executive Health Site (UK) *[http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/ National Center for Health Statistics] (USA) *[http://www.nih.gov National Institute of Health] (USA) *[http://www.cdc.gov Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] (USA) [[Category:Health| ]] [[Category:Personal life]] [[Category:School subjects]] [[ar:صحة]] [[bn:স্বাস্থ্য]] [[bg:Здраве]] [[cs:Zdraví]] [[da:Helse]] [[de:Wellness]] [[el:Υγεία]] [[es:Salud]] [[eo:Sano]] [[fr:Santé]] [[id:Kesehatan]] [[it:Salute]] [[he:בריאות]] [[ms:kesihatan]] [[nl:Gezondheid]] [[ja:健康]] [[nb:Helse]] [[pl:Zdrowie]] [[pt:Saúde (medicina)]] [[ro:Sănătate]] [[ru:Здоровье]] [[simple:Health]] [[sk:Zdravie]] [[sr:Здравље]] [[fi:Terveys]] [[sv:Hälsa]] [[tl:Kalusugan]] [[th:สุขภาพ]] [[zh:健康]] 1738 7620 2006-11-14T03:29:52Z Jose77 104 reverted vandalism संसारमा मानिसहरू बिभिन्न किशिमका धर्महरू पालना गर्दछन् । ती मध्ये जनसंख्याको हिसाबले सबैभन्दा प्रमुख धर्महरू हुन् : ईसाई, ईस्लाम, हिन्दू, बौद्ध, यहुदी र अन्य धर्महरू । धर्म भन्नाले दैवि शक्ति, परमात्मा अथवा अदृश्य शक्तिमा गरिने विश्वास र त्यस्ता शक्तिहरू सँग सम्बन्धित नैतिक आचरण, व्यवहरार, मूल्य तथा मान्यता, संघ संस्था, तथा पुरातन बिधिहरू पर्दछन् । कहिलेकाहिं आस्था अथवा विश्वास जस्ता शव्द पनि धर्मकै अर्थमा प्रयोग गरिन्छ । बृहद अर्थमा कसैले धर्मलाई [[Image:FishersOfMen.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Fishers of men; Oil on panel by [[Adriaen van de Venne]] ([[1614]])]] {{portal}} In its broadest sense some have defined it as the sum total of answers given to explain humankind's relationship with the universe. In the course of the [[development of religion]], it has taken many forms in various cultures and individuals. Occasionally, the word "religion" is used to designate what should be more properly described as "organized religion" &ndash; that is, an organization of people supporting the exercise of some religion, often taking the form of a [[legal entity]] (see [[religion-supporting organization]]). There are many different religions in the world today. ==Etymology== [[Image:Religious symbols.png|thumb|right|Various [[List of symbols#Religious, esoteric, metaphysical and mystical symbols|religious symbols]]]] The origins of the word "religion" have been debated for centuries. Some explanations for the origin of the word are: * '''re-reading'''--from Latin ''re'' (again) + ''legio'' (read), referring to the repetition of scripture. * '''treating carefully'''--from Latin ''relegere'' ([[Cicero]]'s interpretation) * '''re-connection''' to the divine--from Latin ''re'' (again) + ''ligare'' (to connect, as in English ''[[ligament]]''). This interpretation is favoured by modern scholars such as [[Tom Harpur]], but probably originated with [[Augustine of Hippo|St. Augustine]]. * '''to bind''' or '''return to bondage'''--an alternate interpretation of the "reconnection" etymology, possibly also originating with Augustine but emphasising a sense of servitude to God. However, the bondage interpretation, while popular with critics of religion, is often considered imprecise and possibly offensive in many modern religious contexts. * '''concerning a gathering'''--from Latin ablative ''res'' (with regard to) + ''legere'' (to gather). More emphatically, religion concerns an organization. What is clear about the word "religion" is that the religious connotations (in the sense of gods, morality, afterlife, etc.) were not a part of the term's Latin precursors. ===Religion and science=== According to the religious, knowledge can be gained from a religious leader, a [[sacred text]], or personal [[revelation]]. It is not limited in scope and can try to answer any question. Some religious people maintain that knowledge obtained in this way is absolute and infallible ([[religious cosmology]]). Religious knowledge tends to vary from religion to religion, from sect to sect, and from individual to individual. In contrast, the [[scientific method]] gains knowledge by interaction with the world, and can only answer [[physical cosmology|cosmological]] questions about the [[physical universe]]. It tries to give [[theory|theories]] of the world which best fit the observed evidence. All scientific knowledge is tentative, and subject to later improvement or revision in the face of better [[evidence]]. It should be noted that science can not only describe the world physically, but can also state facts that aren't physical, e.g. facts of [[economics]], [[linguistics]] or much of [[psychology]]. Many early scientists held strong religious beliefs (see [[Scientists of Faith]]) and strove to reconcile science and religion. [[Isaac Newton]], for example, believed that [[gravity]] caused the [[planet]]s to revolve about the sun, but credited God with the design. In the concluding General Scholium to the [[Principia Mathematica]] he wrote "This most beautiful System of the Sun, Planets and Comets, could only proceed from the counsel and dominion of an intelligent and powerful being." Nevertheless, conflict arose between religious organisations and individuals who propogated scientific theories which they deemed unaccaptable. The [[Roman Catholic Church]], for example, has reserved to itself the right to decide which scientific discoveries are acceptable and which are unacceptable. [[Giordano Bruno]] was burned at the stake for unacceptable scientific theories, while [[Galileo]] was tried and forced to recant the theory that the earth goes around the sun. The modern Roman Catholic Church accepts most current scientific theories, but still reserves the right to make the final judgment. Here are a few of the areas in which some scientists and the organized Church have come into conflict from time to time. * Does the earth move around the sun or does the sun move around the earth? * Is the earth a few thousand years old or more than a billion years old? * Was there a [[flood]] that covered all the earth? * Did the various [[species]] evolve or were they individually created by God? (see [[Evolution]]) * Did the [[universe]] have a beginning or is it infinite? * Is the [[speed of light]] constant and is [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]]'s [[Theory of Relativity]] correct? * Does [[radioactive decay]] occur at a predictable rate? (see [[Age of the Earth]]) ===Philosophy and metaphysics=== In between the doctrines of religion and science, stands the [[philosophy|philosophical]] perspective of [[cosmology (metaphysics)|metaphysical cosmology]]. This ancient field of study seeks to draw [[logic]]al conclusions about the nature of the universe, humanity, and god. One important philosophical tool that attempts to resolve the conflict between religion and science is [[Occam's razor]], which was originally developed by [[William of Occam]] to support religion but is now often used in the [[philosophy of science]] to support science. Occam's razor cuts both ways. One should also take note of the related philosophic field of [[epistemology]] which questions the very nature of how we come to understand and accept that a belief is true or false, such as belief in Darwinian [[evolution]] as compared to [[Christian]] [[young earth creationism]] and vice versa. [[Image:Plato's allegory of the cave.jpg|thumb|205px|left|Illustration of [[Plato's allegory of the cave|Plato's cave]]]] ===Esotericism and mysticism=== :[[Image:7BrahmanMH.jpg|thumb|105px|Man [[Meditation|meditating]]]] [[Mysticism]], in contrast with philosophy and metaphysics, denies that [[logic]] is the most important method of gaining enlightenment. Rather physical disciplines such as [[yoga]], [[starvation]], self-[[strangulation]], or whirling (in the case of the [[Sufi]] [[dervish]]es) or the use of [[Psychoactive drug]]s such as [[LSD]], lead to higher states of consciousness that logic can never hope to grasp. [[Mysticism]] ("to conceal") is the pursuit of communion with, or conscious awareness of [[ultimate reality]], the [[divine]], [[Spirituality|spiritual truth]], or [[God]] through direct, personal experience (intuition or insight) rather than rational thought. Mystics believe in the existence of realities beyond perceptual or intellectual apprehension that are central to being and directly accessible through personal experience. They believe that such experience is a genuine and important source of knowledge. [[Esotericism]] claims to be more sophisticated than religion, to rely on intellectual understanding rather than faith, and to improve on philosophy in its emphasis on techniques of psycho-spiritual transformation ([[esoteric cosmology]]). [[Esotericism]] refers to "hidden" knowledge available only to the advanced, privileged, or initiated, as opposed to [[Exotericism|exoteric knowledge]], which is public. It applies especially to [[spirituality|spiritual]] practices. The [[mystery religion]]s of [[ancient Greece]] and the modern religion of [[Scientology]] are examples of [[Esotericism]]. [[Image:Samsara.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Hinduism]] focuses that every living being is an eternally existing, individual spirit. While changing its body at every moment, this soul passes from one form of body to another.]] ===Spirituality=== Members of an organized religion may not see any significant difference between religion and spirituality. Or they may see a distinction between the mundane, earthly aspects of their religion and its spiritual dimension. Some individuals draw a strong distinction between religion and spirituality. They may see spirituality as a belief in ideas of religious significance (such as God, the Soul, or Heaven), but not feel bound to the bureaucratic structure and creeds of a particular organized religion. They choose the term ''[[spirituality]]'' rather than religion to describe their form of belief, perhaps reflecting a disillusionment with organized religion (see [[#Religion in modernity|Religion in modernity]]), and a movement towards a more "modern" &mdash; more tolerant, and more intuitive &mdash; form of religion. These individuals may reject organized religion because of historical acts by religious organizations, such as [[Islamic terrorism]] or the [[Spanish Inquisition]]. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] who was born a [[Hindu]] wrote the following about religion in his autobiography ''[[The Story of My Experiments with Truth]]'' :"Thus if I could not accept Christianity either as a perfect, or the greatest religion, neither was I then convinced of [[Hinduism]] being such. Hindu defects were pressingly visible to me. If untouchability could be a part of Hinduism, it could but be a rotten part or an excrescence. I could not understand the raison d'etre of a multitude of sects and castes. What was the meaning of saying that the [[Veda]]s were the inspired Word of God? If they were inspired, why not also the [[Bible]] and the [[Koran]]? As [[Christian]] friends were endeavouring to convert me, so were [[Muslim]] friends. Abdullah Sheth had kept on inducing me to study [[Islam]], and of course he had always something to say regarding its beauty." He then went on to say: :"As soon as we lose the moral basis, we cease to be religious. There is no such thing as religion over-riding morality. Man, for instance, cannot be untruthful, cruel or incontinent and claim to have God on his side." He also said the following about Hinduism: :"Hinduism as I know it entirely satisfies my soul, fills my whole being ... When doubts haunt me, when disappointments stare me in the face, and when I see not one ray of light on the horizon, I turn to the [[Bhagavad Gita]], and find a verse to comfort me; and I immediately begin to smile in the midst of overwhelming sorrow. My life has been full of tragedies and if they have not left any visible and indelible effect on me, I owe it to the teachings of the Bhagavad Gita." Later in his life when he was asked whether he was a [[Hindu]], he replied: :"Yes I am. I am also a Christian, a Muslim, a Buddhist and a Jew." ===Myth=== [[Image:Babshrinenight.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Shrine of the Báb]] in [[Haifa]], Israel]] The word "myth" has two main meanings, according to the [[Merriam-Webster]] Online Dictionary: # a usually traditional story of ostensibly historical events that serves to unfold part of the world view of a people or explain a practice, belief, or natural phenomenon # a person or thing having only an imaginary or unverifiable existence Ancient [[polytheism|polytheistic]] religions, such as those of [[Ancient Greece|Greece]], [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], and [[Scandinavia]], are categorized under the heading of [[mythology]]. Religions of pre-industrial peoples, or [[culture|cultures]] in development, are similarly called myths in the [[anthropology of religion]]. Mythology can be a term used pejoratively by both religious and non-religious people. But by defining another person's religious stories and beliefs as mythology, one implies that they are less real than one's own religious stories and beliefs. The term "myth" in sociology, however, has a non-pejorative meaning. There "myth" is defined as stories that are important for the group and not necessarily untrue. Examples include the death and [[resurrection]] of [[Jesus]], which, to Christians, explains the means by which they are freed from sin, as well as being ostensibly a historical event. ==Approaches to the study of individual religions== ===Methods of studying religion subjectively (in relation to one's own beliefs)=== These include efforts to determine the meaning and application of "sacred" texts and beliefs in the context of the student's personal worldview. This generally takes one of three forms: * one's own &mdash; efforts by believers to ascertain the meaning of their own sacred text or other traditions, and to conform their thoughts and actions to the principles enunciated in those traditions. For most believers, this involves a lifetime process of study, analysis, and practice. Some faiths, such as Hasidic Judaism, emphasize adherence to a set of rules and rituals. Other faiths, such as Christianity, emphasize the internalization and application of a set of abstract principles, such as Love, Justice, or Faith. Some believers interpret their scriptures literally, and apply the text exactly as it is written. Other believers try to interpret scripture and other tradition through its context, to derive abstract principles which they may apply more directly to their lives and contexts. [[Image:Egypt.Aswan.Mosque.01.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Mosque; Aswan, Egypt.]] * another's compared to one's own &mdash; efforts by believers of one belief system attempt to describe a different belief system in terms of their own beliefs. One example of this method is in [[David Strauss|David Strauss's]] 1835 ''The Life of Jesus.'' Strauss's theological approach strikes from the [[New Testament|Biblical text]] the descriptions of [[angel]]s and [[miracle]]s which, due to his presupposition that supernatural events do not occur, he does not believe could have occurred. He then concludes that the stories must have been inserted by a "supernaturalist" merely trying to make an important story more convincing. In this course of his argument, Strauss argues that the supernaturalist who inserted the angels into the story of the birth of [[Jesus|Christ]] borrowed the heathen doctrine of angels from the Babylonians who had held the Jews in [[History of ancient Israel and Judah|captivity]]. That is, the New Testament's fabulous role for angels "is evidently a product of the influence of the Zend religion of the Persians on the Jewish mind." Due to his presumption that supernatural events do not occur, he dismisses the possibility that both cultures came to believe in angels independently, as a result of their own experiences and context. * another's as defined by itself &mdash; efforts by believers of one belief system to understand the heart and meaning of another faith on its own terms. This very challenging approach to understanding religion presumes that each religion is a self-consistent system whereby a set of beliefs and actions depend upon each other for coherence, and can ''only'' be understood in relation to each other. This method requires the student to investigate the philosophical, emotional, religious, and social presuppositions that adherents of another religion develop and apply in their religious life, before applying their own biases, and evaluating the other faith. For instance, an individual who personally does not believe in miracles may attempt to understand why adherents of another religion believe in miracles, and then attempt to understand how the individual's belief in miracles affects their daily life. While the individual may still himself not believe in miracles, he may begin to develop an understanding of why people of other faiths choose to believe in them. ===Methods of studying religion objectively (in a scientific and religiously neutral fashion)=== There are a variety of methods employed to study religion which seek to be religiously neutral. One's interpretation of these methods depends on one's approach to the relationship between religion and science, as discussed above. *'''[[Epistemological]] and [[ontological]] approaches''' to religion deal with the very nature of how one comes to accept any belief or assumption as true on its own terms and questions such matters of the nature of reality and existence of the universe and humanity. Such an approach may begin from philosophic [[first principles]] of epistemology and [[philosophic logic]] such as the [[law of non-contradiction]], the [[law of excluded middle]] and others. This is perhaps one of the strongest approaches as one's assumptions here will underline one's assumptions and subsequent approaches to analysis of all of the history, people, sciences (or pseudosciences), humanities and social sciences, texts, ideologies, literatures, emotions and experiences associated with religions. *'''Historical, archeological, and literary approaches''' to religion include attempts to discover the sacred writings at the "dawn of humanity." For example, [[Max Müller]] in 1879 launched a project to translate the earliest [[sacred text|sacred texts]] of [[Hinduism]] into English in the ''Sacred Books of the East.'' Müller's intent was to translate for the first time the "bright" as well as the "dark sides" of non-Christian religions into English. [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbe01/sbe01002.htm] *'''Anthropological approaches''' include attempts to lay out the principles of [[Indigenous peoples|native tribes]] that have had little contact with [[Scientific Revolution|modern technology]] as in [[John Lubbock|John Lubbock's]] ''The Origin of Civilization and the Primitive Condition of Man.'' [http://darwin.lib.cam.ac.uk/perl/nav?pclass=calent&pkey=7286] :The term "religion" is problematic for anthropologists, and their approaches to the subject are quite varied. Some take the view that religion, particularly in less technically complex cultures, is a form of ''proto-science''--a primitive attempt to explain and predict phenomena in the natural world, similar to modern science but less advanced. :However, most modern anthropologists reject this view as antiquated, ethnically and intellectually chauvinistic, and unsupported by cross-cultural evidence. [[Science]] has very specific methods and aims, while the term "religion" encompasses a huge spectrum of practices, goals, and social functions. In addition to explaining the world (natural or otherwise), religions may also provide mechanisms for maintaining social and psychological well-being, and the foundations of moral/ethical, economic, and political reasoning. :While many early anthropologists attempted to catalogue and universalize these functions and their origins, modern researchers have tended to back away from such speculation, preferring a more holistic approach: The object of study is the meaning of religious traditions and practices for the practitioners themselves--religion in context--rather than formalized theories about religion in general. *'''Sociological approaches''' include attempts to explain the development of the ideas of [[morality]] and [[law]], as in for example, [[Auguste Comte|Auguste Comte's]] ''Cours de philosophie positive'' hypothesizing in 1842 that people go through stages of evolution 1) obeying supernatural beings, then 2) manipulating abstract unseen forces, and finally 3) exploring more or less scientifically the social laws and practical governmental structures that work in practice. Within a sociological approach, religion is but the earliest primitive stage of discovering what is morally right and wrong in a [[civilization|civilized society]]. It is the duty of [[intelligence (trait)|intelligent]] men and women everywhere to take [[responsibility]] for shaping the society without appealing to a non-existent Divinity to discover empirically what moral concepts actually work in practice, and in the process, the shapers of society must take into account that there is no Divine authority to adjudicate between what are only the opinions of men and women. Comte wrote, in translation, "It can not be necessary to prove to anybody who reads this work that Ideas govern the world, or throw it into chaos; in other words, that all social mechanism rests upon Opinions. The great political and moral crisis that societies are now undergoing is shown by a rigid analysis to arise out of intellectual anarchy." The intellectual anarchy includes the warring oppositions among the world's religions. [http://www.forum-global.de/soc/bibliot/comte/comtepositivephilosophy.htm] *'''Psychological approaches'''. The [[Psychology of religion]] involves the gathering and classification of data (usually wide ranging) and the building of the explanations of the psychological processes underlying the religious experiences and beliefs. It includes a wide variety of researches (psychoanalytical and others) : [[Sigmund Freud]] (Oedipus Complex, Illusion), [[Carl Jung]] (Universal archetypes), [[Erich Fromm]] (Desire, Need for stable frame), [[William James]] (Personal religious experience, Pragmatism), [[Alfred Adler]] (Feeling of inferiority, Perfection), [[Ludwig Feuerbach]] (Imagination, Wishes, Fear of Death), [[Gordon Alport]] (Mature religion and Immature religion), [[Erik Erikson]] (Influence on personality development), [[Rudolf Otto]] (Non-rational experience), James Leuba (Mystical experiences and drugs). *'''Philosophical approaches''' include attempts to derive [[rationality|rational]] classifications of the views of the world that religions preach as in [[Immanuel Kant]]'s 1788 ''Critique of Practical Reason.'' Within a philosophical approach, the reason for a religious belief should be more important than the emotional attachment to the belief. [http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/etext04/ikcpr10.txt] And in attempting to provide a reasonable basis for morality, Kant proposed the [[categorical imperative]]: "Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law." [http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/etext04/ikfpm10.txt] *'''Neuroscientific approaches''' seek to explore the apparent similarities among religious views dominant in diverse cultures that have had little or no contact, why religion is found in almost every human group, and why humans accept counterintuitive statements in the name of religion. In [[neuroscience]], work by scientists such as Ramachandran and his colleagues from the [[University of California, San Diego]] [http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro01/web2/Eguae.html] suggests evidence of [[brain]] circuitry in the [[temporal lobe]] associated with intense religious experiences. See also [[neurotheology]], the scientific study of the biological basis of spiritual experience. *'''Sociological approaches''' include the work of [[Rodney Stark]] who has looked at the social forces that have caused religions to grow and the features of religions that have been most successful. For example, Stark, who claims to be an [[agnostic]], hypothesizes that, before Christianity became established as the state religion of Constantinople, Christianity grew rapidly because it provided a practical framework within which non-family members would provide help to other people in the community in a barter system of mutual assistance. Similarly, [[evolutionary psychology]] approaches consider the survival advantages that religion might have given to a community of hunter-gatherers, such as unifying them within a coherent social group. : Critics assert that this approach is inadequate insofar as it asserts that people subscribe to religions ''merely'' because of practical advantages. *'''Cognitive psychological approaches''' take a completely different approach to explaining religion. Foremost among them is [[Pascal Boyer]], whose book, ''[[Religion Explained]]'', lays out the basics of his theory, and attempts to refute several previous and more direct explanations for the phenomenon of religion. Religion is taken in its widest sense (from holy mountains over ancestral spirits to monotheistic deities). An explanation is offered for human religious behaviour without making a presumption, to the positive or the negative, about the actual subject matter of the religious beliefs. Essentially, the reasoning goes that religion is a side effect to the normal functioning of certain [[subconscious]] intuitive mental faculties which normally apply to physics (enabling prediction of the arc a football will take only seconds after its release, for example), and social networks (to keep track of other people's identity, history, loyalty, etc.), and a variety of others. For instance, the same mechanism that serves to link, without explaining, an event (e.g. rustling of tall grass) with a cause (the possible presence of a predator) will help to form or sustain a belief that two random events are linked, or that an unexplained event is linked to supernatural causes. The reasoning would imply that there is no direct causal link between the subject matter of a belief (e.g. whether the ancestors watch over us) and the fact that there is such a belief. :Critics assert that cognitive psychological approaches are unfalsifiable and hence are unscientific speculation. For a discussion of the struggle to attain objectivity in the scientific study of religion, see ''Total Truth'' by Nancy Pearcey (ISBN 1581344589), who argues that some studies performed pursuant to these methods make claims beyond the realm of observable and verifiable phenomena, and are therefore neither scientific nor religiously neutral. ==Development of religion== {{main|Development of religion}} [[Image:Dome_of_the_rock_distance.jpg|thumb|right|250px|'''Jerusalem''' — an ancient and sacred city of key importance to [[Judaism]], [[ Christianity]] and [[Islam]]]] [[Image:Swamithoppe.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Swamithoppepathi|Pathi]]; [[Swamithoppe]], [[India]].]] There are several models for understanding how religions develop. * Models which view religion as untrue include: ** The "Dogma Selection Model," which holds that religions, although untrue in themselves, encode instructions or habits useful for survival, that these ideas "mutate" periodically as they are passed on, and they spread or die out in accord with their effectiveness at improving chances for survival. ** The "Opium of the Masses Model," in which "Religion in any shape or form is regarded as pernicious and deliberate falsehood, spread and encouraged by rulers and clerics in their own interests, since it is easier to control over the ignorant." -- Bertrand Russell ''Wisdom of the West'' (ISBN 0517690411) ** The "Theory of Religion Model," in which religion is viewed as arising from some psychological or moral pathology in religious leaders and believers. * Models which view religion as progressively true include: ** The "[[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'í]] [[Progressive revelation|Prophecy Model]]," which holds that God has sent a series of prophets to Earth, each of which brought teachings appropriate for his culture and context, but all originating from the same God, and therefore teachings the same essential message. ** The "[[Great Awakening]] Model," which holds that religion proceeds along a Hegelian dialectic of thesis, antithesis, synthesis, in cycles of approximately 80 years as a result of the interaction between four archetypal generations, by which old religious beliefs (the thesis) face new challenges for which they are unprepared (the antithesis) and adapt to create new and more sophisticated beliefs (the synthesis). ** The "[[A Study of History]] Model," which holds that prophets are given to extraordinary spiritual insight during periods of social decay and act as "surveyors of the course of secular civilization who report breaks in the road and breakdowns in the traffic, and plot a new spiritual course which will avoid those pitfalls." * Models which view a particular religion as absolutely true include: ** The "[[Judaism|Jewish]] Model", which holds that God relates to humanity through covenants; that he established a covenant with all humanity at the time of [[Noah]] called the [[Noahide Laws]], and that he established a covenant with [[Israel]] through the [[Ten Commandments]]. **The "[[Ayyavazhi]] Model", which states that, "All religions had their own truth on their own point and the one and same [[God]] himself incarnates in different parts and by destroying the evil forces, saved the people and thereby formed different scriptures. But as [[Kaliyan]] in [[Kali Yukam]] brought cruel boons, and proceed to the world, for the first the [[Ekam]], 'the ultimate oneness' (the supreme God) came to the world as Vaikundar and so all the previous religious texts had lost their substance." By this it states that at present [[Vaikundar]] the only worshippable God and [[Akilattirattu Ammanai]] (scripture of Ayyavazhi) alone is living and all others were dead. ** The "[[Exclusivism|Exclusivist]] Models," which hold that one particular is the "One True Religion," and all others are false, so that the development of the True Religion is tied inexorably to one prophet or holy book. All other religions are seen as either distortions of the original truth or original fabrications resulting from either human ignorance or imagination, or a more devious influence, such as false prophets or [[Satan]] himself. ===Religion today=== In the late [[19th century]] and throughout most of the [[20th century]], the demographics of religion has changed a great deal. Some historically Christian countries, particularly those in Europe, have experienced a significant decline in Christian religion, shown by declining recruitment for [[priest|priesthoods]] and [[monastery|monasteries]], fast-diminishing attendance at [[church|churches]], [[synagogue]]s, etc. Explanations for this effect include disillusionment with ideology following the ravages of [[World War II]], the materialistic philosophical influence of [[scientism|science]], [[Marxism]] and [[secular Humanism|Humanism]], and a reaction against the exclusivist claims and religious wars waged by many religious groups. This decline is apparently in parallel with increased prosperity and social well-being. It appears increasingly common for people to engage in far-ranging explorations, with many finding spiritual satisfaction outside of organized churches. This is a demographic group whose numbers are growing and whose future impact cannot be predicted. In the [[United States]], [[Latin America]], and Sub-Saharan [[Africa]], by contrast, studies show that Christianity is strong and growing stronger, and many believe those areas to have become the new "heart" of Christianity. [[Islam]] is currently the fastest growing religion, and is nearly universal in many states stretching from West Africa to Indonesia, and has grown in world influence in the West. Hinduism, Buddhism, and Shintoism remain nearly universal in the Far East, and have greatly influenced spirituality, particularly in the United States. Explanations for the growth of religion in these areas include disillusionment with the perceived failures of secular western ideologies to provide an ethical and moral framework. Believers point to perceived terrors such as [[Nazism]], [[Communism]], [[Colonialism]], [[Secular Humanism]], and [[Materialism]], and the havoc wreaked by such movements around the world. Particularly vehement in this regard are Islamic fundamentalists, who view Western secularism as a serious threat to morality itself. They point to perceived decadence, high rates of divorce, crime, depression, and suicide as evidence of Western social decline, which they believe is caused by the abandonment of Faith by the West. ====Modern reasons for adherence to religion==== Typical reasons for adherence to religion include the following: * '''"Experience or emotion"''': For many, the practice of a religion causes an emotional high that gives pleasure to them. Such emotional highs can come from the singing of traditional hymns to the trance-like states found in the practices of the Whirling Dervishes and Yoga, among others. People continue to associate with those practices that give pleasure and, in so far as it is connected with religion, join in religious organizations that provide those practices. Also, some people simply feel that their faith is true, and may not be able to explain their feelings. * '''"Supernatural connection"''': Most religions postulate a reality which includes both the natural and the supernatural. Most adherents of religion consider this to be of critical importance, since it permits belief in unseen and otherwise potentially unknowable aspects of life, including hope of eternal life. * '''"Rational analysis"''': For some, adherence is based on intellectual evaluation that has led them to the conclusion that the teachings of that religion most closely describe reality. Among Christians this basis for belief is often given by those influenced by [[C.S. Lewis]] and [[Francis Schaeffer]], as well as some who teach young earth Creationism. * '''"Moderation"''': Many religions have approaches that produce practices that place limitations on the behaviour of their adherents. This is seen by many as a positive influence, potentially protecting adherents from the destructive or even fatal excesses to which they might otherwise be susceptible. Many people from many faiths contend that their faith brings them fulfillment, peace, and joy, apart from worldly interests. * '''"Authority"''': Most religions are authoritarian in nature, and thus provide their adherents with spiritual and moral role models, who they believe can bring highly positive influences both to adherents and society in general. * '''"Moral framework"''': Most religions see early childhood education in religion and spirituality as essential moral and spiritual [[socialization|formation]], whereby individuals are given a proper grounding in ethics, instilling and internalizing moral discipline. * '''"Majesty and tradition"''': People can form positive views of religion based on the visible manifestations of religion, e.g., ceremonies which appear majestic and reassuringly constant, and ornate cloth. * '''"Community and culture"''': Organized religions promote a sense of community. The combination of moral and cultural common ground often results in a variety of social and support networks. Some ostensibly "religious" individuals may even have a substantially secular viewpoint, but retain adherence to religious customs and viewpoints for cultural reasons, such as continuation of traditions and family unity. Judaism, for example, has a particularly strong tradition of "secular" adherents. * '''"Fulfillment"''': Most traditional religions require sacrifice of their followers, but, in turn, the followers may gain much from their membership therein. Thus, they come away from experiences with these religions with the feeling that their needs have been filled. In fact, studies have shown that religious adherents tend to be happier and less prone to stress than non-religious people. * '''"Spiritual and psychological benefits"''': Each religion asserts that it is a means by which its adherents may come into closer contact with God, Truth, and Spiritual Power. They all promise to free adherents from spiritual bondage, and bring them into spiritual freedom. It naturally follows that a religion which frees its adherents from deception, sin, and spiritual death will have significant mental health benefits. [[Abraham Maslow]]'s research after [[World War II]] showed that [[the Holocaust|Holocaust]] survivors tended to be those who held strong religious beliefs (not necessarily temple attendance, etc), suggesting it helped people cope in extreme circumstances. [[Humanistic psychology]] went on to investigate how religious or spiritual identity may have correlations with longer lifespan and better health. The study found that humans may particularly need religious ideas to serve various emotional needs such as the need to feel loved, the need to belong to homogeneous groups, the need for understandable explanations and the need for a guarantee of ultimate justice. Other factors may involve sense of purpose, sense of identity, sense of contact with the divine. See also ''Man's Search for Meaning'', by Victor Frankl, detailing his experience with the importance of religion in surviving the Holocaust. Critics assert that the very fact that religion was the primary selector for research subjects may have introduced a bias, and that the fact that all subjects were holocaust survivors may also have had an effect. According to [http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/p001078.html], "more longitudinal research with better multidimensional measures will help further clarify the roles of these [religious] factors and whether they are beneficial or harmful". * '''"Practical benefits"''': Religions may sometimes provide breadth and scale for visionary inspirations in compassion, practical charity, and moral restraint. Christianity is noted for the founding of many major universities, the creation of early hospitals, the provision of food and medical supplies to the needy, and the creation of orphanages and schools, amongst other charitable acts. Many other religions (and non-religious organisations and individuals, eg: humanistic [[Oxfam]]) have also performed equivalent or similar work. ====Modern reasons for rejecting religion==== Typical reasons for rejection of religion include the following: *'''"Logical Contradiction"''': Many major world religions make the claim that they are the one true religion, and that all other religions are wrong (see [[Religion#Exclusivism|Exclusivism]]). Logically, either one exclusive religion is right and all the others wrong, or else all exclusive religions are wrong. Since the vast majority of people believe in a religion they were taught before they were old enough to make a rational choice, it is more rational to reject all exclusive religions rather than to accept one for no better reason than an arbitrary [[birth]]. *'''"Logical Irrelevancy"''': Many people use logic to render religion pointless, regardless of their belief in the existence of God. God, by definition, cannot fail—ergo—God is successful. Therefore we can say and do anything we want without ever being a failure, because we are a reflection of a perfect universe created by God. * '''"[[Guilt]] and [[Fear]]"''': Many atheists, agnostics, and others see religion as a promoter of fear and conformity, causing people to adhere to it to shake the guilt and fear of either being looked down upon by others, or some form of punishment as outlined in the religious doctrines. In this way, religion can be seen as promotional of people pushing guilt onto others, or becoming fanatical (doing things they otherwise wouldn't if they were 'free' of religion), in order to shed their own guilt and fear ultimately generated by the religion itself. The "others" in this case being non-adherents to said religion. According to people who share this view, this can take forms such as: people looking down on others based on their non-adherence, to people preaching that others need something the religion can provide, all the way to global war. * '''"Irrational and unbelievable creeds"''': Some religions postulate a reality which may be seen as stretching credulity and logic, and even some believers may have difficulty accepting particular religious assertions about nature, the supernatural and the afterlife. Some people believe the body of evidence available to humans to be insufficient to justify certain religious beliefs. They may thus disagree with religious interpretations of ethics and human purpose, and theistic views of [[creation belief|creation]]. This reason has perhaps been aggravated by the protestations of some [[Fundamentalist Christianity|fundamentalist Christians]]. * '''"Restrictiveness"''': Many religions have (or have had in the past) an approach that produces, or produced, practices that are considered by some people to be too restrictive, e.g., regulation of dress, and proscriptions on diet and activities on certain days of the week. Some feel that religion is the antithesis of prosperity, fun, enjoyment and pleasure. This causes them to reject it entirely, or to see it as only to be turned to in times of trouble. * '''"Self-promotion"''': Some individuals place themselves in positions of power and privilege through promotion of specific religious views, e.g., the [[Osho|Bhagwan/Osho interlude]], [[Reverend Moon]] of the [[Unification Church]] (sometimes called Moonie movement), and other controversial [[new religious movement]]s pejoratively called [[cult]]s. Such self-promotion has tended to reduce public confidence in many things that are called "religion." Similarly, highly publicized cases of abuse by the clergy of several religions have tended to reduce public confidence in the underlying message. * '''"Promotion of ignorance"''': Many [[atheism|atheists]], [[agnosticism|agnostics]], and others see early childhood education in religion and spirituality as a form of [[brainwashing]] or social [[conditioning]], essentially concurring with the [[Marxism|Marxian]] view that "religion is the [[opiate]] of the masses", with [[addiction]] to it fostered when people are too young to choose. * '''"Dulling of the mind against reality"''': [[Hegel]], [[Feuerbach]], and [[Karl Marx|Marx]] developed atheist views that reality is sometimes painful, there is no God to assist people in dealing with it, and people must learn to deal with problems themselves in order to survive. Per this view, religion in modern times, while it may decrease pain in the short run by providing hope and optimism, in the long run hinders the ability of people to deal with their problems by providing false hope. Hence in 1844, in ''Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's'' 'Philosophy of Right', Marx said of religion, "It is the [[opiate]] [most likely in the traditional sense of an [[opium]]-like drug] of the masses." [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1843/critique-hpr/intro.htm] * '''"Unsuitable moral systems in mainstream religions"''': Some argue that simplistic absolutism taught by some religions impairs a child's moral capacity to deal with a world of complex and varied temptations which, in reality, is different from what they have been brought up to believe. * '''"Unappealing forms of practice"''': People can form a negative view, based upon the manifestations of religion, e.g., ceremonies which appear boring, pointless and repetitive, arcane clothing, and exclusiveness in membership requirements. * '''"Detrimental effect on government"''': Many atheists, agnostics, and others believe that religion, because it insists that people believe certain claims "on [[faith]]" without sufficient evidence, hinders the rational/logical thought processes necessary for effective government. For example, a leader who believes that God will intervene to save humans from environmental disasters may be less likely to attempt to reduce the risk of such disasters through human action. Also, in many countries, religious organizations have tremendous political power, and in some countries can even control government almost completely. Disillusionment with forms of theocratic government, such as practiced in Iran, can lead people to question the legitimacy of any religious beliefs used to justify non-secular government. * '''"Detrimental effect on personal responsibility"''': Many atheists, agnostics, and others believe that many religions, because they state that God will intervene to help individuals who are in trouble, cause people to be less responsible for themselves. For example, a person who believes that God will intervene to save him if he gets into financial difficulties may conclude that it is unnecessary to be financially responsible himself. (Some believers, however, would consider this a misrepresentation of religion: they would say that God only helps people who take initiative themselves first.) This attitude can be taken to extremes: there are instances of believers refusing life-saving medical treatment (or even denying it to their children) because they believe that God will cure them. Many atheists, agnostics, and others also find the assertion that 'circumstances are overpowering because they are the will of God' to be a negation of personal responsibility. * '''"Tensions between proselytizing and secularizing"''': Increasingly secular beliefs have been steadily on the rise in many nations. An increasing acceptance of a secular worldview, combined with efforts to prevent "religious" beliefs from influencing society and government policy, may have led to a corresponding decline in religious belief, especially of more traditional forms. * '''"Cause of division and hatred"''': Some religions state that certain groups (particularly those that do not belong to the religion in question) are "inferior" or "sinful" and deserve contempt, persecution, and even death. For example, some [[Muslim]]s believe that women are inferior to men. Some [[Christian]]s share this belief. At the time of the American [[Civil War]], many Southerners used passages from the [[Bible]] to justify [[slavery]]. The Christian religion has been used as a reason to persecute and to deny the rights of homosexuals, on the basis that God disapproves of homosexuality, and by implication homosexuals [http://www.godhatesfags.com 1]. Many people believe that those who do not share their religion will be punished for their unbelief in an [[afterlife]]. There are countless examples of people of one religion or sect using religion as an excuse to murder people with different religious beliefs. To mention just a few, there was the slaughter of the [[Huguenot]]s by French [[Catholics]] in the [[Sixteenth Century]]; [[Hindu]]s and [[Muslim]]s killing each other when [[Pakistan]] separated from India in 1947; the persecution and killing of [[Shiite]] Muslims by [[Sunni]] Muslims in Iraq and the murder of [[Protestant]]s by [[Catholics]] and vice versa in [[Ireland]], (both of these examples in the late [[Twentieth Century]]); and the [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]] that continues today. According to some critics of religion, these beliefs can encourage completely unnecessary conflicts and in some cases even wars. Many [[atheist]]s believe that, because of this, religion is incompatible with world peace, freedom, civil rights, equality, and good government. ==Approaches to relating to the beliefs of others== Adherents of particular religions deal with the differing doctrines and practices espoused by other religions in a variety ways. All strains of thought appear in different segments of all major world religions. ===Exclusivism=== People with exclusivist beliefs sometimes typically explain other religions as either in error, or as corruptions or counterfeits of the true faith. Examples include: * Christian scripture states that Jesus said: "I am the way, the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father but through me." John 14:6. * Islamic scripture states: "O you who believe, do not take certain Jews and Christians as allies; these are allies of one another. Those among you who ally themselves with these belong with them. Surely Allah does not guide the unjust people." Qur'an 5:51. and "O you who believe, do not befriend those among the recipients of previous scripture who mock and ridicule your religion, nor shall you befriend the disbelievers. You shall reverence GOD, if you are really believers." Qur'an 5:57 * Hebrew scripture states that God said to Israel through Moses: "You have seen what I did to the Egyptians, and how I bore you on eagles' wings and brought you to myself. Now, therefore, if you will obey my voice and keep my covenant, you shall be my own possession among all peoples; for all the earth is mine, and you shall be to me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation." * [[Ayyavazhi]] scripture states: "The day at which Narayana incarnated as [[Vaikundar]] the [[Kaliyan|Kali]] started declining; the book of perfection, Vedas and all previous scriptures lost their Substances as the Sathasivam came as Vaikundar." [[Akilam]] 12:147-150 * The [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] scriptures of the [[Dhammapada]] states: "The best of paths is the [[Eightfold Path]]. The best of truths are the [[Four Noble Truths]]. Non-attachment ([[viraga]] or [[Nirvana]]) is the best of states. The best of bipeds is the Seeing One. This is the only [[Middle Way|Way]]; there is none other for the purity of vision. Do follow this path; it is the bewilderment of [[Mara (demon)|Mara]]". Dhammapada verse 273 & 274 Exclusivist views are more completely explored in [[chosen people]]. ===Inclusivism=== People with [[inclusivism | inclusivist]] beliefs recognize some truth in all faith systems, highlighting agreements and minimizing differences, but see their own faith as in some way ultimate. Examples include: *From Hinduism: ** A well-known Rig Vedic hymn stemming from [[Hinduism]] claims that "Truth is One, though the sages know it variously." ** [[Krishna]], incarnation or [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]], the supreme God in Hinduism, said in the [[Gita]]: In whatever way men identify with Me, in the same way do I carry out their desires; men pursue My path, O Arjuna, in all ways. ([http://vedabase.net/bg/4/11 Gita: 4:11]); [[Image:Krishna_giridhar3.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Lord Krishna]]]] ** Krishna said: "Whatever deity or form a devotee worships, I make his faith steady. However, their wishes are only granted by Me." ([http://vedabase.net/bg/7/21 Gita: 7:21-22]) ** Another quote in the Gita states: "O Arjuna, even those devotees who worship other lesser deities (e.g., [[Devas]], for example) with faith, they also worship Me, but in an improper way because I am the Supreme Being. I alone am the enjoyer of all sacrificial services (Seva, Yajna) and Lord of the universe." ([http://vedabase.net/bg/9/23 Gita: 9:23]) * From Christianity: **[[Jesus]] said, "He who is not against me is for me." Mark 9:40. ** The Apostle Peter wrote of God: "He is patient with you, not wanting anyone to perish, but everyone to come to repentance." 2 Peter 3:9 (NIV) * From Islam: ** The [[Qur'an]] states: "Only argue with the People of the Book in the kindest way - except in the case of those of them who do wrong - saying, 'We have faith in what has been sent down to us and what was sent down to you. Our God and your God are one and we submit to Him.'" (Holy Qur'an, Surat al-'Ankabut; 29:46) **"Among the people of the Book there are some who have faith in God and in what has been sent down to you and what was sent down to them, and who are humble before God. They do not sell God's Signs for a paltry price. Such people will have their reward with their Lord. And God is swift at reckoning." (Holy Qur'an, Surat Al 'Imran; 3:199) **"...You will find the people most affectionate to those who have faith are those who say, 'We are Christians.' That is because some of them are priests and monks and because they are not arrogant." (Holy Qur'an, Surat al-Ma'idah; 5:82) [[Image:Emblem of Ayyavazhi.jpg|thumb|right|Symbol of Ayyavazhi]] *From Ayyavazhi **In [[Akilam]] Narayana said to Vaikundar: "I am the one who as God is worshiped by all sects and races" (Akilam 9:[[Vinchai to Vaikundar|Vinchai]]) **Ayya states: "I will come in all scriptures" (Arul Nool) *From Judaism: **The Talmud states: "The righteous of all peoples have a place in the World-To-Come" (Tos. to Sanhedrin 13:2, Sifra to Leviticus 19:18), and affirms that the great majority of non-Jewish humanity will be saved, due to God's overwhelming mercy (BT Sanhedrin 105a). **The Torah mentions a number of righteous gentiles, including Melchizedek who presided at offerings to God that Abraham made (Gen. 14:18), Job, a pagan Arab of the land of Uz who had a whole book of the Hebrew Bible devoted to him as a paragon of righteousness beloved of God (see the book of Job), and the Ninevites, the people given to cruelty and idolatry could be accepted by God when they repented (see the Book of Jonah). **Rabbinic tradition asserts that the basic standard of righteousness was established in a covenant with Noah: anyone who keeps the seven commandments of this covenant is assured of salvation, no matter what their religion. This is standard Jewish teaching for the past two thousand years. *From the Bahá'í Faith: **[[Shoghi Effendi]], the Guardian of the Bahá'í Faith states: "The fundamental principle enunciated by [[Bahá'u'lláh]], the followers of His Faith firmly believe, is that religious truth is not absolute but relative, that Divine Revelation is a continuous and progressive process, that all the great religions of the world are divine in origin, that their basic principles are in complete harmony, that their aims and purposes are one and the same, that their teachings are but facets of one truth, that their functions are complementary, that they differ only in the nonessential aspects of their doctrines, and that their missions represent successive stages in the spiritual evolution of human society." (''The Faith of Bahá'u'lláh'' in World Order, Vol. 7, No. 2 (1972-73)) [http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/PDC/pdc-1.html#gr1] ===Pluralism=== {{main|Religious pluralism}} People with [[religious pluralism|pluralist]] beliefs make no distinction between faith systems, viewing each one as valid within a particular culture. Examples include: * The Qur'an, revealed through Muhammad, states, "Those with Faith, those who are Jews, and the Christians and Sabaeans, all who have Faith in Allah and the Last Day and act rightly will have their reward with their Lord. They will feel no fear and will know no sorrow." (Qur'an, Surat al-Baqara; 2:62) * The Christian writer Paul wrote, "God will give to each person according to what he has done. To those who by persistence in doing good seek glory, honor and immortality, he will give eternal life. But for those who are self seeking and who reject the truth and follow evil, there will be wrath and anger. There will be trouble and distress for every human being who does evil: first for the Jew, then for the Gentile; but glory, honor and peace for everyone who does good: first for the Jew, then for the Gentile. For God does not show favouritism. All who sin apart from the law will also perish apart from the law, and all who sin under the law will be judged by the law. For it is not those who hear the law who are righteous in God's sight, but it is those who obey the law who will be declared righteous. (Indeed, when Gentiles, who do not have the law, do by nature things required by the law, they are a law for themselves, even though they do not have the law, since they show that the requirements of the law are written on their hearts, their consciences also bearing witness, and their thoughts now accusing, now even defending them.)" Romans 2:6-15. ===Syncretism=== {{main|Syncretism}} People with syncretistic views blend the views of a variety of different religions or traditional beliefs into a unique fusion which suits their particular experience and context. [[Unitarian Universalism]] is an example of a syncretistic faith. ===Universalism=== Some believe that religion cannot be separated from other aspects of life, or believe that certain cultures did not or do not separate their religious activities from other activities in the same way that some people in modern [[Western culture|Western]] cultures do. Some [[anthropologist]]s report cultures in which Gods are involved in every aspect of life - if a cow goes dry, a God has caused this, and must be propitiated, when the sun rises in the morning, a God has caused this, and must be thanked. Even in modern Western cultures, many people see supernatural forces behind every event, as described by [[Carl Sagan]] in his book ''[[The Demon-Haunted World]]''. People with this worldview often consider the influence of Western culture to be inimical. They may claim that in the [[United States]], in particular, people go to church on Sunday and cheat their neighbors the rest of the week. Others with this world view resist the influence of [[science]], and believe that science, or "so-called science", should be guided by religion. Still others with this worldview believe that all political decisions and laws should be guided by religion. This last belief is written into the constitution of many [[Islam]]ic nations, and is shared by some [[fundamentalist Christians]]. For example [[George H.W. Bush]], on [[August 27]] [[1987]] said, "No, I don't know that Atheists should be considered as citizens, nor should they be considered patriots. This is one nation under God." In addition, beliefs about the [[supernatural]] or [[metaphysical]] may not presuppose a difference between any such thing as [[nature]] and non-nature, nor between science and what the most educated people believe. In the view of some historians, the pre-[[Socratic]] [[Athenian]]s saw [[science]], political [[tradition]], [[culture]], and religion as not easily distinguishable, but all part of the same body of [[knowledge]] and [[wisdom]] available to a [[community]]. ===Systemization=== In Buddhism, practice and progress along the spiritual path happens when one follows the system of buddhist practice. Any religion which follows (parts of) the fundamentals of this system has, according to the teachings of Buddha, good aspects to the extent it accords with this system. Any religion which goes against (parts of) the fundamentals of this system, includes bad aspects too. Any religion which does not teach certain parts of this system, is not because of this a 'bad' religion; it just lacks those teachings and is to that extent incomplete. ''A question by the monk Subhadda to the Buddha'': "O Gotama, there are [[Samana]]s and [[Brahmin|Brahmanas]] (religious leaders) who are leaders of their sects, who are well-esteemed by many people, such as Purana Kassapa, Makkhali Gosala, Ajita Kesakambala, Pakudha Kaccayana, Sancaya Belatthaputta and [[Mahavira|Nigantha Nataputta]]. Do all of them have knowledge and understanding as they themselves have declared? Or do all of them have no knowledge and understanding?"<br> ''The reply by Buddha was'': "Subhadda, in whatever teaching is not found the [[Noble Eightfold Path]], neither in it is there found a Samana (priest or holy person) of the first stage ([[Sotapanna]]), nor a Samana of the second stage ([[Sakadagami]]), nor a Samana of the third stage ([[Anagami]]), nor a Samana of the fourth stage ([[Arahant]])". ==Religion and other approaches to forming beliefs about the nature of the universe== :''Main articles: [[Science]], [[Philosophy]], [[Metaphysics]], [[Esotericism]], [[Mysticism]], [[Spirituality]], [[Mythology]]'' [[Human]]s have many different methods which attempt to answer fundamental questions about the nature of the [[universe]] and our place in it ([[cosmology]]). What is reality? How can we know? Who are we? Why we are here? How should we live? What happens after we die? Religion is only one of the methods for trying to answer one or more of these questions. Other methods include [[science]], [[philosophy]], [[metaphysics]], [[esotericism]], and [[mysticism]]. Many people use more than one of these methods. ====Present day religious adherence and trends==== Christianity is the religion with the largest number of professed adherents, followed by Islam and Hinduism. These statistics show the number of professed adherents of the major world religions. In addition, approximately one billion people do not profess any belief in a religion (which includes [[Humanist]], [[Atheist]], [[Rationalist]] and [[Agnostic]] beliefs) . These figures are necessarily approximate. <!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Kumbh_mela.jpg|thumb|310 px|The largest religious gathering on Earth. Around 70 million people (followers of [[Hinduism]]) participated in [[Kumbh Mela]] at Holy city [[Haridwar]] ([[India]]).]] --> # [[Christianity]] 2.1 billion # [[Islam]] 1.3 billion # [[Secular]]/[[Irreligious]]/[[Agnostic]]/[[Atheist]] 1.1 billion # [[Hinduism]] 900 million # [[Chinese traditional religion]] 394 million # [[Buddhism]] 376 million (see also [[buddhism by country]]) # Primal indigenous 300 million # [[Shinto]] 107 million # African traditional and [[diasporic]] 100 million # [[Sikhism]] 23 million # [[Juche]] 19 million # [[Spiritism]] 15 million # [[Judaism]] 14 million # [[Bahá'í Faith]] 7 million # [[Jainism]] 4.2 million # [[Cao Dai]] 4 million # [[Zoroastrianism]] 2.6 million <!-- NOTE: As of April, 2005, the numbers for Zoroastrianism have been revised upward signifcantly by Adherent (http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Zoroastrianism) The reason is that increasing religious freedom has incresed the number of people publicly willing to identify themselves Zoroastrians. Until Adherents revises the number downward, please do not edit, or take your suggestions to Talk.--> # [[Tenrikyo]] 2 million # [[Neopaganism]] 1 million # [[Unitarian Universalism]] 800,000 # [[Rastafari movement]] 600,000 In ranking religious denominations, the [[Roman Catholic Church]] is the largest single denomination within Christianity, [[Sunni Islam]] within Islam, and Vaishnavism within Hinduism. It is difficult to say whether there are more Roman Catholics or Sunnis, as the numbers are roughly equal, and exact counts are impossible. ==See also== *Attributes of some religions: [[clergy]] &#8211; [[creed]] &#8211; [[cult (religion)|cult]] &#8211; [[dogma]] &#8211; [[orthodoxy]] &#8211; [[priest|priests]] *[[Existence of God|Arguments for and against the existence of God]] *Criticism: [[Criticism of Religion]] *Entities of some religious worldviews: [[angel]] &#8211; [[animal worship]] &#8211; [[demigod]] &#8211; [[demon]] &#8211; [[devas]] &#8211; [[devil]] &#8211; [[ekam]] &#8211; [[god]] &#8211; [[goddess]] &#8211; [[prophet]] &#8211; [[Sky Father|sky father]] &#8211; [[solar deity]] &#8211; [[spiritual being|spirit]] *[[Irreligion]] *Lists: [[list of religious topics]] &#8211; [[Major world religions]] &#8211; [[list of religions]] &#8211; [[list of religious populations]] &#8211; [[list of deities]] &#8211; [[List of people considered to be deities]] &#8211; [[List of religion scholars]] *Non-religious beliefs: [[agnosticism]] &#8211; [[atheism]] &#8211; [[secularism]] &#8211; [[Secular Humanism]] *Other elements of some religious worldviews:[[Dharma Yukam]] &#8211; [[afterlife]] &#8211; [[chosen people]] &#8211; [[creation belief]] &#8211; [[End of the world (religion)|end of the world]] &#8211; [[evil]] - [[heaven]] &#8211; [[hell]] &#8211; [[karma]] &#8211; [[miracle|miracles]] &#8211; [[moksha]] &#8211; [[nirvana]] &#8211; [[resurrection]] &#8211; [[revelation]] &#8211; [[soul]] &#8211; [[spiritual possession]] &#8211; [[supernatural]] *Problematic effects of some religions: [[religious violence]] *Religious practices: [[divination]] &#8211; [[religious ecstasy|ecstasy]] &#8211; [[exorcism]] &#8211; [[faith]] &#8211; [[magic and religion|magic]] &#8211; [[meditation]] &#8211; [[mysticism]] &#8211; [[prayer]] &#8211; [[repentance]] &#8211; [[sacrifice]] &#8211; [[shunning]] &#8211; [[superstition]] &#8211; [[veneration]] &#8211; [[worship]] *Practices frowned upon by religions: [[apostasy]] &#8211; [[heresy]] &#8211; [[idolatry]] &#8211; [[sin]] *Related subjects: [[mythology]] &#8211; [[philosophy of religion]] &#8211; [[theology]] &#8211; [[pseudoreligion]] &#8211; [[angelology]] &#8211; [[demonology]] *Religious beliefs: [[Christian anarchism|anarchism]] &#8211; [[transtheism]] &#8211; [[deism]] &#8211; [[henotheism]] &#8211; [[maltheism]] &#8211; [[monism]] &#8211; [[monotheism]] &#8211; [[pantheism]] &#8211; [[panentheism]] &#8211; [[polytheism]] &#8211; [[pandeism]] &#8211; [[panendeism]] &#8211; [[polydeism]] &#8211; [[theism]] &#8211; [[mono-originism]] *Religious organizations: [[cult]] &#8211; [[sect]] &#8211; [[religious denomination|denomination]] &#8211; [[Ecclesia (sociology of religion)|ecclesia]] *Scholarly approaches to religion: [[anthropology of religion]] &#8211; [[comparative religion]] &#8211; [[psychology of religion]] &#8211; [[sociology of religion]] *Types of religions: [[ancestor worship]] &#8211; [[civil religion]] &#8211; [[folk religion]] &#8211; [[fundamentalism]] &#8211; [[mystery religion]] &#8211; [[New Age]] &#8211; [[paganism]] &#8211; [[shamanism]] &#8211; [[spirituality]] &#8211; [[totemism]] &#8211; [[animism]] *[[Religion and social issues]] *[[Religious freedom]] - freedom of religion ''and'' belief *[[The axis age]] *[[Comparing Eastern and Western religious traditions]] *[[Reports of unusual religious childbirths]] ===Related philosophical stances=== *[[Balagangadhara]] offers a fundamental rethinking of religion. *[[Dualism (philosophy of mind)|Dualism (Philosophy of mind)]] - the view that the mental and the physical have a fundamentally different nature as an answer to the [[Mind-body_problem|mind-body problem]]. *[[Idealism|Idealism (Philosophy)]] - any theory positing the primacy of spirit, mind, or language over matter. It includes claiming that thought has some crucial role in making the world the way it is. *[[Vitalism]] - the doctrine that life cannot be explained solely by mechanism. Often, the non-material element is referred to as the soul, the "vital spark," or a kind of energy. ==Compare with== *[[Naturalism (Philosophy)]] - which rejects the validity of explanations or theories making use of entities inaccessible to [[natural science]]. *[[Materialism|Materialism (Philosophy)]] - the view that the only thing that can truly be said to 'exist' is matter; that fundamentally, all things are composed of 'material'. Materialism is typically contrasted with dualism, idealism, and vitalism. *the [[Scientific method]] - essentially an extremely cautious means of [[model (abstract)|building]] a supportable, [[evidence]]d [[understanding]] of our [[world]]. ==References== *Saint Augustine; ''The Confessions of Saint Augustine'' (John K. Ryan translator); Image (1960), ISBN 0-385-02955-1. *Descartes, René; ''Meditations on First Philosophy''; Bobbs-Merril (1960), ISBN 0-672-60191-5. *Durant, Will (& Ariel (uncredited)); ''Our Oriental Heritage''; MJF Books (1997), ISBN 1567310125. *Durant, Will (& Ariel (uncredited)); ''Caesar and Christ''; MJF Books (1994), ISBN 1567310141 *Durant, Will (& Ariel (uncredited)); ''The Age of Faith''; Simon & Schuster (1980), ISBN 0671012002. *Gonick, Larry; ''The Cartoon History of the Universe''; Doubleday, vol. 1 (1990) ISBN 0-385-26520-4, vol. II (1994) ISBN#0-385-42093-5, W. W. Norton, vol. III (2002) ISBN 0-393-05184-6. *Lao Tzu; ''Tao Te Ching'' (Victor H. Mair translator); Bantam (1998). *''The Holy Bible'', King James Version; New American Library (1974). *''The Koran''; Penguin (2000), ISBN 0140445587. *''The Origin of Live & Death'', African Creation Myths; Heinemann (1966). *''Poems of Heaven and Hell from Ancient Mesopotamia''; Penguin (1971). ==External links== {{wikiquote}} {{commons|Category:Religion}} *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3971045.stm What does it mean to be human?] BBC article about Flores Man and religion *[http://www.history-forum.com/index.php/board,13.0.html History of Religion] related discussions on [http://www.history-forum.com History Forum] *[http://www.as.ua.edu/rel/studyingreligion.html Studying Religion] - Introduction to the methods and scholars of the academic study of religion *[http://www.atheistfoundation.org.au/retrograde.htm Retrograde Religion ]- Atheist Foundation of Australia Inc *[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1843/critique-hpr/intro.htm#05 A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel&#8217;s Philosophy of Right] - Marx's original reference to religion as the ''opium of the masses''. *[http://www.religioustolerance.org/var_rel.htm Religous tolerance] *[http://www.religionfacts.com ReligionFacts.com] *[http://www.thearda.com American Religion Data Archive] * [http://www.religion-encyclopedia.com/ Internet Encyclopedia of Religion] *[http://www.rationalrevolution.net/articles/religious_criticism.htm A Historical Outline of Modern Religious Criticism in Western Civilization] *[http://3quarksdaily.blogs.com/3quarksdaily/2005/11/the_rationality.html Re-examining Religion] Short article with new theories of religion, by S. Abbas Raza of [http://3quarksdaily.com ''3 Quarks Daily''] *[http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/hrj/iss16/gunn.shtml The Complexity of Religion and the Definition of “Religion” in International Law] Harvard Human Rights Journal article from the President and Fellows of Harvard College(2003) [[Category:Core issues in ethics]] [[Category:Religion| ]] <!-- [[ar:d+y+n+]] --> <!-- [[fa:d+*n+]] --> <!-- [[he:D+T+]] --> [[af:Religie]] [[ar:دين]] [[an:Relichión]] [[ast:Relixón]] [[az:Din]] [[bg:Религия]] [[be:Рэлігія]] [[bs:Vjera]] [[br:Relijion]] [[ca:Religió]] [[ceb:Relihiyon]] [[cs:Náboženství]] [[cy:Crefydd]] [[da:Religion]] [[de:Religion]] [[et:Religioon]] [[el:Θρησκεία]] [[es:Religión]] [[eo:Religio]] [[eu:Erlijio]] [[fa:دین]] [[fo:Átrúnaður]] [[fr:Religion]] [[fy:Religy]] [[ga:Creideamh]] [[gl:Relixión]] [[ko:종교]] [[hi:धर्म]] [[hr:Religija]] [[io:Religio]] [[id:Agama]] [[ia:Religion]] [[is:Trúarbrögð]] [[it:Religione]] [[he:דת]] [[jv:Agama]] [[ka:რელიგია]] [[kw:Kryjyans]] [[sw:Dini]] [[lad:Relijion]] [[la:Religio]] [[lv:Reliģija]] [[lt:Religija]] [[lb:Relioun]] [[li:Religie]] [[hu:Vallás]] [[mk:Религија]] [[ms:Agama]] [[nah:Religión]] [[nl:Religie]] [[nds:Religion]] [[ja:宗教]] [[no:Religion]] [[nn:Religion]] [[os:Дин]] [[pl:Religia]] [[pt:Religião]] [[ro:Religie]] [[ru:Религия]] [[scn:Riliggiuni]] [[simple:Religion]] [[sk:Náboženstvo]] [[sl:Verstvo]] [[sr:Религија]] [[fi:Uskonto]] [[sv:Religion]] [[tl:Relihiyon]] [[th:ศาสนา]] [[vi:Tôn giáo]] [[tpi:Lotu]] [[tr:Din]] [[uk:Релігія]] [[vo:Rel]] [[wa:Rilidjons]] [[zh:宗教]] 1739 5463 2005-12-22T14:01:01Z Aaniyo 64 [[Religion]] moved to [[धर्म]] #REDIRECT [[धर्म]] 1741 5467 2005-12-23T06:03:35Z Taichi 66 {{Babel-4|es|en-2|ja-1|lv-}} Hi I'm '''Taichi'''. I don't speak nepali; for any message please go [[:es:Usuario Discusión:Taichi|here]]. [[es:Usuario:Taichi]] 1742 6525 2006-08-08T20:38:18Z 82.226.181.188 [[Image:Agriculture---Rice.jpg|left|thumb|250px|[[Tea]] plantation in [[Java (island)|Java]], [[Indonesia]].]] कृत्रिम तरिकाले बालिजन्य र पशुजन्य उत्पादन गर्नु भनेको कृषि हो । पशुपालन्, बाली उत्पादन्, मत्स्यपालन्, र अन्य जिव-जन्तुको खेती वा पालन यस अन्तर्गत पर्दछन । [[Image:Ford_tractor,_Sweden.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Farming the modern way using a [[tractor]] in [[Sweden]].]] [[Image:Farming-on-Indonesia.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Farming, ploughing rice paddy, in [[Indonesia]].]] [[Image:Ancient egyptian farmer.gif|thumb|230px|Ancient Egyptian farmer]] [[Image:ClaySumerianSickle.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Sumer]]ian Harvester's sickle, 3000 BCE. Baked clay. [[Field Museum]].]] {| class="wikitable" align=left ! colspan=2|Top agricultural products, by crop types <br>(million metric tons) 2004 data |- | [[Cereal]]s || align="right" | 2,264 |- | [[Vegetable]]s and [[melon]]s || align="right" | 866 |- | [[Root]]s and [[Tuber]]s || align="right" | 715 |- | [[Milk]] || align="right" | 619 |- | [[Fruit]] || align="right" | 503 |- | [[Meat]] || align="right" | 259 |- | [[Vegetable oil|Oilcrops]] || align="right" | 133 |- | [[Fish]] (2001 estimate) || align="right" | 130 |- | [[Egg (food)|Eggs]] || align="right" | 63 |- | [[Pulse (legume)|Pulses]] || align="right" | 60 |- | [[Fiber crop|Vegetable Fiber]] || align="right" | 30 |- |colspan=2|''Source: <br>[[UN Food & Agriculture Organisation]] (FAO)''[http://faostat.fao.org/faostat/form?collection=Production.Crops.Primary&Domain=Production&servlet=1&hasbulk=0&version=ext&language=EN] |} {| class="wikitable" align=right ! colspan=2|Top agricultural products, by individual crops <br>(million metric tons) 2004 data |- | [[Sugar Cane]] || align="right" | 1,324 |- | [[Maize]] || align="right" | 721 |- | [[Wheat]] || align="right" | 627 |- | [[Rice]] || align="right" | 605 |- | [[Potato]]es || align="right" | 328 |- | [[Sugar Beet]] || align="right" | 249 |- | [[Soybean]] || align="right" | 204 |- | [[Oil palm]] Fruit || align="right" | 162 |- | [[Barley]] || align="right" | 154 |- | [[Tomato]] || align="right" | 120 |- |colspan=2|''Source: <br>[[UN Food & Agriculture Organisation]] (FAO)''[http://faostat.fao.org/faostat/form?collection=Production.Crops.Primary&Domain=Production&servlet=1&hasbulk=0&version=ext&language=EN] |} <br clear="all"> 1745 5484 2006-01-01T18:18:33Z Singhp 69 Refer to Lord Davinator on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Lord_davinator] [[Category:Wikipedians in Nepal|Singhp]] 1747 5575 2006-01-18T10:01:09Z Hégésippe Cormier 60 blanked: spam 1748 5663 2006-03-02T17:43:27Z Gangleri 72 /* links */ [[yi:באַניצער:Gangleri/tests]] [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=purge}} ↺] [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|oldid={{REVISIONID}}}} rev-ID : {{REVISIONID}}]<br /> [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:special:Prefixindex|from=Gangleri&namespace=2}} special:Prefixindex|from=Gangleri&namespace=2] <br clear="all" /> __TOC__ == links == <div dir="ltr"> * '''LTR:''' [[<!-- w: -->:bh:user:Gangleri/tests|w:bh:]], [[<!-- w: -->:bn:user:Gangleri/tests|w:bn:]], [[<!-- w: -->:gu:user:Gangleri/tests|w:gu:]], [[<!-- w: -->:hi:user:Gangleri/tests|w:hi:]], [[<!-- w: -->:kn:user:Gangleri/tests|w:kn:]], [[<!-- w: -->:ml:user:Gangleri/tests|w:ml:]], [[<!-- w: -->:mr:user:Gangleri/tests|w:mr:]], [[<!-- w: -->:ne:user:Gangleri/tests|w:ne:]], [[<!-- w: -->:or:user:Gangleri/tests|w:or:]], [[<!-- w: -->:pa:user:Gangleri/tests|w:pa:]], [[<!-- w: -->:sa:user:Gangleri/tests|w:sa:]], [[<!-- w: -->:ta:user:Gangleri/tests|w:ta:]], [[<!-- w: -->:te:user:Gangleri/tests|w:te:]] * '''RTL:''' [[<!-- w: -->:ks:user:Gangleri/tests|w:ks:]], [[<!-- w: -->:yi:user:Gangleri/tests|w:yi:]] ([[wikt:yi:user:Gangleri/tests|wikt:yi:]]) * [[user:Gangleri/tests/bugzilla.mozilla.org]] * [[user:Gangleri/tests/rendering]] </div> 1749 5521 2006-01-09T01:11:37Z Gangleri 72 __TOC__ __TOC__ 1750 5665 2006-03-02T18:37:43Z Gangleri 72 or: {{babel-9|de|ro-2|ru-1|eo-3|yi-1|en-2|fr-1|is-1|ne-0}} <font id="top" /><span dir="ltr" ><span class="plainlinks">'''[[<!-- w: -->नेपाली|नेपाली]] {{DIRMARK}}:''' [[w:en:Nepali language|Nepali language]] [[wikt:en:Nepali#Translations|translations]] [[template:alphabet upper case|upper case]] [[template:alphabet lower case|lower case]] [[template:diacritics|diacritics]] [[template:special characters|special characters]] [[template:alphabet sort order|sort order]] [[template:alphabet sort order (extended)|(extended)]] [[template:numbers|numbers]]<br />'''[http://www.unicode.org/unicode/onlinedat/languages.html unicode.org]:''' [http://www.google.com/search?num=100&q=site%3Aunicode.org+%22Nepali%22 "Nepali"] [http://www.unicode.org/unicode/uni2book/ch09.pdf South and Southeast Asian Scripts] &ndash; [[project:Unicode|Unicode]] [[project:Font help|fonts]] [[w:en:project:Enabling complex text support for Indic scripts|browser setup]]<br />[[commons:user:{{PAGENAME}}|c:]] [[b:user:{{PAGENAME}}|b:]] [[m:user:{{PAGENAME}}|m:]] [[n:user:{{PAGENAME}}|n:]] [[q:user:{{PAGENAME}}|q:]] [[s:user:{{PAGENAME}}|s:]] [http://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/user:{{PAGENAME}} t:] [[<!-- w: -->user:{{PAGENAME}}|w:]] [[wikt:user:{{PAGENAME}}|wikt:]] '''[[special:SiteMatrix#ne|?]]''' / [[:de:user:{{PAGENAME}}|de:]] [[:en:user:{{PAGENAME}}|en:]] [[:eo:user:{{PAGENAME}}|eo:]] [[:ro:user:{{PAGENAME}}|ro:]] [[:yi:user:{{PAGENAME}}|yi:]] [http://vs.aka-online.de/cgi-bin/globalwpsearch.pl?timeout=120&minor=1&search=User:Gangleri +] [[commons:user:Gangleri/participation#wikipedia|++]] ^{[{{localurl:commons:user:Gangleri/tests/interwiki links/template|action=edit}} e]} / [http://bugzilla.wikimedia.org/buglist.cgi?query_format=advanced&emailassigned_to1=1&emailreporter1=1&emailcc1=1&emaillongdesc1=1&emailtype1=exact&email1=gangleri@torg.is&emailtype2=exact&order=Bug+Number MediaZilla] [[wikt:yi:user:Gangleri/tests/bugzilla|(&rarr;)]] / [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=purge}} ↺] [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|oldid={{REVISIONID}}}} rev-ID : {{REVISIONID}}]<br /> [[special:Prefixindex/user:Gangleri]] [[special:Prefixindex/user talk:Gangleri|T]] monobook [[user:{{PAGENAME}}/monobook.css|.css]] [[user:{{PAGENAME}}/monobook.js|.js]] [[:category:bugzilla|/]] [http://cvs.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.py/wikipedia/phase3/languages/ cvs] [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/mediawiki-cvs/ mail] [[meta:Developers#shell|shell-dev's]] [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikimedia-tech #tech]<br /> [[special:Watchlist/edit|&rarr;]] '''{{SITENAME}}''' [[template:DIRMARK|:]]{{DIRMARK}} '''{{ns:project}}''' [[special:Listusers/sysop|:]] [[special:Version|version]] [[special:Allmessages|all messages]] [[MediaWiki:Monobook.css|Monobook.css]] [[MediaWiki:Monobook.js|Monobook.js]] [[template:wikivar|wikivar]] [[image:smiley.png|16px|;-)]]</span></span> <!-- ?<br clear="all" />?<br />? --><br /> __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ ===== [[commons:User:Gangleri]] ===== [[Image:Redirect arrow without text.png|left]] ::* &lrm;[irc://irc.freenode.net/wikimedia #wikimedia], [irc://irc.freenode.net/mediawiki #mediawiki], [irc://irc.freenode.net/wiktionary '''#wiktionary'''] ::* &lrm;[irc://irc.freenode.net/wikipedia-balkan #wikipedia-balkan] ::* [[w:de:Benutzer:Gangleri]] ::* [[w:en:User:Gangleri]] ::* [[w:eo:Vikipediisto:Gangleri]] ::* [[w:is:Notandi:Gangleri]] ::* [[w:mi:User:Gangleri]] ::* [[w:ps:User:Gangleri]] ::* [[w:ro:Utilizator:Gangleri]] ::* [[w:yi:באַניצער:Gangleri]] ::* '''[[meta:User:Gangleri]]''' [[meta:BiDi workgroup|BiDi workgroup]] [[meta:Special:Recentchangeslinked/Category:BiDi workgroup|'''?'''&lrm;]] ::* <span class="plainlinks" >[http://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Gangleri test:User:Gangleri]</span> ::* '''LTR:''' [[<!-- w: -->:bh:user:Gangleri|w:bh:]], [[<!-- w: -->:bn:user:Gangleri|w:bn:]], [[<!-- w: -->:gu:user:Gangleri|w:gu:]], [[<!-- w: -->:hi:user:Gangleri|w:hi:]], [[<!-- w: -->:kn:user:Gangleri|w:kn:]], [[<!-- w: -->:ml:user:Gangleri|w:ml:]], [[<!-- w: -->:mr:user:Gangleri|w:mr:]], [[<!-- w: -->:ne:user:Gangleri|w:ne:]], [[<!-- w: -->:or:user:Gangleri|w:or:]], [[<!-- w: -->:pa:user:Gangleri|w:pa:]], [[<!-- w: -->:sa:user:Gangleri|w:sa:]], [[<!-- w: -->:ta:user:Gangleri|w:ta:]], [[<!-- w: -->:te:user:Gangleri|w:te:]]&lrm; ::* '''RTL:''' [[<!-- w: -->:ks:user:Gangleri|w:ks:]], [[<!-- w: -->:yi:user:Gangleri|w:yi:]] ([[wikt:yi:user:Gangleri|wikt:yi:]])&lrm; <br clear="all" /> ---- <br clear="all" /> <center>[[User:Gangleri|Gangleri]] | [[User_talk:Gangleri|T]] | [[m:user:Gangleri|m:]] [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/user_talk:Gangleri?action=history Th] | [[m:user talk:Gangleri|T]] 16:21, 2 March 2006 (UTC)</center> [[de:Benutzer:Gangleri]] [[en:User:Gangleri]] [[eo:Vikipediisto:Gangleri]] [[is:Notandi:Gangleri]] [[mi:User:Gangleri]] [[ps:User:Gangleri]] [[ro:Utilizator:Gangleri]] [[yi:באַניצער:Gangleri]] <!-- minor edit --> 1751 5656 2006-02-28T17:28:07Z Gangleri 72 from [[en:template:wikivar]] <center><font id="top" /><span dir="ltr" ><span class="plainlinks">[{{SERVER}}{{localurl:template:wikivar|action=purge}} purge] [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|oldid={{REVISIONID}}}} rev-ID : {{REVISIONID}}] &nbsp; [[b:template:wikivar|b:]] [[commons:template:wikivar|c:]] [[m:template:wikivar|m:]] [[n:template:wikivar|n:]] [[q:template:wikivar|q:]] [[s:template:wikivar|s:]] [http://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/template:wikivar t:] [[<!--- w: --->template:wikivar|w:]] [[wikt:template:wikivar|wikt:]] '''[[special:SiteMatrix#ne|?]]''' &ndash; '''[[special:Version|version]]''' [[special:Allmessages|all messages]]<br />[http://cvs.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.py/wikipedia/phase3/languages/Language.php?view=markup $wgMagicWordsEn] at [http://cvs.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.py/wikipedia/phase3/ CVS] [http://cvs.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.py/wikipedia/phase3/languages/Language.php Language.php] [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/mediawiki-cvs/ mail] [[:category:bugzilla|/]] [[meta:help:Variable|m:help:Variable]], [[meta:Global variables|m:Global variables]]</span></span></center> {| border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="center" width="80%" valign="top" height="38" !method a !method b !generates |- ! colspan="3" align="center" | <font id="common_namespaces" /><span dir="ltr" >[[#top|&uarr;]] common namespaces [-2 - 15] / used at all <span class="plainlinks">[http://www.mediawiki.org/ MediaWiki]</span> projects [[#bottom|&darr;]]</span> |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_-2" /><nowiki>{{ns:-2}}</nowiki> | align="center" | <nowiki>{{ns:Media}}</nowiki> | align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:-2}} |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_-1" /><nowiki>{{ns:-1}}</nowiki> | align="center" | <nowiki>{{ns:Special}}</nowiki> | align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:-1}} |- ! colspan="3" align="center" | <span dir="ltr" ><font id="ns_0" />[[#top|&uarr;]] (Main) &ndash; 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|| align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:2147483647}} <!--- |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_2147483648" /><nowiki>{{ns:2147483648}}</nowiki> || &nbsp; || align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:2147483648}} ---> |- ! colspan="3" align="center" | <font id="variables" /><span dir="ltr" >[[#top|&uarr;]] variables [[#bottom|&darr;]]</span> |- | align="center" | <font id="CURRENTDAY" /><nowiki>{{CURRENTDAY}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{CURRENTDAY}} |- | align="center" | <font id="CURRENTDAY2" /><nowiki>{{CURRENTDAY2}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{CURRENTDAY2}} |- | align="center" | <font id="CURRENTDAYNAME" /><nowiki>{{CURRENTDAYNAME}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{CURRENTDAYNAME}} |- | align="center" | <font id="CURRENTDOW" /><nowiki>{{CURRENTDOW}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{CURRENTDOW}} |- | align="center" | <font id="CURRENTMONTH" /><nowiki>{{CURRENTMONTH}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{CURRENTMONTH}} |- | align="center" | <font id="CURRENTMONTHABBREV" /><nowiki>{{CURRENTMONTHABBREV}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{CURRENTMONTHABBREV}} |- | align="center" | <font id="CURRENTMONTHNAME" /><nowiki>{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} |- | align="center" | <font id="CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN" /><nowiki>{{CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN}} |- | align="center" | <font id="CURRENTTIME" /><nowiki>{{CURRENTTIME}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{CURRENTTIME}} |- | align="center" | <font id="CURRENTWEEK" /><nowiki>{{CURRENTWEEK}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{CURRENTWEEK}} |- | align="center" | <font id="CURRENTYEAR" /><nowiki>{{CURRENTYEAR}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{CURRENTYEAR}} |- | align="center" | <font id="FULLPAGENAME" /><nowiki>{{FULLPAGENAME}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{FULLPAGENAME}} |- | align="center" | <font id="FULLPAGENAMEE" /><nowiki>{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;<span dir="ltr" >{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}</span> ^{<small>[[#1|1]]</small>}&lrm; |- | align="center" | <font id="NAMESPACE" /><nowiki>{{NAMESPACE}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{NAMESPACE}} |- | align="center" | <font id="NAMESPACEE" /><nowiki>{{NAMESPACEE}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;<span dir="ltr" >{{NAMESPACEE}}</span> ^{<small>[[#1|1]]</small>}&lrm; |- | align="center" | <font id="NUMBEROFARTICLES" /><nowiki>{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} |- | align="center" | <font id="NUMBEROFFILES" /><nowiki>{{NUMBEROFFILES}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{NUMBEROFFILES}} |- | align="center" | <font id="PAGENAME" /><nowiki>{{PAGENAME}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{PAGENAME}} |- | align="center" | <font id="PAGENAMEE" /><nowiki>{{PAGENAMEE}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;<span dir="ltr" >{{PAGENAMEE}}</span> ^{<small>[[#1|1]]</small>}&lrm; |- | align="center" | <font id="SCRIPTPATH" /><nowiki>{{SCRIPTPATH}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;<span dir="ltr" >{{SCRIPTPATH}}</span> ^{<small>[[#1|1]]</small>}&lrm; |- | align="center" | <font id="SERVER" /><nowiki>{{SERVER}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{SERVER}} |- | align="center" | <font id="SERVERNAME" /><nowiki>{{SERVERNAME}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{SERVERNAME}} |- | align="center" | <font id="SITENAME" /><nowiki>{{SITENAME}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{SITENAME}} |- ! colspan="3" align="center" | <font id="predefined_templates" /><span dir="ltr" >[[#top|&uarr;]] predefined templates [[#bottom|&darr;]]</span> |- | align="center" | <font id="FULLURL" /><nowiki>{{FULLURL:}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- | align="center" | <font id="FULLURLE" /><nowiki>{{FULLURLE:}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- | align="center" | <font id="GRAMMAR" /><nowiki>{{GRAMMAR:}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;<span dir="ltr" ><span class="plainlinks">[[template:wikivar/GRAMMAR|GRAMMAR]] [http://cvs.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.py/wikipedia/phase3/ CVS]&nbsp;[http://cvs.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.py/wikipedia/phase3/languages/ /languages/]</span></span> |- | align="center" | <font id="INT" /><nowiki>{{INT:}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- | align="center" | <font id="LC" /><nowiki>{{LC:}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- | align="center" | <font id="LCFIRST" /><nowiki>{{LCFIRST:}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- | align="center" | <font id="LOCALURL" /><nowiki>{{LOCALURL:}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- | align="center" | <font id="LOCALURLE" /><nowiki>{{LOCALURLE:}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- | align="center" | <font id="MSG" /><nowiki>{{MSG:}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- | align="center" | <font id="MSGNW" /><nowiki>{{MSGNW:}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- | align="center" | <font id="NS" /><nowiki>{{NS:}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- | align="center" | <font id="PLURAL" /><nowiki>{{PLURAL:}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- | align="center" | <font id="RAW" /><nowiki>{{RAW:}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- | align="center" | <font id="REVISIONID" /><nowiki>{{REVISIONID:}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- | align="center" | '''<nowiki>{{REVISIONID}}</nowiki>''' | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{REVISIONID}} |- | align="center" | <font id="SUBST" /><nowiki>{{SUBST:}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- | align="center" | <font id="UC" /><nowiki>{{UC:}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- | align="center" | <font id="UCFIRST" /><nowiki>{{UCFIRST:}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- | colspan="3" align="center" | <font id="1" /><span dir="ltr" >^{<small>[[#1|1]]</small>} this documentation displays this value [[w:en:LTR|LTR]] (left to right)</span> |- | colspan="3" align="center" | <font id="index" /><span dir="ltr" >[[#top|&uarr;]]&nbsp;<nowiki>|</nowiki>&nbsp;[[#common namespaces|common]]&nbsp;[[#reserved_namespaces|reserved]]&nbsp;[[#custom namespaces|custom]]&nbsp;'''namespaces''' <nowiki>|</nowiki>&nbsp;[[#variables|variables]] <nowiki>|</nowiki>&nbsp;[[#predefined templates|predefined templates]] <nowiki>|</nowiki>&nbsp;[[#bottom|&darr;]]</span> |}<font id="bottom" /> 1752 5548 2006-01-16T21:17:02Z Interwiki de 75 [[Special:Contributions/Interwiki_de|My contributions]] 1755 5582 2006-01-24T16:09:24Z Koavf 78 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Koavf !!!!!] [[en:User:koavf]] 1756 5583 2006-01-26T18:26:46Z Binodnepal 80 Binod Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal 1757 5585 2006-01-26T19:10:01Z Vaikunda Raja 81 {{fair use}} it was copied from [www.kanyakumarionline.com] 1759 5595 2006-02-14T17:49:23Z 61.0.90.50 sangeet, kunai pani prakritik aawwaj sangeet ho ani kunai pani prakritik bastu ko aawajko nakal bata nai sangeet ko srijana garne garinchha anyatha sangeet kunai yasto kala ho jo taal,laya lai kalama badhera ektratit gariyeko samawesh ho. anil gharti patihani-4 chitwan, nepal 1760 5596 2006-02-20T19:29:05Z 206.148.33.67 राष्ट्र भाष go online [http://www.nepalpost.com] to lestion to music in nepali go to online [http://www.nepal123.com/nepal123] 1761 sysop 8086 2006-12-22T18:44:03Z RajeshPandey 111 Message नाम filter: 1762 sysop 8071 2006-12-22T18:12:25Z RajeshPandey 111 परिवर्तित मात्र देखाउनुहोस् 1763 sysop 8096 2006-12-22T19:04:10Z RajeshPandey 111 '''सावधान:''' तपाइले प्रवेश (log in) गर्नुभएको छैन ।. तपाइको IP address लाइ यस पृष्टको edit ईतिहाँसमा record गरिनेछ । त्यसको साटो आफ्नो खाता वनाएर प्रवेश गर्दा राम्रो हुन्छ । 1776 sysop 7214 2006-10-05T04:50:13Z Jose77 104 परिवर्तन् 1777 sysop 7215 2006-10-05T04:50:28Z Jose77 104 सार्ने 1787 sysop 8952 2007-01-17T18:25:51Z Indiver 9 तपाईंको लागि $1 मा नयाँ सन्देशहरू छन् 1788 5653 2006-02-28T17:22:39Z Gangleri 72 please protect this page against moves and edits - please read [[commons:Template talk:DIRMARK]] &lrm; 1789 5654 2006-02-28T17:23:28Z Gangleri 72 from [[en:template:babel-9]] {| name="userboxes" id="userboxes" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1ex; width: 242px; border: 1px solid #99B3FF; clear: right" |- ! [[{{ns:project}}:Babel]] |- | {{User {{{1}}}}} |- | {{User {{{2}}}}} |- | {{User {{{3}}}}} |- | {{User {{{4}}}}} |- | {{User {{{5}}}}} |- | {{User {{{6}}}}} |- | {{User {{{7}}}}} |- | {{User {{{8}}}}} |- | {{User {{{9}}}}} |- | style="text-align: center" | [[:Category:User languages|Search user languages]] |} 1790 5658 2006-03-02T00:04:54Z 206.148.32.233 ramro chha == ramro chha == this is very good................ yo ramro chha 1791 5668 2006-03-05T01:37:55Z Dcljr 89 oops... I still speak English '''Please note:''' I speak [[:en:English language|English]]. - [[User:Dcljr|dcljr]] ---- 1792 5667 2006-03-05T01:30:36Z Dcljr 89 page creation -- more to come... {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} articles [[en:User:Dcljr]] 1793 6071 2006-05-23T21:37:40Z 69.207.11.242 ==Article request== '''Greetings Prameya'''!, could you help me create a stub for [http://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Jesus_Church this article]? - It is based on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Jesus_Church English article]. 3-5 lines would be sufficient enough. ''Please''. Your help would be gratefully appreciated. (I do not know what the correct Nepali title should be). Thanks -- [[zh:User:Jason Lee|Jason]], 2 March 2006 ~ its may 23 and i just found this, i am working on it!! 1795 5677 2006-03-25T13:28:16Z 202.70.64.15 Astronomy in Nepal is not very new but the Modern approaches of astronomy are. People here widely follow the pseudo-science of astrology, which proves that early people living here had good skills of sky recording. But this belief has made Nepalis stick into the same thing and not opt for the real science of astronomy. Only these days, we can find some people getting interested in the promotion of astronomy in Nepal. Some links of Astronomy organizations in Nepal: '''KOSMANDU ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY [http://www.geocities.com/kosmandu]''' GASPO [http://www.geocities.com/gasponepal] 1796 5681 2006-03-26T17:28:56Z 70.25.170.49 == Headline text ==hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh 1797 7437 2006-10-22T15:21:55Z Eukesh 93 ==Article request== '''Greetings Santoshmaharjan'''!, Can you help me create a stub for [http://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Jesus_Church this article]? which is based on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Jesus_Church This article]. 3-5 lines would be sufficient enough. ''Please''. Your help would be appreciated. (I do not know what the correct Nepali title should be). Thanks -- [[en:User:Jose77|Joseph]], 05:23 Tuesday 28 March 2006 (UTC) == शुभकामना == * तिहार तथा [[नेपाल सम्वत]] अनुसारको नयाँ वर्षको शुभकामना|--[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 15:21, 22 अक्टोबर 2006 (UTC) 1798 5684 2006-03-28T05:25:05Z 132.181.7.1 ==Article request== '''Greetings'''!, Can you help me create a stub for [http://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Jesus_Church this article]? which is based on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Jesus_Church This article]. 3-5 lines would be sufficient enough. ''Please''. Your help would be appreciated. (I do not know what the correct Nepali title should be). Thanks -- [[en:User:Jose77|Joseph]], 05:23 Tuesday 28 March 2006 (UTC) 1799 7434 2006-10-22T15:18:56Z Eukesh 93 == [[Kurów]] == Could you please write a stub http://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kur%C3%B3w - just a few sentences based on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kur%C3%B3w ? Only 2 -5 sentences enough. Please. [[:pl:User:Pietras1988|Pietras1988]] 14:38, 25 April 2006 (UTC) == शुभकामना == * तिहार तथा [[नेपाल सम्वत]] अनुसारको नयाँ वर्षको शुभकामना|--[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 15:18, 22 अक्टोबर 2006 (UTC) 1831 5733 2006-04-01T11:22:07Z Jon Harald Søby 92 babel {{babel-9|ne-0|no|nn-3|en-3|da-2|sv-2|de-1|es-1|eo-1}} Hello! My name is '''[[m:User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]]''', and I'm a [[m:Stewards|Steward]] of the Wikimedia Foundation, born 1988, living in Norway. If you wish to contact me, you can do so [[m:User talk:Jon Harald Søby|here]]. [[aa:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ab:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[af:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ak:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[als:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[am:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[an:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ang:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ar:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[arc:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[as:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ast:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[av:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ay:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[az:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ba:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bat-smg:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[be:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bg:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bh:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bm:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[br:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bs:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bug:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ca:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ce:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ceb:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ch:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[cho:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[chr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[chy:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[co:User:Jon Harald Søby]] 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[[he:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[hi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ho:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[hr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ht:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[hu:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[hy:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[hz:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ia:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[id:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ie:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ig:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ii:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ik:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ilo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[io:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[is:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[it:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[iu:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ja:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[jbo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[jv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ka:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kg:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kj:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ki:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kk:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kl:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[km:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ko:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ks:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ksh:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ku:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kw:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ky:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[la:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lad:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lb:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lg:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[li:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lij:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lmo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ln:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lt:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[map-bms:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mg:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mh:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mk:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ml:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ms:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mt:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mus:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[my:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[na:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[nah:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[nap:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[nds:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[nds-nl:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ng:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[nl:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[nn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[no:User:Jhs]] [[nrm:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[nv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ny:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[oc:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[om:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[or:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[os:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pa:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pam:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pap:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pdc:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pih:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pl:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pms:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ps:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pt:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[qu:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[rm:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[rmy:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[rn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ro:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[roa-rup:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ru:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[rw:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sa:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sc:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[scn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sco:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sd:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[se:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sg:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sh:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[si:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[simple:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sk:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sl:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sm:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[so:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sq:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ss:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[st:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[su:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sw:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ta:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[te:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tet:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tg:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[th:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ti:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tk:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tl:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[to:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tpi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ts:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tt:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tum:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tw:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ty:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[udm:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ug:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[uk:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ur:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[uz:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ve:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[vec:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[vi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[vls:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[vo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[wa:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[war:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[wo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[xal:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[xh:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[yi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[yo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[za:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[zh:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[zh-min-nan:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[zh-yue:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[zu:User:Jon Harald Søby]] 1832 8451 2007-01-08T09:00:29Z RajeshPandey 111 पाल्पाको सदरमुकाम तानसेन बजार हो| == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 1833 5742 2006-04-14T07:23:27Z Indiver 9 #REDIRECT [[हिन्दू धर्म]] 1834 6944 2006-09-27T08:29:25Z CommonsDelinker 144 The file Physcian examining a child.jpg has been removed as it was deleted in Commons by Raymond de. '''चिकित्साशास्त्र''' स्वास्थ्य विज्ञानको एक शाखा तथा सार्वजनिक जीवन को क्षेत्र हो| यस क्षेत्रको काम मानव स्वास्थ्य उकास्ने तथ छहिएमा त्येसको उपचार गर्ने हो| त्येसो गर्न क्रममा अध्ययन, डायग्नोसिस र उपचार गरिन्छ| यो क्षेत्र मानव शरीरको ज्ञान तथा त्यसको प्रयोग, दुवैलाइ समेट्दछ| ==Overview== Medical care is shared between the ''medical profession'' ([[physician]]s or doctors) and other professionals such as [[nurse]]s and [[pharmacist]]s, sometimes known as [[Allied health professions|allied health professionals]]. Historically, only those with a medical doctorate have been considered to ''practice medicine''. ''Clinicians'' (licensed professionals who deal with patients) can be physicians, nurses, therapists or others. The medical profession is the social and occupational structure of the group of people formally trained and authorized to apply medical knowledge. Many [[country|countries]] and legal jurisdictions have [[law|legal]] limitations on who may practice medicine. Medicine comprises various specialized sub-branches, such as [[cardiology]], [[pulmonology]], [[neurology]], or other fields such as sports medicine, research or public health. Human societies have had various different systems of health care practice since at least the beginning of recorded history. Medicine, in the modern period, is the mainstream scientific tradition which developed in the [[Western world]] since the early Renaissance (around 1450). Many other traditions of health care are still practiced throughout the world; most of these are separate from Western medicine, which is also called '''biomedicine''', '''allopathic medicine''' or the [[Hippocrates|Hippocratic]] tradition. The most highly developed of these are [[traditional Chinese medicine]] and the [[Ayurvedic medicine|Ayurvedic tradition]]s of [[India]] and [[Sri Lankan Ayurvedic Tradition|Sri Lanka]]. Various non-mainstream traditions of health care have also developed in the Western world. These systems are sometimes considered companions to Hippocratic medicine, and sometimes are seen as competition to the Western tradition. Few of them have any scientific confirmation of their tenets, because if they did they would be brought into the fold of Western medicine. "Medicine" is also often used amongst medical professionals as shorthand for [[internal medicine]]. [[Veterinary medicine]] is the practice of health care in [[animal]] [[species]] other than human beings. ==चिकित्साको ईतिहास== [[Image:Medicine aryballos Louvre CA1989-2183.jpg|right|thumb|चिकित्सक बिरामीको सेवा गर्दै [[लुभ्]] संग्रहालय, [[पेरिस]], [[फ्रान्स]].]] {{प्रमुख|चिकित्साको ईतिहास}} The earliest type of medicine in most cultures was the use of plants ([[Herbalism]]) and animal parts. This was usually in concert with 'magic' of various kinds in which: [[animism]] (the notion of inanimate objects having spirits); [[spiritualism]] (here meaning an appeal to gods or communion with ancestor spirits); [[shamanism]] (the vesting of an individual with mystic powers); and [[divination]] (the supposed obtaining of truth by magic means), played a major role. The practice of medicine developed gradually, and separately, in [[ancient Egypt]], [[ancient China]], [[ancient India]], [[ancient Greece]], [[Persia]] and elsewhere. Medicine as it is practiced now developed largely in the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century in [[England]] ([[William Harvey]], seventeenth century), [[Germany]] ([[Rudolf Virchow]]) and [[France]] ([[Jean-Martin Charcot]], [[Claude Bernard]] and others). The new, "scientific" medicine (where results are testable and repeatable) replaced early Western traditions of medicine, based on herbalism, the Greek "[[four humours]]" and other pre-modern theories.{{fact}} The focal points of development of clinical medicine shifted to the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[United States|USA]] by the early 1900s (Canadian-born)[[William Osler|Sir William Osler]], [[Harvey Cushing]]). Possibly the major shift in medical thinking was the gradual rejection in the 1400's of what may be called the 'traditional authority' approach to science and medicine. This was the notion that because some prominent person in the past said something must be so, then that was the way it was, and anything one observed to the contrary was an anomaly (which was paralleled by a similar shift in European society in general - see [[Copernicus]]'s rejection of [[Ptolemy]]'s theories on astronomy). People like [[Vesalius]] led the way in improving upon or indeed rejecting the theories of great authorities from the past such as [[Galen]], [[Hippocrates]], and [[Avicenna]]/[[Ibn Sina]], all of whose theories were in time almost totally discredited. Such new attitudes were also only made possible by the weakening of the Roman Catholic church's power in society, especially in the [[Republic of Venice]]. [[Evidence-based medicine]] is a recent movement to establish the most effective algorithms of practice (ways of doing things) through the use of the [[scientific method]] and modern global [[information science]] by collating all the evidence and developing standard protocols which are then disseminated to doctors. One problem with this 'best practice' approach is that it could be seen to stifle novel approaches to treatment. [[Genomics]] and knowledge of human genetics is already having some influence on medicine, as the causative [[genes]] of most [[monogenic]] [[genetic disorder]]s have now been identified, and the development of techniques in [[molecular biology]] and genetics are influencing medical practice and decision-making. [[औषधिशास्त्र]] has developed from [[herbalism]] and many drugs are still derived from plants (atropine, ephedrine, warfarin, aspirin, digoxin, vinca alkaloids, taxol, hyoscine, etc). The modern era really began with [[Koch]]'s discoveries around 1880 of the transmission of disease by bacteria, and then the discovery of [[antibiotics]] shortly thereafter around 1900. The first major class of antibiotics was the [[Sulfonamide (medicine)|sulfa]] drugs, derived originally from [[azo]] dyes. Throughout the twentieth century, major advances in the treatment of infectious diseases were observable in (Western) societies. The medical establishment is now developing drugs that are targeted towards one particular disease process. Thus [[Medication|drugs]] are being developed to minimise the side effects of prescribed drugs, to treat cancer, geriatric problems, long-term problems (such as high cholesterol), chronic diseases (type 2 diabetes), lifestyle and degenerative diseases such as (arthritis) and [[Alzheimer's disease]]. ==Practice of medicine== The practice of medicine combines both [[science]] as the evidence base and art in the application of this medical knowledge in combination with intuition and clinical judgement to determine the treatment plan for each patient. Central to medicine is the [[patient]]-[[medical doctor|doctor]] relationship established when a person with a health concern seeks a physician's help; the 'medical encounter'. Other health professionals similarly establish a relationship with a patient and may perform various interventions, e.g. nurses, radiographers and therapists. As part of the medical encounter, the [[Physician|doctor]] needs to: *develop a relationship with the [[patient]] *gather data ([[medical history]], [[systems enquiry]], and [[physical examination]], combined with laboratory or imaging studies (investigations)) *analyze and synthesize that data (assessment and/or differential diagnoses), and then: *develop a treatment plan (further testing, therapy, watchful observation, referral and follow-up) *treat the patient accordingly *assess the progress of treatment and alter the plan as necessary (management). The medical encounter is documented in a [[medical record]], which is a legal document in many jurisdictions.<ref name=AHIMA_2005>{{cite journal | author = AHIMA e-HIM Work Group on the Legal Health Record. | title = Update: Guidelines for Defining the Legal Health Record for Disclosure Purposes. | journal = Journal of AHIMA | year = 2005 | volume = 78 | issue = 8 | pages = 64A&ndash;G | url= http://library.ahima.org/xpedio/groups/public/documents/ahima/bok1_027921.hcsp?dDocName=bok1_027921}}</ref> ===Health care delivery systems=== Medicine is practiced within the [[health care system|medical system]], which is a legal, credentialing and financing framework, established by a particular culture or government. The characteristics of a health care system have significant effect on the way medical care is delivered. Financing has a great influence as it defines who pays the costs. Aside from [[tribal]] cultures, the most significant divide in developed countries is between [[universal health care]] and ''market-based health care'' (such as practiced in the U.S.). Universal health care might allow or ban a parallel private market. The latter is described as single-payor system. Transparency of information is another factor defining a delivery system. Access to information on conditions, treatments, quality and pricing greatly affects the choice by patients / consumers and therefore the incentives of medical professionals. While US health care system has come under fire for [http://www.managedcaremag.com/archives/0401/0401.forum.html lack of openness], new legislation may encourage greater openness. There is a perceived tension between the need for transparency on the one hand and such issues as patient confidentiality and the possible exploitation of information for commercial gain on the other. ===Health care delivery=== {{see also|clinic|hospital|hospice}} [[Image:Henriette Browne Mutter Kind.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Paint of Henriette Browne]] Medical care delivery is classified into primary, secondary and tertiary care. [[Primary care]] medical services are provided by physicians or other health professionals who has first contact with a patient seeking medical treatment or care. These occur in physician's office, [[clinic]]s, [[nursing home]]s, [[school]]s, [[home]] visits and other places close to patients. About 90% of medical visits can be treated by the primary care provider. These include treatment of acute and chronic illnesses, preventive care and health education for all ages and both sex. [[Secondary care]] medical services are provided by [[medical specialist]]s in their offices or clinics or at local community hospitals for a patient referred by a primary care provider who first diagnosed or treated the patient. Referrals are made for those patients who required the expertise or procedures performed by specialists. These include both [[ambulatory care]] and [[inpatient]] services, [[emergency room]]s, [[intensive care medicine]], [[surgery]] services, [[physical therapy]], [[childbirth|labor and delivery]], [[endoscopy]] units, diagnostic [[laboratory]] and [[medical imaging]] services, [[hospice]] centers, etc. Some primary care providers may also take care of hospitalized patients and deliver babies in a secondary care setting. [[Tertiary care]] medical services are provided by specialist hospitals or regional centers equipped with diagnostic and treatment facilities not generally available at local hospitals. These include [[trauma center]]s, [[burn (injury)|burn]] treatment centers, advanced [[neonatology]] unit services, [[organ transplant]]s, high-risk pregnancy, [[radiation therapy|radiation]] [[oncology]], etc. Modern medical care also depends on information - still delivered in many health care settings on paper records, but increasingly nowadays by electronic means. ===Doctor-patient relationship=== The [[Physician|doctor]]-[[patient]] relationship and interaction is a central process in the practice of medicine. There are many perspectives from which to understand and describe it. An idealized physician's perspective, such as is taught in [[medical school]], sees the core aspects of the process as the physician learning the patient's symptoms, concerns and values; in response the physician examines the patient, interprets the symptoms, and formulates a diagnosis to explain the symptoms and their cause to the patient and to propose a treatment. The job of a doctor is essentially to be a human biologist: that is, to know the human frame and situation in terms of normality. Once the doctor knows what is normal and can measure the patient against those norms the doctor can then determine the particular departure from the normal and the degree of departure. This is called the diagnosis. The four great cornerstones of diagnostic medicine are [[anatomy]] (structure: what is there), [[physiology]] (how the structure/s work), [[pathology]] (what goes wrong with the anatomy and physiology) and [[psychology]] (mind and behaviour). In addition, the doctor should consider the patient in their 'well' context rather than simply as a walking medical condition. This means the socio-political context of the patient (family, work, stress, beliefs) should be assessed as it often offers vital clues to the patient's condition and further management. In more detail, the patient presents a set of complaints (the [[symptoms]]) to the doctor, who then obtains further information about the patient's symptoms, previous state of health, living conditions, and so forth. The physician then makes a ''review of systems'' (ROS) or ''systems enquiry'', which is a set of ordered questions about each major body system in order: general (such as weight loss), endocrine, cardio-respiratory, etc. Next comes the actual physical examination; the findings are recorded, leading to a list of possible diagnoses. These will be in order of probability. The next task is to enlist the patient's agreement to a management plan, which will include treatment as well as plans for follow-up. Importantly, during this process the [[Physician|doctor]] educates the patient about the causes, progression, outcomes, and possible treatments of his ailments, as well as often providing advice for maintaining health. This teaching relationship is the basis of calling the physician ''[[Physician|doctor]]'', which originally meant "teacher" in [[Latin]]. The [[patient]]-[[Physician|doctor]] relationship is additionally complicated by the patient's suffering (''patient'' derives from the Latin ''patiens'', "suffering") and limited ability to relieve it on his/her own. The doctor's expertise comes from his knowledge of what is healthy and normal contrasted with knowledge and experience of other people who have suffered similar symptoms (unhealthy and abnormal), and the presumed ability to relieve it with medicines ([[pharmacology]]) or other therapies about which the patient may initially have little knowledge. The doctor-patient relationship can be analyzed from the perspective of [[medical ethics|ethical]] concerns, in terms of how well the goals of non-maleficence, beneficence, autonomy, and justice are achieved. Many other values and ethical issues can be added to these. In different societies, periods, and cultures, different values may be assigned different priorities. For example, in the last 30 years medical care in the Western World has increasingly emphasized patient autonomy in decision making. The relationship and process can also be analyzed in terms of social power relationships (e.g., by [[Michel Foucault]]), or economic transactions. Physicians have been accorded gradually higher status and respect over the last century, and they have been entrusted with control of access to prescription medicines as a public health measure. This represents a concentration of power and carries both advantages and disadvantages to particular kinds of patients with particular kinds of conditions. A further twist has occurred in the last 25 years as costs of medical care have risen, and a third party (an [[insurance]] company or government agency) now often insists upon a share of decision-making power for a variety of reasons, reducing freedom of choice of both doctors and patients in many ways. The quality of the [[patient]]-[[Physician|doctor]] relationship is important to both parties. The better the relationship in terms of mutual respect, knowledge, trust, shared values and perspectives about disease and life, and time available, the better will be the amount and quality of information about the patient's disease transferred in both directions, enhancing accuracy of diagnosis and increasing the patient's knowledge about the disease. Where such a relationship is poor the doctor's ability to make a full assessment is compromised and the patient is more likely to distrust the diagnosis and proposed treatment. In these circumstances and also in cases where there is genuine divergence of medical opinions, a ''second opinion'' from another doctor may be sought. In some settings, e.g. the hospital ward, the patient-doctor relationship is much more complex, and many other people are involved when somebody is ill: relatives, neighbors, rescue specialists, nurses, technical personnel, social workers and others. ===Clinical skills=== {{main|Medical history|Physical examination}} A complete medical evaluation includes a [[medical history]], a systems enquiry, a [[physical examination]], appropriate laboratory or imaging studies, analysis of data and medical decision making to obtain [[diagnosis|diagnoses]], and a treatment plan.<ref name=Coulehan_2005>{{cite book | author = Coulehan JL, Block MR | title = The Medical Interview: Mastering Skills for Clinical Practice | edition = 5th ed. | publisher = F. A. Davis | year = 2005 | id = ISBN 0-8036-1246-X }}</ref> The components of the medical history are: *Chief complaint (CC): the reason for the current medical visit. These are the 'symptoms.' They are in the patient's own words and are recorded along with the duration of each one. Also called 'presenting complaint.' *History of present illness / complaint (HPI): the chronological order of events of symptoms and further clarification of each symptom. *Current activity: occupation, hobbies, what the patient actually does. *[[Medication]]s: what drugs the patient takes including [[over-the-counter drug|over-the-counter]], and home remedies, as well as [[Herbalism|herbal medicines/herbal remedies]] such as [[St. John's Wort]]. [[Allergy|Allergies]] are recorded. *Past medical history (PMH/PMHx): concurrent medical problems, past hospitalizations and [[surgery|operation]]s, injuries, past [[infectious disease]]s and/or [[vaccination]]s, history of known allergies. *Social history (SH): birthplace, residences, marital history, social and economic status, habits (including [[diet (nutrition)|diet]], [[medication]]s, [[tobacco]], [[alcohol]]). *[[Family history (medicine)|Family history]] (FH): listing of diseases in the family that may impact the patient. A family tree is sometimes used. *Review of systems (ROS)or systems enquiry: an set of additional questions to ask which may be missed on HPI, generally following the body's main organ systems ([[heart]], [[lung]]s, [[digestive tract]], [[urinary tract]], etc). The [[physical examination]] is the examination of the patient looking for signs of disease ('Symptoms' are what the patient volunteers, 'signs' are what the doctor detects by examination). The doctor uses his senses of sight, hearing, touch, and sometimes smell (taste has been made redundant by the availability of modern lab tests). Four chief methods are used: [[inspection (medicine)|inspection]], [[palpation]] (feel), [[percussion (medicine)|percussion]] (tap to determine resonance characteristics), and [[auscultation]] (listen); smelling may be useful (e.g. infection, [[uremia]], [[diabetic ketoacidosis]]). The clinical examination involves study of: *Vital signs including height, weight, body temperature, [[blood pressure]], [[pulse]], respiration rate, hemoglobin [[oxygen saturation]] *General appearance of the patient and specific indicators of disease (nutritional status, presence of jaundice, pallor or [[clubbing]]) *[[Skin]] *[[Head]], [[eye]], [[ear]], [[nose]], and [[throat]] (HEENT) *Cardiovascular ([[heart]] and [[blood vessel]]s) *Respiratory (large airways and [[lungs]]) *[[Abdomen]] and [[rectum]] *Genitalia (and pregnancy if the patient is or could be pregnant) *Musculoskeletal (spine and extremities) *Neurological (consciousness, awareness, brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord and peripheral nerves) *Psychiatric (orientation, mental state, evidence of abnormal perception or thought) [[Medical laboratory|Laboratory]] and [[Medical imaging|imaging studies]] results may be obtained, if necessary. The medical decision-making (MDM) process involves analysis and synthesis of all the above data to come up with a list of possible diagnoses (the [[differential diagnosis|differential diagnoses]]), along with an idea of what needs to be done to obtain a definitive diagnosis that would explain the patient's problem. The treatment plan may include ordering additional laboratory tests and studies, starting therapy, referral to a specialist, or watchful observation. Follow-up may be advised. This process is used by primary care providers as well as specialists. It may take only a few minutes if the problem is simple and straightforward. On the other hand, it may take weeks in a patient who has been hospitalized with bizarre symptoms or multi-system problems, with involvement by several specialists. On subsequent visits, the process may be repeated in an abbreviated manner to obtain any new history, symptoms, physical findings, and lab or imaging results or specialist consultations. ==Branches of medicine== Working together as an [[interdisciplinary team]], many highly trained [[health profession]]als besides medical practitioners are involved in the delivery of modern health care. Some examples include: [[nurse]]s, laboratory scientists, [[pharmacy|pharmacists]], [[physiotherapy|physiotherapists]], [[speech therapy|speech therapists]], [[occupational therapy|occupational therapists]], [[dietitian]]s and [[bioengineering|bioengineers]]. The scope and sciences underpinning human medicine overlap many other fields. [[Dentistry]] and [[clinical psychology|psychology]], while separate disciplines from medicine, are sometimes also considered medical fields. [[Physician assistant]]s, [[Certified nurse practitioner|nurse practitioner]]s and [[midwives]] treat patients and prescribe medication in many legal jurisdictions. [[Veterinary medicine]] applies similar techniques to the care of animals. Medical doctors have many specializations and subspecializations which are listed below. There are variations from country to country regarding which specialities certain subspecialities are in. ===Diagnostic specialties=== *''[[Clinical laboratory]] sciences'' are the clinical diagnostic services which apply laboratory techniques to [[diagnosis]] and management of patients. In the United States these services are supervised by a pathologist. The personnel that work in these [[medical laboratory]] departments are technically trained staff, each of whom usually hold a [[medical technology]] degree, who actually perform the [[medical test|test]]s, [[assay]]s, and procedures needed for providing the specific services. * ''[[Pathology]]'' is the branch of medicine that deals with the study of diseases and the morphologic, physiologic changes produced by them. As a diagnostic specialty, pathology can be considered the basis of modern scientific medical knowledge and plays a large rôle in [[evidence-based medicine]]. Many modern molecular tests such as flow cytometry, [[polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR), [[immunohistochemistry]], [[cytogenetics]], gene rearragements studies and [[fluorescent in situ hybridization]] (FISH) fall within the territory of pathology. *''[[Radiology]]'' is concerned with imaging of the human body, e.g. by [[x-ray]]s, x-ray [[computed tomography]], [[ultrasonography]], and [[nuclear magnetic resonance]] [[tomography]]. ===Clinical disciplines=== *''[[Anesthesiology]]'' ([[American English|AE]]) or ''anaesthesia'' ([[British English|BE]]) is the clinical discipline concerned with providing [[anesthesia]]. [[Pain medicine]] is often practiced by specialised anesthesiologists. *''[[Dermatology]]'' is concerned with the skin and its diseases. In the UK, dermatology is a subspeciality of general medicine. *''[[Emergency medicine]]'' is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of acute or life-threatening conditions, including [[Physical trauma|trauma]], surgical, medical, pediatric, and psychiatric emergencies. *''[[General practice]]'', ''[[family practice]]'', ''[[family medicine]]'' or ''primary care'' is, in many countries, the first port-of-call for patients with non-emergency medical problems. Family doctors are usually able to treat over 90% of all complaints without referring to specialists. *''[[Hospital medicine]]'' is the general medical care of hospitalized patients. Doctors whose primary professional focus is hospital medicine are called [[hospitalist]]s in the USA. *''[[Internal medicine]]'' is concerned with systemic diseases of adults, i.e. those diseases that affect the body as a whole (restrictive, current meaning), or with all adult non-operative somatic medicine (traditional, inclusive meaning), thus excluding pediatrics, surgery, gynecology and obstetrics, and psychiatry. There are several subdisciplines of internal medicine: **''[[Cardiology]]'' **''[[Endocrinology]]'' **''[[Gastroenterology]]'' **''[[Hematology]]'' **''[[Infectious Disease]]s'' **''[[Intensive care medicine]]'' **''[[Nephrology]]'' **''[[Oncology]]'' **''[[Pulmonology]]'' **''[[Rheumatology]]'' *''[[Neurology]]'' is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of [[nervous system]] diseases. It is a subspeciality of general medicine in the UK. *''[[Obstetrics]] and [[gynecology]]'' (often abbreviated as ''[[Obstetrics and Gynaecology|Ob/Gyn]]'') are concerned respectively with childbirth and the female reproductive and associated organs. [[Reproductive medicine]] and [[fertility medicine]] are generally practiced by gynecological specialists. *''[[Palliative care]]'' is a relatively modern branch of clinical medicine that deals with pain and symptom relief and emotional support in patients with [[terminal illness]]es including [[cancer]] and [[heart failure]]. *''[[Pediatrics]]'' (AE) or ''paediatrics'' (BE) is devoted to the care of infants, children, and adolescents. Like internal medicine, there are many pediatric subspecialities for specific age ranges, organ systems, disease classes, and sites of care delivery. Most subspecialities of adult medicine have a pediatric equivalent such as [[pediatric cardiology]], [[pediatric endocrinology]], [[pediatric gastroenterology]], [[pediatric hematology]], [[pediatric oncology]], [[pediatric ophthalmology]], and [[neonatology]]. *''[[Physical medicine and rehabilitation]]'' (or ''physiatry'') is concerned with functional improvement after injury, illness, or [[congenital disorder]]s. *''[[Preventive medicine]]'' is the branch of medicine concerned with preventing disease. *''[[Psychiatry]]'' is the branch of medicine concerned with the [[biopsychosocial|bio-psycho-social]] study of the [[etiology]], [[diagnosis]], [[treatment]] and [[prevention]] of [[cognitive]], [[perceptual]], [[emotional]] and [[behavioral]] disorders. Related non-medical fields include [[psychotherapy]] and [[clinical psychology]]. *''[[Radiation therapy]]'' is concerned with the therapeutic use of [[ionizing radiation]] and high energy elementary particle beams in patient treatment. *''[[Radiology]]'' is concerned with the interpretation of imaging modalities including x-rays, ultrasound, radioisotopes, and MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging). A newer branch of radiology, interventional radiology, is concerned with using medical devices to access areas of the body with minimally invasive techniques. *''Surgical specialties'' employ operative treatment. These include [[Orthopedics]], [[Urology]], [[Ophthalmology]], [[Neurosurgery]], [[Plastic Surgery]], [[Otolaryngology]] and various subspecialties such as [[transplant]] and [[cardiothoracic]]. Some disciplines are highly specialized and are often not considered subdisciplines of surgery, although their naming might suggest so. *''[[Urgent care]]'' focuses on delivery of unscheduled, walk-in care outside of the hospital emergency department for injuries and illnesses that are not severe enough to require care in an emergency department. *''[[Gender-based medicine]]'' studies the biological and physiological differences between the human sexes and how that affects differences in disease. ===Interdisciplinary fields=== Interdisciplinary sub-specialties of medicine are: *''[[Aerospace medicine]]'' deals with medical problems related to flying and [[space travel]]. *''[[Bioethics]]'' is a field of study which concerns the relationship between [[biology]], science, medicine and ethics, [[philosophy]] and [[theology]]. *''[[Biomedical Engineering]]'' is a field dealing with the application of [[engineering]] principles to medical practice. *''[[Clinical pharmacology]]'' is concerned with how systems of [[therapeutics]] interact with patients. *''[[Conservation medicine]]'' studies the relationship between human and animal health, and environmental conditions. Also known as ecological medicine, environmental medicine, or medical geology. *''[[Diving medicine]]'' (or [[hyperbaric medicine]]) is the prevention and treatment of diving-related problems. * ''[[Evolutionary medicine]]'' is a perspective on medicine derived through applying evolutionary theory. *''[[Forensic medicine]]'' deals with medical questions in [[legal]] context, such as determination of the time and cause of death. *''[[Medical humanities]]'' includes the [[humanities]] ([[literature]], [[philosophy]], [[ethics]], [[history]] and [[religion]]), [[social science]] ([[anthropology]], [[cultural studies]], [[psychology]], [[sociology]]), and the [[art]]s ([[literature]], [[theater]], [[film]], and [[visual arts]]) and their application to medical education and practice. *''[[Medical informatics]]'' and ''[[medical computer science]]'' are relatively recent fields that deal with the application of [[computer]]s and [[information technology]] to medicine. *''[[Nosology]]'' is the classification of diseases for various purposes. *''[[Pharmacogenomics]]'' is a form of ''individualized medicine''. *''[[PanVascular Medicine]]'' is an approach to deal with the problems of highly specialised but both, medical and economical inefficiently arranged human resources and medical equipment in today's vascular care facilities *''[[Sports medicine]]'' deals with the treatment and preventive care of [[Athlete|athletics]], [[amateur]] and [[professional]]. The team includes specialty physicians and surgeons, athletic trainers, physical therapists, [[Coach (sport)|coach]]es, other personnel, and, of course, the [[athlete]]. *''[[Therapeutics]]'' is the field, more commonly referenced in earlier periods of history, of the various remedies that can be used to treat disease and promote health [http://2.1911encyclopedia.org/T/TH/THERAPEUTICS.htm] [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106176?query=Therapeutics&ct=]. *''[[Travel medicine]]'' or ''emporiatrics'' deals with health problems of international travelers or travelers across highly different environments. ==Medical education== [[Image:Get lautrec 1901 examination at faculty of medicine.jpg|right|thumb|An image of a 1901 examination in the faculty of medicine.]] {{main|Medical education|Medical school}} Medical education is education related to the practice of being a medical practitioner, either the initial training to become a doctor or further training thereafter. Medical education and training varies considerably across the world, however typically involves entry level education at a university [[medical school]], followed by a period of supervised practise ([[Medical intern|Internship]] and/or [[Residency (medicine)|Residency]]) and possibly postgraduate vocational training. [[Continuing medical education]] is a requirement of many regulatory authorities. Various teaching methodologies have been utilised in medical education, which is an active area of educational research. ==Legal restrictions== In most countries, it is a legal requirement for medical doctors to be licensed or registered. In general, this entails a medical degree from a university and accreditation by a [[medical board]] or an equivalent national organization, which may ask the applicant to pass exams. This restricts the considerable legal authority of the medical profession to doctors that are trained and qualified by national standards. It is also intended as an assurance to patients and as a safeguard against [[charlatan]]s that practice inadequate medicine for personal gain. While the laws generally require medical doctors to be trained in "evidence based", Western, or [[Hippocratic]] Medicine, they are not intended to discourage different paradigms of health and healing, such as [[alternative medicine]] or [[faith healing]]. ==Criticism== Criticism of medicine has a long history. In the [[Middle Ages]], some people did not consider it a profession suitable for Christians, as disease was often considered God sent. God was considered to be the 'divine physician' who sent illness or healing depending on his will. However many monastic orders, particularly the [[Benedictines]], considered the care of the sick as their chief work of mercy. [[Barber surgeon|Barber-surgeons]] (they had the sharpest knives) generally had a bad reputation that was not to improve until the development of academic surgery as a speciality of medicine, rather than an accessory field. {{fact}} Through the course of the twentieth century, doctors focused increasingly on the technology that was enabling them to make dramatic improvements in patients' health. The ensuing development of a more mechanistic, detached practice, with the perception of an attendant loss of patient-focused care, known as the [[medical model]] of health, led to further criticisms. This issue started to reach collective professional consciousness in the 1970s and the profession had begun to respond by the 1980s and 1990s. {{fact}} Perhaps the most devastating criticism of modern medicine came from [[Ivan Illich]]. In his 1976 work ''Medical Nemesis'', Illich stated that modern medicine only ''medicalises'' disease and causes loss of health and [[wellness]], while generally failing to restore health by eliminating disease. This medicalisation of disease forces the human to become a lifelong ''patient''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Medical Nemesis|author=[[Ivan Illich]]|year=1976 | id=ISBN 0-394-71245-5 ISBN 0-7145-1095-5 ISBN 0-7145-1096-3}}</ref>Other less radical philosophers have voiced similar views, but none were as virulent as Illich. Another example can be found in ''Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology'' by [[Neil Postman]], 1992, which criticises overreliance on technological means in medicine. {{fact}} Criticism of modern medicine has led to some improvements in the curricula of medical schools, which now teach students systematically on [[medical ethics]], [[holistic medicine|holistic approaches]] to medicine, the [[biopsychosocial model]] and similar concepts. The inability of modern medicine to properly address many common complaints continues to prompt many people to seek support from [[alternative medicine]]. Although most alternative approaches lack scientific validation, some may be effective in individual cases. The bioscience and alternative health care paradigms may differ to such an extent that what constitutes scientific evidence is contested.{{fact}} Many doctors practice alternative medicine alongside "orthodox" approaches but the general body of medical practitioners is often criticised for ignoring the purported value of alternative medicine. [[Medical error]]s are also the focus of many complaints and negative coverage. Practitioners of [[human factors]] [[engineering]] believe that there is much that medicine may usefully gain by emulating concepts in [[aviation safety]], where it was long ago realized that it is dangerous to place too much responsibility on one "superhuman" individual and expect him or her not to make [[error]]s. Reporting systems and checking mechanisms are becoming more common in identifying sources of error and improving practice. Radical critics of certain medical traditions may hold that whole fields or traditions of medicine are intrinsically harmful or ineffective. They would reject any use or support of practices belonging to that tradition.{{fact}} However, generally, there is a spectrum of efficacy on which all traditions lie; some are more effective, some are less effective, but nearly all contain some harmful practices and some effective ones. Naturally, though, most individuals or groups seeking a health care practice to improve their own health would seek a tradition with the maximum degree of efficacy. There is no doubt whatsoever that Western Allopathic medicine, together with its cohorts of improved hygiene and nutrition, have been collectively responsible for most of the improvements in health worldwide over the last century or so, including: increasing longevity, decreased child mortality, increasing population numbers, better ability to monitor and halt disease spread and outbreaks, improved access to health care for all strata of society. ==See also== * [[Big killer]]s * [[Branches of medicine]] * [[Complementary and alternative medicine]] * [[Diagnosis]] * [[Health]] * [[Health care]] * [[Health profession]] * [[Health care system]] * [[Iatrogenesis]] (ill health caused by medical treatment) * [[Life extension]] * [[List of diseases]] * [[List of disorders]] * [[List of medical abbreviations]] * [[List of medical roots]] * [[List of medical schools]] * [[List of publications in medicine|Important publications in medicine]] * [[Medical equipment]] * [[Naturopathic Medicine]] * [[Pharmaceutical company]] * [[Rare disease]]s ==References== <references /> ==External links== {{Wikibookspar|Wikiversity|School of Medicine}} {{Commons|Category:Medicine}} *[http://www.healthandsciencenews.com/ HealthAndScienceNews.com] The Latest Health and Science Research *[http://www.nlm.nih.gov NLM] (US [[United States National Library of Medicine|National Library of Medicine]], contains resources for patients and health care professionals) *[http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/index.html Online UK Medical Dictionary] *[http://www.emedicine.com/ eMedicine] Physician contributed medical articles and CME *[http://www.newmediamedicine.com New Media Medicine] Discussion forum for medical professionals *[http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=index-html&issn=1549-1676 PLoS Medicine] Open-access medical journal {{चिकित्साशास्त्र}} [[Category:चिकित्साशास्त्र]] <!-- interwiki --> [[af:Geneeskunde]] [[als:Medizin]] [[ar:طب]] [[ast:Medicina]] [[bm:Dɔkɔtɔrɔya]] [[bn:ঔষধ]] [[zh-min-nan:I-ha̍k]] [[br:Medisinerezh]] [[bg:Медицина]] [[ca:Medicina]] [[cv:Медицина]] [[cs:Lékařství]] [[da:Lægevidenskab]] [[de:Medizin]] [[et:Meditsiin]] [[el:Ιατρική]] [[es:Medicina]] [[eo:Medicino]] [[eu:Medikuntza]] [[fa:پزشکی]] [[fr:Médecine]] [[fy:Genêskunde]] [[fur:Midisine]] [[ga:Leigheas]] [[gl:Medicina]] [[ko:의학]] [[hr:Medicina]] [[io:Medicino]] [[id:Kedokteran]] [[ia:Medicina]] [[iu:ᐊᓐᓂᐊᒥ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᖅ]] [[os:Медицинæ]] [[it:Medicina]] [[he:רפואה]] [[csb:Medicëna]] [[ky:Медицина]] [[lad:Medisina]] [[la:Medicina]] [[lv:Medicīna]] [[lb:Medezin]] [[lt:Medicina]] [[li:Genaeskónde]] [[hu:Orvostudomány]] [[mk:Медицина]] [[mt:Mediċina]] [[nl:Geneeskunde]] [[ja:医学]] [[nap:Mericina]] [[no:Medisin]] [[nn:Medisin]] [[ug:دورا]] [[nds:Medizin]] [[pl:Medycyna]] [[pt:Medicina]] [[ro:Medicină]] [[ru:Медицина]] [[sa:आयुर्विज्ञान]] [[sq:Mjekësia]] [[scn:Midicina]] [[simple:Medicine]] [[sk:Medicína]] [[sl:Medicina]] [[sr:Медицина]] [[sh:Medicina]] [[su:Tatamba]] [[fi:Lääketiede]] [[sv:Medicin]] [[tl:Medisina]] [[th:แพทยศาสตร์]] [[vi:Y học]] [[tr:Tıp - Sağlık]] [[uk:Медицина]] [[ur:طب]] [[fiu-vro:Arstitiidüs]] [[wa:Medcene]] [[yi:מעדיצין]] [[zh:医学]] 1835 8544 2007-01-09T18:45:48Z Eukesh 93 मानव मानवबीच [[भावना]] वा [[विचार]] सम्वेदना गर्ने माध्यम भाषा हो । भाषा दुई प्रकार का हुन्छन्- कृत्रिम र प्राकृतिक । मान्छेले बोल्ने भाषा प्राकृतिक भाषा हुन भने बनाइएका भाषा कृत्रिम भाषा हुन । == भाषा == *[[नेपाल भाषा]] *[[नेपाली भाषा]] *[[संस्कृत भाषा]] 1836 6560 2006-08-14T15:55:13Z देसीफ्राल 108 cat+ <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" width="300" style="margin: 10px;"> <tr><th colspan="2" bgcolor=tomato><big>नेपाल भाषा</big></th></tr> <tr><td>बोलिने ठाउं<td> [[नेपाल]], [[भारत]] <tr><td>क्षेत्र<td>[[दक्षिण एशिया]] <tr><td>बोल्नेहरुको संख्या<td> १० लाख <tr><td valign=top>[[भाषा परिवार]]<br>[[ भाषा वर्गीकरण]] <td>[[चीनी-तिब्बती]]<br> &nbsp;&nbsp; [[तिब्बती-बर्मेली]]<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[हिमाली]]<br> <br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''नेपाल भाय् ''' <tr><th colspan=2 bgcolor=tomato>भाषा कोड <tr><td>[[ISO 639]]-1<td>new </table> नेपाल [[भाषा]] ([[नेवारी]] अथवा नेपाल भाय्) [[नेपाल]]को एउटा प्रमुख भाषा हो| यो भाषा [[चिनी-तिब्बती]] भाषा परिवार अन्तर्गत [[तिब्बती-बर्मेली]] समुहमा पर्दछ| [[देवनागरी लिपि]]मा पनि लेखिने चिनी-तिब्बती यही एउटा मात्र छ| == वर्गिकरण == यो भाषा चिनी-तिब्बती भाषा परिवार अन्तर्गत तिब्बती-बर्मेली समुहमा पर्दछ| == लिपि == नेपाल भाषा धेरै लिपिहरुमा लेखिन्छ| ती मध्ये प्रमुख लिपिहरु रन्जना, प्रचलित, ब्राह्मि, भूजिँगोल, देवनागरी आदि हुन्| यी सबै लिपिहरु देब्रेबाट दायाँतर्फ लेखिन्छन्| यी सबै लिपिमा स्वरमाला र व्यंजनमाला गरी दुई प्रकारका अक्षरहरु हुन्छन्| == विकासक्रम == नेपाल भाषा [[काठमाडौं]] उपत्यकाको मौलिक भाषा हो| यसको उत्पत्ति काठमाडौं उपत्यकामा भएकोमा विद्वहरुको सहमति छ| काठमाडौं उपत्यकामा [[किरांत]] शासणको समयमा यस भाषामा किरांती भाषाको प्रभाव पर्न गयो| [[तिब्बत]]सँगको शताव्दीयौंको व्यापारले गर्दा यो भाषामा तिब्बती भाषाको पनि उल्लेख्य प्रभाव देखिन्छ| [[लिच्छवी]] काल र [[मल्ल]] कालमा बध्दो [[संस्कृत]]को तथा [[शाहकाल]]मा [[खस]](नेपाली)भाषाको प्रभाव यो भाषामा देखिन्छ| तिब्बती-बर्मेली भाषा परिवारको भाषा भए पनि वर्षोसम्मको [[भारोपेली]] भाषासँगको सम्बन्धले गर्दा नेपाल भाषाको स्वरूप विशेष गरी [[नामपद]] अलि भारोपेली जस्तो छ| शाहकालमा तथा [[राणाकाल]]मा राष्ट्रद्वारा खस भाषालाई दिईएको प्राथमिकता तथा [[पंचायत]] कालको भाषाघाती "[[एक भाषा]]" नितिले यो भाषाको विकासक्रममा केहि सुस्तायो| [[प्रजातन्त्र]] पुनर्स्थापना पश्चात् नेपाली मिडियामा निजि क्षत्रको संलग्नताले यस भाषाको विकासमा सघाएको छ| == साहित्य == नेपाल भाषा [[साहित्य]] कहिले सुरु भयो भन्ने बारेमा कुनै ऐतिहासिक प्रमाण छैन| यसको विकास तथा विस्तार लिच्छवी तथा मल्ल कालमा भएको थियो भन्ने तथ्यलाई तत्कालिन समयमा रचित विभिन्न नाटक, गीत, काव्य तथा तत्कालीन शिलालेखहरुले पुष्टि गर्दछन्| नेपाल भाषाका महाकवि [[सिध्दिदास महाजु]] हुन्| === साहित्यकारहरु === *[[जयन्त वर्मा]] *[[लुन्तभद्र बज्राचार्य]] *[[जय प्रकाश मल्ल]] *[[सिद्धिदास महाजु]] *[[सिद्धिचरण श्रेष्ठ]] *[[शुक्रराज जोशी शास्त्री]] *[[चित्तधर "हृदय"]] *[[धूस्वां सायमी]] *[[बासु पासा]] == चलन्चल्तीका केहि शव्द तथा वाक्यहरु == {| class="wikitable" |- ! नेपाल भाषा ! नेपाली |- |ज्वजलपा |नमस्ते |- |छिगु नां छु ख? |तपाईंको नाम के हो ? |- |जिगु नां _____ ख |मेरो नाम _____ हो | |- |न्हुगु दं या भिन्तुना ! |नयाँ वर्षको शुभकामना! |- |यमा |आमा |- |अबु |बुवा |- |अजी |हजुरआमा |- |अजा |हजुरबुवा |- |पासा |साथी |- |गुठी |संस्था |- |छें |घर |- |मनु |मान्छे |- |वास |औषधी |- |बुखं |समाचार |- |प्याखं |नृत्य |- |दबली |स्टेज |- |लायकू |दरबार |- |ज्यास: |कार्यालय |- |पस:/ पसल |पसल |- |चूक |चोक |- |न्हेपू |दिमाग |- |नूग |मुटु |- |ल / ना |पानी |} == वाह्य लिंक == *http://www.jwajalapa.com *http://www.layalama.com [[af:Nepal Taal]] [[bh:नेपाल भाषा]] [[br:Nepal Bhasa]] [[de:Nepal Bhasa]] [[el:Νεβάρι]] [[en:Nepal Bhasa]] [[es:Nepal Bhasa]] [[eo:Nepal Bhasa]] [[fr:Nepâlbhâsa]] [[hi:नेपाल भाषा]] [[id:Bahasa Nepal]] [[it:Lingua Nepal]] [[mr:नेपाळ भाषा]] [[ms:Bahasa Nepal]] [[nl:Nepalbhasa]] [[no:Nepal Bhasa]] [[pi:नेपाल भाषा]] [[pt:Língua bhasa de Nepal]] [[rmy:नेपाल भाषा]] [[ru:Непали]] [[sa:नेपाल भाषा]] [[sco:Nepal leid]] [[simple:Nepal Bhasa]] [[Category:भाषा]] 1837 5757 2006-04-19T16:33:14Z Eukesh 93 यो पृष्ठको सक्कलको यदि कपिराईट छैन भने यसलाई नेपालीमा उल्था गर्न पर्यो नि!-[[Eukesh]] 1838 5758 2006-04-19T16:36:57Z Eukesh 93 नमस्कार! म काठमडौंबासी युकेश हुँ| 1839 5760 2006-04-19T19:22:49Z Eukesh 93 राज्य संचालन गर्नै पध्दतिलाई राजनीति भनिन्छ| 1840 5762 2006-04-19T19:26:12Z Eukesh 93 मानव जातिको विकास तथा विकासक्रमको अध्ययन गर्ने शास्त्रलाई मानवशास्त्र भनिन्छ| 1841 7003 2006-09-29T17:21:15Z Eukesh 93 मानव जीवनको जीवनशैली तथा संस्कारहरुको सार संस्कृति हो| कुनै पनि देशको संस्कृतिमा चाडहरुको महत्व हुन्छ| जस्तै [[नेपाल]]मा [[दसैं]] एक महत्वपूर्ण चाड हो| 1842 8430 2007-01-08T08:57:40Z RajeshPandey 111 {{stub}} ललितपुर जिल्ला काठमाडौं उपत्यका भित्रको तीन जिल्ला मध्ये एक हो| यो जिल्ला काठमाडौंको दक्षिणमा पर्दछ| यस जिल्लाको मुख्य सहर पाटन हो| ललितपुर उपमहानगरपालिका यही जिल्लामा पर्दछ| == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 1843 8429 2007-01-08T08:56:41Z RajeshPandey 111 भक्तपुर जिल्ला काठमाडौं उपत्यका भित्रको तीन जिल्ला मध्ये एक हो| यो जिल्ला काठमाडौंको पूर्वमा पर्दछ| यस जिल्लाको मुख्य सहर भक्तपुर हो| भक्तपुर महानगरपालिका यही जिल्लामा पर्दछ| क्षेत्रफलको हिसावले यो जिल्ला नेपालको सबैभन्दा सानो जिल्ला हो| {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 1844 5766 2006-04-19T20:12:54Z Eukesh 93 काभ्रे (काभ्रेपलान्चोक) जिल्ला काठमाडौं उपत्यकाको पूर्वमा पर्दछ| यो जिल्लाको सदरमुकाम धुलिखेल बजार हो| 1845 6018 2006-05-11T17:17:16Z Eukesh 93 /* महत्वपूर्ण स्थलहरु */ [[Image:KatmanduMarket1920.jpg|thumb||सन् १९२० को फोटो; काल भैरव देखिन्छ ।]] [[Image:Small stupa in Kathmandu.jpg|thumb|थंहिटीको बौध्द चैत्य]] काठमाडौं उपत्यका(अथवा [[नेपाल]] उपत्यका)मा ३ जिल्ला [[काठमाडौं]], [[ललितपुर]] तथा [[भक्तपुर]] पर्दछन्| यस उपत्यकाभित्र १ [[महानगरपालिका]], १ [[उपमहानगरपालिका]], ३ [[नगरपालिका]] तथा धेरै [[गाविस]]हरु पर्दछन्| == ईतिहास == === उत्पतिको किंवदन्ति === किंवदन्ती अनुसार काठमाडौं उपत्यका परापूर्वकालमा [[नागदह]] नामक एउटा [[तलाउ]] थियो| महाचीनबाट आएका [[बोधिसत्व]] [[मंजुश्री]]ले सो तलाउमा [[स्वयम्भू]]को अद्वितिय प्रकाश अवलोकन गर्नुभएर [[चोभार]]मा खड्गद्वारा प्रहार गरी एक गल्छीको निर्माण गर्नुभयो जसले सो दहको [[पानी]] बगाएर लग्यो| सो पानी बगेर गएपछि बनेको उपत्यका नै काठमाडौं उपत्यका हो| === गोपाल तथा महिषपाल वंश === === किरांत काल === === लिच्छिवि काल === === ठकुरी काल === === मल्ल काल === ४ सहर कान्तिपुर, ललितपुर, भक्तपुर तथा कीर्तिपुरको विभाजन तथा नगर राज्यको स्थपना| === शाह काल === === राणा काल === === प्रथम प्रजातन्त्रकाल === === पंचायत काल === === द्वितीय प्रजातन्त्रकाल === काठमाडौं नगरपालिकालाई महानगरपालिका घोषणा गरियो| === शाही घोषणा पश्चात === == भूगोल == काठमाडौं उपत्यका पहाडी भूभागमा पर्ने उपत्यका हो| यस उपत्यकालाई चारवटा पहाडले घेरेका छन्| === माटो === यस उपत्यकाको माटो मलिलो तथा राम्रो उब्जनी हुने किसिमको छ| === नदी === यस उपत्यकामा बागमती र विष्णुमती नामक दुई नदीहरु तथा धेरै साना खोलाहरु बग्दछन्| === वर्षा === मनसुन ऋतुमा बँगालको खाडीबाट आउने जलसंतृप्त बादल चिसिन गएर धेरै वृष्टि हुन्छ| शीतकालमा अरबी सागरबाट आउने बादलले गर्दा केही मात्रामा वृष्टि हुन्छ| === तापक्रम === शीतकालमा ० डिग्री सेल्सियसदेखि गृष्मकालमा ३७ डिग्री सेल्सियससम्म| == जनसंख्या == काठमाडौंको जनसंख्या ६,७०,००० हो । == महत्वपूर्ण स्थलहरु== केही महत्वपूर्ण ठाउँहरु यस प्रकार छन् *[[त्रिभुवन अन्तरराष्ट्रीय विमानस्थल]] *[[स्वयम्भूनाथ मन्दिर]] *[[हनुमानढोका दरवार परिसर]] *[[ श्री पशुपतिनाथको मन्दिर ]] *[[पाटन दरवार परिसर]] *[[भक्तपुर दरवार परिसर]] *[[कीर्तिपुर]] *[[मध्यपुर]] *[[बौध्दनाथ स्तुप]] *[[चाँगुनारायण मन्दिर]] *[[बुध्दनीलकण्ठ स्थान]] *[[सिंहदरबार]] *[[काठमाडौं भित्री सहर]] *[[पाटन सहर]] *[[भक्तपुर भित्री सहर]] == रिफरेन्स == http://www.marcopolotreks.com/kathmandu.htm {{stub}} [[ar:كاثماندو]] [[ca:Kàtmandu]] [[da:Katmandu]] [[de:Kathmandu]] [[en:Kathmandu]] [[es:Katmandú]] [[eo:Katmanduo]] [[fr:Katmandou]] [[gd:Kathmandu]] [[gl:Katmandu]] [[hi:काठमांडू]] [[id:Kathmandu]] [[lv:Katmandu]] [[lb:Katmandu]] [[nl:Kathmandu]] [[ja:カトマンズ]] [[pl:Katmandu]] [[pt:Catmandu]] [[sk:Káthmándú]] [[fi:Kathmandu]] [[sv:Katmandu]] [[zh:加德滿都]] 1846 6440 2006-07-16T17:22:38Z Rocastelo 125 Image [[Image:Kathmandu signs.jpg|thumb|काठमाडौं जिल्ल]] काठमाडौं जिल्ला [[नेपाल]]को [[राजधानी]] हो| यो जिल्ला काठमाडौं [[उपत्यका]] भित्र पर्दछ| == ईतिहास == कान्तिपुर सहरको स्थापना राजा गुणकामदेवले गरेका हुन्| किम्बदन्ति अनुसार उहांले शक्तिको अराधना गरी खड्ग आकारको सहरको निर्माण गर्न लगाएका थिए जसको जग हनुमानढोका दरबार क्षेत्रमा राखिएको थियो| === गोपाल तथा महिषपाल वंश === === किरांत काल === === लिच्छिवि काल === === ठकुरी काल === === मल्ल काल === ४ सहर कान्तिपुर, ललितपुर, भक्तपुर तथा कीर्तिपुरको विभाजन तथा नगर राज्यको स्थपना| === शाह काल === === राणा काल === === प्रथम प्रजातन्त्रकाल === === पंचायत काल === === द्वितीय प्रजातन्त्रकाल === काठमाडौं नगरपालिकालाई महानगरपालिका घोषणा गरियो| === शाही घोषणा पश्चात === == भूगोल == काठमाडौं पहाडी भूभागमा पर्ने जिल्ला हो| === माटो === यस जिल्लाको माटो मलिलो तथा राम्रो उब्जनी हुने किसिमको छ| === नदी === यस जिल्लामा बागमती र विष्णुमती नामक दुई नदीहरु तथा धेरै साना खोलाहरु बग्दछन्| === वर्षा === मनसुन ऋतुमा बँगालको खाडीबाट आउने जलसंतृप्त बादल चिसिन गएर धेरै वृष्टि हुन्छ| शीतकालमा अरबी सागरबाट आउने बादलले गर्दा केही मात्रामा वृष्टि हुन्छ| === तापक्रम === शीतकालमा ० डिग्री सेल्सियसदेखि गृष्मकालमा ३७ डिग्री सेल्सियससम्म| == जनसंख्या == == महत्वपूर्ण स्थलहरु== केही महत्वपूर्ण ठाउँहरु यस प्रकार छन् *[[त्रिभुवन अन्तरराष्ट्रीय विमानस्थल]] *[[स्वयम्भूनाथ मन्दिर]] *[[हनुमानढोका दरवार परिसर]] *[[श्री पशुपतिनाथको मन्दिर ]] *[[कीर्तिपुर]] *[[बौध्दनाथ स्तुप]] *[[बुध्दनीलकण्ठ स्थान]] *[[सिंहदरबार]] *[[काठमाडौं भित्री सहर]] == रिफरेन्स == http://www.marcopolotreks.com/kathmandu.htm {{stub}} [[ar:كاثماندو]] [[ca:Kàtmandu]] [[da:Katmandu]] [[de:Kathmandu]] [[en:Kathmandu]] [[es:Katmandú]] [[eo:Katmanduo]] [[fr:Katmandou]] [[gd:Kathmandu]] [[gl:Katmandu]] [[hi:काठमांडू]] [[id:Kathmandu]] [[lv:Katmandu]] [[lb:Katmandu]] [[nl:Kathmandu]] [[ja:カトマンズ]] [[pl:Katmandu]] [[pt:Catmandu]] [[sk:Káthmándú]] [[fi:Kathmandu]] [[sv:Katmandu]] [[zh:加德滿都]] 1847 5770 2006-04-19T20:47:44Z Eukesh 93 काठमाडौं महानगरपलिका नेपालको एक मात्र महानगरपलिका हो| यो महानगरपलिका काठमाडौं जिल्लामा पर्दछ| 1848 5771 2006-04-19T20:53:52Z Eukesh 93 यो बोल भएको गीत एक सुप्रसिध्द [[रक गीत]] मण्डली [[बब सिगर एण्ड सिल्भर बुलेट ब्याण्ड]]ले रचेको र गाएको थियो| 1849 5782 2006-04-20T18:13:19Z Eukesh 93 *[[पूर्वीय वास्तुशास्त्र]] *[[आर्किटेक्चर]] 1850 5784 2006-04-21T16:06:23Z George McFinnigan 94 {{babel-4|en|es-3|ga-2|ne-0}} <font size=+1 style="color:green;">ga:<big>'''Is Éirea'''</big></font><font size=+1 style="color:orange;"><big>'''nnach mé.'''</big></font> <font size=+1 style="color:green;">en:<big>'''I am'''</big></font> <font size=+1 style="color:orange;"><big>'''Irish'''</big></font> <font size=+1 style="color:green;">es:<big>'''Yo soy'''</big></font> <font size=+1 style="color:orange;"><big>'''irlandés'''</big></font> <font size=+1 style="color:green;">fr:<big>'''Je suis'''</big></font> <font size=+1 style="color:orange;"><big>'''irlandais'''</big></font> <font size=+1 style="color:green;">de:<big>'''Ich bin'''</big></font> <font size=+1 style="color:orange;"><big>'''irisch'''</big></font> <font size=+1 style="color:green;">ja:<big>'''私はアイルラ'''</big></font><font size=+1 style="color:orange;"><big>'''ンドである'''</big></font> <font size=+1 style="color:green;">pt:<big>'''Eu sou'''</big></font> <font size=+1 style="color:orange;"><big>'''irlandês'''</big></font> <font size=+1 style="color:green;">ru:<big>'''Я ирла'''</big></font><font size=+1 style="color:orange;"><big>'''ндск'''</big></font> <font size=+1 style="color:green;">zh:<big>'''我是爱'''</big></font><font size=+1 style="color:orange;"><big>'''尔兰'''</big></font> <font size=+1 style="color:green;">it:<big>'''Sono'''</big></font> <font size=+1 style="color:orange;"><big>'''irlandese'''</big></font> <font size=+1 style="color:green;">ko:<big>'''나는 아이랜드'''</big></font> <font size=+1 style="color:orange;"><big>'''이다'''</big></font> [[Image:Irish clover.jpg|right|200px]] <font size=+1 style="color:green;">no:<big>'''Jeg er'''</big></font> <font size=+1 style="color:orange;"><big>'''Irsk'''</big></font> <font size=+1 style="color:green;">nl:<big>'''Ik ben'''</big></font> <font size=+1 style="color:orange;"><big>'''Iers'''</big></font> <font size=+1 style="color:green;">el:<big>'''Είμαι'''</big></font> <font size=+1 style="color:orange;"><big>'''ιρλανδικά'''</big></font> 1851 5786 2006-04-21T16:06:56Z George McFinnigan 94 1852 8162 2006-12-27T20:41:33Z Eukesh 93 {| name="userboxes" id="userboxes" style="float:right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1ex; width: 242px; border: 1px solid #99B3FF; clear: right" |- |{{new}} |- |{{User काठमाडौं विश्वविद्यालय}} |- |} Namaste! This is Eukesh from Kathmandu, Nepal. नेपाली भाषामा विश्वकोष...एउटा सपना जसलाई वास्तविकतामा परिणत गर्नु छ। 1853 5937 2006-04-23T19:02:01Z Eukesh 93 /* परिचय */ == परिचय == यो एक अफ्रीकी राष्ट्र हो| == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1854 5938 2006-04-23T19:03:05Z Eukesh 93 /* परिचय */ == परिचय == यो एक अफ्रीकी राष्ट्र हो| == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1855 5792 2006-04-23T18:06:34Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1856 5793 2006-04-23T18:06:51Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1857 5794 2006-04-23T18:07:18Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1858 5795 2006-04-23T18:07:33Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1859 5796 2006-04-23T18:07:48Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1860 5797 2006-04-23T18:08:07Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1861 5798 2006-04-23T18:08:22Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1862 5799 2006-04-23T18:08:34Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1863 7947 2006-12-16T04:17:44Z Eukesh 93 /* बाहिरी लिन्कहरु */ == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[Category:देश]] 1864 5801 2006-04-23T18:09:03Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1865 5802 2006-04-23T18:09:17Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1866 5803 2006-04-23T18:09:32Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1867 5804 2006-04-23T18:09:47Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1868 5805 2006-04-23T18:10:00Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1869 5806 2006-04-23T18:10:17Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1870 8189 2006-12-28T08:29:01Z 203.91.131.5 /* बाहिरी लिन्कहरु */ == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == www.fursad.com www.ktmrocks.com ww.cybernepal.com www.cybersansar.com www.kantipuronline.com www.ntc.net.np www.forum.com.np 1871 5808 2006-04-23T18:10:50Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1872 5809 2006-04-23T18:11:03Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1873 5810 2006-04-23T18:11:16Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1874 5811 2006-04-23T18:11:30Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1875 5812 2006-04-23T18:11:58Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1876 5813 2006-04-23T18:12:06Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1877 5814 2006-04-23T18:12:22Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1878 5815 2006-04-23T18:12:36Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1879 5816 2006-04-23T18:12:51Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1880 5817 2006-04-23T18:13:11Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1881 5818 2006-04-23T18:13:18Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1882 5819 2006-04-23T18:13:37Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1883 5820 2006-04-23T18:13:50Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1884 5821 2006-04-23T18:14:03Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1885 5822 2006-04-23T18:14:52Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1886 5823 2006-04-23T18:15:06Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1887 5824 2006-04-23T18:15:21Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1888 5825 2006-04-23T18:15:34Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1889 5826 2006-04-23T18:15:48Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1890 5827 2006-04-23T18:16:04Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1891 5828 2006-04-23T18:16:17Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1892 5829 2006-04-23T18:16:33Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1893 5830 2006-04-23T18:16:46Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1894 5831 2006-04-23T18:17:03Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1895 5832 2006-04-23T18:17:16Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1896 5833 2006-04-23T18:17:28Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1897 5834 2006-04-23T18:17:41Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1898 5835 2006-04-23T18:17:55Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1899 5836 2006-04-23T18:18:12Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1900 5837 2006-04-23T18:18:26Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1901 5838 2006-04-23T18:18:38Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1902 7600 2006-11-08T21:08:00Z 89.211.225.61 /* जीवनशैली */ == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1903 5840 2006-04-23T18:19:04Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1904 5841 2006-04-23T18:19:20Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1905 5842 2006-04-23T18:19:33Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1906 5843 2006-04-23T18:19:49Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1907 5844 2006-04-23T18:20:02Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1908 5845 2006-04-23T18:20:16Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1909 5846 2006-04-23T18:20:30Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1910 5847 2006-04-23T18:20:43Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1911 5848 2006-04-23T18:20:57Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1912 5849 2006-04-23T18:21:10Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1913 5850 2006-04-23T18:21:24Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1914 5851 2006-04-23T18:21:37Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1915 7944 2006-12-16T04:15:12Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[Category:देश]] 1916 7946 2006-12-16T04:17:14Z Eukesh 93 /* बाहिरी लिन्कहरु */ == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[Category:देश]] 1917 5854 2006-04-23T18:22:16Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1918 5855 2006-04-23T18:22:29Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1919 5856 2006-04-23T18:22:44Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1920 5857 2006-04-23T18:22:57Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1921 5858 2006-04-23T18:23:10Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1922 5859 2006-04-23T18:23:24Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1923 5860 2006-04-23T18:23:36Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1924 5861 2006-04-23T18:23:56Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1925 5862 2006-04-23T18:24:05Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1926 5863 2006-04-23T18:24:19Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1927 5864 2006-04-23T18:24:32Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1928 5865 2006-04-23T18:24:45Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1929 5866 2006-04-23T18:24:57Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1930 5867 2006-04-23T18:25:10Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1931 8278 2007-01-05T14:18:26Z 204.186.135.44 /* अर्थतन्त्र */ == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == फ्रोम् मकर्क्, इ लोवे लुचःय्. == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1932 5869 2006-04-23T18:25:42Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1933 5870 2006-04-23T18:25:49Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1934 5871 2006-04-23T18:26:05Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1935 5872 2006-04-23T18:26:18Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1936 5873 2006-04-23T18:26:30Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1937 5874 2006-04-23T18:26:48Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1938 5875 2006-04-23T18:26:59Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1939 5876 2006-04-23T18:27:14Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1940 5877 2006-04-23T18:27:27Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1941 5878 2006-04-23T18:27:42Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1942 5879 2006-04-23T18:27:53Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1943 5880 2006-04-23T18:28:05Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1944 5881 2006-04-23T18:28:18Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1945 5882 2006-04-23T18:28:31Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1946 5883 2006-04-23T18:28:44Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1947 5884 2006-04-23T18:28:58Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1948 5885 2006-04-23T18:29:10Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1949 8846 2007-01-16T18:58:10Z RajeshPandey 111 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/172.142.11.33|172.142.11.33]] ([[User_talk:172.142.11.33|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:Eukesh|Eukesh]] == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1950 8836 2007-01-16T18:57:49Z RajeshPandey 111 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/172.142.11.33|172.142.11.33]] ([[User_talk:172.142.11.33|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:Eukesh|Eukesh]] == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1951 5888 2006-04-23T18:29:53Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1952 9118 2007-01-23T01:19:53Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Adding: [[ml:അല്‍ബേനിയ]] == परिचय == अल्बानिया एक पूर्वीय युरोपेली राष्ट्र हो| == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == * [http://www.albaniantourism.com/ National Tourism Organization] Albania's official website for travel & tourism information. [[af:Albanië]] [[als:Albanien]] [[an:Albania]] [[ang:Albania]] [[ar:ألبانيا]] [[arc:ܐܠܒܢܝܐ]] [[ast:Albania]] [[be:Альбанія]] [[bg:Албания]] [[bn:আলবেনিয়া]] [[br:Albania]] [[bs:Albanija]] [[ca:Albània]] [[chr:ᎠᎸᏇᏂᏯ]] [[cs:Albánie]] [[cy:Albania]] [[da:Albanien]] [[de:Albanien]] [[el:Αλβανία]] [[en:Albania]] [[eo:Albanio]] [[es:Albania]] [[et:Albaania]] [[eu:Albania]] [[fa:آلبانی]] [[fi:Albania]] [[fiu-vro:Albaania]] [[fo:Albania]] [[fr:Albanie]] [[fur:Albanie]] [[fy:Albaanje]] [[ga:An Albáin]] [[gd:Albàinia]] [[gl:Albania - Shqipëria]] [[he:אלבניה]] [[hi:अल्बानिया]] [[hr:Albanija]] [[hsb:Albanska]] [[ht:Albani]] [[hu:Albánia]] [[hy:Ալբանիա]] [[ia:Albania]] [[id:Albania]] [[ilo:Albania]] [[io:Albania]] [[is:Albanía]] [[it:Albania]] [[ja:アルバニア]] [[ka:ალბანეთი]] [[km:អាល់បានី]] [[ko:알바니아]] [[ku:Elbanya]] [[kw:Albani]] [[la:Albania]] [[lb:Albanien]] [[li:Albanië]] [[lt:Albanija]] [[lv:Albānija]] [[mg:Albania]] [[mk:Албанија]] [[ml:അല്‍ബേനിയ]] [[ms:Albania]] [[mt:Albanija]] [[na:Albania]] [[nds:Albanien]] [[nl:Albanië]] [[nn:Albania]] [[no:Albania]] [[nov:Albania]] [[oc:Albania]] [[pam:Albania]] [[pdc:Albaani]] [[pl:Albania]] [[pms:Albanìa]] [[ps:البانيا]] [[pt:Albânia]] [[qu:Albanya]] [[rmy:Shkiperiya]] [[ro:Albania]] [[roa-rup:Arbinishia]] [[ru:Албания]] [[ru-sib:Албания]] [[sa:अल्बानिया]] [[scn:Albanìa]] [[se:Albánia]] [[simple:Albania]] [[sk:Albánsko]] [[sl:Albanija]] [[sq:Shqipëria]] [[sr:Албанија]] [[sv:Albanien]] [[th:ประเทศแอลเบเนีย]] [[tl:Albanya]] [[tr:Arnavutluk]] [[udm:Албания]] [[ug:ئالبانىيە]] [[uk:Албанія]] [[vi:Albania]] [[vo:Lalbanän]] [[zh:阿尔巴尼亚]] [[zh-min-nan:Shqipëria]] [[zh-yue:阿爾巴尼亞]] 1953 8903 2007-01-17T10:32:40Z Tangotango 190 Undo revision 8879 by [[Special:Contributions/82.110.109.171]] ([[User talk:82.110.109.171]]) == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[af:Andorra]] [[an:Andorra]] [[ang:Andorra]] [[ar:أندورا]] [[arc:ܐܢܕܘܪܐ]] [[ast:Andorra]] [[az:Andorra]] [[be:Андора]] [[bg:Андора]] [[bn:অ্যান্ডোরা]] [[br:Andorra]] [[bs:Andora]] [[ca:Andorra]] [[cs:Andorra]] [[cy:Andorra]] [[da:Andorra]] [[de:Andorra]] [[el:Ανδόρρα]] [[en:Andorra]] [[eo:Andoro]] [[es:Andorra]] [[et:Andorra]] [[eu:Andorra]] [[fa:آندورا]] [[fi:Andorra]] [[fiu-vro:Andorra]] [[fr:Andorre]] [[frp:Andorra]] [[fur:Andorra]] [[fy:Andorra]] [[ga:Andóra]] [[gl:Andorra]] [[he:אנדורה]] [[hi:अन्डोरा]] [[hr:Andora]] [[hsb:Andorra]] [[hu:Andorra]] [[hy:Անդորա]] [[ia:Andorra]] [[id:Andorra]] [[ilo:Andorra]] [[io:Andorra]] [[is:Andorra]] [[it:Andorra]] [[ja:アンドラ]] [[jv:Andorra]] [[ka:ანდორა]] [[km:អង់ដូររា]] [[ko:안도라]] [[ku:Andorra]] [[kw:Andorra]] [[la:Andorra]] [[lb:Andorra]] [[li:Andorra]] [[lt:Andora]] [[lv:Andora]] [[mk:Андора]] [[ms:Andorra]] [[na:Andorra]] [[nds:Andorra]] [[nl:Andorra]] [[nn:Andorra]] [[no:Andorra]] [[oc:Andòrra]] [[pam:Andorra]] [[pdc:Andorra]] [[pl:Andora]] [[pms:Andòrra]] [[ps:انډورا]] [[pt:Andorra]] [[qu:Andurra]] [[ro:Andorra]] [[ru:Андорра]] [[sa:अंडोरा]] [[sc:Andorra]] [[scn:Andorra]] [[se:Andorra]] [[simple:Andorra]] [[sk:Andorra (štát)]] [[sl:Andora]] [[sq:Andora]] [[sr:Андора]] [[sv:Andorra]] [[tet:Andorra]] [[th:ประเทศอันดอร์รา]] [[tl:Andorra]] [[tr:Andorra]] [[udm:Андорра]] [[ug:ئاندوررا]] [[uk:Андорра]] [[vo:Landorän]] [[war:Andorra]] [[zh:安道尔]] [[zh-min-nan:Andorra]] 1954 9133 2007-01-23T23:57:46Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Adding: [[ml:ഓസ്ട്രിയ]] == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[af:Oostenryk]] [[als:Österreich]] [[am:ኦስትሪያ]] [[an:Austria]] [[ang:Ēastrīce]] [[ar:نمسا]] [[arc:ܢܡܣܐ]] [[ast:Austria]] [[bar:Östareich]] [[bat-smg:Austrėjė]] [[be:Аўстрыя]] [[bg:Австрия]] [[bn:অস্ট্রিয়া]] [[br:Aostria]] [[bs:Austrija]] [[ca:Àustria]] [[cs:Rakousko]] [[cy:Awstria]] [[da:Østrig]] [[de:Österreich]] [[el:Αυστρία]] [[en:Austria]] [[eo:Aŭstrio]] [[es:Austria]] [[et:Austria]] [[eu:Austria]] [[fa:اتریش]] [[fi:Itävalta]] [[fiu-vro:Austria]] [[fo:Eysturríki]] [[fr:Autriche]] [[frp:Ôtrich·e]] [[fur:Austrie]] [[fy:Eastenryk]] [[ga:An Ostair]] [[gd:An Ostair]] [[gl:Austria - Österreich]] [[gu:ઑસ્ટ્રિયા]] [[he:אוסטריה]] [[hi:ऑस्ट्रिया]] [[hr:Austrija]] [[hsb:Awstriska]] [[hu:Ausztria]] [[hy:Ավստրիա]] [[ia:Austria]] [[id:Austria]] [[ilo:Austria]] [[io:Austria]] [[is:Austurríki]] [[it:Austria]] [[ja:オーストリア]] [[ka:ავსტრია]] [[kk:Аустрия]] [[km:អូត្រីហ្ស]] [[ko:오스트리아]] [[ku:Avûstûrya]] [[kw:Estrych]] [[la:Austria]] [[lb:Éisträich]] [[li:Oesteriek]] [[lt:Austrija]] [[lv:Austrija]] [[mk:Австрија]] [[ml:ഓസ്ട്രിയ]] [[mo:Аустрия]] [[mr:ऑस्ट्रिया]] [[ms:Austria]] [[mt:Awstrija]] [[na:Austria]] [[nds:Öösterriek]] [[nds-nl:Oostnriek]] [[nl:Oostenrijk]] [[nn:Austerrike]] [[no:Østerrike]] [[nrm:Autriche]] [[oc:Àustria]] [[os:Австри]] [[pam:Austria]] [[pdc:Eestereich]] [[pl:Austria]] [[ps:اطريش]] [[pt:Áustria]] [[qu:Awstrya]] [[rm:Austria]] [[ro:Austria]] [[roa-rup:Austria]] [[ru:Австрия]] [[sa:आस्ट्रिया]] [[scn:Austria]] [[sco:Austrik]] [[se:Nuortariika]] [[sh:Austrija]] [[simple:Austria]] [[sk:Rakúsko]] [[sl:Avstrija]] [[sq:Austria]] [[sr:Аустрија]] [[sv:Österrike]] [[sw:Austria]] [[ta:ஆஸ்திரியா]] [[tet:Áustria]] [[th:ประเทศออสเตรีย]] [[tl:Austria]] [[tr:Avusturya]] [[udm:Австрия]] [[ug:ئاۋسترىيە]] [[uk:Австрія]] [[ur:آسٹریا]] [[vec:Austria]] [[vi:Áo]] [[vo:Lösterän]] [[war:Austria]] [[yi:עסטרייך]] [[zh:奥地利]] [[zh-min-nan:Tang-kok]] 1955 9116 2007-01-22T23:43:23Z TXiKiBoT 178 robot Adding: [[hsb:Běłoruska]] == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[am:ቤላሩስ]] [[an:Belarrusia]] [[ang:Belarus]] [[ar:روسيا البيضاء]] [[arc:ܒܠܪܘܣ]] [[ast:Bielorrusia]] [[bat-smg:Baltarusėjė]] [[be:Беларусь]] [[bg:Беларус]] [[bn:বেলারুশ]] [[br:Byelarus]] [[bs:Bjelorusija]] [[ca:Bielorússia]] [[chr:ᏇᎳᎷᏒ]] [[cs:Bělorusko]] [[cu:Бѣла Рѹсь]] [[cv:Белоруси]] [[cy:Belarus]] [[da:Hviderusland]] [[de:Weißrussland]] [[el:Λευκορωσία]] [[en:Belarus]] [[eo:Belorusio]] [[es:Bielorrusia]] [[et:Valgevene]] [[eu:Bielorrusia]] [[fa:بلاروس]] [[fi:Valko-Venäjä]] [[fiu-vro:Valgõvinne]] [[fr:Biélorussie]] [[frp:Bièlorussie]] [[fy:Wyt-Ruslân]] [[ga:An Bhealarúis]] [[gl:Bielorrusia - Беларусь]] [[he:בלארוס]] [[hi:बेलारूस]] [[hr:Bjelorusija]] [[hsb:Běłoruska]] [[ht:Byelorisi]] [[hu:Fehéroroszország]] [[hy:Բելառուս]] [[ia:Bielorussia]] [[id:Belarus]] [[ilo:Belarus]] [[io:Bielorusia]] [[is:Hvíta-Rússland]] [[it:Bielorussia]] [[ja:ベラルーシ]] [[ka:ბელარუსი]] [[kk:Беларус]] [[ko:벨라루스]] [[ku:Rûsya Sipî]] [[kw:Belarussi]] [[la:Ruthenia Alba]] [[lb:Wäissrussland]] [[li:Wit-Rusland]] [[lt:Baltarusija]] [[lv:Baltkrievija]] [[mk:Белорусија]] [[mo:Беларус]] [[mr:बेलारूस]] [[ms:Belarus]] [[na:Belarus]] [[nds:Wittrussland]] [[nds-nl:Wit-Ruslaand]] [[new:बेलारुस]] [[nl:Wit-Rusland]] [[nn:Kviterussland]] [[no:Hviterussland]] [[oc:Bielorussia]] [[pam:Belarus]] [[pl:Białoruś]] [[pms:Bielorussia]] [[pt:Bielorrússia]] [[qu:Bilarus]] [[ro:Belarus]] [[roa-rup:Arusia albã]] [[ru:Белоруссия]] [[ru-sib:Беларусь]] [[sa:बेलारूस]] [[scn:Bielorussia]] [[sh:Belorusija]] [[simple:Belarus]] [[sk:Bielorusko]] [[sl:Belorusija]] [[sq:Bjellorusia]] [[sr:Белорусија]] [[sv:Vitryssland]] [[sw:Belarus]] [[ta:பெலாரஸ்]] [[tg:Беларус]] [[th:ประเทศเบลารุส]] [[tl:Belarus]] [[tr:Beyaz Rusya]] [[ug:بېلورۇسىيە]] [[uk:Білорусь]] [[ur:بیلارس]] [[vi:Belarus]] [[vo:Vieta-Rusän]] [[war:Bielorrusia]] [[yi:בעלאָרוסיע]] [[zh:白俄罗斯]] [[zh-min-nan:Belarus]] 1956 9111 2007-01-22T15:30:10Z JAnDbot 157 robot Modifying: [[qu:Bilgasuyu]] == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[af:België]] [[als:Belgien]] [[an:Belchica]] [[ang:Belgium]] [[ar:بلجيكا]] [[arc:ܒܠܓܝܟܐ]] [[ast:Bélxica]] [[bar:Belgien]] [[be:Бэльгія]] [[bg:Белгия]] [[bn:বেলজিয়াম]] [[bo:པེར་ཅིན]] [[br:Belgia]] [[bs:Belgija]] [[ca:Bèlgica]] [[cs:Belgie]] [[cv:Бельги]] [[cy:Gwlad Belg]] [[da:Belgien]] [[de:Belgien]] [[el:Βέλγιο]] [[en:Belgium]] [[eo:Belgio]] [[es:Bélgica]] [[et:Belgia]] [[eu:Belgika]] [[fa:بلژیک]] [[fi:Belgia]] [[fiu-vro:Belgiä]] [[fr:Belgique]] [[frp:Bèlg·ique]] [[fur:Belgjo]] [[fy:Belgje]] [[ga:An Bheilg]] [[gd:A' Bheilg]] [[gl:Bélxica - België]] [[gv:Yn Velg]] [[he:בלגיה]] [[hr:Belgija]] [[hsb:Belgiska]] [[ht:Bèljik]] [[hu:Belgium]] [[hy:Բելգիա]] [[ia:Belgica]] [[id:Belgia]] [[ilo:Belgium]] [[io:Belgia]] [[is:Belgía]] [[it:Belgio]] [[ja:ベルギー]] [[jbo:gugdrbelgi]] [[jv:Belgia]] [[ka:ბელგია]] [[ko:벨기에]] [[ku:Belçîka]] [[kw:Pow Belg]] [[la:Belgia]] [[lb:Belsch]] [[li:Belsj]] [[ln:Bɛ́ljika]] [[lt:Belgija]] [[lv:Beļģija]] [[mk:Белгија]] [[mr:बेल्जियम]] [[ms:Belgium]] [[na:Belgium]] [[nds:Belgien]] [[nds-nl:België]] [[nl:België]] [[nn:Belgia]] [[no:Belgia]] [[nov:Belgia]] [[nrm:Belgique]] [[oc:Belgica]] [[os:Бельги]] [[pam:Belgium]] [[pl:Belgia]] [[pms:Belgio]] [[ps:بلجيم]] [[pt:Bélgica]] [[qu:Bilgasuyu]] [[rm:Belgia]] [[ro:Belgia]] [[roa-rup:Belghia]] [[ru:Бельгия]] [[sa:बेल्जियम]] [[scn:Belgiu]] [[se:Belgia]] [[sh:Belgija]] [[simple:Belgium]] [[sk:Belgicko]] [[sl:Belgija]] [[sq:Belgjika]] [[sr:Белгија]] [[sv:Belgien]] [[sw:Ubelgiji]] [[ta:பெல்ஜியம்]] [[tet:Béljika]] [[tg:Белгия]] [[th:ประเทศเบลเยียม]] [[tl:Belhika]] [[tpi:Belsum]] [[tr:Belçika]] [[uk:Бельгія]] [[vi:Bỉ]] [[vls:Belgje]] [[wa:Beldjike]] [[war:Belhika]] [[zea:België]] [[zh:比利时]] [[zh-min-nan:Belgien]] [[zh-yue:比利時]] 1957 8706 2007-01-13T01:32:36Z TXiKiBoT 178 robot Modifying: [[qu:Busna-Hirsiquwina]] == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[als:Bosnien-Herzegowina]] [[an:Bosnia y Erzegobina]] [[ar:البوسنة و الهرسك]] [[arc:ܒܘܣܢܐ ܘܗܪܣܟ]] [[ast:Bosnia-Herzegovina]] [[be:Босьнія і Герцагавіна]] [[bg:Босна и Херцеговина]] [[bn:বসনিয়া ও হার্জেগোভিনা]] [[br:Bosnia-ha-Herzegovina]] [[bs:Bosna i Hercegovina]] [[ca:Bòsnia i Hercegovina]] [[chr:ᏉᏍᏂᏯ]] [[cs:Bosna a Hercegovina]] [[cu:Босна]] [[cy:Bosna a Hercegovina]] [[da:Bosnien-Hercegovina]] [[de:Bosnien und Herzegowina]] [[el:Βοσνία και Ερζεγοβίνη]] [[en:Bosnia and Herzegovina]] [[eo:Bosnio kaj Hercegovino]] [[es:Bosnia y Herzegovina]] [[et:Bosnia ja Hertsegoviina]] [[eu:Bosnia-Herzegovina]] [[fa:بوسنی هرزگووین]] [[fi:Bosnia ja Hertsegovina]] [[fiu-vro:Bosnia ja Hertsegoviina]] [[fr:Bosnie-Herzégovine]] [[frp:Bosnie-Hèrzègovena]] [[fy:Bosnje]] [[gl:Bosnia - Hercegovina - Босна и Херцеговина]] [[he:בוסניה והרצגובינה]] [[hi:बॉस्निया और हर्ज़ेगोविना]] [[hr:Bosna i Hercegovina]] [[hsb:Bosniska]] [[hu:Bosznia-Hercegovina]] [[hy:Բոսնիա և Հերցոգովինա]] [[id:Bosnia-Herzegovina]] [[io:Bosnia e Herzegovina]] [[is:Bosnía og Hersegóvína]] [[it:Bosnia-Erzegovina]] [[ja:ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ]] [[ka:ბოსნია და ჰერცეგოვინა]] [[ko:보스니아 헤르체고비나]] [[ks:बास्निया]] [[ku:Bosna Hersek]] [[kw:Bosni–Hertsegovina]] [[la:Bosnia et Herzegovina]] [[lb:Bosnien-Herzegowina]] [[li:Bosnië en Hercegovina]] [[lt:Bosnija ir Hercegovina]] [[lv:Bosnija un Hercegovina]] [[mk:Босна и Херцеговина]] [[ms:Bosnia dan Herzegovina]] [[na:Bosnia me Herzegowina]] [[nds:Bosnien-Herzegowina]] [[nl:Bosnië en Herzegovina]] [[nn:Bosnia-Hercegovina]] [[no:Bosnia-Hercegovina]] [[oc:Bòsnia e Ercegovina]] [[pam:Bosnia and Herzegovina]] [[pl:Bośnia i Hercegowina]] [[pms:Bòsnia ed Erzegòvina]] [[pt:Bósnia-Herzegovina]] [[qu:Busna-Hirsiquwina]] [[ro:Bosnia şi Herţegovina]] [[roa-rup:Bosna shi Hertsegovina]] [[ru:Босния и Герцеговина]] [[sa:बास्निया]] [[scn:Bosnia-Erzegovina]] [[se:Bosnia-Hercegovina]] [[sh:Bosna i Hercegovina]] [[simple:Bosnia and Herzegovina]] [[sk:Bosna a Hercegovina]] [[sl:Bosna in Hercegovina]] [[sq:Bosnja dhe Hercegovina]] [[sr:Босна и Херцеговина]] [[sv:Bosnien och Hercegovina]] [[sw:Bosnia na Herzegovina]] [[ta:பொசுனியாவும் எர்செகோவினாவும்]] [[tg:Босния ва Ҳерсеговина]] [[th:ประเทศบอสเนียและเฮอร์เซโกวีนา]] [[tl:Bosnia at Herzegovina]] [[tr:Bosna-Hersek]] [[ug:بوسنىيە]] [[uk:Боснія і Герцеґовина]] [[vi:Bosna và Hercegovina]] [[vo:Bosnän e Härzegovän]] [[war:Bosnia ngan Herzegovina]] [[zh:波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那]] [[zh-min-nan:Bosna kap Hercegovina]] 1958 9121 2007-01-23T05:16:05Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Adding: [[sw:Bulgaria]] == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == [[गेओर्गि दिमित्रोभ मिचईलोभ]] == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[af:Bulgarye]] [[am:ቡልጋሪያ]] [[an:Bulgaria]] [[ar:بلغاريا]] [[arc:ܒܠܓܪܝܐ‏]] [[ast:Bulgaria]] [[be:Баўгарыя]] [[bg:България]] [[bn:বুলগেরিয়া]] [[bo:པུ་ར་ག་རི་ཡ]] [[br:Bulgaria]] [[bs:Bugarska]] [[ca:Bulgària]] [[cs:Bulharsko]] [[csb:Bùlgarskô]] [[cu:Блъгарї]] [[cv:Болгари]] [[cy:Bwlgaria]] [[da:Bulgarien]] [[de:Bulgarien]] [[el:Βουλγαρία]] [[en:Bulgaria]] [[eo:Bulgario]] [[es:Bulgaria]] [[et:Bulgaaria]] [[eu:Bulgaria]] [[fa:بلغارستان]] [[fi:Bulgaria]] [[fiu-vro:Bulgaaria]] [[fr:Bulgarie]] [[frp:Bulgarie]] [[fy:Bulgarije]] [[ga:An Bhulgáir]] [[gd:Bulgàiria]] [[gl:Bulgaria - България]] [[he:בולגריה]] [[hi:बुल्गारिया]] [[hr:Bugarska]] [[hsb:Bołharska]] [[ht:Bilgari]] [[hu:Bulgária]] [[hy:Բուլղարիա]] [[ia:Bulgaria]] [[id:Bulgaria]] [[ilo:Bulgaria]] [[io:Bulgaria]] [[is:Búlgaría]] [[it:Bulgaria]] [[ja:ブルガリア]] [[ka:ბულგარეთი]] [[ko:불가리아]] [[ku:Bulgaristan]] [[kw:Bulgari]] [[la:Bulgaria]] [[lb:Bulgarien]] [[li:Bölgarieë]] [[lt:Bulgarija]] [[lv:Bulgārija]] [[mk:Бугарија]] [[mo:Булгария]] [[ms:Bulgaria]] [[mt:Bulgarija]] [[na:Borgeriya]] [[nds:Bulgarien]] [[nds-nl:Bulgarije]] [[nl:Bulgarije]] [[nn:Bulgaria]] [[no:Bulgaria]] [[nov:Bulgaria]] [[nrm:Bulgarie]] [[oc:Bulgaria]] [[os:Болгари]] [[pam:Bulgaria]] [[pl:Bułgaria]] [[pms:Bulgarìa]] [[ps:بلغاريه/بلغارستان]] [[pt:Bulgária]] [[qu:Bulgarya]] [[rmy:Bulgariya]] [[ro:Bulgaria]] [[roa-rup:Vurgaria]] [[ru:Болгария]] [[sa:बुल्गारिया]] [[scn:Bulgarìa]] [[se:Bulgária]] [[sh:Bugarska]] [[simple:Bulgaria]] [[sk:Bulharsko]] [[sl:Bolgarija]] [[sq:Bullgaria]] [[sr:Бугарска]] [[sv:Bulgarien]] [[sw:Bulgaria]] [[tg:Булғористон]] [[th:ประเทศบัลแกเรีย]] [[tl:Bulgarya]] [[tr:Bulgaristan]] [[ug:بۇلغارىيە]] [[uk:Болгарія]] [[vi:Bulgaria]] [[vo:Bulgarän]] [[wa:Bulgåreye]] [[war:Bulgaria]] [[yi:בולגאריע]] [[zh:保加利亚]] [[zh-min-nan:Bulgariya]] [[zh-yue:保加利亞]] 1959 9150 2007-01-24T23:13:46Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Adding: [[ml:ക്രൊയേഷ്യ]], [[qu:Hurwatsuyu]] == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[af:Kroasië]] [[als:Kroatien]] [[an:Croazia]] [[ar:كرواتيا]] [[arc:ܟܪܘܬܝܐ]] [[ast:Croacia]] [[az:Xorvatiya]] [[be:Харватыя]] [[bg:Хърватия]] [[bn:ক্রোয়েশিয়া]] [[br:Kroatia]] [[bs:Hrvatska]] [[ca:Croàcia]] [[cs:Chorvatsko]] [[cy:Croatia]] [[da:Kroatien]] [[de:Kroatien]] [[el:Κροατία]] [[en:Croatia]] [[eo:Kroatio]] [[es:Croacia]] [[et:Horvaatia]] [[eu:Kroazia]] [[fa:کرواسی]] [[fi:Kroatia]] [[fiu-vro:Horvaatia]] [[fr:Croatie]] [[frp:Croacie]] [[fur:Cravuazie]] [[fy:Kroaasje]] [[gl:Croacia - Hrvatska]] [[he:קרואטיה]] [[hi:क्रोएशिया]] [[hr:Hrvatska]] [[hsb:Chorwatska]] [[hu:Horvátország]] [[ia:Croatia]] [[id:Kroasia]] [[ilo:Croatia]] [[io:Kroatia]] [[is:Króatía]] [[it:Croazia]] [[ja:クロアチア]] [[ka:ხორვატია]] [[ko:크로아티아]] [[ku:Xirvatistan]] [[kw:Kroati]] [[ky:Хорватия]] [[la:Croatia]] [[lb:Kroatien]] [[li:Kroatië]] [[lt:Kroatija]] [[lv:Horvātija]] [[mk:Хрватска]] [[ml:ക്രൊയേഷ്യ]] [[mt:Kroazja]] [[na:Croatia]] [[nds:Kroatien]] [[nl:Kroatië]] [[nn:Kroatia]] [[no:Kroatia]] [[oc:Croàcia]] [[pam:Croatia]] [[pl:Chorwacja]] [[pms:Croassia]] [[ps:کروآسيا]] [[pt:Croácia]] [[qu:Hurwatsuyu]] [[ro:Croaţia]] [[roa-rup:Croatia]] [[ru:Хорватия]] [[sa:क्रोएशिया]] [[scn:Croazzia]] [[se:Kroátia]] [[sh:Hrvatska]] [[simple:Croatia]] [[sk:Chorvátsko]] [[sl:Hrvaška]] [[sq:Kroacia]] [[sr:Хрватска]] [[sv:Kroatien]] [[tg:Хорватия]] [[th:ประเทศโครเอเชีย]] [[tl:Croatia]] [[tr:Hırvatistan]] [[ug:كرودىيە]] [[uk:Хорватія]] [[vi:Croatia]] [[vo:Kroatän]] [[war:Croasia]] [[zh:克罗地亚]] [[zh-min-nan:Hrvatska]] [[zh-yue:克羅地亞]] 1960 9190 2007-01-28T02:59:35Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Modifying: [[ro:Cehia]] == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[Category:देश]] [[af:Tsjeggië]] [[am:ቼክ ሪፑብሊክ]] [[an:Republica Checa]] [[ang:Cecland]] [[ar:تشيك]] [[arc:ܬܫܝܟ]] [[ast:República Checa]] [[az:Çex Respublikası]] [[be:Чэхія]] [[bg:Чехия]] [[bn:চেক প্রজাতন্ত্র]] [[bo:ཅེ་ཁེ]] [[br:Republik Tchek]] [[bs:Češka]] [[ca:República Txeca]] [[co:Ripublica Cecca]] [[cs:Česko]] [[csb:Czeskô Repùblika]] [[cu:Чешьско]] [[cy:Gweriniaeth Tsiec]] [[da:Tjekkiet]] [[de:Tschechien]] [[el:Τσεχία]] [[en:Czech Republic]] [[eo:Ĉeĥio]] [[es:República Checa]] [[et:Tšehhi]] [[eu:Txekiar Errepublika]] [[fa:جمهوری چک]] [[fi:Tšekki]] [[fiu-vro:Tsehhi Vabariik']] [[fr:République tchèque]] [[frp:Rèpublica tch·èca]] [[fur:Republiche Ceche]] [[fy:Tsjechje]] [[ga:An tSeic]] [[gl:Chequia - Česko]] [[gv:Yn Pobblaght Sheckagh]] [[he:צ'כיה]] [[hi:चेक गणराज्य]] [[hr:Češka]] [[hsb:Čěska republika]] [[hu:Csehország]] [[hy:Չեխիայի Հանրապետություն]] [[ia:Republica Chec]] [[id:Ceko]] [[io:Chekia]] [[is:Tékkland]] [[it:Repubblica Ceca]] [[ja:チェコ]] [[ka:ჩეხეთი]] [[ko:체코]] [[ku:Komara Çêkiyayê]] [[la:Res publica Bohemica]] [[lb:Tschechesch Republik]] [[li:Tsjechië]] [[lij:Repubbrica Ceca]] [[lt:Čekija]] [[lv:Čehija]] [[mk:Чешка]] [[mr:चेक प्रजासत्ताक]] [[ms:Republik Czech]] [[na:Republik Czechia]] [[nds:Tschechien]] [[nds-nl:Tsjechie]] [[nl:Tsjechië]] [[nn:Tsjekkia]] [[no:Tsjekkia]] [[nrm:Républyique Tchèque]] [[oc:Republica Chèca]] [[os:Чехи]] [[pam:Czech Republic]] [[pl:Czechy]] [[pms:Repùblica Ceca]] [[ps:چېک جمهوريت]] [[pt:República Checa]] [[qu:Chik Suyu]] [[rmy:Chexiya]] [[ro:Cehia]] [[roa-rup:Cehia]] [[ru:Чехия]] [[ru-sib:Чехия]] [[scn:Ripùbblica Ceca]] [[se:Čeahkka]] [[sh:Češka Republika]] [[simple:Czech Republic]] [[sk:Česko]] [[sl:Češka]] [[sq:Republika Çeke]] [[sr:Чешка Република]] [[sv:Tjeckien]] [[sw:Ucheki]] [[tg:Чехия]] [[th:สาธารณรัฐเช็ก]] [[tl:Czechia]] [[tr:Çek Cumhuriyeti]] [[uk:Чехія]] [[vi:Cộng hòa Séc]] [[vo:Tsyegän]] [[war:Republika Czeka]] [[yi:טשעכיע]] [[zh:捷克]] [[zh-min-nan:Česko]] [[zh-yue:捷克]] 1961 9138 2007-01-24T02:35:43Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Adding: [[ml:ഡെന്മാര്‍ക്ക്‌]] Modifying: [[qu:Dansuyu]] == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[af:Denemarke]] [[als:Dänemark]] [[am:ዴንማርክ]] [[an:Dinamarca]] [[ang:Denemearc]] [[ar:دانمارك]] [[arc:ܕܢܡܪܟ]] [[ast:Dinamarca]] [[bar:Dänemark]] [[be:Данія]] [[bg:Дания]] [[bn:ডেনমার্ক]] [[bo:དན་མྲག]] [[br:Danmark]] [[bs:Danska]] [[ca:Dinamarca]] [[co:Danimarca]] [[cs:Dánsko]] [[csb:Dëńskô]] [[cv:Дани]] [[cy:Denmarc]] [[da:Danmark]] [[de:Dänemark]] [[el:Δανία]] [[en:Denmark]] [[eo:Danio]] [[es:Dinamarca]] [[et:Taani]] [[eu:Danimarka]] [[fa:دانمارک]] [[fi:Tanska]] [[fiu-vro:Taani]] [[fo:Danmark]] [[fr:Danemark]] [[frp:Danemârc]] [[fy:Denemark]] [[ga:An Danmhairg]] [[gd:An Danmhairg]] [[gl:Dinamarca - Danmark]] [[gv:Yn Danvarg]] [[he:דנמרק]] [[hr:Danska]] [[hsb:Danska]] [[ht:Dànmak]] [[hu:Dánia]] [[hy:Դանիա]] [[ia:Danmark]] [[id:Denmark]] [[io:Dania]] [[is:Danmörk]] [[it:Danimarca]] [[ja:デンマーク]] [[ka:დანია]] [[kk:Дания]] [[kl:Danmarki]] [[ko:덴마크]] [[ks:Ḍēnamārka]] [[ku:Danimarka]] [[kw:Danmark]] [[la:Dania]] [[lb:Dänemark]] [[lg:Denmarki]] [[li:Daenemark]] [[lij:Danemarca]] [[lt:Danija]] [[lv:Dānija]] [[mk:Данска]] [[ml:ഡെന്മാര്‍ക്ക്‌]] [[ms:Denmark]] [[na:Denmark]] [[nds:Däänmark]] [[nds-nl:Denmaark]] [[nl:Denemarken]] [[nn:Danmark]] [[no:Danmark]] [[nov:Dania]] [[nrm:Dannemar]] [[oc:Danemarc]] [[os:Дани]] [[pam:Denmark]] [[pdc:Denemarrick]] [[pl:Dania]] [[pms:Danimarca]] [[ps:ډېنمارک]] [[pt:Dinamarca]] [[qu:Dansuyu]] [[ro:Danemarca]] [[roa-rup:Danimarca]] [[ru:Дания]] [[ru-sib:Дания]] [[sa:डेनमार्क]] [[sc:Danimarca]] [[scn:Danimarca]] [[se:Dánmárku]] [[sh:Danska]] [[simple:Denmark]] [[sk:Dánsko]] [[sl:Danska]] [[sq:Danimarka]] [[sr:Данска]] [[sv:Danmark]] [[sw:Denmark]] [[ta:டென்மார்க்]] [[tet:Dinamarka]] [[tg:Дания]] [[th:ประเทศเดนมาร์ก]] [[tl:Denmark]] [[tr:Danimarka]] [[uk:Данія]] [[vi:Đan Mạch]] [[vo:Danän]] [[war:Dinamarka]] [[yi:דענמארק]] [[zh:丹麦]] [[zh-min-nan:Dan-kok]] [[zh-yue:丹麥]] 1962 9100 2007-01-21T00:55:58Z TXiKiBoT 178 robot Adding: [[sw:Estonia]] Modifying: [[tt:Estonia]] == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[af:Estland]] [[am:ኤስቶኒያ]] [[an:Estonia]] [[ang:Ēastland]] [[ar:إستونيا]] [[arc:ܐܣܬܘܢܝܐ]] [[ast:Estonia]] [[bat-smg:Estėjė]] [[be:Эстонія]] [[bg:Естония]] [[br:Estonia]] [[bs:Estonija]] [[ca:Estònia]] [[cs:Estonsko]] [[cv:Эстони]] [[cy:Estonia]] [[da:Estland]] [[de:Estland]] [[el:Εσθονία]] [[en:Estonia]] [[eo:Estonio]] [[es:Estonia]] [[et:Eesti]] [[eu:Estonia]] [[fa:استونی]] [[fi:Viro]] [[fiu-vro:Eesti]] [[fo:Estland]] [[fr:Estonie]] [[frp:Èstonie]] [[fy:Estlân]] [[ga:An Eastóin]] [[gl:Estonia - Eesti]] [[he:אסטוניה]] [[hi:एस्टोनिया]] [[hr:Estonija]] [[hsb:Estiska]] [[ht:Estoni]] [[hu:Észtország]] [[hy:Էստոնիա]] [[ia:Estonia]] [[id:Estonia]] [[ilo:Estonia]] [[io:Estonia]] [[is:Eistland]] [[it:Estonia]] [[ja:エストニア]] [[jbo:gugrxesti]] [[ka:ესტონეთი]] [[ko:에스토니아]] [[ku:Estonya]] [[kw:Estoni]] [[la:Estonia]] [[lb:Estland]] [[li:Esland]] [[lt:Estija]] [[lv:Igaunija]] [[mk:Естонија]] [[mr:एस्टोनिया]] [[ms:Estonia]] [[na:Estonia]] [[nds:Estland]] [[nds-nl:Estlaand]] [[nl:Estland]] [[nn:Estland]] [[no:Estland]] [[nrm:Estonnie]] [[oc:Estònia]] [[os:Эстони]] [[pam:Estonia]] [[pl:Estonia]] [[pms:Estònia]] [[ps:اېسټونيا]] [[pt:Estónia]] [[qu:Istunya]] [[rmy:Estoniya]] [[ro:Estonia]] [[roa-rup:Estonia]] [[ru:Эстония]] [[ru-sib:Естоння]] [[sa:एस्टोनिया]] [[sc:Estonija]] [[scn:Estonia]] [[sco:Estonia]] [[se:Estlánda]] [[sh:Estonija]] [[simple:Estonia]] [[sk:Estónsko]] [[sl:Estonija]] [[sq:Estonia]] [[sr:Естонија]] [[ss:Estonia]] [[sv:Estland]] [[sw:Estonia]] [[tet:Estónia]] [[tg:Эстония]] [[th:ประเทศเอสโตเนีย]] [[tl:Estonia]] [[tpi:Estonia]] [[tr:Estonya]] [[tt:Estonia]] [[udm:Эстония]] [[uk:Естонія]] [[vi:Estonia]] [[vo:Lestiyän]] [[war:Estonia]] [[zh:爱沙尼亚]] [[zh-min-nan:Eesti]] [[zh-yue:愛沙尼亞]] 1963 9101 2007-01-21T01:00:37Z TXiKiBoT 178 robot Modifying: [[qu:Finlandya]] == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[af:Finland]] [[als:Finnland]] [[am:ፊንላንድ]] [[an:Finlandia]] [[ar:فنلندا]] [[arc:ܦܢܠܢܕܐ]] [[ast:Finlandia]] [[bar:Finnlånd]] [[be:Фінляндыя]] [[bg:Финландия]] [[br:Finland]] [[bs:Finska]] [[ca:Finlàndia]] [[cs:Finsko]] [[csb:Fińskô]] [[cv:Финлянди]] [[cy:Y Ffindir]] [[da:Finland]] [[de:Finnland]] [[ee:Finland]] [[el:Φινλανδία]] [[en:Finland]] [[eo:Finnlando]] [[es:Finlandia]] [[et:Soome]] [[eu:Finlandia]] [[fa:فنلاند]] [[fi:Suomi]] [[fiu-vro:Soomõ]] [[fo:Finnland]] [[fr:Finlande]] [[frp:Finlande]] [[fy:Finlân]] [[ga:An Fhionlainn]] [[gd:Suòmaidh]] [[gl:Finlandia - Suomi]] [[got:𐍆𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳]] [[gv:Fynlann]] [[haw:Pinilana]] [[he:פינלנד]] [[hi:फ़िनलैंड]] [[hr:Finska]] [[hsb:Finska]] [[ht:Fenlann]] [[hu:Finnország]] [[hy:Ֆինլանդիա]] [[ia:Finlandia]] [[id:Finlandia]] [[ilo:Finlandia]] [[io:Finlando]] [[is:Finnland]] [[it:Finlandia]] [[ja:フィンランド]] [[ka:ფინეთი]] [[ko:핀란드]] [[ku:Fînlanda]] [[kw:Pow Finn]] [[la:Finnia]] [[lb:Finnland]] [[li:Finland]] [[lt:Suomija]] [[lv:Somija]] [[mk:Финска]] [[ms:Finland]] [[na:Finland]] [[nds:Finnland]] [[nds-nl:Finlaand]] [[nl:Finland]] [[nn:Finland]] [[no:Finland]] [[nrm:Fînlande]] [[oc:Finlàndia]] [[os:Финлянди]] [[pam:Finland]] [[pl:Finlandia]] [[pms:Finlandia]] [[ps:فېنلانډ]] [[pt:Finlândia]] [[qu:Finlandya]] [[rmy:Finland]] [[ro:Finlanda]] [[roa-rup:Finlanda]] [[ru:Финляндия]] [[ru-sib:Финляндия]] [[scn:Finlandia]] [[se:Suopma]] [[sh:Finska]] [[simple:Finland]] [[sk:Fínsko]] [[sl:Finska]] [[sq:Finlanda]] [[sr:Финска]] [[sv:Finland]] [[sw:Ufini]] [[ta:பின்லாந்து]] [[tet:Finlándia]] [[tg:Финланд]] [[th:ประเทศฟินแลนด์]] [[tl:Finland]] [[tpi:Finlan]] [[tr:Finlandiya]] [[tt:Finlândiä]] [[udm:Финляндия]] [[ug:فىنلاندىيە]] [[uk:Фінляндія]] [[vi:Phần Lan]] [[vo:Suomiyän]] [[wa:Finlande]] [[war:Finlandya]] [[yi:פינלאנד]] [[zh:芬兰]] [[zh-min-nan:Suomi]] [[zh-yue:芬蘭]] 1964 9140 2007-01-24T11:35:27Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Adding: [[dv:ފަރަންސޭސިވިލާތް]], [[ml:ഫ്രാന്‍സ്]] == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[af:Frankryk]] [[als:Frankreich]] [[am:ፈረንሣይ]] [[an:Franzia]] [[ang:Francland]] [[ar:فرنسا]] [[arc:ܦܪܢܣܐ]] [[ast:Francia]] [[bar:Frankreich]] [[be:Францыя]] [[bg:Франция]] [[bn:ফ্রান্স]] [[br:Bro-C'hall]] [[bs:Francuska]] [[ca:França]] [[ceb:Pransiya]] [[co:Francia]] [[cs:Francie]] [[csb:Francëjô]] [[cv:Франци]] [[cy:Ffrainc]] [[da:Frankrig]] [[de:Frankreich]] [[dv:ފަރަންސޭސިވިލާތް]] [[el:Γαλλία]] [[en:France]] [[eo:Francio]] [[es:Francia]] [[et:Prantsusmaa]] [[eu:Frantzia]] [[fa:فرانسه]] [[fi:Ranska]] [[fiu-vro:Prantsusmaa]] [[fr:France]] [[frp:France]] [[fur:France]] [[fy:Frankryk]] [[ga:An Fhrainc]] [[gd:An Fhraing]] [[gl:Francia - France]] [[gu:ફ્રાઁસ]] [[gv:Yn Rank]] [[he:צרפת]] [[hi:फ़्राँस]] [[hr:Francuska]] [[hsb:Francoska]] [[ht:Frans]] [[hu:Franciaország]] [[hy:Ֆրանսիա]] [[ia:Francia]] [[id:Perancis]] [[ilo:Francia]] [[io:Francia]] [[is:Frakkland]] [[it:Francia]] [[ja:フランス]] [[jbo:fasygu'e]] [[ka:საფრანგეთი]] [[kn:ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್]] [[ko:프랑스]] [[ks:फ्रांस]] [[ksh:Frankrish]] [[ku:Fransa]] [[kw:Pow Frynk]] [[la:Francia]] [[lad:Fransia]] [[lb:Frankräich]] [[li:Frankriek]] [[lmo:Francja]] [[ln:Falansia]] [[lt:Prancūzija]] [[lv:Francija]] [[mg:Frantsa]] [[mk:Франција]] [[ml:ഫ്രാന്‍സ്]] [[mn:Франц улс]] [[mr:फ्रान्स]] [[ms:Perancis]] [[na:France]] [[nds:Frankriek]] [[nds-nl:Frankriek]] [[nl:Frankrijk]] [[nn:Frankrike]] [[no:Frankrike]] [[nov:Fransia]] [[nrm:France]] [[oc:França]] [[os:Франц]] [[pam:France]] [[pl:Francja]] [[pms:Fransa]] [[ps:فرانسه]] [[pt:França]] [[qu:Fransya]] [[rm:Frantscha]] [[rmy:Franchiya]] [[ro:Franţa]] [[roa-rup:Gallia]] [[ru:Франция]] [[ru-sib:Францыя]] [[sa:फ्रांस]] [[sc:Frantza]] [[scn:Francia]] [[sco:Fraunce]] [[sh:Francuska]] [[simple:France]] [[sk:Francúzsko]] [[sl:Francija]] [[so:Faransiiska]] [[sq:Franca]] [[sr:Француска]] [[st:France]] [[sv:Frankrike]] [[sw:Ufaransa]] [[ta:பிரான்ஸ்]] [[tet:Fransa]] [[tg:Фаронса]] [[th:ประเทศฝรั่งเศส]] [[tl:Pransya]] [[tpi:Pranis]] [[tr:Fransa]] [[ty:Farāni]] [[udm:Франция]] [[ug:فرانسىيە]] [[uk:Франція]] [[ur:فرانس]] [[vec:Franzsa]] [[vi:Pháp]] [[vls:Vrankriek]] [[vo:Fransän]] [[war:Fransya]] [[zh:法国]] [[zh-classical:法蘭西共和國]] [[zh-min-nan:Hoat-kok]] [[zh-yue:法國]] 1965 9146 2007-01-24T22:16:05Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Modifying: [[lmo:Germania]] == परिचय == जर्मनी अथवा सँघिय गणतन्त्र जर्मनी केन्द्रिय यूरोपमा अवस्थीत एक देश हो। अँग्रेजीमा Federal Republic of Germany भनेर भनिने यस देशलाई जर्मन भासमा Bundesrepublik Deutschland भनिन्छ। == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == हल्लो विए गेह्त् एस् इद्र्? मिर् गेगगेह्त् एस् गुत्...म्ह्ह् ज सेह्र् स्छ्öने स्छ्रिफ्त् ._________. == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[af:Duitsland]] [[als:Deutschland]] [[am:ጀርመን]] [[an:Alemaña]] [[ang:Þēodiscland]] [[ar:ألمانيا]] [[arc:ܓܪܡܢ]] [[ast:Alemaña]] [[az:Almaniya]] [[bar:Deitschlånd]] [[be:Нямеччына]] [[bg:Германия]] [[bn:জার্মানি]] [[br:Alamagn]] [[bs:Njemačka]] [[ca:Alemanya]] [[cs:Německo]] [[csb:Miemieckô]] [[cv:Германи]] [[cy:Yr Almaen]] [[da:Tyskland]] [[de:Deutschland]] [[el:Γερμανία]] [[en:Germany]] [[eo:Germanio]] [[es:Alemania]] [[et:Saksamaa]] [[eu:Alemania]] [[fa:آلمان]] [[fi:Saksa]] [[fiu-vro:S'aksamaa]] [[fo:Týskland]] [[fr:Allemagne]] [[frp:Alemagne]] [[fur:Gjermanie]] [[fy:Dútslân]] [[ga:An Ghearmáin]] [[gd:A' Ghearmailt]] [[gl:Alemaña - Deutschland]] [[gn:Alemaña]] [[gv:Yn Ghermaan]] [[he:גרמניה]] [[hi:जर्मनी]] [[hr:Njemačka]] [[hsb:Němska]] [[hu:Németország]] [[hy:Գերմանիա]] [[ia:Germania]] [[id:Jerman]] [[ig:Germany]] [[ilo:Alemania]] [[io:Germania]] [[is:Þýskaland]] [[it:Germania]] [[ja:ドイツ]] [[jbo:dotygu'e]] [[jv:Jerman]] [[ka:გერმანია]] [[kk:Алмания]] [[kn:ಜರ್ಮನಿ]] [[ko:독일]] [[ku:Almanya]] [[kw:Almayn]] [[la:Germania]] [[lad:Alemania]] [[lb:Däitschland]] [[lg:Girimane]] [[li:Duutsjlandj]] [[lmo:Germania]] [[ln:Alémani]] [[lt:Vokietija]] [[lv:Vācija]] [[mi:Tiamana]] [[mk:Германија]] [[ml:ജര്‍മ്മനി]] [[mr:जर्मनी]] [[ms:Jerman]] [[mt:Ġermanja]] [[na:Germany]] [[nah:Teutōtitlan]] [[nds:Düütschland]] [[nds-nl:Duutslaand]] [[nl:Duitsland]] [[nn:Tyskland]] [[no:Tyskland]] [[nrm:Allemangne]] [[oc:Alemanha]] [[os:Герман]] [[pam:Germany]] [[pdc:Deitschland]] [[pl:Niemcy]] [[pms:Germania]] [[ps:جرمني/آلمان]] [[pt:Alemanha]] [[qu:Alimanya]] [[rm:Germania]] [[rmy:Jermaniya]] [[ro:Germania]] [[roa-rup:Ghermãnia]] [[ru:Германия]] [[sc:Germània]] [[scn:Girmania]] [[sco:Germany]] [[se:Duiska]] [[sh:Nemačka]] [[simple:Germany]] [[sk:Nemecko]] [[sl:Nemčija]] [[so:Jarmalka]] [[sq:Gjermania]] [[sr:Немачка]] [[st:Tôitšhi]] [[su:Jėrman]] [[sv:Tyskland]] [[sw:Ujerumani]] [[ta:ஜெர்மனி]] [[tet:Alemaña]] [[tg:Олмон]] [[th:ประเทศเยอรมนี]] [[tl:Alemanya]] [[tpi:Siaman]] [[tr:Almanya]] [[ty:Heremani]] [[udm:Германия]] [[ug:گېرمانىيە]] [[uk:Німеччина]] [[ur:جرمنی]] [[uz:Olmoniya]] [[vec:Germania]] [[vi:Đức]] [[vls:Duutsland]] [[vo:Deutän]] [[war:Alemanya]] [[yi:דייטשלאנד]] [[yo:Jámánì]] [[zh:德国]] [[zh-classical:德意志]] [[zh-min-nan:Tek-kok]] [[zh-yue:德國]] [[zu:IJalimani]] 1966 9145 2007-01-24T21:24:29Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Modifying: [[arc:ܝܘܢ]] == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[af:Griekeland]] [[als:Griechenland]] [[an:Grezia]] [[ar:يونان]] [[arc:ܝܘܢ]] [[ast:Grecia]] [[az:Yunanıstan]] [[bat-smg:Graikėjė]] [[be:Грэцыя]] [[bg:Гърция]] [[bn:গ্রীস]] [[br:Gres (bro)]] [[bs:Grčka]] [[ca:Grècia]] [[cs:Řecko]] [[cy:Gwlad Groeg]] [[da:Grækenland]] [[de:Griechenland]] [[el:Ελλάδα]] [[en:Greece]] [[eo:Grekio]] [[es:Grecia]] [[et:Kreeka]] [[eu:Grezia]] [[fa:یونان]] [[fi:Kreikka]] [[fiu-vro:Kriika]] [[fo:Grikkaland]] [[fr:Grèce]] [[frp:Grèce]] [[fy:Grikelân]] [[ga:An Ghréig]] [[gd:A' Ghrèig]] [[gl:Grecia - Ελλάδα]] [[haw:Helene]] [[he:יוון]] [[hi:ग्रीस]] [[hr:Grčka]] [[hsb:Grjekska]] [[hu:Görögország]] [[hy:Հունաստան]] [[ia:Grecia]] [[id:Yunani]] [[ilo:Grecia]] [[io:Grekia]] [[is:Grikkland]] [[it:Grecia]] [[ja:ギリシャ]] [[ka:საბერძნეთი]] [[ko:그리스]] [[ku:Yewnanistan]] [[kw:Pow Grek]] [[la:Graecia]] [[lb:Griicheland]] [[li:Griekeland]] [[lt:Graikija]] [[lv:Grieķija]] [[mk:Грција]] [[ml:ഗ്രീസ്]] [[mo:Гречия]] [[ms:Yunani]] [[na:Greece]] [[nds:Grekenland]] [[nds-nl:Griekenlaand]] [[nl:Griekenland]] [[nn:Hellas]] [[no:Hellas]] [[oc:Grècia]] [[os:Греци]] [[pam:Greece]] [[pl:Grecja]] [[pms:Grecia]] [[ps:يونان]] [[pt:Grécia]] [[qu:Grisya]] [[ro:Grecia]] [[roa-rup:Gãrtsia]] [[ru:Греция]] [[scn:Grecia]] [[sh:Grčka]] [[simple:Greece]] [[sk:Grécko]] [[sl:Grčija]] [[sq:Greqia]] [[sr:Грчка]] [[sv:Grekland]] [[sw:Ugiriki]] [[tet:Grésia]] [[tg:Юнон]] [[th:ประเทศกรีซ]] [[tl:Gresya]] [[tpi:Gris]] [[tr:Yunanistan]] [[udm:Греция]] [[ug:گرېتسىيە]] [[uk:Греція]] [[ur:یونان]] [[vec:Grecia]] [[vi:Hy Lạp]] [[vo:Grikän]] [[war:Gresya]] [[zh:希腊]] [[zh-classical:希臘]] [[zh-min-nan:Hi-lia̍p]] 1967 8294 2007-01-07T12:06:28Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Modifying: [[qu:Magyarsuyu]] == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[af:Hongarye]] [[als:Ungarn]] [[am:ሀንጋሪ]] [[an:Ongría]] [[ar:مجر]] [[arc:ܡܓܪ]] [[ast:Hungría]] [[az:Macarıstan]] [[bar:Ungarn]] [[be:Вугоршчына]] [[bg:Унгария]] [[br:Hungaria]] [[bs:Mađarska]] [[ca:Hongria]] [[cs:Maďarsko]] [[cv:Венгри]] [[cy:Hwngari]] [[da:Ungarn]] [[de:Ungarn]] [[el:Ουγγαρία]] [[en:Hungary]] [[eo:Hungario]] [[es:Hungría]] [[et:Ungari]] [[eu:Hungaria]] [[fa:مجارستان]] [[fi:Unkari]] [[fiu-vro:Ungari]] [[fo:Ungarn]] [[fr:Hongrie]] [[frp:Hongrie]] [[fy:Hongarije]] [[ga:An Ungáir]] [[gd:An Ungair]] [[gl:Hungría - Magyarország]] [[gv:Yn Ungaar]] [[he:הונגריה]] [[hr:Mađarska]] [[hsb:Madźarska]] [[ht:Ongri]] [[hu:Magyarország]] [[hy:Հունգարիա]] [[ia:Hungaria]] [[id:Hongaria]] [[io:Hungaria]] [[is:Ungverjaland]] [[it:Ungheria]] [[ja:ハンガリー]] [[ka:უნგრეთი]] [[ko:헝가리]] [[ku:Macaristan]] [[kw:Hungari]] [[ky:Венгрия]] [[la:Hungaria]] [[lb:Ungarn]] [[li:Hongarieë]] [[lt:Vengrija]] [[lv:Ungārija]] [[mk:Унгарија]] [[mo:Унгария]] [[mr:हंगेरी]] [[ms:Hungary]] [[na:Ungari]] [[nds:Ungarn]] [[nds-nl:Hongaarnlaand]] [[nl:Hongarije]] [[nn:Ungarn]] [[no:Ungarn]] [[nrm:Hongrie]] [[oc:Ongria]] [[os:Венгри]] [[pam:Hungary]] [[pl:Węgry]] [[pms:Ungherìa]] [[ps:هنګري]] [[pt:Hungria]] [[qu:Magyarsuyu]] [[rmy:Ungariya]] [[ro:Ungaria]] [[ru:Венгрия]] [[sa:हंगरी]] [[scn:Unghirìa]] [[sco:Hungary]] [[se:Ungár]] [[sh:Mađarska]] [[simple:Hungary]] [[sk:Maďarsko]] [[sl:Madžarska]] [[sq:Hungaria]] [[sr:Мађарска]] [[sv:Ungern]] [[sw:Hungaria]] [[tet:Ungria]] [[tg:Маҷористон]] [[th:ประเทศฮังการี]] [[tl:Hungary]] [[tpi:Hungari]] [[tr:Macaristan]] [[udm:Венгрия]] [[ug:ۋېنگرىيە]] [[uk:Угорщина]] [[uz:Vengriya]] [[vi:Hungary]] [[vo:Macarän]] [[war:Hungarya]] [[yi:אונגארן]] [[zh:匈牙利]] [[zh-min-nan:Magyar-kok]] [[zh-yue:匈牙利]] 1968 9188 2007-01-27T21:28:02Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Adding: [[csb:Islandëjô]] == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[af:Ysland]] [[als:Island]] [[am:አይስላንድ]] [[an:Islandia]] [[ang:Īsland]] [[ar:آيسلندا]] [[ast:Islandia]] [[az:İslandiya]] [[bar:Ísland]] [[be:Ісьляндыя]] [[bg:Исландия]] [[bn:আইসল্যান্ড]] [[br:Island]] [[bs:Island]] [[ca:Islàndia]] [[cs:Island]] [[csb:Islandëjô]] [[cv:Исланди]] [[cy:Gwlad yr Iâ]] [[da:Island]] [[de:Island]] [[dv:އައިސްލަންޑަން]] [[el:Ισλανδία]] [[en:Iceland]] [[eo:Islando]] [[es:Islandia]] [[et:Island]] [[eu:Islandia]] [[fa:ایسلند]] [[fi:Islanti]] [[fiu-vro:Island']] [[fo:Ísland]] [[fr:Islande]] [[frp:Islande]] [[fy:Yslân]] [[ga:An Íoslainn]] [[gd:Innis Tile]] [[gl:Islandia - Ísland]] [[gu:આઇસલૅન્ડ]] [[he:איסלנד]] [[hi:आइसलैंड]] [[hr:Island]] [[hsb:Islandska]] [[hu:Izland]] [[hy:Իսլանդիա]] [[id:Islandia]] [[ilo:Icelandia]] [[io:Islando]] [[is:Ísland]] [[it:Islanda]] [[ja:アイスランド]] [[ka:ისლანდია]] [[kk:Исландия]] [[ko:아이슬란드]] [[ku:Îslanda]] [[kw:Island]] [[la:Islandia]] [[lb:Island]] [[lg:Isilandi]] [[li:Iesland]] [[lmo:Islànda]] [[lt:Islandija]] [[lv:Islande]] [[mk:Исланд]] [[ms:Iceland]] [[na:Iceland]] [[nds:Iesland]] [[nds-nl:Ieslaand]] [[nl:IJsland]] [[nn:Island]] [[no:Island]] [[oc:Islàndia]] [[pam:Iceland]] [[pl:Islandia]] [[pms:Islanda]] [[ps:آيسلېنډ]] [[pt:Islândia]] [[qu:Islandya]] [[ro:Islanda]] [[ru:Исландия]] [[sa:आइसलैंड]] [[sc:Islanda]] [[scn:Islandia]] [[se:Islánda]] [[sg:Islande]] [[sh:Island]] [[simple:Iceland]] [[sl:Islandija]] [[sq:Islanda]] [[sr:Исланд]] [[sv:Island]] [[sw:Iceland]] [[ta:ஐஸ்லாந்து]] [[tg:Исландия]] [[th:ประเทศไอซ์แลนด์]] [[tl:Iceland]] [[tpi:Aislan]] [[tr:İzlanda]] [[ug:ئىسلاندىيە]] [[uk:Ісландія]] [[ur:آئس لینڈ]] [[vi:Iceland]] [[vo:Lisladeän]] [[war:Islandya]] [[yi:איסלאנד]] [[zh:冰岛]] [[zh-min-nan:Peng-tē]] [[zh-yue:冰島]] 1969 6328 2006-07-04T14:08:59Z Murtasa 22 interwiki == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[af:Republiek van Ierland]] [[an:Irlanda]] [[ar:ايرلندا]] [[be:Рэспубліка Ірляндыя]] [[bg:Република Ирландия]] [[br:Republik Iwerzhon]] [[bs:Irska]] [[ca:República d'Irlanda]] [[cs:Irská republika]] [[cy:Gweriniaeth Iwerddon]] [[da:Irske republik]] [[de:Irland]] [[en:Republic of Ireland]] [[el:Δημοκρατία της Ιρλανδίας]] [[eo:Respubliko de Irlando]] [[es:Irlanda]] [[et:Iirimaa]] [[fi:Irlanti]] [[fo:Írland]] [[fr:Irlande (pays)]] [[ga:Poblacht na hÉireann]] [[gd:Poblachd na h-Eireann]] [[gl:Irlanda - Éire]] [[he:אירלנד]] [[hr:Irska]] [[hu:Írország]] [[ia:Irlanda]] [[id:Irlandia]] [[io:Irlando]] [[is:Írska lýðveldið]] [[it:Repubblica d'Irlanda]] [[ja:アイルランド]] [[ko:아일랜드]] [[kw:Repoblek Iwerdhon]] [[la:Irlandia]] [[lb:Irland (Land)]] [[li:Ierland]] [[lt:Airija]] [[lv:Īrija]] [[ms:Ireland]] [[nb:Republikken Irland]] [[nds:Irland]] [[nl:Ierse Republiek]] [[nn:Republikken Irland]] [[oc:Irlanda]] [[pl:Irlandia (państwo)]] [[pt:República da Irlanda]] [[rm:Republica da l'Irlanda]] [[ro:Irlanda]] [[ru:Ирландия]] [[se:Irlánda]] [[simple:Republic of Ireland]] [[sl:Irska (država)]] [[sv:Irland]][[tl:Ayrland (bansa)]] [[tr:İrlanda]] [[uk:Ірландія]] [[zh:爱尔兰共和国]] [[zh-min-nan:Éire]] 1970 9246 2007-01-31T16:37:29Z TXiKiBoT 178 robot Adding: [[am:ጣልያን]] == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[af:Italië]] [[als:Italien]] [[am:ጣልያን]] [[an:Italia]] [[ar:إيطاليا]] [[arc:ܐܝܛܠܝܐ]] [[ast:Italia]] [[az:İtaliya]] [[bar:Italien]] [[bat-smg:Italėjė]] [[be:Італія]] [[bg:Италия]] [[bo:དགྱིའི་དའ་རླིས]] [[br:Italia]] [[bs:Italija]] [[ca:Itàlia]] [[co:Italia]] [[cs:Itálie]] [[cu:Италї]] [[cv:Итали]] [[cy:Yr Eidal]] [[da:Italien]] [[de:Italien]] [[el:Ιταλία]] [[eml:Itâglia]] [[en:Italy]] [[eo:Italio]] [[es:Italia]] [[et:Itaalia]] [[eu:Italia]] [[fa:ایتالیا]] [[fi:Italia]] [[fiu-vro:Itaalia]] [[fr:Italie]] [[frp:Étalie]] [[fur:Italie]] [[fy:Itaalje]] [[ga:An Iodáil]] [[gd:An Eadailt]] [[gl:Italia]] [[haw:Italia]] [[he:איטליה]] [[hi:इटली]] [[hr:Italija]] [[hsb:Italska]] [[ht:Itali]] [[hu:Olaszország]] [[hy:Իտալիա]] [[ia:Italia]] [[id:Italia]] [[ilo:Italia]] [[io:Italia]] [[is:Ítalía]] [[it:Italia]] [[ja:イタリア]] [[jbo:gugdrxitali]] [[ka:იტალია]] [[kn:ಇಟಲಿ]] [[ko:이탈리아]] [[ku:Îtalya]] [[kw:Itali]] [[la:Italia]] [[lad:Italia]] [[lb:Italien]] [[li:Italië]] [[lij:Italia]] [[lmo:Itàlia]] [[lt:Italija]] [[lv:Itālija]] [[mk:Италија]] [[ml:ഇറ്റലി]] [[mn:Итали]] [[mr:इटली]] [[ms:Itali]] [[mt:Italja]] [[na:Italy]] [[nap:Italia]] [[nds:Italien]] [[nds-nl:Italiën]] [[nl:Italië]] [[nn:Italia]] [[no:Italia]] [[nrm:Italie]] [[oc:Itàlia]] [[os:Итали]] [[pam:Italy]] [[pl:Włochy]] [[pms:Italia]] [[ps:اټاليا]] [[pt:Itália]] [[qu:Italya]] [[rm:Italia]] [[rmy:Italiya]] [[ro:Italia]] [[roa-rup:Italia]] [[ru:Италия]] [[sa:इटली]] [[sc:Itàlia]] [[scn:Italia]] [[sh:Italija]] [[simple:Italy]] [[sk:Taliansko]] [[sl:Italija]] [[so:Talyaaniga]] [[sq:Italia]] [[sr:Италија]] [[sv:Italien]] [[sw:Italia]] [[ta:இத்தாலி]] [[tg:Итолиё]] [[th:ประเทศอิตาลี]] [[tl:Italya]] [[tpi:Italia]] [[tr:İtalya]] [[ty:’Itāria]] [[uk:Італія]] [[ur:اٹلی]] [[vec:Itałia]] [[vi:Ý]] [[vo:Litaliyän]] [[war:Italya]] [[yi:איטאליע]] [[zh:意大利]] [[zh-classical:義大利]] [[zh-min-nan:Italia]] [[zh-yue:意大利]] 1971 9120 2007-01-23T02:13:14Z TXiKiBoT 178 robot Adding: [[hsb:Letiska]] == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[af:Letland]] [[am:ላትቪያ]] [[an:Letonia]] [[ang:Latvia]] [[ar:لاتفيا]] [[arc:ܠܬܦܝܐ]] [[ast:Letonia]] [[az:Latviya]] [[bat-smg:Latvėjė]] [[be:Латвія]] [[bg:Латвия]] [[br:Latvia]] [[bs:Latvija]] [[ca:Letònia]] [[co:Lettonia]] [[cs:Lotyšsko]] [[cv:Латви]] [[cy:Latfia]] [[da:Letland]] [[de:Lettland]] [[el:Λεττονία]] [[en:Latvia]] [[eo:Latvio]] [[es:Letonia]] [[et:Läti]] [[eu:Letonia]] [[fa:لاتویا]] [[fi:Latvia]] [[fiu-vro:Läti]] [[fr:Lettonie]] [[frp:Lètonie]] [[fy:Letlân]] [[ga:An Laitvia]] [[gd:Laitbhia]] [[gl:Letonia - Latvija]] [[he:לטביה]] [[hi:लातविया]] [[hr:Letonija]] [[hsb:Letiska]] [[ht:Letoni]] [[hu:Lettország]] [[ia:Latvia]] [[id:Latvia]] [[ilo:Latvia]] [[io:Latvia]] [[is:Lettland]] [[it:Lettonia]] [[ja:ラトビア]] [[ka:ლატვია]] [[ko:라트비아]] [[ku:Letonya]] [[kw:Latvi]] [[la:Lettonia]] [[lb:Lettland]] [[li:Letland]] [[lt:Latvija]] [[lv:Latvija]] [[mk:Латвија]] [[mo:Летония]] [[mr:लात्व्हिया]] [[ms:Latvia]] [[nds:Lettland]] [[nds-nl:Letlaand]] [[nl:Letland]] [[nn:Latvia]] [[no:Latvia]] [[nrm:Lettonnie]] [[oc:Letònia]] [[os:Латви]] [[pam:Latvia]] [[pl:Łotwa]] [[pms:Letònia]] [[pt:Letónia]] [[qu:Litunya]] [[rm:Lettonia]] [[rmy:Latviya]] [[ro:Letonia]] [[roa-rup:Letonia]] [[ru:Латвия]] [[ru-sib:Латвия]] [[sc:Latvia]] [[sco:Latvia]] [[se:Látvia]] [[sh:Letonija]] [[simple:Latvia]] [[sk:Lotyšsko]] [[sl:Latvija]] [[sq:Letonia]] [[sr:Летонија]] [[sv:Lettland]] [[sw:Latvia]] [[tg:Латвия]] [[th:ประเทศลัตเวีย]] [[tl:Latvia]] [[tpi:Latvia]] [[tr:Letonya]] [[tt:Latvia]] [[ug:لاتۋىيە]] [[uk:Латвія]] [[vi:Latvia]] [[vo:Latviyän]] [[war:Letonia]] [[yi:לעטלאנד]] [[zh:拉脫維亞]] [[zh-min-nan:Latvia]] [[zh-yue:拉脫維亞]] 1972 9159 2007-01-25T12:35:42Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Adding: [[hsb:Liechtenstein]], [[hy:Լիխտենշտեյն]] == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[af:Liechtenstein]] [[als:Liechtenstein]] [[an:Liechtenstein]] [[ar:ليختنشتاين]] [[arc:ܠܝܚܬܢܫܬܝܢ]] [[ast:Liechtenstein]] [[bar:Liechtnstââ]] [[be:Ліхтэнштайн]] [[bg:Лихтенщайн]] [[br:Liechtenstein]] [[bs:Lihtenštajn]] [[ca:Liechtenstein]] [[cs:Lichtenštejnsko]] [[cy:Liechtenstein]] [[da:Liechtenstein]] [[de:Liechtenstein]] [[el:Λιχτενστάιν]] [[en:Liechtenstein]] [[eo:Liĥtenŝtejno]] [[es:Liechtenstein]] [[et:Liechtenstein]] [[eu:Liechtestein]] [[fa:لیختنشتاین]] [[fi:Liechtenstein]] [[fiu-vro:Liechtenstein]] [[fr:Liechtenstein]] [[frp:Liechtenstein]] [[fy:Lychtenstein]] [[gl:Liechtenstein]] [[he:ליכטנשטיין]] [[hi:लीख़्टेन्स्टाइन]] [[hr:Lihtenštajn]] [[hsb:Liechtenstein]] [[ht:Lichtènstayn]] [[hu:Liechtenstein]] [[hy:Լիխտենշտեյն]] [[id:Liechtenstein]] [[io:Liechtenstein]] [[is:Liechtenstein]] [[it:Liechtenstein]] [[ja:リヒテンシュタイン]] [[ka:ლიხტენშტაინი]] [[ko:리히텐슈타인]] [[ku:Liechtenstein]] [[kw:Liechtenstein]] [[la:Lichtenstenum]] [[lb:Liechtenstein]] [[li:Liechtenstein]] [[lij:Liechtenstein]] [[lt:Lichtenšteinas]] [[lv:Lihtenšteina]] [[mk:Лихтенштајн]] [[ms:Liechtenstein]] [[nds:Liechtensteen]] [[nds-nl:Liechtenstein]] [[nl:Liechtenstein]] [[nn:Liechtenstein]] [[no:Liechtenstein]] [[oc:Liechtenstein]] [[pam:Liechtenstein]] [[pl:Liechtenstein]] [[pms:Lichtenstàin]] [[pt:Liechtenstein]] [[qu:Liechtenstein]] [[rm:Liechtenstein]] [[ro:Liechtenstein]] [[ru:Лихтенштейн]] [[scn:Liechtenstein]] [[sh:Lihtenštajn]] [[simple:Liechtenstein]] [[sk:Lichtenštajnsko]] [[sl:Lihtenštajn]] [[sq:Lihtenshtajni]] [[sr:Лихтенштајн]] [[sv:Liechtenstein]] [[tet:Listenstaina]] [[th:ประเทศลิกเตนสไตน์]] [[tl:Liechtenstein]] [[tr:Lihtenştayn]] [[ug:لىچتېنشتېين]] [[uk:Ліхтенштейн]] [[uz:Lixtenshteyn]] [[vi:Liechtenstein]] [[vo:Liktenstän]] [[war:Lestenstin]] [[zh:列支敦斯登]] [[zh-min-nan:Liechtenstein]] [[zh-yue:列支敦士登]] 1973 8758 2007-01-13T14:25:49Z TXiKiBoT 178 robot Adding: [[lij:Lituania]] [[Image:Flag of Lithuania.svg|200px||thumb|LT]] [[image:LocationLithuaniaInEurope.png|right|300px|Lage von Litauen in Europa]] [[Image:GediminasCastle002.jpg|thumb|350px|[[Gediminas|Gediminas pilis]] [[Vilnius]] simbol]] '''लिथुआनिया''' ('''Lietuvos Respublika'''), [[Vilnius]] (Capital), Europa. == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[Category:हिमशृङ्खला]] [[af:Litaue]] [[als:Litauen]] [[am:ሊትዌኒያ]] [[an:Lituania]] [[ang:Lithuania]] [[ar:لتوانيا]] [[arc:ܠܬܘܢܝܐ]] [[ast:Lituania]] [[ay:Lituania]] [[az:Litva]] [[bat-smg:Lietova]] [[be:Летува]] [[bg:Литва]] [[br:Lituania]] [[bs:Litvanija]] [[ca:Lituània]] [[ceb:Lituanya]] [[co:Lituania]] [[cs:Litva]] [[csb:Lëtewskô]] [[cv:Литва]] [[cy:Lithuania]] [[da:Litauen]] [[de:Litauen]] [[el:Λιθουανία]] [[en:Lithuania]] [[eo:Litovio]] [[es:Lituania]] [[et:Leedu]] [[eu:Lituania]] [[fa:لیتوانی]] [[fi:Liettua]] [[fiu-vro:Leedu]] [[fo:Litava]] [[fr:Lituanie]] [[frp:Lituanie]] [[fur:Lituanie]] [[fy:Litouwen]] [[ga:An Liotuáin]] [[gd:Lituania]] [[gl:Lituania - Lietuva]] [[gn:Lituania]] [[he:ליטא]] [[hi:लिथुआनिया]] [[hr:Litva]] [[ht:Lityani]] [[hu:Litvánia]] [[hy:Լիտվա]] [[ia:Lituania]] [[id:Lituania]] [[ie:Lituania]] [[ilo:Lituania]] [[io:Lituania]] [[is:Litháen]] [[it:Lituania]] [[ja:リトアニア]] [[jv:Lituania]] [[ka:ლიტვა]] [[kk:Литва]] [[ko:리투아니아]] [[ksh:Littaue]] [[ku:Lîtvanya]] [[kw:Lithouani]] [[ky:Литва]] [[la:Lituania]] [[lb:Litauen]] [[li:Litouwe]] [[lij:Lituania]] [[lmo:Lituània]] [[lt:Lietuva]] [[lv:Lietuva]] [[mi:Litovia]] [[mk:Литванија]] [[mn:Литва]] [[mo:Литуания]] [[mr:लिथुएनिया]] [[ms:Lithuania]] [[mt:Litwanja]] [[na:Lithuania]] [[nah:Lituantlān‎]] [[nap:Lituania]] [[nds:Litauen]] [[nds-nl:Litouwen]] [[nl:Litouwen]] [[nn:Litauen]] [[no:Litauen]] [[nrm:Lithuanie]] [[oc:Lituània]] [[os:Литва]] [[pam:Lithuania]] [[pdc:Litaun]] [[pl:Litwa]] [[pms:Lituania]] [[pt:Lituânia]] [[qu:Lituwa]] [[rm:Lituania]] [[rmy:Lituaniya]] [[ro:Lituania]] [[roa-rup:Litva]] [[ru:Литва]] [[sa:लिथ्वानिया]] [[sc:Lituana]] [[scn:Lituania]] [[sco:Lithuania]] [[se:Lietuva]] [[sh:Litva]] [[simple:Lithuania]] [[sk:Litva]] [[sl:Litva]] [[sq:Lituania]] [[sr:Литванија]] [[sv:Litauen]] [[sw:Lituanya]] [[tet:Lituánia]] [[tg:Литва]] [[th:ประเทศลิทัวเนีย]] [[tl:Lithuania]] [[tpi:Litva]] [[tr:Litvanya]] [[tt:Litua]] [[uk:Литва]] [[uz:Litva]] [[vec:Łituania]] [[vi:Litva]] [[vls:Litown]] [[vo:Lietuvän]] [[wa:Litwaneye]] [[war:Lituania]] [[yi:ליטע]] [[zh:立陶宛]] [[zh-min-nan:Lietuva]] [[zh-yue:立陶宛]] 1974 9156 2007-01-25T11:17:45Z TXiKiBoT 178 robot Adding: [[hsb:Luxemburgska]] == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[af:Luxemburg]] [[als:Luxemburg]] [[an:Lusemburgo]] [[ang:Letseburh]] [[ar:لوكسمبورغ]] [[arc:ܠܘܟܣܡܒܘܪܓ]] [[ast:Luxemburgu]] [[be:Люксэмбург]] [[bg:Люксембург]] [[br:Luksembourg (bro)]] [[ca:Luxemburg]] [[cs:Lucembursko]] [[csb:Luksembùrskô]] [[cy:Lwcsembwrg]] [[da:Luxembourg]] [[de:Luxemburg]] [[dv:ލަޒަންބާ]] [[el:Λουξεμβούργο]] [[eml:Lussembûrg]] [[en:Luxembourg]] [[eo:Luksemburgio]] [[es:Luxemburgo]] [[et:Luksemburg]] [[eu:Luxenburgo]] [[fa:لوکزامبورگ]] [[fi:Luxemburg]] [[fr:Luxembourg (pays)]] [[frp:Luxembôrg (payis)]] [[fy:Lúksemboarch]] [[ga:Lucsamburg]] [[gd:Lucsamburg]] [[gl:Luxemburgo - Lëtzebuerg]] [[he:לוקסמבורג]] [[hi:लक्सेम्बर्ग]] [[hr:Luksemburg]] [[hsb:Luxemburgska]] [[hu:Luxemburg]] [[ia:Luxemburg]] [[id:Luxemburg]] [[io:Luxemburgia]] [[is:Lúxemborg]] [[it:Lussemburgo]] [[ja:ルクセンブルク]] [[ka:ლუქსემბურგი (ქვეყანა)]] [[ko:룩셈부르크]] [[ku:Luksemburg]] [[kw:Lushaborg]] [[la:Luxemburgum]] [[lb:Lëtzebuerg (Land)]] [[li:Luxemburg (land)]] [[lij:Luxemburgo (Naçioin d'Euròpa)]] [[lt:Liuksemburgas]] [[lv:Luksemburga (valsts)]] [[mk:Луксембург]] [[ms:Luxembourg]] [[nds:Luxemborg]] [[nds-nl:Luxemburg (laand)]] [[nl:Luxemburg (land)]] [[nn:Luxembourg]] [[no:Luxembourg]] [[nrm:Luxembourg]] [[oc:Luxemborg (estat)]] [[os:Люксембург (паддзахад)]] [[pam:Luxembourg]] [[pl:Luksemburg (państwo)]] [[pms:Lussemborgh]] [[pt:Luxemburgo]] [[qu:Luksimbur]] [[rm:Luxemburg]] [[ro:Luxemburg]] [[roa-rup:Luxemburg]] [[ru:Люксембург]] [[sc:Lussemburgu]] [[sh:Luksemburg]] [[simple:Luxembourg]] [[sk:Luxembursko]] [[sl:Luksemburg]] [[sq:Luksemburgu]] [[sr:Луксембург]] [[sv:Luxemburg]] [[sw:Luxemburg]] [[tg:Люксембург]] [[th:ประเทศลักเซมเบิร์ก]] [[tl:Luxembourg]] [[tr:Lüksemburg]] [[ug:ليۇكسېمبۇرگ]] [[uk:Люксембург]] [[vi:Luxembourg]] [[vo:Luxämburgän]] [[wa:Grande-Dutcheye do Lussimbork]] [[war:Luxemburg]] [[zh:卢森堡]] [[zh-min-nan:Luxembourg]] [[zh-yue:盧森堡]] 1975 9110 2007-01-22T15:08:21Z JAnDbot 157 robot Removing: [[fy:Masedoanje]] Modifying: [[uk:Республіка Македонія]] == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[Category:देश]] [[als:Republik Makedonien]] [[ar:مقدونيا]] [[arc:ܡܩܕܘܢܝܐ]] [[ast:República de Macedonia]] [[be:Рэспубліка Македонія]] [[bg:Република Македония]] [[br:Republik Makedonia]] [[bs:Republika Makedonija]] [[ca:República de Macedònia]] [[cs:Republika Makedonie]] [[cy:Gweriniaeth Macedonia]] [[da:Makedonien]] [[de:Mazedonien]] [[el:Πρώην Γιουγκοσλαβική Δημοκρατία της Μακεδονίας]] [[en:Republic of Macedonia]] [[eo:Respubliko de Makedonio]] [[es:República de Macedonia]] [[et:Makedoonia]] [[eu:Mazedoniako Errepublika]] [[fa:مقدونیه]] [[fi:Makedonian tasavalta]] [[fiu-vro:Makõdoonia Vabariik']] [[fr:Macédoine (pays)]] [[frp:Rèpublica de Macèdonie]] [[gl:Macedonia (ARIM) - Македонија (ПЈРМ)]] [[he:מקדוניה]] [[hr:Republika Makedonija]] [[hsb:Makedonska]] [[hu:Macedón Köztársaság]] [[hy:Մակեդոնիա]] [[id:Republik Makedonia]] [[io:Macedonia]] [[is:Lýðveldið Makedónía]] [[it:Repubblica di Macedonia]] [[ja:マケドニア共和国]] [[ko:마케도니아 공화국]] [[ku:Komara Makedonyayê]] [[la:Respublica Macedonica]] [[li:Macedonië (land)]] [[lt:Makedonija]] [[lv:Maķedonijas Republika]] [[mk:Република Македонија]] [[ms:Republik Macedonia]] [[nds:Republiek Makedonien]] [[nl:Macedonië (land)]] [[nn:Republikken Makedonia]] [[no:Republikken Makedonia]] [[oc:Republica de Macedònia]] [[pam:Republic of Macedonia]] [[pl:Macedonia]] [[pms:Repùblica Macedònia]] [[ps:مقدونيه]] [[pt:República da Macedónia]] [[rmy:Republika Makedoniya]] [[ro:Republica Macedonia]] [[roa-rup:Machedonia]] [[ru:Республика Македония]] [[scn:Ripùbblica di Macidonia]] [[se:Dásseváldi Makedonia]] [[sh:Republika Makedonija]] [[simple:Republic of Macedonia]] [[sk:Macedónsko]] [[sl:Makedonija]] [[sq:Ish Republika Jugosllave e Maqedonisë]] [[sr:Република Македонија]] [[sv:Makedonien]] [[sw:Jamhuri ya Masedonia]] [[tg:Ҷумҳурии Мақдуния]] [[th:สาธารณรัฐมาซิโดเนีย]] [[tl:Republika ng Masedonya]] [[tr:Makedonya Cumhuriyeti]] [[ug:ماكېدونىيە]] [[uk:Республіка Македонія]] [[vo:Repüblik Makedonän]] [[war:Republika han Masedonya]] [[zh:馬其頓共和國]] [[zh-min-nan:Makedonija Kiōng-hô-kok]] 1976 9164 2007-01-25T13:54:01Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Adding: [[hsb:Malta]] == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[af:Malta]] [[als:Malta]] [[am:ማልታ]] [[an:Malta]] [[ar:مالطا]] [[arc:ܡܠܛܐ]] [[ast:Malta]] [[be:Мальта]] [[bg:Малта]] [[br:Malta]] [[bs:Malta]] [[ca:Malta]] [[cs:Malta]] [[cy:Malta]] [[da:Malta]] [[de:Malta]] [[el:Μάλτα]] [[en:Malta]] [[eo:Malto (lando)]] [[es:Malta]] [[et:Malta]] [[eu:Malta]] [[fa:مالت (کشور)]] [[fi:Malta]] [[fiu-vro:Malta]] [[fr:Malte]] [[frp:Malta]] [[fy:Malta]] [[ga:Málta]] [[gl:Malta]] [[he:מלטה]] [[hi:माल्टा]] [[hr:Malta]] [[hsb:Malta]] [[ht:Malt]] [[hu:Málta]] [[ia:Malta]] [[id:Malta]] [[ilo:Malta]] [[io:Malta]] [[is:Malta]] [[it:Malta]] [[ja:マルタ]] [[ka:მალტა]] [[ko:몰타]] [[ku:Malta]] [[kw:Malta]] [[la:Melitta]] [[lb:Malta]] [[li:Malta]] [[lt:Malta]] [[lv:Malta]] [[mk:Малта]] [[ms:Malta]] [[mt:Malta]] [[nds:Malta]] [[nds-nl:Malta (laand)]] [[nl:Malta (land)]] [[nn:Malta]] [[no:Malta]] [[nrm:Malte]] [[oc:Malta]] [[os:Мальтæ (паддзахад)]] [[pam:Malta]] [[pl:Malta]] [[pms:Malta]] [[pt:Malta]] [[ro:Malta]] [[ru:Мальта (государство)]] [[scn:Malta]] [[se:Málta]] [[sh:Malta]] [[simple:Malta]] [[sk:Malta]] [[sl:Malta]] [[sq:Malta]] [[sr:Малта]] [[sv:Malta]] [[sw:Malta]] [[tet:Malta]] [[tg:Малта]] [[th:ประเทศมอลตา]] [[tl:Malta]] [[tr:Malta]] [[ug:مالتا]] [[uk:Мальта]] [[vi:Malta]] [[vo:Malteän]] [[wa:Male]] [[war:Malta]] [[zh:马耳他]] [[zh-min-nan:Malta]] 1977 8271 2007-01-04T13:37:20Z JAnDbot 157 robot Modifying: [[yi:מאלדאוויע]] == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[af:Moldawië]] [[als:Moldawien]] [[am:ሞልዶቫ]] [[an:Moldabia]] [[ar:مولدافيا]] [[arc:ܡܘܠܕܦܝܐ]] [[ast:Moldavia]] [[az:Moldova]] [[be:Малдова]] [[bg:Молдова]] [[br:Moldova]] [[bs:Moldavija]] [[ca:República de Moldàvia]] [[chr:ᎼᎸᏙᏩ]] [[cs:Moldavsko]] [[cv:Молдави]] [[cy:Moldofa]] [[da:Moldavien]] [[de:Moldawien]] [[el:Μολδαβία]] [[en:Moldova]] [[eo:Moldava Respubliko]] [[es:Moldavia]] [[et:Moldova Vabariik]] [[eu:Moldavia]] [[fa:مولداوی]] [[fi:Moldova]] [[fiu-vro:Moldova]] [[fr:République de Moldavie]] [[frp:Moldavie (payis)]] [[fy:Moldaavje]] [[ga:An Mholdóiv]] [[gl:Moldova]] [[he:מולדובה]] [[hi:मोल्दाविया]] [[hr:Moldavija]] [[ht:Moldavi]] [[hu:Moldova]] [[hy:Մոլդովա]] [[id:Moldavia]] [[io:Moldova]] [[is:Moldóva]] [[it:Moldavia]] [[ja:モルドバ]] [[ka:მოლდოვა]] [[kk:Молдова]] [[ko:몰도바]] [[kw:Moldova]] [[la:Moldavia]] [[lb:Moldawien]] [[li:Moldavië]] [[lt:Moldavija]] [[lv:Moldova]] [[mk:Молдавија]] [[mo:Молдова]] [[mt:Moldovja]] [[nds:Moldawien]] [[nds-nl:Moldavië (laand)]] [[nl:Moldavië (land)]] [[nn:Moldova]] [[no:Moldova]] [[oc:Moldàvia]] [[pam:Republic of Moldova]] [[pl:Mołdawia]] [[pms:Moldavia]] [[pt:Moldávia]] [[rm:Moldavia]] [[ro:Republica Moldova]] [[roa-rup:Moldova]] [[ru:Молдавия]] [[sa:मोल्दोवा]] [[se:Moldávia]] [[sh:Moldavija]] [[simple:Moldova]] [[sk:Moldavsko]] [[sl:Moldavija]] [[sq:Moldavia]] [[sr:Молдавија]] [[sv:Moldavien]] [[th:ประเทศมอลโดวา]] [[tl:Moldova]] [[tr:Moldova]] [[ug:مولدوۋا]] [[uk:Республіка Молдова]] [[war:Moldavia]] [[yi:מאלדאוויע]] [[zh:摩尔多瓦]] [[zh-min-nan:Moldova]] [[zh-yue:摩爾多瓦]] 1979 9165 2007-01-25T15:49:05Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Adding: [[vec:Prinzsipato de Mònaco]] == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[af:Monaco]] [[am:ሞናኮ]] [[an:Monaco]] [[ar:موناكو]] [[arc:ܡܘܢܟܘ]] [[ast:Mónaco]] [[bg:Монако]] [[br:Monaco]] [[bs:Monako]] [[ca:Mònaco]] [[cs:Monako]] [[cy:Monaco]] [[da:Monaco]] [[de:Monaco]] [[el:Μονακό]] [[en:Monaco]] [[eo:Monako]] [[es:Mónaco]] [[et:Monaco]] [[eu:Monako]] [[fa:موناکو]] [[fi:Monaco]] [[fiu-vro:Monaco]] [[fo:Monako]] [[fr:Monaco]] [[frp:Monacô]] [[fy:Monako]] [[ga:Monacó]] [[gl:Mónaco - Monaco]] [[he:מונאקו]] [[hi:मोनैको]] [[hr:Monako]] [[hsb:Monaco]] [[hu:Monaco]] [[ia:Monaco]] [[id:Monako]] [[ilo:Monaco]] [[io:Monako]] [[is:Mónakó]] [[it:Principato di Monaco]] [[ja:モナコ]] [[ka:მონაკო]] [[ko:모나코]] [[kw:Monako]] [[la:Monoecus]] [[lad:Monako]] [[lb:Monaco]] [[li:Monaco]] [[lij:Principâ de Monego]] [[lt:Monakas]] [[lv:Monako]] [[mk:Монако]] [[ms:Monaco]] [[na:Monaco]] [[nds:Monaco]] [[nds-nl:Monaco]] [[nl:Monaco]] [[nn:Monaco]] [[no:Monaco]] [[oc:Mónegue]] [[pam:Monaco]] [[pl:Monako]] [[pms:Mònaco]] [[pt:Mónaco]] [[qu:Munaku]] [[ro:Monaco]] [[ru:Монако]] [[sh:Monako]] [[simple:Monaco]] [[sk:Monako]] [[sl:Monako]] [[sq:Monako]] [[sr:Монако]] [[sv:Monaco]] [[sw:Monako]] [[ta:மொனாகோ]] [[tg:Монако]] [[th:ประเทศโมนาโก]] [[tl:Monaco]] [[tr:Monako]] [[ug:موناكو]] [[uk:Монако]] [[ur:موناکو]] [[vec:Prinzsipato de Mònaco]] [[vo:Monakän]] [[war:Monaco]] [[zh:摩纳哥]] [[zh-min-nan:Monaco]] [[zh-yue:摩納哥]] 1981 9180 2007-01-26T15:53:42Z 199.254.165.254 my name is == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[af:Noorweë]] [[als:Norwegen]] [[am:ኖርዌይ]] [[an:Noruega]] [[ang:Norþweg]] [[ar:نرويج]] [[arc:ܢܪܘܝܓ]] [[ast:Noruega]] [[az:Norveç]] [[be:Нарвегія]] [[bg:Норвегия]] [[bo:ནོར་ཝེ]] [[br:Norvegia]] [[bs:Norveška]] [[ca:Noruega]] [[co:Norvegia]] [[cs:Norsko]] [[csb:Norweskô]] [[cv:Норвеги]] [[cy:Norwy]] [[da:Norge]] [[de:Norwegen]] [[dv:ނޯވޭ]] [[el:Νορβηγία]] [[en:Norway]] [[eo:Norvegio]] [[es:Noruega]] [[et:Norra]] [[eu:Norvegia]] [[fa:نروژ]] [[fi:Norja]] [[fo:Noreg]] [[fr:Norvège]] [[frp:Norvèg·e]] [[fy:Noarwegen]] [[ga:An Iorua]] [[gd:Nirribhidh]] [[gl:Noruega - Noreg]] [[got:𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃]] [[haw:Noloweke]] [[he:נורבגיה]] [[hi:नॉर्वे]] [[hr:Norveška]] [[hsb:Norwegska]] [[ht:Nòvèj]] [[hu:Norvégia]] [[hy:Նորվեգիա]] [[ia:Norvegia]] [[id:Norwegia]] [[ilo:Norway]] [[io:Norvegia]] [[is:Noregur]] [[it:Norvegia]] [[ja:ノルウェー]] [[jbo:noreg]] [[ka:ნორვეგია]] [[kk:Норвегия]] [[kn:ನಾರ್ವೇ]] [[ko:노르웨이]] [[ks:नार्वे]] [[ku:Norwec]] [[kw:Norgagh]] [[la:Norvegia]] [[lad:Noruega]] [[lb:Norwegen]] [[li:Noorwege]] [[lt:Norvegija]] [[lv:Norvēģija]] [[mg:Norvezy]] [[mk:Норвешка]] [[ms:Norway]] [[na:Norwei]] [[nah:Noruecān]] [[nds:Norwegen]] [[nds-nl:Noorwegen]] [[nl:Noorwegen]] [[nn:Noreg]] [[no:Norge]] [[nrm:Norouague]] [[oc:Norvègia]] [[pam:Norway]] [[pl:Norwegia]] [[pms:Norvegia]] [[pt:Noruega]] [[qu:Nurwiga]] [[rm:Norvegia]] [[ro:Norvegia]] [[ru:Норвегия]] [[sa:नार्वे]] [[scn:Norveggia]] [[sco:Norrowey]] [[se:Norga]] [[sh:Norveška]] [[simple:Norway]] [[sk:Nórsko]] [[sl:Norveška]] [[sq:Norvegjia]] [[sr:Норвешка]] [[sv:Norge]] [[sw:Norwei]] [[ta:நோர்வே]] [[tg:Норвегия]] [[th:ประเทศนอร์เวย์]] [[tl:Norway]] [[tr:Norveç]] [[ug:نورۋېگىيە]] [[uk:Норвегія]] [[vi:Na Uy]] [[vo:Norgän]] [[wa:Norvedje]] [[war:Noruega]] [[wo:Norweej]] [[yi:נארוועגיע]] [[zh:挪威]] [[zh-min-nan:Norge]] [[zh-yue:挪威]] 1983 8269 2007-01-04T12:58:37Z JAnDbot 157 robot Modifying: [[yi:פארטוגאל]] == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[af:Portugal]] [[als:Portugal]] [[an:Portugal]] [[ar:برتغال]] [[arc:ܦܘܪܬܘܓܠ]] [[ast:Portugal]] [[bat-smg:Portugalėjė]] [[be:Партугалія]] [[bg:Португалия]] [[bo:ཕུ་ཐོ་ཡ]] [[br:Portugal]] [[bs:Portugal]] [[ca:Portugal]] [[co:Portugallu]] [[cs:Portugalsko]] [[cy:Portiwgal]] [[da:Portugal]] [[de:Portugal]] [[el:Πορτογαλία]] [[en:Portugal]] [[eo:Portugalio]] [[es:Portugal]] [[et:Portugal]] [[eu:Portugal]] [[fa:پرتغال]] [[fi:Portugali]] [[fr:Portugal]] [[frp:Portugal]] [[fy:Portegal]] [[ga:An Phortaingéil]] [[gl:Portugal]] [[gv:Yn Phortiugal]] [[he:פורטוגל]] [[hi:पुर्तगाल]] [[hr:Portugal]] [[ht:Pòtigal]] [[hu:Portugália]] [[hy:Պորտուգալիա]] [[ia:Portugal]] [[id:Portugal]] [[ilo:Portugal]] [[io:Portugal]] [[is:Portúgal]] [[it:Portogallo]] [[ja:ポルトガル]] [[ka:პორტუგალია]] [[ko:포르투갈]] [[ks:पुर्तगाल]] [[ku:Portekîz]] [[kw:Portyngal]] [[la:Lusitania]] [[lb:Portugal]] [[li:Portugal]] [[lt:Portugalija]] [[lv:Portugāle]] [[mr:पोर्तुगाल]] [[ms:Portugal]] [[mt:Portugall]] [[nds:Portugal]] [[nds-nl:Portugal]] [[nl:Portugal]] [[nn:Portugal]] [[no:Portugal]] [[nrm:Portûnga]] [[oc:Portugal]] [[os:Португали]] [[pam:Portugal]] [[pl:Portugalia]] [[pms:Portugal]] [[pt:Portugal]] [[qu:Purtugal]] [[rm:Portugal]] [[ro:Portugalia]] [[ru:Португалия]] [[sa:पुर्तगाल]] [[sc:Portugallu]] [[sh:Portugal]] [[simple:Portugal]] [[sk:Portugalsko]] [[sl:Portugalska]] [[sq:Portugalia]] [[sr:Португалија]] [[sv:Portugal]] [[ta:போர்த்துகல்]] [[tet:Portugál]] [[tg:Португалия]] [[th:ประเทศโปรตุเกส]] [[tl:Portugal]] [[tpi:Potugal]] [[tr:Portekiz]] [[ty:Pōtītī]] [[ug:پورتۇگالىيە]] [[uk:Португалія]] [[uz:Portugal]] [[vec:Portogało]] [[vi:Bồ Đào Nha]] [[war:Portugal]] [[yi:פארטוגאל]] [[zh:葡萄牙]] [[zh-min-nan:Phû-tô-gâ]] [[zh-yue:葡萄牙]] 1984 9181 2007-01-26T16:22:01Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Adding: [[br:Roumania]], [[hsb:Rumunska]] == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[af:Roemenië]] [[als:Rumänien]] [[am:ሮማንያ]] [[an:Rumanía]] [[ar:رومانيا]] [[arc:ܪܘܡܢܝܐ]] [[ast:Rumanía]] [[be:Румынія]] [[bg:Румъния]] [[bn:রোমানিয়া]] [[br:Roumania]] [[bs:Rumunija]] [[ca:Romania]] [[chr:ᎶᎹᏂᏯ]] [[cs:Rumunsko]] [[cy:Rwmania]] [[da:Rumænien]] [[de:Rumänien]] [[el:Ρουμανία]] [[en:Romania]] [[eo:Rumanio]] [[es:Rumania]] [[et:Rumeenia]] [[eu:Errumania]] [[fa:رومانی]] [[fi:Romania]] [[fiu-vro:Romaania]] [[fr:Roumanie]] [[frp:Roumanie]] [[fy:Roemeenje]] [[ga:An Rómáin]] [[gd:Romàinia]] [[gl:Romanía - România]] [[he:רומניה]] [[hi:रोमानिया]] [[hr:Rumunjska]] [[hsb:Rumunska]] [[ht:Woumani]] [[hu:Románia]] [[hy:Ռումինիա]] [[ia:Romania]] [[id:Rumania]] [[io:Rumania]] [[is:Rúmenía]] [[it:Romania]] [[ja:ルーマニア]] [[jbo:romanis]] [[ka:რუმინეთი]] [[ko:루마니아]] [[ks:रोमानिया]] [[ku:Romanya]] [[kw:Roumani]] [[la:Romania]] [[lad:Rumania]] [[lb:Rumänien]] [[li:Roemenië]] [[lt:Rumunija]] [[lv:Rumānija]] [[mk:Романија]] [[mo:Ромыния]] [[ms:Romania]] [[mt:Rumanija]] [[na:Romania]] [[nds:Rumänien]] [[nds-nl:Roemenië]] [[nl:Roemenië]] [[nn:Romania]] [[no:Romania]] [[nrm:Roumanie]] [[oc:Romania]] [[pam:Romania]] [[pl:Rumunia]] [[pms:Romanìa]] [[pt:Roménia]] [[qu:Rumanya]] [[rm:Rumenia]] [[rmy:Rumuniya]] [[ro:România]] [[roa-rup:Romãnia]] [[ru:Румыния]] [[sa:रोमानिया]] [[scn:Rumanìa]] [[sh:Rumunija]] [[simple:Romania]] [[sk:Rumunsko]] [[sl:Romunija]] [[sq:Rumania]] [[sr:Румунија]] [[sv:Rumänien]] [[sw:Romania]] [[ta:ருமேனியா]] [[tet:Roménia]] [[tg:Руминия]] [[th:ประเทศโรมาเนีย]] [[tl:Romania]] [[tr:Romanya]] [[ug:رومىنىيە]] [[uk:Румунія]] [[vi:Romania]] [[vo:Rumän]] [[wa:Roumaneye]] [[war:Rumania]] [[yi:ראמעניע]] [[zh:羅馬尼亞]] [[zh-min-nan:Lô-má-nî-a]] [[zh-yue:羅馬尼亞]] 1985 8873 2007-01-17T00:15:05Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Adding: [[qu:San Marino]] == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[am:ሳን ማሪኖ (ከተማ)]] [[an:San Marino]] [[ar:سان مارينو]] [[arc:ܣܢ ܡܪܝܢܘ]] [[ast:San Marino]] [[bg:Сан Марино]] [[bs:San Marino]] [[ca:San Marino]] [[cs:San Marino]] [[cy:San Marino]] [[da:San Marino]] [[de:San Marino]] [[el:Άγιος Μαρίνος]] [[eml:San Marein]] [[en:San Marino]] [[eo:San-Marino]] [[es:San Marino]] [[et:San Marino]] [[eu:San Marino]] [[fa:سان مارینو]] [[fi:San Marino]] [[fr:Saint-Marin]] [[fy:San Marino]] [[ga:San Mairíne]] [[gl:San Mariño - San Marino]] [[he:סן מרינו]] [[hi:सान मारिनो]] [[hr:San Marino]] [[hsb:San Marino]] [[hu:San Marino]] [[id:San Marino]] [[io:San Marino]] [[is:San Marínó]] [[it:San Marino]] [[ja:サンマリノ]] [[ka:სან-მარინო]] [[kk:Сан-Марино]] [[ko:산마리노]] [[kw:Sen Marin]] [[la:Res publica Sancti Marini]] [[li:San Marino]] [[lt:San Marinas]] [[lv:Sanmarīno]] [[mk:Сан Марино]] [[ms:San Marino]] [[nds:San Marino]] [[nl:San Marino]] [[nn:San Marino]] [[no:San Marino]] [[nrm:Saint Mathîn]] [[oc:Sant Marin]] [[pam:San Marino]] [[pl:San Marino]] [[pms:San Marin]] [[pt:San Marino]] [[qu:San Marino]] [[ro:San Marino]] [[ru:Сан-Марино]] [[sa:सान मरीनो]] [[scn:San Marinu]] [[simple:San Marino]] [[sk:San Maríno (štát)]] [[sl:San Marino]] [[sq:San Marino]] [[sr:Сан Марино]] [[sv:San Marino]] [[sw:San Marino]] [[th:ประเทศซานมารีโน]] [[tl:San Marino]] [[tr:San Marino]] [[udm:Сан-Марино]] [[ug:سان مارىنو]] [[uk:Сан-Марино]] [[vec:Repùblica de San Marin]] [[vi:San Marino]] [[vo:Saluda-Marinän]] [[war:San Marino]] [[zh:圣马力诺]] [[zh-min-nan:San Marino]] 1986 9223 2007-01-30T23:42:08Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Adding: [[am:ሰርቢያ]] == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[als:Serbien]] [[am:ሰርቢያ]] [[an:Serbia]] [[ar:جمهورية صربيا]] [[arc:ܨܪܒܝܐ]] [[ast:Serbia]] [[bat-smg:Serbėjė]] [[be:Сэрбія]] [[bg:Сърбия]] [[bs:Srbija]] [[ca:Sèrbia]] [[chr:ᏎᎸᏈᏯ]] [[cs:Srbsko]] [[cu:Срьбї]] [[cy:Serbia]] [[da:Serbien]] [[de:Serbien]] [[el:Σερβία]] [[en:Serbia]] [[eo:Serbio]] [[es:Serbia]] [[et:Serbia]] [[eu:Serbia]] [[fi:Serbia]] [[fr:Serbie]] [[fy:Servje]] [[gl:Serbia - Србија]] [[he:סרביה]] [[hr:Srbija]] [[hsb:Serbiska]] [[hu:Szerbia]] [[hy:Սերբիա]] [[id:Serbia]] [[io:Serbia]] [[is:Serbía]] [[it:Serbia]] [[ja:セルビア]] [[ka:სერბეთი]] [[ko:세르비아]] [[ku:Sirbistan]] [[la:Serbia]] [[li:Servië]] [[lt:Serbija]] [[lv:Serbija]] [[mk:Србија]] [[ms:Serbia]] [[mt:Serbja]] [[nap:Serbia]] [[nds:Serbien]] [[nds-nl:Servië]] [[nl:Servië]] [[nn:Serbia]] [[no:Serbia]] [[nrm:Sèrbie]] [[oc:Serbia]] [[pl:Serbia]] [[pt:Sérvia]] [[qu:Sirbya]] [[ro:Serbia]] [[roa-rup:Sãrghia]] [[ru:Сербия]] [[scn:Serbia]] [[se:Serbia]] [[sh:Srbija]] [[simple:Serbia]] [[sk:Srbsko]] [[sl:Srbija]] [[sq:Serbia]] [[sr:Србија]] [[sv:Serbien]] [[th:ประเทศเซอร์เบีย]] [[tl:Serbya]] [[tr:Sırbistan]] [[ug:سېربىيە]] [[uk:Сербія]] [[uz:Serbiya]] [[vo:Särbän]] [[zh:塞尔维亚]] [[zh-min-nan:Srbija]] [[zh-yue:塞爾維亞]] 1987 8793 2007-01-14T22:17:32Z TXiKiBoT 178 robot Adding: [[vo:Slovakän]] == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[af:Slowakye]] [[als:Slowakei]] [[am:ስሎቫኪያ]] [[an:Eslobaquia]] [[ar:سلوفاكيا]] [[arc:ܣܠܘܦܟܝܐ]] [[ast:Eslovaquia]] [[be:Славаччына]] [[bg:Словакия]] [[br:Slovakia]] [[bs:Slovačka]] [[ca:Eslovàquia]] [[cs:Slovensko]] [[csb:Słowackô]] [[cy:Slofacia]] [[da:Slovakiet]] [[de:Slowakei]] [[el:Σλοβακία]] [[en:Slovakia]] [[eo:Slovakio]] [[es:Eslovaquia]] [[et:Slovakkia]] [[eu:Eslovakia]] [[fa:اسلواکی]] [[fi:Slovakia]] [[fiu-vro:Slovakkia]] [[fo:Slovakia]] [[fr:Slovaquie]] [[frp:Slovaquie]] [[fur:Slovachie]] [[fy:Slowakije]] [[gl:Eslovaquia - Slovensko]] [[he:סלובקיה]] [[hi:स्लोवाकिया]] [[hr:Slovačka]] [[hsb:Słowakska]] [[hu:Szlovákia]] [[hy:Սլովակիա]] [[ia:Slovachia]] [[id:Slowakia]] [[ilo:Slovakia]] [[io:Slovakia]] [[is:Slóvakía]] [[it:Slovacchia]] [[ja:スロバキア]] [[ka:სლოვაკეთი]] [[ko:슬로바키아]] [[ku:Slovakya]] [[kw:Slovaki]] [[la:Slovacia]] [[lb:Slowakei]] [[li:Slowakieë]] [[lt:Slovakija]] [[mk:Словачка]] [[mo:Словачия]] [[ms:Slovakia]] [[na:Slovakia]] [[nds:Slowakei]] [[nds-nl:Slowaaknlaand]] [[nl:Slowakije]] [[nn:Slovakia]] [[no:Slovakia]] [[nov:Slovakia]] [[nrm:Slovaquie]] [[oc:Eslovaquia]] [[os:Словаки]] [[pam:Slovakia]] [[pl:Słowacja]] [[pms:Slovachia]] [[pt:Eslováquia]] [[qu:Isluwakya]] [[rmy:Slovaiko]] [[ro:Slovacia]] [[ru:Словакия]] [[sa:स्लोवाकिया]] [[sh:Slovačka]] [[simple:Slovakia]] [[sk:Slovensko]] [[sl:Slovaška]] [[sq:Sllovakia]] [[sr:Словачка]] [[sv:Slovakien]] [[sw:Slovakia]] [[tg:Словакия]] [[th:ประเทศสโลวาเกีย]] [[tl:Slovakia]] [[tr:Slovakya]] [[ug:سلوۋاكىيە]] [[uk:Словаччина]] [[vi:Slovakia]] [[vo:Slovakän]] [[war:Eslovakia]] [[zh:斯洛伐克]] [[zh-min-nan:Slovensko]] [[zh-yue:斯洛伐克]] 1988 8780 2007-01-14T16:00:25Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Modifying: [[qu:Isluwinya]] == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[af:Slowenië]] [[als:Slowenien]] [[am:ስሎቬኒያ]] [[an:Eslobenia]] [[ar:سلوفينيا]] [[arc:ܣܠܘܦܝܢܝܐ]] [[ast:Eslovenia]] [[bar:Slowenien]] [[be:Славенія]] [[bg:Словения]] [[bn:স্লোভেনিয়া]] [[bs:Slovenija]] [[ca:Eslovènia]] [[cs:Slovinsko]] [[cy:Slofenia]] [[da:Slovenien]] [[de:Slowenien]] [[el:Σλοβενία]] [[en:Slovenia]] [[eo:Slovenio]] [[es:Eslovenia]] [[et:Sloveenia]] [[eu:Eslovenia]] [[fa:اسلوونی]] [[fi:Slovenia]] [[fiu-vro:Sloveeniä]] [[fo:Slovenia]] [[fr:Slovénie]] [[frp:Slovènie]] [[fur:Slovenie]] [[fy:Sloveenje]] [[gl:Eslovenia - Slovenija]] [[he:סלובניה]] [[hi:स्लोवेनिया]] [[hr:Slovenija]] [[hsb:Słowjenska]] [[hu:Szlovénia]] [[hy:Սլովենիա]] [[ia:Slovenia]] [[id:Slovenia]] [[ilo:Slovenia]] [[io:Slovenia]] [[is:Slóvenía]] [[it:Slovenia]] [[ja:スロベニア]] [[ka:სლოვენია]] [[ko:슬로베니아]] [[ku:Slovenya]] [[kw:Sloveni]] [[la:Slovenia]] [[lb:Slowenien]] [[li:Slovenië]] [[lt:Slovėnija]] [[lv:Slovēnija]] [[mk:Словенија]] [[ms:Slovenia]] [[mt:Slovenja]] [[nds:Slowenien]] [[nds-nl:Sloveniën]] [[nl:Slovenië]] [[nn:Slovenia]] [[no:Slovenia]] [[nrm:Slovénie]] [[oc:Eslovènia]] [[os:Словени]] [[pam:Slovenia]] [[pl:Słowenia]] [[pms:Slovenia]] [[pt:Eslovénia]] [[qu:Isluwinya]] [[ro:Slovenia]] [[ru:Словения]] [[sh:Slovenija]] [[simple:Slovenia]] [[sk:Slovinsko]] [[sl:Slovenija]] [[sq:Sllovenia]] [[sr:Словенија]] [[sv:Slovenien]] [[sw:Slovenia]] [[tet:Eslovénia]] [[tg:Словения]] [[th:ประเทศสโลวีเนีย]] [[tl:Slovenia]] [[tr:Slovenya]] [[ug:سلوۋېنىيە]] [[uk:Словенія]] [[vo:Slovenän]] [[war:Eslovenia]] [[zh:斯洛文尼亚]] [[zh-min-nan:Slovenia]] 1989 9245 2007-01-31T15:42:58Z TXiKiBoT 178 robot Adding: [[am:እስፓንያ]] == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[af:Spanje]] [[als:Spanien]] [[am:እስፓንያ]] [[an:España]] [[ang:Spēonland]] [[ar:إسبانيا]] [[arc:ܐܣܦܢܝܐ]] [[ast:España]] [[az:İspaniya]] [[bat-smg:Ispanėjė]] [[be:Гішпанія]] [[bg:Испания]] [[bn:স্পেন]] [[br:Spagn]] [[bs:Španija]] [[ca:Espanya]] [[cbk-zam:España]] [[ceb:Espanya]] [[co:Spagna]] [[cs:Španělsko]] [[csb:Szpańskô]] [[cv:Испани]] [[cy:Sbaen]] [[da:Spanien]] [[de:Spanien]] [[dz:Spain]] [[el:Ισπανία]] [[en:Spain]] [[eo:Hispanio]] [[es:España]] [[et:Hispaania]] [[eu:Espainia]] [[fa:اسپانیا]] [[fi:Espanja]] [[fiu-vro:Hispaania]] [[fo:Spania]] [[fr:Espagne]] [[frp:Èspagne]] [[fur:Spagne]] [[fy:Spanje]] [[ga:An Spáinn]] [[gd:An Spàinn]] [[gl:España]] [[gn:Epaña]] [[gu:સ્પેઇન]] [[gv:Yn Spaainey]] [[haw:Sepania]] [[he:ספרד]] [[hi:स्पेन]] [[hr:Španjolska]] [[hsb:Španiska]] [[ht:Espay]] [[hu:Spanyolország]] [[hy:Իսպանիա]] [[ia:Espania]] [[id:Spanyol]] [[ilo:Espania]] [[io:Hispania]] [[is:Spánn]] [[it:Spagna]] [[ja:スペイン]] [[jbo:sangu'e]] [[ka:ესპანეთი]] [[ko:에스파냐]] [[ks:Spēna]] [[ku:Spanya]] [[kw:Spayn]] [[la:Hispania]] [[lad:Espanya]] [[lb:Spuenien]] [[li:Spanje]] [[ln:Espania]] [[lt:Ispanija]] [[lv:Spānija]] [[mg:Espaina]] [[mi:Pāniora]] [[mk:Шпанија]] [[mr:स्पेन]] [[ms:Sepanyol]] [[mt:Spanja]] [[na:Pain]] [[nah:Caxtillān]] [[nds:Spanien]] [[nds-nl:Spanje]] [[new:स्पेन]] [[nl:Spanje]] [[nn:Spania]] [[no:Spania]] [[nrm:Espangne]] [[oc:Espanha]] [[os:Испани]] [[pam:Espanya]] [[pl:Hiszpania]] [[pms:Spagna]] [[ps:اسپانيا]] [[pt:Espanha]] [[qu:Ispaña]] [[rm:Spagna]] [[ro:Spania]] [[roa-rup:Ispania]] [[ru:Испания]] [[ru-sib:Еспання]] [[sc:Ispagna]] [[scn:Spagna]] [[sco:Spain]] [[se:Spánia]] [[sh:Španija]] [[simple:Spain]] [[sk:Španielsko]] [[sl:Španija]] [[sq:Spanja]] [[sr:Шпанија]] [[st:Spain]] [[sv:Spanien]] [[sw:Hispania]] [[ta:ஸ்பெயின்]] [[tet:España]] [[tg:Испониё]] [[th:ประเทศสเปน]] [[tl:Espanya]] [[to:Sepeni]] [[tpi:Spen]] [[tr:İspanya]] [[ty:Paniora]] [[udm:Испания]] [[ug:ئىسپانىيە]] [[uk:Іспанія]] [[ur:اسپین]] [[vec:Spagna]] [[vi:Tây Ban Nha]] [[vls:Spanje]] [[vo:Spanyän]] [[war:Espanya]] [[yi:שפאניע]] [[zh:西班牙]] [[zh-min-nan:Se-pan-gâ]] [[zh-yue:西班牙]] 1990 9105 2007-01-21T23:24:57Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Modifying: [[bar:Schweden]] == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[af:Swede]] [[als:Schweden]] [[am:ስዊድን]] [[an:Suezia]] [[ang:Swēoland]] [[ar:سويد]] [[arc:ܣܘܝܕ]] [[ast:Suecia]] [[az:İsveç]] [[bar:Schweden]] [[bat-smg:Švedėjė]] [[be:Швэцыя]] [[bg:Швеция]] [[bn:সুইডেন]] [[br:Sveden]] [[bs:Švedska]] [[ca:Suècia]] [[co:Svezia]] [[cs:Švédsko]] [[csb:Szwedzkô]] [[cv:Швеци]] [[cy:Sweden]] [[da:Sverige]] [[de:Schweden]] [[ee:Sweden]] [[el:Σουηδία]] [[en:Sweden]] [[eo:Svedio]] [[es:Suecia]] [[et:Rootsi]] [[eu:Suedia]] [[fa:سوئد]] [[fi:Ruotsi]] [[fiu-vro:Roodsi]] [[fo:Svøríki]] [[fr:Suède]] [[frp:Suède]] [[fy:Sweden]] [[ga:An tSualainn]] [[gl:Suecia - Sverige]] [[got:𐍃𐍅𐌴𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹]] [[he:שבדיה]] [[hi:स्वीडेन]] [[hr:Švedska]] [[hsb:Šwedska]] [[ht:Syèd]] [[hu:Svédország]] [[hy:Շվեդիա]] [[ia:Svedia]] [[id:Swedia]] [[ie:Svedia]] [[ilo:Sweden]] [[io:Suedia]] [[is:Svíþjóð]] [[it:Svezia]] [[ja:スウェーデン]] [[ka:შვედეთი]] [[kk:Швеция]] [[ko:스웨덴]] [[ku:Swêd]] [[kw:Swedherwyk]] [[la:Suecia]] [[lb:Schweden]] [[li:Zwaede]] [[lt:Švedija]] [[lv:Zviedrija]] [[mk:Шведска]] [[ms:Sweden]] [[mt:Svezja]] [[na:Sweden]] [[nds:Sweden]] [[nds-nl:Sveden]] [[nl:Zweden]] [[nn:Sverige]] [[no:Sverige]] [[nrm:Suède]] [[oc:Suècia]] [[os:Швеци]] [[pam:Sweden]] [[pl:Szwecja]] [[pms:Svessia]] [[ps:سويډن]] [[pt:Suécia]] [[qu:Suysya]] [[ro:Suedia]] [[ru:Швеция]] [[sc:Isvetzia]] [[scn:Svezzia]] [[sco:Swaden]] [[se:Ruoŧŧa]] [[sh:Švedska]] [[simple:Sweden]] [[sk:Švédsko]] [[sl:Švedska]] [[sq:Suedia]] [[sr:Шведска]] [[sv:Sverige]] [[sw:Uswidi]] [[ta:ஸ்வீடன்]] [[tg:Шветсия]] [[th:ประเทศสวีเดน]] [[tl:Sweden]] [[tpi:Swidan]] [[tr:İsveç]] [[uk:Швеція]] [[vec:Svezsia]] [[vi:Thụy Điển]] [[vo:Svedän]] [[war:Suecia]] [[yi:שוועד]] [[zh:瑞典]] [[zh-min-nan:Sverige]] [[zh-yue:瑞典]] 1991 9242 2007-01-31T11:47:52Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Modifying: [[hi:स्विट्ज़रलैंड]], [[qu:Suwisa]] == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[af:Switserland]] [[als:Schweiz]] [[am:ስዊዘርላንድ]] [[an:Suiza]] [[ang:Swissland]] [[ar:سويسرا]] [[arc:ܣܘܣܪܐ]] [[ast:Suiza]] [[az:İsveçrə]] [[be:Швайцарыя]] [[bg:Швейцария]] [[br:Suis]] [[bs:Švicarska]] [[ca:Suïssa]] [[cs:Švýcarsko]] [[cv:Швейцари]] [[cy:Y Swistir]] [[da:Schweiz]] [[de:Schweiz]] [[el:Ελβετία]] [[eml:Svézzra]] [[en:Switzerland]] [[eo:Svislando]] [[es:Suiza]] [[et:Šveits]] [[eu:Suitza]] [[fa:سوئیس]] [[fi:Sveitsi]] [[fo:Sveis]] [[fr:Suisse]] [[frp:Suisse]] [[fur:Svuizare]] [[fy:Switserlân]] [[ga:An Eilvéis]] [[gd:An Eilbheis]] [[gl:Suíza - Schweiz]] [[he:שווייץ]] [[hi:स्विट्ज़रलैंड]] [[hr:Švicarska]] [[hsb:Šwicarska]] [[ht:Swis]] [[hu:Svájc]] [[hy:Շվեյցարիա]] [[ia:Suissa]] [[id:Swiss]] [[ilo:Switzerland]] [[io:Suisia]] [[is:Sviss]] [[it:Svizzera]] [[ja:スイス]] [[jbo:elvet]] [[ka:შვეიცარია]] [[ko:스위스]] [[ku:Swîsre]] [[kw:Swistir]] [[la:Helvetia]] [[lb:Schwäiz]] [[li:Zwitserland]] [[lij:Svissëa]] [[lmo:Svízzera]] [[ln:Swisi]] [[lt:Šveicarija]] [[lv:Šveice]] [[mk:Швајцарија]] [[mr:स्वित्झर्लंड]] [[ms:Switzerland]] [[nap:Sguizzera]] [[nds:Swiez]] [[nds-nl:Zwitserlaand]] [[nl:Zwitserland]] [[nn:Sveits]] [[no:Sveits]] [[nrm:Suisse]] [[oc:Soïssa]] [[pam:Switzerland]] [[pdc:Schweiz]] [[pl:Szwajcaria]] [[pms:Svìssera]] [[ps:سويس]] [[pt:Suíça]] [[qu:Suwisa]] [[rm:Svizra]] [[ro:Elveţia]] [[ru:Швейцария]] [[scn:Svìzzira]] [[simple:Switzerland]] [[sk:Švajčiarsko]] [[sl:Švica]] [[sq:Zvicra]] [[sr:Швајцарска]] [[sv:Schweiz]] [[sw:Uswisi]] [[ta:சுவிஸர்லாந்து]] [[tet:Suisa]] [[tg:Швейтсария]] [[th:ประเทศสวิตเซอร์แลนด์]] [[tl:Switzerland]] [[tr:İsviçre]] [[ug:شۋېتسارىيە]] [[uk:Швейцарія]] [[ur:سوئٹزرلینڈ]] [[vi:Thụy Sĩ]] [[vo:Jveizän]] [[war:Suiza]] [[wo:Suwis]] [[yi:שווייץ]] [[zh:瑞士]] [[zh-min-nan:Sūi-se]] [[zh-yue:瑞士]] 1992 9123 2007-01-23T09:44:33Z JAnDbot 157 robot Adding: [[hsb:Ukraina]], [[ml:യുക്രെയിന്‍]] == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[af:Oekraïne]] [[als:Ukraine]] [[am:ዩክሬን]] [[an:Ucraína]] [[ang:Ucrægna]] [[ar:أوكرانيا]] [[arc:ܐܘܟܪܢܝܐ]] [[ast:Ucrania]] [[be:Украіна]] [[bg:Украйна]] [[br:Ukraina]] [[bs:Ukrajina]] [[ca:Ucraïna]] [[chr:ᏳᎬᎳᎢᏅ]] [[cs:Ukrajina]] [[cu:Ѹкраина]] [[cv:Украина]] [[cy:Wcráin]] [[da:Ukraine]] [[de:Ukraine]] [[el:Ουκρανία]] [[en:Ukraine]] [[eo:Ukrainio]] [[es:Ucrania]] [[et:Ukraina]] [[eu:Ukraina]] [[fa:اوکراین]] [[fi:Ukraina]] [[fiu-vro:Ukraina]] [[fo:Ukraina]] [[fr:Ukraine]] [[frp:Ucrayena]] [[fy:Oekraïne]] [[ga:An Úcráin]] [[gl:Ucraína - Україна]] [[he:אוקראינה]] [[hi:युक्रेन]] [[hr:Ukrajina]] [[hsb:Ukraina]] [[hu:Ukrajna]] [[hy:Ուկրաինա]] [[ia:Ukraina]] [[id:Ukraina]] [[ilo:Ukrainia]] [[io:Ukrainia]] [[is:Úkraína]] [[it:Ucraina]] [[ja:ウクライナ]] [[ka:უკრაინა]] [[kk:Украина]] [[kl:Ukraine]] [[ko:우크라이나]] [[ku:Ukrayna]] [[kw:Ukrayn]] [[la:Ucraina]] [[lb:Ukraine]] [[li:Oekraïne]] [[lt:Ukraina]] [[lv:Ukraina]] [[ml:യുക്രെയിന്‍]] [[mo:Украина]] [[ms:Ukraine]] [[na:Ukraine]] [[nds:Ukraine]] [[nds-nl:Oekraïne]] [[nl:Oekraïne]] [[nn:Ukraina]] [[no:Ukraina]] [[nrm:Ukraîne]] [[oc:Ucraïna]] [[pam:Ukraine]] [[pl:Ukraina]] [[ps:اوکراين]] [[pt:Ucrânia]] [[qu:Ukranya]] [[ro:Ucraina]] [[roa-rup:Ucraina]] [[ru:Украина]] [[ru-sib:Украина]] [[se:Ukraina]] [[sh:Ukrajina]] [[simple:Ukraine]] [[sk:Ukrajina]] [[sl:Ukrajina]] [[sq:Ukraina]] [[sr:Украјина]] [[sv:Ukraina]] [[tg:Украина]] [[th:ประเทศยูเครน]] [[tl:Ukraine]] [[tr:Ukrayna]] [[ug:ئۇكرائىنا]] [[uk:Україна]] [[ur:یوکرین]] [[vi:Ukraina]] [[vo:Lukrayän]] [[wa:Oucrinne]] [[yi:אוקריינע]] [[zh:乌克兰]] [[zh-min-nan:Ukrayina]] [[zh-yue:烏克蘭]] 1993 5929 2006-04-23T18:40:09Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1994 8268 2007-01-04T12:19:11Z TXiKiBoT 178 robot Adding: [[hsb:Vatikanske město]] == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == Headline text == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == [[af:Vatikaanstad]] [[als:Vatikan]] [[an:Ziudá d'o Baticano]] [[ar:الفاتيكان]] [[arc:ܦܬܝܟܢ]] [[ast:Vaticano]] [[bat-smg:Vatikans]] [[be:Ватыкан]] [[bg:Ватикан]] [[br:Keoded ar Vatikan]] [[bs:Vatikan]] [[ca:Ciutat del Vaticà]] [[cs:Vatikán]] [[cv:Ватикан]] [[cy:Y Fatican]] [[da:Vatikanstaten]] [[de:Vatikanstadt]] [[el:Βατικανό]] [[en:Vatican City]] [[eo:Vatikanurbo]] [[es:Ciudad del Vaticano]] [[et:Vatikan]] [[eu:Vatikano Hiria]] [[fa:واتیکان]] [[fi:Vatikaanivaltio]] [[fo:Vatikanið]] [[fr:Vatican]] [[frp:Vatican]] [[fy:Fatikaanstêd]] [[ga:Cathair na Vatacáine]] [[gl:Cidade do Vaticano - Civitas Vaticana]] [[he:קריית הוותיקן]] [[hi:वैटिकन शहर]] [[hr:Vatikan]] [[hsb:Vatikanske město]] [[hu:Vatikán]] [[ia:Citate Vatican]] [[id:Vatikan]] [[io:Vatikano]] [[is:Vatíkanið]] [[it:Città del Vaticano]] [[ja:バチカン]] [[ka:ვატიკანი]] [[kk:Ватикан]] [[kn:ವ್ಯಾಟಿಕನ್ ನಗರ]] [[ko:바티칸 시국]] [[ku:Vatîkan]] [[kw:Sita an Vatikan]] [[la:Civitas Vaticana]] [[lb:Vatikanstad]] [[li:Vaticaanstad]] [[lt:Vatikanas]] [[lv:Vatikāns]] [[mk:Ватикан]] [[ms:Kota Vatican]] [[nds:Vatikaan]] [[nds-nl:Vaticaanstad]] [[nl:Vaticaanstad]] [[nn:Vatikanstaten]] [[no:Vatikanstaten]] [[nrm:Vatican]] [[oc:Vatican]] [[pam:Syudad Vatican]] [[pl:Watykan]] [[pms:Vatican]] [[pt:Vaticano]] [[qu:Batikanu]] [[ro:Vatican]] [[ru:Ватикан]] [[scn:Cità dû Vaticanu]] [[se:Vatikána]] [[sh:Vatikan]] [[simple:Vatican City]] [[sk:Vatikán]] [[sl:Vatikan]] [[sq:Vatikani]] [[sr:Ватикан]] [[sv:Vatikanstaten]] [[ta:வத்திக்கான் நகர்]] [[tg:Вотикон]] [[th:นครรัฐวาติกัน]] [[tl:Lungsod ng Vatican]] [[tr:Vatikan]] [[udm:Ватикан]] [[ug:ۋاتىكان]] [[uk:Ватикан]] [[vec:Zsità del Vatican]] [[vi:Thành Vatican]] [[vo:Vatikän]] [[war:Syudad han Vaticano]] [[yi:וואטיקאן]] [[zh:梵蒂冈]] [[zh-min-nan:Vaticano]] [[zh-yue:梵蒂岡]] 1995 5931 2006-04-23T18:40:40Z Eukesh 93 == परिचय == == जनसंख्या == == ईतिहास == == भूगोल == == राज्यनीति == == अर्थतन्त्र == == धर्म == == जीवनशैली == == अरु संबन्धित विषयहरु == == रिफरेन्स == == बाहिरी लिन्कहरु == 1996 8826 2007-01-16T18:56:51Z RajeshPandey 111 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/172.142.11.33|172.142.11.33]] ([[User_talk:172.142.11.33|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:Eukesh|Eukesh]] संसारका राष्ट्रहरु:- === [[अफ्रीका]] === [[अल्जेरिया]], [[एंगोला]], [[बेनिन]], [[बोत्स्वाना]], [[बुर्किना फासो]], [[बुरुन्डी]], [[क्यामेरून]], [[केप भर्डे]], [[मध्य अफ्रीकी गणतन्त्र]],[[चाड]], [[कोमोरोस]], [[प्रजातान्तृक गणतन्त्र कंगो]], [[गणतन्त्र कंगो]], [[कोटे डिवोरे]], [[जिबुटी]], [[मिश्र]], [[इक्वेटोरियल गिनिया]],[[ एरितृया]], [[इथीयोपीया]], [[गाबोन]], [[गाम्बिया]], [[घाना]], [[गिनिया]], [[गिनिया बिसाउ]], [[केन्या]], [[लेसोथो]], [[लाईबेरिया]], [[लिब्या]], [[माडागास्कर]], [[मलावी]], [[माली]], [[ईस्लामी गणतन्त्र माउरीतानीया]], [[मरिसस्]], [[मोरक्को]], [[मोजाम्बिक]], [[नामिबिया]], [[नाईजर]], [[नाईजेरिया]], [[रुवान्डा]], [[साओ तोमे र प्रीन्सिप्]], [[सेनेगल]], [[सीशील्स]], [[सीयेरा लीओन]], [[सोमालिया]], [[दक्षिण अफ्रीका]], [[सुडान]], [[स्वाजिल्याण्ड]], [[तान्जानिया]], [[टोगो]], [[ट्युनिसिया]], [[युगान्डा]], [[जाम्बिया]], [[जिम्बाब्वे]] === [[एसिया]] === [[अफगानिस्तान]], [[आर्मेनिया]], [[अजरबैजान]], [[बहरिन]], [[बंगलादेश]], [[भूटान]], [[ब्रुनाई]], [[क्याम्बोडिया]], [[चीन]], [[साईप्रस्]], [[पूर्व टिमोर]], [[ज्योर्जिया]], [[भारत]], [[गणतन्त्र ईन्डोनेसिया]], [[ईरान]], [[ईराक]], [[ईजराईल]], [[जापान]], [[जोर्डन]], [[कजाख्स्तान]], [[उत्तर कोरिया]], [[दक्षिण कोरिया]], [[कुवेत]], [[कीर्गीस्तान]], [[लाओस]], [[लेबानन्]], [[मलेसिया]], [[मालद्विप]], [[मंगोलिया]], [[बर्मा]], [[नेपाल]], [[ओमान]], [[पाकिस्तान]], [[फिलिपिन्स]], [[कतार]], [[रुस]], [[साउदी अरबिया]], [[सिंगापुर]], [[श्रीलंका]], [[सीरिया]], [[ताजिकिस्तान]], [[थाईल्याण्ड]], [[टर्की]], [[तुर्केमिनिस्तान]], [[संयुक्त अरब ईमिरेट्स्]], [[उज्बेकिस्तान]], [[भियेत्नाम]], [[गणतन्त्र यमन]] === [[युरोप]] === [[अल्बानिया]], [[एण्डोरा]], [[अष्ट्रीया]], [[बेलारुस]], [[बेल्जियम]], [[बोस्निया र हर्जगोविना]], [[बुल्गेरिया]], [[क्रोएसिया]], [[चेक रिपब्लिक]], [[डेनमार्क]], [[ईस्टोनिया]], [[फिनल्याण्ड]], [[फ्रान्स]], [[जर्मनी]], [[ग्रीस]], [[हंगेरी]], [[आईसल्याण्ड]], [[आयरल्याण्ड]], [[ईटाली]], [[लात्भिया]], [[लीश्टेनस्टाईन]], [[लिथुआनिया]], [[लक्जेम्बर्ग]], [[म्यासेडोनिया]], [[माल्टा]], [[मोल्दोवा]], [[मोनाको]], [[नेडरल्याण्ड]], [[नर्वे]], [[पोल्याण्ड]], [[पोर्चुगल]], [[रोमानिया]], [[रुस]], [[सान मरिनो]], [[सर्बिया]], [[स्लोभाकिया]], [[स्लोभेनिया]], [[स्पेन]], [[स्वीडेन]], [[स्वीट्जरल्याण्ड]], [[टर्की]], [[युक्रेन]], [[बेलायत]], [[भेटिकन सिटी]], [[संघीय गणतन्त्र युगोस्लाभिया]] 1997 9126 2007-01-23T14:31:48Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Adding: [[ml:ആഫ്രിക്ക]] [[Image:Africa satellite orthographic.jpg|thumb|अफ्रीका]] == अफ्रीकी राष्ट्रहरु == [[अल्जेरिया]], [[एंगोला]], [[बेनिन]], [[बोत्स्वाना]], [[बुर्किना फासो]], [[बुरुन्डी]], [[क्यामेरून]], [[केप भर्डे]], [[मध्य अफ्रीकी गणतन्त्र]],[[चाड]], [[कोमोरोस]], [[प्रजातान्तृक गणतन्त्र कंगो]], [[गणतन्त्र कंगो]], [[कोटे डिवोरे]], [[जिबुटी]], [[मिश्र]], [[इक्वेटोरियल गिनिया]],[[ एरितृया]], [[इथीयोपीया]], [[गाबोन]], [[गाम्बिया]], [[घाना]], [[गिनिया]], [[गिनिया बिसाउ]], [[केन्या]], [[लेसोथो]], [[लाईबेरिया]], [[लिब्या]], [[माडागास्कर]], [[मलावी]], [[माली]], [[ईस्लामी गणतन्त्र माउरीतानीया]], [[मरिसस्]], [[मोरक्को]], [[मोजाम्बिक]], [[नामिबिया]], [[नाईजर]], [[नाईजेरिया]], [[रुवान्डा]], [[साओ तोमे र प्रीन्सिप्]], [[सेनेगल]], [[सीशील्स]], [[सीयेरा लीओन]], [[सोमालिया]], [[दक्षिण अफ्रीका]], [[सुडान]], [[स्वाजिल्याण्ड]], [[तान्जानिया]], [[टोगो]], [[ट्युनिसिया]], [[युगान्डा]], [[जाम्बिया]], [[जिम्बाब्वे]] [[af:Afrika]] [[als:Afrika]] [[am:አፍሪቃ]] [[an:Africa]] [[ang:Africa]] [[ar:أفريقيا]] [[arc:ܐܦܪܝܩܐ]] [[ast:África]] [[az:Afrika]] [[bar:Afrika]] [[bat-smg:Afrėka]] [[be:Афрыка]] [[bg:Африка]] [[bm:Afiriki]] [[bn:আফ্রিকা]] [[bo:ཧྥི་ཀྲོའུ་གླིང་]] [[br:Afrika]] [[bs:Afrika]] [[ca:Àfrica]] [[cs:Afrika]] [[cy:Affrica]] [[da:Afrika]] [[de:Afrika]] [[el:Αφρική]] [[en:Africa]] [[eo:Afriko]] [[es:África]] [[et:Aafrika]] [[eu:Afrika]] [[fa:افریقا]] [[ff:Afirik]] [[fi:Afrikka]] [[fo:Afrika]] [[fr:Afrique]] [[frp:Africa]] [[fur:Afriche]] [[fy:Afrika]] [[ga:An Afraic]] [[gd:Afraga]] [[gl:África]] [[gu:આફ્રિકા]] [[he:אפריקה]] [[hi:अफ़्रीका]] [[hr:Afrika]] [[hsb:Afrika]] [[ht:Afrik]] [[hu:Afrika]] [[ia:Africa]] [[id:Afrika]] [[io:Afrika]] [[is:Afríka]] [[it:Africa]] [[ja:アフリカ]] [[jbo:frikytu'a]] [[jv:Afrika]] [[ka:აფრიკა]] [[kg:Afelika]] [[kn:ಆಫ್ರಿಕಾ]] [[ko:아프리카]] [[ksh:Affrika]] [[ku:Efrîqa]] [[kw:Afrika]] [[la:Africa]] [[lad:Afrika]] [[lb:Afrika]] [[li:Afrika]] [[lij:Stati de l'Africa]] [[lo:ອາຟຣິກກາ]] [[lt:Afrika]] [[lv:Āfrika]] [[mg:Afrika]] [[mk:Африка]] [[ml:ആഫ്രിക്ക]] [[ms:Afrika]] [[mt:Afrika]] [[my:အာဖရိက]] [[nds:Afrika]] [[nds-nl:Afrika]] [[nl:Afrika]] [[nn:Afrika]] [[no:Afrika]] [[nov:Afrika]] [[nrm:Afrique]] [[pdc:Afrikaa]] [[pih:Afreka]] [[pl:Afryka]] [[pt:África]] [[qu:Afrika]] [[ro:Africa]] [[ru:Африка]] [[rw:Afurika]] [[sa:अफ्रीका]] [[scn:Àfrica]] [[se:Afrihkká]] [[sh:Afrika]] [[simple:Africa]] [[sk:Afrika]] [[sl:Afrika]] [[sm:Aferika]] [[so:Afrika]] [[sq:Afrika]] [[sr:Африка]] [[sv:Afrika]] [[sw:Afrika]] [[ta:ஆப்பிரிக்கா]] [[tg:Африқо]] [[th:ทวีปแอฟริกา]] [[tk:Afrika]] [[tl:Aprika]] [[tr:Afrika]] [[ug:ئافرىقا]] [[uk:Африка]] [[ur:افریقہ]] [[vi:Châu Phi]] [[wa:Afrike]] [[wo:Afrik]] [[yi:אפריקע]] [[zh:非洲]] [[zh-classical:阿非利加洲]] [[zh-min-nan:Hui-chiu]] [[zh-yue:非洲]] 1998 9109 2007-01-22T04:18:21Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Adding: [[ur:ایشیا]] [[Image:LocationAsia.png|thumb|एसिया]] == एसियाली राष्ट्रहरु == [[अफगानिस्तान]], [[आर्मेनिया]], [[अजरबैजान]], [[बहरिन]], [[बंगलादेश]], [[भूटान]], [[ब्रुनाई]], [[क्याम्बोडिया]], [[चीन]], [[साईप्रस्]], [[पूर्व टिमोर]], [[ज्योर्जिया]], [[भारत]], [[गणतन्त्र ईन्डोनेसिया]], [[ईरान]], [[ईराक]], [[ईजराईल]], [[जापान]], [[जोर्डन]], [[कजाख्स्तान]], [[उत्तर कोरिया]], [[दक्षिण कोरिया]], [[कुवेत]], [[कीर्गीस्तान]], [[लाओस]], [[लेबानन्]], [[मलेसिया]], [[मालद्विप]], [[मंगोलिया]], [[बर्मा]], [[नेपाल]], [[ओमान]], [[पाकिस्तान]], [[फिलिपिन्स]], [[कतार]], [[रुस]], [[साउदी अरबिया]], [[सिंगापुर]], [[श्रीलंका]], [[सीरिया]], [[ताजिकिस्तान]], [[थाईल्याण्ड]], [[टर्की]], [[तुर्केमिनिस्तान]], [[संयुक्त अरब ईमिरेट्स्]], [[उज्बेकिस्तान]], [[भियेत्नाम]], [[गणतन्त्र यमन]] [[af:Asië]] [[an:Asia]] [[ar:آسيا]] [[arc:ܐܣܝܐ]] [[ast:Asia]] [[az:Asiya]] [[bar:Asien]] [[bat-smg:Azėjė]] [[bg:Азия]] [[bn:এশিয়া]] [[bo:ཡ་ཀྲོའུ་གླིང་]] [[bpy:এশিয়া]] [[br:Azia]] [[bs:Azija]] [[ca:Àsia]] [[ceb:Asya]] [[chr:ᎠᏏᎠ]] [[cs:Asie]] [[csb:Azëjô]] [[cy:Asia]] [[da:Asien]] [[de:Asien]] [[el:Ασία]] [[en:Asia]] [[eo:Azio]] [[es:Asia]] [[et:Aasia]] [[eu:Asia]] [[fa:آسیا]] [[fi:Aasia]] [[fo:Asia]] [[fr:Asie]] [[frp:Asia]] [[fy:Aazje]] [[ga:An Áise]] [[gl:Asia]] [[gu:એશિયા]] [[he:אסיה]] [[hi:जंबुद्वीप]] [[hr:Azija]] [[hsb:Azija]] [[ht:Azi]] [[hu:Ázsia]] [[ia:Asia]] [[id:Asia]] [[io:Azia]] [[is:Asía]] [[it:Asia]] [[ja:アジア]] [[jbo:zdotu'a]] [[ka:აზია]] [[kn:ಏಷ್ಯಾ]] [[ko:아시아]] [[ku:Asya]] [[kw:Asi]] [[la:Asia]] [[lad:Asia]] [[lb:Asien]] [[li:Azië]] [[lij:Stati de l'Asia]] [[lo:ອາຊີ]] [[lt:Azija]] [[lv:Āzija]] [[mg:Azia]] [[mk:Азија]] [[ml:ഏഷ്യ]] [[mo:Асия]] [[ms:Asia]] [[mt:Asja]] [[my:အာရ္ဟတိုက္‌]] [[nds:Asien]] [[nl:Azië]] [[nn:Asia]] [[no:Asia]] [[nov:Asia]] [[nrm:Âsie]] [[oc:Asia]] [[os:Ази]] [[pam:Asia]] [[pdc:Asie]] [[pl:Azja]] [[pt:Ásia]] [[qu:Asya]] [[ro:Asia]] [[ru:Азия]] [[sa:एशिया]] [[scn:Asia]] [[sd:ايشيا]] [[se:Ásia]] [[sh:Azija]] [[si:ආසියාව]] [[simple:Asia]] [[sk:Ázia]] [[sl:Azija]] [[so:Aasiya]] [[sq:Azia]] [[sr:Азија]] [[su:Asia]] [[sv:Asien]] [[sw:Asia]] [[ta:ஆசியா]] [[tg:Осиё]] [[th:ทวีปเอเชีย]] [[tk:Aziýa]] [[tl:Asya]] [[tpi:Asia]] [[tr:Asya]] [[udm:Азия]] [[ug:ئاسىيا]] [[uk:Азія]] [[ur:ایشیا]] [[vi:Châu Á]] [[war:Asya]] [[yi:אזיע]] [[zh:亚洲]] [[zh-classical:亞細亞洲]] [[zh-min-nan:A-chiu]] [[zh-yue:亞洲]] 1999 8616 2007-01-12T02:52:59Z TXiKiBoT 178 robot Adding: [[ur:یورپ]] [[Image:LocationEurope.png|thumb|250px|युरोप जनाउँदै [[विश्व]] [[मानचित्र]]]] '''युरोप''' एक [[महादेश]] हो र यो [[युरेशिया]]को पश्चिमा पर्दछ।एशियाबाट यसलाई [[ककेसस पर्वत]] र [[उराल पर्वत]]ले छुट्याएको छ भने, अफ्रिकाबाट, [[भूमध्य सागर]] ले। [[एटलान्टक महासागर]] युरोपको पश्चिममा पर्दछ। युरोपमा करिब ५० देशहरू रहेकाछन्। त्यसैमध्येका केही देशहरू मिलेर [[युरोपेली संघ]] बनेको छ। [[Image:Europe satellite globe.jpg|thumb|भू-उपग्रहबाट युरोप]] == युरोपेली राष्ट्रहरु == [[अल्बानिया]] - [[एण्डोरा]] - [[अष्ट्रीया]] - [[अजरबैजान]] - [[बेलारुस]] - [[बेल्जियम]] - [[बोस्निया र हर्जगोविना]] - [[बुल्गेरिया]] - [[क्रोएसिया]] - [[साइप्रस]] - [[चेक रिपब्लिक]] - [[डेनमार्क]] - [[इस्टोनिया]] - [[फिनल्याण्ड]] - [[फ्रान्स]] - [[जर्मनी]] - [[जर्जिया]] - [[ग्रीस]] - [[हंगेरी]] - [[आइसल्याण्ड]] - [[आयरल्याण्ड]] - [[इटाली]] - [[लात्भिया]] - [[लिश्टेनस्टाईन]] - [[लिथुआनिया]] - [[लक्जेम्बर्ग]] - [[माल्टा]] - [[मोल्दोवा]] - [[मोनाको]] - [[नेदरल्याण्ड्स]] - [[नर्वे]] - [[पोल्याण्ड]] - [[पोर्चुगल]] - [[म्यासेडोनिया]] - [[रोमानिया]] - [[रुस]] - [[सान मरिनो]] - [[सर्बिया र मोन्टेनेग्रो]] - [[स्लोभाकिया]] - [[स्लोभेनिया]] - [[स्पेन]] - [[स्वीडेन]] - [[स्वीट्जरल्याण्ड]] - [[टर्की]] - [[युक्रेन]] - [[संयुक्त अधिराज्य]] - [[भेटिकन सहर]] {{Continent}} {{Europe}} {{युरोपेली संघ}} [[af:Europa]] [[als:Europa]] [[am:አውሮፓ]] [[an:Europa]] [[ang:Europa]] [[ar:أوروبا]] [[arc:ܝܘܐܪܘܦܐ]] [[ast:Europa]] [[ay:Iwrupa]] [[az:Avropa]] [[bar:Europa]] [[bat-smg:Euruopa]] [[be:Эўропа]] [[bg:Европа]] [[bn:ইউরোপ]] [[bo:ཡོ་རོབ་གླིང་]] [[br:Europa (kevandir)]] [[bs:Evropa]] [[ca:Europa]] [[chr:ᎡᎶᏆ]] [[co:Europa]] [[cs:Evropa]] [[csb:Eùropa]] [[cv:Европа]] [[cy:Ewrop]] [[da:Europa]] [[de:Europa]] [[el:Ευρώπη]] [[en:Europe]] [[eo:Eŭropo]] [[es:Europa]] [[et:Euroopa]] [[eu:Europa]] [[fa:اروپا]] [[fi:Eurooppa]] [[fo:Evropa]] [[fr:Europe]] [[frp:Eropa]] [[fur:Europe]] [[fy:Jeropa]] [[ga:An Eoraip]] [[gd:An Roinn-Eòrpa]] [[gl:Europa]] [[gn:Europa]] [[gu:યુરોપ]] [[gv:Yn Europey]] [[haw:ʻEulopa]] [[he:אירופה]] [[hi:यूरोप]] [[hr:Europa]] [[hsb:Europa]] [[ht:Ewòp]] [[hu:Európa]] [[ia:Europa]] [[id:Eropa]] [[io:Europa]] [[is:Evrópa]] [[it:Europa]] [[ja:ヨーロッパ]] [[jbo:rontu'a]] [[ka:ევროპა]] [[kk:Еуропа]] [[kn:ಯೂರೋಪ್]] [[ko:유럽]] [[ksh:Europa (Kontinänt)]] [[ku:Ewropa]] [[kw:Europa]] [[la:Europa]] [[lb:Europa (Kontinent)]] [[li:Europa]] [[lij:Euròpa]] [[lmo:Europa]] [[lo:ເອີລົບ]] [[lt:Europa]] [[lv:Eiropa]] [[mi:Ūropi]] [[mk:Европа]] [[mo:Еуропа]] [[ms:Eropah]] [[mt:Ewropa]] [[my:ဥရောပ]] [[na:Iurop]] [[nah:Eutlocpan]] [[nds:Europa]] [[nds-nl:Europa (continent)]] [[nl:Europa (continent)]] [[nn:Europa]] [[no:Europa]] [[nov:Europa]] [[nrm:Ûrope]] [[oc:Euròpa]] [[os:Европæ]] [[pdc:Eiropaa]] [[pl:Europa]] [[pt:Europa]] [[qu:Iwrupa]] [[rm:Europa]] [[rmy:Europa]] [[ro:Europa]] [[roa-rup:Europa]] [[ru:Европа]] [[ru-sib:Европа]] [[sc:Europa]] [[scn:Europa]] [[sco:Europe]] [[se:Eurohpá]] [[sh:Evropa]] [[simple:Europe]] [[sk:Európa]] [[sl:Evropa]] [[so:Yurub]] [[sq:Evropa]] [[sr:Европа]] [[st:Europa]] [[sv:Europa]] [[sw:Ulaya]] [[ta:ஐரோப்பா]] [[tg:Аврупо]] [[th:ทวีปยุโรป]] [[tk:Ýewropa]] [[tl:Europa]] [[tpi:Yurop]] [[tr:Avrupa]] [[udm:Европа]] [[ug:ياۋروپا]] [[uk:Європа]] [[ur:یورپ]] [[uz:Yevropa]] [[vec:Eoropa]] [[vi:Châu Âu]] [[vls:Europa]] [[wa:Urope]] [[war:Europa]] [[wo:Óróop]] [[yi:אייראפע]] [[yo:Yúróòpù]] [[zh:欧洲]] [[zh-classical:歐羅巴洲]] [[zh-min-nan:Europa]] [[zh-yue:歐洲]] 2000 9237 2007-01-31T06:11:55Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Adding: [[frp:Veretâbla Égllése de Jèsus]] [[Image:TJC.jpg|right|]] '''साँचो यशु गिर्जाघर''' (The True Jesus Church) यौटा स्वतन्त्र गिर्जाघर हो जुन पहिलोपल्ट चीनको वेइजीङमा १९१७ मा भएको थियो । त्यसपछि त्यो गिर्जाघर १९३२ मा भारतमा पनि स्थापना गरियो । हाल यसका सदस्यहरु ४५ वटा देशमा झन्डै १५ लाख देखि २५ लाख जति छन्। यो गिर्जाघरलाइ बिसौं शताब्दिमा प्रोटेस्टेन्टहरुको प्रादुर्भाव भएको स्रोतस्थानका रुपमा पनि लिइन्छ । यो गिर्जाघर १९४५ मा चीनमा कम्युनिस्ट शासन सुरुहुनुभन्दा पहिले स्थापित तीन गिर्जाघरहरु मध्येको एक हो । यिनीहरु यशुको दोस्रो जन्म हुन्छ भन्ने सन्देश सवै देशहरुलाइ दिन चाहन्छन् । यिनिहरु यशुका तिन अवतार छन् भन्ने नियम मान्दैन बरु यिनीहरु "यशुको नामका नियमहरु" मात्र मान्दछन् । यो गिर्जाघरमा क्रिशमश मनाइदैन किनभने २५ डिसेम्बर pagan हरुको रिति अनुसार सृर्यको जन्मदिन परेको थियो जुन चौथो शताब्दि(4th century A.D)मा रोमन सम्राट कन्स्टेनटिनको पालोदेखि क्रिशचियन गिर्जाघरहरुमा मनाइन्थ्यो । == यस चर्चका १० प्रमुख विश्‍वासहरु यस प्रकारका रहेका छन्:== === [[पवित्र आत्मा]] ([[:en:Holy Spirit|The Holy Spirit]])=== "Receiving the Holy Spirit, evidenced by speaking in tongues, is the guarantee of our inheritance of the Kingdom of Heaven". Pabitra Aatma ko Bardaan, jun aanya bhasa ma bolne le janauchha,, === [[बाप्तिसम]] ([[:en:Baptism|Baptism]])=== "Water baptism is the sacrament for the remission of sins and for regeneration. The baptism takes place in natural living water, such as the river, sea, or spring. The Baptist, whom already has had received baptism of water and the Holy Spirit, conducts the baptism in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ. And the person receiving the baptism must be completely immersed in water with head bowed and face downward". === [[खुट्‍टा धुने]] ([[:en:Feet washing|Feet Washing]])=== "The sacrament of feet washing enables one to have a part with the Lord Jesus. It also serves as a constant reminder that one should have love, holiness, humility, forgiveness and service. Every person who has received water baptism is to have their feet washed in the name of Jesus Christ. Mutual feet washing may be practiced whenever is appropriate". === [[सब्बाथ दिन]] ([[शनिवार]]) ([[:en:Sabbath|The Sabbath Day]])=== "The Sabbath day, the seventh day of the week (Saturday), is a Holy Day, blessed and sanctified by God. It is observed under the Lord's grace for the commemoration of God's creation and salvation and with the hope of eternal rest in the life to come". === [[यशु क्राइस्ट]] ([[:en:Jesus Christ|Jesus Christ]])=== "Jesus Christ, the Word who became flesh, died on the cross for the redemption of sinners, resurrected on the third day and ascended to heaven. He is the only Saviour of mankind, the Creator of the heavens and earth, and the only true God". === [[पवित्र बाइबल]] ([[:en:Holy Bible|The Holy Bible]])=== "The Holy Bible, consisting of the Old and New Testaments, is inspired by God, the only scriptural truth, and the standard for Christian living". === [[मोक्ष]] ([[:en:Salvation|Salvation]])=== "Salvation is given by the grace of God through faith. Believers must rely on the Holy Spirit to pursue holiness, to honour God, and to love humanity". === [[गिर्जाघर]] ([[:en:Church|The Church]])=== "The True Jesus Church, established by our Lord Jesus Christ, through the Holy Spirit during the time of the 'latter rain', is the restored true church of the Apostolic time". === [[अन्तिम न्याय]] ([[:en:Last Judgement|The Last Judgement]])=== "The Second Coming of Jesus will take place on the Last Day when He descends from heaven to judge the world: the righteous will receive eternal life, while the wicked will be eternally condemned". === [[पवित्र सम्बन्ध]] ([[:en:Holy Communion|The Holy Communion]])=== "The Holy Communion is the sacrament to commemorate the death of the Lord Jesus Christ. It enables us to partake of the flesh and blood of our Lord and to be in communion with Him so that we can have eternal life and be raised on the Last Day. This sacrament should be held as often as possible. Only one unleavened bread and grape juice is used". [[af:Ware Jesuskerk]] [[als:Wahre Kirche Jesu]] [[am:ዕውነተኛ ኢየሱስ ቤተ ክርስቲያን]] [[an:Berdadera Ilesia de Chesús]] [[ang:Sōþ Iesus Cirice]] [[ar:كنيسة يسوع الحقيقي]] [[arc:ܥܕܬܐ ܝܫܘܥ ܫܪܝܪܐ]] [[as:প্ৰকৃত যীশু গীৰ্জা]] [[ast:Verdadera Ilesia de Xesús]] [[az:Həqiqi İsa Kilsəsi]] [[bar:Wahre Jesus Kirchn]] [[bat-smg:Tėkruojė Jezaus bažninčė]] [[be:Праўдзівая Царква Ісуса]] [[bg:Истинска църква на Исус]] [[bn:সত্য যীশু গীর্জা]] [[bo:བདེན་པའི་ཡི་ཤུ་ཚོགས་པ།]] [[bpy:হায় যীশুর গীর্জাগ]] [[br:Iliz Gwir Jezuz]] [[bs:Prava Crkva Isusova]] [[ca:Veritable Església de Jesús]] [[cbk-zam:El Verdadero Iglesia de Jesus]] [[ceb:Matuod Simbahan ni Jesus]] [[chr:ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᏥᏌᏯ]] [[co:Vera Chjesa di Ghjesù]] [[cs:Pravá církev Ježíšova]] [[csb:Prôwdzëwô Cerkwiô Jezësa]] [[cv:Иссусăн чăн чиркĕвĕ]] [[cy:Eglwys y Gwir Iesu]] [[da:Den Sande Jesus Kirke]] [[de:Wahre Kirche Jesu]] [[diq:Kiliseyê Gercek Hz. İsay]] [[dv:ހަގީގީ މަސީހީ ކަނީސާ]] [[el:Αληθινή Εκκλησία του Ιησού]] [[eml:Vera Césa ed Gesù]] [[en:True Jesus Church]] [[eo:Vera Eklezio de Jesuo]] [[es:La Verdadera Iglesia de Jesús]] [[et:Tõeline Jeesuse Kirik]] [[eu:Jesusen Egiazko Eliza]] [[fa:کلیسای حقیقی عیسی]] [[fi:Todellisen Jeesuksen Kirkko]] [[fiu-vro:Tõõlinõ Jeesusõ Kerik]] [[fj:Dina Jisu Lotu]] [[fo:Sannur Jesus Kirkja]] [[fr:Véritable Église de Jésus]] [[frp:Veretâbla Égllése de Jèsus]] [[fur:Vere Glesie di Jesù]] [[fy:Wiere Jezustsjerke]] [[ga:Eaglais Fhíor Íosa]] [[gd:Eaglais Fhìor Ìosa]] [[gl:Verdadeira Igrexa de Xesús]] [[glk:Isǎ haqiqi kalisǎ]] [[got:𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉 𐌹𐌴𐍃𐌰𐌿𐍃]] [[gu:સત્ય ઈશુ મસીહ ઘર]] [[gv:Agglish Yeesey Firrinagh]] [[haw:Ka Ho'omana Iesū 'Oia'i'o]] [[he:הכנסייה האמיתית של ישו]] [[hi:ईसा मसीह सत्य गिरजाघर]] [[hr:Prava Crkva Isusova]] [[ht:Legliz de Vre Jezi]] [[hu:Igaz Jézus Egyház]] [[hy:Հիսուսի ճշմարիտ Եկեղեցի]] [[ia:Ver Ecclesia de Jesus]] [[id:Gereja Yesus Sejati]] [[ig:Ezigbo ulo uka Jesu]] [[ilo:Agpayso a Simbaan ni Jesus]] [[io:Vera Eklezio di Iesu]] [[is:Sanna Jesús kirkjan]] [[it:Vera Chiesa di Gesù]] [[ja:真イエス教会]] [[jbo:stace lijda befi la .iecuax]] [[jv:Gréja Yesus Sajati]] [[ka:ქრისტეს ჭეშმარიტი ეკლესია]] [[kg:Dibundu ya Kieleka ya Yesu]] [[kk:Исаның Нағыз Шіркеуі]] [[km:ព្រះវិហារយេស៊ូគ្រិស្គពិត]] [[kn:ಟ್ರೂ ಜೀಸಸ್ ಚರ್ಚ್]] [[ko:참예수교회]] [[ksh:Kirresh fum Woohre Jesu Krißti en Shiina]] [[ku:Klîsa ya Îsa yê rastîn]] [[kv:Истинная церковь Иисуса]] [[kw:Eglos Wir Yesu]] [[ky:Ыйсанын Нукура Чиркөөсү]] [[la:Vera Ecclesia Iesu]] [[lad:Verdadera Eglesia de Jesus]] [[lb:True Jesus Church]] [[li:Ware Zjezus Kèrk]] [[lmo:Vera gesa da Gesüü Criist]] [[lo:ນິກາຍ ໂບດທູຈຶຊັດ]] [[lt:Tikrojo Jėzaus bažnyčia]] [[lv:Patiesā Jēzus Baznīca]] [[map-bms:Gereja Yesus Sejati]] [[mg:Tena Fiangonan'i Jesoa]] [[mi:Hāhi Tika o Ihu]] [[mk:Вистинска црква на Исус]] [[ml:സത്യ യേശു സഭ]] [[mn:Үнэн Есүсийн Сүм]] [[mo:Бисeрикa Aдeвэрaтулуй Исус]] [[mr:सत्य येशू प्रार्थनास्थळ]] [[ms:Gereja Jesus Benar]] [[mt:Knisja Vera ta' Ġesù]] [[my:စစ္‌မ္ဟန္‌ေသာေယရ္ဟုဘုရား၏အသင္‌းေတာ္‌]] [[mzn:عیسی ره حقیقی کیلیسا]] [[nap:'A chiesa overa 'e Giesù]] [[nds:Wohre Jesuskark]] [[nds-nl:Waore Jezuskärke]] [[new:True Jesus Church]] [[nl:Ware Jezuskerk]] [[nn:Den sanne jesuskyrkja]] [[no:Sanne Jesus Kirke]] [[nov:Veri Jesu Eklesie]] [[nrm:Véthitabl'ye Églyise dé Jésû]] [[oc:Glèisa vertadièra de Jèsus]] [[os:Чырыстийы æцæг аргъуан]] [[pa:ਟਰੂ ਜੀਸਸ ਚਰਚ]] [[pam:Tutung Pisamban nang Jesus]] [[pap:E Misa Berdadero di Hesus]] [[pdc:True Jesus Church]] [[pl:Prawdziwy Kościół Jezusa]] [[pms:La Vera Cesa ëd Gesù]] [[ps:د مسيح حقيقي کليسا]] [[pt:Verdadeira Igreja de Jesus]] [[qu:Chiqap Jesuspa Inlisyan]] [[rm:Baselgia Vaira da Jesus]] [[rmy:I Khangeri le Chache Jesuseski]] [[ro:Biserica Adevăratului Isus]] [[roa-rup:Bisearica di Dealihea al Isus]] [[ru:Истинная церковь Иисуса]] [[ru-sib:Праведна церьква Христова]] [[rw:Idini Ryitwa Yezu Nyakuri]] [[sa:ट्रु जीसस चर्च]] [[scn:Vera Chiesa di Gesù]] [[sco:True Jesus Kirk]] [[sd:سَچِي يَسُو چَرچ]] [[sh:Prava Crkva Isusova]] [[si:සත්‍යයේ ජේසු සමිදාණන්ගේ සභාව]] [[simple:True Jesus Church]] [[sk:Pravá cirkev Ježišova]] [[sl:Prava Jezusova Cerkev]] [[sm:'O le Lotu a Iesu Moni]] [[so:Mida Rumeed Kaniisada Ciise]] [[sq:Kisha e Vërtetë e Jezusit]] [[sr:Права црква Исусова]] [[su:Gareja Yesus Sajati]] [[sv:The True Jesus Church]] [[sw:True Jesus Church]] [[ta:உண்மையான இயேசு தேவாலயம்]] [[te:నిజ ఏసుక్రీస్తు మండలి]] [[tg:Масчиди хаконии Исо]] [[th:โบสถ์ทรูจีซัส]] [[tk:Çyn Isa Serkowy]] [[tl:Totoong Simbahan ni Hesus]] [[to:Siasi moʻoni ʻa Sēsū]] [[tpi:Tru Jisas Lotu]] [[tr:Gerçek İsa Kilisesi]] [[tt:Ğaysanıñ Çın Çirkäwe]] [[ug:ئەمەلیي ئەيسا چەركوۋ]] [[uk:Істинна церква Ісуса]] [[ur:کلیساۓ عیسوی حقیقی]] [[uz:Chin Iso Cherkovi]] [[vec:Vera Ciesa de Gesù]] [[vi:Chân Giê-xu Giáo hội]] [[vls:Woare Jezuskerke]] [[wa:Vraiye Eglijhe da Djezus]] [[war:Tinuod Hesus Simbahan]] [[wuu:真耶稣教会]] [[yi:ישו'ס ריכטיגע קירכע]] [[yo:Ijo Jesu l’otito]] [[zh:真耶稣教会]] [[zh-min-nan:Chin Iâ-so͘ Kàu-hōe]] [[zh-yue:真耶穌教會]] [[zu:True Jesus Church]] 2001 9024 2007-01-18T07:12:40Z RajeshPandey 111 /* लेख अनुरोध सूची */ ==[[Kurów]]== Could you please write a stub http://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kur%C3%B3w - just a few sentences based on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kur%C3%B3w ? Only 2 -5 sentences enough. Please. [[:pl:User:Pietras1988|Pietras1988]] 15:38, 24 April 2006 (UTC) Thx for article on NE wiki. Look http://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kur%C3%B3w_%28powiat_pu%C5%82awski%29&action=history . [[:pl:User:Pietras1988|Pietras1988]] 05:11, 26 April 2006 (UTC)~ == request - sugar == Hello! I`ve got one request for you. I collect words in various languages. Now I`m looking for word "sugar" in other languages. I`ve got counterparts of word "sugar" in Japanese, Ahmaric, Thai, Georgian and Chinese, so can you write me what is "sugar" in Nepali language? I`ve got this word in 281 languages and dialects of many regions and countries in the world so it is very important for me! Thank you very much! And where can I install the Nepali script? [[:pl:Wikipedysta:Szoltys|Szoltys from pl.wiki]] == Sugar is चिनी == * Hey :: Here is the answer for Sugar sugar is called चिनी chini in Nepali == Article request - Katowice == Hello. I'm wikipedia redactor from Poland. I'm trying to get article about [[en:Katowice]] in all possible languages. There is over 70 langauage version. Could You help me translate into NE (nepal) wiki version. There is a source in [[en:Katowice|English]] and [[de:Kattowitz|German]]. Just a few sentences ( 2 - 5 ) .Please help. Best Regards [[pl:user:Stimoroll|Stimoroll]]^{[[pl:Dyskusja_Wykipedysty:Stimoroll|Talk]]} P.S. If You do that, please put interwiki link into english version. ==Dictionary== Hello. I saw there is a few article requests from Poland. I have an idea to do mini dictionary for article translating. If You have a minute please translate sentences below into this wikipedia language: * city in poland * located on the south/north/west/est/center part * population * area * capital of the * voidship * city rights Thats All. This sentences help us make STUB article about Polish cities. Best Regards [[pl:user:Stimoroll|Stimoroll]] ==Adminship== If you want someone to become a sysop, then you can vote [http://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship Here]. --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 01:15, 30 नोभेम्बर 2006 (UTC) :'''Congratulations Eukesh'''! :You are now an administrator of Nepalese Wikipedia. --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 20:52, 9 डिसेम्बर 2006 (UTC) ==धन्यवाद== I have enabled transliteration javascript on marathi wikipedia. It seems to be working fine. Great wwork! [[mr:User:कोल्हापुरी]] ==Stylesheet Issues== The default stylesheet still has problems displaying some (not all) Nepali texts in Firefox and other Netscape-like browsers. Check the homepage. Since I don't have access to the stylesheet files, can you take a look into it? By the way, the new Nepali input system is cool. --[[User:Indiver|इन्दीवर]] 10:57, 07 January 2007 == Nepali Rendering == Thank you Eukesh and Rajesh for clarifying the problem with rendering engine of Firefox. If it's the problem of Pango then we can just hope the developers as MPP and others working on it will solve it as soon as they can. Now I was wondering if we could work on a list of basic articles that are necessary for the Nepali language Wikipedia to be useful to anyone. Right now, the number of articles are increasing very slowly and much slower is the progress on their quality. What do you suggest? I was thinking of doing some publicity of Wikipedia through friends in different media, but without at least 100 good articles it could backfire. Regarding the homepage, it's been quite a while since it got any real updates. BTW, I have some suggestions (and spelling verification from Nepali dictionary) for few of the phrases used in the system: Preview=पूर्वालोकन (पुनरावलोकन==Review, पुर्वावोलोकन==?) Privacy Policy=गोपनीयता नीति --[[User:Indiver|Indiver]] 2007-01-08 11:30 PM NST. == वाह धेरै राम्रो == वाह, एकदमै राम्रो । सोचेको भन्दा धेरै राम्रो । त्यो "देवनागरी(युनिकोड)मा लेख्न चाहिने साधन" बट्टाभित्रको text कपी पेस्ट भएकोले ३ लाइन चाहीँ firefox मा गडबड आउछ । नत्रत बवाल छ। splendid :P [[User:RajeshPandey|राजेश]] 21:48, 9 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) == लेख अनुरोध सूची == मैले यहाँको सूचिलाई [[विकिपीडिया:लेख अनुरोध]] मा राखेको छु। यस अनुरोध पानाको लिङ्क विकिपीडियाका अन्य लेखहरूमा पनि छन्। त्यस सूचिमा आवस्यक लागेका लेखहरूलाई थप्दै जाने छु। समाय पाउनु भयोभने, त्यस सूचिलाई अलि ब्यबस्थित (maybe divide into sections) पार्नुपर्ने छ। -- Indiver 13:45 10 Jan 2007 :सिस्टम सन्देशहरुलाइ अंग्रेजी बाट नेपाली ईन्टरफेसमा नेपाली लैजान [http://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Allmessages यहाँ ]जानुहोस् । -- धन्यवाद [[User:RajeshPandey|राजेश]] 07:12, 18 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) 2002 5947 2006-04-25T21:15:45Z Eukesh 93 पशुपतिनाथ भन्नाले हामी निम्न लिखित विषयहरु बुझ्न सक्छौ :- *[[भगवान श्री पशुपतिनाथ]] *[[श्री पशुपतिनाथको मन्दिर]] 2003 5955 2006-04-26T05:05:55Z 83.28.134.3 [[pl:User:Pietras1988|Pietras1988]] adding 109 interwikis Kurow दक्षिण पूर्वी पोल्यान्डमा पर्ने एउटा गाउं हो| यो पुलावी र लुबलिनको मध्यमा कुरुका नदीको किनारामा अवस्थित छ| <gallery> Image:Kosciol1.jpg|गिर्जाघर (१४५२मा निर्मित) Image:Urzad2.jpg|कम्म्युन हल </gallery> [[af:Kurów]] [[als:Kurau]] [[am:ኩሩቭ]] [[ang:Kurów]] [[ar:كوروف]] [[an:Kurów]] [[arc:ܟܘܼܪܘܿܘ]] [[ast:Kurów]] [[az:Kurów]] [[bat-smg:Kurów]] [[bg:Куров]] [[zh-min-nan:Kurów-chhī]] [[be:Кураў]] [[bs:Kurov]] [[ca:Kurów]] [[ceb:Kurów]] [[cv:Куров]] [[co:Kurów]] [[cs:Kurów]] [[cy:Kurów]] [[da:Kurów]] [[de:Kurów]] [[et:Kurów]] [[el:Κουρόβ]] [[en:Kurów]] [[es:Kurów]] [[eo:Kurów]] [[eu:Kurow]] [[fa:روستای کورو (لهستان)]] [[fr:Kurów]] [[fy:Kurów]] [[fur:Kurów]] [[ga:Kurów]] [[gl:Curóv - Kurów]] [[got:𐌺𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍅]] [[gv:Kurów]] [[ko:쿠루프]] [[hy:Կուռով]] [[hi:कुरोव]] [[hr:Kurów]] [[io:Kurów]] [[ilo:Kurów]] [[id:Kurów]] [[ia:Kurów]] [[is:Kurów]] [[it:Kurów]] [[he:קורוב]] [[jv:Kurów]] [[ka:კუროვი]] [[csb:Kurów]] [[kw:Kurów]] [[ku:Kurów]] [[lad:Kurów]] [[la:Curovia]] [[lmo:Kurów]] [[lv:Kurova]] [[lt:Kuruvas]] [[lb:Kurów]] [[li:Kurów]] [[hu:Kurów]] [[map-bms:Kurów]] [[mk:Куров (село)]] [[mg:Kurów]] [[ml:ക്യുറോ]] [[mi:Kurów]] [[mr:कुरो, पोलंड]] [[ms:Kurów]] [[mt:Kurów]] [[mo:Курув]] [[na:Kurów]] [[nap:Kurów]] [[nl:Kurów]] [[nds:Kurów]] [[ja:クルフ]] [[no:Kurów]] [[nn:Kurów]] [[oc:Kurów]] [[os:Курув]] [[pap:Kurów]] [[pl:Kurów (powiat puławski)]] [[pt:Kurów]] [[ro:Kurów]] [[ru:Куров]] [[sco:Kurów]] [[sq:Kurów]] [[sh:Kurov]] [[scn:Kurów]] [[simple:Kurów]] [[sk:Kurów]] [[sl:Kurów]] [[sr:Куров (повјат пулавски)]] [[su:Kurów]] [[fi:Kurów]] [[sv:Kurów]] [[tl:Kurów]] [[tt:Kurów]] [[te:కురోవ్]] [[th:กูรูฟ]] [[vi:Kurów]] [[tr:Kurów]] [[udm:Курув]] [[uk:Курів]] [[vec:Kurów]] [[vls:Kurów]] [[vo:Kurów]] [[war:Kurów]] [[yi:קוראָב]] [[zh:库鲁夫市]] [[fiu-vro:Kurów]] 2004 7892 2006-12-10T04:55:21Z 202.70.64.15 '''भगवान श्री पशुपतिनाथ''' [[हिन्दू]] परम्परा अनुसार निकै महत्त्वपूर्ण भगवान हुनुहुन्छ| उहाँ सबै [[प्राणी]]हरुका रक्षकका रूपमा पुजिनुहुन्छ| 2005 7676 2006-11-19T21:10:01Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Modifying: [[en:Pashupatinath temple]] [[Image:pashupatinath.jpg|right|thumb|240px|श्री पशुपतिनाथको मन्दिर]] पशुपतिनाथ मन्दिर नेपालको सबैभन्दा महत्वपूर्ण स्थलहरुमध्य एक हो| यो मन्दिर बागमती नदीको किनारामा अवस्थित छ| [[de:Pashupatinath]] [[en:Pashupatinath temple]] [[ja:パシュパティナート]] [[ko:파슈파티나트 사원]] [[ru:Пашупатинатх]] [[simple:Pashupatinath]] 2006 5959 2006-04-26T20:00:08Z Eukesh 93 ईतिहासको बारेमा थप जानकारी हासिल गर्न निम्न मध्य एक रोज्नुहोस्:- *[[नेपालको ईतिहास]] *[[विश्व ईतिहास]] *[[ईतिहास शास्त्र]] 2007 5960 2006-04-26T20:05:44Z Eukesh 93 *[[परापूर्वकाल तथा मंजुश्रीको कथा]] *[[गोपालवंश र महिषपाल वंश]] *[[किरांतकाल]] *[[लिच्छविकाल]] *[[ठकुरी काल]] *[[मल्लकाल]] *[[शाहकाल]] *[[राणाकाल]] *[[प्रथम प्रजातन्त्र काल]] *[[पंचायत काल]] *[[द्वितिय प्रजातन्त्र काल]] *[[शाही घोषणा पश्चात]] *[[तृतीय प्रजातन्त्र काल]] 2008 5961 2006-04-26T20:11:10Z Eukesh 93 == प्राचीन सभ्यताहरु == *[[आदिमानवका अवशेषहरु]] *[[मिश्रको सभ्यता]] *[[चीनीया सभ्यता]] *[[मेसोपोटामियाको सभ्यता]] *[[भारतीय सभ्यता]] *[[अमेरिकी सभ्यता]] *[[युनानी-रोमन सभ्यता]] 2009 5962 2006-04-26T20:30:38Z Eukesh 93 The इतिहास page has been created a bit different from the Main Page of History in English. This has been done assuming that most of the people visiting Nepali wikipedia would be eager to learn about and edit the Nepalese history. Besides, this may aid the Nepalese history experts who are not as fluent in other languages to open, view and edit the articles easily. This system can be removed as soon as there is an abundance of articles sufficient to create workable portals. However, in this nascent stage, I think this system is better. In case uniformity of all the Wikipedia is much more than norm, future editors please edit adhering to the Wikipedia format. 2011 6483 2006-08-01T15:15:48Z 193.194.132.39 '''बिजगणित''' बिज गणित जणितको त्यो शाखा हो जहाँ अन्कको स्थानमा चिन्हको प्रयोग गरिन्छ । भारतमा श्रीधरचारय ले ११ औ शताब्दीमा कुअद्रतिक सिस्टमको बिकास गरेका थिए । 2012 6485 2006-08-01T15:32:44Z 193.194.132.39 [[Image:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg|thumb|300px|[[The Blue Marble]]: चित्र - सन १९७२मा अपोलो १७ औबाट लिएको पृथ्वीको फोटो ]] '''पृथ्वी विज्ञान''' पृथ्वी बिज्ञानले पृथ्वीसँग सरोकार राख्ने सबै बिज्ञानलाई जनाउछ । भुगोलशास्त्र यसको मुख्य भाग हो । 2013 6538 2006-08-11T16:26:54Z Eukesh 93 [[पर्यावरणशास्त्र]] moved to [[वातावरण शास्त्र]]: paryawarana is Hindi word '''वातावरण शास्त्र''': पर्यावरण ( वा वातावरण) को भौतिक, रासायनिक र जैविक भागको बिच हुने अन्तर्कृयालाई अध्ययन गरिने बिज्ञान पर्यावरण शास्त्र हो । 2014 5972 2006-05-01T18:53:33Z Eukesh 93 '''ज्यामिती''' 2015 5973 2006-05-01T18:53:56Z Eukesh 93 '''भौतिकशास्त्र''' 2016 5974 2006-05-01T18:54:23Z Eukesh 93 '''संगणनशास्त्र''' 2017 5975 2006-05-01T18:54:46Z Eukesh 93 '''यातायात''' 2019 5977 2006-05-01T18:55:52Z Eukesh 93 '''पूरातत्वशास्त्र''' 2021 5979 2006-05-01T18:56:48Z Eukesh 93 '''मनोविज्ञान''' 2022 5980 2006-05-01T18:57:14Z Eukesh 93 '''समाजशास्त्र''' 2023 5981 2006-05-01T18:57:36Z Eukesh 93 '''शिक्षण''' 2024 7836 2006-12-02T23:47:26Z Aawaj 167 एनिमेसन भन्नले चित्र हरु को समयओजन वा बस्तु को ठाउँ चलचित्रकरण गर्नु हो जस् बाट बस्तु चल्यामान भाको भन पर्छ। 2028 5986 2006-05-01T18:59:29Z Eukesh 93 '''परिवार''' 2030 5988 2006-05-01T19:00:16Z Eukesh 93 '''बगैँचा''' 2031 5989 2006-05-01T19:00:38Z Eukesh 93 '''फुर्सद''' 2033 5991 2006-05-01T19:01:36Z Eukesh 93 '''खेलकुद''' 2034 5992 2006-05-01T19:01:47Z Eukesh 93 '''रङ्गमञ्च''' 2035 8834 2007-01-16T18:57:43Z RajeshPandey 111 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/172.142.11.33|172.142.11.33]] ([[User_talk:172.142.11.33|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:Eukesh|Eukesh]] '''यात्रा''' 2037 5995 2006-05-01T19:02:53Z Eukesh 93 '''ब्यापार''' 2038 6003 2006-05-08T19:10:48Z LUCPOL 99 [[Image:Crystal 128 ksmiletris.png|50px]] [[pl:Wikipedysta:LUCPOL]] [[en:User:LUCPOL]] [[ru:Участник:LUCPOL]] 2039 6004 2006-05-09T01:59:41Z 203.78.168.225 पुर्वीय वास्तुशास्त्र भनेको चिन, जापान, भारत तथा नेपाल जस्ता पुर्वी एसीयामा प्रयोगमा भएका वास्तुशास्त्रलाइ जनाइन्छ। 2040 8427 2007-01-08T08:55:12Z RajeshPandey 111 क्षेत्रफल: <br> सदरमुकाम: भरतपुर<br> मुख्य व्यापारीक केन्द्र : नारायणगढ<br> मुख्या आयको स्रोत: कृषी, पर्यटन, व्यापार<br> नेपालको प्राय सबै ठाउँबाट बसाइ सरेर आएको हुनाले चितवनलाइ ७६औ जिल्लापनि भनिन्छ। चितवन एक सिङ्गे गैँडाको लागी विश्वमानै प्रख्यात छ। [[en:Chitwan]] == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2041 6010 2006-05-09T12:08:29Z 203.88.67.146 [[Category:नेपाली]]__NOEDITSECTION__ = ''[[नेपाली]]'' = क नेपाली बर्णमालाको पहिलो अक्षर 2044 6062 2006-05-20T09:09:29Z Jose77 104 '''Greetings Lomaspj'''! Can you please kindly help me translate this short article: [[True Jesus Church]] into the Nepali language - based on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Jesus_Church English article]? Around 2-5 lines would be sufficient enough and your help would be gratefully appreciated. Thanks in advance. Sincerely requested by -- [[en:User:Jose77|Joseph]], 21:53 Thursday 11 May 2006 (UTC) :'''Thankyou very very much Lomaspj for your excellent translation!''' I am so grateful. :''May Nepali wikipedia propser''! :(In the future, if you ever need any articles to be translated to Chinese Mandarin or the [[:en:Minnan language]] then I can help out). Yours Sincerely -- [[en:User:Jose77|Joseph]], 08:43 Saturday 20 May 2006 (UTC) ---- I am a bit puzzled, i think i moved the topic from true jesus church to साँचो यशु गिर्जाघर but it shows that u have done it.. is it so?? -- [[User:Lomaspj|Lomaspj]] :Yes. It is true that I moved the English title to the Nepalese title, however I am a bit confused as well....what is the difference between these two titles: "साँथो यशु गिर्जाघर" & "साँचो यशु गिर्जाघर", aren't they both the same? -- [[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 08:57, 20 May 2006 (UTC) 2045 7899 2006-12-10T23:07:05Z 128.12.61.106 Blanked nonsense text; I am [[en:User:Mxn]] [[vi:Thành viên:Mxn]] 2046 6034 2006-05-18T18:36:02Z 217.153.83.162 Hello. Do You speak English or Russian ? [[pl:user:Stimoroll|Stimoroll]] 2047 7645 2006-11-15T15:04:21Z Walter 159 note <div align="center" class="usermessage">[[Image:Internet-group-chat.svg|left|25px]] '''<span class="plainlinks">For a quicker reply, please leave your messages [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=User_talk:Jose77&action=edit&section=new Here]</div> == Thanks Jose == Hey jose.. I really appreciate about your contributions in Nepali wiki. Sometimes we are stuck .. I tried to redirect a page and I did know the meta tags, but I was stuck with wiki code for redirect but you understood what I meant to do and you did it :) :) Thanks for all the things you are doing for the wiki *[[user:RajeshPandey|Rajesh]] == note == Notice: Your sysop rights on this wiki are removed because your temporary granted status is now expired. Greetings, [[User:Walter|Walter]] 15:04, 15 नोभेम्बर 2006 (UTC) 2048 6043 2006-05-20T08:27:41Z Jose77 104 [[en:User:Jose77]] 2049 6047 2006-05-20T08:31:25Z Lomaspj 100 [[True Jesus Church]] moved to [[साँथो यशु गिर्जाघर]]: अब सबै नेपाली लेखहरुको शिर्षकपनि नेपालीमै राख्ने क्रममा मैले य #REDIRECT [[साँचो यशु गिर्जाघर]] 2051 6052 2006-05-20T08:39:08Z Jose77 104 2052 7701 2006-11-24T19:00:15Z Indiver 9 '''शनिवार''' (वा ''शनिश्चरवार'') हप्‍ताको सातौँ दिन हो। [[युरोप]] र अन्य केहि देशहरूमा भने शनिवारलाई हप्ताको छैटौँ दिन मानिन्छ। [[:en:ISO 8601|आइ एस ओ ८६०१]] मापदण्ड अनुसार पनि यो हप्ताको ६औँ दिन हो। यसको नामाकरण [[शनि]] देवताको नामबाट गरिएको हो। नेपालमा यो दिन सार्वजानिक बिदा हुन्छ। स्कुल, कलेज र विभिन्न संघ संस्थाहरु यो दिन बन्द रहन्छन्। अन्य धेरै देशहरूमा पनि यो दिन बिदा हुन्छ। {{हप्ताका दिनहरू}} [[en:Saturday]] [[he:שבת]] [[ang:Sæternesdæg]] [[ar:سبت]] [[be:Субота]] [[ca:Dissabte]] [[cs:Sobota]] [[cv:Шăматкун]] [[cy:Dydd Sadwrn]] [[da:Lørdag]] [[de:Samstag]] [[es:Sábado]] [[eo:Sabato]] [[fr:Samedi]] [[fur:Sabide]] [[ko:토요일]] [[hr:Subota]] [[ht:Samdi]] [[id:Sabtu]] [[ia:Sabbato]] [[is:Laugardagur]] [[it:Sabato]] [[la:Dies Saturni]] [[lmo:Sàbet]] [[lt:Šeštadienis]] [[lv:Sestdiena]] [[ms:Sabtu]] [[nl:Zaterdag]] [[nds:Saterdag]] [[ja:土曜日]] [[no:Lørdag]] [[nn:Laurdag]] [[nrm:Sanm'di]] [[pl:Sobota]] [[pt:Sábado]] [[ru:Суббота]] [[sco:Setturday]] [[simple:Saturday]] [[sk:Sobota]] [[sl:Sobota]] [[sr:Субота]] [[fi:Lauantai]] [[sv:Lördag]] [[tl:Sabado]] [[th:วันเสาร์]] [[vi:Thứ bảy]] [[tpi:Sarere]] [[uk:Субота]] [[ur:ہفتہ]] [[wa:Semdi]] [[zh:星期六]] 2053 6092 2006-06-06T00:27:49Z 132.181.7.1 [[Image:Tarascon from Castle.jpg|right|400px]] ईसाइ धर्मावलम्बिहरुको प्राथना,विवाह तथा अन्य कार्यक्रमहरु गरिने स्थल। अंग्रेजीमा यसलाई चर्च (Church) भनिन्छ। [[bg:Църква]] [[cs:Kostel]] [[cy:Eglwys]] [[da:Kirke (bygning)]] [[de:Kirchengebäude]] [[en:Church]] [[et:Kirik (pühakoda)]] [[es:Iglesia]] [[eo:Eklezio]] [[fr:Église (édifice)]] [[id:Gereja]] [[it:Chiesa]] [[he:כנסייה]] [[hu:Egyház]] [[ko:교회]] [[la:Ecclesia]] [[lt:Bažnyčia]] [[nl:Kerk]] [[nds:Kark]] [[nrm:Égllise]] [[ja:教会]] [[no:Kirke]] [[nn:Kyrkje]] [[pl:Kościół]] [[pt:Igreja]] [[sco:Kirk]] [[simple:Church]] [[sv:Kyrka]] [[tr:Kilise]] [[zh:教堂]] 2056 6074 2006-05-25T16:47:06Z Diagraph01 46 * If you hasten, please write to my [[:ja:利用者‐会話:Diagraph01|ja.wp's discussion page]] in English or Japanese language :) ---- 2057 6075 2006-05-26T13:16:09Z Dharmanand Joshi 106 nepali des bhane ko santi pirya des ho...... hi............how are you evest mount....... 2058 6078 2006-05-27T09:35:28Z 61.12.180.33 2059 6080 2006-05-28T04:51:49Z 202.161.131.71 '''It is not only the durbar square. It is also the history of Nepal. In history, it was the kingdom of Malla. It is all surrounded by many temples.''' 2062 6097 2006-06-14T19:05:06Z देसीफ्राल 108 [[de:Benutzer:Desiphral]] [[en:User:Desiphral]] [[es:Usuario:Desiphral]] [[fr:Utilisateur:Desiphral]] [[hi:%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF:Desiphral]] [[ro:Utilizator:Desiphral]] [[rmy:Utilizator:Desiphral]] 2063 edit=sysop:move=sysop 8872 2007-01-16T22:43:08Z RajeshPandey 111 {| name="userboxes" id="userboxes" style="float:right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1ex; width: 242px; border: 1px solid #99B3FF; clear: right" |- |{{User काठमाडौं विश्वविद्यालय}} |- |{{User अर्किड कलेज}} |- |} ==Rajesh Pandey (राजेश पाण्डे) == *विकि प्रयोगकर्ता तथा कम्प्युटर ईन्जिनियरिङ्ग छात्र Wiki User and Computer Engineering Student * This user is a volunteer in Nepali Wikipedia. If you find any thing wrong here, please leave a <span class="plainlinks">[http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:RajeshPandey&action=edit&section=new message] </span>. I will try to resolve it if I am available. You may also contact other sysops [[user:Indiver|Indiver]], [[user:Eukesh|Eukesh]] and [[user:Jose77|Jose]] for help. * Currently this user is very busy in real life, with the semester exams and thus may be unavailable. It may even take weeks to respond you. == Quick Links == <small> *<span class="plainlinks">[http://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Recentchanges Recent Changes] &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [http://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Recentchanges नयाँ परिवर्तनहरु].</span> *<span class="plainlinks"> [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=RajeshPandey My Contributions] . &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=RajeshPandey मेरा कामहरु] </span> *<span class="plainlinks">[http://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:RajeshPandey What others say about me ] .&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [http://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:RajeshPandey मेरो बारेमा अरुले के भन्छन् त !]</span> *<span class="plainlinks">[http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:RajeshPandey&action=edit&section=new leave me a comment] . &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:RajeshPandey&action=edit&section=new तपाई मेरो बारेमा के भन्न चाहनुहुन्छ, यहां लेख्‌न सक्नुहुन्छ ।]</span> *<span class="plainlinks">[http://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log Logs]</span> . <span class="plainlinks">[http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ALog&type=newusers&user=&page= New Users]</span> . {| name="userboxes" id="userboxes" style="float:right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1ex; width: 242px; border: 1px solid #99B3FF; clear: right" |- |{{Rajesh np}} |- |} *<span class="plainlinks"> [http://ww.rajesh.com.np/ राजेशको सानो ब्लग]</span> </small> ==Contact== <div align="center" class="usermessage">[[Image:Internet-group-chat.svg|left|25px]] '''<span class="plainlinks">Please leave your messages [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:RajeshPandey&action=edit&section=new Here. यहाँ] क्लिक गरेर मलाइ सम्पर्क गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ । </span></div> 2064 8348 2007-01-07T23:27:30Z RajeshPandey 111 [[User talk:RajeshPandey archieve Dec23 2006]] लाइ [[User talk:RajeshPandey/archieve/2006/Dec/23]]मा सारियो == सुझावहरु == कृपया तपाईका सुझावहरु राख्‍नुहोला == शुभकामना == * तिहार तथा [[नेपाल सम्वत]] अनुसारको नयाँ वर्षको शुभकामना|--[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 15:21, 22 अक्टोबर 2006 (UTC) [[Image:Heckert GNU white.svg|right|thumb|]] '''Welcome to Nepalese Wikipedia RajeshPandey'''! We hope you can contribute, no matter what your language skills are. '''Enjoy'''! --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 22:53, 15 नोभेम्बर 2006 (UTC) '''Greetings RajeshPandey'''! ''Thanks ! '' Yours Sincerely, From --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 22:53, 15 नोभेम्बर 2006 (UTC) ==Gratitude== '''THANKYOU SO MUCH RajeshPandey''' for the excellent translation effort! I am very very grateful. ''May you prosper and succeed in life''! (In the future, if you ever need any articles to be translate into the Chinese or Taiwanese language, then I would gladly help you.) Yours Sincerely, From --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 01:45, 28 नोभेम्बर 2006 (UTC) ==Administrator Application== I have nominated you for Administrator [http://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship Here]. --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 01:12, 30 नोभेम्बर 2006 (UTC) <hr> But I can't vote myself :P. <br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; -- Thanks JOSE for the offer. Ever since I met you, you have been inspiring me. <br> Inside Wiki, everyone is an Administrator and has a permission to add something. I am happy with what I have. I am the admin of around 15 smaller personal websites and some educational websites. So everything keeps me busy. Besides I play online Games. and have to do some Universities projects .. :P <br> Uh about wiki, its just for fun and a motive to help Nepali Wiki. Just supporting. Hey Jose you know most of the things about Wiki and you know most of the syntax of Wiki. I know you have been doing a great work out there. What about your Adminship.?? I did not see your name. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[user:RajeshPandey|-Rajesh]] :My Adminship period had already expired. Besides I cannot speak Nepali, so my contributions would be quite limited. --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 00:51, 3 डिसेम्बर 2006 (UTC) '''Congratulations RajeshPandey '''! You are now an administrator of Nepalese Wikipedia. --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 20:51, 9 डिसेम्बर 2006 (UTC) ==Request for Translation Help== '''Greetings RajeshPandey'''! I know that you are probably not a Christian, however can you just help me translate some sections of [http://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0 this article] into Nepali? Please. Any translation help at all would be very gratefully appreciated, Thankyou. --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 22:24, 9 डिसेम्बर 2006 (UTC) == Busy Schedules == Thanks everyone for all these. I never actually expected so much. While I was away from the Wiki world, there were so many things going around. I just came today in Wiki world and saw some new Admins. With my End semesters I would try to synchronize things around. --[[user:RajeshPandey|-Rajesh]] 12:53, 20 डिसेम्बर 2006 (UTC) :To translate the Interface System Messages into Nepali, go [http://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Allmessages Here]. --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 07:25, 22 डिसेम्बर 2006 (UTC) 2065 6107 2006-06-24T23:05:46Z RajeshPandey 111 '''[[Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends]]''', पछि नाम परिवर्तन गरिएको टेलिसिरीयल, Thomas and Friends केटाकेटीहरुको टेलिसिरीयल हो , जुन [[the Railway Series]] मा आधारीत छ। यो पहिलो पल्ट [[1984]] मा देखाइएको थियो। यो फेरी मजदुर दिवसको दिन २६ वटा भागहरु (September) 2006 मा देखाईदैछ । ==भागहरु== While the upcoming video "On Site with Thomas" is slated to include the unreleased stories "A Visit from Thomas," "Jack Owns Up," "On Site with Thomas," "Percy's Scary Tale," "Kelly's Windy Day," and "A Happy Day for Percy," they have merely been referred to as unreleased stories. Some believe that the running time suggest these stories will only be five minutes, and interpret this as meaning either more Pack episodes had been produced, or they will be included as a replacement for the five-minute episodes from Series 6 and 7 that air currently. However, as the video is unreleased, it is still possible that they will be part of the standard lineup of seven-minute stories. == पात्रहरु == According to a press release from a Hit Entertainment press site, the following are characters to be introduced in the upcoming series: *Jeremy (a small aircraft who holds an inflated view of himself) *Fearless Freddie (a warhorse engine, who as a younger engine in years gone by was the daredevil of the hills) *Rosie (a new tank engine who idolizes Thomas) *Rocky (a crane who tries to be everyone's friend) *Monty (a member of The Pack) Patrick, an engine, is mentioned only in the summary of the On Site with Thomas video. ==वाहिरी लिङ्कहरु == * [http://hitnewsonline.com/forms/hit/index.html HIT Entertainment Digital छापाखाना] ** [http://hitnewsonline.com/Forms/hit/*ws4d-db-query-Show.ws4d?*ws4d-db-query-Show***000001***-wieck_media***-***hit(directory)***.ws4d?hit/results(r)_text.html Press Release] [[Category:Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends]] 2068 8137 2006-12-24T19:14:47Z RajeshPandey 111 नेपालको समसामयीक विषय तथा नेपालबारे विकिपेडियामा प‍काशित सामाग्रीहरुको बारेमा Discussion Board Create गरिएको छ । == Translation over translation in [[नेपाल]]== while comparing the older versions of [[नेपाल]] with current version I found something nasty like this : *somebody posted a url of a website in the news section http://merosansar.com.np which is a romanised version of मेरो संसार. *Another Wiki user translated the Nepali into English and made the website address as : mysansar (since मेरो = my ) and keeping the other part same. thus translated http://merosansar.com.np into http://mysansar.com.np Website address are fixed and they should not be translated. *The original meaning is not fulfilled by the translated version. Still users who want to advertise their websites have posted such links in Nepali wiki.. I have tried to keep a dispute ... It is there for so many days and no body has replied or claimed anything about the authenticity of those websites or about the presence of their websites inside Nepal section of wiki. *If we continue keeping all the links wiki will just be a collecion of links. I prefer KISS keep it simple stupid. Rather than a jumble of collections of links . I believe there are several other issues .. Wiki has become an unmanaged collection of texts.. So if we don't watch such activities this wiki is going to be worse. -- Regards [[user:RajeshPandey|Rajesh]] == Blog website inside News section of [[नेपाल]]== * Further when I searched , I found that both the websites are not News websites, they are kept inside news section (समाचार section) of [[नेपाल]]. and both of them are blog websites. It is clearly written in the banner of merosansar and mysansar. A blog user might have added the link into wiki. == No new images for now == Thanks Keshav for uploading the nice new images, however the use of such images may lead to disputes. Since The Government of Nepal has not made any decision upon using a specific logo for , deleting old images , the old image "coat of arms " can't be deleted for now. Since Wikipedia needs to be neutral we should not be involved in disputing issues. The articles here are written prior to all the movements. New movements are on the way and the issues have not been settled. So until then we will keep the old version of our Nepal. When the official announcements are made, we will revise our pages then. Till then it would be nice to keep the page as it is. If you insist on changing please write in discussion page. * Thanks --[[User:RajeshPandey|राजेश]] 16:51, 24 डिसेम्बर 2006 (UTC) == भाषा प्रयोगको बारेमा == *यो वेबसाइटमा नेपाली भाषा लेख्नको लागि देवनागरी लिपिलाई एन्एबल्ड गरिएको छ। कृपया नेपालीमा नै वार्तालाप गर्नु होला। नेपाली विकिपीडियामा देवनागरीमा लेख्ने साधन उपलब्ध भैसकेपछि पनि नेपाली भाषामा वार्तालाप नगर्नु (मेरो विचारमा) नेपाली भाषालाई तिरस्कार गर्नु हो। धन्यवाद। --[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 17:37, 24 डिसेम्बर 2006 (UTC) == जवाफ:भाषा प्रयोग == * यस वेवसाइटमा रोमनाइज्ड देवनागरी लिपि मात्र प्रयोग गरीएको छ जुन मेरो लागी एकदमै गाह्रो हुन्छ। Romanised भन्दा Traditional लिपी पुरानो प्रीती फन्टमा आधारीत, राम्रो र बैज्ञानिक पनि छ। म आफ्नो इच्छाले जहाँ पनि नेपाली र अंग्रेजी लेख्न मनपराउछु । अर्काले पहीलेनै नेपालीमा जबर्जस्ती नेपालीमा लेख्न लगाएको मन पर्दैन । विकी edit गर्दा html tags हरु बढी लेख्नुपर्छ। यो साधन सिकारुहरुलाइ बढि सजिलो होला जसको कम्प्युटरमा युनिकोड हुदैन । यसमा धेरैजसो कुराहरु अझैपनि अंग्रेजीमै छन् । र रह्यो कुरा भाषा प्रयोगको वारेमा : आफ्नो आफ्नो विचार हो, छनौट हो । म यहाँ हालै केशव जी ले गरेको परिवर्तनको वारेमा कुरा गरीरहेको थिए र त्यो कुरा सुन्नेमा जोश पनि यौटा हो । जोश अं‍ग्रेजी बढी बुझ्छ । परिस्थितिअनुसार प्रयोग गरीएको कुरालाइ अन्यथा नबनाउनुहोला । नेपाली माया नभएको भए म यसरी फाल्तु काम गरेर बस्ने थिइन होला । पुनश्च: माथिका कुराहरु नितान्त निजी हुन् । विकी सम्वन्धि हैनन्। यो कुरामा अब यहाँ (off topic )छलफल नगर्नुहोला । --- धन्यबाद --[[User:RajeshPandey|राजेश]] 19:14, 24 डिसेम्बर 2006 (UTC) 2069 6120 2006-06-29T07:57:48Z NarhariGhimire 114 To earn money instantly Follow the link, people are earning day by day your investment is just NPr 160. '''EARN INSTANT MONEY FROM YOUR HOME, FEW INVESTMENT LARGE AND REGULAR EARNINGS''' [http://www.mymoneymail.com/userpage.asp?referer=35033 '''CLICK HERE'''] 2071 8066 2006-12-22T18:08:30Z RajeshPandey 111 खाता खोलियो 2072 8065 2006-12-22T18:08:13Z RajeshPandey 111 $1 को लागी प्रयोगकर्ता खाता खोलियो । 2083 7177 2006-10-05T04:29:57Z Jose77 104 परिवर्तन् 2126 7277 2006-10-05T05:24:45Z Jose77 104 आयोजना पृष्ठ 2154 8058 2006-12-22T18:03:04Z RajeshPandey 111 [[User:$1|$1]] लाइ unblock गरीएको छ 2168 8949 2007-01-17T18:18:09Z Indiver 9 अवलोकनसूची खालि गर्नुहोस् 2173 9071 2007-01-19T17:40:31Z Eukesh 93 सकियो। 2174 8177 2006-12-27T23:33:07Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Adding: als, am, bs, cy, fa, fo, fy, hy, jv, kk, ky, la, map-bms, nap, nn, nrm, oc, pdc, rmy, sq, th, tt, udm, wa Modifying: dv, jbo, mi [[Image:PanoramaKatowicWNocy.jpg|center|560px|thumb|क्याटोभिस]] [[Image:Muzeum Slaskie2.jpg|thumb|300px|right|संग्रहालय]] '''क्याटोभिस''' (चेक:कतोभिस, जर्मन: कात्तोवित्ज्) दक्षिणी पोल्याण्डको उत्तरी सिलेसियामा अवस्थित एउटा महत्त्वपूर्ण सहर हो| क्याटोभिस सन् १९९९ देखिं सिलेसियन भोइभोद्शाही को राजधानी पनि हो| [[af:Katowice]] [[als:Kattowitz]] [[am:ካቶቪጸ]] [[an:Katowice]] [[ang:Katowice]] [[ar:كاتوفيتسه]] [[ast:Katowice]] [[bg:Катовице]] [[bs:Katowice]] [[ca:Katowice]] [[cs:Katovice]] [[csb:Katowice]] [[cv:Катовица]] [[cy:Katowice]] [[da:Katowice]] [[de:Kattowitz]] [[dv:ކެޓޮވިސް]] [[el:Κατοβίτσε]] [[en:Katowice]] [[eo:Katowice]] [[es:Katowice]] [[et:Katowice]] [[eu:Katowice]] [[fa:کاتوویتس]] [[fi:Katowice]] [[fo:Katowice]] [[fr:Katowice]] [[fy:Katowice]] [[ga:Katowice]] [[gl:Katowice]] [[he:קטוביץ]] [[hr:Katowice]] [[hu:Katowice]] [[hy:Կատովիցե]] [[ia:Katowice]] [[id:Katowice]] [[io:Katowice]] [[it:Katowice]] [[ja:カトヴィツェ]] [[jbo:katovitses]] [[jv:Katowice]] [[ka:კატოვიცე]] [[kk:Катовице]] [[ko:카토비체]] [[ky:Катовице]] [[la:Katovicum]] [[lb:Katowice]] [[lmo:Katowice]] [[lt:Katovicė]] [[lv:Katovice]] [[map-bms:Katowice]] [[mg:Katowice]] [[mi:Katowice]] [[mk:Катовице]] [[mr:केटोविच]] [[ms:Katowice]] [[mt:Katowice]] [[na:Katowice]] [[nap:Katovice]] [[nds:Kattowitz]] [[nds-nl:Katowice]] [[nl:Katowice]] [[nn:Katowice]] [[no:Katowice]] [[nrm:Katowice]] [[oc:Katowice]] [[pdc:Kattowitz]] [[pl:Katowice]] [[pt:Katowice]] [[rmy:Katovice]] [[ro:Katowice]] [[ru:Катовице]] [[scn:Katowice]] [[se:Katowice]] [[simple:Katowice]] [[sk:Katovice]] [[sl:Katovice]] [[sq:Katowice]] [[sr:Катовице]] [[sv:Katowice]] [[th:คะโตวิตซึ]] [[tr:Katowice]] [[tt:Katowice]] [[udm:Катовице]] [[uk:Катовіце]] [[uz:Katowice]] [[vi:Katowice]] [[wa:Katowice]] [[zh:卡托维兹]] [[zh-min-nan:Katowice]] 2176 6353 2006-07-05T09:54:23Z Murtasa 22 public domain public domain 2178 8843 2007-01-16T18:58:02Z RajeshPandey 111 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/172.142.11.33|172.142.11.33]] ([[User_talk:172.142.11.33|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:देसीफ्राल|देसीफ्राल]] '''देवनागरी''' एउटा [[लिपि]] हो| यो लिपि विशेष गरेर [[दक्षिण एसिया]] मा प्रयोग हुन्छ| यो लिपि देब्रे देखिं दायांतर्फ लेखिन्छ| यो लिपि [[संस्कृत]], [[नेपाली]], [[नेपाल भाषा]], [[हिन्दी]], [[मराठी]], [[भोजपुरी]], [[मैथिली]], [[पाली]], [[रोमानी]] आदि [[भाषा]]हरु लेख्नमा प्रयोग भएको पाईन्छ| [[bg:Деванагари]] [[br:Devanagari]] [[ca:Devanagari]] [[cs:Devanágarí]] [[da:Devanagari]] [[de:Devanagari]] [[en:Devanagari]] [[es:Devanagari]] [[eo:Nagario]] [[fr:Devanāgarī]] [[gl:Devanāgarī]] [[ko:데바나가리 문자]] [[hi:देवनागरी]] [[id:Aksara Devanagari]] [[it:Devanagari]] [[ks:देवनागरी]] [[lt:Devanagari raštas]] [[mr:देवनागरी]] [[nl:Devanagari]] [[ja:デーヴァナーガリー]] [[no:Devanagari]] [[nn:Devanagari]] [[pl:Pismo dewanagari]] [[pt:Devanagari]] [[rmy:देवनागरी]] [[ru:Деванагари]] [[sa:देवनागरी]] [[fi:Devanagari]] [[sv:Devanagari]] [[ta:தேவநாகரி]] [[zh:天城文]] 2179 6361 2006-07-06T16:40:18Z Eukesh 93 '''नेवारी''' शब्दले दुई अर्थ जनाउन सक्दछ:- * [[नेवार]] जातिसँग सम्बन्धित विषयवस्तु * [[नेपाल भाषा]] (नेपाल भाषा विज्ञहरु "नेवारी" भन्ने शब्द "नेपाल भाषा" लाई जनाउन प्रयोग गर्न हुन्न भन्ने मत राख्दछन र धेरैलाई सो प्रयोग आपत्तिजनक लाग्दछ १ | == श्रोत == १ [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=new कमेन्ट्स् हेर्नुहोला] 2180 7369 2006-10-09T12:21:38Z 203.91.155.7 /* नेवारी संस्कृति */ '''नेवार''' भन्ने शब्दले नेपालको एउटा [[आदिवासी]] जाती जनाउंदछ| नेवारहरु [[जातीयभाषीक]] [[समुदाय]] हुन्| नेवारहरुको मूलथलो [[काठमाडौं उपत्यका]] हो| == नेवारी संस्कृति == == नेवारी संगीत == == नेवारी वास्तुशास्त्र == == नेवारी ललितकला == == नेवारी परिकार == == नेवारी चाडपर्व र जात्राहरु == == नेवारी नाच == == नेपाल भाषा == [[नेपाल भाषा]] नेवारहरुको मातृभाषा हो| == [[नेपाल सम्वत]] == नेवारहरुले नेपाल सम्बतको प्रयोग गर्दछन्| यो सम्बत तर नेवार मात्रको सम्बत होइन| [[de:Newar]] [[en:Newar]] [[eo:Nevaro]] [[es:Newari]] [[hi:नेवारी]] [[ja:ネワール族]] [[no:Newar]] [[ru:Невари]] [[sh:Nevari]] 2181 6530 2006-08-10T10:51:32Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Adding: cy, hi, mr, sr <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" width="300" style="margin: 10px;"> <tr><th colspan="2" bgcolor=tomato><big>रोमानी भाषा</big></th></tr> <tr><td>क्षेत्र<td>[[युरोप]], [[अफ्रीका]], [[एसिया]] <tr><td>बोल्नेहरुको संख्या<td> ४८ लाख <tr><th colspan=2 bgcolor=tomato>भाषा कोड <tr><td>[[ISO 639]]-1<td>none <tr><td>[[ISO 639]]-2<td>rom </table> '''रोमानी''' भाषा [[Category:भाषा]] [[ast:Romaní]] [[br:Romeg]] [[ca:Romaní (llengua)]] [[cs:Romština]] [[cy:Romani]] [[da:Romani]] [[de:Romani]] [[en:Romani language]] [[eo:Cigana lingvo]] [[es:Romaní]] [[fi:Romanin kieli]] [[fr:Rromani]] [[hi:रोमानी]] [[hr:Romski jezik]] [[ja:ロマ語]] [[ko:롬어]] [[mr:रोमानी]] [[nds:Romani]] [[nl:Romani]] [[nn:Romanés]] [[no:Romani]] [[pl:Język romski]] [[pt:Romani]] [[rmy:Romani chhib]] [[ro:Limba romani]] [[ru:Цыганский язык]] [[sr:Ромски језик]] [[sv:Romani]] [[tr:Çingene Dili]] [[zh:罗姆语]] 2183 6380 2006-07-09T14:53:48Z YouAreMyLethe 122 Construction! 2186 6418 2006-07-12T17:34:22Z Eukesh 93 [[बम्बई]] moved to [[मुम्बई]]: यस सहरलाई अहिले यो नामले चिनिन्छ| #REDIRECT [[मुम्बई]] 2187 6447 2006-07-16T17:48:34Z Rocastelo 125 Articles to delete 2189 6467 2006-07-26T00:17:59Z Spacewarp 109 2190 6473 2006-08-01T12:46:56Z 193.194.132.39 सरल व्याख्या बिकास अर्थतन्त्र अर्थतन्त्रको त्यो भाग हो जसमा अर्थतन्त्रलागि कसरी बिक्सित गर्ने भनेर सोचिन्छ। 2192 9147 2007-01-24T22:45:55Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Adding: mi, nv, ps, udm, yo Modifying: ksh {{bot|Thijs!|site=nl}} Thijs!bot is a manually controlled bot of [[:nl:User:Thijs!|Thijs!]] creating interwiki-links on many languages. It mostly works on articles that have not been interlinked at all. It uses pywikipedia. It's controller speaks and writes English, German and Dutch and understands the basics of Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, Spanish and Italian, on a level sufficiently high to control this bot responsibly. If you have any question to the controller of this bot, please put them on [[:nl:User:Thijs!|his Dutch user page]]. [[af:Gebruiker:Thijs!bot]] [[als:Benutzer:Thijs!bot]] [[am:User:Thijs!bot]] [[an:Usuario:Thijs!bot]] [[ang:User:Thijs!bot]] [[ar:مستخدم:Thijs!bot]] [[ast:Usuariu:Thijs!bot]] [[av:Участник:Thijs!bot]] [[az:İstifadəçi:Thijs!bot]] [[ba:Ҡатнашыусы:Thijs!bot]] [[be:Удзельнік:Thijs!bot]] [[bg:Потребител:Thijs!bot]] [[bn:ব্যবহারকারী:Thijs!bot]] [[bo:User:Thijs!bot]] [[br:Implijer:Thijs!bot]] [[bs:Korisnik:Thijs!bot]] [[ca:Usuari:Thijs!bot]] [[ceb:User:Thijs!bot]] [[chr:User:Thijs!bot]] [[co:User:Thijs!bot]] [[cs:Wikipedista:Thijs!bot]] [[csb:Brëkòwnik:Thijs!bot]] [[cv:Хутшăнакан:Thijs!bot]] [[cy:Defnyddiwr:Thijs!bot]] [[da:Bruger:Thijs!bot]] [[de:Benutzer:Thijs!bot]] [[dv:User:Thijs!bot]] [[el:Χρήστης:Thijs!bot]] [[en:User:Thijs!bot]] [[eo:Vikipediisto:Thijs!bot]] [[es:Usuario:Thijs!bot]] [[et:Kasutaja:Thijs!bot]] [[eu:Lankide:Thijs!bot]] [[fa:کاربر:Thijs!bot]] [[fi:Käyttäjä:Thijs!bot]] [[fiu-vro:User:Thijs!bot]] [[fo:Brúkari:Thijs!bot]] [[fr:Utilisateur:Thijs!bot]] [[frp:User:Thijs!bot]] [[fur:Utent:Thijs!bot]] [[fy:Meidogger:Thijs!bot]] [[ga:Úsáideoir:Thijs!bot]] [[gd:User:Thijs!bot]] [[gl:User:Thijs!bot]] [[got:User:Thijs!bot]] [[gu:User:Thijs!bot]] [[gv:User:Thijs!bot]] [[he:משתמש:Thijs!bot]] [[hi:सदस्य:Thijs!bot]] [[hr:Suradnik:Thijs!bot]] [[ht:User:Thijs!bot]] [[hu:User:Thijs!bot]] [[hy:User:Thijs!bot]] [[ia:Usator:Thijs!bot]] [[id:Pengguna:Thijs!bot]] [[ie:User:Thijs!bot]] [[ilo:User:Thijs!bot]] [[io:User:Thijs!bot]] [[is:Notandi:Thijs!bot]] [[it:Utente:Thijs!bot]] [[ja:利用者:Thijs!bot]] [[jbo:User:Thijs!bot]] [[jv:Panganggo:Thijs!bot]] [[ka:მომხმარებელი:Thijs!bot]] [[kg:User:Thijs!bot]] [[kk:Қатысушы:Thijs!bot]] [[kn:ಸದಸ್ಯ:Thijs!bot]] [[ko:사용자:Thijs!bot]] [[ks:User:Thijs!bot]] [[ksh:Metmaacher:Thijs!bot]] [[ku:Bikarhêner:Thijs!bot]] [[kw:User:Thijs!bot]] [[ky:User:Thijs!bot]] [[la:Usor:Thijs!bot]] [[lad:User:Thijs!bot]] [[lb:User:Thijs!bot]] [[li:Gebroeker:Thijs!bot]] [[lij:User:Thijs!bot]] [[lmo:User:Thijs!bot]] [[ln:User:Thijs!bot]] [[lt:Naudotojas:Thijs!bot]] [[lv:Lietotājs:Thijs!bot]] [[map-bms:User:Thijs!bot]] [[mg:User:Thijs!bot]] [[mi:User:Thijs!bot]] [[mk:Корисник:Thijs!bot]] [[ml:User:Thijs!bot]] [[mn:User:Thijs!bot]] [[mo:User:Thijs!bot]] [[mr:User:Thijs!bot]] [[ms:Pengguna:Thijs!bot]] [[mt:User:Thijs!bot]] [[na:User:Thijs!bot]] [[nah:Usuario:Thijs!bot]] [[nap:Utente:Thijs!bot]] [[nds:Bruker:Thijs!bot]] [[nds-nl:Gebruker:Thijs!bot]] [[new:User:Thijs!bot]] [[nl:Gebruiker:Thijs!bot]] [[nn:Brukar:Thijs!bot]] [[no:Bruker:Thijs!bot]] [[nrm:User:Thijs!bot]] [[nv:Choinish'įįhí:Thijs!bot]] [[oc:Utilizaire:Thijs!bot]] [[os:Архайæг:Thijs!bot]] [[pam:User:Thijs!bot]] [[pap:User:Thijs!bot]] [[pdc:User:Thijs!bot]] [[pl:Wikipedysta:Thijs!bot]] [[pms:Utent:Thijs!bot]] [[ps:User:Thijs!bot]] [[pt:Usuário:Thijs!bot]] [[qu:Usuario:Thijs!bot]] [[rm:User:Thijs!bot]] [[ro:Utilizator:Thijs!bot]] [[roa-rup:User:Thijs!bot]] [[ru:Участник:Thijs!bot]] [[ru-sib:User:Thijs!bot]] [[sa:User:Thijs!bot]] [[sc:Utente:Thijs!bot]] [[scn:User:Thijs!bot]] [[sco:User:Thijs!bot]] [[se:User:Thijs!bot]] [[sh:User:Thijs!bot]] [[si:User:Thijssie!bot]] [[simple:User:Thijs!bot]] [[sk:Redaktor:Thijs!bot]] [[sl:Uporabnik:Thijs!bot]] [[sm:User:Thijs!bot]] [[so:User:Thijs!bot]] [[sq:Përdoruesi:Thijs!bot]] [[sr:Корисник:Thijs!bot]] [[su:Pamaké:Thijs!bot]] [[sv:Användare:Thijs!bot]] [[sw:User:Thijs!bot]] [[ta:பயனர்:Thijs!bot]] [[te:సభ్యుడు:Thijs!bot]] [[tet:User:Thijs!bot]] [[tg:Корбар:Thijs!bot]] [[th:ผู้ใช้:Thijs!bot]] [[tk:User:Thijs!bot]] [[tl:User:Thijs!bot]] [[tpi:User:Thijs!bot]] [[tr:Kullanıcı:Thijs!bot]] [[tt:Äğzä:Thijs!bot]] [[udm:Викиавтор:Thijs!bot]] [[ug:User:Thijs!bot]] [[uk:Користувач:Thijs!bot]] [[ur:صارف:Thijs!bot]] [[uz:User:Thijs!bot]] [[vec:Utente:Thijs!bot]] [[vi:Thành viên:Thijs!bot]] [[vls:Gebruker:Thijs!bot]] [[vo:User:Thijs!bot]] [[wa:Uzeu:Thijs!bot]] [[war:User:Thijs!bot]] [[yi:באַניצער:Thijs!bot]] [[yo:User:Thijs!bot]] [[zh:User:Thijs!bot]] [[zh-classical:User:Thijssie!bot]] [[zh-min-nan:User:Thijs!bot]] [[zh-yue:User:Thijs!bot]] 2193 8595 2007-01-10T11:00:03Z Indiver 9 What's the right spelling? सही हिज्जे के हो?<br> *<big><big>'''काठमाण्डौं''' (ड+ौ+ं)</big></big> *<big><big>'''काठमाण्डौँ''' (ड+ौ+ँ)</big></big> *<big><big>'''काठमाडौं'''</big></big> (यो चाँही हामी सबैले बोल्नेगरेको भन्दा फरक जस्तो लाग्यो) -- Indiver 4:43 PM NST 2007 Jan 10 2195 6508 2006-08-05T21:31:38Z Andry 135 andry Hello! My name is Andry.<br> <br> ---- <br><br> to the owner of IP address 204.15.134.196, <br> please stop asking for new password.<br> this wikipedia account is not yours.<br> thank you.<br> <br><br> [[id:Pengguna:Andry]] 2196 6526 2006-08-08T20:51:43Z 82.226.181.188 सहरी अर्थतन्त्र घर गृहस्थी र ब्यापार का ठाउँको अध्ययन गरिने अर्थतन्त्र शहरी अर्थतन्त्र हो। यही दुई गृहस्थी र ब्यापारका बिचमा भएको दुरिजन्य नाताले शहरको उत्पत्ती, र बृधी-बिकास कसरी भयो भन्य बिषय यसमा हेरिछ । 2197 6539 2006-08-11T16:26:54Z Eukesh 93 [[पर्यावरणशास्त्र]] moved to [[वातावरण शास्त्र]]: paryawarana is Hindi word #REDIRECT [[वातावरण शास्त्र]] 2199 6615 2006-08-28T12:31:51Z Soman 138 [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|thumb|नाजीवादी जर्मनीको झण्डा]] '''नाजीवाद''', [[रष्ट्रिय समाज्वादी जर्मन मजदुर पार्ती]]को (NSDAP) छोटकरी [[जर्मन भाषा‎|जर्मन]] नाम 'नाजी' थियो. यो पर्ती चर्चित तानाशाह [[आदोल्फ़ हिटलर]]को पार्तीको थियो. यो पार्तीको शासनसत्त कब्जा गरेपछि जर्मन नागर्रिकहरुको रष्ट्रवादी भावनालाई दुरुपयोग गर्दै कठोर तानाशाही शासन सन १९८९ बाट शुरु गयो. यस पार्ती र हिटलरले गरेको चरम दमन र नरसंहारले गर्दा नाजीवाद भन्ने शब्द कठोर, निर्मन, दमनकारी, अमानदीय शासन व्यवस्थाको रुपमा स्थापित भयो. जर्मनहरुको अन्ध-रष्ट्रवाद र जर्मनहरु सर्वश्रेष्ठ छन् भन्ने धमण्डी भावनलाई नाजीवाद अघि बढायो. यो पार्ती [[दोस्रो विश्वयुद्ध]]को मूल दाहक बन्यो. हिटलेरको अन्त्य र दोस्रो विश्वयुद्धको अन्त्यसँगै नाजीवाद पनि समाप्त भयो. तर अहिले पनि यदाकदा 'नव नाजीवाद' क नमले जर्मन उपद्रवीहरु देखा पर्ने गर्छन्. [[ar:نازية]] [[be:Нацызм]] [[bs:Nacizam]] [[bg:Нацизъм]] [[ca:Nazisme]] [[cs:Nacismus]] [[cy:Natsïaeth]] [[da:Nazisme]] [[de:Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Natsionaalsotsialism]] [[el:Εθνικοσοσιαλισμός]] [[en:National Socialism]] [[es:Nazismo]] [[eo:Naziismo]] [[eu:Nazionalsozialismo]] [[fa:نازیسم]] [[fr:Nazisme]] [[ga:Naitsíochas]] [[gl:Nazismo]] [[ko:나치즘]] [[hr:nacizam]] [[id:Nazi]] [[is:Nasismi]] [[it:Nazismo]] [[he:נאציזם]] [[lt:Nacizmas]] [[nl:Nationaal-socialisme]] [[ja:ナチズム]] [[no:Nasjonalsosialisme]] [[nn:Nazisme]] [[pl:Narodowy socjalizm]] [[pt:Nazismo]] [[ro:Nazism]] [[ru:Нацизм]] [[simple:Nazism]] [[sk:Nacizmus]] [[sl:Nacionalsocializem]] [[sr:Нацизам]] [[fi:Kansallissosialismi]] [[sv:Nazism]] [[tr:Nasyonal Sosyalizm]] [[uk:Нацизм]] [[zh:纳粹主义]] 2200 6609 2006-08-28T10:44:18Z Soman 138 [[नाजिवाद]] moved to [[नाजीवाद]] #REDIRECT [[नाजीवाद]] 2201 7530 2006-10-26T03:06:47Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Adding: bg, de, es, fr, it, ja, ko, mk, nl, nn, pl, pt, ru, sk, sr, sv, tr, ur [[Image:Georgi Dimitrov.jpg|thumb|गेओर्गि दिमित्रोभ]]'''गेओर्गि दिमित्रोभ मिचईलोभ''' (सन् १८८२-१९४९), [[बुल्गेरिया]]को कम्युनिस्ट पार्तीको नेता तथा वामपन्थी लेखक, प्रेस मजदुर तथा ट्रेड युनियनका नेता, बुल्गेरियाको कम्युनिस्ट पार्तीको तथा [[कम्युनिस्ट अन्तररष्ट्रिय]] महासचिव. बुल्गेरियाली गणतन्त्रका संस्थापक एवं प्रधानमन्त्री, स्टालिन्को नीतिको विरोध गरेको कारण मृत्यु भन्दा १ वर्ष अगाडि पदच्युत. [[bg:Георги Димитров (политик)]] [[de:Georgi Michajlow Dimitrow]] [[en:Georgi Dimitrov]] [[es:Georgi Dimitrov]] [[fr:Georgi Mikhailov Dimitrov]] [[it:Gheorghi Dimitrov]] [[ja:ゲオルギ・ディミトロフ]] [[ko:게오르기 디미트로프]] [[mk:Георги Димитров]] [[nl:Georgi Dimitrov]] [[nn:Georgi Dimitrov]] [[pl:Georgi Dymitrow]] [[pt:Georgi Dimitrov]] [[ru:Димитров, Георгий]] [[sk:Georgi Dimitrov]] [[sr:Георги Димитров]] [[sv:Georgi Dimitrov]] [[tr:Georgi Dimitrov]] [[ur:جارج دمتروف]] 2202 6618 2006-08-28T12:34:59Z Soman 138 [[दिमित्रोभ]] moved to [[गेओर्गि दिमित्रोभ मिचईलोभ]] #REDIRECT [[गेओर्गि दिमित्रोभ मिचईलोभ]] 2203 6620 2006-08-28T12:40:01Z Soman 138 {{pd}}, from English wiki {{pd}}, from English wiki 2205 8097 2006-12-22T19:04:30Z RajeshPandey 111 anon. हरु मात्र 2206 7223 2006-10-05T04:55:23Z Jose77 104 एप्रील 2207 8102 2006-12-22T19:14:21Z RajeshPandey 111 वर्णानुक्रम 2208 7226 2006-10-05T04:56:11Z Jose77 104 अगस्त 2213 8053 2006-12-22T17:56:31Z RajeshPandey 111 यस् IP address (<b>$1</b>) बाट खाताहरु बनाउन निषेध गरीएको छ । शायद यस विद्यालय वा इन्टरनेट प्रदायककहाँ वाट भइरहेको vandalism ले गर्दा यसो भएको हुन सक्छ । 2214 8049 2006-12-22T17:47:42Z RajeshPandey 111 खाता बनाउन सकिएन 2219 7229 2006-10-05T04:57:01Z Jose77 104 डिसेम्बर 2221 7221 2006-10-05T04:54:50Z Jose77 104 फेब्रुअरी 2240 7220 2006-10-05T04:54:33Z Jose77 104 जेनवरी 2241 7225 2006-10-05T04:55:55Z Jose77 104 जुलाई 2242 7224 2006-10-05T04:55:39Z Jose77 104 जुन 2245 7222 2006-10-05T04:55:08Z Jose77 104 मार्च 2246 7212 2006-10-05T04:48:01Z Jose77 104 मे 2250 7228 2006-10-05T04:56:44Z Jose77 104 नोभेम्बर 2251 7219 2006-10-05T04:54:05Z Jose77 104 अक्टोबर 2254 7154 2006-10-05T04:16:46Z Jose77 104 खोज 2257 7227 2006-10-05T04:56:27Z Jose77 104 सेप्टेम्बर 2264 7156 2006-10-05T04:18:20Z Jose77 104 जाउ 2275 6794 2006-09-08T11:32:07Z Soman 138 [[Image:Kyrgyzstan255.jpg|thumb|Please turn to my [[:en:User_talk:Soman|talk page at the English Wikipedia]] to leave comments. Or, have a look at [[:commons:User:Soman|my archive at Wikimedia Commons]] --[[User:Soman|Soman]]]] [[en:User:Soman]] 2276 7568 2006-10-30T10:14:45Z Soman 138 यो पृष्ठ भाषा तथा भाषासंग सम्बन्धित विषयहरुको लेखहरुको संगालो हो| [[en:Category:Languages]] 2277 7596 2006-11-05T18:50:48Z Eukesh 93 {| class="toccolours" |- | ! width="100%" bgcolor="#ccccff" style="font-size:130%" | <center> [[नेपाल]] </center> | |- | colspan="3" align="center" | '''[[भूगोल]] :''' [[नेपालको भूगोल]] | [[हिमाल]] | [[नेपालको पहाड|पहाड]] | [[महाभारत क्षृंखला]] | [[भित्री मधेश]] | [[चुरे]] | [[तराई]] |- | colspan="3" align="center" | '''[[विकास क्षेत्रहरु]]:''' [[पूर्वाञ्चल]] | [[मध्यमाञ्चल]] | [[पश्चिमाञ्चल]] | [[मध्यपश्चिमाञ्चल]] | [[सुदुरपश्चिमाञ्चल]] |- | colspan="3" align="center" | '''[[भाषा]]हरु:''' [[नेपाली]] | [[नेपाल भाषा]] | [[तामाङ भाषा|तामाङ]] | [[किरांत भाषाहरु]] | [[गुरुङ|गुरुङ भाषा]] | [[मगर|मगर भाषा]] | [[मैथिली]] | [[भोजपुरी]] | [[शेर्पा|शेर्पा भाषा]] |- |} 2278 6820 2006-09-14T19:21:50Z Eukesh 93 <div style="clear: both;"></div> <h2 style=" border: 1px solid #000000<!-- This is the color of the borders around Box Sections -->; background: red<!-- This is the color of the Box Section Title Bar -->; color: white<!-- This is the color of the Box Section Title Bar text-->; text-weight: bold; padding: .1em; text-align: center; letter-spacing: 2px; word-spacing:3px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: none;">{{{1}}}</h2> <div style="display: block; border: 1px solid #000000<!-- This is the color of the borders around Box Sections -->; vertical-align: top; background: #f9f9ff<!-- This is the color of the Box Section background -->; color: black; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 1em; margin-top: 0em; padding-top: .3em; "> <span style="text-align: right; float:right; margin:-.9em -.9em .3em .3em; padding: -.9em -.9em .3em .3em;"><small class="editlink noprint plainlinksneverexpand">[{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{{2}}}|action=edit}} edit ]</small></span><!-- This is the color of the Box Section text --> 2279 6821 2006-09-14T19:22:56Z Eukesh 93 <div class="noprint" style="text-align:right; margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"><b>{{{1|}}}</b></div><div style="clear:both;"></div></div><noinclude> [[sr:Портал:Заглавље2]] </noinclude> 2280 8831 2007-01-16T18:57:30Z RajeshPandey 111 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/172.142.11.33|172.142.11.33]] ([[User_talk:172.142.11.33|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:Eukesh|Eukesh]] {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:#E9EFF8; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: #A1C2CF;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <!-- This portal was created using subst:box portal skeleton| topic=नेपाल| --> __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ <div style="float:right; width:100%;"> {{/box-header|नेपाल</font>|Portal:नेपाल/परिचय|}} {{Portal:नेपाल/परिचय}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:50%"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 100%--> {{/box-header|समाचार|Template:Wikiportal:नेपाल/समाचार}} {{Template:Wikiportal:नेपाल/समाचार}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|छनिएको लेख|Portal:नेपाल/लेख}} {{Portal:नेपाल/लेख}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:48%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|छानिएको तस्विर|Portal:नेपाल/तस्विर|}} {{Portal:नेपाल/तस्विर}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|के तपाईंलाई थाहा छ?|Template:Wikiportal:नेपाल/थाहा}} {{Template:Wikiportal:नेपाल/थाहा}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:center; width:100%;"> {{/box-header|श्रेणीहरु|Template:Wikiportal:नेपाल/श्रेणीहरु|}} {{Template:Wikiportal:नेपाल/श्रेणीहरु}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|विषय|Template:नेपाल|}} {{नेपाल}} {{Portal:नेपाल/box-footer|}} <BR> {{/box-header|सम्बन्धित पोर्टलहरु|Portal:नेपाल/पोर्टलहरु|}} {{Portal:नेपाल/पोर्टलहरु}} {{Portal:नेपाल/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|सम्बन्धित विकिमीडिया|Portal:नेपाल/विकिमीडिया|}} {{Portal:नेपाल/विकिमीडिया}} {{Portal:नेपाल/box-footer|}} </div> <br clear="all"> <center><small>''[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Portal:नेपाल region&action=purge Purge server cache]''</small></center> {{पोर्टलहरु}} |} [[Category:नेपाल]] 2281 6824 2006-09-14T19:40:11Z Eukesh 93 [[Image:Flag of Nepal.svg|left|55px]] [[नेपाल]] एक [[राष्ट्र]] हो| यो राष्ट्र दक्षिण [[एसिया]]मा पर्दछ| क्षेत्रफलको दृष्टिकोणले मध्यम खाले देश भएतापनि भौगोलिक तथा सांस्कृतिक हिसाबले यो मुलुक बृहद छ| 2282 6825 2006-09-14T19:48:03Z Eukesh 93 {| cellspacing=3 style="text-align: center;" <center> |colspan="2" align="center"|[[Image:Bhimfedi.JPG|center|150px]] </center> |- |align="center"|भीमफेदी बजार |- |<small>Photo credit: [[Eukesh]]</small><br> <div style="float: right;">'''</div> |} 2283 6826 2006-09-14T19:53:03Z Eukesh 93 <div style="float:left;"> [[नेपाल भाषा]] ([[नेवारी]] अथवा नेपाल भाय्) [[नेपाल]]को एउटा प्रमुख [[भाषा]] हो| यो भाषा [[चिनी-तिब्बती]] भाषा परिवार अन्तर्गत [[तिब्बती-बर्मेली]] समुहमा पर्दछ| [[देवनागरी लिपि]]मा पनि लेखिने चिनी-तिब्बती यही एउटा मात्र छ| ([[नेपाल भाषा|'''विस्तृत...''']]) </div> 2284 6827 2006-09-14T20:02:10Z Eukesh 93 <div style="float:right;margin-left:1em;">[[Image:KatmanduMarket1920.jpg|right|100px]] *...[[कालभैरव]]को मूर्ति अगाडि मूद्दाहरु हेर्ने चलन थियो?? *...कि [[हिन्दू]]हरुको जीवित देवी [[कुमारी]] [[बौध्द]] धर्मावलम्बीको कन्या हुन्छिन्? </div> 2285 6828 2006-09-14T20:03:33Z Eukesh 93 <center> [[:Category:नेपाल]] </center> 2286 6834 2006-09-14T20:15:31Z Eukesh 93 <div style="float:left;"> [[नेपाल भाषा]] ([[नेवारी]] अथवा नेपाल भाय्) [[नेपाल]]को एउटा प्रमुख [[भाषा]] हो- यो भाषा [[चिनी-तिब्बती]] भाषा परिवार अन्तर्गत [[तिब्बती-बर्मेली]] समुहमा पर्दछ- [[देवनागरी लिपि]]मा पनि लेखिने चिनी-तिब्बती यही एउटा मात्र छ ([[नेपाल भाषा|'''विस्तृत...''']]) </div> 2287 6830 2006-09-14T20:08:30Z Eukesh 93 [[Image:Flag of Nepal.svg|left|55px]] [[नेपाल]] एक [[राष्ट्र]] हो| यो राष्ट्र दक्षिण [[एसिया]]मा पर्दछ| क्षेत्रफलको दृष्टिकोणले मध्यम खाले देश भएतापनि भौगोलिक तथा सांस्कृतिक हिसाबले यो मुलुक बृहद छ| 2288 6835 2006-09-14T20:16:49Z Eukesh 93 {| cellspacing=3 style="text-align: center;" |colspan="2" align="center"|[[Image:Bhimfedi.JPG|center|150px]] |- |align="center"|भीमफेदी बजार |- |<small>Photo credit: [[Eukesh]]</small><br> <div style="float: right;">'''</div> |- |} 2289 6836 2006-09-14T20:21:29Z Eukesh 93 * This portal has been created to increase the portal culture in the Nepali wikipedia. The selected article and the selected picture are arbitarily placed. These are not placed on consensus. So, lets expand and extend the portal system. --[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 20:21, 14 September 2006 (UTC) 2290 6837 2006-09-16T02:32:49Z Eukesh 93 * About the origin of the word "कानुन", does it originates Sanskrit or from Urdu/ Persian? Plus, is it called कानुन in Nepali? I think it is called विधान in Nepali. Please clear my doubts.--[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 02:32, 16 September 2006 (UTC) 2291 6861 2006-09-16T04:09:39Z Eukesh 93 <br clear=all /> {| style="margin:0 auto;" align=center width="80%" class="toccolours" !style="background:#ccccff"|<big>[[स्वास्थ्य विज्ञान]] – [[चिकित्साशास्त्र]]</big> |- |align=center|[[एनेस्थेसिया|एनेस्थेसियोलोजी]]&nbsp;| [[चर्मशास्त्र]]&nbsp;| [[आकस्मिक चिकित्सा]]&nbsp;| [[साधारण चिकित्सक]]&nbsp;| [[आन्तरिक चिकित्सा]]&nbsp;| [[स्नायुशास्त्र]]&nbsp;| [[प्रसवशास्त्र]] र [[महिलारोग शास्त्र]]&nbsp;| [[अकुपेसनल् चिकित्सा]]&nbsp;| [[रोगशास्त्र]]&nbsp;| [[बालरोगशास्त्र]]&nbsp;| [[भौतिक चिकित्सा र पूनर्स्थापना]]&nbsp;| [[मानसिक चिकित्सा]]&nbsp;| [[सामाजिक स्वास्थ्य]]&nbsp;| [[रेडियोलोजी]]&nbsp;| [[शल्यचिकित्सा]] |- !style="background:#ccccff"| [[आन्तरिक चिकित्सा]]क हाँगाहरु |- |align=center| [[हृदयशास्त्र]]&nbsp;| [[ग्रन्थिशास्त्र]]&nbsp;| [[ग्यास्त्रोएन्टेरोलोजी]]&nbsp;| [[रक्तशास्त्र]]&nbsp;| [[सरुवा रोग चिकित्सा]]&nbsp;| [[ईन्टेन्सिभ केयर चिकित्सा]]&nbsp;| [[मृगौलाशास्त्र]]&nbsp;| [[ओन्कोलोजी]]&nbsp;| [[फोक्सोशास्त्र]]&nbsp;| [[रिउम्याटोलोजी]] |- !style="background:#ccccff"| [[शल्यचिकित्सा]]का हाँगाहरु |- |align=center| [[हृदयछाती शल्यचिकित्सा]]&nbsp;| [[चार्मिक शल्यचिकित्सा]]&nbsp;| [[साधारण शल्यचिकित्सा]]&nbsp;| [[महिला शल्यचिकित्सा]]&nbsp;| [[स्नायुशल्यचिकित्सा]]&nbsp;| [[नेत्रशल्यचिकित्सा]]&nbsp;| [[मुख तथा अनुहार शल्यचिकित्सा]]&nbsp;| [[अंग प्रत्यारोपण]]&nbsp;| [[हाडजोर्नी शल्यचिकित्सा]]&nbsp;| [[ओटोल्यारिंजियोलोजी]]&nbsp;<small>(ENT)</small>&nbsp;| [[बाल्यशल्यचिकित्सा]]&nbsp;| [[प्लास्टिक शल्यचिकित्सा]]&nbsp;| [[क्यान्सर शल्यचिकित्सा]]&nbsp;| [[चोट शल्यचिकित्सा]]&nbsp;| [[युरोलोजी]]&nbsp;| [[धमनी शल्यचिकित्सा]] |} 2292 6903 2006-09-16T05:05:35Z Eukesh 93 :<div class="noprint">''मुख्य पृष्ठ {{#if:{{{2|}}}|s}}&#58; [[{{{1}}}|{{{l1|{{{1}}}}}}]]{{#if:{{{2| }}} |{{#if:{{{3|}}}|,&#32;|&#32;and&#32;}}[[{{{2}}}|{{{l2|{{{2}}}}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{3|}}} |{{#if:{{{4|}}}|,&#32;|,&#32;and&#32;}}[[{{{3}}}|{{{l3|{{{3}}}}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{4|}}} |{{#if:{{{5|}}}|,&#32;|,&#32;and&#32;}}[[{{{4}}}|{{{l4|{{{4}}}}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{5|}}} |, and [[{{{5}}}|{{{l5|{{{5}}}}}}]]}}''{{#if:{{{6| }}}|&#32; (too many parameters in &#123;&#123;[[Template:main|main]]&#125;&#125;)}}</div><noinclude> == Usage == To link to a "main article" on a topic, use &#123;{main|The other article}}. [[bn:Template:মূল নিবন্ধ]] [[ca:Plantilla:Principal]] [[de:Vorlage:Hauptartikel]] [[eo:Ŝablono:Ĉefa]] [[fr:Modèle:Détails]] [[pl:Szablon:Main]] [[es:Plantilla:AP]] [[fi:Malline:Pääartikkeli]] [[gl:Template:Ver artigo principal]] [[he:תבנית:הפניה לערך מורחב]] [[hr:Predložak:Main]] [[id:Templat:Main]] [[it:Template:Vedi anche]] [[ko:틀:본문]] [[mg:Template:Antsipirihany]] [[nl:Sjabloon:Zieook]] [[pt:Predefinição:Principal]] [[ro:Format:Articol principal]] [[ru:Шаблон:Main]] [[simple:Template:Main]] [[sk:Šablóna:Hlavný článok]] [[sl:Predloga:Glavno]] [[sq:Stampa:Kryesor]] [[sr:Шаблон:Посебан чланак]] [[sv:Mall:Huvudartikel]] [[ta:வார்ப்புரு:Main]] [[tl:Template:Main]] [[vi:Tiêu bản:Chính]] [[zh:Template:Main]] </noinclude> 2293 7388 2006-10-14T03:58:03Z Jose77 104 {{Eng}} '''Health science''' is the discipline of [[applied science]] which deals with human and animal [[health]]. There are two parts to health science: the study, [[research]], and knowledge of health and the application of that knowledge to improve health, cure [[disease]]s, and understanding how humans and animals function. Research builds on the pure sciences of [[biology]], [[chemistry]], and [[physics]] as well as social sciences (for example [[medical sociology]]). == Historical overview == The foundations for the health science fields are as old as the human race. Humans have always been in need of solutions to address illness, injury, and various health related issues such as childbirth. With modern technology and the backing of the pure sciences, the scientific accuracy of these fields has greatly improved. Nevertheless, many cultures have used and continue to use various herbs and other culturally specific solutions to help solve health problems that may or may not be backed by any scientific support. ==Acquisition of health-related knowledge== ''See [[Medical research]]''. ==Application of health-related knowledge== === Health delivery=== There are a large number of [[health profession]]s. The terms [[medicine]] or [[biomedicine]], and medical doctor or M.D. refer to dominant conventional practices in the West. There are a wide range of traditional areas of health science. The most common areas are: [[medicine]], [[nursing]], [[midwifery]], and various forms of therapy to supplement the healing process and restore proper activity (e.g. [[Dietetics]], [[play therapy|recreational]], [[physical therapy|physical]], [[occupational therapy|occupational]], [[speech therapy|speech]], and [[Respiratory therapy|respiratory]]). Health science includes both the study and application of preventing and curing human diseases and disorders. Medical [[Physician|doctor]]s include [[physician]]s and [[surgery|surgeons]]. There are many different branches of medicine; the other health care professions also have specialties or focus on specific populations or settings of care. [[Public health]] studies the effect of environmental factors such as available health care resources on the health of the general population, often focusing on particular populations, such as mothers and children. [[Dietitian]]s educate people about proper [[nutrition]], particularly specific dietary needs of populations such as people with [[diabetes]], [[breastfeeding]] women, and people with [[celiac]] disease. Other less common medical areas include [[first aid]] and [[triage]]. Dental health has grown in importance in recent decades making [[dentistry]] a major field of health sciences. [[psychotherapy|Counselling]], [[hospice care]], [[home care]], [[nutrition]], [[medical social work]], [[alternative medicine]], [[pharmacology]], and [[toxicology]] are all considered part of health science. [[Veterinary medicine]] is the health science dedicated exclusively to the care of animals. Veterinary medicine is involved in preventing and curing animal diseases and disorders, inspecting animal originated food (like milk and meat) and animal husbandry. == Contemporary themes == Because health science deals with human life, issues of [[medical ethics]], an important area of [[ethics]], arise frequently. Medical ethics includes questions on topics such as a patient's right to privacy. [[Euthanasia]], [[abortion]], [[human cloning]], [[stem cell research]] and [[genetic engineering]] are especially controversial issues directly related to health science. == Health practices == === Conventional Western practices === *[[Allopathic medicine]] *[[Athletic training]] *[[Dentistry]] *[[Dietetics]] *[[Epidemiology]] *[[Genetic counseling]] *[[Medical physics]] *[[Medicine]] *[[Nursing]] *[[Nutrition]] *[[Occupational therapy]] *[[Optometry]] *[[Osteopathic medicine]] (Note: Osteopathy, as practiced in most countries other than the USA, is listed under complementary and alternative practices below) *[[Pharmacology]] *[[Physical therapy|Physical therapy (physiotherapy)]] *[[Psychoanalysis]] *[[Psychotherapy]], including [[Cognitive therapy]] *[[Public health]] *[[Physical education]] *[[Speech-Language Pathology]] *[[Surgery]], including [[anaesthesia|anaesthesiology]] *[[Veterinary medicine]] === Complementary and alternative medicine === *[[Alexander Technique]] *[[Chiropractic]] *[[Dorn method]] *[[Herbalism]] *[[Holistic health]] *[[Homeopathy]] *[[Hypnosis]] *[[Massage therapy]] *[[Natural medicine]] *[[Naturopathic medicine]] *[[Orthomolecular medicine]] *[[Osteopathy]] (Note: [[Osteopathic medicine]] as practiced in the USA is listed under traditonal western practices above) === Spiritually-based healing === *[[Christian Science]] *[[Faith healing]] *[[Johrei]] *[[Maharishi Vedic Medicine]] *[[Shamanism]] === Traditional medicine and folk medicine=== *[[Ayurveda]] *[[Folk medicine]] *[[Medical herbalism]] *[[Native American traditional healing]] *[[Shamanism]] *[[Traditional Chinese medicine]], including [[acupuncture]] *[[Traditional Korean medicine]] === Health practices of historical interest === *[[Blood letting]] *[[Heroic medicine]] *[[Magnet therapy]] *[[Medieval medicine]] *[[Patent medicine]] *[[Phrenology]] *[[Trepanation]] ==See also== * [[Biomedical research]] * [[Biomedical engineering]] * [[Biomedical technology]] * [[Biomedical informatics]] * [[Evidence-based medicine]] * [[Health economics]] * [[History of medicine]] * [[Medical informatics]] * [[Medical ethics]] * [[Preventive medicine]] * [[Publicly-funded health care]] * [[Public health]] == External links and references == *[http://www.one-north.com/pages/lifeXchange/index.asp Biopolis - a centre for biomedical sciences in Asia and the world] *[http://health-books.investitor.net/index.htm Health books] *[http://www.neaahp.org/healthlinks.html Links to Health Professions Websites] *[http://www.niehs.nih.gov/ National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences] *[http://www.nlm.nih.gov The US National Library of Medicine] *[http://www.iifar.org Biomedical News on Stem Cell Research] *[http://www.xsens.com/index.php?mainmenu=technology&submenu=research&subsubmenu=human_motion Human Motion Analysis, Introduction Biomedical signals and Systems] [[ast:Ciencies de la Salú]] [[ca:Ciències de la salut]] [[cy:Gwyddoniaeth Iechyd]] [[de:Gesundheit]] [[eo:Sanscienco]] [[es:Ciencias de la Salud]] [[fa:علم بهداشت]] [[ga:Eolaíocht sláinte]] [[fr:Soins de santé]] [[nl:Gezondheidszorg]] [[pt:Ciências da Saúde]] [[tl:Agham pangkalusugan]] [[vi:Y tế học]] [[th:วิทยาศาสตร์สุขภาพ]] [[category:Health sciences| ]] {{Technology-footer}} 2294 7383 2006-10-14T03:54:15Z Jose77 104 {{Eng}} {{Eng}} '''Anesthesia''' or '''anaesthesia''' (see [[spelling differences]]) has traditionally meant the process of blocking the perception of [[pain]] and other [[sensation]]s. This allows patients to undergo [[surgery]] and other procedures without the distress and pain they would otherwise experience. It comes from the Greek roots ''an-'', "not, without" and ''aesthētos'', "perceptible, able to feel". The word was coined by [[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.]] in [[1846]]. Today, the term ''' general anesthesia''' in its most general form can include: * Analgesia - blocking the conscious perception of pain * Hypnosis - producing unconsciousness * Amnesia - preventing memory formation * Relaxation - preventing unwanted movement or muscle tone * Homeostasis - preserving normal body functioning (e.g., maintaining blood pressure within normal physiological range) ==Types== There are several forms of anaesthesia: * [[general anaesthesia]] &mdash; with reversible loss of [[consciousness]] and [[memory]] of unpleasant events * [[local anaesthesia]] &mdash; with reversible loss of [[sensation]] in a part of the body by localised administration of [[anaesthetic drugs]] at the affected site. * [[regional anaesthesia]] &mdash; with reversible loss of sensation and possibly movement in a region of the body by selective blockage of sections of the [[spinal cord]] or [[nerve]]s supplying the region. The administration of drugs to make a patient more comfortable or less anxious, but without inducing anaesthesia, is called [[sedation]]. ==History== Anesthesia was used as early back as the classical age. [[Dioscorides]], for example, reports potions being prepared from [[opium]] and [[mandragora]] as surgical anesthetics. In the East, in the 10th century work [[Shahnama]], the author describes a [[Caesarean section]] performed on [[Rudaba]] when giving birth, in which a special [[wine]] agent was prepared by a [[Zoroastrian]] priest, and used to produce unconsciousness for the operation. Although largely mythical in content, the passage does at least illustrate knowledge of Anesthesia in ancient [[Persia]]. ===Non-pharmacological methods=== [[hypnosurgery|Hypnotism]] and [[acupuncture]] have a long history of use as anaesthetic techniques. In [[China]], [[Taoist]] medical practitioners developed anaesthesia by means of [[acupuncture]]. Chilling tissue (e.g. with [[ice]]) can temporarily cause nerve fibres ([[axon]]s) to stop conducting sensation, while [[hyperventilation]] can cause brief alteration in conscious perception of stimuli including pain (see [[Lamaze]]). In modern anaesthetic practice, these techniques are seldom employed. ===Herbal derivatives=== The first [[herbalism|herbal]] anaesthesia was administered in [[prehistory]]. [[Opium]] and [[Cannabis]] were two of the most important herbs used. They were ingested or burned and the smoke inhaled. [[ethanol|Alcohol]] was also used, its [[vasodilation|vasodilatory]] properties being unknown. In early America preparations from datura, effectively [[scopolamine]], were used as was [[coca]]. In Medieval Europe various preparations of [[Mandrake (plant)|mandrake]] were tried as was [[henbane]] ([[hyoscyamine]]). In [[1804]], the Japanese surgeon [[Hanaoka Seishū]] performed general [[anaesthesia]] for the operation of a breast cancer ([[mastectomy]]), by combining Chinese herbal medicine know-how and Western [[surgery]] techniques learned through "[[Rangaku]]", or "Dutch studies" His patient was a 60-year-old woman called Kan Aiya." [http://www.general-anaesthesia.com/ Source]</ref>, He used a compound he called Tsusensan, based on the plants [[Datura|Datura metel]] and [[Aconitum]] and others. ===Early gases and vapours=== [[Image:Southworth & Hawes - First etherized operation (re-enactment).jpg|thumb|right|300px|Contemporary re-enactment of Morton's [[October 16]], [[1846]], ether operation; daguerrotype by [[Southworth & Hawes]].]] In the West, the development of effective anaesthetics in the [[19th century]] was, with [[Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister|Listerian]] techniques, one of the keys to successful surgery. [[Henry Hill Hickman]] experimented with [[carbon dioxide]] in the [[1820s]]. The anaesthetic qualities of [[nitrous oxide]] (isolated by [[Joseph Priestley]]) were discovered by the British chemist [[Humphry Davy]] about [[1795]] when he was an assistant to [[Thomas Beddoes]], and reported in a paper in [[1800]]. But initially the medical uses of this so-called "laughing gas" were limited - its main role was in entertainment. It was used in December [[1844]] for painless tooth extraction by American [[dentist]] [[Horace Wells]]. Demonstrating it the following year, at [[Massachusetts General Hospital]], he made a mistake and the patient suffered considerable pain. This lost Wells any support. Another dentist, [[William E. Clarke]], performed an extraction in January [[1842]] using a different chemical, [[diethyl ether]] (discovered in [[1540]]). In March 1842 in [[Danielsville, Georgia]], Dr. [[Crawford Williamson Long]] was the first to use anaesthesia during an operation, giving it to a boy before excising a cyst from his neck; however, he did not publicize this information until later. On [[October 16]], [[1846]], another dentist, [[William Thomas Green Morton]], invited to the Massachusetts General Hospital, performed the first public demonstration of diethyl ether (then called sulfuric ether) as an anesthetic agent, for a patient undergoing an excision of a tumour from his neck. In a letter to Morton shortly thereafter, [[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.]] proposed naming the procedure ''anæsthesia''. [[Image:CrawfordLong.jpg|left|frame|thumb|200px|Anesthesia pioneer Crawford W. Long]] Despite Morton's efforts to keep "his" compound a secret, which he named "Letheon" and for which he received a US patent, the news of the discovery and the nature of the compound spread very quickly to Europe in late 1846. Here, respected surgeons, including Liston, Dieffenbach, Pirogoff, and Syme undertook numerous operations with [[ether]]. Ether has a number of drawbacks, like its tendency to induce [[vomiting]] and its [[flammability]]. In England it was quickly replaced with [[chloroform]]. Discovered in [[1831]], its use in anaesthesia is usually linked to [[James Young Simpson]], who, in a wide-ranging study of organic compounds, found chloroform's efficacy in [[1847]]. Its use spread quickly and gained royal approval in [[1853]] when [[John Snow]] gave it to [[Queen Victoria]] during the birth of [[Prince Leopold]]. Unfortunately chloroform is not as safe an agent as ether, especially when administered by an untrained practitioner ([[medical school|medical students]], [[nurses]] and occasionally members of the public were often pressed into giving anaesthetics at this time). This led to many deaths from the use of chloroform which (with hindsight) might have been preventable. The surgical amphitheater at Massachusetts General Hospital, or "ether dome" still exists today, although it is used for lectures and not surgery. The public can visit the amphitheater on weekdays when it is not in use. == Anesthetists, Anesthesiologists and the profession == [[Medical doctor|Physicians]] specialising in peri-operative care, development of an anesthetic plan, and the administration of anesthetics are known as [[anaesthetist]]s in the UK or, in the U.S., [[anesthesiologist]]s. As with other specialties within medicine, doctors wishing to specialise in anaesthesia must undertake extensive training. The length of this training varies by country, but is typically several years. In the U.S., the training of a physician anesthesiologist typically consists of 4 years of college, 4 years of medical school, 1 year of internship, and 3 years of residency. In the UK this training lasts a minimum of seven years after the awarding of a medical degree, and takes place under the supervision of the [[Royal College of Anaesthetists]]. In Australia and New Zealand, it lasts five years after the awarding of a medical degree and two years of basic residency, under the supervision of the [[Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists]]. Other countries have similar systems, including Ireland (the Faculty of Anaesthetists of the [[Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland]]), Canada and South Africa. These colleges typically set rigorous examinations, which must be passed before training is complete. These examinations encompass the whole field of anaesthetic practice, and are usually split into several parts. In the UK, completion of the examinations set by the Royal College of Anaesthetists leads to award of the Diploma of Fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA). In the US, completion of the written and oral Board examinations by a physician anesthesiolgist allows one to be called "Board Certified". Other specialties within medicine are closely affiliated to anaesthetics. These include [[intensive care medicine]] and [[pain medicine]]. Specialists in these disciplines have usually done some training in anaesthetics. The role of the anaesthetist is changing. It is no longer limited to the operation itself. Many anaesthetists consider themselves to be peri-operative physicians, and will involve themselves in optimising the patient's health before surgery (colloquially called "work-up"), performing the anaesthetic, following up the patient in the [[post anesthesia care unit]] and post-operative wards, and ensuring optimal [[analgesia]] throughout. In the U.S., [[nurse practitioner]]s specialising in anesthetics are known as [[CRNA]]s. Anesthesiologist Assistants are another group who administer anesthetics. In the United Kingdom, personnel known as ODPs (operating department practitioner) or Anaesthetic nurses provide support to the anesthetist. All anaesthetics in the UK, Australia and New Zealand are administered by physicians. == Anaesthetic equipment and physics == In modern anesthesia, a wide variety of medical equipment is desirable depending on the necessity for portable field use, surgical operations or intensive care support. Anesthesia practitioners must possess a comprehensive and intricate knowledge of the production and use of various '''medical gases''', anaesthetic agents and '''vapours''', medical '''[[breathing circuits]]''' and the variety of [[anaesthetic machine]]s (including vaporizers, ventilators and pressure gauges) and their corresponding safety features, hazards and limitations of each piece of equipment, for the safe, clinical competence and practical application for day to day practice. == Anaesthetic agents == ===Local anaesthetics=== The first effective '''local anaesthetic''' was [[cocaine]]. Isolated in [[1859]] it was first used by [[Karl Koller]], at the suggestion of [[Sigmund Freud]], in ophthalmic surgery in [[1884]]. Before that doctors had used a salt and ice mix for the numbing effects of cold - which could only have limited application. Similar numbing was also induced by a spray of ether or ethyl chloride. Cocaine soon produced a number of derivatives and safer replacements, including [[procaine]] ([[1905]]), [[Eucaine]] ([[1900]]), [[Stovaine]] ([[1904]]), and [[lidocaine]] ([[1943]]). '''Local anaesthetics''' are agents which prevent transmission of nerve impulses without causing unconsciousness. They act by binding to fast '''Sodium channels''' from within (in an open state). Classification: Local anaesthetics can be either '''ester''' or '''amide based'''. - '''Ester''' local anaesthetics (eg. procaine, amethocaine, cocaine) are generally fast acting, unstable in solution, and allergic reactions are common - '''Amide''' local anaesthetics (eg. lidocaine, prilocaine, bupivicaine, levobupivacaine, ropivacaine, dibucaine) are generally heat stable with a long shelf life of 2 years, with a slower onset (longer half life) and are usually a '''[[racemic]]''' mixture (with the exceptions being levobupivacaine which is S(-)-bupivacaine, and ropivacaine, which is actually S(-)-ropivacaine). It is this type of local anaesthetic agent that is generally used within regional and [[epidural|epidural/spinal techniques]] namely due to their longer duration of action providing adequate analgesia suitable for surgery, labour and symptomatic relief. NB: Only local anaesthetic agents that are '''preservative free''' may be injected intrathecally (i.e within the subarachnoid space). ====Adverse Effects Of Local Anaesthesia==== Local anesthetic drugs are toxic to the heart (where they cause [[arrhythmia]]) and brain (where they cause unconsciousness and [[seizures]]). Arrhythmias may be resistant to [[defibrillation]] and other standard treatments, and may lead to loss of heart function and death. The first evidence of local anesthetic toxicity involves the nervous system including agitation, confusion, dizziness, blurred vision, tinnitus, metallic taste in mouth, and nausea that can quickly progress to seizure and cardiovascular collapse. Direct infiltration of local anesthetic into [[skeletal muscle]] will cause temporary paralysis of the muscle. Toxicity can occur with any local anesthetic, and possible toxicity may be tested with pre-med procedures to avoid toxicity occuring during surgery. ===Early opioids and hypnotics=== [[Opioid]]s were first used by Racoviceanu-Piteşti, who reported his work in [[1901]]. ===Current inhaled general anesthetic agents=== *[[Nitrous Oxide]] *[[Halothane]] *[[Enflurane]] *[[Isoflurane]] *[[Sevoflurane]] *[[Desflurane]] *[[Xenon]] (rarely used) ===Current IV general or sedative agents=== *[[Thiopental]] *[[Methohexital]] *[[Propofol]] *[[Etomidate]] *[[Ketamine]] *[[Diazepam]] *[[Midazolam]] ===Muscle relaxants=== *[[Succinylcholine]] (also known as '''suxamethonium''' in the UK, New Zealand, Australia and other countries) *[[Vecuronium]] *[[Rocuronium]] *[[Pancuronium]] *[[Pipecuronium]] *[[Rapacuronium]] *[[Mivacurium]] *[[Atracurium]] *[[Cisatracurium]] *[[Curare]], the active ingredient of which is '''tubocurarine''' *[[Metocurine]] *[[Gallamine]] ====Adverse effects of muscle relaxants==== Succinylcholine may cause hyperkalemia if given to burn patients, or paralyzed (quadraplegic, paraplegic) patients. The mechanism is reported to by through upregulation of acetylcholine receptors in those patient populations. Succinylcholine may also trigger [[Malignant hyperthermia]] in susceptible patients. Another potentially disturbing adverse effect is [[Anesthesia awareness]]. In this situation, patients paralyzed with muscle relaxants may awaken from their anesthesia. If this fact is missed by the anaesthesiologist, the patient may be aware of their surroundings, but be incapable of moving or communicating that fact. ===Opioid analgesics=== *[[Morphine]] *[[Diamorphine]], (diacetyl morphine, also known as [[heroin]]) *[[Codeine]], (methyl morphine) *[[Fentanyl]] *[[Alfentanil]] *[[Sufentanil]] *[[Remifentanil]] *[[Meperidine]], also called '''pethidine''' in the UK, New Zealand, Australia and other countries *[[Methadone]] *[[Oxycodone]] *[[Naloxone]], although chemically similar to some analgesics, is not a painkiller and reverses the effects of morphine-like agents. ==Volatile agents== These are specially formulated organic liquids, which evaporate readily into vapors, which are given by inhalation for induction and/or maintenance of general anaesthesia. The ideal anesthetic vapor or gas should be non-flammable; non-explosive; lipid soluble; possess low blood gas solubility; have no end organ (heart, liver, kidney) side effects; not be metabolized and be non-irritant when breathed by patients. No anesthetic vapour currently in use meets all of these requirements. The vapors in current use are [[halothane]], [[isoflurane]], [[desflurane]] and [[sevoflurane]]. [[Nitrous oxide]] is still in widespread use, making it one of the most long lived and successful drugs in use. [[diethyl ether|Ether]] is still used in poorer countries as it is cheap to manufacture and safe, particularly when administered by untrained personnel. In theory, any anesthetic vapor can be used for induction of general anesthesia. However, most of the vapors are irritating to the airway, resulting in coughing, laryngospasm and overall difficult inductions. Commonly used agents for inhalational induction include sevoflurane and halothane. All of the modern vapors can be used alone or in combination with other medications to maintain anesthesia (nitrous oxide is not potent enough to be used as a sole agent). Currently research into the use of [[xenon]] as an anesthetic gas is being pursued but it is very expensive to produce, and requires special equipment for delivery, monitoring and scavenging of unused gas. Volatile agents are frequently compared in terms of potency, which is inversely proportional to the [[minimum alveolar concentration]]. Potency is directly related to lipid solubility. This is known as the Meyer-Overton hypothesis. However, certain pharmacokinetic properties of volatile agents have become another point of comparison. Most important of those properties is known as the blood:gas partition coefficient. This concept refers to the relative solubilty of a given agent in blood. Those agents with a lower blood solubility (i.e. a lower blood:gas partition coefficient, e.g. desflurane) give the anesthesia provider greater rapidity in titrating the depth of anesthesia, and permit a more rapid emergence from the anesthetic state upon discontinuing their administration. In fact, newer volatile agents (e.g. sevoflurane, desflurane) have been popular not due to their potency [minimum alveolar concentration], but their versatility for a faster emergence from anesthesia, thanks to their lower blood:gas partition coefficient. ==Choice of anesthetic technique== The choice of anesthetic technique is a complex one, requiring consideration of both patient and surgical factors. In certain patient populations, however, [[regional anesthesia]] may be safer than [[general anesthesia]], but there is no conclusive scientific evidence favoring one technique over the other. [[Neuraxial blockade]] may reduce the risk of [[deep vein thrombosis]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[blood transfusion]], [[pneumonia]], [[respiratory depression]], [[myocardial infarction]] and [[renal failure]][http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/321/7275/1493][http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/eletters/321/7275/1493]. ==Notes== <references/> == See also == * [[Allergic reactions during anaesthesia]] * [[Analgesic]] * [[Anesthesia awareness]] * [[Anaesthetic machine]] * [[Anaesthetic vaporiser]] * [[Capnography]] * [[Epidural]] * [[Latex allergy]] * [[Malignant hyperthermia]] * [[Post anesthesia care unit]] * [[Postoperative nausea and vomiting]] ==External links== * Patient information ** [http://www.gasnet.org/patientlinks.php Information for patients] ** [http://www.oyston.com/anaes/ Patient's guides and more anaesthesia-related information] ** [http://www.asahq.org/ Scope of Practice Guidlines] * Historical ** [http://www.histansoc.org.uk/ History of Anaesthesia society] ** [http://www.imageofsurgery.com/Surgery_history_art.htm The portrayal of anesthesia and surgery by various artists] ** [http://www.anesthesia-nursing.com/ether.html The Unusual History of Ether] ** [http://neurosurgery.mgh.harvard.edu/History/ether3.htm Conquering surgical pain: Four men stake their claim] ** [http://www.hmcnet.harvard.edu/anesthesia/history/vandam.html A History of Anaesthesia at Harvard University] * Worldwide anaesthesia associations and links ** [http://www.asahq.org/ American Society of Anesthesiologists] ** [http://www.theaba.org/ The American Board of Anesthesiology] ** [http://www.aagbi.org/ Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland] ** [http://www.nzats.co.nz/ New Zealand Anaesthetic Technicians Society] ** [http://www.rcoa.ac.uk/ Royal College of Anaesthetist], UK professional body for anaesthetist ** [http://www.frca.co.uk/ FRCA UK]United Kingdom Resource for professional anaesthesist in training * Anaesthesia resources *[http://users.ox.ac.uk/~sjoh2282/ Chloroform: ''The molecular lifesaver'']An article at Oxford University providing interesting facts about chloroform. * [http://www.wikithesia.org wikithesia.org] The anaesthesia wiki for anaesthetists by anaesthetists * [http://journalreview.org/spage.php?specialty_id=2&sdesc=Anesthesia On-Line Anesthesia Journal Club (via JournalReview.org)] * [http://www.nda.ox.ac.uk/wfsa/ World Anaesthesia Online], international resource of anaesthetic articles * [http://www.nysora.com/ New York School of Regional Anesthesia], par excellence resource for regional anesthesia * [http://bhhdoa.org.au/aip/ An anaesthesia trainee's guide to anaesthesia from a patient's perspective] * [http://www.gasnet.org/ Gasnet], a comprehensive anaesthesiology resource * [http://www.bartleby.com/65/ac/acupunct.html Columbia Encyclopedia-Acupuncture] * [http://www.library.ucla.edu/libraries/biomed/his/painexhibit/index.html University of California Pain Alleviation and Anesthesia Exhibit] * [http://www.nurse-anesthesia.org/ Nurse Anesthetist Resource Website] * [http://www.anesthesiaassistant.com/ Anesthesiologist Assistant Resource Website] {{General anesthetics}} {{Local anesthetics}} {{चिकित्साशास्त्र}} [[Category:anesthesia]] [[Category:anesthetic equipment]] [[Category:Surgery]] [[ar:تخدير]] [[cs:Anestezie]] [[da:Anæstesi]] [[de:Anästhesie]] [[es:Anestesia]] [[eo:Anestezo]] [[fr:Anesthésie]] [[io:Anestezio]] [[id:Anestesi]] [[it:Anestesia]] [[he:הרדמה]] [[nl:Anesthesie]] [[ja:麻酔]] [[no:Anestesi]] [[pl:Anestezjologia]] [[pt:Anestesiologia]] [[ru:Анестезия]] [[simple:Anesthetic]] [[fi:Anestesia]] [[sv:Anestesi]] [[tr:Anestezi]] [[zh:麻醉學]] 2295 7384 2006-10-14T03:54:51Z Jose77 104 {{Eng}} {{Eng}} '''Dermatology''' (from Greek ''derma,'' "skin") is a branch of [[medicine]] dealing with the [[skin]] and its appendages (hair, nails, sweat glands etc). A medical doctor who specializes in dermatology is a '''dermatologist'''. ==Scope of the field== '''Dermatologists''' are physicians (medical doctors) specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and tumors of the skin and its appendages. There are medical and surgical sides to the specialty. [[Dermatologic Surgeon|Dermatologic surgeon]]s practice skin cancer surgery (including Mohs' micrographic surgery), laser surgery, photodynamic therapy (PDT) and cosmetic procedures using botulinum toxin ('Botox'), soft tissue fillers, sclerotherapy and liposuction. Dermatopathologists interpret tissue under the microscope (histopathology). Pediatric dermatologists specialize in the diagnoses and treatment of skin disease in children. Immunodermatologists specialize in the diagnosis and management of skin diseases driven by an altered immune system including blistering (bullous) diseases like pemphigus. In addition, there are a wide range of congenital syndromes managed by dermatologists. ==Training Program== ===Residency training program in North America=== A minimum of 12 years of college and post graduate training is required to become a dermatologist in the United States and Canada. This includes graduation from a 4-year college, a 4-year medical school followed by a year of post graduate training in medicine, surgery or pediatrics (called an [[medical intern|internship]]) after which a physician may apply for admission to graduate dermatology [[residency (medicine)|residency]] training. Dermatology residencies are among the most competitive. Following the successful completion of formal residency training in dermatology (3 years) the physician is qualified to take certifying board examinations (written and oral) by the American Board of Dermatology or the American Osteopathic College of Dermatology. Once board certified, dermatologists become Diplomates of the American Board of Dermatology or the American Osteopathic College of Dermatology [http://www.aocd.org AOCD]. They are then eligible to apply for fellowship status in the [http://www.aad.org/default.htm American Academy of Dermatology]. Some dermatologists undertake advanced subspecialty training in programs known as fellowships after completion of their residency training. These fellowships are either one or two years in duration. Fellowships in dermatology include pediatric dermatology, surgical dermatology including MOHS micrographic surgery, dermatopathology (pathology of skin diseases) and dermatological immunology. Training program in Australia An Australian specialist dermatologist will have completed 6 years of medical school, one [[medical intern|internship]] year and at least one year of general medical or surgical service in the public hospital system, prior to becoming eligible for specialist training in dermatology. The selection process is rigorous and transparent; candidates must pass science and pharmacology exams and engage in monitored and assessed practical training in medical and surgical dermatology. At the completion of the 5 year training programme, trainees sit a national written examination held over two days. Successful candidates may then proceed to the practical viva examination (held over 2 days) after which they may apply for fellowship status with the Australian College of Dermatologists. ===Training program in India=== To be a dermatologist in India, a minimum of 3 years of training is required after graduation from medical school and [[medical intern|internship]]. The period involves rigorous training in all aspects of general dermatology, cosmetic dermatology, venereal diseases (including HIV) and [[leprosy]]. At the end of the training period the resident has to go through written tests and clinical exams. The degree clinical exams. The degree clinical exams. The degree clinical exams. The degree clinical exams. The degree clinical exams. The degree clinical exams. The degree clinical exams. The degree clinical exams. The degree clinical exams. The degree clinical exams. The degree clinical exams. The degree vvawarded is MD (dermatology, venereology and leprosy). Most specialists also go for certification by the national board (for the award of 'diplomate of national board'). ==Subspecialties== The skin is the largest [[organ (anatomy)|organ]] of the body and obviously the most visible. Although many skin diseases are isolated, some are manifestations of internal disease. Hence, a dermatologist is schooled in aspects of [[surgery]], [[rheumatology]] (many rheumatic diseases can feature skin symptoms and signs), immunology, [[neurology]] (the "neurocuteaneous syndromes", such as [[neurofibromatosis]] and [[tuberous sclerosis]]), infectious diseases and [[endocrinology]]. The study of genetics is also becoming increasingly important. ===Venereology and Phlebology=== [[Venereology]], the subspecialty that diagnoses and treats [[sexually transmitted disease]]s, and [[phlebology]], the specialty that deals with problems of the superficial [[vein|venous system]], are both part of a dermatologist's expertise. ===Cosmetic Dermatology=== Cosmetic dermatology has long been an important part of the field, and dermatologists have been the primary innovators in this area. In the 1900's dermatologists employed dermabrasion to improve acne scarring and fat microtransfer was used to fill in cutaneous defects. More recently, dermatologists have been the driving force behind the development and safe and effective employment of lasers, new dermal filling agents ([[collagen]] and [[hyaluronic acid]]), [[botulinum toxin]] ("Botox"), nonablative laser rejuvenation procedures, intense pulsed light systems, photodynamic therapy, and [[chemical peel]]ing. ===Dermatologic Surgery=== Dermatologic surgery (sometimes referred to as "Dermosurgery") is surgery performed by a dermatologipt physician. A [[Dermatologic Surgeon|dermatologic surgeon]] (sometimes known as a "Dermasurgeon") is a dermatologist with a special interest in this field who has applied for fellowship status in the [http://www.asds-net.org/ American Society for Dermatologic Surgery], a professional organization dedicated to supporting and educating these physicians. Techniques available to a dermatologic surgeon include lasers, traditional scalpel surgery, electrosurgery, cryosurgery, photodynamic therapy, liposuction, blepharoplasty (cosmetic eyelid surgery), minimally-invasive facelift surgery (e.g., the S-lift), and a variety of topical and injectable agents such as dermal fillers including fat transfer and hyaluronic acid. Some specially trained dermatologic surgeons perform [[Mohs cancer surgery]], which can be an effective method for the treatment of recurrent, indistinct, or difficult skin cancers. ==Diagnosis== Any mole that is irregular in color or shape should be examined by a dermatologist to determine if it is a malignant [[melanoma]], the most serious and life-threatening form of skin cancer. Following a visual examination and a dermatoscopic exam (an invaluable new instrument that illuminates a mole without reflected light), a dermatologist may biopsy a suspicious mole. If it is malignant, it will be excised in the dermatologist's office. ===Medical history=== The first step of any contact with a physician is the medical history. In order to classify a cutaneous eruption, the dermatologist will ask detailed questions on the duration and temporal pattern of skin problems, itching or pain, relation to food intake, sunlight, over-the-counter creams and clothing. When an underlying disease is suspected, an additional detailed history of related symptoms will be elicited (such as [[arthritis]] in a suspected case of [[lupus erythematosus]]). ===Physical examination=== Dermatology has the obvious benefit of having easy access to tissue for diagnosis. [[Physical examination]] is generally done under bright light and preferably involves the whole body. At this stage, the doctor may apply [[Wood's light]], which may aid in diagnosing types of [[mycosis]] or demonstrate the extent of pigmented lesions, or use a [[dermatoscope]] which enlarges a suspected lesion and visualizes it without reflected light. The dermatoscope is helpful in differentiating a benign [[naevus]] from [[melanoma]] or a seborrheic keratosis from a mole. A morphological classification of [[dermatological lesions]] is important in the diagnosis of dermatological disorders. Dermatologic diagnosis is often dependent upon pattern recognition of lesions and symptoms. ===Microbiology=== [[Microbiological culture|Culture]] or [[Gram stain]]ing of suspected infectious lesions may identify a [[pathogen]] and help direct therapy. ===Biopsy=== If the diagnosis is uncertain or a cutaneous [[malignancy]] is suspected, the dermatologic surgeon may perform a small punch [[biopsy]] (using a [[local anesthetic]]) for examination under the microscope by the dermatologist who is a trained [[dermatopathology|dermatopathologist]]. ==Therapy== The skin is obviously accessible to topical local therapy. [[Antibiotic]] creams can help eliminate infections, while [[inflammation|inflammatory]] skin diseases (such as [[eczema]] and [[psoriasis]]) often respond to [[steroid]] creams or topical anthralin. Dermatologists are innovators of new immune enhancing treatments, like topical imiquimod for superficial cancers and injection immunotherapy for warts as discussed below. ===Topical medications=== Topical medications treat many dermatological diseases, but dermatologists also use oral [[medication]]s. [[Antibiotic]]s and [[immune suppressant]]s or immune enhancing agents (injection immunotherapy or topical imiquimod) for dermatological diseases or tumors. Isotretinoin ("Accutane") is used for severe cystic acne vulgaris and often produces a life-time remission of this disfiguring disease. Isotretinoin prescribing in the U.S. is now controlled by a cumbersome FDA governmental website called [[iPLEDGE]]. Various new modalities of treatment are in the foray, with the advent of laser technology things are quite promising. ===Photomedicine=== Photomedicine involves the use of ultraviolet light, often in combination with oral or topical agents, to treat skin disease (eg. psoriasis or mycosis fungoides). ===Surgical therapies=== Surgical intervention by a [[Dermatologic Surgeon|dermatologic surgeon]] may be necessary, for example, to treat [[varicose vein|varicose veins]] or [[skin cancer]]. Varicose veins can be treated with sclerotherapy (injecting an agent that obliterates the vein) or the long-pulsed Nd:YAG laser. Skin cancers can be managed with excision (including [[Mohs cancer surgery]]), cryosurgery, x-ray, or with the recent topical immune enhancing agent [[imiquimod]]. above section on "[[Dermatology#Dermatologic_Surgery|Dermatologic Surgery]]" for more details. ==Research== From the basic science of cutaneous genetics and immunology, to the practical application of new knowledge and technology in the diagnosis and management of skin disease (like [[psoriasis]]) and surgical treatment of skin cancer, dermatologists have been among the leaders in the field. The annual meeting of the [http://www.aad.org/ American Academy of Dermatology] is one of the keys for rapid dissemination of new knowledge to the practicing dermatologist and dermatologic surgeon. == Dermatological diseases == *[[List of dermatological diseases]] == See also == *[[dermatopathology]] *[[skin]] *[[hair]] == External links == * [http://www.bad.org.uk British Association of Dermatologists] * [http://www.aad.org/default.htm American Academy of Dermatology] * [http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Skin_Disorders/ DMOZ - Skin Conditions, Diseases, Disorders] * [http://www.dermatologychannel.net DermatologyChannel - Your Dermatology Community] * [http://www.Dermreview.org Dermatology Review - A dermatology forum] * [http://www.swisdom.org SWISDOM / DOIT-Dermatology Online with Interactive Technology] * [http://journalreview.org/spage.php?specialty_id=5&sdesc=Dermatology On-line Dermatology Journal Club (via JournalReview.org)] * [http://dermatology.jwatch.org/ Journal Watch Dermatology] * [http://dermatlas.med.jhmi.edu/derm/cd_lists.cfm Skin diseases and disorders - dermatology atlas] * [http://www.asds-net.org/ American Society for Dermatologic Surgery] * [http://www.mohssurgery.org/ American Society for Mohs Surgery] * [http://www.psoriasis.org/home/ National Psoriasis Foundation] * [http://www.aslms.org/ American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery] * [http://www.dermcoll.asn.au Australasian College of Dermatologists] * [http://telederm.org/consulting/ Telederm.org] - Freely Available Online Consultations in Dermatology {{चिकित्साशास्त्र}} [[da:Dermatologi]] [[de:Dermatologie]] [[es:Dermatología]] [[fr:Dermatologie]] [[fy:Dermatology]] [[ko:피부과]] [[it:Dermatologia]] [[he:דרמטולוגיה]] [[nl:Dermatologie]] [[ja:皮膚科学]] [[no:Dermatologi]] [[pl:Dermatologia]] [[pt:Dermatologia]] [[ru:Дерматология]] [[sq:Dermatologjia]] [[sk:Dermatológia]] [[sl:Dermatologija]] [[sv:Dermatologi]] [[tr:Dermatoloji]] 2296 7385 2006-10-14T03:55:39Z Jose77 104 {{Eng}} '''Emergency medicine''' is a branch of [[medicine]] that is practiced in a [[hospital]] [[emergency room|emergency department]], in the field (in a modified form - see [[emergency medical service|EMS]]), and other locations where initial medical treatment of illness takes place. Emergency medicine focuses on diagnosis and treatment of acute illnesses and injuries that require immediate care. While not usually providing long-term care, EM physicians and pre-hospital personnel still provide care with the aim of improving long-term patient outcome. In the United States, some people use the emergency department for outpatient care that could be provided at a doctor's office. As a result, much of emergency room care is [[General practitioner|general practice]] (coughs, colds, aches, pains). A variant of an Emergency Department is an Urgent Care Center, often staffed by non-Emergency Medicine trained physicians and/or nurses, which treats patients who desire or require immediate care, but do not reach the acuity that requires care in an emergency department. Emergency Medicine involves a large amount of general medicine but involves all fields of medicine including the surgical sub-specialties. Emergency Physicians are tasked with seeing a large number of patients, treating their illnesses and admitting them to the hospital as necessary. The field requires a broad field of knowledge and requires advance procedural skills often including surgical procedures, trauma resuscitation, advance cardiac life support and advanced airway management. == Definition == "Emergency medicine is a field of practice based on the knowledge and skills required for the prevention, diagnosis and management of acute and urgent aspects of illness and injury affecting patients of all age groups with a full spectrum of undifferentiated physical and behavioural disorders. It further encompasses an understanding of the development of pre-hospital and in-hospital emergency medical systems and the skills necessary for this development." International Federation for Emergency Medicine 1991 == History == Emergency Medicine as a standalone medical specialty is relatively young. Prior to the 1960's and 70's, hospital emergency rooms were generally staffed by doctors trained in other specialties, such as internal medicine and primary care. However, during this time period, groups of physicians mostly located in the midwestern United States (notably Cincinnati, Ohio, and Denver, Colorado) recognized the need, and the niche, for physicians specifically trained to handle acute medical emergencies. == Organizations around the world == In the [[United States]], the [[American College of Emergency Physicians]] (ACEP) is presently the largest member organization of emergency physicians (EPs), and is open to most physicians who practice in an Emergency Department. Originally founded in 1968, it was the first Emergency Medicine society formed in the United States. Fellows use the designation FACEP. The American College of Osteopathic Emergency Physicians (ACOEP) was founded seven years later in 1975. Membership is open to both osteopathic (D.O.) and allopathic (M.D.) physicians who practice emergency medicine. Fellows use the designation FACOEP. The [[American Academy of Emergency Medicine]] (AAEM) is another specialty society of Emergency Medicine. It was formed after ACEP and ACOEP and is considered a rival organization although both organizations have cooperated in the past. Members must be board certified in Emergency Medicine. Fellows use the designation FAAEM. The American College of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care (ACVECC) is the governing body that offers board-certification to veterinarians who have completed an accredited residency program and passed a rigorous written, practical and oral certification examination. Specialists are known as criticalists, and most are employed in referral practice or academic institutions. It is a rapidly expanding field of [[veterinary medicine]]. Specialists are given the desgination of DACVECC after becoming certified for Diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care. The [[American Board of Emergency Medicine]] (ABEM) provides board certification to allopathic (M.D.) emergency physicians who have successfully completed a residency in emergency medicine, completed an additional year of practice, passed a written exam, and then an oral exam. The American Osteopathic Board of Emergency Medicine (AOBEM) provides board certification to osteopathic (D.O.) emergency physicians who have successfully completed a residency in emergency medicine, completed an additional two years of practice, passed a written exam, and passed an oral exam. The American Board of Physician Specialties (ABPS) also offers Board Certification in Emergency Medicine (BCEM). This certification is offered to experienced physicians who have completed residency training in related primary care fields, who have more than 5 years of full-time emergency medicine experience, are certified in ACLS/PALS/ATLS courses, provide letters of recommendation, and file 10 case reports - all required prior to passing both written and oral tests. The ABPS certification is more widely recognized in rural and suburban hospitals. The 'grandfathering-in' of other experienced non-residency trained physicians practicing emergency medicine was closed off from ABEM and AOBEM several years ago, likewise from BCEM if the doctor has not completed a residency. Currently (as of 7/06), only the state of Florida has recognized BCEM at the state medical board level, but many hospitals across the country do recognize BCEM. Board certification is maintained through annual testing over required reading lists and a more extensive written exam every 10 years (for ABEM), every 8 years for BCEM. Many types of physicians may practice in an Emerency Department; however, only those who have successfully passed the board certification process are considered "Emergency Medicine Specialists". Currently the ABEM and AOBEM require a number of years of residency training after medical school, followed by comprehensive written and oral examinations. The BCEM requires (in addition to passing written and oral examinations) completion of an ACGME approved residency in an approved specialty such as Family Medicine or Internal Medicine, 5 years of the practice of emergency medicine, 10 Peer reviewed case reports, current ATLS/PALS/ACLS certification and 3 letters of recommendation from peers. A sudden surge of interest in the specialty in the late 1990s was due to the popularity of the American TV series [[ER_(TV_series)|ER]]. Showcasing the function of a Chicago Emergency Department (loosely based on Cook County Hospital) and its many characters, the show introduced a large number of people to the specialty. In the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Ireland]], the [[College of Emergency Medicine]] sets the examinations that trainees in Emergency Medicine take in order to become consultants (fully-trained [[emergency physician]]s). The [[British Association for Emergency Medicine]] is the member organization in the UK. In [[2005]], the two organisations initiated steps to merge as the College of Emergency Medicine. In [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]], advanced training in Emergency Medicine is overseen by the [[Australasian College for Emergency Medicine]] (ACEM). In [[Canada]], there are two routes to practice emergency medicine. More than two thirds of physicians currently practicing emergency medicine across the nation have no specific emergency medicine residency training. Emergency physicians who tend to work in more community-based settings complete a residency specializing in [[Family Medicine]] and then proceed to obtain an additional year of training of special competence on Emergency Medicine from the College of Family Physicians of Canada (CCFP-EM). Physicians practicing in major urban/tertiary care hospitals will often pursue a 5 year specialist residency in Emergency Medicine, certified by the [[Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada]]. These members typically spend a great deal of time in academic and leadership roles within emergency medicine, EMS, research, and other avenues. There is no significant difference in remuneration or clinical practice type between physicians certified by either route. See [[medical emergency]] for specific lists of medical emergencies and how best to respond. ==Practice== In the US, Emergency Medicine is one of the more competitive specialties to get into, and residency programs generally select physicians from the top of their medical school class. There are usually many physicians competing for each residency spot. Allopathic (M.D.) emergency medicine residencies can be 3 or 4 years in length, combining both the internship and residency into one program or "1+3," utilizing a separate internship followed by 3 years of Emergency Medicine. Osteopathic (D.O.) residencies are four years in length, requiring a one year traditional rotating internship followed by a three-year emergency medicine residency. In addition to the didactic exposure, much of an emergency medicine residency involves rotating through other specialties with a majority of such rotations through the emergency department itself. By the end of their training, EPs are expected to handle a vast field of medical, surgical, and psychiatric emergencies. EPs are therefore both clinical generalists and well-rounded diagnosticians. EPs are considered specialists in advance cardiac life support protocols ('codes') and airway management. The employment arrangement of emergency physician practices are either private (a democratic group of EPs staff an ED under contract), institutional (EPs with an independent contractor relationship with the hospital), or corporate (EPs with an independent contractor relationship with a third party staffing company that services multiple emergency departments). Most emergency physicians staff hospital emergency departments in shifts, a job structure necessitated by the 24/7 nature of the emergency department. == See also == * [[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation|CPR]] * [[Toxicology]] * [[Emergency medical service]] * [[Traumatology]] * [[Physical trauma]] * [[Rescue squad]] * [[Emergency Medical technician]] * [[Wound care]] * [[First aid]] * [[Paramedic]] * [[Golden hour (medicine)|Golden hour]] ==External links== * [http://www.abms.org/ American Boad of Medical Specialties] * [http://www.aaem.org/ American Academy of Emergency Medicine] * [http://www.abem.org/ American Board of Emergency Medicine] * [http://www.acep.org/ American College of Emergency Physicians] * [http://www.veccs.org Veterinary Emergency And Critical Care Society] * [http://www.caep.ca/ Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians] * [http://www.erc.edu/ European Resuscitation Council] * [http://www.eusem.org/ European Society for Emergency Medicine] * [http://www.ncemi.org/ National Centre for Emergency Medicine Informatics] * [http://journalreview.org/spage.php?specialty_id=24&sdesc=Emergency+Medicine On-Line Emergency Medicine Journal Club (via JournalReview.org] * [http://www.saem.org/ Society for Academic Emergency Medicine] *[http://www.emedmag.com/ Emergency Medicine] {{चिकित्साशास्त्र}} [[Category:Emergency medicine| ]] [[de:Notfallmedizin]] [[fr:Médecine d'urgence]] [[ia:Medicina de emergentia]] [[es:Medicina de emergencia]] [[ko:응급의학과]] [[hu:Oxiológia]] [[nl:Spoedeisende geneeskunde]] [[ja:救急医学]] [[simple:Emergency medicine]] 2297 6897 2006-09-16T04:58:10Z Eukesh 93 /* External links */ A '''general practitioner''' ('''GP''') or '''family physician''' ('''FP''') is a [[physician]]/[[medical doctor]] who provides [[primary care]]. A GP/FP treats acute and chronic illnesses, provides preventive care and health education for all ages and both sexes. Some also care for hospitalized patients, do minor [[surgery]] and/or [[obstetrics]]. The term general practitioner is common in the [[United Kingdom]] and some other [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries, where the word "physician" is only used for certain specialists and not for GPs. ==Australia== General Practice in Australia has undergone many changes in training requirements over the past decade. The basic medical degree in Australia is the MBBS ([[Bachelors of Medicine and Surgery]]), which has traditionally been attained after completion of a six-year course. Over the last few years, four-year postgraduate courses have become more common. After graduating, a one or two-year internship (dependent on state) is required for registration before specialist training begins. For general practice training, the doctor applies to enter the three-year "Australian General Practice Training Program", a combination of coursework and apprenticeship type training leading to the awarding of the FRACGP (Fellowship of the [[Royal Australian College of General Practitioners]]), if successful. This qualification or its equivalent is needed to access the [[Medicare (Australia)|Medicare]] health system for remuneration as a general practitioner. Medicare is Australia's [[universal health care|Universal Health Care]] system, and without access to it, a practitioner cannot effectively work in Australia. Most GPs work under a fee-for-service arrangement although increasingly a portion of income is derived from Government payments for participation in chronic disease management. There is a shortage of GPs in rural areas and increasingly outer metropolitan areas of large cities, which has led to the utilisation of overseas trained doctors (OTDs). GP incomes can match those of other internal medicine specialists, but not proceduralists. Many GPs feel that they are second-rate doctors because of lower incomes, less public respect than their specialist colleagues, lack of research opportunities, and lack of access to public hospitals. Historically GPs were the default group for those who had failed often brutal specialist training programs or for those without family connections to secure training positions for lucrative specialties, this is less so with the advent of general practice as a specialty in its own right, including a proper training scheme and certification process. ==Brazil== General practice in [[Brazil]] is called ''clínica geral'' or ''clínica médica''. Any physician is legally allowed to practice without any training after graduation in the medical school, but recent efforts by the government, the [[Brazilian Medical Association]] and the specialized [[Sociedade Brasileira de Clínica Médica]] are trying to demand also a specialist title for its practice, just like for others such as cardiology, endocrinology, etc. The majority of Brazilian GPs are located in the public health sector and is constituted mostly by young, recently graduated physicians. The reason is that GP is not terribly profitable and about 40% of Brazilian doctors prefer to do specialized practice, instead. To do this, they are required to do [[medical residence]] of variable duration and submit to a board of medical examiners in order to get the title of specialist. Each medical society is in charge of organizing the examinations (which usually are carried out once a year) and granting the titles to those physicians who passed the requirements. The title is recognized by the [[Conselho Federal de Medicina|Federal Council of Medicine]] (the Federal professional regulatory body), the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Health. Family medicine, on the other hand, has evolved only recently in Brazil as a separate specialization of general practice. It is a concept which was adapted from several [[community health]] models in Europe, such as in [[Italy]], but particularly the one which was created successfully in [[Cuba]], and which was felt to be the most adequate to Brazilian reality. Around 10 years ago, the government recognized that primary health care in Brazil was poorly organized and fraught with many problems, including a lack of attractiveness to young physicians, so a different approach, the Family Health Program (''[[Programa de Saúde da Família]]'' or PSF) was tried, initially with some failures, but later with increasing strength and coverage. By spending a great deal of money in order to move the program forward, the Ministry of Health expanded and reinforced the public health care system, called Unified Health System (''[[Sistema Único de Saúde]]'' or SUS) by decentralizing its management to the states and municipalities, by demanding in the Federal Constitution that a minimum percentage of the municipal budget should be spent in free health care to the population, and by setting up a new, multidisciplinary, family health-based system, the PSF. It is essentially based on teams composed by one to four physicians (usually a GP, a gynecologist/obstetrician and a pediatrician), one to two dentists, several nurses and a number of so called Community Health Agents (''Agentes Comunitários de Saúde'' or ACS), who are trained lay persons who visit and have close contact with the families covered in a specific geographical location by the PSF team, in order to carry out preventative, educational and epidemiological work. Specific intensive training programs and recruiting efforts were set up in the country in order to form the PSF teams, which currently involve about 3,000 municipalities, with more than 45,000 teams already in operation; so that it can be considered one of the largest family health programs in the world. Family physicians per se are still a rare specialty in Brazil, as the profession is generally shunning it (although economical incentive is no longer a valid reason, since physicians who work in the PSF units are generally well paid in comparison to primary health care physicians in the public sector). A few years ago a Brazilian Society of Family and Community Medicine was founded and has lobbied to have its own specialty title and board of examiners, but it has so far remained relatively small. ==Canada== In [[Canada]], there are no newly qualifying general practitioners: all medical students go on to a specialty, family medicine being the most popular. Following four years in medical school, a resident will spend 2-3 years in an accredited family medicine program. At the end of this, residents are eligible to be examined for Certification in the College of Family Physicians of Canada *[http://www.cfpc.ca]. Many hospitals and health regions now require this certification. To maintain their certificate, doctors must document ongoing learning and upgrade activities to accumulate "MainPro" credits. Some doctors add an extra year of training in emergency medicine and can thus be additionally certified as CCFP(EM). Extra training in anesthesia, surgery and obstetrics may also be recognized but this is not standardized across the country. There is very little private family medicine practice in Canada. Most FPs are remunerated via their Provincial government health plans, via a variety of payment mechanisms, including fee-for-service, salaried positions, and alternate payment plans. There is increasing interest in the latter as a means to promote best practices within a managed economic environment. As standard office practice has become less financially viable in recent years, many FPs now pursue areas of special interest. In rural areas, the majority of FPs still provide a broad, well-rounded scope of practice. Manpower inequities in rural areas are now being addressed with some innovative training and inducement mechanisms. An imbalance between physician manpower and a growing patient load has resulted in [[orphan patients]] who find it difficult to access primary care, but this is not unique to Canada. == France == In [[France]], the '''''médecin généraliste''''' (commonly called ''docteur'') is responsible for the long term care in a population. This implies prevention, education, care of the [[disease]]s and [[Physical trauma|trauma]]s that do not require a specialist, and orientation towards a specialist when necessary. They also follow the severe diseases day-to-day (between the acute crises that require the intervention of a specialist). They have a role in the survey of [[epidemy|epidemics]], a legal role (constatation of traumas that can bring compensation, certificates for the practice of a [[sport]], [[death]] certificate, certificate for hospitalisation without consent in case of mental incapacity), and a role in the [[emergency medicine|emergency care]] (they can be called by the ''samu'', the French [[emergency medical service|EMS]]). They often go to a patient's home when the patient cannot come to the consulting room (especially in case of children or old people), and have to contribute to a night and week-end duty (although this was contested in a strike in [[2002]]). The studies consist of six years in the university (common to all medical specialties), and two years and a half as a junior practitioner (''interne'')&nbsp;: * the first year (PCEM1, ''premier cycle d'études médicales, première année'', often abbreviated to ''P1'' by students) is common with the dentists (and, in some universities, with students of other paramedical professions like [[midwifery]]); the rank at the final competitive examination determines in which branch the student can go on; * the following two years, called ''propédeutique'', are dedicated to the fundamental sciences: [[anatomy]], human [[physiology]], [[biochemistry]], [[bacteriology]], [[statistics]]... * the three following years are called ''externat'' and are dedicated to the study of [[clinical medicine]]; they end with a classifying examination, the rank determines in which specialty (general medicine is one of them) the student can make his ''internat''; * the ''internat'' is two years and a half of initial professional experience under the responsibility of a ''senior''; the ''interne'' can prescribe, he can make replace physicians, and usually works in a hospital. This ends with a [[doctorate]], a research work which usually consist of a statistical study of cases to propose a care strategy of a specific affection (in an epidemiological, diagnostic, or therapeutic point of view). ==India== India has the highest number of medical schools in the world, with approximately 204. In India to become a GP or a Family Physician, one has to enroll in a Medical Council Of India (MCI) recognised [[Medical College (India)|medical college]] and complete the [[Bachelors of Medicine and Surgery]] (M.B.,B.S) course, which is of four and a half years duration to be awarded the degree of M.B.,B.S and provisionally registered with the Medical Council of India. After one further year of compulsory rotatory internship, the Medical Council of India (or any of the State Medical Councils) confer permenent registration which licences the holder to practise as a General practitioner. ===Higher Medical Education in India=== A M.B.,B.S Doctor can appear for pre-post-graduate examinations (Pre-PG) at national, state or institute levels and gain entry to a MD (Doctor of Medicine), MS (Master of Surgery) or a Diploma course in a number of specialisations including Internal Medicine (or General Medicine). One can also opt to join the National Board of Examinations (NBE)'s fellowship for Family Medicine at any of the NBE designated and recognised Health care center or hospital and appear for qualifying exams for fellowship to the National Board on successful completion of which, one is awarded the 'Diplomate of National Board' degree and title. Other than Alopathic Doctors, graduates of [[homeopathy]], [[ayurveda]], and [[unani]] courses from recognised medical colleges and institutions and duly registered with the respective state or national boards of these medical systems can also practice as family practitioners. ==Netherlands== General practice in [[The Netherlands]] is considered fairly advanced. The ''huisarts'' (literally: "home doctor") administers all first-line care, and makes required referrals. Many have a specialist interest, e.g. in [[palliative care]]. Training consists of three years of specialisation after completion of internships. == Spain == In [[Spain]] the '''''médico de familia/médico general''''' commonly called ''médico de cabecera'', works in multidisciplinary teams (pediatrics, nurses, social workers and others) on primary care centers. They are in most cases salary-based healthcare workers. After the graduation in medicine (with a duration of 6 years), the medical doctors pass a national written exam called MIR (Internal Resident Doctor). The speciality devoted to primary care is "Family and Community Medicine Specialist". To obtain it, the postgraduate doctors must complete a 4-years training period working in primary care centers (2 years) and hospitals (2 years) as residents. Some of the specialist in family practice in Spain are forced to work in other countries (mainly UK, Portugal and France) due to lack of stable work offers in the public health system. ==UK== {{NHS medical career grades}} In the [[United Kingdom]], doctors wishing to become GPs take at least 4 years training after [[Medical school (United Kingdom)|medical school]], which is usually an undergraduate course of five to six years (or a graduate course of four to six years) leading to the degrees of [[Bachelors of Medicine and Surgery|Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery]] (MB ChB). Up until 2005, those wishing to become a GP had to do a minimum of the following postgraduate training: * one year as a [[pre-registration house officer]] (PRHO) (formerly called a houseman), in which the trainee would usually spend 6 months on a general surgical ward and 6 months on a general medical ward in a hospital; * two years as a [[senior house officer]] (SHO) - often on a General Practice Vocational Training Scheme (GP-VTS) in which the trainee would normally complete four 6-month jobs in hospital specialties such as obstetrics & gynaecology, paediatrics, geriatric medicine, accident & emergency or psychiatry; * one year as a general practice registrar. This process has changed under the programme [[Modernising Medical Careers]]. Doctors graduating from 2005 onwards will have to do a minimum of 5 years postgraduate training: * two years of ''Foundation Training'', in which the trainee will do a rotation around either six 4-month jobs or eight 3-month jobs - these include at least 3-months in general medicine and 3-months in general surgery, but will also include jobs in other areas; * two years as on a General Practice Vocational Training Scheme (GP-VTS) in which the trainee would normally complete four 6-month jobs in hospital specialties such as obstetrics & gynaecology, paediatrics, geriatric medicine, accident & emergency or psychiatry; * one year as a general practice registrar. At the end of the one year registrar post, the doctor must pass an examination in order to be allowed to practice independently as a GP. This summative assessment consists of a video of two hours of consultations with patients, an audit cycle completed during their registrar year, a multiple choice questionnaire (MCQ), and a standardised assessment of competencies by their trainer. Membership of the [[Royal College of General Practitioners]] is optional and can be awarded by examination, or by systematic assessment of an existing practitioner. After passing the exam or assessment, they are awarded the specialist qualification of MRCGP – Member of the Royal College of General Practitioners. General practitioners are not required to hold the MRCGP, but it is considered desirable. In addition, many hold qualifications such as the DCH (Diploma in Child Health of the [[Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health]]) and/or the DRCOG (Diploma of the [[Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists]]) and/or the DGH (Diploma in Geriatric Medicine of the [[Royal College of Physicians]]. Some General Practitioners also hold the MRCP (Member of the [[Royal College of Physicians]]) or other specialist qualifications, particularly if they had a career in another specialty before coming into General Practice. There are many arrangements under which general practitioners can work in the UK. While the main career aim is becoming a principal or partner in a GP surgery, many become salaried or non-principal GPs, work in hospitals in GP-led acute care units, or perform locum work. Whichever of these roles they fill the vast majority of GPs receive most of their income from the [[National Health Service]] (NHS). Principals and partners in GP surgeries are self-employed, but they have contractual arrangements with the NHS which give them considerable predictability of income. The MB ChB medical degree is generally considered equivalent to the North American MD medical degree. Doctors educated in the United States, Canada, Ireland, and Great Britain have more ability to move between the countries than other national systems. Visits to GP surgeries are free in the United Kingdom, but most adults of working age who are not on benefits have to pay a standard charge for [[prescription only medicine]]. [[Image:JerichoHealthCentre20050326 CopyrightKaihsuTai.jpg|thumb|left|GPs in the United Kingdom may operate in community health centres.]]Recent reforms to the [[NHS]] have included changing the [[General medical services|GP contract]]. General practitioners are now not required to work unsociable hours, and get paid to some extent according to their [[Quality Outcomes Framework|performance]], e.g. numbers of patients treated, what treatments were administered, and the health of their catchment area. They are encouraged to prescribe medicines by their generic names. The IT system used for assessing their income based on these criteria is called [[QMAS]]. A GP can expect to earn about £70,000 a year without doing any overtime, although this figure is extremely variable. A recent report[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,1759412,00.html] notes that a GP can potentially earn £300k per year. These potential earnings have been the subject of much criticism in the press for being excessive [http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,,1756277,00.html]. GP Practices have been criticised by their lack of accountability, in particular with complaints procedures, as recent report described "an NHS complaints system failing to detect issues of professional misconduct or criminal activity".[http://www.the-shipman-inquiry.org.uk/5r_page.asp?ID=4637] Practices are independent contractors and thus are able to exercise discretion in how they conduct themselves, the [[Primary Care Trust]] is not able to handle complaints before the Practice has, and patients do run a risk of being removed from the practitioner's list[http://www.the-shipman-inquiry.org.uk/5r_page.asp?ID=4637]. ==United States== In the [[United States]], a general practitioner has completed the one-year internship required to obtain a medical license, after having received at least an undergraduate Baccalaureate degree and a four-year [[Doctor of Medicine]] or a [[Osteopathic medicine|Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine]] degree. A family medicine physician, however, has completed a 3-year family medicine residency in addition to the undergraduate and doctoral studies, and is eligible for the [[Board certification|board certification]] now required by most hospitals and health plans. Starting in the 1970s and 1980s, many board-certified family physicians in the United States began to consider the terms "General Practitioner" and "GP" as somewhat demeaning and derogatory, discounting their additional years of training. A family physician is board-certified in family medicine. Training is focused on treating an individual throughout all of his or her life stages. Family physicians will see anyone with any problem, but are experts in common problems. Many family physicians deliver babies as well as taking care of all ages of patients. Family physicians complete undergraduate school, [[medical school]] and 3 more years of specialized [[medical residency]] training in family practice. Board-certified family physicians take a written examination every 6, 7, 9, or 10 years to remain board certified, depending on what track they choose regarding the maintenance of their certification. Three hundred hours of continuing medical education within the prior six years is also required to be eligible to sit for the exam. Between 2003 and 2009 the board certification process is being changed in family medicine and all other [[American Specialty Boards]] to a continuous series of yearly competency tests on differing areas within the given specialty. The [[American Board of Family Medicine]], as well as other specialty boards, are requiring additional participation in continuous learning and self-assessment to enhance clinical knowledge, expertise, and skills. The Board has created a program called the "Maintenance of Certification Program for Family Physicians" (MC-FP) which will require family physicians to continuously demonstrate proficiency in four areas of clinical practice: professionalism, self assessment/lifelong learning, cognitive expertise and performance in practice. [[Certificate of added qualifications|Certificates of Added Qualifications]] (CAQs) in [[adolescence|adolescent]] medicine, [[geriatrics|geriatric medicine]], or [[sports medicine|sports medicine]] are available for those board certified family physicians who meet additional training and testing requirements. Additionally fellowships are available for family physicians in adolescent medicine, geriatrics, sports medicine, rural medicine, faculty development, obstetrics, research, and preventative medicine. The family medicine (FM) paradigm is bolstered by primary care physicians trained in internal medicine (IM); although these physicians are trained in internal medicine only, adult patients provide the majority of the patient base of many family medicine practices. In the United States, there is a rising contingent of phyisicians dually trained in internal medicine and pediatrics (peds) (which can be completed in 4 years, instead of the 3 years each for IM and pediatrics). A significant number of family medicine practices (especially in suburban and urban areas) do not provide obstetric services anymore (due to litigation issues and provider preference), and as such, this blurs the line between the FM and IM/Peds difference. One suggested difference is that the IM/Peds-trained physicians are more geared towards subspecialty training or hospital-based practice. Even so, there are many groups with FM-trained and IM/Peds-trained physicians working in seamless harmony. ==External links== *[http://www.the-shipman-inquiry.org.uk/5r_page.asp?ID=4637 The Shipman Enquiry] *[https://www.theabfm.org/ American Board of Family Medicine] *[http://www.online-family-doctor.com/ Family Doctor]- Online information on health *[http://www.aafp.org American Academy of Family Physicians] *[http://www.rcgp.org.uk/patients/gp_qualifications.asp GPs’ Qualification] Royal College of General Practitioners RCGP UK *[http://www.newmediamedicine.com/forum/forumdisplay.php?f=102 GP Careers Forum] *[http://www.gpdesktop.co.uk/ GP Desktop]- A collection of resources designed to improve the accessibility of medical information to GPs {{चिकित्साशास्त्र}} [[Category:General practice]] [[Category:National Health Service]] [[de:Hausarzt]] [[fr:Médecine générale]] [[ga:Dochtúir teaghlaigh]] [[ko:일반의]] [[nl:Huisarts]] [[pt:Medicina de Família e Comunidade]] [[sv:Allmänläkare]] [[tr:Aile hekimliği]] 2298 6898 2006-09-16T04:58:39Z Eukesh 93 /* External links */ Doctors of [[internal medicine]] ("internists") are [[medical specialist]]s who focus on adult medicine and have had special study and training focusing on the prevention and treatment of adult diseases. At least three of their seven or more years of medical school and postgraduate training are dedicated to learning how to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases that affect adults. Internists are sometimes referred to as the "doctor's doctor," because they are often called upon to act as consultants to other physicians to help solve puzzling diagnostic problems. While the name "internal medicine" may lead one to believe that internists only treat "internal" problems, this is not the case. Doctors of internal medicine treat the whole person, not just internal organs. == Definition of an internist == Doctors of internal medicine may be referred to by several terms, including "internists," "general internists" and "doctors of internal medicine." They are not to be confused with "interns," who are doctors in their first year of residency training. Although internists may act as primary care physicians, they are not "family physicians," "family practitioners," or "general practitioners," whose training is not solely concentrated on adults and may include surgery, obstetrics and pediatrics. General internists practice medicine from a primary care perspective but they can treat and manage over 90% of all ailments. Internal medicine subspecialists may also practice general internal medicine, but usually focus their practice on their particular subspecialty (like cardiology or pulmonology). In the [[United States|USA]], Adult Primary care is usually provided by either Family practice or general internal medicine physicians. The Primary care of adolescents is provided by Family practice, internists and pediatricians. The primary care of children and infants is provided by Family Practice or Pediatricians. Thus, there is overlap. In the [[United Kingdom|UK]], the specialty is referred to as '''general medicine''' (although the combination ''general (internal) medicine'' can be found increasingly), and its practitioners are ''physicians'' or ''hospital physicians'' as distinct from ''[[surgery|surgeons]]''. '''Caring for the whole patient''' Internists are specially trained to solve puzzling diagnostic problems and can handle severe chronic illnesses and situations where several different illnesses may strike at the same time. They also bring to patients an understanding of wellness (disease prevention and the promotion of health), women's health, substance abuse, mental health, as well as effective treatment of common problems of the eyes, ears, skin, nervous system and reproductive organs. '''Where does the term "internal medicine" come from?''' The term "Internal Medicine" comes from the German term Innere Medizin, a discipline popularized in Germany in the late 1800s to describe physicians who combined the science of the laboratory with the care of patients. Many early 20th century American doctors studied medicine in Germany and brought this medical field to the United States. Thus, the name "internal medicine" was adopted. ==Subspecialties of internal medicine== Internists can choose to focus their practice on general internal medicine, or may take additional training to "subspecialize" in one of 13 areas of internal medicine, generally organized by organ system. Cardiologists, for example, are doctors of internal medicine who subspecialize in diseases of the heart. The training an internist receives to subspecialize in a particular medical area is both broad and deep. Subspecialty training (often called a "fellowship") usually requires an additional one to three years beyond the standard three year general internal medicine residency. (Residencies come after a student has graduated from medical school.) <br> <br> In the [[United States]], there are two organizations responsible for certification of subspecialists within the field, the American Board of Internal Medicine, and the American Osteopathic Board of Internal Medicine. The following are the subspecialties recognized by the [[American Board of Internal Medicine]][https://www.abim.org/cert/policiesssaq.shtm]. <br> *[[Cardiology]], dealing with disorders of the [[heart]] and [[blood vessels]] *[[Endocrinology]], dealing with disorders of the [[endocrine system]] and its specific secretions called [[hormones]] *[[Gastroenterology]], concerned with the field of [[digestive diseases]] *[[Hematology]], concerned with [[blood]], the blood-forming organs and its disorders *[[Infectious disease]], concerned with disease caused by a biological agent such as by a [[virus]], [[bacterium]] or [[parasite]] *[[Medical oncology]], dealing with the study and treatment of [[cancer]] *[[Nephrology]],dealing with the study of the function and diseases of the [[kidney]] *[[Pulmonology]], dealing with diseases of the [[lungs]] and the [[respiratory tract]] *[[Rheumatology]], devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of problems involving the muscles and/or joints. <br> The ABIM also recognizes additional qualifications in the following areas *[[Adolescent medicine]] *[[Clinical cardiac electrophysiology]] *[[Critical care medicine]] *[[Geriatric medicine]] *[[Interventional cardiology]] *[[Sports medicine]] *[[Transplant hepatology]] <br> Internists may also specialize in allergy and immunology. The American Board of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology is a conjoint board between internal medicine and pediatrics. <br> The [[American College of Osteopathic Internists]] recognizes the following subspecialties.[http://www.acoi.org/MembershipsSpecialty.html] *[[Allergy]]/[[Immunology]] *[[Cardiology]] *[[Critical care medicine]] *[[Endocrinology]] *[[Gastroenterology]] *[[Geriatric medicine]] *[[Hematology]]/[[Oncology]] *[[Infectious disease]]s *[[Nuclear medicine]] *[[Nephrology]] *[[Pulmonology]] *[[Rheumatology]] ==Principles of diagnosis== The main tools of the doctor are the medical history and the [[physical examination]], but this holds particularly true for internal medicine. Subtle descriptions of disease (e.g. cyclic shallow and deep breathing, as in Cheyne-Stokes's respiration, or persistently deep breathing as in Kussmaul's) or physical signs (e.g. [[clubbing]] in many internal diseases) are important tools in guiding the diagnostic process. In the medical history, the "Review of Systems" serves to pick up symptoms of disease that a patient might not normally have mentioned, and the physical examination typically follows a structured fashion. At this stage, a doctor is generally able to generate a [[differential diagnosis]], or a list of possible diagnoses that can explain the constellation of [[sign (medicine)|signs]] and [[symptom]]s. [[Occam's razor]] dictates that, when possible, all symptoms should be presumed to be manifestations of the same disease process, but often multiple problems are identified. In order to "narrow down" the differential diagnosis, [[blood test]]s and [[medical imaging]] are used. They can also serve screening purposes, e.g. to identify [[anemia]] in patients with unrelated complaints. Commonly performed screening tests, especially in older patients, are an [[X-ray]] of the chest, a [[full blood count]], basic [[electrolyte]]s, [[renal function]] and [[blood urea nitrogen]]. At this stage, the physician will often have already arrived at a diagnosis, or maximally a list of a few items. Specific tests for the presumed disease are often required, such as a [[biopsy]] for [[cancer]], [[microbiological culture]] etc. ==Treatment== Medicine is mainly focused on the art of diagnosis and treatment with [[medication]], but many subspecialties administer non-surgical treatment: * [[Cardiology]]: [[angioplasty]], [[cardioversion]], [[cardiac ablation]], [[intra-aortic balloon pump]] * [[Gastroenterology]]: [[endoscopy]] and [[ERCP]] * [[Nephrology]]: [[dialysis]] * [[Critical care medicine]]: [[mechanical ventilation]] ==References== Content based on authoritative information from the Web sites of the American College of Physicians, ABIM, and ACOI. See links above. == See also == *[[Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada]] ==External links== *[http://www.acponline.org/?wiki American College of Physicians] - the world's largest medical specialty society for doctors of internal medicine *[http://www.doctorsforadults.com?wiki Doctors for Adults.com] - The American College of Physicians' patient education Web site, with more info about internal medicine and internists *[http://journalreview.org/spage.php?specialty_id=22&sdesc=Internal+Medicine On-line Internal Medicine Journal Club (via JournalReview.org)] *[https://www.abim.org The American Board of Internal Medicine] - The largest certifying board for internists and related subspecialists in the USA *[http://csim.medical.org/ Canadian Society of Internal Medicine] *[http://www.acoi.org The American College of Osteopathic Internists] *[http://www.sgim.org The Society for General Internal Medicine] - A society to improve patient care, research and education in Primary Care and General Internal Medicine {{चिकित्साशास्त्र}} [[Category:Medical specialties]] [[ca:Medicina interna]] [[de:Innere Medizin]] [[es:Medicina interna]] [[eu:Barne medikuntza]] [[fr:Médecine interne]] [[ko:내과]] [[it:Medicina interna]] [[nl:Interne geneeskunde]] [[ja:内科学]] [[nds:Inner Medizin]] [[pl:Interna]] [[pt:Clínica médica]] [[sl:Interna medicina]] [[sr:Интерна медицина]] [[sh:Interna medicina]] [[sv:Invärtesmedicin]] [[vi:Nội khoa]] [[tr:İç hastalıkları]] [[zh:內科學]] 2299 6899 2006-09-16T04:59:05Z Eukesh 93 /* External links */ '''Neurology''' is a branch of [[medicine]] dealing with disorders of the nervous system. Physicians specializing in the field of neurology are called '''neurologists''' and are trained to diagnose, treat, and manage patients with neurological disorders. Most neurologists are trained to treat and diagnose adults. Pediatric neurologists, nearly always a subspecialty of [[pediatrics]], treat neurological disease in children. Neurologists are also involved in [[clinical research]], [[clinical trials]], as well as [[basic research]] and [[translational research]]. ==Field of work== '''Neurological disorders''' are disorders that affect the [[central nervous system]] ([[brain]], [[brainstem]] and [[cerebellum]]), the [[peripheral nervous system]] ([[peripheral nerve|peripheral nerves]] - [[cranial nerve]]s included), or the [[autonomic nervous system]] (parts of which are located in both central and peripheral nervous system). Neurologists also diagnose and treat some conditions in the [[musculoskeletal]] system. Major conditions include: * [[headache|headache disorders]] such as [[migraine]], [[cluster headache]] and [[tension headache]] * [[epilepsy]] and [[seizure]] disorders * [[neurodegenerative disorder]]s, including [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[Lou Gehrig's disease]] and [[ataxia]]. * cerebrovascular disease, such as [[transient ischemic attack]]s, and [[stroke]]s ([[stroke|ischemic]] or [[stroke|hemorrhagic]]) * [[sleep disorder|sleep disorders]] * [[cerebral palsy]] * [[infection]]s of the central nervous system ([[encephalitis]]), brain envelopes ([[meningitis]]) and peripheral nerves ([[neuritis]]), such as [[brain abscess]], [[herpes|herpetic meningoencephalitis]], [[aspergillus|aspergilloma]], cerebral [[echinococcus|hydatic cyst]] * some [[infections]] of the peripheral nervous system, such as [[tetanus]] and [[botulism]] * [[neoplasm]]s - [[tumor]]s of the [[brain]] and its envelopes ([[brain tumor]]s), [[spinal cord]] [[tumor]]s, [[tumor]]s of the peripheral [[nerves]] ([[neuroma]]) * [[movement disorder]]s such as [[Parkinson's disease]], [[chorea (disease)|chorea]], [[hemiballismus]], [[tic disorder]], and Gilles de la [[Tourette syndrome]] * [[demyelinating disease]]s of the central nervous system, such as [[multiple sclerosis]], and of the [[peripheral nervous system]], such as [[Guillain-Barré syndrome]] and [[chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy]] (CIDP) * [[spinal cord]] disorders - [[tumor]]s, [[infection]]s, [[Physical trauma|trauma]], malformations (e.g., myelocele, meningomyelocele, tethered cord) * disorders of peripheral [[nerve]]s, [[muscle]] ([[myopathy]]) and [[neuromuscular junction]]s * traumatic injuries to the [[brain]], [[spinal cord]] and peripheral [[nerve]]s * altered mental status, [[encephalopathy]], stupor and [[coma]] *Speech and language disorders ==Clinical tasks== ===General caseload=== Neurologists are responsible for the diagnosis, treatment, and management of all the above conditions. When surgical intervention is required, the neurologist may refer the patient to a [[neurosurgeon]], an interventional neuroradiologist, or a neurointerventionalist. In some countries, additional legal responsibilities of a neurologist may include making a finding of [[brain death]] when it is suspected that a [[patient]] is [[deceased]]. Neurologists frequently care for people with hereditary ([[gene|genetic]]) diseases when the major manifestations are neurological, as is frequently the case. [[Lumbar puncture]]s are frequently performed by [[neurologists]]. Other neurologists may develop an interest in particular subfields, such as movement disorders, [[headache]]s, [[epilepsy]], sleep disorders, [[multiple sclerosis]] or neuromuscular diseases. The core neurological diseases that are the primary domain of neurologists are: * demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system. * the epilepsies * headache and migraine * movement disorders * polyneuropathies * spinal cord disorders * genetic diseases with a primarily neurologic manifestation ===Overlapping areas=== There is some overlap with other specialties, varying from country to country and even within a local geographic area. Most stroke patients are seen only by specialists in [[internal medicine]]. Whether stroke patients should be seen primarily by neurologists is contested. Acute [[head injury|head trauma]] is most often treated by [[neurosurgeon|neurosurgeons]], whereas [[sequela]] of head trauma may be treated by neurologists or [[Physical medicine and rehabilitation|specialists in rehabilitation medicine]]. Some cases of nervous system [[infectious disease|infectious diseases]] are treated by infectious disease specialists. Most cases of [[headache]] are diagnosed and treated primarily by [[general practitioner|general practitioners]], at least the less severe cases. Similarly, most cases of [[sciatica]] and other mechanical radiculopathies are treated by general practitioners, though they may be referred to neurologists or a surgeon (neurosurgeons or [[Orthopedic surgery|orthopedic surgeons]]). [[Sleep disorders]] are also treated by [[Pulmonology|pulmonologists]]. [[Cerebral palsy]] is initially treated by [[Pediatrics|pediatricians]], but care may be transferred to an adult neurologist after the patient reaches a certain age. ===Relationship to clinical neurophysiology=== In some countries, e.g. USA and Germany, neurologists may specialize in [[clinical neurophysiology]], the field responsible for [[electroencephalography|EEG]], [[nerve conduction study|nerve conduction studies]], [[electromyography|EMG]] and [[evoked potentials]]. In other countries, this is an autonomous specialty (e.g. United Kingdom, Sweden). ===Overlap with psychiatry=== Although many [[mental illness]]es are believed to be neurological disorders affecting the [[central nervous system]], traditionally they are classified separately, and treated by [[psychiatrists]]. In a 2002 review article in the [[American Journal of Psychiatry]], Professor Joseph B. Martin, Dean of [[Harvard Medical School]] and a neurologist by training, wrote that 'the separation of the two categories is arbitrary, often influenced by beliefs rather than proven scientific observations. And the fact that the brain and mind are one makes the separation artificial anyway.' (Martin JB. The integration of neurology, psychiatry and neuroscience in the 21st century. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159:695-704) There are strong indications that neuro-chemical mechanisms play an important role in the development of, for instance, [[bipolar disorder]] and [[schizophrenia]]. As well, 'neurological' diseases often have 'psychiatric' manifestations, such as post-[[stroke]] [[clinical depression|depression]], depression and [[dementia]] associated with [[Parkinson's disease]], mood and cognitive dysfunctions in [[Alzheimer's disease]], to name a few. Hence, there is no sharp distinction between [[neurology]] and [[psychiatry]] on a biological basis - this distinction has mainly practical reasons and strong historical roots (such as the dominance of [[Freud]]'s [[psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic theory]] in psychiatric thinking in the first three quarters of the 20th century - which has since then been largely replaced by the focus on [[neurosciences]] - aided by the tremendous advances in [[genetics]] and [[neuroimaging]] recently.) ==See also== * [[History of neurology]] * [[List of neurological disorders]] * [[List of neurologists]] * [[Clinical neurophysiology]] * [[Neuropsychiatry]] * [[Psychiatry]] * [[Neuroendocrinology]] ==External links== * [http://www.aan.com American Academy of Neurology] * [http://www.ninds.nih.gov National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)] * [http://www.neuropsychological.blogspot.com/ brainblog]: news about our knowledge of the brain and behavior. * [http://www.neurosciencenews.com Neuroscience News]: Neuroscience research news, neuroscience jobs, neuroscience forum, neuroscience bookstore and links. * [http://journalreview.org/spage.php?specialty_id=12&sdesc=NeuroSciences On Line Neurology Journal Club (via JournalReview.org)] {{चिकित्साशास्त्र}} {{Neuroscience-footer}} [[Category:Neurology]] [[bg:Неврология]] [[da:Neuromedicin]] [[de:Neurologie]] [[el:Νευρολογία]] [[es:Neurología]] [[eu:Neurologia]] [[fa:عصب‌شناسی]] [[fr:Neurologie]] [[ga:Néareolaíocht]] [[it:Neurologia]] [[he:נוירולוגיה]] [[lt:Neurologija]] [[nl:Neurologie]] [[ja:神経学]] [[no:Nevrologi]] [[nn:Nevrologi]] [[pl:Neurologia]] [[pt:Neurologia]] [[ru:Неврология]] [[sv:Neurologi]] [[tr:Nöroloji]] [[zh:神經學]] 2300 6900 2006-09-16T04:59:32Z Eukesh 93 /* See also */ '''Obstetrics''' (from the Latin ''obstare'', "to stand by") is the [[surgery|surgical]] specialty dealing with the care of a woman and her offspring during [[pregnancy]], [[childbirth]] and the puerperium (the period shortly after birth). Many obstetricians are also [[gynaecology|gynaecologists]]; see ''[[Obstetrics and gynaecology]]''. == Antenatal care == In obstetric practice, the obstetrician will see a pregnant woman on a regular basis to check the progress of her pregnancy. The exact schedule varies depending on resources and risk factors, such as [[diabetes]]. The main rationale for these visits is surveillance for diseases of pregnancy which are detectable. Some examples are: # pre-[[eclampsia]]. The blood-pressure and urine of a pregnant woman is checked at every opportunity to check for this. # [[placenta praevia]]. On [[obstetric ultrasonography|ultrasound]], the placenta is visible obstructing the birth canal # abnormal presentation (late pregnancy only). The fetus may be feet-first or buttocks-first([[Breech birth|breech]]), side-on (transverse), or at an angle (oblique presentation) # IUGR ([[Intrauterine Growth Restriction]]), this is a general designation, where the fetus is too small for its gestational age. Causes can be intrinsic (in the fetus) or extrinsic (usually placental problems). IUGR refers to fetal growth that is less than 10% of what is expected at that gestational age. == Signs == [[Image:PregnancyAnatomicalModel.jpg|thumb|Anatomical model of a human pregnancy]] === [[Trimester]]s === '''First trimester''': elevated β-hCG (up to 100,000 mIU/mL by 10 weeks GA) can cause [[morning sickness]], fatigue, [[mood swing]]s and food cravings. The symptoms can last through 12 to 16 weeks of gestation. '''Second trimester''': The abdomen shows an obvious swelling arising from the pelvis, starting the "obvious phase" of pregnancy. [[Hyperpigmentation]], including [[linea nigra]], may appear. '''Third trimester''': The mother may experience [[back pain|backaches]] due to increased strain. Typically, the curvature of the spine is changed as pregnancy evolves in order to counteract the change in weight distribution. The mother may also suffer mild [[urinary incontinence]] due to pressure on the bladder by the pregnant uterus, as well as [[heartburn]] (due to compression of the stomach). === Overall === * Bluish discoloration of vagina and cervix (Chadwick's sign) * Softening and cyanosis of cervix after 4 weeks (Goodell's sign) * Softening of uterus after 6 weeks (Ladin's sign) * [[Breast]] swelling and tenderness * [[Linea nigra]] from umbilicus to pubis * [[Telangiectasias]] * [[Palmar erythema]] * [[Amenorrhea]] * [[Nausea]] and [[vomit]]ing * Breast pain * Fetal movement * [[Sciatica]] (Pain caused by compression of the [[sciatic nerve]]) == Maternal physiology == During pregnancy, the woman undergoes many [[physiology|physiological]] changes, which are entirely normal, including [[cardiovascular]], [[renal]], [[hematology|hematologic]], [[metabolism|metabolic]] or [[Respiration (physiology)|respiratory]] changes that become very important in the event of complications. === Metabolism === During pregnancy, both [[protein metabolism]] and [[carbohydrate metabolism]] are affected. One [[kilogram]] of extra [[protein]] is deposited, with half going to the [[fetus]] and [[placenta]], and another half going to [[uterus|uterine]] contractile proteins, [[breast gland]]ular tissue, plasma protein, and [[hemoglobin]]. === Nutrition === * Increased caloric requirement by 300 kcal/day * Gain of 20 to 30 lb (10 to 15 kg) * Increased protein requirement to 70 or 75 g/day * Increased [[folate]] requirement from 0.4 to 0.8 mg/day (important in preventing [[neural tube defects]]) All patients are advised to take prenatal [[vitamin]]s to compensate for the increased nutritional requirements. === Cardiovascular === The woman is the sole provider of nourishment for the [[embryo]] and later, the [[fetus]], and so her [[Blood plasma|plasma]] and blood volume slowly increase by 40-50% over the course of the pregnancy to accommodate the changes. This results in overall [[vasodilation]], an increase in [[heart rate]] (15 beats/min more than usual), stroke volume, and [[cardiac output]]. Cardiac output increases by about 50%, mostly during the first trimester. The systemic vascular resistance also drops due to the smooth muscle relaxation caused by elevated progesterone, leading to a fall in blood pressure. Diastolic [[blood pressure]] consequently decreases between 12-26 weeks, and increases again to prepregnancy levels by 36 weeks. If the blood pressure remains abnormal beyond 36 weeks, the woman should be investigated for [[pre-eclampsia]], a condition that precedes [[eclampsia]]. === Pulmonary === * Increased [[tidal volume]] (30-40%) * Decreased [[total lung capacity]] (TLC) by 5% due to elevation of diaphragm from uteral compression * Decreased [[expiratory reserve volume]] * Increased [[minute ventilation]] (30-40%) which causes a decrease in PaCO2 and a compensated [[respiratory alkalosis]] All of these changes can contribute to the [[dyspnea]] (shortness of breath) that a pregnant woman may experience. === Hematology === * The [[Blood plasma|plasma]] volume increases by 50% and the red blood cell volume increases only by 20-30%. * Consequently, the [[hematocrit]] decreases. * White blood cell count increases and may peak at over 20 mil/mL in stressful conditions. * Decrease in platelet concentration to a minimal normal values of 100-150 mil/mL * The pregnant woman also becomes [[hypercoagulable]] due to increased [[liver]] production of coagulation factors, mainly [[fibrinogen]] and [[factor VIII]]. === Gastrointestinal === * nausea and vomiting ("[[morning sickness]]") due to elevated B-hCG, which should resolve by 14 to 16 weeks * prolonged gastric empty time * decreased gastroesophageal sphincter tone, which can lead to [[acid reflux]] * decreased colonic motility, which leads to increased water absorption and [[constipation]] === Renal === * Increase in kidney and ureter size * Increased [[glomerular filtration rate]] (GFR) by 50%, which subsides around 20 weeks [[postpartum]] ** Decreased BUN ([[blood urea nitrogen]]) and [[creatinine]], and glucosuria (due to saturated tubular reabsorption) *** Persistent glucosuria can suggest [[gestational diabetes]] * Increased [[renin-angiotensin system]], causing increased [[aldosterone]] levels ** Plasma [[sodium]] does not change because this is offset by the increase in GFR === Endocrine === * Increased [[estrogen]], which is mainly produced in the [[placenta]] ** Fetal well being is associated with maternal estrogen levels ** Causes an increase in [[thyroxine-binding globulin]] (TBG) * Increased [[human chorionic gonadotropin]] (β-hCG), which is produced by the placenta. This maintains [[progesterone]] production by the [[corpus luteum]] * [[Human placental lactogen]] (hPL) is produced by the placenta and ensures nutrient supply to the fetus. It also causes [[lipolysis]] and is an [[insulin]] antagonist, which is a diabetogenic effect. * Increased progesterone production, first by corpus luteum and later by the placenta. Its main course of action is to relax smooth muscle. * Increased [[prolactin]] * Increased [[alkaline phosphatase]] === Musculoskeleton and dermatology === * Lower back pain due to a shift in gravity * Increased estrogen can cause [[spider angiomata]] and [[palmar erythema]] * Increase [[melanocyte]]-stimulating hormone (MSH) can cause hyperpigmentation of nipples, umbilicus, abdominal midline ([[linea nigra]]), perineum, and face (melasma or chloasma) ===Others=== [[Edema]], or swelling, of the feet is common during pregnancy, partly because the enlarging uterus compresses veins and lymphatic drainage from the legs. For the sake of comfort, many pregnant women wear larger shoes or go without. This may have something to do with the origin of the phrase "[[barefoot and pregnant]]". == Prenatal Care == Prenatal care is important in screening for various complications of pregnancy. This includes routine office visits with physical exams and routine lab tests: === First trimester === * [[complete blood count]] (CBC) * [[blood type]] (blood transfusion may be needed in an emergency) * general [[antibody]] screen ([[Coombs test#indirect Coombs test|indirect Coombs test]]) for [[HDN]] ** Rh D negative antenatal patients should receive RhoGam at 28 weeks to prevent Rh disease. * [[Rapid plasma reagent]] (RPR) which screens for [[syphilis]] * [[Rubella]] antibody screen * [[Hepatitis B]] surface antigen * [[Gonorrhea]] and [[Chlamydia]] culture * [[Mantoux test|PPD]] for [[tuberculosis]] * [[Pap smear]] * [[Urinalysis]] and culture * [[HIV]] screen * [[Group B Streptococcus]] screen -- will receive IV penicillin if positive (if mother is allergic, alternate therapies include IV clindamycin or IV vancomycin) === Second trimester === * MSAFP/triple screen (maternal serum [[alpha-fetoprotein]]) - elevation correlated with neural tube defects and decrease correlated with Down's syndrome * ultrasound * amniocentesis in older patients === Third trimester === * hematocrit (if low, mother will receive iron supplementation) * [[glucose loading test]] (GLT) - screens for gestational diabetes; if > 140 mg/dL, a [[glucose tolerance test]] (GTT) is administered; if fasting glucose > 105 mg/dL, gestational diabetes is suggestive. == Complications == ''See'' [[Complications of Pregnancy]] === Fetal assessments === ;Common: * [[Obstetric ultrasonography|ultrasound]] is used for many functions: ** Dating the gestational age of a pregnancy, most accurate in first trimester ** Detecting fetal anomalies in the second trimester ** [[biophysical profiles]] (BPP) ** Blood flow velocity in [[umbilical cord]] -- decrease/absence/reversal or diastolic blood flow in the umbilical artery is worrisome. ** Congenital anomalies can be diagnosed with second trimester ultrasound * Fetal [[karyotype]] for the screening of genetic diseases can be obtained via [[amniocentesis]] or [[chorionic villus sampling]] (CVS) ;Uncommon: * Fetal [[hematocrit]] for the assessment of fetal [[anemia]], Rh isoimmunization, or [[hydrops]] can be determined by [[percutaneous umbilical blood sampling]] (PUBS) which is done by placing a needle through the abdomen into the [[uterus]] and taking a portion of the [[umbilical cord]]. * Fetal lung maturity is associated with how much [[surfactant]] the fetus is producing. Reduced production of surfactant indicates decreased lung maturity and is a high risk factor for [[neonatal respiratory distress syndrome]] (NRDS). Typically a [[lecithin]]:[[sphingomyelin]] ratio greater than 1.5 is associated with increased lung maturity. * [[Nonstress test]] (NST) for fetal heart rate * [[Oxytocin challenge test]] == Induction == An obstetrician may recommend a woman have her labour induced if it is felt that continuation would be more dangerous to her, the fetus, or both. Reasons to induce include: # [[pre-eclampsia]] # IUGR # diabetes # other general medical condition, such as [[renal disease]] Induction may occur any time after 24 weeks of gestation if the risk to the fetus or mother is greater than the risk of delivering a premature fetus regardless of lung maturity. Prior to 32 weeks gestation steroids are given to the mother to help mature the fetus's lungs. If a woman does not eventually labour by 41-42 weeks, induction may be performed, as the placenta may become unstable after this date. Induction may be achieved viaa several methods: # [[pessary]] of ''Prostin'' cream, [[prostaglandin]] E₂ # vaginal or oral administration of misoprostol # cervical insertion of a 30-mL Foley catheter # surgical induction, by piercing the [[amnion]] # infusion of [[oxytocin]] == Labour == During labour itself, the obstetrician may be called on to do a number of things: # monitor the progress of labour, by reviewing the nursing chart, performing vaginal examination, and assessing the trace produced by a foetal monitoring device (the [[cardiotocograph]]) # accelerate the progress of labour by infusion of the hormone [[oxytocin]] # provide pain relief, either by [[nitrous oxide]] (nowadays uncommon, at least in the [[United States|U.S.]]), [[opiates]], or by [[local anesthesia|epidural anesthesia]] done by [[anesthesiology|anaethestists]] or an anesthesiologist # surgically assisting labour, by forceps or the Ventouse (a suction cap applied to the fetus' head) # [[Caesarean section]], if vaginal delivery is decided against or appears too difficult. Caesarean section can either be elective, that is, arranged before labour, or decided during labour as an alternative to hours of waiting. True "emergency" Cesarean sections (where minutes count) are a rarity. == Emergencies in obstetrics == Two main emergencies are ectopic pregnancy and (pre)eclampsia. * [[Ectopic pregnancy]] is when an embryo implants in the Fallopian tube or (rarely) on the ovary or inside the peritoneal cavity. This may cause massive internal bleeding. * [[Pre-eclampsia]] is a disease caused by mysterious toxins secreted by the placenta. These toxins act on the vascular [[endothelium]], causing [[hypertension]] and [[proteinuria]]. If severe, it progresses to fulminant pre-eclampsia, with headaches and visual disturbances. This is a prelude to ''eclampsia'', where a convulsion occurs, which is often fatal. == Imaging, monitoring and care == In present society, medical science has developed a number of procedures to monitor pregnancy. ===Antenatal record=== On the first visit to her [[obstetrician]] or [[midwife]], the pregnant woman is asked to carry out the [[antenatal record]], which constitutes a [[medical history]] and [[physical examination]]. On subsequent visits, the [[gestational age]] (GA) is rechecked with each visit. [[Symphysis-fundal height]] (SFH; in cm) should equal gestational age after 20 weeks of gestation, and the fetal growth should be plotted on a curve during the antenatal visits. The fetus is palpated by the midwife or obstetrician using [[Leopold maneuver]] to determine the position of the baby. [[Blood pressure]] should also be monitored, and may be up to 140/90 in normal pregnancies. High blood pressure indicates [[hypertension]] and possibly [[pre-eclampsia]], if severe swelling ([[edema]]) and spilled protein in the urine are also present. [[Fetal screening]] is also used to help assess the viability of the fetus, as well as congenital problems. [[Genetic counseling]] is often offered for families who may be at an increased risk to have a child with a genetic condition. [[Amniocentesis]] at around the 20th week is sometimes done for women 35 or older to check for [[Down's Syndrome]] and other [[chromosome]] abnormalities in the fetus. Even earlier than amniocentesis is performed, the mother may undergo the [[triple test]], [[nuchal translucency|nuchal screening]], [[nasal bone]], [[alpha-fetoprotein]] screening and [[Chorionic villus sampling]], also to check for disorders such as Down Syndrome. Amniocentesis is a prenatal genetic screening of the fetus, which involves inserting a needle through the mother's abdominal wall and uterine wall, to extract fetal DNA from the amniotic fluid. There is a risk of miscarriage and fetal injury with amniocentesis since it involves penetrating the uterus with the baby still in utero. ===Imaging=== [[Image:Scan12weeks.jpg|thumb|A dating [[Obstetric ultrasonography|scan]] at 12 weeks]] Imaging is another important way to monitor a pregnancy. The mother and [[fetus]] are also usually imaged in the first trimester of pregnancy. This is done to predict problems with the mother; confirm that a pregnancy is present inside the [[uterus]]; guess the [[gestational age]]; determine the number of fetuses and [[placenta]]e; evaluate for an [[ectopic pregnancy]] and first trimester bleeding; and assess for early signs of anomalies. [[X-ray]]s and [[computerized tomography]] (CT) are not used, especially in the first trimester, due to the [[ionizing radiation]], which has [[teratogen]]ic effects on the fetus. Instead, [[obstetric ultrasonography|ultrasound]] is the imaging method of choice in the first trimester and throughout the pregnancy, since it emits no [[radiation]], is portable, and allows for realtime imaging. Ultrasound imaging may be done at any time throughout the pregnancy, but usually happens at the 12th week (dating scan) and the 20th week (detailed scan). A normal gestation would reveal a [[gestational sac]], [[yolk sac]], and [[fetal pole]]. The [[gestational age]] can be assessed by evaluating the [[mean gestation sac diameter]] (MGD) before week 6, and the crown-rump length after week 6. [[Multiple gestation]] is evaluated by the number of [[placenta]]e and [[amniotic sac]]s present. Pregnancy has different cultural aspects related to the perception of the body, the relationship with partner and to the meaning of the event. == Terms and definitions == * ''embryo'' - conceptus between time of fertilization to 10 weeks of gestation * ''fetus'' - from 10 weeks of gestation to time of birth * ''infant'' - time of birth to 1 year of age * ''gestational age'' - time from last menstrual period (LMP) up to present * ''first trimester'' - up to 14 weeks of gestation * ''second trimester'' - 14 to 28 weeks of gestation * ''third trimester'' - 28 weeks to delivery * ''viability'' - minimum age for fetus survival, ca. third trimester * ''previable infant'' - delivered prior to 24 weeks * ''preterm infant'' - delivered between 24-37 weeks * ''term infant'' - delivered between 37-42 weeks * ''gravidity (G)'' - number of times a woman has been pregnant * ''parity (P)'' - number of pregnancies with a birth beyond 20 weeks GA or an infant weighing more than 500 g * ''Ga Pw-x-y-z'' - a = number of pregnancies, w = number of term births, x = number of preterm births, y = number of miscarriages, z = number of living children; for example, G4P1-2-1-3 means the woman had a total of 4 pregnancies, of which 1 is of term, 2 are preterm, 1 miscarriage, and 3 total living children (1 term + 2 preterm). == External links == * [http://www.evtv1.com/index.asp-itemnum-734 Childbirth from Embryo to Fetus video clip 2 min.] * [http://www.evtv1.com/index.asp-itemnum-735 Childbirth- Final Stage of Labor video clip 2 min.] * [http://www.doctor.vg/forumdisplay.php?f=16 Obstetrics Forums] * [http://www.ingenious.org.uk/See/Medicineandhealth/Obstetricsgynaecologyandcontraception/ Ingenious]: archive of historical images related to obstetrics, gynaecology, and contraception. ==See also== *[[List of obstetric topics]] *[[Gynecology]] *[[Home birth]] *[[Midwifery]] *[[Obstetric ultrasonography]] {{चिकित्साशास्त्र}} [[Category:Obstetrics|*]] [[Category:Pregnancy]] [[da:Obstetrik]] [[de:Geburtshilfe]] [[es:Obstetricia]] [[fr:Obstétrique]] [[ga:Cnáimhseachas]] [[ja:産科学]] [[ko:산부인과]] [[ia:Obstetricia]] [[pl:Położnictwo]] [[pt:Obstetrícia]] [[ru:Акушерство]] 2301 6901 2006-09-16T05:00:02Z Eukesh 93 /* External links */ [[Image:Gynaecology-1822.jpg|thumb|250px|The shamefulness associated with the examination of female [[genitalia]] has long inhibited the science of gynaecology. This 1822 drawing by Jacques-Pierre Maygnier shows a "compromise" procedure, in which the [[physician]] is kneeling before the woman but cannot see her genitalia. Modern gynaecology has shed these inhibitions.]] '''Gynaecology''' (British) or '''gynecology''' (American) literally means 'the science of women', but in medicine this is the specialty of diseases of the female [[sex organ|reproductive system]] ([[uterus]], [[vagina]] and [[ovaries]]). Almost all modern gynaecologists are also [[obstetrics|obstetricians]]; see ''[[Obstetrics and gynaecology]]''. == Examination == It is typically a consultant specialty. In most countries, women must see a general practitioner first. If their condition requires knowledge or equipment unavailable to the GP, they are referred to a gynaecologist. However, in the [[United States]], law and many [[health insurance]] plans allow gynaecologists to provide [[primary care]], and some women select that option. As in all of medicine, the main tools of diagnosis are clinical history and examination. Gynaecological examination is special in that it is quite intimate, and that it involves special equipment &mdash; the [[speculum (medical)|speculum]]. The speculum consists of two hinged blades of flat metal, which are used to open the vagina, to permit examination of the cervix uteri. Gynaecologists may also do a bimanual examination (one hand on the abdomen, two fingers in the vagina), to palpate the uterus and ovaries. They may occasionally do a [[Rectal examination|rectal exam]]. Male gynaecologists often have a female [[chaperon]]e (nurse or medical student) for their examination. An abdominal [[obstetric ultrasonography|ultrasound]] is used normally to confirm the bimanual examination. The Department of Plastic Surgery at the University of Virginia School of Medicine recommends that surgical devices, such as gloves, with dusting powders, including talc, should not be used during surgery because of acute and chronic problems that may occur if it finds its way into adominal cavity via the vagina. It also makes an analogy to condoms which have the very same dusting powders used on them.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10167361&query_hl=15&itool=pubmed_docsum] == Investigations == Some of the investigations used in gynaecology are: # abdominal [[Obstetric ultrasonography|ultrasound]], to give a low-power view of the pelvic organs. # [[pelvic ultrasound|vaginal ultrasound]]. A probe is passed into the vagina, which allows a detailed view of the uterus and its contents. # blood tests. Levels of hormones such as [[estradiol]], [[luteinizing hormone]], [[follicle stimulating hormone]] and [[progesterone]] are measured, as well as [[prolactin]]. # hysteroscopy -- a fine tube is passed into the uterus via the cervix under a [[general anaesthetic]]. # [[laparoscopy]] -- tubes are passed into the [[peritoneal cavity]], which is then insufflated with carbon dioxide. This is commonly used to diagnose [[endometriosis]]. [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] and [[Computed axial tomography|CT scan]]s are rarely used, apart from tumor staging in gynecological [[cancer]]. Pelvic [[X-ray]] is rare. It can be used to delineate the uterine cavity with an injected dye (hysterosalpingogram) and to measure the [[pelvic girdle]]. == Diseases == The main conditions dealt with by a gynaecologist are: # [[cancer]] of the [[cervix]]. The [[Pap smear|Papanicolaou (Pap) smear]] is a means of detecting this, by obtaining a sample of cervical [[epithelial]] cells and examining them under a microscope for malignant changes. All women are encouraged to have pap smears at regular intervals after commencing intercourse. # [[incontinence]] of urine. # [[amenorrhoea]] (absent periods) # [[dysmenorrhea|dysmenorrhoea]] (painful periods) # [[infertility]] # [[menorrhagia]] (heavy periods). This is a main indication for [[hysterectomy]]. # [[prolapse]] Obviously there is some crossover in these areas. Amenorrhoea in a young girl may be referred to a [[pediatrics|paediatrician]], incontinence to a [[urology|urologist]]. == Therapies == Occasionally gynaecologists will use drugs, such as [[clomiphene]] (which stimulates ovulation), and, most famously, [[oral contraceptive]]s (which are also used for dysmenorrhoea). Surgery, however, is the mainstay of gynaecological therapy. For historical reasons, gynaecologists are not usually considered "surgeons" - this has always been the source of some controversy - though modern advancements in both fields have blurred many of the once rigid lines of distinction. The rise of sub-speciatlies within gynaecology which are primarily surgical in nature (for example, urogynaecology and gynecological oncology) have strengthened the reputations of gynaecologists as surgical practitioners, and many surgeons and surgical societies have come to view gynaecologists as comrades of sorts. As proof of this changing attitude, gynaecologists are now eligible for fellowship in both the American and Royal Colleges of Surgeons, and many newer surgical textbooks include chapters on (at least basic) gynecological surgery. Some of the more common operations that gynaecologists perform include: # [[termination of pregnancy]] # [[dilation and curettage]] (removal of the uterine contents, for various reasons, including miscarriage and menorrhagia; procedurally very similar to the above); # [[hysterectomy]] (removal of the uterus); # [[oophorectomy]] (removal of the ovaries); # [[tubal ligation]]; # Exploratory [[laparoscopy]] or [[laparotomy]] (used to diagnose and treat sources of pelvic and abdominal pain, dysmenorrhea, vaginal bleeding, etc.) # [[colposuspension]] ('tightening' of the ligaments around the vagina, a common therapy for incontinence and discomfort in older women); # [[Large Loop Excision of the Transition Zone]] (LLETZ), where the surface of the cervix, containing pre-cancerous cells identified on Pap smear are removed). ==See also== *[[Andrology]], the study of the male reproductive system *[[Cervical cancer]] *[[Dalkon Shield]] *[[Hydatiform mole]] *[[HPV vaccine]] *[[Obstetrics]] *[[Pelvic inflammatory disease]] *[[Reproduction medicine]] *[[Sexually transmitted disease]] ==External links== *[http://www.ingenious.org.uk/See/Medicineandhealth/Obstetricsgynaecologyandcontraception/ Ingenious]: archive of historical images related to obstetrics, gynaecology, and contraception. {{चिकित्साशास्त्र}} [[Category:Gynecology| ]] [[bg:Гинекология]] [[da:Gynækologi]] [[de:Gynäkologie]] [[eo:Ginekologio]] [[es:Ginecología]] [[fr:Gynécologie]] [[ga:Liacht bhan]] [[hr:Ginekologija]] [[io:Ginekologio]] [[ia:Gynecologia]] [[it:Ginecologia]] [[he:גינקולוגיה]] [[nl:Gynaecologie]] [[ja:婦人科学]] [[pl:Ginekologia]] [[pt:Ginecologia]] [[ru:Гинекология]] [[sk:Gynekológia]] [[sl:Ginekologija]] [[sh:Ginekologija]] [[fi:Gynekologia]] [[sv:Gynekologi]] [[uk:Гінекологія]] 2302 8897 2007-01-17T10:31:16Z Tangotango 190 Undo revision 8886 by [[Special:Contributions/82.110.109.171]] ([[User talk:82.110.109.171]]) '''Pediatrics''' (also spelled ''paediatrics'') is the branch of [[medicine]] that deals with the medical care of [[infant]]s, [[child|children]], and [[adolescent]]s (from newborn to age 18-21). The word pediatrics is derived from two [[Greek language|Greek]] words ''paidi'' (παιδί) which means "boy" and ''iatros'' (ιατρός) which means "[[Physician|doctor]]". Most pediatricians are members of a national body, such as the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]], the [[Canadian Paediatric Society]], the [[British Association of Paediatric Surgeons]], the [[Royal College Of Paediatrics and Child Health]], [[Norsk barnelegeforening]] (The Norwegian society of pediatricians) or the [[Indian Academy of Pediatrics]]. [[Image:Pediatric polysomnogram.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Pediatric [[Polysomnography|polysomnography]] [[patient]]<br>[[Children's Hospital (Saint Louis)]], 2006]] Pediatrics differs from adult medicine in many respects. The obvious body size differences are paralleled by maturational changes. The smaller body of an [[infant]] or [[neonate]] is substantially different physiologically from that of an adult. Congenital defects, genetic variance, immunology, oncology, and a host of other issues are unique to the realm of pediatrics. Increasingly effective health care also means that diseases such as [[sickle cell anemia]] and [[cystic fibrosis]] are more often treated by pediatricians, though many or most patients grow into adulthood. Issues revolving around infectious diseases and immunizations are also dealt with primarily by pediatricians. Pediatrics is also a springboard for any specialty of general medicine, each with its own unique aspects. Pediatric cardiologists deal with heart conditions in children, particularly congenital heart defects, pediatric oncologists often treat [[leukemia]]s and [[lymphoma]]s. Every subspecialty of the adult doctor exists in the pediatric field (with the exception of [[geriatrics]]), but some are unique to pediatrics, such as adolescent medicine, sports medicine, and [[neonatology]]. Childhood is the period of greatest growth, development and maturation of the various organ systems in the body. Years of training and experience (above and beyond basic medical training) goes into recognizing the difference between normal variants and what is actually [[pathology|pathological]]. Another major difference between pediatrics and adult medicine is that children are minors and, in most [[jurisdiction]]s, cannot make decisions for themselves. The issue of [[guardianship]], legal responsibility and informed consent must always be considered in every pediatric procedure. In a sense, pediatricians often have to treat the parents and sometimes, the family, rather than just the child. Adolescents are in their own legal class, having rights to their own health care decisions in certain circumstances only, though this is in legal flux and varies by region. In the U.S., pediatricians are considered to be primary care doctors, along with [[general practitioner|family practice]], [[internal medicine]], and [[obstetrics]]. Much of the rest of the world considers them specialists, and parents are only referred to pediatricians for special care not handled by the generalists. [[Abraham Jacobi]] is considered the father of pediatrics. == Academic Training == {{globalize/USA}} The educational requirements for a pediatrician within the United States generally starts with graduating from a four year [[college]]. Then one goes to [[medical school]] for four more years. After completion of medical school, one does a residency in pediatrics for an additional three years. The pediatrician may then elect to pass a [http://www.abp.org certification examination] to be Board Certified in pediatrics. To specialize within pediatrics, in most cases one must complete an additional three year fellowship within their desired subspecialty. The pediatrician may then elect to pass another examination to be Board Certified in that pediatric subspeciality. Some certified paediatric subspecialities in the United States are [[pulmonology]], [[cardiology]], [[gastroenterology]], [[endocrinology]], [[nephrology]], [[neonatology]], [[adolescent medicine]], [[critical care]], and [[emergency medicine]]. Current exceptions to either the three year residency or three year [[fellowships]] include genetics, allergy & immunology and neurology. Other pediatric subspecialties such as [[pediatric radiology]] or [[pediatric anesthesiology]] are subspecialties of their respective primary specialties (such as [[radiology]] or [[anesthesiology]]). ==See also== *[[Children's hospital]] == External links == * GeneralPediatrics.com - [http://www.generalpediatrics.com The General Pediatrician's View of the Internet ] * [http://www.pedrad.info Pediatric Radiology] - the first international Pediatric Radiology platform for doctors and patients. * PediatricEducation.org - [http://www.pediatriceducation.org A Pediatric Digital Library and Learning Collaboratory intended to serve as a source of continuing pediatric education] * Virtual Pediatric Hospital - [http://www.virtualpediatrichospital.org A digital library of pediatric information] * [http://www.aap.org American Academy of Pediatrics] * [http://www.pediatrics.org Pediatrics] Official Journal of the AAP * [http://journalreview.org/spage.php?specialty_id=16&sdesc=Pediatrics An On-Line Pediatric Journal Club (via JournalReview.org)] * [http://journals.aol.com/saharfarida/pir] - Summaries of articles published in Pediatrics in Review. *Royal College of Paediatrics website - [http://www.rcpch.ac.uk Homepage for the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health] * [http://www.borninbradford.nhs.uk Born in Bradford - A UK-based birth cohort study] * [http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HEC/CSEM/pediatric/ Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Pediatric Environmental Health] * [http://www.medstudy.com MedStudy Corporation] - produces quality study/review materials to prepare physicians for Pediatrics Board certification and recertification exams. {{Medicine}} [[Category:Pediatrics| ]] [[da:Pædiatri]] [[de:Pädiatrie]] [[es:Pediatría]] [[eo:Pediatrio]] [[fr:Pédiatrie]] [[hr:Pedijatrija]] [[it:Pediatria]] [[nl:Pediatrie]] [[ja:小児科学]] [[no:Pediatri]] [[pl:Pediatria]] [[pt:Pediatria]] [[ru:Педиатрия]] [[simple:Pediatrics]] [[sl:Pediatrija]] [[sr:Педијатрија]] [[sh:Pedijatrija]] [[sv:Pediatrik]] 2303 6857 2006-09-16T04:05:56Z Eukesh 93 '''Physical medicine and rehabilitation''' (PM&R) or '''physiatry''' is a branch of [[medicine]] dealing with functional restoration of a person affected by physical disability. A [[physician]] who has completed training in this field is referred to as a '''physiatrist''' (fizz ee at' trist). In order to be a physiatrist in the [[United States]], one must complete four years of [[medical school]], one year of [[medical intern|internship]] and three years of [[residency (medicine)|residency]]. [[Image:pavlov.jpg|thumb|right|PM&R physicians are trained to manage chronic conditions often seen in the elderly]] == History == PM&R is a relatively young specialty. Among the early pioneers of the field include Dr. Frank Krusen who developed the Department of Physical Medicine at the [[Mayo Clinic]] in 1936. PM&R was recognized as a medical specialty by the [[American Board of Medical Specialties]] and the [[American Medical Association]] in 1947. The field expanded rapidly owing in large part to [[World War II]], when many soldiers with servere disability returned to the United States and physicians were necessary to treat and manage chronic debilitating conditions. [[Polio]] epidemic in the early 1950s also helped establish the value of physiatrists in management of neuromuscular disorders. Advances that allowed longer survival from disorders as varied as [[spinal cord injury]] and [[stroke]] led to greater role of physiatrists in managing these chronic conditions. This specialty's research base is still evolving. == Scope of the Field == Physical medicine and rehabilitation involves the management of disorders that alter the function and performance of the patient. Emphasis is placed on the optimization of function through the combined use of medications, physical modalities, and experiential training approaches. [[Electrodiagnostics]] are used to [[diagnose]] and provide [[prognosis]] for various neuromuscular disorders. Common conditions that are treated by physiatrists include [[amputation]], [[spinal cord injury]], sports injury, [[stroke]], and [[traumatic brain injury]]. [[Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation]] involves optimizing function in those afflicted with heart or lung disease. Chronic pain management is achieved through multidisciplinary approach involving [[psychologist]], [[physical therapist]], [[occupational therapist]], and interventional procedures when indicated. ==Philosophy== The major concern of the field is the ability of the person to function optimally within the limitations placed upon them by a disease process for which there is no known cure. The general emphasis is not on the full restoration to the premorbid level of function, but rather the optimization of the quality of life for those who may not be able to achieve full restoration. A team approach to chronic conditions is emphasized, using [[transdisciplinary]] team meetings to coordinate care of the patients. [[Image:IMG 0085-1-.JPG|right|thumb|200px|Pediatric physiatrists manage conditions such as cerebral palsy, spina bifida and Duchenne's muscular dystrophy]] ==Subspecialty== Three formal sub-specializations are recognized by the field in the [[United States]]: [[pain medicine]] (in conjunction with [[anesthesiology]], [[neurology]] and [[psychiatry]]), pediatric rehabilitation, and [[spinal cord injury]] (SCI) medicine. A new formal sub-specialty based on post-residency fellowship training in neuromuscular medicine is set to commence in 2008, in conjunction with [[neurology]]. Many in the field also subspecialize in areas of amputee care, musculoskeletal medicine, [[electrodiagnostics]], [[traumatic brain injury]] (TBI), [[cardiopulmonary rehabilitation]] and neuromuscular disorders. == Residencies in the United States == There are no clear rankings among PM&R residencies, but among the elite programs in the United States include * [[Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago]] (RIC) at [[Northwestern University]] * [[Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation]] ([[UMDNJ|UMDNJ: New Jersey Medical School]]) * [[University of Washington]] Program * [[Mayo Clinic]] Program * [[The Institute for Rehabilitation and Research]] at [[Baylor College of Medicine]]/[[UT Houston]] There are approximately 350 total positions available via the [[National Resident Matching Program]] (NRMP) per year. This specialty's competitiveness would likely be considered to be on par with neurology or pediatrics according to the 2006 match data from the NRMP. PM&R residencies will likely become more competitive and be more recognized as the population ages and technology relating to rehabilitation becomes more advanced. ==Notable Rehabilitation Hospitals in the United States== In addition to those associated with elite PM&R residency programs, notable rehabilitation hospitals in the United States include: * Craig Hospital in [[Denver, Colorado]] * Moss Rehabilitation Hospital in [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] * [[Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center]] in [[Downey, California]] * Shepard Hospital in [[Atlanta, Georgia]] * Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital in [[Boston, Massachusetts]] == Popular Textbooks == Two main textbooks often used by those in the specialty are ''Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: Principles and Practice'' by Joel DeLisa and ''Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Medicine'' by Randall Braddom. Useful handbooks for medical students and residents include ''PM&R Secrets'' by Mark Young, Brian O'Young and Steven Stiens, and ''PM&R Pocketpedia'' by Howard Choi and colleagues. === Book Reference === * {{cite book | title = Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: Principles and Practice | author = Joel DeLisa | year = 2004 | publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | id = ISBN 0-7817-4130-0 }} * {{cite book | title = Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation | author = Randall Braddom | year = 2000 | publisher = WB Saunders | id = ISBN 0-7216-8076-3 }} * {{cite book | title = Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Secrets | author = Bryan J. O'Young, Mark A. Young, Steven A. Stiens | year = 2002 | publisher = Hanley & Belfus | id = ISBN 1-56053-437-0 }} * {{cite book | title = Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Pocketpedia | author = Howard Choi, Ross Sugar, David E. Fish, Matthew Shatzer, Brian Krabak | year = 2003 | publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | id = ISBN 0-7817-4433-4 }} == Journals == The two main journals of the PM&R field are [http://www.archives-pmr.org/ Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation] and [http://www.amjphysmedrehab.com/ American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation]. ==Individual Residency Programs== * [[UC Irvine PM&R Residency Program]] * [[UCLA/VA Multicampus PM&R Residency Program]] ==External links== ===Organizations=== * [http://www.aapmr.org/ American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation] National medical society, has a PM&R resident/medical student mentoring feature * [http://www.abpmr.org/ American Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation] ABMS recognized entity for board certification in PM&R * [http://journalreview.org/spage.php?specialty_id=25&sdesc=PM%26R An On-Line PM&R Journal Club (via JournalReview.org)] * [http://www.physiatry.org/ Association of Academic Physiatrists] Organization consisting largely of those with interests in academic PM&R * [http://www.studentdoctor.net/ StudentDoctor.Net] Student mentoring site, has a PM&R forum * [http://www.emedicine.com/pmr/ Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation] - eMedicine Journal medical reference * [http://www.capmr.medical.org/ Canadian Association of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation] - Canadian National PM&R Medical Society * [http://www.isprm.org/ International Society of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation] * [http://www.aanem.org/ American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine] - National medical society comprised primarily of physiatrists and neurologists who perform electrodiagnostic studies (eg. electromyography and nerve conduction studies) and provide medical care to individuals with neuromuscular disorders. ===Rehabilitation hospital links=== * [http://www.tirr.org/index.php TIRR - The Institute for Rehabilitation and Research Houston] {{medicine}} [[Category:Medical specialties]] [[Category:Medical doctors by specialty]] [[Category:Rehabilitation medicine|medicine]] [[eu:Errehabilitazio]] [[pt:Medicina física e reabilitação]] [[sl:Fiziatrija]] 2304 6858 2006-09-16T04:07:13Z Eukesh 93 '''Psychiatry''' is a medical speciality dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of emotional, cognitive, and behavioral disorders and whose primary goal is the relief of mental suffering and improvement of mental well-being. This is sometimes done by first doing a thorough diagnostic assessment of the person from a biological, psychological, and social/cultural perspective. An illness or problem can then be treated or managed by medication (usually) or other somatic treatments or by various forms of psychotherapy (sometimes). Psychotherapies assist people to gain insight into their problem as well as their relationships with others. The name derives from the [[Greek language|Greek]] for "healer of the spirit". In the United States, it is practised by people, termed '''psychiatrists''', holding [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]] or [[Doctor of Osteopathy|D.O.]] degrees. While all clinicians encounter patients with mental illnesses and any of them may treat it, psychiatrists specialize in these areas. They are specifically trained to understand the biological underpinnings of mental illness as well as the contributions of medical illnesses to psychiatric symptoms. Treatment can involve medication, psychotherapy (such as [[cognitive behaviour therapy]], [[interpersonal therapy]], and [[psychodynamic psychotherapy]]), and psychosocial interventions. The majority of modern treatments involve medication. ==Practice of psychiatry== Psychiatry is one of the medical disciplines that involve the diagnosis and medication of mental and behavioral disorders such as [[clinical depression]], [[bipolar disorder]], [[schizophrenia]] and [[anxiety disorders]]. <!-- The following sentence has been the subject to extended debate. Do not make changes to it without first obtaining consensus on Talk:Psychiatry. -->Most psychiatric illnesses cannot currently be cured.<!-- end delete warning --> While some have short time courses and only minor symptoms, many are [[Chronic (medicine)|chronic]] conditions which can have a significant impact on a patients' quality of life and even life expectancy, and as such may require long-term or life-long treatment. Efficacy of medication for any given condition is also variable from patient to patient, with some patients having complete resolution of symptoms and others unfortunately having poor or minimal response to even the strongest measures. The majority of patients will fall somewhere in between. In general, [[Psychotherapy|psychiatric treatments]] have changed over the past several decades, beginning with the advent of modern [[psychiatric medications]] (see [[Psychiatry#History|History section]], below). In the past, psychiatric patients were often [[Psychiatric hospital|hospitalized]] for six months or more, with some cases involving hospitalization for many years. Today, most psychiatric patients are managed as [[General out-patient clinic|outpatients]]. If hospitalization is required, the average hospital stay is around two to three weeks, with only a small number of cases involving long-term hospitalization. The field of psychiatry itself can be divided into various subspecialties. These include: * Child and adolescent psychiatry * Adult psychiatry * Psychiatry of Old Age (Psychogeriatrics) * [[Learning disability]] * [[Liaison psychiatry|Consultation-liaison psychiatry]] * Emergency psychiatry * Addiction psychiatry * [[Forensic psychiatry]] Practicing psychiatrists may specialize in certain areas of interest such as [[psychopharmacology]], [[mood disorder]]s, [[neuropsychiatry]], eating disorders, psychiatric rehabilitation, crisis assessment and treatment, early psychosis intervention, community psychiatry (home treatment and outreach) and various forms of psychotherapy such as [[psychodynamic therapy]] and [[cognitive behavioral therapy]]. Individuals with mental illness are commonly referred to as ''[[patient]]s'' when seen by physicians but may also be called ''[[patient|client]]s'', especially when treated [[Health care system|privately]] by allied healthcare professionals. They may come under the care of a psychiatrist or other psychiatric practitioners by various paths, the two most common being self-[[referral]] or referral by a primary-care physician. Alternatively, a patient may be referred by hospital medical staff, by [[court order]], [[involuntary commitment]], or, in the UK and Australia, by [[sectioning]] under a [[mental health law]]. Whatever the circumstance of their patient's referral, a psychiatrist first assesses their patient's mental and somatic condition. This usually involves interviewing the patient and often obtaining information collated from other sources such as other health and social care professionals, relatives, associates, law enforcement and emergency medical personnel and psychiatric rating scales. [[Physical examination]] is usually performed to establish or exclude other illnesses (e.g. thyroid dysfunction or brain tumors) or identify any signs of [[self-harm]]. [[Blood test]]s and [[medical imaging]] may be also performed. However, a study of the [[CAT scan]]s of 397 psychiatric patients found no anomaly clinically related to the patients' psychiatric condition and concluded, "the pretest probability of finding a space-occupying lesion or other pertinent abnormality in patients presenting with psychiatric illnesses in this retrospective study appears not to be greater than that of the general population. The outcome of this study could be implemented to develop a clinical pathway for limiting assessment by CT for possible organic pathology in acute psychiatric illness." [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16499723] Various forms of medication, therapy and counseling deal with mental and behavioral conditions. [[Psychotherapy]] may be used for many conditions, either exclusively or in combination with medication. In the [[United States]], only physicians, medical psychologists<ref>Medical psychologists are clinical psychologists with advanced training in physiology and [[psychopharmacology]] and those who practise in [[New Mexico]], [[Louisiana]], [[Guam]] or the military may also prescribe medication.</ref>, nurse practitioners, or physician assistants may prescribe mental health [[medication]]. In some countries, mental health medication may only be prescribed by physicians. Commencing treatment with medication requires the patient to agree to this treatment (although in many countries the law provides overriding circumstances) and that they will follow the dosage prescribed. Like all medications, psychiatric medications can produce [[Adverse effect (medicine)|side-effect]]s in patients and hence often involve ongoing [[therapeutic drug monitoring]], for instance [[full blood count]]s or, for patients taking [[lithium salt]]s, [[blood plasma|serum]] levels of [[lithium]]. [[Electroconvulsive therapy]] (ECT) is sometimes administered for serious and disabling conditions, especially those unresponsive to medication. ECT has drawn criticism from anti-psychiatry groups despite evidence for its efficacy. Psychiatric patients may be either inpatients or outpatients. Psychiatric outpatients periodically visit their psychiatrist for consultation in his or her office, usually for an appointment lasting thirty to sixty minutes. These consultations normally involve the psychiatrist interviewing the patient to update their assessment of the patient's condition and management of any medication. The psychiatrist may also provide psychotherapy. The frequency with which a psychiatrist sees patients varies widely, from days to months, depending on the type, severity and stability of each patient's condition, and depending on what the psychiatrist and patient decide would be best. Psychiatric inpatients are patients admitted to a hospital to receive psychiatric care, sometimes involuntarily. In [[North America]], the criteria for involuntary admission vary with jurisdiction. It may be as broad as having a mental disorder and being capable of mental or physical deterioration or as narrow as a patient being considered to be an immediate danger to themselves or others. In the UK, involuntary admission is limited to this narrow criterion. Once in the care of a hospital, patients are monitored, given medication and tested by a psychologist. If necessary, they are prevented from harming themselves or others. Hospitalized patients are increasingly being managed in a multidisciplinary fashion, meaning patients may encounter a variety of [[nurse|nursing staff]], [[occupational therapy|occupational therapists]], psychotherapists, [[social work]]ers and other healthcare professionals. == The DSM system == In the United States, the standard system of psychiatric diagnoses is given in the ''[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]]'' (known as the ''DSM''), overseen and revised by the [[American Psychiatric Association]]. It is currently in its fourth revised edition (''IV-TR'', published 2000) and is based on five axes: * ''Axis I:'' Psychiatric disorders * ''Axis II:'' [[Personality disorder]]s / [[mental retardation]] * ''Axis III:'' General medical conditions * ''Axis IV:'' Social functioning and impact of symptoms * ''Axis V:'' [[Global Assessment of Functioning]] (described using a scale from 1 to 100) Common axis I disorders include [[substance dependence]] and [[Substance abuse|abuse]] (e.g. [[alcohol dependence]]); mood disorders (e.g. [[Clinical depression|depression]], [[bipolar disorder]]); psychotic disorders (e.g. [[schizophrenia]], [[schizoaffective disorder]]); and [[anxiety disorders]] (e.g. [[post-traumatic stress disorder]], [[obsessive-compulsive disorder]]). Axis II disorders include [[borderline personality disorder]], [[schizotypal personality disorder]], [[avoidant personality disorder]] and [[antisocial personality disorder]]. The intention is to create a set of diagnoses that are replicable and meaningful, although the categories are broad and many of the symptoms overlap. While the system was originally intended to enhance research into both diagnosis and treatment, the nomenclature is now one of two standards widely used by clinicians, administrators and insurance companies in many countries. However, it has been critiqued for being vague, poorly defined and lacking proper scientific foundation <ref>http://www.apa.org/books/431668A.html</ref>. <!--The following better placed in the DSM article? : These standards have been given legal weight within the criminal justice system and for involuntary commitment. This has lead to heated controversy over defining standards. [[Homosexuality]], for instance, was included as a diagnosis in the DSM until 1973.--> ICD-10 ([[ICD|International Classification of Diseases]])-the ICD 10 published by the WHO is used world wide and is considered atleast on par with the DSM system though the lack of a case example version is telling. The ICD 10 is comparable in accuracy of diagnoses excepting certain categories which are more due to social differences in the countries themselves.For example disruptive disorders of childhood are diagnosed to a greater extent in the U.S than the U.K. The two systems were designed to be compatible generally but there are inherent anomalies in both. == Contrast with psychology == ''Main articles: [[Psychology]], [[Clinical Psychology]]'' Psychology is the study of human behavior and thought processes. Psychology is as much a field of academic study (like [[biology]] or [[sociology]]) as a profession, and as a whole, is concerned with the whole range of everyday human behavior as much as it is the study of mental illness. Clinical psychology is the application of psychology to problematic mental distress in a health and social care context. Psychiatrists, being medical doctors, can prescribe drugs, while psychologists cannot. {{see also|Mental health professional}} == Professional requirements == In general, being a qualified medical practitioner is a prerequisite for entering training to become a psychiatrist, though the process and time spent may vary from country to country. In the [[United States]], psychiatrists can be board certified as specialists in their field. After completing four years of college, then 4 years of medical school, these physicians practise as psychiatry residents for another four years. Psychiatry residents are required to complete at least four post-graduate months of internal medicine or pediatrics and two months of neurology during the first year. After completing their training, psychiatrists take written and then oral board examinations administered by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (ABPN). In [[Australia]], after completing a medical degree and two years of experience as a junior doctor (intern, then RMO or Resident Medical Officer), doctors must complete five years as a psychiatry registrar, including six month rotations in child and consultation-liaison psychiatry, and pass written and clinical exams prior to gaining qualifications as a Consultant Psychiatrist. The professional body of psychiatrists is known as the [[RANZCP]] (Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists). In the [[United Kingdom]], people gain a five-year bachelor's degree in general physical medicine, after which they are allowed the title 'doctor'; then they work as a [[senior house officer]] (SHO) in psychiatry for 2-3 years while sitting postgraduate exams, after which they may apply for a [[specialist registrar]] post, which may be in any one of several areas of specialization within psychiatry. There are several different areas of specialization in which one may train as a specialist registrar (the 3-4 years of career advancement required before becoming a senior physician or [[Consultant (medicine)|consultant]]), which are general adult psychiatry, child and adolescent psychiatry, psychogeriatrics, forensic psychiatry, and psychotherapy. After this period as a specialist registrar, one has to be approved by the [[Royal College of Psychiatrists]] as a specialist in the chosen field before going on to apply for a consultant post in that field. In other countries, similar rules usually apply. Some psychiatrists specialize in helping certain age groups; child and adolescent psychiatrists work with children and teenagers in addressing psychological problems. Those who work with the elderly are called geriatric psychiatrists, or in the UK, psychogeriatricians. Those who practise psychiatry in the workplace are called [[Industrial_and_organizational_psychology|industrial psychiatrists]] in the US ("occupational psychology" is the name used for the most similar discipline in the UK). Psychiatrists working in the courtroom and reporting to the judge and jury (in both criminal and civil court cases) are called [[forensic psychiatrist]]s, who also treat mentally disordered offenders and other patients whose condition is such that they have to be treated in secure units. == History == Psychiatric illnesses are sometimes characterized as disorders of the [[mind]] rather than the [[brain]], although the distinction is not always obvious and has changed in the last few decades as understanding of the treated illnesses grew. Many conditions have been linked to biological or chemical abnormalities in the brain's psychology, but for some conditions the [[etiology]] and [[pathogenesis]] are still the subject of intense research. For a long period of history, [[neurology]] and psychiatry were a single discipline, and following their division the tremendous advances in [[neurosciences]] (especially in [[genetics]] and [[neuroimaging]]) recently are bringing areas of the two disciplines back together. Indeed, in a 2002 review article in the [[American Journal of Psychiatry]], Professor [[Joseph B. Martin]], Dean of [[Harvard Medical School]] and a neurologist by training, wrote that "the separation of the (neurological versus psychiatric disorders) is arbitrary, often influenced by beliefs rather than proven scientific observations. And the fact that the brain and mind are one makes the separation artificial anyway." <ref name="Martin 2002">Martin J. B. "The integration of neurology, psychiatry and neuroscience in the 21st century". ''Am. J. of Psychiatry'' 2002; 159:695-704. [http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/159/5/695 Fulltext]. PMID 11986119.</ref> One example of this is the overlap between the two fields in the treatment of illnesses such as Alzheimer's disease. Psychiatry was at first a pragmatic discipline that was part of general medicine, combining medicine and practical psychology. The work of [[Emil Kraepelin]] laid the foundations of scientific psychiatry. A neurologist, [[Sigmund Freud]], used these same powers of medically based observation to develop the field of [[psychoanalysis]]. For many years, particularly during the mid-twentieth century, Freudian theories dominated psychiatric thinking. The discovery of [[lithium pharmacology|lithium carbonate]] as a treatment for [[bipolar disorder]] (and, shortly thereafter, by the development of [[typical antipsychotics]] for treatment of [[schizophrenia]]), followed by the development of fields such as [[molecular biology]] and tools such as [[neuroimaging]] has led to psychiatry re-discovering its origins in physical and observational medicine. During the 20th Century psychiatry was often used by totalitarian regimes as part of a system to enforce political control. Typical examples include [[Nazi Germany]][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12817666&dopt=Abstract], the [[Soviet Union]] under the name of [[Psikhushka]], and the [[apartheid]] system in [[South Africa]][http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/1997/06160x76497.htm]. Is is apparently still used that way in [[China]] [http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/11/01/china11957.htm] and other countries. ===Deinstitutionalization=== During the last 40 years, the institutional confinement of people with the most severe and persistent forms of mental illness has been steadily declining. Among the reasons for this trend are advances in psychopharmacology, increases in public financial assistance for people with severe disabilities, and developments in community mental health treatment (for example, see [[psychosocial rehabilitation]] and [[assertive community treatment]]). Finally, this is the preference of the majority of the chronically mentally ill. ==Further considerations== ===Anti-psychiatry=== {{main|Anti-psychiatry}} Unlike most other areas of medicine, there exist movements opposed to the practices of &ndash; and, in some cases, the existence of &ndash; psychiatry. These movements mostly originated in the [[1960s]] and [[1970s]], led by figures such as [[David Cooper (psychiatrist)|David Cooper]], [[Thomas Szasz]] and [[R. D. Laing]]. In 1999, psychiatrist [[Peter Breggin]] founded a scholarly journal devoted exclusively to criticism of bio-psychiatry, ''Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry''<ref>http://www.springerpub.com/journal.aspx?jid=1523-150X</ref>. Some mental health professionals sympathetic to anti-psychiatric views claim that there are no known biological markers for many if not all the disorders the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|DSM]] purportedly identifies<ref>http://www.mindfreedom.org/mindfreedom/hungerstrike1.shtml#final</ref>. Also, though psychiatrists generally accept a medical model of mental disorders, some professionals and patients advocate a [[trauma model]], especially as regards schizophrenia<ref>http://primal-page.com/ps2.htm</ref><ref>http://www.rossinst.com</ref><ref>http://www.schizosavant.com/</ref>. ===Other criticisms=== * Criticism has been made regarding the need for improvement in psychiatric medications, as illustrated by studies of [[Pharmacogenetics|pharmacogenetic polymorphism]] showing that people of various ethnicities, for example one third of African American and Asian groups, have an increased risk of side effects and toxicity<ref name="Wells, 1998"/>. * As in any medical specialty, different individuals respond differently to a given drug. Unfortunately, side effects to psychiatric drugs are common and sometimes severe. Combined with the time period of therapeutic effect which generally takes between two and six weeks (but can draw out to several months), this can lead to prolonged periods where patients are sufferring distressing side effects. * Critics also question whether psychiatric drugs are disorder- or problem-specific in the way that is claimed (Moncrieff and Cohen, 2005). * The high rate of [[methylphenidate]] (Ritalin) use among school children in the U.S. has come under greater scrutiny{{fact}}. However this may be partly due to the shortage of child and adolescent psychiatrists (A Report of the Surgeon General, 2001) who are able to regulate such prescriptions. * Critics claim that there are problems in terms of diagnostic reliability, including misdiagnosis (Williams ''et al'', 1992; McGorry ''et al'', 1995; Hirschfeld ''et al'', 2003]), especially when comparing the criteria of the different psychiatric manuals (van Os ''et al'', 1999). Some critics add that the criteria for many "mental illnesses" are openly culturally biased, or are extremely subjective and create essentially random diagnoses. See [[Schizophrenia#Diagnostic_issues_and_controversies|Schizophrenia]]. * Another concern centers on the issue of [[involuntary commitment]], which centers on issues of [[civil liberties]] and personal freedoms. In the U.S. someone may be involuntarily detained for psychiatric examination for a period of time (usually 24 to 72 hours depending on the state) if a government official declares the subject to be a danger to himself or others. With the attestation of an examining physician that a patient meets strict criteria of dangerousness to himself or others resulting from symptoms of mental illness, a judge may extend this commitment. Opposition to involuntary commitment is diverse and includes simple arguments that involuntary commitment is now or is inherently unconstitutional. The laws regarding the involuntary treatment of children vary widely from state to state<ref>http://www.psychlaws.org/LegalResources/Index.htm</ref>. == Related terms == * [[Telepsychiatry]] * "[[Alienist]]" was a somewhat derogatory and now obsolete term for a psychiatrist or psychologist. * "Shrink", taken from "[[head shrinker]]", is a slang term for a psychiatrist or psychotherapist, sometimes treated as derogatory or offensive. == Footnotes == <div style=font-size:90%><references/></div> == References == * Hirschfeld ''et al'' 2003, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12633125 "Perceptions and impact of bipolar disorder: how far have we really come?"], ''J. Clin. Psychiatry'' vol.64(2), p.161-174. * McGorry PD, Mihalopoulos C, Henry L et al (1995) Spurious precision: procedural validity of diagnostic assessment in psychiatric disorders. ''American Journal of Psychiatry'' 152 (2) 220-223 * Moncrieff J, Cohen D. (2005). Rethinking models of psychotropic drug action. ''Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics'', 74, 145-153 * van Os J, Gilvarry C, Bale R et al (1999) A comparison of the utility of dimensional and categorical representations of psychosis. ''Psychological Medicine'' 29 (3) 595-606 * Williams, J.B., Gibbon, M., First, M., Spitzer, R., Davies, M., Borus, J., Howes, M., Kane, J., Pope, H., Rounsaville, B., and Wittchen, H. (1992). The structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R (SCID) II: Multi-site test-retest reliability. ''Archives of General Psychiatry'', 49, 630-636. == See also == {{wikibooks|Psychiatry}} {{wikiquote}} * [[Anti-psychiatry]] * [[Biological psychiatry]] * [[Chemical imbalance theory]] * [[Cognitive neuropsychiatry]] * [[Ethnopsychopharmacology]] * [[International Center for the Study of Psychiatry and Psychology]] * [[Neurology]] * [[Neuropsychiatry]] * [[Mental health]] * [[Mental health professional]] * [[Psychiatric survivors movement]] * [[Psychoanalysis]] * [[Psychopathology]] * [[Psychopharmacology]] * [[Psychotherapy]] * [[Scientology and psychiatry]] ===Lists=== * [[List of famous figures in psychiatry|Famous figures in psychiatry]] * [[List of fictional psychiatrists|Fictional psychiatrists]] * [[List of psychiatric drugs|Psychiatric drugs]] ** [[List of psychiatric drugs by condition treated|by condition treated]] * Significant publications in: ** [[List of publications in medicine|Medicine]] ** [[List of publications in biology#Psychiatry|Psychiatry]] ** [[List of publications in psychology|Psychology]] == External links == * [http://www.wpanet.org/ World Psychiatric Association] * [http://www.mentalhealth.samhsa.gov/topics/explore/culture/ Culture and Ethnicity, National Mental Health Information Center, SAMHSA] * [http://www.psych.org American Psychiatric Association] * [http://www.psychiatryonline.com DSM-IV-TR online] * [http://www.ajp.psychiatryonline.org The American Journal of Psychiatry] * [http://www.aacap.org American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry] * [http://www.childadvocate.net/childmentalhealth/ Child Mental Health] - Addresses mental disorders, behavioral disorders, child abuse, trauma, disaster and medication issues * [http://journalreview.org/spage.php?specialty_id=18&sdesc=Psychiatry On-Line Psychiatry Journal Club (via JournalReview.org)] * [http://www.psychomedia.it/index2.htm PSYCHOMEDIA The First Italian Portal on Psychiatry Psychology Psychoanalysis Psychotherapy] * [http://www.birchmore.clara.net/camhs/ Resources for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry] * [http://www.who.int/entity/classifications/icd/en/bluebook.pdf ICD 10 "Blue Book"] * [http://www.mentalhealth.com/ Internet Mental Health] * [http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/ The Royal College Of Psychiatrists] {{Medicine}} <!--Categories--> [[Category:Medical specialties]] [[Category:Mental health]] [[Category:Psychiatry| ]] <!--Other languages--> [[af:Psigiatrie]] [[ca:Psiquiatria]] [[da:Psykiatri]] [[de:Psychiatrie]] [[es:Psiquiatría]] [[eo:Psikiatrio]] [[eu:Psikiatria]] [[fr:Psychiatrie]] [[ga:Síciatracht]] [[it:Psichiatria]] [[he:פסיכיאטריה]] [[la:Psychiatria]] [[lt:Psichiatrija]] [[hu:Pszichiátria]] [[nl:Psychiatrie]] [[ja:精神医学]] [[no:Psykiatri]] [[nn:Psykiatri]] [[pl:Psychiatria]] [[pt:Psiquiatria]] [[ru:Психиатрия]] [[sl:Psihiatrija]] [[sk:Psychiater]] [[sh:Psihijatrija]] [[fi:Psykiatria]] [[sv:Psykiatri]] [[zh:精神病学]] 2305 6859 2006-09-16T04:07:59Z Eukesh 93 '''Public health''' is concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on [[population health]] analysis. [[Health]] is defined and promoted differently by many organizations. The [[World Health Organization]], the United Nations body that sets standards and provides global surveillance of [[disease]], defines health as: "''A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.''" The population in question can be as big as a handful of people or, in the case of a [[pandemic]], whole continents. Public health has many sub-fields, but is typically divided into the categories of [[epidemiology]], [[biostatistics]] and health [[service]]s. [[Environmental Health|Environmental]], social and behavioral health, and [[occupational Health]], are also important fields in public health. ==Objectives== The focus of a public health intervention is to prevent rather than treat a disease through surveillance of cases and the promotion of healthy behaviors. In addition to these activities, in many cases treating a disease can be vital to preventing it in others, such as during an outbreak of an [[infectious disease]]. [[Vaccination]] programs and distribution of [[condom]]s are examples of public health measures. Many countries have their own government agencies, sometimes known as ministries of health, to respond to domestic health issues. In the [[United States]], the frontline of public health initiatives are state and local [[health department]]s. The Surgeon General-led [[United States Public Health Service]], and the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] in [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]], although based in the United States, are also involved with several international health issues in addition to their national duties. There is a vast discrepancy between access to healthcare and public health intiatives between [[developed nations]] and [[developing nations]]. In the developing world, many public health infrastructures are still forming. There may not be enough trained health workers or monetary resources to provide even a basic level of medical care and disease prevention. As a result, a large majority of disease and mortality in the developing world results from and contributes to extreme poverty. In many countries in Africa, governments spend less than [[United States dollar|USD$]]10 per person on healthcare, while, in the United States, the [[federal government of the United States|federal government]] spent approximately USD$4,500 per capita in 2000. Many diseases are preventable through simple, non-medical methods. Public health plays a very important role in prevention efforts in the developing world, either through the local health system or through international [[non-governmental organization]]s. The major postgraduate degree related to this field is the [[Master of Public Health]] (M.P.H.) or Master of Health Science, while the United States medical residency specialty is General Preventive Medicine and Public Health. ==History of public health== In some ways, public health is a modern concept, although it has roots in antiquity. From the early beginnings of human civilization, it was recognized that polluted [[water]] and lack of proper [[waste disposal]] may spread [[vector (biology)|vector]]-borne diseases. Early [[religion]]s attempted to regulate behavior that specifically related to health, from types of [[food]] eaten, to the extent which certain behaviors could be indulged, such as drinking [[alcohol]] or [[human sexual behaviour|sexual relations]]. The establishment of [[government]]s placed responsibility on [[leadership|leader]]s to develop public health policies and programs to gain some understanding of the causes of [[disease]] to ensure stability, [[wealth|prosperity]], and maintain order. ==Early public health interventions== By [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] times, it was well understood that proper [[waste management|diversion of human waste]] was a necessary tenet of public health in urban areas. The [[history of China|Chinese]] developed the practice of [[variolation]] following a [[smallpox]] epidemic around [[1000 BC]]. An individual without the disease could gain some measure of immunity against it by inhaling the dried crusts that formed around lesions of infected individuals. Also, children were protected by [[innoculation|innoculating]] a scratch on their forearms with the pus from a lesion. This practice was not documented in the West until the early-[[1700s]], and was used on a very limited basis. The practice of [[vaccination]] did not become prevalent until the [[1820s]], following the work of [[Edward Jenner]] to treat [[smallpox]]. During the 14th century [[Black Death]] in [[Europe]], it was believed that removing bodies of the dead would further prevent the spread of the bacterial infection. This did little to stem the plague, however, which was most probably spread by [[rodent]]-borne [[flea]]s. Burning areas of cities resulted in much greater benefit, since it removed the rodent infestations. The development of [[quarantine]] in the medieval period helped mitigate the effects of other infectious diseases. However, according to [[Michel Foucault]], the plague model of [[governmentality]] was to be opposed to the later [[cholera]] model. Cholera, which second pandemic devastated Europe between 1829 and 1851, was first fought by the use of what Foucault called "social medecine", which focused on flux, circulation of air, location of [[cemeteries]], etc. All those concerns, born of the [[miasma theory of disease]], were thus mixed with [[urbanism|urbanistic]] concerns of the management of populations, which Foucault designed by the concept of "[[biopower]]". The science of [[epidemiology]] was founded by [[John Snow (physician)|John Snow]]'s identification of a polluted public water well as the cause of an 1854 [[cholera]] outbreak in London. John believed in the [[germ theory]] of disease as opposed to the prevailing [[Miasma theory of disease|miasma theory]]. Although miasma theory taught correctly that disease is a result of poor sanitation, it was based only upon the prevailing theory of [[spontaneous generation]]. [[Microorganisms]], which are now known to cause many of the most common infectious diseases, were first observed around 1680 by [[Anton van Leeuwenhoek]]. But the modern era of public health did not begin until the [[1880s]], when the culmination of [[Robert Koch]]'s germ theory and [[Louis Pasteur]]'s production of artificial [[vaccine]]s revolutionized the study of infectious disease. ==Modern public health== As the rate of infectious diseases in the developed world decreased through the 20th century, public health began to put more focus on chronic diseases such as cancer and heart disease. Meanwhile, the developing world remained plagued by largely preventable infectious diseases, exacerbated by malnutrition and poverty. Since the 1980s, the growing field of [[population health]] has broadened the focus of public health from individual behaviors and risk factors to population-level issues such as inequality, poverty, and education. Modern public health is often concerned with the addressing determinants of health across a population, rather than advocating for individual behaviour change. There is a recognition that our health is affected by many factors including where we live, genetics, our income, our educational status and our social relationships - these are known as "social determinants of health." A social gradient in health runs through society, with those that are poorest generally suffering the worst health. However even those in the ''middle classes'' will generally have worse health outcomes than those of a higher social stratum (WHO, 2003). The ''new'' public health seeks to address these health inequalities by advocating for population-based policies that improve the health of the whole population in an equitable fashion. ==Public health programs== Today, most governments recognize the importance of public health programs in reducing the incidence of disease, disability, and the effects of aging, although public health generally receives significantly less government funding compared with medicine. In recent years, public health programs providing vaccinations have made incredible strides in promoting health, including the eradication of smallpox, a disease that plagued humanity for thousands of years. One of the most important public health issues facing the world currently is [[HIV/AIDS]]. Tuberculosis, which claimed the lives of authors [[Franz Kafka]] and [[Charlotte Brontë]], and composer [[Franz Schubert]], among others, is also reemerging as a major concern due to the rise of HIV/AIDS-related infections and the development of strains resistant to standard antibiotics. A controversial aspect of public health is that related to the control of [[Tobacco smoking|smoking]]. Many nations have implemented major initiatives to cut smoking, such as increased taxation and bans on smoking in some or all public places. Proponents argue that smoking is one of the major killers in all developed countries, and that they have a duty to reduce the death rate, both through limiting passive smoking and by providing fewer opportunities for smokers to smoke. Opponents say that this undermines individual freedom and personal responsibility, (often using the phrase [[nanny state]] in the UK) and worrying that the state may take power to remove more and more choice in the name of better population health overall. ==Economics of public health== The application of [[health economics]] to the realm of public health has been rising in importance since the [[1980s]]. Health economics studies can show, for example, where limited public resources might best be spent to save lives or cause the greatest increase in quality of life. ==See also== * [[:Category:French health organisations]] * [[Chief Medical Officer]] * [[Globalization and health]] * [[Health Impact Assessment]] * [[Health literacy]] * [[Health reform]] * [[Health policy analysis]] * [[Hygiene]] * [[Mary Mallon|"Typhoid Mary"]] &ndash; an important case of the clash of individual rights and public health * [[Population health]] * [[Public health law]] * [[Public health laboratories]] * [[Public health in the People's Republic of China]] * [[Public Health - Seattle & King County]] * [[Reproductive health]] * [[Sewer]] * [[Water supply]] * [[Auxology]] ==References== *[http://www.who.int/about/definition/en/ WHO Definition of Health] Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, 1946 *[[Control of Communicable Diseases Manual]] edited by James B. Chin, APHA, 2000 *[[Encyclopedia of public health]] edited by Lester Breslow, Macmillan Reference 2002 *[[The Solid Facts: Social Determinants of Health]] edited by Richard Wilkinson and Michael Marmot, WHO, 2003 *CCC. (2006), Public Health Emergency Response Guide for State, Local, and Tribal Public Health Directors. Retrieved April10, 2006, from: http://www.bt.cdc.gov/planning/responseguide.asp *Department of Homeland Security (2004) National Response Plan. Retrieved April 11, 2006, from http://www.dhs.gov/interweb/assetlibrary/NRPbaseplan.pdf ==External links== * [http://www.who.int World Health Organization] * [http://www.cdc.gov Centers for Disease Control]: [http://www.cdc.gov/phin/ Public Health Information Network] * [http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca Public Health Agency of Canada] * [http://www.naccho.org National Association of County and City Health Officials] The national organization representing local public health officials; based in Washington, DC. * [http://www.astho.org Association of State and Territorial Health Officials] Organization representing heads of state public health agencies. * [http://www.asph.org/ Association of Schools of Public Health] * [http://www.healthyamericans.org Trust for America's Health] * [http://www.nrdc.org/health/default.asp Natural Resources Defense Council: Toxic chemicals and health] * [http://www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk/Tutorials/Tutorials.html U Leicester Online Tutorials] * [http://www.globalizationandhealth.com Globalization and Health] A peer reviewed, open access journal * [http://depts.washington.edu/eqhlth Population Health Forum] * [http://www.who.dk/document/e81384.pdf The Solid Facts, the Social Determinants of Health] * [http://www.publichealthradio.org/ Public Health Radio] A monthly program covering public health topics. * [http://www.academyhealth.org/ Academy Health, Advancing Research, Policy and Practice] * [http://www.kingsfund.org.uk/health_topics/public_health.html King's Fund - information and resources on UK public health] * [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=topics.home&topic_id=116811 The Woodrow Wilson Center's Global Health Initiative] * [http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Publications/content/1Seminars/Index.htm A CICRED book for download on demographic evaluation of health programs] {{Medicine}} [[Category:Public health|*]] [[Category:Health economics]] [[Category:Sociology]] [[ca:Salut pública]] [[de:Gesundheitswissenschaften]] [[es:Salud pública]] [[fr:Santé publique]] [[hr:Zdravstvo]] [[id:Ilmu kesehatan masyarakat]] [[ja:公衆衛生]] [[pl:Zdrowie publiczne]] [[pt:Saúde Pública]] [[sh:Zdravstvo]] [[vi:Y tế công cộng]] [[zh:公共卫生]] 2306 6860 2006-09-16T04:08:52Z Eukesh 93 [[Image:Pneumonia_x-ray.jpg|right|thumb|''Image A'': A normal [[chest X-ray]]. ''Image B'': [[Q fever]] pneumonia.]] '''Radiology''' is the medical specialty directing [[Medical Imaging]] technologies to diagnose and sometimes treat diseases. Traditionally it was the branch of [[medicine|medical]] science dealing with the medical use of [[X-ray]]s emitted by [[X-ray machine]]s or other such [[radiation]] devices for the purpose of obtaining visual information as part of [[medical imaging]]. Radiologists now also direct other imaging technologies (such as [[ultrasound]], [[computed tomography]] (CT) and [[magnetic resonance imaging]]) to diagnose or treat disease. [[Interventional radiology]] is the performance of (usually [[minimally invasive]]) medical procedures with the guidance of imaging technologies. The routine, technical aspects of [[medical imaging]] are known as [[radiography]] and are carried out by the radiographer or [[radiologic technologist]]. [[Nuclear medicine]] is the use of unsealed [[radiation]] sources within the body. Outside of the medical field, radiology also encompasses the examination of the inner structure of objects using X-rays or other penetrating radiation. == Subdivisions == As a medical specialty, radiology can be classified into subfields. * [[Diagnostic radiology]] is concerned with the use of various imaging modalities to aid in the [[diagnosis]] of [[disease]]. Radiology can be used for therapeutic purposes as well. * [[Interventional radiology]] uses imaging to guide therapeutic procedures. * [[Neuroradiology]] is the sub-specialty in the field of [[Central nervous system]] imaging. * [[Radiation therapy]] uses [[radiation]] to treat diseases such as [[cancer]]. While originally encompassed within radiology, [[radiation oncology]] is now a separate field. == Radiologist Training == Diagnostic radiologists must complete four years of [[medical school]] ([[M.D.]] or [[D.O.]]) plus five years of post-graduate training ([[residency (medicine)|residency]]). The first year of residency is a preliminary year in medicine, surgery or both, after which a four-year diagnostic radiology residency follows. During residency, both oral and written national examinations must be passed for board certification in diagnostic radiology. There are two separate written examinations required for certification by the [[American Board of Radiology]], one covering the [[physics]] of [[medical imaging]] which is usually taken at the beginning of the second or third year, and a second covering clinical diagnostic imaging knowledge which is usually taken at the beginning of the third or fourth year. Both written exams must be passed before being eligible to take the oral examination, which is typically taken at the end of the fourth year. After completion of residency, radiologists may choose to either practice or enter into a [[fellowship]] program in a radiologic subspecialty (such as abdominal CT, [[magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]], [[musculoskeletal system|musculoskeletal]] imaging, [[interventional radiology]], [[neuroradiology]], [[pediatric radiology]], etc.). Fellowship training programs typically last between one-to-two years. Radiology is currently considered a highly competitive field. Radiologists generally enjoy good [[compensation]] as well as a good balance between time required at work and time spent away from work. The field is rapidly expanding due to advances in computer technology which is closely linked to modern imaging. The exams ([[radiography]]) are usually performed by [[radiologic technologist]]s, (also known as diagnostic radiographers) who in the United States have a 2-year Associates Degree and the UK a 3 year Honours Degree. == Diagnostic radiology == Commonly used imaging modalities include plain [[radiography]], [[computed tomography]] ([[Computed axial tomography|CT]]), magnetic resonance imaging ([[MRI]]), [[ultrasound]], and [[Nuclear medicine|nuclear imaging techniques]]. These techniques are usually [[non-invasive (medical)|non-invasive]]. Each of these modalities has strengths and limitations which dictate its use in diagnosis. ==Acquisition of radiological images== ''Main article: [[Radiography]]'' Patients have the following procedures to provide images for Radiological decisions to be made. ===Projection radiography=== [[Radiograph]]s (or Roentgenographs, named after the discoverer of X-rays, [[Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen]] (1845-1923)) are often used for evaluation of [[bone|bony]] structures and soft tissues. ===Fluoroscopy=== ''Main article: [[Fluoroscopy]] [[Fluoroscopy]] and [[angiography]] are special applications of [[X-ray]] imaging, where a fluorescent screen or image intensifier tube is connected to a closed-circuit television system, which allows real-time imaging of structures in motion or augmented with a [[radiocontrast]] agent. Radiocontrast agents are administered, often swallowed or injected into the body of the patient, to help delineate anatomy such as the blood vessels, the genitourinary system or the [[gastrointestinal tract]]. Specific radiocontrast agents are used for specific types of evaluations; for example, barium in a suspension is administered into the gastrointestinal tract and imaged with fluoroscopy or radiography. Radiocontrast agents, which strongly absorb X-ray radiation, in conjunction with the real-time imaging allows demonstration of dynamic processes, such as [[peristalsis]] in the digestive tract or blood flow in arteries and veins. === CT scanning === ''Main article: [[Computed tomography]]'' [[Computed tomography|CT]] imaging uses X-rays in conjunction with computing algorithms to image a variety of soft tissues in the body. CT is acquired in the [[Anatomical terms of location|axial]] plane, while coronal and sagittal images can be rendered by computer reconstruction. Radiocontrast agents are often used with CT for enhanced delineation of anatomy. Intravenous contrast allows 3D reconstructions of arteries and veins. Although radiographs provide higher resolution for bone X-rays, CT can generate much more detailed images of the soft tissues. CT exposes the patient to more ionizing radiation than a radiograph. === Ultrasound === ''Main article: [[Medical ultrasonography]]'' [[Medical ultrasonography]] uses [[ultrasound]] (high-frequency sound waves) to visualize soft tissue structures in the body in real time. No [[ionizing radiation]] is involved, but the quality of the images obtained using ultrasound is highly dependent on the skill of the person (ultrasonographer) performing the exam. The use of ultrasound in medical imaging has developed mostly within the last 30 years. The first ultrasound images were static and two dimensional (2D), but with modern-day ultrasonography 3D reconstructions can be observed in real-time; effectively becoming 4D. Because ultrasound does not utilize ionizing radiation, unlike x-rays, nuclear medicine, MRI, and CT scans, it is generally considered safer and therefore the modality plays a vital role in [[Obstetric ultrasonography|obstetrical imaging]]. Fetal development can be thoroughly evalauted allowing early diagnosis of fetal anomalies or confirmation of a normal gestation. ''Color flow Doppler'' well documents the severity of [[peripheral vascular disease]]. [[Stenosis]] of the [[carotid arteries]] can herald cerebral infarcts ([[strokes]]). A [[Deep vein thrombosis|DVT]] in the legs can be found via ultrasound before it dislodges and travels to the brain (creating a stroke), heart (creating coronary blockage), or lungs ([[pulmonary embolism]]), all of which are fatal if left untreated. Ultrasound is useful for image-guided interventions like [[biopsy|biopsies]] and drainages such as [[thoracentesis]]). It is also used in the treatment of [[kidney stones]] (renal lithiasis) via [[lithotripsy]]. Small portable ultrasound devices now replace [[peritoneal lavage]] in the triage of [[Physical trauma|trauma]] victims by directly assessing for the presence of [[hemorrhage]] in the [[peritoneum]] and the integrity of the major [[viscera]] including the [[liver]], [[spleen]] and [[kidneys]]. Extensive hemoperitoneum (bleeding inside the body cavity) or injury to the major organs may require emergent surgical exploration and repair. === MRI/NMR === ''Main article: [[Magnetic resonance imaging]]'' [[Image:dicom mr.jpg|thumb|MR image of human knee]] [[MRI]] uses strong magnetic fields to align spinning [[atomic nucleus|atomic nuclei]] (usually [[hydrogen]] [[proton (physics)|proton]]s) within body tissues, then uses a radio signal to disturb the axis of rotation of these nuclei and observes the [[radio frequency]] signal generated as the nuclei return to their baseline states. MRI scans give the best soft tissue contrast of all the imaging modalities. With advances in scanning speed and spatial resolution, and improvements in computer 3D algorithms and hardware, MRI has great potential for development in the next few years. One disadvantage is that the patient has to hold still for long periods of time in a noisy, cramped space while the imaging is performed. Recent improvements in magnet design like wider, shorter magnet bores and more open magnet designs, have brought some relief for claustrophobic patients. MRI has great benefit in imaging the brain,spine, and musculoskeletal system. The modality can be contraindicated for patients with pacemakers, certain types of cerebral aneurysmal clips or metallic hardware due to the strong magnetic fields. Areas of potential advancement include functional imaging, cardiovascular MRI, as well as MR image guided therapy. === Nuclear medicine === ''Main article: [[Nuclear medicine]]'' [[Nuclear medicine]] imaging involves the administration into the patient of substances labelled with radioactive tracers which have affinity for particular tissues. The [[heart]], [[lung]]s, [[thyroid]], [[liver]], [[gallbladder]], and bones are commonly evaluated for particular conditions using these techniques. While [[anatomy|anatomical]] detail is limited in these studies, nuclear medicine is useful in displaying [[physiology|physiological]] function. As such, processes such as the growth of a [[tumor]] can often be monitored, even when the tumor cannot be adequately visualized using any of the other modalities. The principal imaging device is the [[gamma camera]] which detects the radiation emitted by the tracer in the body and displays it as an image. Often the information is converted into a series of slices through the body. In the most modern devices Nuclear Medicine images can be fused with a CT scan taken at the same time so that the [[physiological]] information can be overlayed on the anatomical structures to improve diagnostic accuracy. [[Positron emission tomography|PET]] scanning also falls under "nuclear medicine." The applications of nuclear medicine can include [[bone scan|bone scanning]] which traditionally has had a strong role in the work-up/[[cancer staging|staging of cancers]]. [[SPECT|Myocardial perfusion]] imaging is a sensitive and specific [[Screening (medicine)|screening exam]] for reversible [[myocardial ischemia]], which when present requires [[angiography|angiographic]] confirmation and potentially life-saving [[balloon angioplasty]], [[stent|stenting]] or [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|cardiac bypass grafting]]. [[Molecular Imaging]] is the new and exciting frontier in this field. ==History of Radiology== Radiology began with [[Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen]]’s discovery of xrays in [[1895]]. In [[1905]] the first English book on chest radiography was published. During [[World War I]], [[Marie Curie|Maria Skłodowska-Curie]] pushed for the use of mobile [[radiography]] units for the treatment of wounded soldiers. She personally provided the radon tubes for the French Army. In [[1920]] the [[Society of Radiographers]] was formed. In [[1924]] [[Gilbert Stead]] published his ''Elementary Physics'' for medical and radiology students, helping bring radiology to the level of a generally recognized medical specialty. In [[1937]] a patient with [[leukemia]] was treated at the [[University of California at Berkeley]] in the first therapeutic use of radioactivity for cancer. Also in [[1937]], [[Joseph Gilbert Hamilton]] started to use radioactive iodine as a diagnostic and therapeutic agent in the treatment of [[thyroid disease]]. ==See also== *[[Radiobiology]] *[[Radiography]] *[[Radiosensitivity]] *[[Positron emission tomography]] == External links == * [http://www.ecr.org European Congress of Radiology] - the essential organization of radiologists in Europe and beyond. * [http://www.radiologyforums.com Radiology Forums] - online message boards for all radiology modalities. Share your knowledge and ideas. * [http://www.acr.org/s_acr/index.asp American College of Radiology] - The premier national organization for radiologists * [http://www.theabr.org The American Board of Radiology] - The national organization responsible for Board Certification in Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Radiation Physics * [http://www.rsna.org Radiology Society of North America] - huge amount of information on radiology, including links to online journals [http://radiology.rsnajnls.org/ Radiology] and [http://radiographics.rsnajnls.org/ Radiographics] * [http://www.arrs.org American Roentgen Ray Society] - much information on radiology, including online [http://www.ajronline.org/ American Journal of Roentgenology] * [http://www.cirse.org Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe] * [http://www.auntminnie.com Aunt Minnie] - Radiology News and sounding board for practicing radiologists, residents and medical students * [http://www.radiologyinfo.org RadiologyInfo] - The radiology information resource for patients * [http://www.nucmedinfo.com Nucmedinfo] - Nuclear Medicine Information * [http://www.sirweb.org Society of Interventional Radiology Website] * [http://www.radiologyworkers.com Radiology Career Information] * [http://journalreview.org/spage.php?specialty_id=19&sdesc=Radiology On-Line Radiology Journal Club (via JournalReview.org)] * [http://www.rtstudents.com Radiology] - online radiology portal for students and professionals. * [http://www.radiologyeducation.com A Digital Library of Radiology Education Resources] * [http://www.pediatricradiology.com A pediatric radiology digital library] * [http://www.radiologywiki.org RadiologyWiki.org] - A radiology specific wiki with a focus on education * [http://www.wikirad.svhrad.com WikiRad] - A radiology resident oriented wiki * [http://wikiradiology.homelinux.org:28765/wikiradiology/index.php/Main_Page WikiRadiology] - online resource for registrars and consultants. * [http://www.sumerdoc.blogspot.com Sumer's Radiology Site] - A radiology blog working as an online radiology magazine * [http://www.oar.info Ontario Association of Radiologists] Ontario, Canada * [http://www.rcr.ac.uk/ Royal College of Radiologists] * [http://www.swsahs.nsw.gov.au/healthser/liv/NucMed/History.asp "Nuclear Medicine: History and Backbround"] {{Medicine}} [[Category:Radiology| ]] [[bg:Радиология]] [[da:Radiologi]] [[de:Radiologie]] [[es:Radiología]] [[eu:Erradiologia]] [[ko:방사선과]] [[id:Radiologi]] [[it:Radiologia]] [[nl:Radiologie]] [[ja:放射線医学]] [[no:Radiologi]] [[pl:Radiologia]] [[pt:Radiologia]] [[ru:Рентгенология]] [[sq:Radiologjia]] [[sk:Rádiológia]] [[sl:Radiologija]] [[fi:Radiologia]] [[sv:Radiologi]] [[th:รังสีวิทยา]] [[tr:Radyoloji]] [[zh:影像诊断学]] 2307 7389 2006-10-14T03:58:29Z Jose77 104 {{Eng}} [[Image:Kirschner_wires_ulna.jpg|thumb|Intraoperative X-Ray of a [[Humerus]] fixated by [[Kirschner wire]]s]] '''Surgery''' (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|el|''cheirourgia''}} meaning "hand work") is the medical specialty that treats [[disease]]s or injuries by operative manual and instrumental treatment. '''Surgeons''' may be [[physician]]s, [[dentist]]s, or [[veterinarian]]s who specialize in surgery. A '''surgery''' can also refer to the place where surgery is performed, or simply the office of a physician, [[dentist]], or [[veterinarian]]. == History == In [[2001]], archaeologists studying the remains of two men from [[Mehrgarh]], [[Pakistan]], made the discovery that the people of [[Indus Valley Civilization]], even from the early [[Harappa]]n periods (c. [[3300 BC]]), had knowledge of medicine and dentistry. The physical anthropologist that carried out the examinations, Professor Andrea Cucina from the University of Missouri-Columbia, made the discovery when he was cleaning the teeth from one of the men (see [[History of medicine]]). Later research in the same area found evidence of teeth having been drilled, dating back 9,000 years. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4882968.stm] Researchers have uncovered an [[Ancient Egypt]]ian [[mandible]], dated to approximately [[2800 BC|2750 BC]], with two perforations just below the root of the first [[molar (tooth)|molar]], indicating the draining of an abscessed [[tooth]]. Recent excavations of the construction workers of the [[Egyptian pyramids]] also led to the discovery of evidence of [[brain surgery]] on a labourer, who continued living for two years afterwards. [[India]]n physician [[Sushruta]] (c. 600 BC) is an important figure in the history of surgery. He lived, taught and practiced his art of surgery on the banks of the [[Ganges]] in the area that corresponds to the present day city of [[Benares]] in [[North India|Northern India]]. Because of his seminal and numerous contributions to the science and art of surgery he is also known by the title "Father of Surgery". Much of what is known about this inventive surgeon is contained in a series of volumes he authored, which are collectively known as the ''Susrutha Samhita''. It is the oldest known surgical text and it describes in exquisite detail the examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of numerous ailments, as well as procedures on performing [[plastic surgery]]. Surgeons are now considered to be specialised [[physician]]s, the profession of surgeon and that of physician have different historical roots and surgeons have now even subspecialised as have physicians. For example, Greek tradition was against opening the body and the [[Hippocratic Oath]] warns physicians against the practice of surgery, specifically that ''cutting persons laboring under the stone'', i.e. [[lithotomy]], an operation to relieve [[kidney stones]], was to be left to ''such persons as practice [it].'' Of course, most knowledge of surgery comes from [[autopsy|dissecting bodies]], a science which was repulsive to many healers. By the thirteenth century, many European towns were demanding that physicians have several years of study or training before they could practice. [[Montpellier,]] [[Padua]] and [[Bologna]] Universities were particularly interested in the academic side to Surgery, and by the fifteenth century at the latest, Surgery was a separate university subject to Physic. Surgery had a lower status than pure medicine, beginning as a craft tradition until [[Rogerius (physician)|Rogerius Salernitanus]] composed his ''Chirurgia'', which laid the foundation for the species of the occidental surgical manuals, influencing them up to modern times. Among the first modern surgeons were battlefield doctors in the [[Napoleonic Wars]] who were primarily concerned with [[amputation]]. Naval surgeons were often barber-surgeons, who combined surgery with their main jobs as barbers. In [[London]], an [[operating theatre]] or [[operating room]] from the day before modern [[anaesthesia]] or [[antiseptic]] surgery still exists, and is open to the public. It is found in the roof space of [[St Thomas Church]], Southwark, London and is called the [[Old Operating Theatre]]. Surgery recently came under the domain of [[wikt:unmanned|unmanned]] [[robot]]s [http://www.dlmag.com/1653/robot-successfully-completes-unassisted-heart-surgery.html] (see [[robotic surgery]]). == Development of modern surgery == Before the advent of [[anesthesia]], surgery was a traumatically painful procedure and surgeons were encouraged to be as swift as possible to minimize patient suffering. This also meant that operations were largely restricted to [[amputation]]s and external growth removals. In addition, the need for strict [[hygiene]] during procedures was little understood, which often resulted in life threatening post-operative [[infection]]s in patients. Beginning in the [[1840s]], surgery began to change dramatically in character with the discovery of effective and practical anaesthetic chemicals such as [[diethyl ether|ether]] and [[chloroform]]. In addition to relieving patient suffering, anaesthesia allowed more intricate operations in the internal regions of the human body. In addition, the discovery of [[muscle relaxant]]s such as [[curare]] allowed for safer applications. However, the move to longer operations increased the danger of dangerous complications since the prolonged exposure of surgical wounds to the open air heightened the chance of infections. It was only in the late [[19th century]] with the rise of [[microbiology]] with scientists like [[Louis Pasteur]] and innovative doctors who applied their findings like [[Joseph Lister]] did the idea of strict cleanliness and sterile settings during surgery arise. <!-- ''to be written'' ''mention [[Ambrose Pare]]'' --> In the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand surgeons are distinguished from physicians by being referred to as "[[Mister]]." This tradition has its origins in the [[18th century]], when surgeons were [[barber-surgeon]]s and did not have a degree (or indeed any formal qualification), unlike [[physician]]s, who were doctors with a university medical degree. By the beginning of the [[19th century]], surgeons had obtained high status, and in [[1800]], the [[Royal College of Surgeons]] (RCS) in London began to offer surgeons a formal status via RCS membership. The title ''Mister'' became a badge of honour, and today only surgeons who hold the Membership or Fellowship of one of the [[Royal Surgical Colleges]] are entitled to call themselves [[Mister]], [[Miss]], [[Mrs]] or [[Ms.|Ms]]. In contrast, North American physicians and surgeons are always addressed as "Doctor." == Diseases that can be treated by surgery == * [[Physical trauma|Trauma]] * Anatomical Abnormalities * Disorders of function * [[Inflammation]] * [[Ischemia|Ischaemia]] and [[infarction]] * [[Metabolic disease|Metabolic disorders]] * [[Neoplasia]] * Other abnormalities of tissue growth, e.g. [[cyst]]s, [[hyperplasia]] or [[hypertrophy]] == Common surgical procedures == *Of the eight most common surgical procedures in the [[United States|US]], four are [[obstetrics|obstetric]]: ** [[episiotomy]], ** repair of obstetric [[laceration]], ** [[cesarean section]], and ** artificial rupture of the [[amnion|amniotic membrane]]. *The most common non-obstetric surgeries include: ** [[extraction (dental)|dental extraction]] ** [[circumcision]] <!-- Note to other editors: the previous paragraphs mentioned "the eight most common surgical procedures". Hopefully another editor will know what the other two are in order to complete this list. --> According to [[1996]] data from the US [[National Center for Health Statistics]], 40.3 million inpatient surgical procedures were performed in the United States in 1996, followed closely by 31.5 million outpatient surgeries. == Noted surgeons == : ''For a more complete list, see [[List of surgeons]].'' * [[William Stewart Halsted]] (initiated surgical residency training in U.S., first too-many-things-to-list) * [[Alfred Blalock]] (first modern day successful [[open heart surgery]] in 1944) * [[C. Walton Lillehei]] (labeled "Father of modern day [[open heart surgery]]") * [[Christiaan Barnard]] (cardiac surgery, first [[heart transplantation]]) * [[Walter Freeman]] ([[lobotomy]]) * Sir [[Victor Horsley]] ([[neurosurgery]]) * [[Lars Leksell]] (neurosurgery, inventor of [[radiosurgery]]) * [[Joseph Lister]] (discoverer of surgical [[sepsis]], [[Listerine]] named in his honour) * [[Harvey Cushing]] (pioneer of brain surgery) ==Surgeries== *[[List of surgical procedures]] *[[Abdominal surgery]] *[[Cardiothoracic surgery]] *[[Dental surgery]] *[[Ophthalmic Surgery]] *[[Orthopedic surgery]] *[[General surgery]] *[[Laparoscopic surgery]] *[[Neurosurgery]] *[[Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery]] *[[Otorhinolaryngology]] *[[Plastic surgery]] *[[Remote surgery]] *[[Sexual reassignment surgery]] *[[Urology]] *[[Vascular surgery]] ==See also== *[[Biomaterial]] *[[drain (surgery)|Drain]] *[[Endoscopy]] *[[FACS]] *[[Hypnosurgery]] *[[Medicine]] *[[Minimally invasive procedure]] *[[Traumatology]] ==External links== * [http://www.hand-surgeon.com Hand-Surgeon.com] * [http://www.orthopedicsurgeon.com OrthopedicSurgeon.com] * [http://www.orthopedicsurgery.com OrthopedicSurgery.com] * [http://slaptear.com/arthroscopic_verses_open_surgery.html Comparison of shoulder scars for open verses arthroscopic surgeries] * [http://www.imageofsurgery.com/Surgery_history_art.htm The portrayal of surgery by various artists] * [http://jdc.jefferson.edu/milsurgusa/ A Manual of Military Surgery, by Samuel D. Gross, MD (1861). The manual used by doctors in the Union Army during the American Civil War.] * [http://journalreview.org/spage.php?specialty_id=20&sdesc=Surgery An On-Line Surgery Journal Club (via JournalReview.org)] * [http://www.americansurgical.info American Surgical Association] *[http://www.dlmag.com/1653/robot-successfully-completes-unassisted-heart-surgery.html Unmanned robot surgeon] {{Medicine}} [[Category:Surgery|*]] [[Category:Professions|Surgeon]] [[ca:Cirurgia]] [[cs:Chirurgie]] [[da:Kirurgi]] [[de:Chirurgie]] [[es:Cirugía]] [[eo:Kirurgio]] [[fr:Chirurgie]] [[ga:Máinliacht]] [[ko:외과]] [[hr:Kirurgija]] [[io:Kirurgio]] [[it:Chirurgia]] [[he:כירורגיה]] [[lt:Chirurgija]] [[hu:Sebészet]] [[mk:Хирургија]] [[nl:Heelkunde]] [[ja:外科学]] [[no:Kirurgi]] [[nds:Kirurgie]] [[pl:Chirurgia]] [[pt:Cirurgia]] [[ru:Хирургия]] [[simple:Surgery]] [[sl:Kirurgija]] [[sr:Хирургија]] [[sh:Kirurgija]] [[fi:Kirurgia]] [[sv:Kirurgi]] [[vi:Ngoại khoa]] [[zh:外科学]] 2308 6863 2006-09-16T04:11:33Z Eukesh 93 [[Image:ECG Principle fast.gif|thumb|right| A diagram of a heart with an [[ECG]] indicator; diagrams like this are used in Cardiology.]] '''Cardiology''' is the branch of [[medicine]] dealing with disorders of the [[heart]] and [[blood vessel]]s. The field is commonly divided in the branches of ''congenital heart defects'', ''coronary artery disease'', ''heart failure'', ''valvular heart disease'' and ''electrophysiology''. Physicians specializing in this field of medicine are called '''cardiologists'''. The term ''cardiology'' is derived from the [[Greek_language|Greek]] word ''καρδιά'' (transliterated as ''kardia'' and meaning ''heart'' or ''inner self''). == Anatomy & physiology == === [[Heart|Basic anatomy]] (Structure of the heart) === * [[Epicardium]] * [[Pericardium]] * [[Myocardium]] * [[Papillary muscle]] * [[Endocardium]] * [[Coronary circulation]] (Blood supply of the heart) * [[Heart valve]]s === [[Circulatory system]] (Blood supply of the body) === * [[Cardiac output]] * [[Heart rate]] * [[Vascular resistance]] * [[Blood vessel]]s === [[Pulmonary circulation]] (Oxygenation of the blood) === * [[Pulmonary artery]] * [[Pulmonary vein]] === [[Cardiac pacemaker]] (Electrical system of the heart) === * [[Electrical conduction system of the heart]] ** [[Action potential]] *** [[Ventricular action potential]] * [[Sinoatrial node]] * [[Atrioventricular node]] * [[Bundle of His]] * [[Purkinje fibers]] === Basic cardiac physiology === * [[Systole]] * [[Diastole]] * [[Heart sounds]] * [[Preload]] * [[Afterload]] * [[Kussmaul's sign]] == Disorders of the coronary circulation == * [[Atherosclerosis]] * [[Restenosis]] * [[Coronary heart disease]] (Ischaemic heart disease, Coronary artery disease) * [[Acute coronary syndrome]] ** [[Angina]] ** [[Myocardial infarction]] (Heart attack) == Disorders of the myocardium (muscle of the heart) == * [[Cardiomyopathy]] ** [[Ischemic cardiomyopathy]] ** [[Nonischemic cardiomyopathy]] *** [[Amyloid cardiomyopathy]] *** [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] (HCM) **** [[Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy]] (HOCM) (Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS)) **** [[Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] *** [[Dilated cardiomyopathy]] **** [[Alcoholic cardiomyopathy]] *** [[Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia]] (Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy) *** [[Restrictive cardiomyopathy]] * [[Congestive heart failure]] ** [[Cor pulmonale]] * [[Cardiac arrest]] * Primary tumors of the heart ** [[Myxoma]] == Disorders of the [[pericardium]] (outer lining of the heart) == * [[Pericarditis]] * [[Cardiac tamponade|Pericardial tamponade]] * [[Constrictive pericarditis]] == Disorders of the [[heart valves]] == * [[Aortic valve]] disorders ** [[Aortic insufficiency]] ** [[Aortic stenosis]] ** [[Aortic valve replacement]] ** [[Aortic valve repair]] ** [[Aortic valvuloplasty]] * [[Mitral valve]] disorders ** [[Mitral valve prolapse]] ** [[Mitral regurgitation]] ** [[Mitral stenosis]] ** [[Mitral valve replacement]] ** [[Mitral valve repair]] ** [[Mitral valvuloplasty]] * [[Pulmonic valve]] disorders ** [[Congenital pulmonic stenosis]] * [[Tricuspid valve]] disorders == Disorders of the electrical system of the heart ([[Cardiac electrophysiology]]) == * [[Cardiac arrhythmia]]s ** [[Supraventricular tachycardia]] (Fast rhythms that originate above the ventricles) *** [[Atrial fibrillation]] *** [[Atrial flutter]] *** [[Atrial tachycardia]] *** [[Sick sinus syndrome]] (Tachy-Brady syndrome) *** [[AV nodal reentrant tachycardia]] (AVNRT) *** [[AV reentrant tachycardia]] (AVRT) * [[Bigeminy]] * [[Premature ventricular contraction]] * [[Ventricular tachycardia]] ** [[Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia]] ** [[Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia]] *** [[Torsades de pointes]] * [[Ventricular fibrillation]] * [[Sick sinus syndrome]] * [[Heart block]] ** [[First degree heart block]] ** [[Second degree heart block]] ** [[Trifascicular heart block]] ** [[Third degree heart block]] * Specific diseases of the electrical system of the heart ** [[Brugada syndrome]] ** [[Long QT syndrome]] ** [[Short QT syndrome]] ** [[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]] (WPW syndrome) == Inflammation and infection of the heart == * [[Endocarditis]] ** [[Rheumatic heart disease]] * [[Myocarditis]] * [[Pericarditis]] == [[Congenital heart disease]] == * [[Atrial septal defect]] * [[Ventricular septal defect]] * [[Patent ductus arteriosus]] * [[Bicuspid aortic valve]] * [[Tetralogy of Fallot]] * [[Transposition of the great vessels]] (TGV) == Diseases of blood vessels (Vascular diseases) == * [[Vasculitis]] * [[Atherosclerosis]] * [[Aneurysm]] * [[Varicose veins]] * [[Economy class syndrome]] <!-- VascularBiology or Hematology ? --> * Diseases of the aorta ** [[Coarctation of the aorta]] ** [[Aortic dissection]] * Diseases of the [[Carotid artery|carotid arteries]] ** [[Carotid artery disease]] ** [[Carotid artery dissection]] == Procedures done for coronary artery disease == * [[Atherectomy]] * [[Angioplasty]] (PTCA) ** [[Stent]]ing <!-- a device ? --> * [[Coronary artery bypass surgery]] (CABG) * [[Enhanced external counterpulsation]] (EECP) == Devices used in cardiology == * Devices used to maintain normal electrical rhythm * [[Stethoscope]] ** [[Artificial pacemaker|Pacemaker]] ** [[Defibrillator]] *** [[Automated external defibrillator]] *** [[Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator]] * Devices used to maintain [[blood pressure]] ** [[Artificial heart]] ** [[Heart-lung machine]] ** [[Intra-aortic balloon pump]] ** [[Ventricular assist device]] == [[Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures|Diagnostic tests and procedures]] == * [[Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures|Blood tests]] * [[Echocardiography|Echocardiogram]] * [[Cardiac stress test]] * [[Electrocardiogram]] (ECG or EKG) ** [[Holter monitor|Ambulatory Holter monitor]] * [[Electrophysiologic study]] ** [[Programmed electrical stimulation]] * [[Sphygmomanometer]] (Blood pressure cuff) * [[IVUS]] (IntraVascular UltraSound) * [[Cardiac enzymes]] * [[Coronary catheterization]] == Cardiac pharmaceutical agents == The followings are [[medication]]s commonly prescribed in cardiology: * [[Antiarrhythmic agents]] ** Type I ([[sodium]] [[ion channel|channel]] blockers) *** Type Ia **** [[Quinidine]] *** Type Ib **** [[Lidocaine]] **** [[Phenytoin]] *** Type Ic **** [[Propafenone]] ** Type II ([[beta blocker]]s) *** [[Metoprolol]] ** Type III ([[potassium]] channel blockers) *** [[Amiodarone]] *** [[Dofetilide]] *** [[Sotalol]] ** Type IV (slow [[calcium channel blocker]]s) *** [[Diltiazem]] *** [[Verapamil]] ** Type V *** [[Adenosine]] *** [[Digoxin]] * [[ACE inhibitor]]s ** [[Captopril]] ** [[Enalapril]] ** [[Perindopril]] ** [[Ramipril]] * [[Angiotensin II receptor antagonist]]s ** [[Candesartan]] ** [[Eprosartan]] ** [[Irbesartan]] ** [[Losartan]] ** [[Telmisartan]] ** [[Valsartan]] * [[Beta blocker]] * [[Calcium channel blocker]] ==See also== * [[Interventional cardiology]] ==External links== * [http://health.nih.gov/search.asp/10 U.S. National Institue of Health (NIH)] * [http://www.escardio.org European Society of Cardiology] * [http://www.acc.org American College of Cardiology] * [http://www.americanheart.org American Heart Association] * [http://www.heartfoundation.com.au National Heart Foundation Australia] * [http://journalreview.org/spage.php?specialty_id=3&sdesc=Cardiology On-Line Cardiology Journal Club (via JournalReview.org)] * [http://know-heart-diseases.com Coronary heart disease] * [http://www.histopathology-india.net/HeartIndex.htm Cardiac Pathology Online] {{Medicine}} {{Cardiovascular system}} [[Category:Cardiology| ]] [[de:Kardiologie]] [[es:Cardiología]] [[eu:Kardiologia]] [[fr:Cardiologie]] [[hr:Kardiologija]] [[it:Cardiologia]] [[he:קרדיולוגיה]] [[nl:Cardiologie]] [[ja:循環器学]] [[no:Kardiologi]] [[nds:Kardiologie]] [[pl:Kardiologia]] [[pt:Cardiologia]] [[ru:Кардиология]] [[sl:Kardiologija]] [[sh:Kardiologija]] [[sv:Kardiologi]] [[tr:Kardiyoloji]] 2309 7376 2006-10-14T03:48:47Z Jose77 104 {{Eng}} '''Endocrinology''' is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the [[endocrine system]] and its specific secretions called [[hormone]]s. Hormones are molecules that act as signals from one type of cells to another. Most hormones reach their targets via the blood. Although every organ system secretes and responds to hormones (including the [[brain]], [[lungs]], [[heart]], [[intestine]], [[skin]], and the [[kidney]]), the clinical specialty of endocrinology focuses primarily on the ''endocrine organs'', meaning the organs whose primary function is hormone secretion. These organs include the [[pituitary]], [[thyroid]], [[adrenal]]s, [[ovary|ovaries]] and [[testes]], and [[pancreas]]. An '''endocrinologist''' is a [[physician|doctor]] who specializes in treating disorders of the endocrine system, such as [[diabetes]], [[hyperthyroidism]], and many others (see list of diseases below). A disease due to a disorder of the endocrine system is often called a "hormone imbalance," but is technically known as an '''endocrinopathy''' or '''endocrinosis'''. ==Background== All multicellular organisms need “Coordinating systems to regulate and integrate the function of differentiating cells.” Two mechanisms perform this function in higher animals: the nervous system and the endocrine system. The endocrine system acts through the release (generally into the blood) of chemical agents and is vital to the proper development and function of organisms. As Hadley (2000) notes, the integration of developmental events such as proliferation, growth, and differentiation (including histogenesis and organogenesis) and the coordination of [[metabolism]], [[Respiration (physiology)|respiration]], excretion, movement, [[reproduction]], and sensory perception depend on “chemical cues, substances synthesised and secreted by the specialised cells within the animal.” Endocrinology is concerned with the study of the biosynthesis, storage, chemistry, and physiological function of [[hormones]] and with the cells of the endocrine glands and tissues that secrete them. The study of endocrinology began when Berthold (1849) noted that castrated cockerels did not develop combs and wattles or exhibit overtly male behaviour. He found that replacement of testes back into the abdominal cavity of the same bird or another castrated bird resulted in normal behavioural and morphological development, and he concluded (erroneously) that the testes secreted a substance that "conditioned" the blood that, in turn, acted on the body of the cockerel. In fact, one of two other things could have been true: that the testes modified or activated a constituent of the blood or that the testes removed an inhibitory factor from the blood. It was not proven that the testes released a substance that engenders male characteristics until it was shown that the extract of testes could replace their function in castrated animals. Pure, crystalline [[testosterone]] was isolated in 1935 by David et al. Although most of the relevant tissues and endocrine glands had been identified by early anatomists, a more humoral approach to understanding biological function and disease was favoured by classical thinkers such as [[Aristotle]], [[Hippocrates]], [[Lucretius]], [[Celsus]], and [[Galen]], according to Freeman et al (2001), and these theories held sway until the advent of germ theory, physiology, and organ basis of pathology in the 19th century. ==Hormones== ===Overview=== The endocrine system consists of several glands, in different parts of the body, that secrete hormones directly into the blood rather than into a duct system. Hormones have many different functions and modes of action; one hormone may have several effects on different target organs, and, conversely, one target organ may be affected by more than one hormone. [[Image:Amine hormones, norepinephrine and triiodothryonine.jpg|thumb|300px|Amine hormones, norepinephrine and triiodothryonine]] [[Image:Steroid hormones, cortisol and Vitamin D3.jpg|thumb|300px|Steroid hormones, cortisol and vitamin D3]] In 1902 Bayliss and Starling performed an experiment in which they observed that acid instilled into the [[duodenum]] caused the [[pancreas]] to begin secretion, even after they had removed all nervous connections between the two. The same response could be produced by injecting [[jejunal mucosa]], showing that some factor in the mucosa was responsible. They named this substance "[[secretin]]" and coined the term "hormone" for chemicals that act in this way. They specified that, to be classified as a hormone, a chemical must be produced by an organ, be released (in small amounts) into the blood, and be transported by the blood to a distant organ to exert its specific function. This definition holds for most ‘classical’ hormones, but there are also [[paracrine]] mechanisms (chemical communication between cells within a tissue or organ), autocrine signals (a chemical that acts on the same cell), and intracrine signals (a chemical that acts within the same cell) (Nussey and Whitehead, 2001). A [[neuroendocrine]] signal is a ‘classical’ hormone that is released into the blood by a neurosecretory neuron (see article on [[Neuroendocrinology]]). Hormones act by binding to specific receptors in the target organ. As Baulieu (1990) notes, a receptor has at least two basic constituents: a recognition site, to which the hormone binds, and an effector site, which precipitates the modification of cellular function. Between these is a "transduction mechanism" in which hormone binding induces allosteric modification that, in turn, produces the appropriate response. Griffin and Ojeda (2000) identify three different classes of hormone based on their chemical composition: ===Amines=== Amines, such as [[norepinephrine]], [[epinephrine]], and [[dopamine]], are derived from single amino acids, in this case tyrosine. [[Thyroid]] hormones such as 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,5,3’,5’-tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine, T4) make up a subset of this class because they derive from the combination of two iodinated tyrosine amino acid residues. ===Peptide and Protein=== [[Peptide hormones]] and protein hormones consist of three (in the case of [[thyrotropin-releasing hormone]]) to more than 200 (in the case of [[follicle-stimulating hormone]]) amino acid residues and can have molecular weights as large as 30,000. All hormones secreted by the pituitary gland are peptide hormones, as are [[leptin]] from adipocytes, [[ghrelin]] from the stomach, and [[insulin]] from the [[pancreas]]. ===Steroid=== [[Steroid]] hormones are derivatived from [[cholesterol]] and are subdivided into those with an intact steroid nucleus (gonadal and adrenal steroids) and those with a broken steroid nucleus ([[vitamin D]]). Steroid horomones include [[estrogen]] and [[progesterone]] from the [[ovary]], [[testosterone]] from the [[testes]], and [[cortisol]] and aldosterone from the adrenal gland. ==Work== The medical specialty of endocrinology involves the diagnostic evaluation of a wide variety of symptoms and variations and the long-term management of disorders of deficiency or excess of one or more hormones. The diagnosis and treatment of endocrine diseases are guided by [[laboratory]] tests to a greater extent than for most specialties. Many diseases are investigated through ''excitation/stimulation'' or ''inhibition/suppression'' testing. This might involve injection with a stimulating agent to test the function of an endocrine organ. Blood is then sampled to assess the changes of the relevant hormones or metabolites. An endocrinologist needs extensive knowledge of [[clinical chemistry]] and [[biochemistry]] to understand the uses and limitations of the investigations. A second important aspect of the practice of endocrinology is distinguishing human variation from disease. Atypical patterns of physical development and abnormal test results must be assessed as indicative of disease or not. [[Diagnostic imaging]] of endocrine organs may reveal "spots," called [[incidentaloma]]s, which do not represent disease. Endocrinology involves caring for the person as well as the disease. Most endocrine disorders are [[chronic disease]]s that need life-long care. The most common of these is [[diabetes mellitus]]. Care of diabetes and other chronic diseases necessitates understanding the patient at the personal and social level as well as the molecular, and the physician-patient relationship can be an important therapeutic process. Apart from treating patients, many endocrinologists are involved in [[clinical science]] and [[medical research]], [[teaching]], and [[hospital management]]. ==Training== There are roughly 7,000 to 8,000 endocrinologists in the United States. Endocrinologists are specialists of [[internal medicine]] or [[pediatrics]]. Reproductive endocrinologists deal primarily with problems of [[fertility]] and menstrual function - often training first in obstetrics. Most qualify as an [[internist]], [[pediatrician]], or [[gynecologist]] for a few years before specializing, depending on the local training system. In the U.S. and Canada, training for board certification in internal medicine, [[pediatrics]], or [[gynecology]] after medical school is called residency. Further formal training to subspecialize in adult, [[pediatric endocrinology|pediatric]], or reproductive endocrinology is called a fellowship. Typical training for a North American endocrinologist involves 4 years of college, 4 years of medical school, 3 years of residency, and 3 years of fellowship. ==Professional organizations== In North America the principal professional organizations of endocrinologists include The Endocrine Society (www.endo-society.org), the American Association for Clinical Endocrinology (www.aace.com), the American Diabetes Association (www.diabetes.org), the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society (www.lwpes.org), American Thyroid association ( www.thyroid.org ), and the Academy of Clinical Thyroidologists,(www.thyroidologists.com). In the United Kingdom, the Society for Endocrinology (www.endocrinology.org) and the British Society of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (www.bsped.org.uk) are the main professional organisations. The European Society of Paediatric Endocrinology [http://www.eurospe.org] is the largest international professional association dedicated solely to paediatric endocrinology. There are numerous similar associations around the world. ==Diseases== Among the hundreds of endocrinological diseases are * [[Adrenal]] disorders: ** [[Adrenal insufficiency]] *** [[Addison's disease]] *** [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]] (adrenogenital syndrome) *** [[Mineralocorticoid deficiency]] ** [[Conn's syndrome]] ** [[Cushing's syndrome]] ** [[Pheochromocytoma]] ** [[Adrenocortical carcinoma]] * [[Glucose]] homeostasis disorders: ** [[Diabetes mellitus]] ** [[Hypoglycemia]] *** [[Idiopathic hypoglycemia]] *** [[Insulinoma]] * Metabolic [[bone]] disease: ** [[Osteoporosis]] ** [[Osteitis deformans]] (Paget's disease of bone) ** [[Rickets]] and [[osteomalacia]] * [[Pituitary gland]] disorders: ** [[Diabetes insipidus]] ** [[Hypopituitarism]] (or [[hypopituitarism|Panhypopituitarism]]) ** [[Pituitary tumor]]s *** [[Pituitary adenoma]]s *** [[Prolactinoma]] (or [[Hyperprolactinemia]]) *** [[Acromegaly]], [[gigantism]] *** [[Cushing's disease]] * [[Parathyroid gland]] disorders: ** [[Primary hyperparathyroidism]] ** [[Secondary hyperparathyroidism]] ** [[Tertiary hyperparathyroidism]] ** [[Hypoparathyroidism]] *** [[Pseudohypoparathyroidism]] * Sex hormone disorders: ** [[Disorders of sex development]] or intersex disorders *** [[Hermaphroditism]] *** [[Gonadal dysgenesis]] *** [[Androgen insensitivity syndrome]]s ** [[Hypogonadism]] *** [[Gonadotropin deficiency]] *** [[Kallmann syndrome]] *** [[Klinefelter syndrome]] *** [[Ovarian failure]] *** [[Testicular failure]] *** [[Turner syndrome]] ** Disorders of [[Gender]] *** [[Gender identity disorder]] ** Disorders of Puberty *** [[Delayed puberty]] *** [[Precocious puberty]] ** Menstrual function or fertility disorders *** [[Amenorrhea]] *** [[Polycystic ovary syndrome]] * [[Thyroid]] disorders: ** [[Hyperthyroidism]] and [[Graves-Basedow disease]] ** [[Hypothyroidism]] ** [[Thyroiditis]] ** [[Thyroid cancer]] * Tumours of the endocrine glands not mentioned elsewhere ** [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia]] *** [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1|MEN type 1]] *** [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2a|MEN type 2a]] *** [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2b|MEN type 2b]]. ** See also separate organs * [[Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome]]s * [[Incidentaloma]] - an unexpected finding on diagnostic imaging, often of endocrine glands ==See also== *[[Pediatric endocrinology]] *[[Neuroendocrinology]] *[[Reproductive endocrinology]] *[[hormone]] ==References== * Griffin JE, Ojeda SR. ''Textbook of Endocrine Physiology'' 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. * Hadley ME. ''Endocrinology 5th ed.'' London: Prentice –Hall International (UK) Ltd, 2000. * Chester-Jones I, Ingleton PM, Phillips JG. ''Fundamentals of Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology'' New York: Plenum Press, 1987. * Berthold AA. ''Transplantation der Hoden ''Arch. Anat. Phsiol. Wiss. Med.'' 1849;16:42-6. * David K, Dingemanse E, Freud J ''et al''. ''Uber krystallinisches mannliches Hormon aus Hoden (Testosteron) wirksamer als aus harn oder aus Cholesterin bereitetes Androsteron. ''Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem'' 1935;233:281. * Freeman ER, Bloom DA, McGuire JE. ''A Brief History of Testosterone''. J Urol 2001;165:371-373. * Bayliss WM, Starling EH. ''The mechanism of pancreatic secretion.'' J Physiol 1902;28:325–352. * Nussey S, Whitehead S. ''Endocrinology: An integrated approach''. Oxford: BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd., 2001. * Laylock J, Wise P. ''Essential Endocrinology'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. * Baulieu EE. ''Hormones: From molecules to disease'' Baulieu, E-E. and Kelly, P.A., (eds) Paris: Hermann, 1990. ==External links== * [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=endocrin.TOC&depth=1 Endocrinology] (British online textbook) * [http://www.endotext.org Endotext] (American online textbook) * [http://journalreview.org/spage.php?specialty_id=6&sdesc=Endocrinology On-Line Endocrinology Journal Club (via JournalReview.org)] * [http://www.endocrinology.med.ucla.edu/resident.htm Useful Endocrinology Resources for Residents] ===Societies and associations=== *[http://www.endo-society.org/ Endocrine Society] *[http://www.aace.com American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists] *[http://www.diabetes.org American Diabetes Association] *[http://www.lwpes.org Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society] *[http://www.endocrinology.org/default.htm Society for Endocrinology] *[http://www.sbn.org Society for Behavioral Neuroendocrinology] {{Medicine}} {{endocrine_system}} [[Category:Endocrine system]] [[Category:Endocrinology| ]] [[de:Endokrinologie]] [[es:Endocrinología]] [[eu:Endokrinologia]] [[fr:Endocrinologie]] [[is:Innkirtlafræði]] [[it:Endocrinologia]] [[he:אנדוקרינולוגיה]] [[nl:Endocrinologie]] [[ja:内分泌学]] [[pl:Endokrynologia]] [[pt:Endocrinologia]] [[ru:Эндокринология]] [[sq:Endokrinologjia]] [[sl:Endokrinologija]] [[sv:Endokrinologi]] [[tr:Endokrinoloji]] [[uk:Ендокринологія]] 2310 6865 2006-09-16T04:13:30Z Eukesh 93 '''Gastroenterology''' or '''gastrology''' is the medical specialty concerned with [[digestive diseases]]. Traditionally, these are separated by anatomic or functional category. For example, disorders of the [[esophagus]] might be listed under "esophagus" and also included in a description of motility disorders (disorders of motor function.) Diseases of the [[liver]] fall under the branch of [[hepatology]], which is traditionally classified under the umbrella of gastroenterology. List of signs and symptoms of gastroenterological diseases: * [[constipation]] * [[diarrhea]] * [[vomit|vomiting]] * [[nausea]] * [[abdominal pain]] List of research fields in Gastroenterology: * [[Neurogastroenterology]] * [[Motility]] ==Important figures in Gastroenterology== * [[William Beaumont]] * [[Basil Hirschowitz]] * [[Burrill Bernard Crohn]] ==Gastroenterological Societies== * [[American College of Gastroenterology]] * [[American Gastroenterological Association]] * [[American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy]] * [[European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy]] * [[World Gastroenterology Organisation]] ==External links== * [http://www.acg.gi.org/ American College of Gastroenterology] * [http://www.askasge.org/ American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy] * [http://journalreview.org/find_article.php?specialty_id=8&sdesc=Gastroentrology On-Line Gastroenterology Journal Club (via JournalReview.org)] * [http://www.worldgastroenterology.org/ World Gastroenterology Organisation] * [http://www.gastrohep.com/ GastroHep.com - the global online resource for all aspects of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endoscopy] * [http://www.daveproject.org/ The Digital Atlas of Video Education - Gastroenterology] {{Gastroenterology}} {{Medicine}} [[Category:Gastroenterology| ]] [[de:Gastroenterologie]] [[fr:Gastro-entérologie]] [[it:Gastroenterologia]] [[he:גסטרואנטרולוגיה]] [[id:Gastroenterologi]] [[ja:消化器学]] [[pl:Gastroenterologia]] [[pt:Gastroenterologia]] [[ru:Гастроэнтерология]] [[sl:Gastroenterologija]] [[sv:Gastroenterologi]] [[tr:Gastroenteroloji]] {{medicine-stub}} 2311 7393 2006-10-14T04:00:21Z Jose77 104 {{Eng}} '''Hematology''' ([[British English|BE]]: '''haematology''') is the branch of [[internal medicine]] and [[pediatrics]] that is concerned with [[blood]], the blood-forming organs and blood diseases. Hematology includes the study of [[etiology]], [[diagnosis]], [[treatment]], [[prognosis]], and [[prevention]] of blood diseases. '''Blood diseases''' affect the production of blood and its components, such as [[blood cells]], [[hemoglobin]], [[blood proteins]], the mechanism of [[coagulation]], etc. ==Hematologists== Medical doctors who work in hematology are known as '''hematologists'''. Their routine work may range from the management of the hematology laboratory, work at the [[microscope]] viewing [[blood film]]s and [[bone marrow]] slides, interpretation of various hematology test results, care of in-patients and care of out-patients. Hematologists may specialise further or have special interests, for example in: *treating bleeding disorders such as [[hemophilia]] *treating hematological malignacies such as [[lymphoma]] and [[leukemia]] (onco hematology) *treating [[hemoglobinopathies]] *in the science of [[blood transfusion]] and the work of a [[blood bank]] ==Hematology as basic medical science== *[[Blood]] **[[Venous blood]] **[[Venipuncture]] **[[Hemopoiesis]] **[[Blood tests]] **[[Cord blood]] *[[Red blood cell]]s **[[Erythropoiesis]] **[[Erythropoietin]] **[[Iron metabolism]] **[[Hemoglobin]] **[[Glycolysis]] **[[Pentose phosphate pathway]] *[[Reticuloendothelial system]] **[[Bone marrow]] **[[Spleen]] **[[Liver]] *[[Lymphatic system]] *[[Blood transfusion]] **[[Blood plasma]] **[[Blood bank]] **[[Blood donor]]s **[[Blood groups]] *[[Haemostasis]] **[[Coagulation]] **[[Vitamin K]] *[[Complement system]] **[[Immunoglobulins]] ==Classification of hematology diseases== *'''[[Hemoglobinopathy|Hemoglobinopathies]]''' (congenital abnormality of the [[hemoglobin]] molecule or of the rate of hemoglobin synthesis) **[[Sickle-cell disease]] **[[Thalassemia]] **[[Methemoglobinemia]] *'''[[Anemia]]s''' (lack of [[red blood cells]] or hemoglobin) **[[Iron deficiency anemia]] **[[Megaloblastic anemia]] ***[[Vitamin B12|Vitamin B<small>₁₂</small>]] deficiency ****[[Pernicious anemia]] ***[[Folate]] deficiency **[[Hemolytic anemias]] (destruction of [[red blood cells]]) ***Genetic disorders of RBC membrane ****[[Hereditary spherocytosis]] ****[[Hereditary elliptocytosis]] ***Genetic disorders of RBC metabolism ****[[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency]] (G6PD) ****[[Pyruvate kinase deficiency]] ***Immune mediated hemolytic anaemia ([[Coombs test#Direct Coombs test|direct Coombs test]] is positive) ****[[Autoimmune hemolytic anemia]] *****[[Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia]] ******Idiopathic ******[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]] (SLE) ******[[Evans' syndrome]] (antiplatelet antibodies and haemolytic antibodies) *****Cold antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia ******[[Idiopathic cold hemagglutinin syndrome]] ******[[Infectious mononucleosis]] ******[[Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria]] (rare) ****[[Alloimmune]] hemolytic anemia *****[[Hemolytic disease of the newborn]] (HDN) ******[[Rh disease]] (Rh D) ******[[ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn]] ******[[Anti-Kell hemolytic disease of the newborn]] ******[[Rhesus c hemolytic disease of the newborn]] ******Other blood group incompatibility (RhC, Rhe, RhE, Kid, Duffy, MN, P and others) ****Drug induced immune mediated hemolytic anaemia *****[[Penicillin]] (high dose) *****[[Methyldopa]] ***[[Hemoglobinopathies]] (where these is an unstable or crystaline hemoglobin) ***[[Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]] (rare acquired clonal disorder of red blood cell surface protiens) ***[[Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia]] **[[Aplastic anemia]] ***[[Fanconi anemia]] ***[[Diamond-Blackfan anemia]] ***[[Acquired pure red cell aplasia]] *'''Decreased numbers of cells''' **[[Myelodysplastic syndrome]] **[[Myelofibrosis]] **[[Neutropenia]] (decrease in the number of [[neutrophils]]) **[[Agranulocytosis]] **[[Glanzmann's thrombasthenia]] **[[Thrombocytopenia]] (decrease in the number of [[platelets]]) ***[[Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura]] (ITP) ***[[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]] (TTP) ***[[Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia]] (HIT) *'''[[Myeloproliferative disorder]]s''' (Increased numbers of cells) **[[Polycythemia vera]] (increase in the number of cells in general) **[[Leukocytosis]] (increase in the number of [[white blood cells]]) **[[Thrombocytosis]] (increase in the number of [[platelets]]) **[[Myeloproliferative disorder]] *'''[[Hematological malignancies]]''' **[[Lymphoma]]s ***[[Hodgkin's disease]] ***[[Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma]] ***[[Burkitt's lymphoma]] ***[[Anaplastic large cell lymphoma]] **[[Myeloma]]s ***[[Multiple myeloma]] ***[[Waldenström macroglobulinemia]] **[[Plasmacytoma]] **[[Leukemia]]s ***[[Acute lymphocytic leukemia]] (ALL) ***[[Chronic lymphocytic leukemia]] (CLL) ***[[Acute myelogenous leukemia]] (AML) ***[[Chronic myelogenous leukemia]] (CML) ***[[Hairy cell leukemia]] *'''[[Coagulopathy|Coagulopathies]]''' (disorders of [[bleeding]] and [[coagulation]]) **[[Thrombocytosis]] **Recurrent [[thrombosis]] **[[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]] **Disorders of clotting proteins ***[[Hemophilia]] ****[[Hemophilia A]] ****[[Hemophilia B]] (also known as [[Christmas disease]]) ****[[Hemophilia C]] ***[[Von Willebrand disease]] ***[[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]] ***[[Protein S deficiency]] ***[[Antiphospholipid syndrome]] **Disorders of [[platelets]] ***[[Thrombocytopenia]] ***[[Glanzmann's thrombasthenia]] ***[[Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome]] *'''Miscellaneous''' **[[Haemochromatosis]] **[[Asplenia]] **[[Hypersplenism]] ***[[Gauchers disease]] *'''Haemotological changes secondary to non-haemotological disorders''' **[[Anemia of chronic disease]] **[[Infectious mononucleosis]] **[[AIDS]] **[[Malaria]] **[[Leishmaniasis]] ==Tests== Tests used in the investigation of haematological problems include: *[[Full blood count]] *[[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]] (ESR) *[[Blood film]] *[[Bone marrow biopsy]] *[[Coombs test]] *serum [[Ferritin]] level *[[Vitamin B12]] and [[Folate]] levels *[[Prothrombin time]] *[[Partial thromboplastin time]] *[[Protein electrophoresis]] *[[Hemoglobin electrophoresis]] *[[D-dimer]] ==Treatments== Treatments include: *[[Dieting|Diet]] advice *Oral [[medication]] - tablets or liquid medicines *[[Anticoagulation]] therapy *Intramuscular injections (for example, [[Vitamin B12]] injections) *[[Blood transfusion]] (for [[anemia]]) *[[Venesection]] (for [[hemochromatosis|iron overload]] or [[polycythemia]]) *[[Bone marrow transplant]] (for example, for [[leukemia]]) *[[Chemotherapy]] (for example, for [[leukemia]]) *[[Radiotherapy]] (in decline, for example, for [[leukemia]]) ==Alphabetical lists== *[[:Category:Hematologists|Hematologists]] *[[:Category:Blood disorders|Blood disorders]] *[[:Category:Hematology|Hematology topics]] == External links == *[http://www.hematology.org/ American Society of Hematology] *[http://www.bloodline.net/ BloodLine] {{Hematology}} {{transfusion medicine}} {{Medicine}} [[Category:Blood disorders]] [[Category:Lists of diseases]] [[Category:Hematology]] [[Category:Medicine]] [[af:Hematologie]] [[de:Hämatologie]] [[es:Hematología]] [[eo:Hematologio]] [[eu:Hematologia]] [[fa:خون‌شناسی]] [[fr:Hématologie]] [[he:מחלות של מערכת הדם]] [[id:Hematologi]] [[he:המטולוגיה]] [[nl:Hematologie]] [[ja:血液学]] [[pl:Hematologia]] [[pt:Hematologia]] [[ro:Hematologie]] [[fi:Hematologia]] [[tr:Hematoloji]] [[ru:Гематология]] 2312 6867 2006-09-16T04:15:02Z Eukesh 93 In [[medicine]], '''infectious disease''' or '''communicable disease''' is [[disease]] caused by a [[biology|biological]] agent such as by a [[virus]], [[bacterium]] or [[parasite]]. This is contrasted to [[physics|physical]] causes, such as [[burn (injury)|burn]]s or [[chemistry|chemical]] ones such as through [[intoxication]]. ==Basics== Infectious diseases are the invasion of a [[host (biology)|host]] organism by a foreign [[replicator]], generally microorganisms, often called ''microbes,'' that are invisible to the naked eye. Microbes that cause illness are also known as ''pathogens.'' The most common pathogens are various bacteria and viruses, though a number of other microorganisms, including some kinds of [[fungi]] and [[protozoa|protozoa,]] also cause disease. [[Prions]] are borderline, and [[meme]]s would not usually be considered in this scope. An infectious disease is termed ''contagious'' if it is easily transmitted from one person to another. An organism that a microbe infects is known as the host for that microbe. In the human host, a microorganism causes disease by either disrupting a vital body process or stimulating the immune system to mount a defensive reaction. An immune response against a pathogen, which can include a high fever, inflammation, and other damaging symptoms, can be more devastating than the direct damage caused by the microbe. ===Agents and vectors=== Infectious disease requires an ''agent'' and a ''mode of transmission'' (or ''[[Vector (biology)|vector]]''). A good example is [[malaria]], which is caused by Plasmodial [[parasite]]s, chiefly ''[[Plasmodium falciparum]]'' but does not affect humans unless the vector, the [[Anopheles]] [[mosquito]], is around to introduce the parasite into the [[human]] bloodstream. The vector does not have to be biological. Many infectious diseases are transmitted by droplets which enter the airway (e.g. [[common cold]] and [[tuberculosis]]). ==Mortality from infectious diseases== The [[World Health Organization]] collects information on global deaths by [[ICD|International Classification of Disease (ICD) code categories]]. The following table lists the top infectious disease killers which caused more than 100,000 deaths in 2002 (estimated). 1993 data is also included for comparison. {| cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0 border=1 | | |2002 | |''1993'' | |- | |World population | 6.2 billion | | 5.5 billion |- | |Total deaths from all causes | 57 million | 100% | 51 million |- | '''Rank''' | '''Cause of death''' | '''Number''' | '''Percentage of total''' | ''Number'' | ''1993 Rank'' |- | | I. Communicable diseases category | 14.9 million | 26.0% |- | 1 | :[[Lower respiratory tract infection|Lower respiratory infection]]s | 3.9 million | 6.8% | 4.1 million | 1 |- | 2 | :[[HIV]]/[[AIDS]] | 2.8 million | 4.9% | 0.7 million | 7 |- | 3 | :[[Gastroenteritis|Diarrheal disease]]s | 1.8 million | 3.2% | 3.0 million | 2 |- | 4 | :[[Tuberculosis]] (TB) | 1.6 million | 2.7% | 2.7 million | 3 |- | 5 | :[[Malaria]] | 1.3 million | 2.2% | 2.0 million | 4 |- | 6 | :[[Measles]] | 0.6 million | 1.1% | 1.1 million | 5 |- | 7 | :[[Pertussis]] | 0.30 million | 0.5% | 0.36 million | 7 |- | 8 | :[[Tetanus]] | 0.21 million | 0.4% | 0.15 million | 12 |- | 9 | :[[Meningitis]] | 0.17 million | 0.3% | 0.25 million |8 |- | 10 | :[[Syphilis]] | 0.16 million | 0.3% | 0.19 million | 11 |- | 11 | :[[Hepatitis B]] | 0.10 million | 0.2% | 0.93 million | 6 |- | | :[[Tropical disease]]s (6) | 0.13 million | 0.2% | 0.53 million | 9, 10, 16, 17, 18 |} <!-- following is indented as a footnote for the table --> :''(Note: The other categories of death are maternal and perinatal conditions (5.2%), nutritional deficiencies (0.9%), noncommunicable conditions (58.8%), and injuries (9.1%).)'' ---- The top three single agent disease killers are [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]], [[tuberculosis|TB]] and [[malaria]]. From 1993 to 2002, the death ranking for AIDS went up from 7th to 2nd and Hepatitis B went down from 6th to 11th. While the number of deaths has decreased in almost every disease, it has increased four-fold in [[AIDS]]. Lower respiratory infections, which include various [[pneumonia]]s, and diarrheal diseases are caused by many different [[virus]]es, [[bacterium|bacteria]] or [[parasite]]s. Childhood diseases include [[pertussis]], [[poliomyelitis]], [[diphtheria]], [[measles]] and [[tetanus]]. Children also make up a large percentage of lower respiratory and diarrheal deaths. Tropical diseases include [[Chagas disease]], [[dengue fever]], [[filariasis|lymphatic filariasis]], [[leishmaniasis]], [[onchocerciasis]], [[schistosomiasis]] and [[trypanosomiasis]]. ===Historic pandemics=== A [[pandemic]] (or global [[epidemic]]) is a disease that affects people over an extensive geographical area. * The Influenza Pandemic of 1918 or [[Spanish Flu]] killed 25 to 40 million in 1 year (about 2% of world population of 1.7 billion). ** [[Influenza]] now kills about 250,000 to 500,000 worldwide each year. * The [[Black Death]] of 1347 to 1352 killed 25 million in Europe over 5 years (estimate of 25 to 50% of Europe, Asia, and Africa - world population was 500 million). ===New diseases and pandemics=== In some cases, a microorganism and its host live in reasonable harmony. Such is the case for many tropical viruses and the insects, monkeys, or other animals in which they have lived and reproduced for thousands or millions of years. Because the microbes and their hosts have co-evolved together, the hosts have gradually become resistant to the microorganisms. But when a microbe jumps from a long-time animal host to a human being, it may cease being a harmless parasite and—simply because it is new to the human species—become a pathogen. (See [[infection]]). With most new infectious diseases, some human action is involved, changing the environment so that an existing [[microbe]] can take up residence in a new ecological [[niche|niche.]] Once that happens, a [[pathogen]] that had been confined to a remote habitat appears in a new or wider region, or a microbe that had infected only animals suddenly begins causing human disease. Several human activities have led to the emergence and spread of new diseases: :'''Encroachment on wildlife habitats.''' The construction of new villages and housing developments in rural areas brings people into contact with animals--and the microbes they harbor. :'''Changes in agriculture.''' The introduction of new crops attracts new crop pests and the microbes they carry to farming communities, exposing people to unfamiliar diseases. :'''Destroying rain forests.''' As tropical countries make use of their rain forests, building roads through forests and clearing areas for settlement or commercial ventures, people encounter insects and other animals harboring unknown microorganisms. :'''Uncontrolled urbanization.''' The rapid growth of cities in many developing countries concentrates large numbers of people in crowded areas with poor sanitation, which foster the transmission of contagious diseases. :'''Modern transport.''' Ships and other cargo carriers often harbor unintended "passengers," such as insects and rats, that can spread diseases to faraway destinations. :'''High-speed globe-trotting.''' With international jet-airplane travel, people infected with a new disease can carry the disease to the far side of the world before their first symptoms appear. The relationship between virulence and transmission is complex, and has important consequences for the long term evolution of a pathogen. If a disease is rapidly fatal, the host may die before the microbe can get passed along to another host. However, this cost may be overwhelmed by the short term benefit of higher infectiousness if transmission is linked to virulence, as it is for instance in the case of cholera (the explosive diarrhoea aids the bacterium in finding new hosts) or many respiratory infections (sneezing, coughing etc create infectious aerosols). Since it takes time for a microbe and a new host species to co-evolve an emerging pathogen may hit its earliest victims especially hard. It is usually in the first wave of a new disease that death rates are highest. ==Diagnosis and therapy== The field of ''infectious diseases'' also occupies itself with the [[diagnosis]] and [[Medication|therapy]] of [[infection]]. ===Diagnosis=== ''Diagnosis'' is initially by medical history and physical examination, and imaging (such as [[X-ray]]s), but the principal tool in infectious disease is the [[microbiological culture]]. In a culture, a [[growth medium]] is provided for a particular agent. After inoculation of a specimen of diseased fluid or tissue onto the medium, it is determined whether bacterial growth occurs. This works for a number of [[bacterium|bacteria]], for example [[Staphylococcus]] or [[Streptococcus]]. Certain agents cannot be [[microbiological culture|cultured]], for example the above-mentioned ''[[Treponema pallidum]]'' and most [[virus]]es. The first [[serology|serological]] markers were developed to diagnose [[syphilis]] (the [[Wassermann test]], later replaced by the [[VDRL]] and [[TPHA]] tests). Serology involves detecting the [[antibody|antibodies]] against an infectious agent in the patient's [[blood]]. In [[immunocompromised]] patients (e.g. [[AIDS]]), [[serology]] can be troublesome, because the antibody reaction is blunted. A more recent development is direct detection of [[virus|viral]] proteins and/or DNA in [[blood]] or [[secretion]]s. This can be done by [[PCR]] (polymerase chain reaction), involving the amplification of viral DNA and its subsequent detection with anti-DNA probes. ====The classification of infectious disease==== One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy [[Koch's postulates]] ([[Robert Koch]]), which demand that the [[infectious agent]] is identified in patients and not in controls, and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease. These postulates were tried and tested in the discovery of [[Mycobacteria]] as the cause for [[tuberculosis]]. Often, it is not possible to meet some of the criteria, even in diseases that are quite clearly infectious. For example, ''[[Treponema pallidum]]'', the causative [[spirochete]] of [[syphilis]], cannot be [[microbiological culture|cultured]] in vitro - however the organism can be cultured in rabbit testes]. [[Epidemiology]] is another important tool used to study disease in a population. For infectious diseases it helps to determine if a disease [[outbreak]] is sporadic (occasional occurrence), [[endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] (regular cases often occurring in a region), [[epidemic]] (an unusually high number of cases in a region), or [[pandemic]] (a global epidemic). ===Therapy=== When a [[microbiological culture|culture]] has proven to be positive, the sensitivity (or, conversely, the [[antibiotic resistance]]) of an agent can be determined by exposing it to test doses of [[antibiotic]]. This way, the [[microbiology|microbiologist]] determines how sensitive the target [[bacterium]] is to a certain antibiotic. This is usually reported as being: '''S'''ensitive, '''I'''ntermediate or '''R'''esistant. The ''[[antibiogram]]'' can then be used to determine optimal therapy for the patient. This can reduce the use of [[broad-spectrum antibiotic]]s and lead to a decrease in [[antibiotic resistance]]. ====The work of an infectiologist==== [[Physician|Doctor]]s who specialise in the [[medicine|medical treatment]] of infectious disease are called ''infectiologists'' or ''infectious disease specialists''. Generally, [[infection]]s are initially diagnosed by [[primary care]] physicians or [[internal medicine]] specialists. For example, an "uncomplicated" [[pneumonia]] will generally be treated by the [[internist]] or the [[pulmology|pulmonologist]] (lung physician). The services of the infectious disease team are called for when: * The disease has not been definitively diagnosed after an initial workup * The patient is [[immunocompromised]] (for example, in [[AIDS]] or after [[chemotherapy]]); * The [[infectious agent]] is of an uncommon nature (e.g. [[tropical disease]]s); * The disease has not responded to first line [[antibiotic]]s; * The disease might be dangerous to other patients, and the patient might have to be isolated. The work of the infectiologist therefore entails working with patients and doctors on one hand and [[laboratory science|laboratory scientists]] and [[immunology|immunologist]]s on the other hand. ===History=== [[Anton van Leeuwenhoek]] ([[1632]]-[[1723]]) advanced the science of microscopy, allowing easy visualization of bacteria. [[Louis Pasteur]] proved beyond doubt that certain diseases can be caused by infectious agents, and developed a vaccine for rabies. [[Robert Koch]], mentioned above, gave the study of infectious diseases a scientific basis by formulating [[Koch's postulates]]. [[Edward Jenner]], [[Jonas Salk]] and [[Albert Sabin]] developed successful vaccines for [[Smallpox]] and [[polio]], reducing the threat of these debilitating diseases. [[Alexander Fleming]] discovers the world's first antibiotic Penicillin which in turn inspired the discovery of the other [[antibiotics]] available today. [[Gerhard Domagk]] develops [[Sulphonamides]], the first broad spectrum synthetic antibacterial drugs. ==See also== * [[Infection]] * [[Microbiology]] * [[List of infectious diseases]] * [[Copenhagen Consensus]] * [[List of publications in biology#Infectious disease|Important publications in infectious diseae]] * [[Big killer]] ==References== *[http://www.ppidonline.com/ Mandell's Principles and Practices of Infection Diseases] or [http://www.intl.elsevierhealth.com/catalogue/title.cfm?ISBN=0443066736 this site] *[http://www.elsevier-international.com/catalogue/title.cfm?ISBN=0702026409 Manson's Tropical Diseases] *[[Control of Communicable Diseases Manual]] edited by James B. Chin, APHA, 2000 *[[Encyclopedia of public health]] edited by Lester Breslow, Macmillan Reference 2002 * Table: [http://www.who.int/whr/en/ The World Health Report] - 2004 Annex Table 2 and 1995 Table 5 ==External links== * [http://www.idsociety.org IDsociety] - The Infectious Disease Society of America * [http://www.GIDEONonline.com GIDEON] - [[GIDEON-Global Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Network|Global Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Network]] * [http://www.epidemi.ca EPIDEMIca] - A weblog about infectious diseases. * [http://www.watchtower.org/library/g/2003/5/22/article_01.htm When Insects Spread Disease], discusses problem and offers tips for prevention {{Medicine}} [[Category:Infectious diseases|*]] [[de:Infektionskrankheit]] [[es:Enfermedad infecciosa]] [[eu:Gaixotasun infekzioso]] [[fr:Maladie infectieuse]] [[ko:감염병]] [[id:Penyakit menular]] [[lt:Infekcinė liga]] [[nl:Infectieziekte]] [[ja:感染症]] [[pl:Choroba zakaźna]] [[pt:Doença infecciosa]] [[ro:Boală infecţioasă]] [[simple:Infectious disease]] [[sk:Infekčná choroba]] [[fi:Tartuntatauti]] [[tr:Bulaşıcı hastalık]] [[zh:傳染病]] 2313 6868 2006-09-16T04:15:54Z Eukesh 93 '''Intensive Care Medicine''' or '''critical care medicine''' is a branch of medicine concerned with the provision of [[life support]] or organ support systems in patients who are critically ill who usually also require intensive monitoring. Patients requiring intensive care usually require support for hemodynamic instability (hypotension), for airway or respiratory compromise and or renal failure, and often all three. Patients admitted to the intensive care unit not requiring support for the above are usually admitted for intensive/invasive monitoring, usually after major surgery. Intensive care is usually only offered to those whose condition is potentially reversible and who have a good chance of surviving with intensive care support. Since the critically ill are close to dying the outcome of this intervention is difficult to predict. Many patients therefore still die in the Intensive Care Unit. A prime requisite for admission to an Intensive Care Unit is that the underlying condition can be overcome. Therefore treatment is merely meant to win time in which the acute affliction can be resolved. Medical studies suggest a relation between [[intensive care unit]] (ICU) volume and quality of care for mechanically ventilated patients. <ref>{{cite journal | last = Kahn JM, Goss CH, Heagerty PJ, Kramer AA, O'Brien CR, Rubenfeld GD. | title = Hospital volume and the outcomes of mechanical ventilation. | journal = New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 355 | issue = 1 | pages = 41-50 | date = 2006 | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=16822995&dopt=Abstract | accessdate = 2006-08-02}}</ref> After adjustment for severity of illness, demographic variables, and characteristics of the ICUs (including staffing by intensivists), higher ICU volume was significantly associated with lower ICU and hospital mortality rates. For example, adjusted ICU mortality (for a patient at average predicted risk for ICU death) was 21.2% in hospitals with 87 to 150 mechanically ventilated patients annually, and 14.5% in hospitals with 401 to 617 mechanically ventilated patients annually. Hospitals with intermediate numbers of patients had outcomes between these extremes. It is generally the most expensive, high technology and resource intensive area of medical care. In the [[United States]] estimates of the [[2000]] expenditure for critical care medicine ranged from US$15-55 billion accounting for about 0.5% of [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]] and about 13% of national health care expenditure (Halpern, 2004). ==Organ Systems== Intensive care usually takes a system by system approach to treatment, rather than the ''SOAP'' (subjective, objective, analysis, plan) approach of high dependency care. The nine key systems (see below) are each considered on an observation-intervention-impression basis to produce a daily plan. As well as the key systems Intensive care treatment also raises other issues including psychological health, pressure points, mobilisation and physiotherapy, and secondary infections. The nine key IC systems are (alphabetically): [[cardiovascular system]], [[central nervous system]], [[endocrine system]], [[gastro-intestinal tract]] (and nutritional condition), [[hematology]], [[microbiology]] (including sepsis status), peripheries (and skin), [[renal]] (and metabolic), [[respiratory system]]. The provision of intensive care is generally administered in a specialized unit of a [[hospital]] called the [[Intensive Care Unit]] ('''ICU''') or Critical Care Unit ('''CCU'''). Many hospitals also have designated intensive care areas for certain specialities of medicine, such as the Coronary Care Unit (CCU) for heart disease, Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU), Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU), Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), Neuroscience Critical Care (NCCU), Overnight Intensive Recovery (OIR), Neuro/Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), and other units, as dictated by the needs and available resources of each hospital. The naming is not rigidly standardized. For a time in the early 1960s it was not clear that specialized intensive care units were needed and intensive care resources (see below) were brought to the room of the patient who needed the additional nursing care and resources. It became rapidly evident, though, that a fixed location where intensive care resources and personnel were available provided better care than ad hoc provision of intensive care services spread throughout a hospital. ==Equipment and Systems== Common equipment in an intensive care unit (ICU) includes [[mechanical ventilation]] to assist breathing through an [[intubation|endotracheal tube]] or a [[tracheotomy]]; [[hemofiltration]] equipment for [[acute renal failure]]; monitoring equipment; [[intravenous]] lines for drug infusions fluids or [[total parenteral nutrition]], [[nasogastric tube]]s, suction pumps, drains and [[catheters]]; and a wide array of [[pharmacology|drugs]] including [[inotrope]]s, [[sedatives]], broad spectrum [[antibiotics]] and [[analgesics]]. ==Physicians, Veterinary Criticalists and Intensivists== Physicians that practice in an intensive care unit historically have been the same physicians that care for the patient before transferring to the ICU. This is still commonly the case. In some hospitals there is a special group of physicians that staff the ICU, known as Intensivists, which is becoming a speciality. Whether the intensivist becomes the lead doctor or a consultant on a case is a matter of policy in each hospital. The speciality is unusual among the specialties of medicine in that their backgrounds may be Pulmonary, Anesthesiology, Internal Medicine, or other specialties. The reason for the high representation of Pulmonary and Anesthesiology is the need to be familiar with ventilator management, although ventilating generally healthy individuals in the case of surgery is entirely different from ventilating in case of respiratory insufficiency. In [[veterinary medicine]], critical care medicine is recognized as a specialty and is closely allied with emergency medicine. Board-certified veterinary critical care specialists are known as criticalists, and generally are employed in referral institutions or universities. Patient managment in intensive care differs signficantly between countries. In Australia, where Intensive Care Medicine is a well established speciality, ICUs are described as 'closed.'In a closed unit the intensive care specialist takes on the senior role where the patient's primary doctor now acts as a consultant. Other countries have open Intensive Care Units, where the primary doctor chooses to admit and generally makes the management decisions. There is increasingly strong evidence that 'closed' Intensive Care Units staffed by Intensivists provide better outcomes for patients. <ref>{{cite journal | last = Manthous CA, Amoateng-Adjepong Y, al-Kharrat T, Jacob B, Alnuaimat HM, Chatila W, Hall JB. | title = Effects of a medical intensivist on patient care in a community teaching hospital. | journal = Mayo Clinic Procedings | volume = 72 | issue = 5 | pages = 391-9 | date = 1997 | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=9146680&dopt=Abstract | format = Abstract | accessdate = 2006-09-02 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | last = Hanson CW 3rd, Deutschman CS, Anderson HL 3rd, Reilly PM, Behringer EC, Schwab CW, Price J. | title = Effects of an organized critical care service on outcomes and resource utilization: a cohort study. | journal = Critical Care Medicine | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 270-4 | date = 1999 | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=10075049&dopt=Abstract | format = Abstract | accessdate = 2006-09-02 }}</ref> ==References== *[http://www.lww.com/product/?0-7817-3548-3 Intensive Care Medicine by Irwin and Rippe] *[http://www.lww.com/product/?0-683-05565-8 The ICU Book by Marino] *[http://www.lww.com/product/?0-7817-4334-6 Procedures and Techniques in Intensive Care Medicine by Irwin and Rippe] * Halpern NA, Pastores SM, Greenstein RJ. ''Critical care medicine in the United States 1985-2000: an analysis of bed numbers, use, and costs.'' Crit Care Med 2004;32:1254-9. PMID 15187502. == See also == *[[Neonatal intensive care]] *[[Intensive Care Unit]] ==External links== *[http://www.journalreview.org/spage.php?specialty_id=23&sdesc=Critical+Care Critical Care On-Line Journal Club (via JournalReview.org)] *[http://www.veccs.org Veterinary Emergency And Critical Care Society] ==Notes== <references/> {{Medicine}} [[Category:Intensive care medicine|*]] [[zh-min-nan:Ka-hō·-pēⁿ-pâng]] [[de:Intensivmedizin]] [[fr:Réanimation]] [[nl:Intensieve zorg]] [[pt:Medicina intensiva]] [[fi:Teho-osasto_(sairaanhoito)]] 2314 6869 2006-09-16T04:16:33Z Eukesh 93 '''Nephrology''' is the branch of [[internal medicine]] dealing with the study of the function and diseases of the [[kidney]]. The word ''nephrology'' is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''nephros'', which means "kidney", and the suffix ''-ology'', or "study of". == Scope of the specialty == Most diseases affecting the [[kidney]] are not limited to the organ itself, but are systemic disorders. Nephrology concerns itself with the diagnosis of kidney disease and its treatment ([[medication]], [[dialysis]]), and follow-up of [[renal transplant]] patients. Additionally, most nephrologists consider themselves to be expert in the care of [[electrolyte disorder]]s and [[hypertension]]. Given that most renal conditions are [[chronic disease|chronic]], nephrologists "grow with their patients". == Who sees a nephrologist? == Patients are referred to nephrology specialists for various different reasons, such as : * [[Acute renal failure]], a sudden loss of renal function * [[Chronic renal failure]]; another doctor has detected symptoms of declining [[renal function]], often a rise in [[creatinine]]. * [[Hematuria]] (blood loss in the urine) * [[Proteinuria]] the loss of [[protein]] especially [[albumin]] in the [[urine]] * [[Kidney stone]]s * [[Cancer]] of the [[kidney]], mostly [[renal cell carcinoma]] but this is usually the domain of the [[urologist]] * [[Chronic disease|Chronic]] or recurrent [[urinary tract infection]]s * [[Hypertension]] that has failed to respond to multiple forms of anti-hypertensive [[medication]] or could have a secondary cause * [[Electrolyte]] disorders or acid/base imbalance [[Urology|Urologists]] are surgical specialists of the [[urinary tract]]. They are involved in renal diseases that might be amenable to [[surgery]]: * Diseases of the [[Urinary bladder|Bladder]] and [[prostate]] such as malignancy, stones, or obstruction of the urinary tract. == Diagnosis == As with the rest of [[medicine]], important clues as to the cause of any symptom are gained in the history and physical examination. Laboratory tests are almost always aimed at: [[urea]], [[creatinine]], [[electrolyte]]s, and [[urinalysis]]-- which is frequently the key test in suggesting a diagnosis. More specialized tests can be ordered to discover or link certain systemic diseases to kidney failure such as [[hepatitis b]] or [[hepatitis c]], [[lupus]] serologies, paraproteinemias such as [[amyloidosis]] or [[multiple myeloma]] or various other systemic diseases that lead to kidney failure. Collection of a 24-hour sample of [[urine]] can give valuable information on the filtering capacity of the kidney and the amount of [[protein]] loss in some forms of kidney disease. However, 24-hour urine samples have recently, in the setting of chronic renal disease, been replaced by spot urine ratio of protein and creatinine. Other tests often performed by nephrologists are: * Renal [[biopsy]], to obtain a ''tissue diagnosis'' of a disorder when the exact nature or stage remains uncertain.; * [[Medical ultrasonography|Ultrasound]] scanning of the urinary tract and occasionally examining the renal blood vessels; * [[Computed axial tomography|CT scanning]] when mass lesions are suspected or to help diagnosis [[nephrolithiasis]]; * [[Scintigraphy]] ([[nuclear medicine]]) for accurate measurment of renal function (rarely done), diagnosis of renal artery disease, or 'split function' of each kidney; * [[Angiography]] or [[Magnetic resonance imaging]] angiography when the [[blood vessel]]s might be affected == Therapy == Many kidney diseases are treated with [[medication]], such as [[steroid]]s, [[DMARD]]s (disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs), [[antihypertensive]]s (many kidney diseases feature [[hypertension]]). Often [[erythropoietin]] and [[vitamin D]] treatment is required to replace these two hormones, the production of which stagnates in chronic renal disease. When symptoms of [[renal failure]] become too severe, [[dialysis]] might be required. ''Please refer to [[dialysis]] for a comprehensive account of this treatment.'' If patients proceed to [[renal transplant]], nephrologist often monitor the [[immunosuppressive]] regimen and the [[infection]]s that can occur at this stage. ==External links== *[http://journalreview.org/spage.php?specialty_id=11&sdesc=Nephrology On-line Nephrology Journal Club (via JournalReview.org)] {{Nephrology}} {{Medicine}} [[Category:Nephrology| ]] [[de:Nephrologie]] [[es:Nefrología]] [[eu:Nefrologia]] [[fr:Néphrologie]] [[id:Nefrologi]] [[it:Nefrologia]] [[he:נפרולוגיה]] [[hu:Nefrológia]] [[ja:腎臓学]] [[pl:Nefrologia]] [[pt:Nefrologia]] [[ru:Нефрология]] [[fi:Nefrologia]] [[tr:Nefroloji]] 2315 6870 2006-09-16T04:18:00Z Eukesh 93 '''Oncology''' is the medical subspecialty dealing with the study and treatment of [[cancer]]. A physician who practices oncology is an ''oncologist''. The term originates from the Greek ''onkos'' (ογκος), meaning bulk, mass, or [[tumor]] and the suffix ''-ology'', meaning "study of." Oncologists may be divided on the basis of the type of treatment provided. *[[surgical oncology|Surgical oncologist]]s: who are [[surgeons]] who specialize in tumor removal. *[[medical oncology|Medical oncologist]]s: who deal with using medication or [[chemotherapy]] to treat cancer. *[[Radiation oncologist]]s: people who specialize in the treatment of cancer with [[ionizing radiation|radiation]], a process called [[radiotherapy]]. *'''N.B.''' In the UK, the majority of oncologists are known as Clinical Oncologists, and are fully qualified to practice both chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In most other countries these disciplines are more clearly segregated. Oncologists may also be categorized on the basis of the patient type. *Gynecologic Oncologist: specialize in the treatment of cancer in women. Gynecologic Oncologists can perform and give chemotherapy and assist in radiation therapy for these cancers in women. *Pediatric Oncologist: specialize in the care of children with cancer. Oncology is concerned with: * The [[diagnosis]] of cancer * Therapy (e.g. [[surgery]], [[chemotherapy]], [[radiotherapy]] and other modalities) * Follow-up of [[cancer patient]]s after successful treatment * [[Palliative care]] of patients with terminal malignancies * [[Ethics|Ethical]] questions surrounding cancer care * [[Screening (medicine)|Screening]] efforts: ** of populations, or ** of the relatives of patients (in types of cancer that are thought to have a heritable basis, such as [[breast cancer]]). The oncologist often coordinates the multidisciplinary care of [[cancer patient]]s, which may involve [[physiotherapy]], [[psychotherapy|counselling]], clincal [[genetics]], to name but a few. On the other hand, the oncologist often has to liaise with [[pathology|pathologist]]s on the exact biological nature of the [[tumor]] that is being treated. == Diagnosis == The most important diagnostic tool remains the medical history: the character of the complaints and any specific symptoms ([[Fatigue (physical)|fatigue]], [[weight loss]], unexplained [[anemia]], [[paraneoplastic phenomena]] and other signs). Often a physical examination will reveal the location of a [[malignancy]]. Diagnostic methods include: * [[Biopsy]], either incisional or excisional; * [[Endoscopy]], either upper or lower gastrointestinal, bronchoscopy, or nasendoscopy; * [[X-rays]], [[Computed axial tomography|CT scanning]], [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI scanning]], [[ultrasound]] and other radiological techniques; * [[Scintigraphy]], [[Positron emission tomography]] and other methods of [[nuclear medicine]]; * [[Blood test]]s, including [[Tumor marker]]s, which can increase the suspicion of certain types of tumors or even be pathognomonic of a particular disease. Apart from in diagnosis, these modalities (especially imaging by [[Computed axial tomography|CT scanning]]) are often used to determine [[surgery|operability]], i.e. whether it is [[surgery|surgically]] possible to remove a tumor in its entirety. Generally, a "''tissue diagnosis''" (from a [[biopsy]]) is considered essential for the proper identification of [[cancer]]. When this is not possible, ''empirical therapy'' (without an exact diagnosis) may be given, based on the available evidence (e.g. history, x-rays and scans.) Occasionally, a metastatic lump or pathological lymph node is found (typically in the neck) for which a primary tumor cannot be found. This situation is referred to as " carcinoma of unknown primary", and again, treatment is empirical, based on past experience of the most likely origin. ==Therapy== It depends completely on the nature of the [[tumor]] identified what kind of therapeutical intervention will be necessary. Certain disorders will require immediate admission and [[chemotherapy]] (such as [[acute lymphocytic leukemia|ALL]] or [[acute myelogenous leukemia|AML]]), while others will be followed up with regular physical examination and [[blood test]]s. Often, [[surgery]] is attempted to remove a [[tumor]] entirely. This is only feasible when there is some degree of certainty that the tumor can in fact be removed. When it is certain that parts will remain, curative surgery is often impossible, e.g. when there are [[metastasis|metastases]] elsewhere, or when the tumor has invaded a structure that cannot be operated upon without risking the patient's life. Occasionally surgery can improve survival even if not all tumour tissue has been removed; the procedure is referred to as "debulking" (i.e. reducing the overall amount of tumour tissue). Surgery is also used for the [[palliative]] treatment of some of cancers, e.g. to relieve biliary obstruction, or to relieve the problems associated with some cerebral tumours. The risks of surgery must be weighed up against the benefits. [[Chemotherapy]] and [[radiotherapy]] are used as a first-line radical therapy in a number of malignancies. They are also used for [[adjuvant]] therapy, i.e. when the macroscopic tumor has already been completely removed surgically but there is a reasonable statistical risk that it will recur. [[Chemotherapy]] and [[radiotherapy]] are commonly used for palliation, where disease is clearly incurable: in this situation the aim is to improve and prolong quality of life. [[Hormone]] manipulation is well established, particularly in the treatment of breast and prostate cancer. There is currently a rapid expansion in the use of [[monoclonal antibody]] treatments, notably for [[lymphoma]] ([[Rituximab]]), and [[breast cancer]] ([[Trastuzumab]]). [[Vaccine]] and other [[immunotherapy|immunotherapies]] are the subject of intensive research. The application of ultrasound in the form of [[HIFU]] to solid tumors is under investigation. == Follow-up == A large segment of the oncologist's workload is the following-up of cancer patients who have been successfully treated. For some cancers, early identification of recurrence, with prompt treatment, can lead to better survival and quality of life. It depends on the nature of the cancer whether the follow-up lasts a number of years or remains "life long". == Palliative care== Although 50% of all cancer cases diagnosed achieve curation, a large number of cancer patients will die from the disease. There may be ongoing issues with symptom control associated with progressive cancer. These problems may include [[pain]], [[nausea]], [[anorexia (symptom)|anorexia]], [[fatigue]], immobility, and [[clinical depression|depression]]. Not all issues are strictly physical: personal dignity may be affected. Moral and spiritual issues are also important. Whilst many of these problems fall within the remit of the oncologist, [[palliative care]] has matured into a separate, closely allied speciality to address the problems associated with advanced disease. Palliative care is an essential part of the multidisciplinary cancer care team. Palliative care services may be less hospital-based than oncology, with nurses and doctors who are able to visit the patient at home. == Ethical issues== There are a number of recurring ''[[medical ethics|ethical]] questions'' and ''dilemmas'' in oncological practice. These include: *What information to give the patient regarding disease extent/progression/[[prognosis]]. *Entry into [[clinical trials]], especially in the face of [[terminal illness]]. *Withdrawal of active treatment. *"[[Do Not Resuscitate]]" orders and other end of life issues. These issues are closely related to the patients' personality, religion, culture, personal, and family life. The answers are rarely black and white. It requires a degree of sensitivity and very good communication on the part of the oncology team to address these problems properly. == Progress and research in oncology == There is a tremendous amount of research being conducted on all frontiers of oncology, ranging from cancer cell biology to [[chemotherapy]] treatment regimens and optimal [[palliative care]] and [[analgesia|pain relief]]. This makes oncology an exciting and continuously changing field. Therapeutic trials often involve patients from many different hospitals in a particular region. In the UK, patients are often enrolled in large studies coordinated by the [[Medical Research Council]] (MRC, [http://www.mrc.ac.uk/ www.mrc.ac.uk]) or the [[European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer]] (EORTC, [http://www.eortc.be/ www.eortc.be]). == Complementary and Alternative therapies == ''See main article: [[Alternative medicine]]'' Many cancer patients seek extra help from complementary and alternative therapies, which fall outside of conventional medicine. Some complementary therapies do not have a firm scientific or evidence base. Some patients undoubtedly find complementary therapies helpful whilst they are undergoing conventional treatment. Whilst most complementary therapies are harmless and even beneficial, they can be expensive. They may also be positively harmful if the patient forgoes conventional treatment altogether, in order to follow alternative regimens. Some alternative regimens are undoubtedly hazardous. == See also == * [[Alternative medicine]] * [[Experimental cancer treatment]] * [[List of oncology-related terms]] * [[Performance status]] * [[List of publications in biology#Oncology|Important publications in oncology]] == References == * Vickers, A. Alternative Cancer Cures: "Unproven" or "Disproven"? CA Cancer J Clin 2004 54: 110-118. [http://caonline.amcancersoc.org/cgi/content/full/54/2/110 Full text online] == External links == * [http://www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Home Cancerbackup] * [http://www.bccancer.bc.ca/ BC Cancer Agency] * [http://www.cancer.ca Canadian Cancer Society] * [http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/ Cancer Research UK] * [http://www.iarc.fr/ International Agency for Research on Cancer] * [http://www.macmillan.org.uk/ MacMillan cancer relief] * [http://www.nci.nih.gov/ National Cancer Institute] * [http://www.quackwatch.org/00AboutQuackwatch/altseek.html Quackwatch guide to alternative cancer therapies] * [http://oncowiki.info Oncowiki: A Wiki based repository of Cancer Chemotherapy Regimens] * [http://www.cancer.org American Cancer Society] {{Medicine}} {{Tumors}} [[Category:Oncology| ]] [[da:Onkologi]] [[de:Onkologie]] [[es:Oncología]] [[fr:Oncologie]] [[it:Oncologia]] [[he:אונקולוגיה]] [[nl:Oncologie]] [[ja:腫瘍学]] [[pl:Onkologia]] [[pt:Oncologia]] [[sl:Onkologija]] [[sv:Onkologi]] [[tr:Onkoloji]] [[zh:肿瘤学]] 2316 6871 2006-09-16T04:35:24Z Eukesh 93 In [[medicine]], '''pulmonology''' (aka '''pneumology''') is the specialty that deals with [[disease]]s of the [[lung]]s and the [[respiratory tract]]. It is called '''chest medicine''' and '''respiratory medicine''' in some countries and areas. ''Pulmonology'' is generally considered a branch of [[internal medicine]], although it is closely related to [[intensive care medicine]] when dealing with patients requiring [[mechanical ventilation]]. [[Surgery]] of the respiratory tract is generally performed by specialists in [[cardiothoracic surgery]] (or [[thoracic surgery]]). '''Chest medicine''' is not a specialty in itself but is an inclusive term which pertains to the treatment of diseases of the chest and contains the fields of pulmonology, thoracic surgery, and [[intensive care medicine]]. Pulmonology is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of [[lung]] diseases, as well as secondary prevention ([[tuberculosis]]). Physicans specializing in this area are called pulmonologists. == Diagnosis == In [[medicine]], 50% of all diagnoses can be made by a thorough medical history, and lung diseases are no different. The pulmonologist will conduct a general review and focus on: * hereditary diseases affecting the lungs ([[cystic fibrosis]], [[alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency]]) * exposure to [[toxin]]s ([[tobacco smoking|tobacco smoke]], [[asbestos]], [[exhaust fume]]s, [[coal mining]] fumes) * exposure to [[infectious disease|infectious agents]] (certain types of [[bird]]s, malt processing) * an [[autoimmune disorder|autoimmune diathesis]] that might predispose to certain conditions ([[pulmonary fibrosis]], [[pulmonary hypertension]]) Physical diagnostics are as important as in the other fields of [[medicine]]. *Inspection of the hands for signs of [[cyanosis]] or [[clubbing]], chest wall, and respiratory rate. *Palpation of the [[cervical]] [[lymph node]]s, [[trachea]] and chest wall movement. *Percussion of the lung fields for dullness or [[hyperresonance]]. *[[Auscultation]] (with a [[stethoscope]]) of the lung fields for diminished or unusual breath sounds. As many [[cardiology|heart diseases]] can give pulmonary signs, a thorough cardiac investigation is usually included. Other tools include: * [[Laboratory]] investigation of [[blood]] ([[blood test]]s). Sometimes [[arterial blood gas]] measurements are also required. * [[Spirometry]] (the determination of [[lung volumes]] in time by breathing into a dedicated machine; response to [[bronchodilatator]]s and [[diffusion]] of [[carbon monoxide]]) * [[Bronchoscopy]] with [[bronchoalveolar lavage]] (BAL), [[biopsy]] and [[epithelium|epithelial]] brushing * [[X-rays|Chest X-rays]] * [[Computed axial tomography|CT scanning]] ([[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI scanning]] is rarely used) * [[Scintigraphy]] and other methods of [[nuclear medicine]] * [[Positron emission tomography]] (especially in [[lung cancer]]) == Treatment == [[Surgery|Surgical]] treatment in generally performed by the ([[cardiothoracic surgery|cardio]])[[thoracic surgery|thoracic surgeon]], generally after primary evaluation by a pulmonologist. [[Medication]] is the most important treatment of most diseases of pulmonology, either by inhalation ([[bronchodilator]]s and [[steroid]]s) or in oral form ([[antibiotic]]s, [[leukotriene antagonist]]s). [[Oxygen]] therapy is often necessary in severe respiratory disease ([[emphysema]] and [[pulmonary fibrosis]]). When this is insufficient, the patient might require [[mechanical ventilation]]. == Training == Pulmonologists are physicians who after receiving a medical degree [[MD]] or [[DO]] complete residency training in internal medicine (3 years) followed by at least 2 additional years of subspeciality fellowship training in pulmonology. == Diseases managed by the pulmonologist == *[[Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis]] * [[Asthma]] * [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]: - ** [[Chronic bronchitis]] ** [[Emphysema]] * [[Cystic fibrosis]] (adults) * [[Lung cancer]] diagnosis * [[Pneumoconiosis]] * [[Pneumonia]] * [[Pneumothorax]] * [[Psittacosis]] * [[Pulmonary embolism]] * [[Pulmonary fibrosis]] * [[Pulmonary hypertension]] * [[Pulmonary sequestration]] * [[Sarcoidosis]] * [[Sleep apnea]] or [[restless legs syndrome]] == Scientific research == Pulmonologists are involved in both clinical and basic research of the [[respiratory system]], ranging from the anatomy of the bronchial epithelium to the most effective treatment of [[pulmonary hypertension]] (a disease notoriously resistant to therapy). ==External Links== * [http://www.maxanim.com/biochemistry/Oxygen%20Carbon%20Dioxide/Oxygen%20Carbon% Changes in the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide] (Animations) {{medicine}} [[Category:Pulmonology| ]] [[ar:طب الأمراض الصدرية]] [[de:Pneumologie]] [[es:Neumología]] [[eu:Pneumologia]] [[fr:Pneumologie]] [[it:Pneumologia]] [[nl:Pneumologie]] [[ja:呼吸器学]] [[nn:Pulmonologi]] [[pl:Pulmonologia]] [[pt:Pneumologia]] [[sk:Pneumológia]] [[sl:Pulmologija]] 2317 6872 2006-09-16T04:36:16Z Eukesh 93 '''Rheumatology''', a subspecialty of [[internal medicine]], is devoted to the [[diagnosis]] and therapy of '''rheumatic diseases'''. The term originates from the Greek ''rheuma'', meaning "that which flows as a river or stream" and the suffix ''-ology'', meaning "the study of". Rheumatologists mainly deal with problems involving the joints and the allied conditions of connective tissue. == Diseases == Diseases diagnosed or managed by the rheumatologist include: *[[rheumatoid arthritis]] *[[lupus erythematosus]] *[[Sjögren's syndrome]] *[[scleroderma]] (systemic sclerosis) *[[dermatomyositis]] *[[polychondritis]] *[[polymyositis]] *[[polymyalgia rheumatica]] *[[osteoarthritis]] *[[septic arthritis]] *[[gout]], [[pseudogout]] *[[spondyloarthropathy|spondyloarthropathies]] **[[ankylosing spondylitis]] **[[reactive arthritis]] (Reiter's syndrome) **[[psoriatic arthropathy]] **[[enteropathic spondylitis]] **[[reactive arthropathy]] *[[vasculitis]] **[[polyarteritis nodosa]] **[[Henoch-Schönlein purpura]] **[[serum sickness]] **[[Wegener's granulomatosis]] **[[giant cell arteritis]] **[[temporal arteritis]] **[[Takayasu's arteritis]] **[[Behçet's syndrome]] **[[Kawasaki's disease]] (mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome) **[[Buerger's disease]] ([[thromboangiitis obliterans]]) <!--much more here--> == Diagnosis == Apart from an extensive medical history and [[physical examination]], a rheumatologist may apply the following diagnostic methods: * [[Medical laboratory|Laboratory]] [[blood test|tests]] (e.g. [[erythrocyte sedimentation rate]], [[rheumatoid factor]]) * [[X-ray]]s of affected joints and other imaging methods * [[Cytology]] and [[chemical pathology]] of fluid aspirated from affected joints (e.g. to differentiate between [[septic arthritis]] and [[gout]]) == Treatment == Most rheumatic diseases are treated with [[analgesic]]s, [[NSAID]]s (anti-inflammatory drugs), [[steroid]]s (in serious cases), [[DMARD]]s ("steroid-sparing" agents), [[monoclonal antibody|monoclonal antibodies]], such as [[infliximab]] and [[adalimumab]], and the soluble TNF receptor [[etanercept]]. [[Physiotherapy]] is vital in the treatment of many rheumatological disorders. [[Occupational therapy]] can help patients finding alternative ways for common movements which would otherwise be restricted by their disease. == Scientific research == A large body of recent scientific research treats the background of [[autoimmune disease]], the cause of many rheumatic disorders. Epidemiological studies and medication trials are also conducted. ==External links== *[http://www.jclinrheum.com JCR: Journal of Clinical Rheumatology]. *[http://www.institutferran.org IFR: Institut Ferran de Reumatologia]. {{Medicine}} [[Category:Rheumatology|*]] [[de:Rheumatologie]] [[et:Reumatoloogia]] [[es:Reumatología]] [[eu:Erreumatologia]] [[fr:Rhumatologie]] [[io:Reumatologio]] [[it:Reumatologia]] [[he:ראומטולוגיה]] [[ja:リウマチ学]] [[pl:Reumatologia]] [[pt:Reumatologia]] [[sv:Reumatologi]] [[tr:Romatoloji]] 2318 6873 2006-09-16T04:37:08Z Eukesh 93 In [[medicine]], the field of '''cardiothoracic surgery''' is involved in the [[surgery|surgical]] treatment of [[diseases]] that affect organs inside the [[thorax]] (the chest). In general it will mean conditions of the [[heart]] ([[cardiovascular disease]]) and [[lung]]s ([[pulmonology|lung disease]]). Cardiothoracic surgery is a recognised [[surgical specialties|surgical specialty]]. '''Thoracic surgery''' generally refers to surgery of the chest other than the heart. A [[general surgeon]] may have an interest in thoracic surgery. A cardiothoracic surgeon will perform Coronary Artery Bypass Graft ([[CABG]]), [[Heart valve]], lung volume reduction, heart and/or lung transplantation, as well as [[arrhythmia]] surgery and thoracic [[aortic dissection|aorta]] repairs. ==History== Animal experimentation by various pioneers, including [[Vladimir Demikhov]] and [[Dominique Metras]], in [[1940]]s and [[1950]]s demonstrated that the procedure is feasible technically. [[Hardy]] performed the first human [[lung transplantation]] in [[1963]]. Following a left lung transplantation, the patient survived for 18 days. From 1963-1978, multiple attempts at lung transplantation failed because of [[transplant rejection|rejection]] and problems with anastomotic bronchial healing. The first successful human-to-human [[heart transplantation]] was performed in [[South Africa]] by Dr. [[Christiaan Barnard| Barnard]] on [[December 3]], [[1967]]. Since 1905 the procedure was investigated by transplanting a puppy's heart into the neck of a dog. This intervention is generally reserved for patients with end-stage [[congestive heart failure]] (CHF) with a prognosis of less than a year to live without the transplant and who are not candidates for conventional medical therapy or have not been helped by conventional medical therapy. ==Procedures== * [[Heart]] ** [[Coronary artery bypass surgery]] ** [[Valve replacement]] ** [[Mitral valve repair]] ** [[Congenital heart disease]] **[[Ventricular assist device]] ** [[Heart transplantation]] * [[Thorax]] ** [[Mediastinoscopy]] ** [[Video-assisted thoracoscopy]] (VATS) ** [[Lobectomy]] (e.g. for [[lung cancer]]) ** [[Bullectomy]] (for a [[bulla]] in [[emphysema]]) ** [[Lung transplantation]] * [[Vascular]] ** [[Aortic aneurysm]] ** [[Aortic dissection]] ==See also== *[http://cardiacsurgery.ctsnetbooks.org/cgi/content/full/2/2003/1095/F1?ck=nck Classification of aortic dissection] ==References== *[http://cardiacsurgery.ctsnetbooks.org/?ck=nck Cardiac Surgery in the Adult] *[http://www.ctsnet.org/doc/4988 Extended Cervical Mediastinoscopy] *[http://www.tmc.edu/thi/mcsthi.html Heart Assist Devices] *[http://yoursurgery.com/Procedures.cfm?BR=3 YourSurgery.com Procedures] *[http://cardiacsurgery.ctsnetbooks.org/cgi/content/full/2/2003/1461?ck=nck#History_of_Lung_Transplantation History of Lung Transplantation] *[http://cardiacsurgery.ctsnetbooks.org/cgi/content/full/2/2003/1427?ck=nck#HISTORY_OF_HEART_TRANSPLANTATION HISTORY OF HEART TRANSPLANTATION] *[http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic3187.htm Heart Transplantation] free registration needed *[http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2980.htm Lung Transplantation] free registration needed ==External links== *[http://www.aats.org American Association for Thoracic Surgery] *[http://www.texheartsurgeons.com/ Advances in Cardiovascular Surgery and Cardiothoracic Surgical Procedures] *[http://www.ctsnet.org/residents/ctsn/ Cardiothoracic Surgery Notes] an online interactive review developed by residents in cardiothoracic surgery *[http://www.enferpro.com/cirugia1.htm#DIRECCIONES Contenidos de Enfermería y Cirugía Cardiaca] *[http://www.ctsnet.org/ CTSNet: The Cardiothoracic Surgery Network] *[http://www.enferpro.com/cirugiacurso.htm Curso de Enfermería y Cirugía Cardiaca] *[http://www.texheartsurgeons.com/AssistDvcs.htm Heart Assist Devices] *[http://www1.cs.columbia.edu/robotics/projects/lvad/lvad_form.html LVAD Simulator] *[http://perfline.com/index.htm Perfusion Line] *[http://www.ctsnet.org/section/residents/ The CardioThoracic Surgery Network: Residents Section] *[http://www.hsforum.com/ The Heart Surgery Forum®] *[http://www.ismics.org/ International Society for Minimally Invasive Cardiothoracic Surgery] *[http://www.heartpioneers.com/ The Implantable Artificial Heart Project] *[http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/medicine/history/notes/surgery/ The Surgical Treatment of Pulmonary and Cardiac Disease] *[http://perfline.com/textbook/textbook.html The Virtual Textbook Of Extracorporeal Technology] *[http://info.med.yale.edu/intmed/cardio/imaging/ Yale: Introduction to Cardiothoracic Imaging] {{circulatory-stub}} {{medicine}} [[Category:Surgical specialties]] [[de:Herzchirurgie]] [[fr:Chirurgie cardiothoracique]] [[ko:흉부외과]] [[nl:Thoraxchirurgie]] [[ja:胸部外科学]] [[pt:Cirurgia cardiovascular]] 2319 6875 2006-09-16T04:38:51Z Eukesh 93 Dermatologic surgery (sometimes referred to as "Dermosurgery") is surgery performed by a dermatologipt physician. A [[Dermatologic Surgeon|dermatologic surgeon]] (sometimes known as a "Dermasurgeon") is a dermatologist with a special interest in this field who has applied for fellowship status in the [http://www.asds-net.org/ American Society for Dermatologic Surgery], a professional organization dedicated to supporting and educating these physicians. Techniques available to a dermatologic surgeon include lasers, traditional scalpel surgery, electrosurgery, cryosurgery, photodynamic therapy, liposuction, blepharoplasty (cosmetic eyelid surgery), minimally-invasive facelift surgery (e.g., the S-lift), and a variety of topical and injectable agents such as dermal fillers including fat transfer and hyaluronic acid. Some specially trained dermatologic surgeons perform [[Mohs cancer surgery]], which can be an effective method for the treatment of recurrent, indistinct, or difficult skin cancers. 2320 8904 2007-01-17T10:32:43Z Tangotango 190 Undo revision 8878 by [[Special:Contributions/82.110.109.171]] ([[User talk:82.110.109.171]]) [[Image:Surgeon.jpg|thumb|250px|A surgeon operating]] '''General surgery''', despite its name, is a surgical specialty that focuses on surgical treatment of abdominal organs, e.g. [[intestine]]s including [[esophagus]], [[stomach]], [[Colon (anatomy)|colon]], [[liver]], [[gallbladder]] and [[bile duct]]s, and often the [[thyroid]] gland (depending on the availability of head and neck surgery specialists) and [[hernia]]s. In Australia, Canada, the US and the UK, general surgeons are responsible for [[breast]] care, including the surgical treatment of [[breast cancer]]. In most other countries, breast care falls under [[Obstetrics and Gynecology]] and its sub-specialty of [[Mastology]] (or [[Senology]]). In the last few years [[minimally invasive surgery]] has become more and more important. Considerable enthusiasm has built around [[robotic surgery]] (or, more accurately, robotic-assisted surgery), despite the scant data currently available failing to show real benefit. ==Training Programs== There are a number of excellent surgery training programs available for medical students going into a categorical general surgery residency. Based on a combination of the US News and World Report rankings for the ten best hospitals in the United States, number of presentations at national conferences, and word-of-mouth rankings from professors at top academic universities around the world, the most prestigious surgery training programs include Harvard, Johns Hopkins, and Duke. The next ten, in no particular order, include the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor), Washington University at St. Louis, University of Washington, Yale, University of Pennsylvania, University of Virginia, Cornell, Baylor (Houston), University of California at Los Angeles, and the University of California at San Francisco. In [[Australia]], surgical training is the responsibility of the [[Royal Australasian College of Surgeons]]. ==See also== *[[Surgery]] *[[Abdominal surgery]] {{General_surgery}} {{Medicine}} [[Category:General surgery| ]] [[Category:Surgical specialties]] {{treatment-stub}} [[eu:Kirurgia orokor]] [[ko:일반외과]] [[pl:Chirurgia ogólna]] [[pt:Cirurgia geral]] [[tr:Genel cerrahi]] 2321 8842 2007-01-16T18:58:01Z RajeshPandey 111 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/172.142.11.33|172.142.11.33]] ([[User_talk:172.142.11.33|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:Eukesh|Eukesh]] '''Gynecological surgery''' refers to surgery on a female's [[genital]] parts. This includes [[hymenoplasty]] and [[labiaplasty]]. Usually it is for reconstructive reasons. It can also be for aesthetic or sexual reasons. There could be tightening of the vaginal wall or making the entrance smaller. {{treatment-stub}} [[Category:Surgical specialties]] [[Category:Gynecology]] 2322 7392 2006-10-14T03:59:48Z Jose77 104 {{Eng}} [[Image:Parkinson surgery.jpg|thumb|right|Insertion of electrode during parkinson surgery.]] '''Neurosurgery''' is the [[surgery|surgical]] discipline focused on treating those [[central nervous system|central]] and [[peripheral nervous system]] diseases amenable to mechanical intervention. ==Definition and scope== According to the U.S. Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), {{cquote|''Neurological Surgery is a discipline of medicine and that specialty of surgery which provides the operative and nonoperative management (ie, prevention, diagnosis, evaluation, treatment, critical care, and rehabilitation) of disorders of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, including their supporting structures and vascular supply; the evaluation and treatment of pathological processes that modify the function or activity of the nervous system, including the hypophysis: and the operative and nonoperative management of pain. As such, neurological surgery encompasses the surgical, nonsurgical and stereotactic radiosurgical treatment of adult and pediatric patients with disorders of the nervous system: disorders of the brain, meninges, skull base, and their blood supply, including the surgical and endovascular treatment of disorders of the intracranial and extracranial vasculature supplying the brain and spinal cord; disorders of the pituitary gland; disorders of the spinal cord, meninges, and vertebral column, including those that may require treatment by fusion, instrumentation,or endovascular techniques; and disorders of the cranial and spinal nerves throughout their distribution''.}} == Training == [[Image:Gersdorff - Schädelwunde.jpg|Old German engraving depicting a [[trepanation]], an ancient and still performed neurosurgical procedure|thumb]] In the U.S., neurosurgeons undergo a rigorous training program, known as a residency, consisting of 5-7 years of postgraduate study in neurosurgery (following a mandatory one-year surgery internship). After completing their residency training, some neurosurgeons undertake advanced subspecialty training in programs known as fellowships which are typically one or two years in duration. Some examples of subspecialty areas in neurosurgery include cerebrovascular and skull base surgery, epilepsy, functional and stereotactic neurosurgery, neurosurgery trauma, spine surgery, and pediatric neurosurgery. Admission into advanced fellowship training programs is extremely competitive. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, competition is fierce for the [[senior house officer]] and [[specialist registrar]] posts leading up to a consultant qualification<ref>Chelvarajah R. Brain surgery... not rocket science. ''BMJ Career Focus'' 2004;328:95. [http://careerfocus.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/328/7439/95 Fulltext].</ref>. ==Conditions== Neurosurgical conditions include primarily [[human brain|brain]], [[spinal cord]] and [[peripheral nervous system|peripheral nerve]] disorders. Conditions treated by neurosurgeons include: *[[Spinal disc herniation]] *[[Spinal stenosis]] *[[Hydrocephalus]] *[[Head trauma]] (brain hemorrhages, skull fractures, etc.) *[[Spinal cord]] [[Physical trauma|trauma]] *[[Physical trauma|Traumatic injuries]] of [[peripheral nervous system|peripheral nerves]] *[[Brain tumor]]s *[[Tumor]]s of the [[vertebral column|spine]], [[spinal cord]] and [[peripheral nervous system|peripheral nerves]] *[[Cerebral aneurysm]]s *Some forms of [[stroke|hemorrhagic stroke]], such as [[subarachnoid hemorrhage]]s, as well as intraparenchymal and intraventricular [[hemorrhage]]s *Some forms of pharmacologically resistant [[epilepsy]] *Some forms of [[movement disorder]]s (advanced [[Parkinson's disease]], [[chorea]], [[hemiballism]]) - this involves the use of specially developed minimally invasive [[stereotaxy|stereotactic]] techniques (functional, stereotactic neurosurgery) *Intractable pain of cancer or trauma patients and cranial/peripheral nerve pain *Some forms of intractable [[psychiatric]] disorders *[[Malformation]]s of the [[nervous system]] ==Reference== <references /> ==External links== *[http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/02688697.asp British Journal of Neurosurgery] *[http://www.neurosurgeon.org/ Congress of Neurological Surgeons] *[http://www.aans.org/ American Association of Neurologic Surgeons] *[http://www.abns.org/ American Board of Neurological Surgery] *[http://www.nsa.org.au/ Neurosurgical Society of Australasia] *[http://www.brain-surgery.us/ Brain Surgery-Neurosurgery Patient Help Site] *[http://www.eans.org European Association of Neurosurgical Societies] *[http://www.neurosocietyindia.com/ Neurology Society of India] *[http://www.neurosurgery.ufl.edu/ University of Florida Department of Neurosurgery] *[http://neurosurgery.mgh.harvard.edu/ Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Neurosurgery] {{Medicine}} [[Category:Neurosurgery|*]] [[Category:Surgical specialties]] [[da:Neurokirurgi]] [[de:Neurochirurgie]] [[es:Neurocirugía]] [[fr:Neurochirurgie]] [[ko:신경외과]] [[nl:Neurochirurgie]] [[ja:脳神経外科学]] [[no:Nevrokirurgi]] [[pl:Neurochirurgia]] [[pt:Neurocirurgia]] [[ru:Нейрохирургия]] [[sl:Nevrokirurgija]] [[fi:Neurokirurgia]] [[sv:Neurokirurgi]] [[zh:神經外科]] 2323 6879 2006-09-16T04:42:11Z Eukesh 93 [[Image:Augenoperation 1195.jpg|thumb|right|Eye surgery in the middle ages.]] '''Eye surgery''', also known as '''ophthalmic surgery''' or '''ocular surgery''', is [[surgery]] performed on the [[eye]] or its [[adnexa]], typically by an [[ophthalmologist]]. <ref>[http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/La-Pa/Ophthalmologic-Surgery.html Surgery Encyclopedia - Ophthalmologic surgery]</ref> == Laser surgery and incisional surgery== Although the terms "[[laser eye surgery]]" and "[[refractive surgery]]" are commonly used as if they were interchangeable, this is not the case. Lasers may be used to treat nonrefractive conditions (e.g. to seal a retinal tear), while [[radial keratotomy]] is an example of refractive surgery without the use of a laser. ==Types of eye surgeries== ===Cataract surgery=== {{main|Cataract surgery}} A [[cataract]] is an opacification or cloudiness of the eye's [[lens (anatomy)|crystalline lens]] due to aging, disease, or trauma that typically prevents light from forming a clear image on the [[retina]]. If [[visual loss]] is significant, surgical removal of the lens may be warranted, with lost [[optical power]] usually replaced with a plastic [[intraocular lens]] (IOL). Due to the high prevalence of cataracts, cataract extraction is the most common eye surgery.<ref>Uhr, Barry W. ''History of ophthalmology at Baylor University Medical Center''. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2003 October; 16(4): 435–438. PMID 16278761</ref> ===Glaucoma surgery=== [[Glaucoma]] is a group of diseases affecting the [[optic nerve]] that results in [[vision loss]] and is frequently characterized by raised [[intraocular pressure]] (IOP). There are many glaucoma surgeries, and variations or combinations of those surgeries, that facilitate the escape of excess [[aqueous humor]] from the eye to lower intraocular pressure, and a few that lower IOP by decreasing the production of aqueous. ====Procedures that facilitate outflow of aqueous humor==== '''''Laser trabeculoplasty''''' A '''trabeculoplasty''' is a modification of the [[trabecular meshwork]]. '''Laser trabeculoplasty''' (LTP) is the application of a laser beam to burn areas of the trabecular meshwork, located near the base of the iris, to increase fluid outflow. LTP is used in the treatment of various open-angle glaucomas.<ref>[http://www.med.umich.edu/1libr/aha/aha_gfollow_oph.htm University of Michigan Health System - Surgery for Glaucoma]</ref> The two types of laser trabeculoplasty are '''argon laser trabeculoplasty''' (ALT) and '''selective laser trabeculoplasty''' (SLT). As its name suggests, argon laser trabeculoplasty uses an [[argon laser]] to create tiny burns on the trabecular meshwork.<ref>[http://www.eyemdlink.com/EyeProcedure.asp?EyeProcedureID=47 EyeMDLink.com - Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty (ALT)]</ref> Selective laser trabeculoplasty is newer technology that uses a [[Nd:YAG laser]] to target specific cells within the trabecular meshwork and create less thermal damage than ALT.<ref>[http://www.revoptom.com/index.asp?ArticleType=SiteSpec&page=osc/105058/lesson.htm Review of Optometry - SLT: The Laser Picks Up Where Medications Leave Off]</ref><ref>[http://www.glaucoma.org/treating/a_new_type_of_g.html Glaucoma Research Foundation - SLT: A New Type of Glaucoma Surgery]</ref> '''''Iridotomy''''' An '''iridotomy''' involves making puncture-like openings through the [[iris (anatomy)|iris]] without the removal of iris tissue. Performed either with standard surgical instruments or a laser, it is typically used to decrease intraocular pressure in patients with angle-closure glaucoma. A '''laser peripheral iridotomy''' (LPI) is the application of a laser beam to selectively burn a hole through the iris near its base. LPI may be performed with either an argon laser or Nd:YAG laser.<ref>[http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/La-Pa/Laser-Iridotomy.html Surgery Encyclopedia - Laser iridotomy]</ref><ref>[http://www.eyemdlink.com/EyeProcedure.asp?EyeProcedureID=46 EyeMDLink.com - Laser Peripheral Iridotomy (PI)]</ref> '''''Iridectomy''''' An '''[[iridectomy]]''', also known as a '''[[corectomy]]''' or '''[[surgical iridectomy]]''', involves the removal of a portion of iris tissue.<ref>[http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Fi-La/Iridectomy.html Surgery Encyclopedia - Iridectomy]</ref><ref name="Cline">Cline D; Hofstetter HW; Griffin JR. ''Dictionary of Visual Science''. 4th ed. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston 1997. ISBN 0-7506-9895-0</ref> A basal iridectomy is the removal of iris tissue from the far periphery, near the iris root; a peripheral iridectomy is the removal of iris tissue at the periphery; and a sector iridectomy is the removal of a wedge-shaped section of iris that extends from the pupil margin to the iris root, leaving a keyhole-shaped pupil. '''''Filtering procedures: penetrating vs. non-penetrating''''' Filtering surgeries are the mainstay of surgical treatment to control intraocular pressure.<ref>Jacobi PC, Dietlein TS, Krieglstein GK. "Technique of goniocurettage: a potential treatment for advanced chronic open angle glaucoma." ''Br J Ophthalmol''. 1997 Apr;81(4):302-7. PMID 9215060.</ref> An '''anterior sclerotomy''' or '''sclerostomy''' is used to gain access to the inner layers of the eye [http://www.merckmedicus.com/pp/us/hcp/thcp_dorlands_content.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/dmd_s_05.htm] [http://bjo.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/81/4/302#B5] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=10150851&dopt=Abstract] in order to create a drainage channel from the anterior chamber to the external surface of the eye under the conjunctiva, allowing aqueous to seep into a bleb from which it is slowly absorbed. Filtering procedures are typically divided into either penetrating or non-penetrating types depending upon whether an intraoperative entry into the anterior chamber occurs [http://www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/articles/other/glauc_32/] [http://www.jdosmp.org/glaucoma_filtering_surgeries.html]. Penetrating filtering surgeries are further subdivided into guarded filtering procedures, also known as protected, subscleral, or partial thickness filtering procedures (in which the surgeon sutures a scleral flap over the sclerostomy site [http://www.revoptom.com/index.asp?ArticleType=SiteSpec&page=body/articles/10_2001/ro259.htm]), and full thickness procedures [http://adam.about.com/reports/000025_8.htm]. '''[[Trabeculectomy]]''' is a guarded filtering procedure that removes of part of the trabecular meshwork<ref>[http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/St-Wr/Trabeculectomy.html Surgery Encyclopedia - Trabeculectomy]</ref>[http://www.eyemdlink.com/EyeProcedure.asp?EyeProcedureID=44]. Full thickness procedures include sclerectomy, posterior lip sclerectomy (in which the surgeon completely excises the sclera on the area of the sclerostomy [http://www.revoptom.com/index.asp?ArticleType=SiteSpec&page=body/articles/10_2001/ro259.htm]), trephination, thermal sclerostomy (Scheie procedure), iridenclesis, and sclerostomy (including conventional sclerostomy and enzymatic sclerostomy) [http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Pa-St/Sclerostomy.html] [http://www.jdosmp.org/glaucoma_filtering_surgeries.html]. Non-penetrating filtering surgeries do not penetrate or enter the eye's [[anterior chamber]] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12048520&dopt=Abstract] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11880725&query_hl=2]. There are two types of non-penetrating surgeris: Bleb-forming and viscocanalostomy [http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:hy91evaiCQIJ:www.revoptom.com/index.asp%3FArticleType%3DSiteSpec%26page%3Dosc/feb03/lesson.htm+%22bleb+forming%22+%22Viscocanalostomy%22&hl=en] [http://www.optometry.co.uk/files/331aa73495c19582cb2afe54c0a85671_Gupta19805.pdf]. Bleb forming procedures include ab externo trabeculectomy and deep sclerectomy[http://www.optometry.co.uk/files/331aa73495c19582cb2afe54c0a85671_Gupta19805.pdf]. Ab externo trabeculectomy (AET) involves cutting from outside the eye inward to reach [[Schlemm's canal]], the trabecular meshwork, and the anterior chamber. Also known as non-penetrating trabeculectomy (NPT), it is an ab externo (from the outside), major ocular procedure in which Schlemm's canal is surgically exposed by making a large and very deep scleral flap. The inner wall of Schlemm's canal is stripped off after surgically exposing the canal [http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.html&r=69&f=G&l=50&d=PG01&s1=penis&p=2&OS=toilet&RS=toilet]. Deep sclerectomy, also known as nonpenetrating deep sclerectomy (PDS) or nonpenetrating trabeculectomy is a filtering surgery where the internal wall of Schlemm's canal is excised, allowing subconjunctival filtration without actually entering the anterior chamber [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15005582&query_hl=2]; it is commonly performed with the Aquaflow® collagen wick [http://www.revophth.com/index.asp?page=1_794.htm]. '''Viscocanalostomy''' is also an ab externo, major ocular procedure in which Schlemm's canal is surgically exposed by making a large and very deep scleral flap. In the VC procedure, Schlemm's canal is cannulated and viscoelastic substance injected (which dilates Schlemm's canal and the aqueous collector channels)[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.html&r=69&f=G&l=50&d=PG01&s1=penis&p=2&OS=toilet&RS=toilet]. '''''Other surgical procedures''''' '''Goniotomy''' and '''trabeculotomy''' are similar simple and directed techniques of microsurgical dissection with mechanical disruption of the trabecular meshwork [http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.html&r=69&f=G&l=50&d=PG01&s1=penis&p=2&OS=toilet&RS=toilet] [http://www.emedicine.com/oph/topic138.htm] [http://www.emedicine.com/oph/topic317.htm]. Gonotomy procedures include surgical goniotomy and laser goniotomy. A surgical goniotomy involves cutting the fibers of the trabecular meshwork to allow aqueous fluid to flow more freely from the eye [http://www.emedicinehealth.com/articles/38365-6.asp][http://www.glaucoma.org/treating/surgical_treatm.html].<ref>[http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Fi-La/Goniotomy.html Surgery Encyclopedia - Goniotomy]</ref> Laser goniotomy is also known as goniophotoablation and laser trabecular ablation [http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.html&r=69&f=G&l=50&d=PG01&s1=penis&p=2&OS=toilet&RS=toilet]. In many patients suffering from congenital glaucoma, the cornea is not clear enough to visualize the anterior chamber angle. Although an endoscopic goniotomy, which employs an endoscope to view the anterior chamber angle, may be performed [http://spiedl.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=PSISDG002126000001000259000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes], a trabeculotomy which accesses the angle from the exterior surface of the eye, thereby eliminating the need for a clear cornea, is usually preferred in these instances. A specially designed probe is used to tear through the trabecular meshwork to open it and allow fluid flow [http://www.emedicinehealth.com/articles/38365-6.asp].[http://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/video/Trab_03.wmv Video] '''Tube-shunt surgery''' or '''drainage implant surgery''' involves the placement of a tube or [[glaucoma valve]] to facilitate aqueous outflow from the anterior chamber<ref>[http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/St-Wr/Tube-Shunt-Surgery.html Surgery Encyclopedia - Tube-shunt surgery]</ref> [http://www.eyemdlink.com/EyeProcedure.asp?EyeProcedureID=45][http://www.emedicinehealth.com/articles/38365-6.asp]. Trabeculopuncture uses a Q switched Nd:YAG laser to punch small holes in the trabecular meshwork with [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=4022580&dopt=Abstract][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=121373&dopt=Abstract] [http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.html&r=69&f=G&l=50&d=PG01&s1=penis&p=2&OS=toilet&RS=toilet]. '''Goniocurretage''' is an "ab interno" (from the inside) procedure that used an instrument "to scrape pathologically altered trabecular meshwork off the scleral sulcus" [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9215060&dopt=Abstract][http://bjo.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/81/4/302#B5] [http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.html&r=69&f=G&l=50&d=PG01&s1=penis&p=2&OS=toilet&RS=toilet]. A surgical '''[[cyclodialysis]]''' is a rarely used procedure that aims to separate the ciliary body from the sclera to form a communication between the suprachoroidal space and the anterior chamber.<ref name="Cline"/> A '''[[cyclogoniotomy]]''' is a surgical procedure for producing a cyclodialysis, in which the ciliary body is cut from its attachment at the scleral spur under gonioscopic control.<ref name="Cline"/> ====Procedures that decrease production of aqueous humor==== Certain cells within the eye's [[ciliary body]] produce aqueous humor. A ciliary destructive or cyclodestructive procedure is one that aims to destroy those cells in order to reduce intraocular pressure [http://www.med.umich.edu/1libr/aha/aha_gfollow_oph.htm]. '''[[Cyclocryotherapy]]''', or cyclocryopexy, uses a freezing probe [http://www.wills-glaucoma.org/cyclotherapy.htm]. Cyclophotocoagulation, also known as transscleral cyclophotocoagulation, ciliary body ablation,[http://www.emedicinehealth.com/articles/38365-6.asp], cyclophotoablation [http://www.techniques-in-ophthalmology.com/pt/re/techophth/abstract.00145756-200312000-00007.htm;jsessionid=DmVgzeMPoLTnzNMAeXm4awgZWBAbDuLph511nCc1h8wF1uy4vC1l!-85436088!-949856145!9001!-1], and cyclophototherapy [http://www.emedicine.com/oph/topic317.htm], uses a laser<ref>[http://www.eyemdlink.com/EyeProcedure.asp?EyeProcedureID=48 EyeMDLink.com - Cyclophotocoagulation]</ref>{{ref|Trabeculectomy}}. '''[[Cyclodiathermy]]''' uses heat generated from a high frequency [[alternating current|alternating electric current]] passed through the tissue,<ref name="Cline"/> while '''[[cycloelectrolysis]]''' uses the chemical action caused by a low frequency [[direct current]].<ref name="Cline"/> ===Refractive surgery=== {{main|Refractive surgery}} *Refractive surgery aims to correct errors of refraction in the eye, reducing or eliminating the need for corrective lenses **Keratomilleusis is method of reshaping the cornea surface to change its [[optical power]]. A disc of cornea is shaved off, quickly frozen, lathe-ground, then returned to its original power. **Automated lamellar keratoplasty (ALK) **Laser assisted in-situ keratomileusis ([[LASIK]])<ref name="LASIK">[http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/La-Pa/Laser-In-Situ-Keratomileusis-LASIK.html Surgery Encyclopedia - LASIK]</ref> ***[[IntraLASIK]] **Laser assisted sub-epithelial keratomileusis ([[LASEK]]), aka Epi-LASIK **[[Photorefractive keratectomy]] (PRK)<ref>[http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Pa-St/Photorefractive-Keratectomy-PRK.html Surgery Encyclopedia - PRK]</ref> **Laser thermal keratoplasty (LTK) **Conductive keratoplasty (CK) uses radio frequency waves to shrink corneal collagen. It is used to treat mild to moderate hyperopia.<ref name="LASIK"/> **Limbal relaxing incisions (LRI) **Astigmatic keratotomy (AK), aka Arcuate keratotomy or Transverse keratotomy **[[Radial keratotomy]] (RK) **Hexagonal keratotomy (HK) **Epikeratophakia is the removal of the corneal epithelium and replacement with a lathe cut corneal button.<ref name="cornealtransplant">[http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Ce-Fi/Corneal-Transplantation.html Surgery Encyclopedia - Corneal transplantation]</ref> **[[Intracorneal rings]] (ICRs), or corneal ring segments (''Intacs'') [http://www.iupui.edu/~ophthal/html/eyes_intercornealrings.html] **Implantable contact lenses *Presbyopia reversal **Anterior ciliary sclerotomy (ACS) ***Laser reversal of presbyopia (LRP) **Scleral expansion bands ===Corneal surgery=== *[[Cornea|Corneal surgery]] includes most of the refractive surgeries as well as the following: **'''[[Cornea transplant|Corneal transplant surgery]]''', is used to remove a cloudy/diseased cornea and replace it with a clear donor cornea.<ref name="cornealtransplant"/> ***'''[[Penetrating keratoplasty]]''' (PK) **'''[[Phototherapeutic keratectomy]]''' (PTK)<ref>[http://www.iupui.edu/~ophthal/html/eyes_phototherapeutickeratectomy.html Indiana University Department of Ophthalmology - Phototherapeutic Keratectomy (PTK)]</ref> **[[Pterygium]] excession<ref>[http://www.mdadvice.com/library/symp/surgery44.html MDAdvice.com - Pterygium removal]</ref> ===Vitreo-retinal surgery=== [[Image:Vitrectomy3727-PH.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Vitrectomy.]] *Vitreo-retinal surgery includes the following **[[Vitrectomy]] [http://www.iupui.edu/~ophthal/html/eyes_vitrectomysurgery.html] ***Anterior vitrectomy is the removal of the front portio of vitreous tissue. It is used for preventing or treating vitreous loss during cataract or corneal surgery, or to remove misplaced vitreous in conditions such as aphakia pupillary block glaucoma. ***Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), or trans pars plana vitrectomy (TPPV), is a procedure to remove vitreous opacities and membranes through a pars plana incision. It is frequently combined with other intraocular procedures for the treatment of giant retinal tears, tractional retinal detachments, and posterior vitreous detachments [http://www.vrmny.com/vitrectomy.htm]. **Pan retinal photocoagulation (PRP) is a type of photocoagulation therapy used in the treatment of [[diabetic retinopathy]].<ref name="photocoagulation">[http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Pa-St/Photocoagulation-Therapy.html Surgery Encyclopedia - Photocoagulation therapy]</ref> **[[Retinal detachment]] repair ***'''[[Ignipuncture]]''' is an obsolete procedure that involves [[cauterization]] of the retina with a very hot pointed instrument.<ref name="Wolfensberger">Wolfensberger TJ. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14750617&dopt=Abstract "Jules Gonin. Pioneer of retinal detachment surgery."] ''Indian J Ophthalmol.'' 2003 Dec;51(4):303-8. PMID 14750617.</ref> ***A [[scleral buckle]] is used in the repair of a retinal detachment to indent or "buckle" the sclera inward, usually by sewing a piece of preserved sclera or silicone rubber to its surface.<ref>[http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Pa-St/Scleral-Buckling.html Surgery Encyclopedia - Scleral Buckling]</ref> ***Laser photocoagulation, or photocoagulation therapy, is the use of a laser to seal a retinal tear.<ref name="photocoagulation"/> ***Pneumatic retinopexy ***Retinal cryopexy, or retinal cryotherapy, is a procedure that uses intense cold to induce a chorioretinal scar and to destroy retinal or choroidal tissue.<ref>[http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Pa-St/Retinal-Cryopexy.html Surgery Encyclopedia - Retinal_cryopexy]</ref> **Macular hole repair **Partial lamellar sclerouvectomy<ref>Shields JA, Shields CL. ''Surgical approach to lamellar sclerouvectomy for posterior uveal melanomas: the 1986 Schoenberg lecture.'' Ophthalmic Surg. 1988 Nov;19(11):774-80. PMID 3222038.</ref> ***Partial lamellar sclerocyclochoroidectomy ***Partial lamellar sclerochoroidectomy **Posterior sclerotomy is an opening made into the vitreous through the sclera, as for detached retina or the removal of a foreign body [http://www.merckmedicus.com/pp/us/hcp/thcp_dorlands_content.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/dmd_s_05.htm]. :*'''Radial optic neurotomy''' macular translocation surgery through 360 degree retinotomy through scleral imbrication technique ===Eye muscle surgery=== With approximately 1.2 million procedures each year, [[extraocular muscle]] surgery is the third most common eye surgery in the United States [http://www.nystagmus.org/doc/conf2005/Hertle%20Presentation%20Handout.doc]. [[Image:Eye surgery.jpg|300px|right|Extraocular muscle surgery in progress]] *[[Eye muscle]] surgeries typically correct [[strabismus]] and include the following<ref>[http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Ce-Fi/Eye-Muscle-Surgery.html Surgery Encyclopedia - Eye Muscle Surgery]</ref> [http://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/asorn/CE/2002-09Strabismus.pdf]: **Loosening / weakening procedures ***Recession involves moving the insertion of a muscle posteriorly towards its origin. ***Myectomy ***Myotomy ***Tenectomy ***Tenotomy **Tightening / strengthening procedures ***Resection ***Tucking ***Advancement is the movement of an eye muscle from its original place of attachment on the eyeball to a more forward position. **Transposition / repositioning procedures **Adjustable suture surgery is a method of reattaching an extraocular muscle by means of a stitch that can be shortened or lengthened within the first post-operative day, to obtain better ocular alignment [http://www.eyemdlink.com/EyeProcedure.asp?EyeProcedureID=61]. ===Oculoplastic surgery=== *Oculoplastic surgery, or oculoplastics, is the subspecialty of ophthalmology that deals with the reconstruction of the eye and associated structures. **Browplasty [http://www.emedicine.com/ent/topic100.htm] **Eyelid surgery [http://www.iupui.edu/~ophthal/html/eyes_eyelidesurgery.html] ***[[Blepharoplasty]] is [[plastic surgery]] of the [[eyelid]]s to remove excessive skin or subcutaneous fat.<ref>[http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/A-Ce/Blepharoplasty.html Surgery Encyclopedia - Blepharoplasty]</ref> ****[[Asian blepharoplasty]] ***Ectropion repair ***Entropion repair ***Canthal resection ***A '''[[canthectomy]]''' is the surgical removal of tissue at the junction of the upper and lower eyelids.<ref name="Cline"/> ***'''[[Cantholysis]]''' is the the surgical division of the canthus.<ref name="Cline"/> ***'''[[Canthopexy]]''' ***A '''[[canthoplasty]]''' is plastic surgery at the canthus.<ref name="Cline"/> ***A '''[[canthorrhaphy]]''' is suturing of the outer canthus to shorten the [[palpebral fissure]].<ref name="Cline"/> ***A '''[[canthotomy]]''' is the surgical divison of the canthus, usually the outer canthus.<ref name="Cline"/> ****A '''[[lateral canthotomy]]''' is the surgical divison of the outer canthus. ***'''[[Epicanthoplasty]]''' **'''[[Tarsorrhaphy]]''' is a procedure in which the [[eyelid]]s are partially sewn together to narrow the opening (i.e. [[palpebral fissure]]). **Surgery involving the [[lacrimal apparatus]]: ***'''[[Canaliculodacryocystostomy]]''' is a surgical correction for a congenitally blocked [[lacrimal canaliculi|tear duct]] in which the closed segment is excised and the open end is joined to the [[lacrimal sac]].<ref name="Cline"/><ref>Cherkunov BF, Lapshina AV. ["Canaliculodacryocystostomy in obstruction of medial end of the lacrimal duct."] ''Oftalmol Zh.'' 1976;31(7):544-8. PMID 1012635.</ref> ***'''[[Canaliculotomy]]''' involves slitting of the [[Puncta lacrimalia|lacrimal punctum]] and [[lacrimal canaliculi|canaliculus]] for the relief of [[epiphora]]<ref name="Cline"/> ***A '''[[dacryoadenectomy]]''' is the surgical removal of a lacrimal gland.<ref name="Cline"/> ***A '''[[dacryocystectomy]]''' is the surgical removal of a part of the lacrimal sac.<ref name="Cline"/> ***A '''[[dacryocystorhinostomy]]''' (DCR) or '''[[dacryocystorhinotomy]]''' is a procedure to restore the flow of tears into the nose from the lacrimal sac when the nasolacrimal duct does not function.<ref name="Cline"/><ref>Indiana University Department of Ophthalmology. [http://www.iupui.edu/~ophthal/html/eyes_lacrimaldrainagesurgery.html "Lacrimal Drainage Surgery (DCR: Dacryocystorhinostomy)."] Retrieved August 18, 2006</ref> ***A '''[[dacryocystostomy]]''' is an incision into the lacrimal sac, usually to promote drainage.<ref name="Cline"/> ***A '''[[dacryocystotomy]]''' is an incision into the lacrimal sac.<ref name="Cline"/> **Eye removal ***An '''[[enucleation]]''' is the removal of the eye leaving the eye muscles and remaining orbital contents intact.<ref>[http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Ce-Fi/Enucleation-Eye.html Surgery Encyclopedia - Enucleation]</ref> ***An '''[[evisceration]]''' is the removal of the eye's contents, leaving the scleral shell intact. Usually performed to reduce pain in a blind eye. ***An '''[[exenteration]]''' is the removal of the entire orbital contents, including the eye, extraocular muscles, fat, and connective tissues; usually for malignant orbital tumors.<ref>[http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Ce-Fi/Exenteration.html Surgery Encyclopedia - Exenteration]</ref> ===Other=== *A '''[[ciliarotomy]]''' is a surgical division of the ciliary zone in the treatment of glaucoma.<ref name="Cline"/> *A '''[[ciliectomy]]''' is 1) the surgical removal of part of the ciliary body, or 2) the surgical removal of part of a margin of an eyelid containing the roots of the eyelashes.<ref name="Cline"/> *A '''[[ciliotomy]]''' is a surgical section of the ciliary nerves.<ref name="Cline"/> *A '''[[corectomedialysis]]''', or '''[[coretomedialysis]]''', is an excision of a small portion of the iris at its junction with the ciliary body to form an artificial pupil.<ref name="Cline"/> *A '''[[corectomy]]''' is any surgical cutting operation on the iris at the pupil.<ref name="Cline"/> *A '''[[corelysis]]''' is a surgical detachment of [[synechia|adhesions of the iris]] to the capsule of the crystalline lens or cornea.<ref name="Cline"/> *A '''[[coremorphosis]]''' is the surgical formation of an artificial pupil.<ref name="Cline"/> *A '''[[coreplasty]]''', or '''[[coreoplasty]]''', is plastic surgery of the iris, usually for the formation of an artificial pupil.<ref name="Cline"/> *A '''[[coreoplasy]]''', or '''[[laser pupillomydriasis]]''', is any procedure that changes the size or shape of the pupil.<ref name="Cassin">Cassin, B. and Solomon, S. ''Dictionary of Eye Terminology''. Gainsville, Florida: Triad Publishing Company, 1990.</ref> *A '''[[cyclectomy]]''' is an excision of portion of the ciliary body.<ref name="Cline"/> *A '''[[cyclotomy]]''', or '''[[cyclicotomy]]''', is a surgical incision of the ciliary body, usually for the relief of glaucoma.<ref name="Cline"/> *A '''[[cycloanemization]]''' is a surgical obliteration of the long ciliary arteries in the treatment of glaucoma.<ref name="Cline"/> *An '''[[iridectomesodialsys]]''' is the formation of an artificial pupil by detaching and excising a portion of the iris at its periphery.<ref name="Cline"/> *An '''[[iridodialysis]]''', sometimes known as a '''[[coredialysis]]''', is a localized separation or tearing away of the iris from its attachment to the ciliary body.<ref name="Cline"/><ref name="Cassin"/> *An '''[[iridencleisis]]''', or '''[[corenclisis]]''', is a surgical procedure for glaucoma in which a portion of the iris is incised and incarcerated in a limbal incision.<ref name="Cline"/> (Subdivided into '''[[basal iridencleisis]]''' and '''[[total iridencleisis]]'''.<ref name="Cvetkovic">Cvetkovic D, Blagojevic M, Dodic V. ["Comparative results of trepanotrabeculectomy and iridencleisis in primary glaucoma."] ''J Fr Ophtalmol.'' 1979 Feb;2(2):103-7. PMID 444110.</ref>) *An '''[[iridesis]]''' is a surgical procedure in which a portion of the iris is brought through and incarcerated in a corneal incision in order to reposition the pupil.<ref name="Cline"/>[http://www.merckmedicus.com/pp/us/hcp/thcp_dorlands_content.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/dmd_i_12.htm] *An '''[[iridocorneosclerectomy]]''' is the surgical removal of a portion of the iris, the cornea, and the sclera.<ref name="Cline"/> *An '''[[iridocyclectomy]]''' is the surgical removal of the iris and the ciliary body.<ref name="Cline"/> *An '''[[iridocystectomy]]''' is the surgical removal of a portion of the iris to form an artificial pupil.<ref name="Cline"/> *An '''[[iridosclerectomy]]''' is the surgical removal of a portion of the sclera and a portion of the iris in the region of the limbus for the treatment of glaucoma.<ref name="Cline"/> *An '''[[iridosclerotomy]]''' is the surgical puncture of the sclera and the margin of the iris for the treatment of glaucoma.<ref name="Cline"/> *A '''[[trepanotrabeculectomy]]''' is used in the treatment of chronic open and chronic closed angle glaucoma.<ref name="Cvetkovic"/> ==References== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==See also== * [[Ophthalmology]] * [[Topical anesthetic]] ==External links== *[http://www.fbka.com/icdxweb/3p.htm#3. Operations on the Eye - 2006 ICD-9-CM OFFICIAL CODES] *[http://www.mchk.org.hk/OP.doc Operations (Word doc)] *[http://www.eyemdlink.com/EyeProcedure.asp?EyeProcedureID=1 EyeMDLink.com - Cataract Surgery] *[http://www.emedicine.com/oph/topic720.htm eMedicine.com - Glaucoma, Complications and Management of Glaucoma Filtering] *[http://www.aces-abes.org/ American Board of Eye Surgeons] {{Medicine}} [[Category:Surgery]] [[Category:Surgical specialties]] [[Category:Ophthalmology]] [[de: Augenoperation]] 2324 6880 2006-09-16T04:43:02Z Eukesh 93 '''Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery''' is surgery to correct a wide spectrum of diseases, injuries and defects in the head, neck, face, jaws and the hard and soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial region. It is a recognized international medical specialty, which requires a minimum length of formation of 5 years for a basic medical training and 4 years for a basic medical and dental training, in the [[European Union]]. In the U.S.A. and Canada it is one of the 9 dental specialties recognized by the [[American Dental Association]] and the [[Royal College of Dentists of Canada]]. ==Area of Specialty== Oral and maxillofacial surgeons are trained to treat problems such as the extraction of wisdom teeth, misaligned jaws, tumors and cysts of the jaw and mouth, and to perform dental implant surgery. They are also trained to administer anesthesia, and provide care in an office setting.[http://www.facs.org/medicalstudents/answer1.html] The scope of this specialty is extensive and concerns the diagnosis and treatment of diseases affecting the oral (mouth) and maxillofacial (face and neck) regions, including the following: #Oral and Dentoalveolar Surgery (removal of impacted and buried teeth, cysts, etc.) #Preprosthetic Surgery (bone augmentation) #Dental implant surgery and associated bone grafting (to replace missing teeth or stabilise dentures; rehabilitation of patients having undergone surgery for tumours; to retain facial prostheses) #[[Orthognathic surgery]] (dentofacial deformities) #Facial trauma surgery (facial [[bone fracture]]s and injuries) #Surgery of Odontogenic and non-odontogenic Tumors #[[Reconstructive surgery]] #Cleft lip and palate surgery #Congenital craniofacial deformities #Facial plastic surgery (rhinoplasty, rhytidectomy, blepharoplasty, facial implants, etc.) # [[Temporomandibular joint disorder]] (TMJD) Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons ([[Oral and maxillofacial surgeon|OMFS]]) frequently work alongside other specialists including dentists, orthodontists, prosthodontists, radiologists, pathologists, oncologists, ENT surgeons, neurosurgeons, plastic surgeons and professionals allied to medicine (British Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons [http://www.baoms.org.uk/]]). Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery is often found at the bridge of dentistry and medicine, and, as such, is recognized as a medical specialty in most countries, a dental specialty in others. Most countries require dual-certification in both dentistry (DDS, DMD, or BDS) and medicine (MD, MBBS, MBBCh, or equivalent) to practice Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. ==United States== In the U.S.A., Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery is one of the 9 dental specialties recognized by the American Dental Association and requires 4-6 years of further formal University training after dental school (DDS or DMD). The 4-year residency programs grant a certificate of specialty training in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. The 6-year residency programs grant the specialty certificate in addition to a medical degree (MD). Specialists in this field are designated registrable U.S. “Board Eligible” and warrant exclusive titles. Approximately 50% of the training programs in the U.S. are dual-degree programs, leading to dual certification in dentistry (DMD, DDS) and medicine (MD). The typical training program for a U.S. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon is: *4 Years Undergraduate Study (BA, BS, or equivalent) *4 Years Graduate Dental Study (DMD or DDS) *4 - 6 Years Residency Training (6 Year training includes MD Degree) *Total Length after Secondary School: 12 - 14 Years In addition, graduates of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery training programs can pursue advanced fellowships, typically 1 - 2 years in length, training in the following areas: *Craniofacial/Pediatric Maxillofacial Surgery (cleft lip and palate repair) *Head and Neck Surgical Oncology (cancer and microvascular surgery) *Facial Cosmetic Surgery *Maxillofacial Trauma Surgery ==Europe, UK and Australia/New Zealand== The Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon ([[Oral and maxillofacial surgeon|OMFS]]) is a person with a medical ([[Medical doctor|MD]]: 6 years) and a dental degree ([[Doctor of Dental Surgery|DDS]] or [[Doctor of Dental Medicine|DMD]] : 5 years) or equivalent qualifications, examples of which would be a specialist certificate in [[Stomatology]]. This training must be a University Course authenticated by a certificate. This specialty is defined within Europe, including the United Kingdom, under the medical [[Directive 2001/19/EC (Official Journal of the European Communities L 206, 31.07.2001)]]. It requires 5 years for a basic medical training ([[Medical doctor|MD]]) or 4 years of further formal University training after a dual qualification in Medicine ([[Medical doctor|MD]]) and Dentistry ([[Doctor of Dental Surgery|DDS]] or [[Doctor of Dental Medicine|DMD]]). The training program for an E.C. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon is: ===Spain, France, Italy, Austria=== *6 Years Graduate Medical Study (including MD Degree) *Certificate accompanying qualification: certificate of experience in Medicine *5 Years of formal qualification in specialised medicine for Maxillofacial Surgery *Total Length : 11 Years ===Belgium, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, Finland, United Kingdom=== *6 Years Graduate Medical Study (including MD Degree) *Certificate accompanying qualification: certificate of experience in Medicine *3 (to 5) Years Graduate Dental Study (DMD or DDS) *Certificate accompanying qualification: certificate of experience in Dentistry *4 Years of formal qualification in specialised medicine for Maxillofacial Surgery *Total Length : 13 (to 15) Years Belgium, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, Finland and the United Kingdom grant entry to higher years (usually year two or year three, depending on the course structure) to applicants with a medical or a dental degree. This shortens training time by a year or two. Italy does not grant any shortening of training time for both degrees and specialty. The European [[Directive 2001/19/EC]] also distinguishes Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery from other evidence of formal qualifications in specialised dentistry, such as [[Oral Surgery]] , which requires a minimum length of 3 years, is limited to Oral Surgery and is reserved to the dental practitioners, who consequently are not allowed to practice Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Switzerland grants shortening of training time for Medicine and Dentistry. A formal qualification in Medicine ([[Medical doctor|MD]]: 6 years) grants entry to the 3rd year of Dentistry ([[Doctor of Dental Surgery|DDS]] or [[Doctor of Dental Medicine|DMD]] : 3 years), while Dentistry ([[Doctor of Dental Surgery|DDS]] or [[Doctor of Dental Medicine|DMD]] : 5 years) to the 3rd year od Medicine ([[Medical doctor|MD]]: 4 years). In Switzerland Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery requires 3 years of formal qualification in specialised Medicine. In Eastern European states that were Communist before the end of the Cold War (U.S.S.R., D.D.R., Romania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland), Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery was a specialty of [[Dentistry]]. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery occupies a unique position in Australia, New Zealand and the UK, and is regarded as a true specialty of both medicine and dentistry combined. ====Changes in length of training and course curriculum==== Traditionally training in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in the UK was of four years duration and was regarded as a discipline of dentistry alone. Trainees would emerge with a Fellowship in Dental Surgery from one of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons (England, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Ireland) and the entitlement to use the FDSRCS title. Training in Australia and New Zealand followed a similar pathway, with four years of clinical training but this time generally administrated through universities, earning a Master of Dental Science degree. However in the 1980s and 1990s due to changing trends in the practice of oral and maxillofacial surgery around the world, legislative changes occurred, first in the UK and followed shortly by Australia and New Zealand, whereby in order to train in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, applicants needed to be dually qualified with undergraduate degrees in dentistry and medicine. This represented official recognition of the unique position Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery occupies at the interface of the "traditionally medical" and "traditionally dental" spheres of health care. Here the UK and the Antipodes diverged somewhat. In Australia and New Zealand, training courses were adapted to provide "integrated" training in Medicine and Oral Surgery i.e. singly qualified dentists (who at that time were the overwhelming majority of trainees) would enter into a comprehensive program, the first 3 years of which were spent as a full time medical student in order to obtain the necessary prerequisite qualifications to proceed to the surgical training. Obtaining a medical degree in Australia any other way at that time took 6 years. The shortened time was a reflection of basic sciences knowledge already possessed by the trainees. Unfortunately for trainees, training time suddenly doubled to 8 years. In the UK however, persons wishing to practice as an Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon had to obtain a medical degree independently of any training program. Once qualified as a dentist and as a physican, the trainee could then apply for training as an Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon. Some UK medical schools grant entry to higher years (usually year two or year three, depending on the course structure) to applicants with a dental degree. This shortens training time by a year or two. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons trained in the UK (and also in Australia and New Zealand, if training requirements increase as predicted) probably spend more aggregate time in training than any other surgical specialty. Aggregate training time: *5 years Dental degree *4-6 years Medical degree *1 year Internship *2 years minimum Basic Surgical Training (training in a wide range of surgical disciplines) *4-5 years Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Training *1 year Fellowship (a common practice of spending a year training at overseas institutions) Total time: 19 years training (average) By comparison, US-trained surgeons generally spend more time as undergraduate "Pre-med" students and less time in residency training. One might therefore regard US doctors as having a more well-rounded education, but shorter clincal training. The popularity of oral and maxillofacial surgery as a career for persons whose first degree was medicine, not dentistry, seems to be increasing in Australia. Integrated programs are available to medical graduates allowing them to complete a dental degree in about 3-4 years in order for them to advance to surgical training. ===India=== Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (OMFS) in India is a post-graduate degree in Dentistry. The prospective surgeon has to take an examination to enter an undergraduate program in dentistry. This course is usually 4 years long. Upon completion of the program, the student has to do a 1 year internship in a dental college to get the BDS (Bachelor in Dental Surgery). In order to specialize in OMFS, the student has to take another examination to enter a 3-year MDS (Masters in Dental Surgery) program. During this period the student does a residency in general medicine, anaesthesia, general surgery, and neurosurgery . A dissertation has to submitted as part of the master's degree, and is followed by a theory exam and practical surgery exam. The degree is conferred after he is found eligible by the examiners. There are about 3500 Oral & Maxillofacial Surgeons in India. ==Organizations== * [[American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons]] [http://www.aaoms.org/] * [[American Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery]] [http://www.aboms.org/] * [[American College of Surgeons]] [[http://www.facs.org/medicalstudents/answer1.html]] * [[Directive 2001/19/EC (Official Journal of the European Communities L 206, 31.07.2001)]] [http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/en/index.htm] * [[European Association for Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery]] [http://www.eurofaces.com/] * [[Internacional Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons]] [http://www.iaoms.org/] * [[British Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons]] [http://www.baoms.org.uk/] * [[Deutsche Gesellschaft für Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie]] [http://www.mkg-chirurgie.de/] * [[Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften]] [http://www.uni-duesseldorf.de/WWW/AWMF/] * [[Oesterreichische Gesellschaft fuer Mund-, Kiefer- and Gesichtchirurgie]] [http://www.mkg-kongress.at] * [[Société Française de Stomatologie et Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale]] [http://www.masson.fr/revues/rsto] * [[Société Royale Belge de Stomatologie et de Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale]] [http://www.masson.fr/revues/rsto] * [[Société Souisse de Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale]] [http://www.masson.fr/revues/rsto] * [[Società Italiana di Chirurgia Maxillo-Facciale]] [http://www.sicmf.org/] {{dentistry}} {{medicine}} [[Category:Dentistry]] [[Category:Surgical specialties]] [[es:Cirugía Oral y Máxilofacial]] 2325 6881 2006-09-16T04:44:21Z Eukesh 93 An '''organ transplant''' is the transplantation of a whole or partial [[organ (anatomy)|organ]] from one body to another (or from a donor site on the patient's own body), for the purpose of replacing the recipient's damaged or failing organ with a working one from the donor site. [[Organ donor]]s can be ''living'', or ''deceased'' (previously referred to as cadaveric). ==Types of Transplants== ===Autograft=== A transplant of tissue from one to oneself. Sometimes this is done with surplus tissue, or tissue that can regenerate, or tissues more desperately needed elsewhere (examples include [[skin graft]]s, [[vein extraction]] for <span class="acronym" title="coronary artery bypass graft">[[CABG]]</span>, etc.) Sometimes this is done to remove the tissue and then treat it or the person, before returning it (examples include stem-cell autograft and storing [[blood]] in advance of [[surgery]]). ===Allograft=== An allograft is a transplanted organ or tissue from a genetically non-identical member of the same [[species]]. Most human tissue and organ transplants are allografts. ====Isograft==== A subset of allografts in which organs or tissues are transplanted from one to a genetically identical other (such as an [[identical twin]]). This is differentiated because though it is anatomically identical to an allograft, it is closer to an autograft in terms of [[immunology]]. ===Xenograft=== A transplant of organs or tissue from one species to another. Examples include porcine heart valves, which are quite common and successful, a baboon-to-human heart (failed), and piscine-primate (fish to non-human primate) islet (i.e. [[pancreatic]] or insular tissue), the latter's research study directed for potential human use if successful. ==Major Organs and Tissues Transplanted== ===Solid Organs=== ====Thoracic Organs==== *[[Heart]] (Deceased-donor only) *[[Lung]] (Deceased-donor and Living-Donor) *[[Heart-lung transplant|En bloc Heart/Lung]] (Deceased-donor only) ====Abdominal Organs==== *[[Liver transplantation|Liver]] (Deceased-donor and Living-Donor) *[[Kidney transplantation|Kidney]] (Deceased-donor and Living-Donor) *[[Pancreas transplantation|Pancreas]] (Deceased-donor and rarely Living-Donor) *[[Small bowel]] (Small Intestine) (Deceased-donor and Living-Donor) *Kidney-Pancreas (Sometimes simultaneous, sometimes in separate procedures) (Deceased-donor, Living-Donor, and combined deceased/living (e.g. kidney from living donor, pancreas from deceased donor)) *Combined Liver-Kidney (Generally Deceased-donor only) *Combined Liver-Small Bowel (Deceased-donor only) ====Other Organs==== *[[Hand transplant|Hand]] (Deceased-donor only) *[[Cornea transplant|Cornea]] (Deceased-donor only) *[[Skin graft]] including [[Face transplant]] (almost always autograft) ===Tissues, Cells, and Fluids=== *[[Islets of Langerhans]] (Pancreas Islet Cells) (Deceased-donor and Living-Donor) *[[Bone marrow transplant|Bone marrow]]/Adult [[stem cell]] (Living-Donor and Autograft) *[[Blood transfusion]]/Blood Parts Transfusion (Living-Donor and Autograft) *[[Blood vessel]]s (Autograft and Deceased-Donor) *[[Heart valve]] (Deceased-Donor, Living-Donor and Xenograft[Pig]) *[[Bone]] (Deceased-Donor, Living-Donor, and Autograft) *[[Skin]] (Deceased-Donor, Living-Donor, and Autograft) ==Types of Donor== ===Living=== In living donors, the donor remains alive and donates a renewable tissue, cell, or fluid (e.g. blood, skin); or donates an organ or part of an organ in which the remaining organ can regenerate or take on the workload of the rest of the organ (primarily single kidney donation, partial donation of liver, small bowel, or pancreas). ====Living-Related==== Living related donors donate to family members or friends in whom they have an emotional investment. The risk of surgery is offset by the psychological benefit of not losing someone related to them, or not seeing them suffer the ill effects of waiting on a list. A "paired-exchange" is a technique of matching willing living donors to compatible recipients. For example a spouse may be more than willing to donate a kidney to their partner but cannot since there is not a biological match. Willing spouse's kidney is donated to a matching recipient who also has an incompatible but willing spouse. The second donor must match the first recipient to complete the pair exchange. Typically the surgeries are scheduled simultaneously in case one of the donors decides to back out and the couples are kept anonymous from each other until after the transplant. Paired exchange programs were popularized in the [[New England Journal of Medicine]] article "Ethics of a paired-kidney-exchange program" in 1997 by L.F. Ross[http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/336/24/1752]. It was also proposed by Felix T. Rapport[http://books.google.ca/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=ISBN0521651646&id=hd4HwXJkploC&pg=PA316&lpg=PA316&dq=paired+exchange+transplant&sig=3sO5zmDdSn8Dm9uxFz3n0bdsr20] in 1986 as part of his initial proposals for live-donor transplants "The case for a living emotionally related international kidney donor exchange registry" in ''Transplant Proceedings''[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3521001&dopt=Abstract]. A paired exchange is the simplest case of a much larger exchange registry program where willing donors are matched with any number of compatible recipients[http://www.nepke.org/math.htm]. A transplant exchange programs have been suggested as early as 1970: "A cooperative kidney typing and exchange program."[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=4918735&query_hl=5&itool=pubmed_DocSum]. The first pair exchange transplant in the U.S. was in 2001 at John Hopkins hospital[http://www.hopkinshospital.org/health_info/Bladder/Reading/triple_transplant.html]. ===="Good Samaritan"==== "Good Samaritan" or "altruistic" donation is giving donation to someone not well-known to the donor. Some people choose to do this out of a need to donate. Some donate to the next person on the list; others use some method of choosing a recipient based on criteria important to them. Web sites are being developed that facilitate such donation. It has been featured in recent television journalism that over half of the members of the [[Jesus Christians]], an [[Australia|Australian]] religious group, have donated kidneys in such a fashion [http://www.cnn.com/2006/HEALTH/06/01/living.donors/index.html]. ====Compensated / coerced==== Each year, impoverished people sell their kidneys to be used in transplants. Additionally, some authorities may mandate organ donation from unwilling donors such as prisoners. The size and scope of these events are not well-documented and is probably not known. The National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 made illegal any profit from organ donation in the United States; careful regulation by the OPTN has probably eliminated organ sales in the United States. Recent development of web sites such as *[http://www.matchingdonors.com/ MatchingDonors.com] and personal advertisements for organs among listed candidates has raised the possibility of selling organs once again, as well as sparking significant ethical debates over directed donation, "good-Samaritan" donation, and the current U.S. organ allocation policy. Recently, two books have been published that advocate using markets to increase the supply of organs available for transplantation. The first is by Mark Cherry: ''Kidney for Sale By Owner'' (Georgetown University Press, 2005). The second is by James Stacey Taylor: ''Stakes and Kidneys: Why markets in human body parts are morally imperative'' (Ashgate Press, 2005). ===Deceased (formerly cadaveric)=== Deceased donors are donors who have been declared brain-dead and whose organs are kept viable by ventilators or other mechanical mechanisms until they can be excised for transplantation. Apart from [[brain death|brain-stem dead]] donors, who have formed the majority of deceased donors for the last twenty years, there is increasing use of Donation after Cardiac Death - DCD- Donors (formerly non-heart beating donors) to increase the potential pool of donors as demand for transplants continues to grow. These organs have inferior outcomes to organs from a brain-dead donor; however given the scarcity of suitable organs and the number of people who die waiting, any potentially suitable organ must be considered. In China a notable category of donors is that of [[Capital punishment in the People's Republic of China|executed prisoners]] ([http://www.bek-transplant.com/en/index.htm], see FAQ). ====Allocated==== The overwhelming majority of deceased-donor organs in the United States are allocated by federal contract to the [[Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network]] (OPTN), held since it was created by the [[Organ Transplant Act of 1984]] by the [[United Network for Organ Sharing]]. This allocates organs based on the method considered most fair by the scientific leadership in the field. For kidneys, for instance, that is by waiting time; for livers, it is by MELD (Model of End-Stage Liver Disease), an empirical score based on lab values indicative of the sickness of the patient from liver disease. ====Directed==== Experiencing somewhat increased popularity, but still very rare, is directed or targeted donation, in which the family of a deceased donor (often honoring the wishes of the deceased) requests an organ be given to a specific person. If medically suitable, the allocation system is subverted, and the organ is given to that person. One of the more publicized cases of this type was the 1994 Chester and Patti Szuber transplant. This was the first time that a parent had received a heart donated by one of their own children. Although the decision to accept the heart from their recently killed child was not an easy decision, the Szuber family agreed that giving Patti’s heart to her father would have been something that she would have wanted.[http://election.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/08/19/earlyshow/living/main637069.shtml 1] ====Body-snatching==== Illegal dissection of corpses is a form of [[body-snatching]] and may have taken place to obtain allografts. [http://money.cnn.com/2005/10/07/news/midcaps/corpse/?section=money_latest] ==Special Types== ===Split Liver Transplants=== Sometimes, a deceased-donor liver may be divided between two recipients, especially an adult and a child. This is uncommon, as the outcomes are worse for both patients than had they received the whole organ. ===Domino Transplants=== This operation is usually performed for [[cystic fibrosis]] as both lungs need to be replaced and it is a technically easier operation to replace the heart and lungs en bloc. As the recipient's native heart is usually healthy, this can then itself be transplanted into someone needing a heart transplant. That term is also used for a special form of liver transplant, in which the recipient suffers from [[amyloid|familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy]] in which the liver (slowly) produces a protein that damages other organs; their liver can be transplanted into an older patient who is likely to die from other causes before a problem arises[http://www.mayoclinic.org/news2003-sct/1622.html]. ==History== Successful inter-human [[allotransplantation|allotransplants]] have a relatively long history; the operative skills were present long before the necessities for post-operative survival were discovered. [[Transplant rejection|Rejection]] and the side effects of preventing rejection (especially infection and nephropathy) were, are, and may always be the key problem. Several apocryphal accounts of transplants exist well prior to the scientific understanding and advancements that would be necessary for them to have actually occurred. The Chinese physician Pien Ch-iao reportedly exchanged hearts between a man of strong spirit but weak will with one of a man of weak spirit but strong will in an attempt to achieve balance in each man. Roman Catholic mythology reports the third-century saints Damian and Cosmas as replacing the [[gangrene|gangrenous]] leg of the Roman deacon Justinian with the leg of a recently deceased Ethiopian. Most accounts have the saints performing the transplant in the fourth century A.D., decades after their death; some accounts have them only instructing living surgeons who performed the procedure. More likely accounts exist in the area of skin transplantation. The first reasonable account is of the Indian surgeon Sushruta in the second century B.C., who used autografted skin transplantation in nose reconstruction [[rhinoplasty]]. Success or failure of these procedures is not well documented. Centuries later, the Italian surgeon Gaspare Tagliacozzi performed successful skin autografts; he also failed consistently with allografts, offering the first suggestion of rejection centuries before that mechanism could possibly be understood. He attributed it to the "force and power of individuality" in his 1596 work ''De Curtorum Chirurgia per Insitionem''. The first successful corneal allograft transplant was performed in 1837 in a gazelle model; the first successful human corneal transplant, a [[Cornea transplant|keratoplastic]] operation, was performed by [[Eduard Zirm]] in Austria in 1905. Pioneering work in the surgical technique of transplantation was made in the early 1900s by the French surgeon [[Alexis Carrel]], with Charles Guthrie, with the transplantation of arteries or veins. Their skillful [[anastomosis]] operations, the new suturing techniques, laid the groundwork for later transplant surgery and won Carrel the 1912 Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology. From [[1902]] Carrel performed transplant experiments on dogs. Surgically successful in moving [[kidney]]s, [[heart]]s and [[spleen]]s, he was one of the first to identify the problem of rejection, which remained insurmountable for decades. Major steps in [[skin transplant]]ation occurred during [[WW I]], notably in the work of [[Harold Gillies]] at Aldershot. Among his advances was the tubed pedicle graft, maintaining a flesh connection from the donor site until the graft established its own blood flow. Gillies' assistant, [[Archibald McIndoe]], carried on the work into [[World War II|WW II]] as [[reconstructive surgery]]. In 1962 the first successful replantation surgery was performed - re-attaching a severed limb and restoring (limited) functioning and feeling. The first attempted human deceased-donor transplant was performed by the Ukrainian surgeon Yu Yu Voronoy in the 1930s; rejection resulted in failure. [[Joseph Murray]] performed the first successful transplant, a kidney transplant between identical twins, in 1954, successful because no immunosuppression was necessary in genetically identical twins. In the late 1940s [[Peter Medawar]], working for the [[National Institute for Medical Research]], improved the understanding of rejection. Identifying the immune reactions in 1951 Medawar suggested that [[immunosuppressive drug]]s could be used. [[Cortisone]] had been recently discovered and the more effective [[azathioprine]] was identified in 1959, but it was not until the discovery of [[ciclosporin|cyclosporine]] in 1970 that transplant surgery found a sufficiently powerful immunosuppressive. Dr. Murray's success with the kidney led to attempts with other organs. There was a successful deceased-donor lung transplant into a [[lung cancer]] sufferer in June [[1963]] by [[James Hardy]] in [[Jackson, Mississippi]]. The patient survived for eighteen days before dying of kidney failure. [[Thomas Starzl]] of Denver attempted a liver transplant in the same year, but was not successful until 1967. The heart was a major prize for transplant surgeons. But, as well as rejection issues the heart deteriorates within minutes of death so any operation would have to be performed at great speed. The development of the [[heart-lung machine]] was also needed. Lung pioneer James Hardy attempted a human heart transplant in 1964, but a premature failure of the recipient's heart caught Hardy with no human donor, he used a chimpanzee heart which failed very quickly. The first success was achieved [[December 3]]rd [[1967]] by [[Christiaan Barnard]] in [[Cape Town]], [[South Africa]]. [[Louis Washkansky]], the recipient, survived for eighteen days amid what many saw as a distasteful publicity circus. The media interest prompted a spate of heart transplants. Over a hundred were performed in 1968-69, but almost all the patients died within sixty days. Barnard's second patient, [[Philip Blaiberg]], lived for 19 months. As mentioned, it was the advent of cyclosporine that altered transplants from research surgery to life-saving treatment. In 1968 surgical pioneer [[Denton Cooley]] performed seventeen transplants including the first heart-lung transplant. Fourteen of his patients were dead within six months. By 1984 two-thirds of all heart transplant patients survived for five years or more. With organ transplants becoming commonplace, limited only by donors, surgeons moved onto more risky fields, multiple organ transplants on humans and whole-body transplant research on animals. On [[March 9]]th [[1981]] the first successful [[heart]]-[[lung]] transplant took place at Stanford University Hospital. The head surgeon, Bruce Reitz, credited the patient's recovery to [[ciclosporin|cyclosporine-A]]. History of successful transplants: * 1954: First successful kidney transplant by Joseph Murray (Boston) * 1966: First successful pancreas transplant by Richard Lillehei and William Kelly (Minnesota) * 1967: First successful liver transplant by Thomas Starzl (Pittsburgh) * 1967: First successful heart transplant by Christiaan Barnard (South Africa) * 1970: First successful monkey head transplant by Robert White (Cleveland, U.S.A.) * 1981: First successful heart/lung transplant by Bruce Reitz (Stanford) * 1983: First successful lung lobe transplant by Joel Cooper (Toronto) * 1986: First successful double-lung transplant (Ann Harrison) by Joel Cooper (Toronto) * 1987: First successful whole lung transplant by Joel Cooper (St. Louis) * 1995: First successful laparoscopic live-donor nephrectomy by Lloyd Ratner and Louis Kavoussi (Baltimore) * 1998: First successful live-donor partial pancreas transplant by David Sutherland (Minnesota) * 1998: First successful hand transplant (France) * 2005: First successful partial face transplant (France) As successful transplants and modern immunosuppression such as [[Tacrolimus]] (Prograf) in 1994, [[Mycophenolic acid]] (Cellcept or Myfortic) and [[Prednisone]] unsually used in conjunction with [[Ciclosporin]] make transplants more common and have improved the survival rate as these drugs are more effective in many patients than the previous generation of immunosuppression drugs. A new form of [[Ciclosporin]] is in clinical trials it is an Inhaled Cyclosporine and is being developed by [[Chiron Corp.]], the need for more organs has become critical. Advances in living-related donor transplants have made that increasingly common. Additionally, there is substantive research into [[xenotransplantation]] or transgenic organs; although these forms of transplant are not yet being used in humans, clinical trials involving the use of specific [[cell (biology)|cell]] types have been conducted with promising results, such as using porcine [[islets of Langerhans]] to treat type one [[diabetes]]. However, there are still many problems that would need to be solved before they would be feasible options in patients requiring transplants. ==Organ Transplantation in Developing Countries== ===Demographics=== Despite efforts of international transplantation societies, it is not possible to access an accurate source on the number, rates and outcomes of all forms of transplantation globally; the best that we can achieve is estimations. This is not a sound basis for the future and thus one of the crucial strategies for the Global Alliance in Transplantation is to foster the collection and analysis of global data. <center> ''Transplantation of organs in different continents/regions year 2000'' {| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 | | Kidney (pmp*) | Liver (pmp) | Heart (pmp) |- | USA | 52 | 19 | 8 |- | Europe | 27 | 10 | 4 |- | Asia | 3 | 0.3 | 0.03 |- | Latin America | 13 | 1.6 | 0.5 |} *All numbers per million population Source: [http://www.transplantation-soc.org/globalalliance.php#6a] </center> In addition to the citizens waiting for organ transplants in the US and other developed nations, there are astounding waiting lists in the rest of the world. More than 2 million people need organ transplants in China, 50,000 waiting in Latin America (90% of which are waiting for kidneys), as well as thousands more in the less documented continent of Africa. Donor bases vary in developing nations. In Latin America the donor rate is donor rate 40-100 per million per year, similar to that of developed countries. However, in Uruguay, Cuba, and Chile, 90% of organ transplants came from cadaveric donors. Cadaveric donors represent 35% of donors in Saudi Arabia. There is continuous effort to increase the utilization of cadaveric donors in Asia, however the popularity of living, single kidney donors in India yields India a cadaveric donor prevalence of less than 1 pmp. China’s organ source statistics are still shrouded and controversial, but close relative donations are known to represent only 2% of transplants, 50% less than that in the United States. ===Comparative Costs=== One of the driving forces for illegal organ trafficking and “transplantation tourism” is the price differences for organs and transplant surgeries in different areas of the world. According the New England Journal of Medicine, a human kidney can be purchased in Manila for $1000- $2000, but in urban Latin America a kidney may cost more than $10,000. Kidneys in South Africa have sold for as high as $20,000. Price disparities based on donor race are a driving force of attractive organ sales in South Africa, as well as in other parts of the world. The Voluntary Health Association of India reports the prospect of such a small fortune has enticed about 2,000 impoverished Indians to sell a kidney every year. In China, a kidney transplant operation runs for around $70,000, liver for $160,000, and heart for $120,000. Although these prices are still unattainable to the poorer citizens of the world, especially those whose governments offer little or no financial health care support, compared to the fees of the United States, where a kidney transplant may demand $100,000, a liver $250,000, and a heart $860,000, Chinese prices have made China a major provider of organs and transplantation surgeries to other countries. ===Transplantation Safety=== Inadequate precaution, illegal organ trade, and higher presence of diseases such as HIV, hepatitis, and malaria present greater health safety dangers to both organ donors and recipients in developing countries. In Latin American countries that do not screen blood and organ donations for [[Chagas disease]], the risk of infection may be as high as 20%. Indian doctors fear that for every HIV-positive potential kidney donor caught, another 5 may slip through screening. Compensation for donors also increases the risk of introducing diseased organs to recipients because these donors often yield from poorer populations unable to receive health care regularly and organ dealers may evade disease screening processes. The majority of such deals include one major payment and no follow up care for the donor. Some cases argue that there is a possibility of 1:18 to acquire HIV from such transplants. ===Organ Transplant Legislation=== Developing countries have forged various policies to try to increase the safety and availability of organ transplants to their citizens. Poland and Brazil have ruled all adults potential donors with the “opting out” policy, unless they attain cards specifying not to be. However, whilst potential recipients in developing countries may mirror their more developed counterparts in desperation, potential donors in developing countries do not. The Indian government has had difficulty tracking the flourishing organ black market in their country and have yet to officially condemn it. Other countries victimized by illegal organ trade have implemented legislative reactions. Moldova has made international adoption illegal in fear of organ traffickers. China has made selling of organs illegal as of July 2006 and claims that all prisoner organ donors have filed consent. However, doctors in other countries, such as the United Kingdom, have accused China of abusing its high capital punishment rate. Despite these efforts, illegal organ trafficking continues to thrive and can be attributed to corruption in healthcare systems, which has been traced as high up as the doctors themselves in China, Ukraine, and India, and the blind eye economically strained governments and health care programs must sometimes turn to organ trafficking. Some organ deals are also insulated: Japanese citizens living in China can take advantage of Japan’s strict organ transplant laws and sell Chinese organs to Japanese citizens at home. ===Ethical Concerns=== The existence and distribution of organ transplantation procedures in [[developing countries]], while often beneficial to those receiving them, raise many [[ethical]] concerns. Both the source and method of obtaining the organ to transplant are major ethical issues to consider, as well as the notion of [[distributive justice]]. The [[World Health Organization]] argues that transplantations promote health, but the notion of “transplantation tourism” has the potential to violate [[human rights]] or exploit the poor, to have unintended health consequences, and to provide unequal access to services, all of which ultimately may cause harm. Regardless of the “gift of life”, in the context of developing countries, this is coercive. The practice of coercion could be considered exploitative of the poor population, violating basic human rights according to Articles 3 and 4 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]. Access to transplants is even more limited in developing countries since the rate of transplants are lower than those of the developed countries. ==Recent developments== ===Steroid-Free Immunosuppression=== Steroid-free immunosuppression is being pioneered on large scale at Northwestern University in Chicago and other smaller institutions, while steroid minimization is being employed at the University of Wisconsin at Madison and other smaller institutions. This would avoid the side-effects of steroids. While short-term outcomes are outstanding, long-term outcomes are still unknown. ===Calcineurin-Inhibitor-Free Immunosuppression=== Calcineurin-Inhibitor-Free Immunosuppression is currently undergoing extensive trialing, the result of which would be to allow sufficient immunosuppression, without the nephrotoxicity associated with standard regimens that include calcineurin inhibitors. Positive results have yet to be demonstrated in any trial. ===Paired-Donor Exchange=== Paired-donor exchange, led by work in the [http://www.nepke.org/ New England Program for Kidney Exchange] as well as at Johns Hopkins University and the Ohio OPOs may more efficiently allocate organs and lead to more transplants. ==Notable people having had organ transplants== *[[George Best]] (1946&ndash;2005); British football player and alcoholic (liver, 2002). *[[Aron Eisenberg]] (b. 1969); Actor ''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'' (kidney) *[[Jimmy Little]] (b. [[to be determined|19XX]]); Australian country/rock artist (kidney, 2004). *[[Jonah Lomu]] (b. 1975); New Zealand rugby union player (Kidney, 2004). *[[Charles Perkins]] (1936&ndash;2000); Australian soccer player, [[Australian Aborigine|Aboriginal]] activist and government minister; on his death was the world's longest surviving kidney transplant survivor (kidney, 1972). *[[George Lopez]] (b. 1961); Actor-Comedian received kidney transplant from his wife, Ann Lopez. *[[Robert Altman]]; Director of films, received a heart transplant mid-1990s (announced at the 2006 [[Academy Awards]]). *[[Jim Nabors]]; Actor-singer-comedian, best known for playing [[Gomer Pyle]] in the sitcom of the same name (liver). *[[David Crosby]] (b. [[1941]]); Rock-folk singer (liver). *[[Mickey Mantle]] ([[1931]]-[[1995]]); Hall of Fame baseball player, notorious alcoholic (liver, 1995; Mantle died a couple of months later of liver cancer, which had spread to his new liver). *[[Larry Hagman]] (b. 1931); Actor, best known for playing [[J.R. Ewing]] on the soap opera ''[[Dallas (TV series)|Dallas]]'' (liver). *[[Gary Coleman]] (b. [[1968]]); Actor who played Arnold on ''[[Diff'rent Strokes]]'' (two kidney transplants). *[[Shelley Fabares]] (b. [[1944]]); Actress and singer who starred on the sitcom ''[[Coach]]'' (liver, 2000). *[[Alonzo Mourning]] (b. [[1970]]); [[NBA]] basketball star (kidney, 2003; Mourning made history by returning to play in the NBA following his surgery). ==References== *Lock, M. (2002) ''Twice Dead: Organ Transplants and the Reinvention of Death''. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22605-4. * Morris, PJ. ''Transplantation &mdash; A Medical Miracle of the 20th Century''. [[New England Journal of Medicine|N Engl J Med]] 2004;351:2678-80. PMID 15616201. * Finn, R. (2000). ''Organ Transplants: Making the Most of Your Gift of Life''. Sebastopol: O'Reilly & Associates. ISBN 1-56592-634-X. ==External links== ===Scientific/Academic Societies=== *[http://www.asts.org/ American Society of Transplant Surgeons] *[http://www.a-s-t.org/ American Society of Transplantation] *[http://www.ishlt.org/ International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation] *[http://www.ashi-hla.org/ American Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics] *[http://www.transplantation-soc.org/ International Transplant Society] *[http://www.transplantethics.org/ Chicago Transplant Ethics Consortium] ===Journalism=== *[http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0609/p01s03-wogi.htm What is a Kidney Worth?] ([[Christian Science Monitor]]) ===Philanthropy/Support=== *[http://www.studentdonor.org/ Students for Organ Donation] *[http://www.livingdonorsonline.org/ International Association of Living Organ Donors] *[http://www.kidney.org/ (U.S.) National Kidney Foundation] *[http://www.liverfoundation.org/ (U.S.) American Liver Foundation] *[http://www.kidney.ca/ Kidney Foundation of Canada] *[http://2ndwind.org Second Wind Lung Transplant Association, Inc] ===Cellular memory=== *[http://www.med.unc.edu/wellness/main/links/cellular%20memory.htm Cellular memory] ===United States Federally Contracted Services=== *[http://www.unos.org/ United Network for Organ Sharing] *[http://www.ustransplant.org/ Organ Transplant survival rates from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients] *[http://www.med.umich.edu/trans/transweb/index.htm TransWeb (partly outdated)] ===Websites critical of legislation prohibiting organ selling=== *[http://www.liberty-page.com/issues/healthcare/organs/main.html Deadly Shortage] - How the federal ban on profit incentive is killing those awaiting organ transplants *[http://www.capmag.com/article.asp?ID=3323 Organ Donations, Egalitarian Envy, and the High Cost of Busybodies] - by Thomas Sowell [Capitalism Magazine] {{Medicine}} [[Category:Immunology]] [[Category:Surgery]] [[Category:Transplantation medicine|*]] {{Link FA|he}} [[de:Transplantation]] [[es:Trasplante]] [[fr:Greffe (médecine)]] [[it:Trapianto d'organi]] [[he:השתלת איברים]] [[nl:Transplantatie]] [[ja:移植 (医療)]] [[no:Transplantasjon]] [[nn:Transplantasjon]] [[pl:Przeszczepianie narządów]] [[pt:Transplantação de órgãos]] [[ru:Трансплантология]] [[sk:Transplantácia]] [[fi:Elinsiirto]] [[sv:Transplantation]] 2326 6882 2006-09-16T04:45:05Z Eukesh 93 [[Image:Teardrop fracture.jpg|thumb|This fracture of the lower cervical vertebrae, known as a 'teardrop fracture' is one of the conditions treated by orthopaedic surgeons.]] '''Orthopedic surgery''' or '''orthopedics''' (also spelled '''orthopaedics''', see below) is the branch of [[surgery]] concerned with [[Acute (medical)|acute]], [[Chronic (medicine)|chronic]], [[Physical trauma|trauma]]tic, and overuse [[injury|injuries]] and other disorders of the [[musculoskeletal system]]. Orthopaedic surgeons address most musculoskeletal ailments including arthritis, trauma and congenital deformities using both surgical and non-surgical means. == Training == Orthopedic surgeons are [[physicians]] who have completed additional training in orthopedic surgery after the completion of medical school. According to the latest Occupational Outlook Handbook (2006-2007) published by the U.S. Department of Labor, between 3-4% of all practicing physicians are orthopedic surgeons. In the United States and Canada orthopedic surgeons (also know as orthopedists) complete a minimum of 13 years of [[postsecondary education]] and clinical training. This training includes obtaining an [[undergraduate education|undergraduate degree]], a medical degree, and then completing a 5-year [[Residency (medicine)|residency]] in orthopedic surgery. The 5-year [[Residency (medicine)|residency]] consists of one year of general surgery training followed by four years of training in orthopaedic surgery. Many orthopedic surgeons elect to do further subspeciality training in programs known as 'fellowships' after completing their residency training. These fellowships typically last 1-2 years and usually have a [[research]] component involved with the clinical and operative training. Examples of orthopedic subspeciality training in the US are: #Hand surgery #Shoulder and elbow surgery #Total joint reconstruction ([[arthroplasty]]) #Pediatric orthopedics #Foot and ankle surgery (Not to be confused with [[podiatry]]) #Spine surgery (Also performed by [[neurosurgeons]]) #Musculoskeletal oncology #Surgical sports medicine #Orthopaedic trauma These are also the nine main sub-specialty areas of orthopaedic surgery. Hand surgery is the only truly recognized sub-specialty within orthopaedic surgery. The other sub-specialities are informal concentrations of practice. To be recognized as a hand surgeon, a practitioner must have completed a fellowship and obtained a Certificate of Added Qualifications (CAQ) which requires an additional standardized examination. == Practice == Orthopaedic surgeons address most musculoskeletal ailments including arthritis, trauma and congenital deformities using both surgical and non-surgical means. According to applications for board certification from 1999 to 2003, the top 25 most common procedures (in order) performed by orthopaedic surgeons are as follows: #Knee [[arthroscopy]] and menisectomy #Shoulder [[arthroscopy]] and decompression #[[Carpal tunnel]] release #Knee [[arthroscopy]] and chondroplasty #Removal of support implant #Knee [[arthroscopy]] and [[anterior cruciate ligament]] reconstruction #[[Knee replacement]] #Repair of femoral neck [[bone fracture|fracture]] #Repair of trochanteric [[bone fracture|fracture]] #Débridement of [[skin]]/[[muscle]]/[[bone]]/[[bone fracture|fracture]] #Knee [[arthroscopy]] repair of both menisci #[[Hip replacement]] #Shoulder [[arthroscopy]]/distal [[clavicle]] excision #Repair of [[rotator cuff]] tendon #Repair [[bone fracture|fracture] of [[radius (bone)]]/[[ulna]] #[[Laminectomy]] #Repair of ankle [[bone fracture|fracture]] (bimalleolar type) #Shoulder [[arthroscopy]] and débridement #Lumbar [[spinal fusion]] #Repair [[bone fracture|fracture]] of the distal part of [[radius]] #Low back [[intervertebral disc]] surgery #Incise finger tendon sheath #Repair of ankle [[bone fracture|fracture]] ([[fibula]]) #Repair of femoral shaft [[bone fracture|fracture]] #Repair of trochanteric [[bone fracture|fracture]] Of orthopaedic surgeons applying for certification with the American Board of Orthopedic Surgery between 1999 to 2003 these were the percentages of surgeons in each specialty area: *General orthopaedics: 54.8% *Spine surgery: 11.3% *Sports medicine: 10.8% *Hands and upper extremity: 8.7% *Adult reconstructive: 3.9% *Pediatric orthopaedics: 3.4% *Foot and ankle: 3.1% *Trauma: 2.6% *Musculoskeletal oncology: 1.3% A typical schedule for a practicing orthopaedic surgeon involves 50-55 hours of work per week divided among clinic, surgery, various administrative duties and possibly teaching and/or research if in an academic setting. ==History== [[Jean-Andre Venel]] established the first orthopedic institute in [[1780]], which was the first hospital dedicated to the treatment of children's skeletal deformities. He is considered by some to be the father of orthopedics or the first true orthopedist in consideraton of the establishment of his hospital and for his published methods. [[Antonius Mathysen]], a [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[military]] [[surgery|surgeon]], invented the [[plaster of Paris]] [[cast (orthopedic)|cast]] in [[1851]]. Many developments in orthopedic surgery resulted from experiences during wartime. On the battlefields of the [[Middle Ages]] the injured were treated with bandages soaked in horses' [[blood]] which dried to form a stiff, but unsanitary, splint. [[Traction (orthopedics)|Traction]] and [[Splint (medicine)|splinting]] developed during [[World War I]]. The use of [[intramedullary rod]]s to treat fractures of the [[femur]] and [[tibia]] was pioneered by Dr. Kunchner of [[Germany]]. This made a noticeable difference to the speed of recovery of injured German soldiers during [[World War II]] and led to more widespread adoption of intramedullary fixation of [[bone fracture|fracture]]s in the rest of the world. However, traction was the standard method of treating thigh bone fractures until the late [[1970s]] when the [[Seattle Harborview]] group popularized intramedullary fixation without opening up the fracture. External fixation of fractures was refined by American surgeons during the [[Vietnam War]] but a major contribution was made by [[Gavril Abramovich Ilizarov]] in the [[USSR]]. He was sent, without much orthopedic training, to look after injured Russian soldiers in [[Siberia]] in the [[1950s]]. With no equipment he was confronted with crippling conditions of unhealed, infected, and malaligned fractures. With the help of the local [[bicycle]] shop he devised ring external [[fixator]]s tensioned like the spokes of a bicycle. With this equipment he achieved healing, realignment and lengthening to a degree unheard of elsewhere. His [[Ilizarov apparatus]] is still used today. David L. MacIntosh pioneered the first successful surgery for the management of the torn [[anterior cruciate ligament]] of the [[knee]]. This common and serious injury in [[skiing|skiers]], field athletes, and [[dance|dancers]] invariably brought an end to their athletics due to permanent joint instability. Working with injured [[American football|football]] players, Dr. MacIntosh devised a way to re-route viable [[ligament]] from adjacent structures to preserve the strong and complex mechanics of the knee joint and restore stability. The subsequent development of ACL reconstruction surgery has allowed numerous athletes to return to the demands of sports at all levels. Modern orthopaedic surgery and musculoskeletal research has sought to make surgery less invasive and to make implanted components better and more durable. == Arthroscopy == The use of [[arthroscopy|arthroscopic tools]] has been particularly important for injured patients. Arthroscopy was pioneered by Dr. Watanabe of Japan to perform [[minimally invasive surgery|minimally invasive cartilage surgery and re-constructions]] of torn ligaments. Arthroscopy helped patients recover from the surgery in a matter of days, rather than the weeks to months required by conventional, 'open' surgery. Knee arthroscopy is one of the most common operations performed by orthopedic surgeons today and is often combined with meniscectomy or chondroplasty--both of which are removal of a torn cartilage. == Joint replacement == The modern total [[hip replacement]] was pioneered by Sir John Charnley in England in the 1960s{{fact}}. He found that joint surfaces could be replaced by metal or high density [[polyethylene]] implants cemented to the bone with [[methyl methacrylate]] cement. Since Charnley, there have been continuous improvements in the design and technique of joint replacement ([[arthroplasty]]) with many contributors, including W. H. Harris, the son of R. I. Harris, whose team at Harvard pioneered uncemented arthroplasty techniques with the bone bonding directly to the implant. Knee replacements using similar technology were started by McIntosh in [[rheumatoid arthritis]] patients and later by Gunston and Marmor for [[osteoarthritis]] in the 1970's. The modern [[knee replacement]] was developed by Dr. John Insall and Dr. Chitranjan Ranawat in New York{{fact}}. Uni-compartment knee replacement, in which only one side of an arthritic knee is replaced, is a smaller operation and has become popular recently. Joint replacements are available for other joints on a limited basis, most notably shoulder, elbow, wrist and ankle. == Pediatric orthopaedics == The treatment of children with muscoloskeletal problems remains an integral part of modern orthopaedic surgery. Many fractures and injuries occur in children due to their high activity level and unique immature skeleton. Treatment of fractures in children is different than adults due to active [[growth plate|growth plates]] in their bones. Damage to the growth plate can lead to significant problems with later bone growth, and at-risk fractures have to be monitored with care. The treatment of [[scoliosis]] is a mainstay of pediatric orthopaedics. For poorly understood reasons, curvature devlops in the spine of some children, which if left untreated leads to undesireable deformity and may progress to cause chronic pain and breathing problems. The treatment of scoliosis is quite complicated and often involves a combination of bracing and surgery. Children have other unique musculoskeletal conditions that have been a focus of orthopedics since Hippocrates, including conditions such as [[club foot]] and [[congenital]] [[dislocation of hip]] (also known as [[hip dysplasia|developmental dysplasia of the hip]]). In addition, [[infections]] in bones and joints ([[osteomyelitis]]) in children are common. In the US, specialized hospitals such as the [[Shriners]] hospitals have provided a substantial portion of treatment for children with musculoskeletal deformities and diseases. ==Terminology== [[Nicholas Andry]] coined the word "orthopaedics", derived from [[Greek language|Greek]] [[word]]s for "correct" or "straight" ("orthos") and "[[child]]" ("paidion"), in [[1741]], when at the [[Ageing|age]] of 81 he [[Publishing|published]] ''Orthopaedia: or the Art of Correcting and Preventing Deformities in Children''. In the U.S. the spelling ''orthopedics'' is standard{{fact}}, although the majority of university and residency programs{{fact}}, and even the [http://www.aaos.org/ AAOS], still use Andry's spelling. Elsewhere, usage is not uniform; in Canada, both spellings are common; ''orthopaedics'' usually prevails in the rest of the Commonwealth, especially in Britain; see also [[spelling differences]]. == References== Garrett, WE, et al. American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery Practice of the Orthopaedic Surgeon: Part-II, Certification Examination. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American). 2006;88:660-667. ==See also== {{commonscat|Orthopedic corset}} * [[Bone grafting]] * [[Gait analysis]] * [[Halo system]] * [[Hand surgery]] * [[Orthopaedic nursing]] * [[Traction (orthopedics)|Traction]] ==External links== * [http://www.worldortho.com/history.html The History of Orthopaedics] * [http://www.wheelessonline.com/index.htm Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics] * [http://www.sicot.org/ The International Society of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology] * [http://www.aaos.org/ American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons] * [http://www.newmediamedicine.com/forum/forumdisplay.php?f=109 Discussion Forum for Orthopaedic Careers Advice] * [http://www.gillettechildrens.org/default.cfm/PID=1.3.15 Pediatric Orthopaedics] {{Medicine}} [[Category:orthopedics| ]] [[Category:Surgical specialties]] [[af:Ortopedie]] [[ar:طب العظام]] [[da:Ortopædkirurgi]] [[de:Orthopädie]] [[es:Cirugía ortopédica y traumatología]] [[fr:Orthopédie]] [[he:אורתופדיה]] [[lt:Ortopedija]] [[nl:Orthopedie]] [[ja:整形外科学]] [[pl:Ortopedia]] [[pt:Ortopedia]] [[sl:Ortopedija]] [[fi:Ortopedia]] [[sv:Ortopedi]] 2327 7391 2006-10-14T03:59:21Z Jose77 104 {{Eng}} '''Otolaryngology''' is the branch of [[medicine]] that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of [[ear]], [[nose]], [[throat]], and head & neck disorders. The full name of the specialty is '''otolaryngology-head and neck surgery.''' Practitioners are called '''otolaryngologists-head and neck surgeons''', or sometimes '''otorhinolaryngologists''' (ORL). A commonly used term for this speciality is '''ENT''' ('''ear, nose and throat'''). == Explanation == Otolaryngologists are medical doctors who complete at least five years of surgical residency training. Currently, this is comprised of one year in general surgery, four years in otolaryngology - head and neck surgery; in the past it varied between two and three years of each. Following residency training, some otolaryngologists elect to complete advanced subspeciality "fellowship" training which is usually one (but is sometimes two) years in duration. == Subspecialties == {|class="wikitable" |- style="font-weight:bold" align="center" valign="top" | width="117" Height="12.75" | Head and Neck | width="100" | Facial plastics | width="43.5" | Otology | width="117" | Neuro-otology | width="117" | Rhinology/Sinus | width="68.25" | Laryngology | width="140.25" | Pediatrics | width="43.5" | Allergy |- align="center" valign="top" | Height="12.75" | Surgical oncology | Facial cosmetics | Ear | Middle and inner ear | Sinusitis | Voice therapy | VeloPalatine-Insufficiency |- align="center" valign="top" | Height="12.75" | Reconstruction | Maxillofacial | Hearing | Temporal bone | Allergy | Phono-surgery | Cleft Lip and Palate |- align="center" valign="top" | Height="12.75" | Endocrine surgery | Trauma | | Skull base | Anterior skull base | | Airway |- align="center" valign="top" | Height="12.75" | | | | Dizziness | Apnea and snoring | | Vascular Malformations |- align="center" valign="top" | Height="12.75" | | | | | | | Cochlear Implant/BAHA |} == Topics in Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery == === General Otolaryngology === *[[Deviated septum]] *[[Laryngitis]] - inflammation of larynx and vocal cords producing hoarsness *[[Parotitis]] *[[Pharyngitis]] - inflammation of the pharynx producing symptoms more or less similar to tonsilitis *[[Snoring]] and [[sleep apnea]] *[[Tonsillitis]] - inflammation of tonsils producing pain, odynophagia(painful swallowing), fever etc... === Head and Neck/Reconstructive Surgery === *[[Head and neck cancer]] **[[Oncology]] ***[[Chemotherapy]] ****[[Chemotherapy regimens]] ***[[Radiation therapy]] *[[Hyperparathyroidism]] *[[Thyroid cancer]] === Otology/Neuro-Otology === *[[Dizziness]] ** [[BPPV]] - Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo ** [[labyrinthitis]]/[[vestibular neuronitis]] ** [[Ménière's disease]]/[[Endolymphatic hydrops]] ** [[Perilymphatic fistula]] ** [[acoustic neuroma]] *[[Hearing loss]] *[[Mastoiditis]] *[[Otitis externa]] - [[outer ear]] or [[ear canal]] inflammation *[[Otitis media]] - [[middle ear]] inflammation *[[Otitis interna]] - [[inner ear]] inflammation *Perforated [[eardrum]] (hole in the eardrum due to infection, trauma, explosion or loud noise) === Rhinology (Sinus diseases and anterior skull base) === *Environmental [[Allergies]] *[[Sinusitis]] - acute, chronic *[[Rhinitis]] === Pediatrics === *[[laryngomalacia]] *[[Caustic Ingestion]] *[[Obstructive Sleep Apnea - Pediatric]] *[[Tonsillectomy]] *[[Adenoidectomy]] *[[Myringotomy and Tubes]] === Laryngology === * [[Dysphonia]] / Hoarseness ** [[Laryngitis]] ** [[Reinke's Edema]] ** [[Vocal fold nodule|Vocal Cord Nodules]] & [[Vocal Cord Polyps|Polyps]] * [[Spasmodic dysphonia|Spasmodic Dysphonia]] * [[Tracheostomy]] * [[The Professional Voice]] * [[Cancer of the larynx|Cancer of the Larynx]] === Trauma/Facial Plastics === * [[Rhinoplasty]] & [[Septoplasty]] * [[Rhytidectomy|Facelift]] (Rhytidectomy) * [[Browlift]] * [[Blepharoplasty]] * [[Otoplasty]] * [[Genioplasty]] * Injectible Cosmetic Treatments * Trauma to the Face ** [[Nasal Bone Fracture]] ** [[Mandible Fracture]] ** [[Orbital Fracture]] ** [[Frontal Sinus Fracture]] ** Complex Lacerations and Soft Tissue Damage == Societies == *[http://www.entnet.org/ American Academy of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery ] *[http://www.entcanada.org/ Canadian Society of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery ] *[http://www.triologic.org/ The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society] *[http://www.entuk.org/ British Association of Otorhinolaryngologists - Head & Neck Surgeons] ==External links== *[http://journalreview.org/spage.php?specialty_id=7&sdesc=ENT On-Line ENT Journal Club (via JournalReview.org)] *[http://www.newmediamedicine.com/forum/forumdisplay.php?f=110 Otolaryngology Careers Forum] {{Medicine}} [[Category:Otolaryngology|*]] [[da:Oto-rhino-laryngologi]] [[de:Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde]] [[es:Otorrinolaringología]] [[eu:Otorrinolaringologia]] [[fr:Oto-rhino-laryngologie]] [[ko:이비인후과]] [[nl:Oto-rhino-laryngologie]] [[ja:耳鼻咽喉科学]] [[pl:Otorynolaryngologia]] [[pt:Otorrinolaringologia]] [[sl:Otorinolaringologija]] [[sv:ÖNH]] [[zh:耳鼻喉科學]] 2328 7390 2006-10-14T03:58:54Z Jose77 104 {{Eng}} '''Pediatric surgery''' (sometimes spelled '''paediatric surgery''') is a [[medical specialty|subspecialty]] of surgery involving the surgery of fetuses, infants, children, adolescents, and young adults. Many pediatric surgeons practice at [[children's hospital]]s. Pediatric surgeons have completed a [[general surgery]] [[residency (medicine)]], then complete two more years of subspecialty fellowship training before they are eligible to take the board examination for official subspecialty certification. In the United States and Canada, approximately 35 surgeons complete training as pediatric surgeons each year. Pediatric surgery arose in the middle of the 20th century as the surgical care of [[birth defect]]s required novel techniques and methods and became more commonly based at children's hospitals. One of the sites of this innovation was [[Children's Hospital of Philadelphia]]. Beginning in the 1940s under the surgical leadershp of [[C. Everett Koop]], newer techniques for endotracheal [[anesthesia]] of infants allowed surgical repair of previously untreatable birth defects. By the late 1970s, the infant death rate from several major congenital malformation [[syndrome]]s had been reduced to near zero. Common pediatric diseases that may require pediatric surgery include * [[Congenital disorder|congenital malformations]] of internal organs: [[cystic hygroma]], [[esophageal atresia]] and [[tracheoesophageal fistula]], [[hypertrophic pyloric stenosis]], [[intestinal]] [[atresia]], [[necrotizing enterocolitis]], [[meconium plugs]], [[Hirschsprung's disease]], [[imperforate anus]], [[Cryptorchidism|undescended testes]],... * [[abdominal wall]] defects: [[omphalocele]], [[gastroschisis]], [[hernia]]s,... * [[chest]] wall deformities * childhood [[tumors]]: like [[neuroblastoma]], [[Wilms' tumor]], [[rhabdomyosarcoma]], [[liver cancer|liver tumor]]s, [[teratoma]]s,... {{wikiquote}} [[Category:Surgical specialties]] {{treatment-stub}} {{Medicine}} [[pl:Chirurgia dziecięca]] [[pt:Cirurgia pediátrica]] [[nl:Kinderheelkunde]] 2329 6887 2006-09-16T04:48:27Z Eukesh 93 '''Surgical oncology''' is the branch of [[surgery]] which focuses on the surgical management of malignant neoplasms ([[cancer]]). Whether surgical oncology constitutes a medical specialty ''per se'' is the topic of a heated debate. Today, some would agree that it is simply impossible for any one surgeon to be competent in the surgical management of ''all'' malignant disease. However, there are currently 14 surgical oncology fellowship training programs in the United States that have been approved by the Society of Surgical Oncology. While many general surgeons are actively involved in treating patients with malignant neoplasms, the designation of "surgical oncologist" is generally reserved for those surgeons who have completed one of the approved fellowship programs. However, this is a matter of semantics, as many surgeons who are thoroughly involved in treating cancer patients may consider themselves to be surgical oncologists. Most often, ''surgical oncologist'' refers to a general surgical oncologist (cf. [[General Surgery]]), but thoracic surgical oncologists, gynecologic oncologists and so forth can all be considered surgeons who specialize in treating cancer patients. The importance of training surgeons who sub-specialize in cancer surgery lies in evidence, supported by a number of [[clinical trials]], that outcomes in surgical cancer care are positively associated to surgeon volume -- i.e. the more [[cancer]] cases a surgeon treats, the more proficient he becomes, and his or her patients experience improved survival rates as a result. This is another controversial point, but it is generally accepted -- even as common sense -- that a surgeon who performs a given operation more often, will achieve superior results when compared with a surgeon who rarely performs the same procedure. This is particularly true of cancer resections such as [[pancreaticoduodenectomy]] (Whipple procedure) for pancreatic cancer, and [[gastrectomy]] with extended (D2) [[lymphadenectomy]] for gastric cancer. ==External links== *[http://www.esso-surgeonline.be European Society of Surgical Oncology] *[http://www.surgonc.org Society of Surgical Oncology] {{Medicine}} [[Category:Oncology]] [[Category:Surgical oncology|*]] [[Category:Surgical specialties]] [[de:Cancer surgery]] [[sl:Onkološka kirurgija]] 2330 6886 2006-09-16T04:47:42Z Eukesh 93 '''Plastic surgery''' is a general term for operative manual and instrumental treatment which is performed for functional or [[aesthetic]] reasons. The word "plastic" derives from the Greek ''plastikos'' meaning to mold or to shape; its use here is not connected with modern [[plastics]]. The principal areas of plastic surgery include two broad fields. * Reconstructive surgery, including [[microsurgery]], focuses on undoing or masking the destructive effects of [[Physical trauma|trauma]], surgery or [[disease]]. Reconstructive surgery may include closing defects using skin grafts or with local, regional or distant flaps&mdash;that is, by moving tissue from other parts of the body. * Cosmetic (or aesthetic) surgery is most often performed in order to change features the patient finds unflattering. In many cases, however, there are medical reasons (for example, [[breast reduction]] when [[orthopedics|orthopedic]] problems are present). ==History== The history of cosmetic surgery reaches back to the ancient world. Physicians in [[ancient India]] including the great Indian surgeon [[Susrutha]] were utilizing [[skin graft]]s for reconstructive work as early as the [[8th century BC]]. His work ''Sushruta Samhita'' describes [[rhinoplasty]] and [[otoplasty]]. This knowledge of plastic surgery existed in [[India]] up to the late 18th century as can be seen from the reports published in ''Gentleman's Magazine'' (October 1794). [http://vigyanprasar.com/dream/jan2000/article2.htm] [http://members.ozemail.com.au/~oknoses/Overview.html] The [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] were able to perform simple techniques such as repairing damaged ears from around the [[1st century BC]]. In mid-[[15th century]] Europe, [[Heinrich von Pfolspeundt]] described a process "to make a new nose for one who lacks it entirely, and the dogs have devoured it" by removing skin from the back of the arm and suturing it in place. However, because of the dangers associated with surgery in any form, especially that involving the head or face, it was not until the [[19th century|19th]] and [[20th century|20th centuries]] that such surgeries became commonplace. The [[United States|U.S.'s]] first plastic surgeon was [[John Peter Mettauer|Dr. John Peter Mettauer]]. He performed the first [[cleft|cleft palate]] operation in [[1827]] with instruments that he designed himself. The New Zealander [[Harold Gillies|Sir Harold Gillies]] developed many of the techniques of modern plastic surgery in caring for those who suffered facial injuries in [[World War I]], he is considered to be the father of modern plastic surgery. His work was expanded upon during [[World War II]] by one of his former students and cousin, [[Archibald McIndoe]], who pioneered treatments for [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] aircrew suffering from severe burns. McIndoe's radical, experimental treatments, lead to the formation of the [[Guinea Pig Club]]. ==Reconstructive surgery== Common reconstructive surgeries are: [[breast reconstruction]] for women who have had a [[mastectomy]], [[cleft|cleft lip and palate surgery]], [[contracture]] surgery for [[burn]] survivors, and closing skin and [[mucosa]] defects after removal of tumors in the head and neck region. [[Sex reassignment surgery]] for [[transsexual]] people is another example of reconstructive surgery. Plastic surgeons have developed the use of [[microsurgery]] to transfer tissue for coverage of a defect when no local tissue is available. Tissue "flaps" comprised of skin, muscle, bone, fat or a combination, may be removed from the body, moved to another site on the body and reconnected to a blood supply by suturing arteries and veins as small as 1-2 mm in diameter. There is a definite gray area between reconstructive and cosmetic surgery. Many of the techniques of cosmetic surgery are utilized in reconstructive surgery to improve [[cosmesis]]. ==Cosmetic surgery== Cosmetic surgery is a very popular avenue for personal enhancement, as demonstrated by the 11.9 million cosmetic procedures performed in the U.S. alone in [[2004]]. As for any operation, cosmetic procedures involve risk, and should therefore not be undertaken lightly. Within the US, critics of plastic surgery note that it is legal for any [[Physician|doctor]], regardless of speciality, to perform "cosmetic surgery", but not "plastic surgery". It is thus important to distinguish the terms "plastic surgery" and "cosmetic surgery": Plastic Surgery is recognized by the [[American Board of Medical Specialties]] (the only official entity overseeing physician certification in the United States) as the subspecialty dedicated to the surgical repair of defects of form or function -- this includes cosmetic (or aesthetic) surgery, as well as reconstructive surgery. The term "cosmetic surgery" however, simply refers to surgery that is designed to improve cosmetics, or appearance. (One could argue that reconstructive surgery always has some cosmetic aspect to it, because form and function are often both important in plastic surgery repairs.) Thus there is no real art of "cosmetic surgery": it is a catch-all commercial phrase that laypeople understand easily and non-plastic surgeons eagerly use because they are not allowed to use the term "plastic surgery". The most prevalent aesthetic/cosmetic procedures are listed below. Most of these types of surgery are more commonly known by their "common names." These are also listed when pertinent. * [[Abdominoplasty]] (or "tummy tuck"): reshaping and firming of the [[abdomen]] * [[Abdominal etching]] (or "ab etching": Specialized and trademarked liposuction surgery for male and female patients that affords six-pack abs or a flat, athletic, or countoured stomach. * [[Blepharoplasty]] (or "eyelid surgery"): Reshaping of the eyelids or the application of permanent eyeliner, including [[Asian blepharoplasty]] * [[breast implant|Augmentation Mammaplasty]] (or "breast enlargement" or "boob job"): Augmentation of the [[breast]]s. This can involve either saline or silicone gel prosthetics. * [[Buttock Augmentation]] (or "butt augmentation" or "butt implants"): Enhancement of the [[buttock]]s. This procedure can be performed by using silicone implants or fat grafting and transfer from other areas of the body. * [[Chemical peel]]: Removal of [[acne]] scars and sagging skin&mdash;not technically surgery and can be performed by a [[cosmetologist]]. Chemical peels commonly involve Phenol, TCA, or Glycolic acid as the active agent. Phenol peels, while the most effective, require cardiac monitoring and require longer recovery periods, thus diminishing their current popularity. * [[Mastopexy]] (or "breast lift"): Raising of sagging breasts * [[Labiaplasty]]: Surgical reduction and reshaping of the labia * [[Rhinoplasty]] (or "nose job"): Reshaping of the [[nose]] * [[Otoplasty]] (or ear surgery): Reshaping of the [[ear]] * [[Rhytidectomy]] (or "face lift"): Removal of wrinkles and signs of aging from the face * [[Liposuction|Suction-Assisted Lipectomy]] (or ''liposuction''): Removal of fat from the body * [[Chin augmentation]]: Augmentation of the [[chin]] with an implant (e.g. silicone) or by [[sliding genioplasty]] of the jawbone. * [[Cheek augmentation]] * [[Collagen]], [[fat]], and other tissue filler injections (eg [[hyaluronic acid]]) * [[Mesotherapy]] : An alternative to liposuction where fluids are injected to break down and dissolve the fat (still a speculative treatment). ==Related disciplines== Plastic surgery is a broad field, and may be subdivided further. Plastic surgery training and approval by the [[American Board of Plastic Surgery]] includes mastery of the following as well: * [[Craniofacial surgery]] mostly revolves around the treatment of pediatric congenital anomalies, such as cleft lip and palate, craniosynostosis, and other disturbances in facial growth and development. Because these children have multiple issues, they are often taken care of in an interdisciplinary approach which include oral surgeons, otolaryngologists, speech therapists, occupational therapists, geneticists. * [[Hand surgery]] is a field that has some overlap with [[general surgery|general surgeons]] and [[orthopedic surgery|orthopedic surgeons]] (see [[Hand surgeon]]). Plastic surgeons receive full training in hand surgery, with some trainees deciding even to do an additional full-year hand [[fellowship]] afterwards (this fellowship can also be pursued by general surgeons and orthopedic surgeons). In particular, plastic surgeons receive training in [[microvascular surgery]], which is needed to replant an amputated hand or digit. Many hand operations (such as reconstruction of injuries, replantations, rheumatoid surgery and surgery of congenital defects) are performed by plastic surgeons. * [[Maxillofacial surgery]] is surgery of the "maxilla" (which means [[jaw]]) and face, and is an important aspect of plastic surgery. This field grew from contributions by both the plastic surgeons and oral surgeons. Examples of repairs here would be traumatic [[fractures]] of the jaw and face (such as from fights or vehicle accidents), tumors of the jaw and face. == Addiction to cosmetic surgery == Some people appear to become addicted to cosmetic surgery, possibly because of [[body dysmorphic disorder]]. Sufficient amounts of repeated cosmetic surgery can lead to irreversible damage to the normal body structure. However, due to the high cost of repeated cosmetic surgery, this disorder is generally one limited to the [[wealth]]y. However, others have been known to take out loans for repeat procedures. ==See also== * [[microsurgery]] * [[breast reconstruction]], [[Breast reduction]], [[Breast implant]], [[Breast lift]] * [[Operation Good Samaritan]][http://www.opgoodsam.org] * [[Operation Smile]] * [[Body modification]] * [[Botox]] * ''[[Dr. 90210]]'' * ''[[Extreme Makeover]]'' * ''[[Nip/Tuck]]'' ===Plastic surgeons=== * [[Harry J. Buncke]] * [[Wallace Chang]] * [[Harold Gillies]] * [[G. Patrick Maxwell]] * [[Archibald McIndoe]] * [[Joseph Murray]] * [[Ivo Pitanguy]] ==External links== * [http://www.plasticsurgery.org/ The American Society of Plastic Surgeons] * [http://www.surgery.org The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery] * [http://www.abplsurg.org/ The American Board of Plastic Surgery] * [http://www.emedicine.com/plastic/topic433.htm Emedicine's History of Plastic Surgery entry] {{Medicine}} [[Category:Plastic surgery| Plastic surgery]] [[Category:Surgical specialties]] [[Category:Human appearance]] [[de:Plastische Chirurgie]] [[es:Cirugía plástica]] [[eu:Kirurgia plastiko]] [[fr:Chirurgie plastique]] [[he:ניתוח פלסטי]] [[ja:形成外科学]] [[pt:Cirurgia Plástica]] [[sr:Пластична хирургија]] [[sv:Plastikkirurgi]] [[zh:整容]] 2331 6888 2006-09-16T04:50:03Z Eukesh 93 '''Urology''' is the field of medicine that focuses on the [[urinary tract]]s of males and females , and on the reproductive system of males. In men, the urinary system overlaps with the reproductive system, and in women the urinary tract opens into the vulva. In both sexes, the urinary and reproductive tracts are close together, and disorders of one often affect the other. The organs covered by urology include the [[kidney]]s, [[ureter]]s, [[urinary bladder]], [[urethra]], and the male reproductive organs ([[testicle|testes]], [[epididymis]], [[vas deferens]], [[seminal vesicle]]s, [[prostate]] and [[penis]]). The discipline combines management of medical (i.e., non-surgical) problems such as urinary infections, and surgical problems such as the correction of congenital abnormalities and the surgical management of cancers. Such abnormalities within the genital region are called genitourinary disorders. Urologists are also involved in the assessment and treatment of [[incontinence]]. [[Urodynamics]] is the study of the pressure within the urinary system and urologists often use diagnostic techniques such as [[flow cystometry]] or ambulatory urodynamic profiles to determine the best method of treatment for the patient. This could include medical prescription (e.g. [[oxybutynin]] or multiple alpha-blockers) or surgical intervention (e.g. urethral suspension/slings). Other subfields of urology include urologic oncology, stone disease, [[voiding dysfunction]], [[pediatrics|pediatric]] urology, [[sexual dysfunction]] and male [[infertility]]. Urology is closely related to the medical fields of [[nephrology]], [[andrology]], [[gynaecology]] and [[oncology]]. ==See also== * [[Prostatitis]] * [[Circumcision]] * [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]] * [[Cystitis]] * [[Prostate cancer]] * [[Bladder stone]]s * [[Kidney stone]]s * [[Bladder cancer]] * [[Development of the urinary and reproductive organs]] * [[Retrograde pyelogram]] * [[Uroscopy]] * [[Vasectomy]] ==External links== * [http://www.iksi.org International Kidney Stone Institute] * [http://journalreview.org/spage.php?specialty_id=21&sdesc=Urology On-Line Urology Journal Club (via JournalReview.org)] * [http://uroportal.net/international/index.php Uroportal International] {{medicine}} [[Category:Urology|*]] [[da:Urologi]] [[de:Urologie]] [[es:Urología]] [[eu:Urologia]] [[fr:Urologie]] [[ko:비뇨기과]] [[he:אורולוגיה]] [[nl:Urologie]] [[ja:泌尿器科学]] [[no:Urologi]] [[pl:Urologia]] [[pt:Urologia]] [[ru:Урология]] [[fi:Urologia]] [[sv:Urologi]] [[tr:Üroloji]] [[zh:泌尿外科]] 2332 6890 2006-09-16T04:50:53Z Eukesh 93 '''Trauma surgeons''' practice the last to be created subspecialty of [[general surgery]]. Comfortable at operating on most body parts and cavities, trauma surgeons carry on the tradition of military surgeons as depicted in the novel [[M*A*S*H (novels)|M*A*S*H]]. Trauma surgeons have a high success rate regarding the sickest of patients who have sustained life and limb-threatening injuries. Trauma surgeons have become specialists in Surgical Critical Care, burns, and Emergency Surgeryand have, in the process, created the new specialty of Acute Care Surgery. Some trauma surgeons have also become involved in research and education through specialty societies such as the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma ([http://www.east.org/ EAST]). In many hospitals throughout the [[United States]] and [[Britain]], trauma surgeons primarily stabilize patients and then transfer the patient to the appropriate department. For instance, a patient presenting to the [[emergency room]] with [[peripheral nervous system]] trauma would preferably be treated by a [[neurosurgeon]]. Likewise, patients with [[musculoskeletal]] problems would be treated by an [[orthopedic surgeon]], oral/maxillofacial trauma by a [[maxillofacial surgeon]], and heart trauma by a [[cardiovascular surgery|cardiovascular surgeon]]. As trauma surgery has increasingly become inoperative in nature, its popularity among medical students has fallen drastically. Trauma surgery surgeons make life and death choices everyday. == Further reading == *[http://www.aast.org American Association for the Surgery of Trauma], a website dedicated to the advancement of knowledge in treating and preventing traumatic injuries. {{Medicine}} 2333 6891 2006-09-16T04:51:44Z Eukesh 93 '''Vascular surgery''' is the branch of [[surgery]] that occupies itself with surgical interventions of [[artery|arteries]] and [[vein]]s, as well as conservative therapies for disease of the peripheral [[vascular system]]. Surgery of the [[heart]] is the specialism of the [[cardiothoracic surgery|cardiothoracic surgeon]]. *Arterial diseases **[[Aneurysm]]s **[[Ischaemia]] ***[[Limb ischaemia]] ****[[Acute limb ischaemia]] ****[[Chronic limb ischaemia]] : see [[intermittent claudication]] and [[peripheral artery occlusive disease]] ***[[Renal Ischemia]] ***[[Digestive Ischaemia]] **Extracranial [[cerebrovascular disease]] *Venous disease **[[Varicosities]] **[[Venous malformations]] ==External links== * [http://www.articleworld.org/Vascular_surgery Vascular surgery] Material on arterial and venous surgery. {{treatment-stub}} {{Medicine}} [[Category:Vascular surgery| ]] [[Category:Surgical specialties]] [[de:Gefäßchirurgie]] [[fr:Chirurgie vasculaire]] [[nl:Vaatchirurgie]] [[pl:Chirurgia naczyniowa]] [[pt:Cirurgia vascular]] 2334 8895 2007-01-17T10:30:39Z Tangotango 190 Undo revision 8887 by [[Special:Contributions/82.110.109.171]] ([[User talk:82.110.109.171]]) {{Eng}} '''Occupational medicine''' is the branch of [[Medicine|clinical medicine]] most active in the field of [[Occupational health and safety|occupational health]]. [[Occupational health physicians]] work closely with the [[occupational health]] team which consists of [[Occupational Health Nursing]] Professional, [[Industrial Hygienists]], [[Biostatisticians]], [[Public Health]] Specialists, and [[Biomedical Engineers]] (namely those specializing in [[Ergonomics]]). In the United States it is one of the three [[medical specialty|medical specialties]] (also including [[aerospace medicine]] and public health and general preventive medicine) encompassed by the [[American Board of Medical Specialties]] recognized specialty of [[preventive medicine]]. Its principal role is the provision of health advice to organisations and individuals to ensure that the highest standards of health and safety at work can be achieved and maintained. Occupational physicians must have a wide knowledge of clinical medicine and be competent in a number of important areas. Occupational health should aim at: the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of [[health|physical]], [[mental health|mental]] and social [[well-being]] of workers in all occupations; the prevention among workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions; the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; placing and maintenance of a worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological equipment and, to summarise, the adaption of work to man and of each man to his job. ==Areas of focus== ===Occupational hazards to health=== Occupationally related disease and ill-health are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. The [[occupational health]] team must be aware of the [[work hazards]], understand how to assess the risks in a particular workplace and how these should be controlled, as well as be able to recognise, treat and control occupational disease should it occur. ===Categories of [[Work Hazards]] (also called "[[Work Factors]]")=== Work hazards can be classified as the following: [[physical work hazards]], [[chemical work hazards]], [[biological work hazards]], [[ergonomic work hazards]], and [[psychosocial work hazards]]. In many countries the need of Occupational Health involvement in employment is backed up by legislation. == Examples of [[Occupational Health Hazards]]: == [[Physical work hazards]] *[[Car accidents]], Motor-vehicular accidents (MVA's) *[[Ionizing radiation]] *[[Sun Exposure]] ([[UVA]] and [[UVB]] rays) *Heat Stress and [[dehydration]] *[[Noise]] [[Chemical work hazards]] *[[Tobacco Smoke]], smog, indoor [[air pollution]] *[[Benzene]] *Work-related [[carcinogens]] *[[Aerosols]], [[fumes]], smoke *[[Silicosis]] *[[Asbestosis]] [[Biological work hazards]] *[[HIV/AIDS]] *[[Tuberculosis]] *[[Hepatitis A]] *[[Hepatitis B]] *[[Hepatitis C]] [[Ergonomic work hazards]] *[[Lifting]] *[[Pushing]] *[[Pulling]] *[[Materials management]] *[[Musculoskeletal Disorders]] *[[Repetitive Motion]] *[[Vibration white finger]] [[Psychosocial work hazards]] *[[Work stress/strain]] *[[Workload]] *[[Wiktionary:autonomy|Autonomy]] *[[Decision Lattitude]] *Work [[safety climate]] *[[Coping (psychology)]] *[[Personality]] (also called personality preference or [[typology]]) *[[Power (sociology)]] or [[power politics]] *[[Gender]] *[[Discrimination]] References: Plog, B.A., Niland, J., & Quinlan, P.J. (2002). Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene (5th ed.). Itasca, IL: National Safety Council. Levy, B.S. & Wegman, D.H. (2000). Occupational Health: Recognizing and Preventing Work-Related Disease and Injury (4th ed). Philadephia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. LaDou, J. (2004). Current Occupational & Environmental Medicine (3rd ed.). New York: Lange/McGraw-Hill. Rogers, B. (1994). Occupational Health Nursing: Concepts and Practice. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders. ===Assessment of disability and fitness for work=== No matter how good an individual's clinical treatment may be, if employees end up losing their job it has in part failed them. Assessment of an individual's fitness to carry out specific jobs, and their rehabilitation and return to work after illness is an important role of occupational physicians. These tasks can only be carried out by practitioners who have a detailed knowledge not only of human health, but also of the specific work situation. ===Communications=== The occupational physician is required to communicate with clinical colleagues responsible for the [[primary care]] of the workers, with other health professionals such as [[occupational hygienist]] (also called [[industrial hygienists]]), [[ergonomics|ergonomist]]s and [[occupational health Nurses]], active in the [[multi-disciplinary]] practice of [[occupational health]], as well as with management, [[trade unions]] and staff representatives in the workplace. ===Research=== The workforce is the principal customer of occupational health research, carried out to increase knowledge on particular aspects of health hazards at work, or to ascertain the safety or otherwise of specific employment in a specific situation. ===Occupational health law and ethics=== Occupational physicians must be aware of the extensive health and safety legislation in some countries as it affects their practice, as well as ensuring that they maintain accepted ethical standards, particularly in relation to the medical confidentiality of data regarding individual workers. ===Health promotion=== The workplace can provide an ideal opportunity and environment to promote good health. The occupational physician must be able to organise, provide and evaluate health promotion programmes which meet the health needs of the specific workplace where they are being undertaken. ===Management=== Occupational physicians are doctors - yet their role demands more. As well as demonstrating competence in related issues, they must also be well versed in the principles and practice of business and financial management. ===The environment=== The environment protection act defines [[pollution]] in terms of harm to health. The occupational physician's role as health adviser to industry inevitably involves the doctor in the consideration of any environmental hazards emanating from the workplace. Of course there is great variation in the emphasis given to these aspects according to the nature of work, for example in the chemical field consideration of hazards to health may predominate, whereas say in the transport field fitness to work may be a more important concern. Modern employment patterns demand consideration of new employment hazards such as occupational stress, or health concerns like sedentary work. ==See also== *[[Occupational therapy]] *[[Occupational therapist]] *[[Environmental Medicine]] ==External links== *[http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HEC/CSEM/ Case Studies in Environmental Medicine] *[http://www.som.org.uk/ Society of Occupational Medicine] UK *[http://www.abprevmed.org American Board of Preventive Medicine] USA *[http://www.acpm.org American College of Preventive Medicine] USA *[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/occupationalhealth.html Occupational Health] - [[MedlinePlus]] *[http://www.joem.org Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine] *[http://www.aaohn.org/ American Association of Occupational Health Nurses] {{Medicine}} [[Category:Medical specialties]] [[Category:Occupational safety and health]] [[da:Arbejdsmedicin]] [[de:Arbeitsmedizin]] [[fr:Médecine du travail]] [[pl:Medycyna pracy]] [[pt:Medicina do trabalho]] [[ro:Medicina muncii]] 2335 7386 2006-10-14T03:56:55Z Jose77 104 {{Eng}} '''Pathology''' (from [[Greek language|Greek]] ''[[pathos]]'', feeling, pain, suffering; and ''[[logos]]'', study of; see also [[-ology]]) is the study of the processes underlying [[disease]] and other forms of [[illness]], harmful [[abnormality]], or [[dysfunction]]. Within [[biology]] but also a branch of [[medicine]], it means specifically the study and diagnosis of the structural and functional changes in cells, tissues and organs that underlie [[disease]]. Pathology as a field of knowledge hence forms the basis of the scientific reasoning behind the practice of medicine. ==Scope of pathology== The primary goal of pathology is the study of the four main aspects of a disease: * [[Etiology]]: what causes the disease * [[Pathogenesis]]: the mechanism by which a certain etiological factor causes disease * [[Morphology (biology)|Morphologic changes]]: the structural changes induced in the cells, tissues and organs * [[Clinical significance]]: the functional consequences of the morphologic changes == Pathologists' work == Because the public rarely meets pathologists, their work is not well understood. Pathology is a large and diverse field that allows a pathologist to participate in multiple areas of the field or focus their scope to a specific area. Essential to everyday surgeries, pathologists are responsible for processing and reporting on all specimens generated during surgery. Tissue samples are taken from the submitted specimens, stained, and processed for microscopic evaluation. Microscopic examination searches for disease of any type and this information is returned to the surgeon via a pathology report. Pathologists are also responsible for laboratory specimens. They, along with medical [[technologists]], process specimens at medical [[laboratories]] for interpretations. In other words, when a doctor refers to a "laboratory result", they are not referring to a number generated by a black box; instead, it is the interpretation of a value by a pathologist or a technologist. It is also important to understand that a different laboratory might produce a different value on the same specimen. Pathologists are also called upon to perform [[autopsies]]. Autopsies represent less than 5% of the workload of a typical modern pathologist. There exists a subspecialty in pathology that allows for the training of medical examiners who wish to pursue forensics. Pathologists usually do not see patients, but do on occasion such as when performing bone marrow biopsies and aspirates or fine needle aspirations of superficial nodules. Thus, it is best considered a form of diagnostic medicine. In addition to the diagnosis of disease, including cancer, and the administration of medical laboratories, pathologists often participate in the teaching of medical students (Pathology is a core course in the medical curriculum). Pathologists express their opinion as a pathology report addressed to the doctor requesting it. Since pathologists most often communicate with other doctors, they are sometimes nicknamed "the doctor's doctor". Pathology is often considered the most scientific branch of [[medicine]] because of the available avenues of research involving human material. Finally, the circulation of laboratory data is a central issue in [[medical informatics]] and the current tendency towards [[computer file|electronic]] medical records. ==Tools of pathology== The techniques used most often in the study of the disease process and hence diagnosis are: * [[Gross]] pathology: the recognition of disease based on macroscopic examination of surgical specimens generated at the time of surgery or at autopsy. * [[Histology]]: the microscopic study of tissues. [[Histopathology]] is the science of diagnosing diseases on the basis of the histological aspect of the diseased tissues. * [[Cytology]]: the study of detached cells. [[Cytopathology]] is the science of diagnosing diseases on the basis of the cytological aspects of detached cells. The most common application of this technique is the [[Pap smear]]. * [[Clinical chemistry]]: the gathering, detection, and reporting of an incredible array of chemical measures found by the analysis of collected body samples. * [[Immunology]]: the use of specific immune markers and antibodies to aid in the diagnosis of disease. * [[Flow cytometry]]:analysis of a process that allows for the identification of specific cells . * [[Molecular Biology]] techniques, like [[PCR]] and [[Fluorescent in situ hybridization|FISH]] are increasingly useful to diagnose diseases, especially microbiological and cancer diagnosis. ==Branches of pathology== ===Medicine=== In the United States, pathologists are medical doctors (MD) or doctors of osteopathic medicine (DO), that have completed a four year undergraduate program, four years of medical school training, and four to five years of postgraduate training in the form of a pathology residency. Training may be within two primary specialties, as recognized by the American Board of Pathology: * [[Anatomical pathology|Anatomic Pathology]], the science of diagnosing diseases based on the appearance, both [[gross]] and [[histopathology|microscopic]] appearance of tissues. * [[Clinical Pathology]], the science of diagnosing diseases based on the analysis of body fluids like blood, urine, etc. Most pathologists seek a broad based training in both fields and thus require four years of postgraduate training known as residency. Finally, a board certification examination is required. Boarding requirements are set by the [http://www.abpath.org/default.aspx American Board of Pathology]. Pathologists, like all other medical doctors, are also required to meet continuing medical education requirements. ===Dentistry=== The [http://www.abomp.org/ American Board] of [[Oral and maxillofacial pathology]] certifies [[dentistry]] doctors, not medical doctors, to practice this sub-specialty of Pathology. === Other=== * [[Plant pathology]] * [[Veterinary Pathology]] * [[Parasitology]] * [[Speech pathology]] is an unrelated area mostly involved in helping patients with stroke or speech impediments. * [[Psychopathology]] is also used in [[mental health]], denoting the study of mental illness. ==Related sciences== * [[Anatomy]], either gross or microscopic ([[histology]]) * [[Nosology]]: the science of classifying, or naming, diseases * [[Epidemiology]]: the science of associating diseases with risk factors, regardless of known pathological relationships. An epidemiological association is often the first step in establishing an etiological (causal) relationship between a risk factor and a disease. ==Other uses of "pathology"== ''Pathological'' is used to describe a person's actions in such a way as to credit the action to a disease process, e.g. [[pathological purchasing]] or [[pathological consumption]], pathological [[narcissism]], [[lying|pathological liar]], pathological [[gambling]], pathological [[jealousy]]. ''Pathological'' is also used casually, to signify an abnormal state, e.g. a "pathological attitude" or a "pathological woman hater". ''Pathological'' is also used in mathematics, physics, and statistics to describe an exceptionally (or awkwardly, or inconveniently) atypical example or set of data, often one which does not abide by rules or succumb to treatment that other similar cases usually do: *[[Pathological (mathematics)]] *[[Pathological science]] [[Computer science]] uses this term in a slightly different sense with regard to the study of algorithms. Here, an [[input]] (or set of inputs) is said to be pathological if it causes atypical behavior from the [[algorithm]], such as a violation of its average case complexity, or even its correctness. For example, [[hash table]]s generally have pathological inputs: sets of keys that collide on hash values. The term is often used pejoratively, as a way of dismissing such inputs as being specially designed to break a routine that is otherwise sound in practice. Forensic Engineers often use the term to describe the underlying causes of distress in structures or machinery in order to specify repairs. == External links == *[http://www.humpath.com/ humpath.com] *[http://www.histopathology-india.net histopathology-india.net] *[http://www.histochem.net/ Immunohistochemistry protocols and troubleshooting] *[http://www.uscap.org/ United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology] *[http://www.pathguy.com/lectures/oralcav.htm Pathology notes for Med students] *[http://www.psapath.com/ psapath.com] ==See also== *[[List of publications in biology#Pathology|Important publications in pathology]] {{Medicine}} {{biology-footer}} [[Category:Pathology| ]] [[Category:Medicine]] [[Category:Biology]] [[ar:باثولوجيا]] [[ca:Patologia]] [[de:Pathologie]] [[es:Patología]] [[eo:Patologio]] [[it:Patologia]] [[he:פתולוגיה]] [[nl:Pathologie]] [[ja:病理学]] [[no:Patologi]] [[nn:Patologi]] [[pl:Patologia]] [[pt:Patologia]] [[ru:Патология]] [[fi:Patologia]] [[sv:Patologi]] [[zh:病理学]] 2336 6902 2006-09-16T05:00:55Z Eukesh 93 {{चिकित्साशास्त्र}} 2337 6904 2006-09-16T05:06:00Z Eukesh 93 :<div class="noprint">''मुख्य पृष्ठ {{#if:{{{2|}}}|s}}&#58; [[{{{1}}}|{{{l1|{{{1}}}}}}]]{{#if:{{{2| }}} |{{#if:{{{3|}}}|,&#32;|&#32;and&#32;}}[[{{{2}}}|{{{l2|{{{2}}}}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{3|}}} |{{#if:{{{4|}}}|,&#32;|,&#32;and&#32;}}[[{{{3}}}|{{{l3|{{{3}}}}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{4|}}} |{{#if:{{{5|}}}|,&#32;|,&#32;and&#32;}}[[{{{4}}}|{{{l4|{{{4}}}}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{5|}}} |, and [[{{{5}}}|{{{l5|{{{5}}}}}}]]}}''{{#if:{{{6| }}}|&#32; (too many parameters in &#123;&#123;[[Template:main|main]]&#125;&#125;)}}</div><noinclude> == Usage == To link to a "main article" on a topic, use &#123;{main|The other article}}. [[bn:Template:মূল নিবন্ধ]] [[ca:Plantilla:Principal]] [[de:Vorlage:Hauptartikel]] [[eo:Ŝablono:Ĉefa]] [[fr:Modèle:Détails]] [[pl:Szablon:Main]] [[es:Plantilla:AP]] [[fi:Malline:Pääartikkeli]] [[gl:Template:Ver artigo principal]] [[he:תבנית:הפניה לערך מורחב]] [[hr:Predložak:Main]] [[id:Templat:Main]] [[it:Template:Vedi anche]] [[ko:틀:본문]] [[mg:Template:Antsipirihany]] [[nl:Sjabloon:Zieook]] [[pt:Predefinição:Principal]] [[ro:Format:Articol principal]] [[ru:Шаблон:Main]] [[simple:Template:Main]] [[sk:Šablóna:Hlavný článok]] [[sl:Predloga:Glavno]] [[sq:Stampa:Kryesor]] [[sr:Шаблон:Посебан чланак]] [[sv:Mall:Huvudartikel]] [[ta:வார்ப்புரு:Main]] [[tl:Template:Main]] [[vi:Tiêu bản:Chính]] [[zh:Template:Main]] </noinclude> 2338 6908 2006-09-16T05:43:57Z Eukesh 93 <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9; width: 250px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <div style="float: left;">[[Image:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|50px|none|Wikibooks]]</div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;">[[wikibooks:{{{1}}}|विकिपुस्तक: {{{1}}}]]मा यो विषयसंग सम्बन्धित थप जानकारी छन्: <div style="margin-left: 10px;">'''''[[wikibooks:{{{1}}}:{{{2}}}|{{{2}}}]]'''''</div> </div> </div> 2339 6909 2006-09-16T05:45:24Z Eukesh 93 <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9; width: 250px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <div style="float: left;">[[Image:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|50px|none|Wikibooks]]</div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;">[[wikibooks:{{{1}}}|विकिपुस्तक: {{{1}}}]]मा यो विषयसंग सम्बन्धित थप जानकारी छन्: <div style="margin-left: 10px;">'''''[[wikibooks:{{{1}}}:{{{2}}}|{{{2}}}]]'''''</div> </div> </div> 2340 7565 2006-10-30T10:10:45Z Soman 138 [[चिकित्साशास्त्र]]संग सम्बन्धित विषयहरुको संगालो [[en:Category:Medicine]] 2342 7626 2006-11-15T04:35:33Z RajeshPandey 111 कृपया आफ्नो नाम नलेख्नुहोला -- mitra khattri, shankarnagar 3/15, rupendehi, nepal, ji.. तपाईको user Account बनाउनुहोला, त्यसमा तपाइको कामक गणितका केही प्रमुख शाखाहरुमध्ये एक हो - Algebra अर्थात् बीजगणित। बीजगणित अन्तर्गतका उपसमुहहरुमध्येको एउटा हो बूलियन बीजगणित। संक्षेपमा भन्दा, बूलियन बीजगणितमा कुनै पनि तथ्य को मुल्य वा मान या त "Yes-हो" वा "No-होइन" मात्र हुनसक्छ। यी दुई बाहेक कुनै तेस्रो वा कुनै अन्य मुल्य हुन सक्दैन। यही "हो" वा "होइन" भन्ने मुल्यको परिणाम दिने तर्कलाई "Boolean Logic" अर्थात "बूलियन तर्क" भनिन्छ। यो "Yes" लाई "1" एक र "No" लाई "0" शून्यले प्रतिनिधित्व गर्ने चलन छ। Electronics अर्थात् विद्युत् यान्त्रिकी र Computer Hardware अर्थात् कम्प्युटर यन्त्र र पुर्जाहरुको क्षेत्रमा यस बूलियन बीजगणितको ठूलो महत्व छ। 2345 6959 2006-09-29T04:33:53Z Indiver 9 fixed typos '''नास्तिकता''' भनेको कुनै पनि [[भगवान]] माथी आस्था नहुनु हो। यस्तो आस्था नराख्ने ब्यक्तिलाई ''नास्तिक'' भनिन्छ। ==नास्तिकताको बारेमा== सामान्यतया नास्तिकता दुई किसिमको छ भनिन्छ। यी हुन - सामान्य नास्तिकता (weak atheism) र कट्टर नास्तिकता (strong atheism)। सामान्य नास्तिकतामा भगवानको अस्तित्वको कुनै औचित्व नरहेको मानिन्छ। सामान्य नास्तिकहरु आफुले जानेका कुनैपनि भगवानप्रति विश्वास राख्दैनन्। यस्ता मानिसहरु आफुले सुनेका कुनैपनि भगवानप्रति विश्वास नराख्ने प्रबृत्तिका हुन्छन। यस्ता मानिसहरु ब्रह्माण्डलाई कुनै शक्तिले संचालन गर्छ भन्ने कुराप्रति खुला विचार राख्दछन् तर त्यस्तो शक्ति कुनै ईश्वरीय जीव होईन भन्ने कुरामा विश्वास राख्छन। कट्टर नास्तिकता यस्तो आस्था हो जसमा भगवान जस्तो कुनै शक्ति हुनै नसक्ने विश्वास गरिन्छ। कोही यस्तो विश्वास राख्छन कि भगवानको अस्तित्वको कुनै सम्भावना नै छैन। उदाहरणको लागि: कोही भन्छन् कुनै पनि प्राणीले सबैकुरा जान्न सम्भव छैन। नास्तिकता आफैंमा कुनै आस्था होइन, यो त कुनै पनि भगवानप्रतिको विश्वासको अभाव हो। नास्तिकताको कुनै एक किसिमको [[नैतिक]] [[सिद्धान्त]] हुँदैन। यसकारणले गर्दा कसै-कसैले नास्तिकहरुको कुनै नैतिक दृष्टान्त नहुने तर्क राख्दछन्। कोही मानिसहरुमा नैतिक आचरण (सही र गलत विचको ज्ञान) नहुने कुरा नास्तिकहरुमा जति लागु हुन्छ, त्यतिनै अरु समुहमा लागु हुन्छ। अनैतिकता मानिसहरुका कुनै पनि समुहमा बिद्यमान हुन सक्छ, चाहे तिनीहरुले कुनै धर्म मानुन, या नमानुन्। नास्तिकहरु मुख्यतया आफु जुन [[समाज|समाजमा]] हुर्किन्छन त्यसैको र आफ्नो ब्यक्तिगत मान्यता अनुसार नैतिक दृष्टान्त आचरण गर्दछन्, तर आफ्नो नैतिकता कुनै [[धर्म|धर्मबाट]] नआउने कुरामा विश्वास राख्छन। केही नास्तिकहरुले समुह बनाएर नैतिक विधान निर्माण गरेका छन्, जस्तै, [[:en:secular humanism|निरपेक्ष मानवता]] र [[:en:brights|ब्राइट्स]] क्रन्ति। यी दुवै समुहको आ-आफन्ो निश्चित आस्था छ, जुन त्यस समुहका सदस्यहरुले मान्दछन्। ==समाजमा नास्तिकता== कतिपय ठाँउमा नास्तिक हुनु एक अपराध हो। मध्यकालिन युरोपमा नास्तिकहरुलाई जलाएर मार्न सक्थे। अझै धेरै मुलुकमा नास्तिकता बिरोधी कानुनहरु छन्। तापनि, राष्ट्रिय धर्म नभएका देशहरुमा नास्तिकता सामान्य हुँदै गैरहेको छ। [[बेलायत]], [[क्यानेडा]] र [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]] जस्ता थुप्रै देशका कानुनले नास्तिकहरुलाई 'कुनै पनि धर्म नमान्न पाउने' अधिकार दिएको छ। यसको अर्थ कानुनले नास्तिकहरुलाई पनि अरु सरहनै समान अधिकार दिएको छ। [[अन्तरराष्ट्रिय कानुन]] र सन्धिहरुले '[[धार्मिक स्वतन्त्रता]]' अन्तर्गत कुनैपनि धर्म नमान्ने स्वतन्त्रता दिएको छ। [[Category:Religion]] [[Category:धर्म]] [[af:Ateïsme]] [[ar:الحاد]] [[bg:Атеизъм]] [[bn:নাস্তিকবাদ]] [[bs:Ateizam]] [[br:Ateism]] [[ca:Ateisme]] [[cs:Ateismus]] [[da:Ateisme]] [[de:Atheismus]] [[en:Atheism]] [[es:Ateísmo]] [[eo:Ateismo]] [[fr:Athéisme]] [[hu:Ateizmus]] [[id:Atheisme]] [[ia:Atheismo]] [[it:Ateismo]] [[he:אתאיזם]] [[jv:Ateisme]] [[lv:Ateisms]] [[lt:Ateizmas]] [[lb:Atheismus]] [[li:Atheïsme]] [[mt:Ateiżmu]] [[ms:Atheis]] [[nl:Atheïsme]] [[ja:無神論]] [[no:Ateisme]] [[pl:Ateizm]] [[pt:Ateísmo]] [[ro:Ateism]] [[ru:Атеизм]] [[simple:Atheism]] [[sr:Атеизам]] [[fi:Ateismi]] [[sv:Ateism]] [[uk:Атеїзм]] [[zh:无神论]] 2347 6935 2006-09-25T19:20:11Z Eukesh 93 [[Medicine]] moved to [[चिकित्साशास्त्र]] #REDIRECT [[चिकित्साशास्त्र]] 2348 7713 2006-11-26T07:58:22Z 202.161.131.76 /* ईतिहास */ '''नेपाल सम्बत''' एक चन्द्र सम्बत हो| यो सम्बत [[नेपाल]]को मौलिक सम्बत हो| ==ईतिहास== यस सम्बतका प्रवर्तक [[शंखधर् साख्वा]] हुन्| उहाँले नेपालका सबै जनताको ऋण तिरेर नेपाललाई ऋणमुक्त बनाउनु भएको दिनको सम्झनामा यो सम्बत थालिएको हो| नेपालमा औपचारिक रूपले य सम्बत चन्द्रसम्शेर राणाको कार्यकालसम्म प्रचलनमा रह्यो| Introduction: History has shown that Nepal Sambat is the indigenous era of Nepal. It's significance lies in it's humanitarian and just nature, unlike other eras, it was not based on religion, birth or death or victory in battles, but rather on day to day human needs and livelihood of the ordinary Nepalese people. However, misunderstood and misinterpreted this era might be, when fact and figures come to light it will be clear to all that this is Nepal's own era that We as Nepalese should be proud of. It is important to know that Nepal has registered Nepal Sambat introduced by Shankadhar Shakhwaa as Nepalese era, and Ranjana script as the Nepalese script in the United Nations when Nepal took the UN membership. The History: According to many historians and on basis of the information contained in Bhasa Vamsavali and Rajbhogmala Vamsavali, during the reign of Raghav Dev , merchant named Samkhadhar paid of all the debt of the people of then Nepal and thus a new era called Nepal Era was instituted by royal decree some 1123 year ago on October 20, 879 AD, 304 Manadeva Sambat. Before the Nepal Sambat, Manadeva Sambat was in use. Balchandra Sharma, in his "Nepal Ko Ruprekha" writes, Nepal Sambat was started during Raghav Dev’s reign. He quotes the findings of Prof. C. Bendall and A Cunningham, and concludes that Nepal Sambat began in 879 AD. The Founder: Samkhadhar Shakhwaa is considered the founder of Nepal Sambat. It is clearly written in the Vamsavalis as: " Sham-khadhar krita Nepal sambat". The famous historian Surya Bikram Gyawali also writes in his "Medieval History of Nepal Valley" that Shakhwaa started a new era called Nepal Era on 20th October 879 AD (1st of Kartik 936 BS). The Legend: The legendary story goes as follows: About 1123 years ago, during King Raghava Deva's rule, the royal astrologer calculated that at a special and auspicious time of floating sand in the holy river Lakhu Tirtha in Teku Dobhaan, Kathmandu, the sand would turn to gold. This forecast was informed to the king and he made a special arrangement to bring the sand to the palace. When the group of Maharjan farmers were carrying the sand to the palace, a local merchant named Shankhadhar Saakhawala saw them bringing the sand and asked them to sell it to him for his construction work. He convinced them to sell the sand and take another batch for the palace. The sand taken to the palace did not turned into gold and the king became upset at the astrologer's wrong calculation. On the other hand, the astrologer was also upset because of mathematical truth turned out to be a wrong one. So, he burned all the text books and later died with shock. On the other side, the merchant who bought the sand was amazed looking at the shiny heap of golden sand in his basement. He could not believe his eyes. This miraculous event was informed to the palace and the King inquired whether the sand was taken from the holy river at the designated time period. He blamed himself for his bad luck of not having the golden sand. With the golden sand the merchant decided to help poor people and pay off all their debts throughout the country, and made them debt-free once and for all. Freedom from debt is a very special event in the lives of the people and was decided with the permission of the king to establish a new era for the people free from debt. Since then the era of Nepal Sambat appeared in the history of Nepal. Now it is already 1123 years since this significant event Nepal Sambat had ever since been revered and respected for alleviating human sufferings. The Rationale: Even if we don’t believe the legend of the changing of sand into gold, it is quiet conceivable that grains of gold could be panned from rivers as gold grains are washed downstream in rivers. In another scenario, Sankhadhar could have earned the money from trade which he utilized in paying off the debt of the poor. Whatever the case, the fact remains that this man spent his money paying off the debt of his fellow countrymen and made them debt-free. He really deserves all the respect one can give, and rightfully, a new era was named after him for his humanitarian action. On the way from Singhsatal to Bhimsenthan, in Kathmandu, there is a place called Lakhu Falcha at which the people carrying a heavy load of sand had taken rest. The ruins of this resting place are still found. At the same time, Sakha had established his own stone-image side the temple of Pashupatinath, at its southern gate. This stone-image of Shankhadhar Shakhwaa is still there at the southern gate of Pashupatinath temple to corroborate the story of his great deeds. Nepal Sambat changes to Bikram Sambat: Since 879 AD, or 304 Manadeva Sambat, or 802 Shaka sambat, Nepal Sambat was used as a official, business or cultural, calendar. It was used in the Thakuri period, the Malla period, the Shah period, and in the Rana period until the year 1903 AD ( 1960 BS ). Rana prime minister Chandra Shumsher dropped Nepal Sambat and adopted Bikram Sambat as official calendar. He did not want to pay the thirteenth month salary every three year as Nepal Sambat was a true Lunar calendar. Nepal Sambat Calendar: Nepal sambat Calendar is a Lunar Calendar, it contains 354 days on the basis of lunar calculations. So, every 3 years in comparison to Bikram Sambat there was an extra month. The employees has to be given 13 months salary once in every 3 years. The calendar was very convenient and practical as all religious events were calculated by the full moon. Eras of Nepal: Bikram Sambat was started by King Vikramaditya of India in Ujjain U.P. Shaka Era was started by Shaka dynasty King of India. Mandeva sambat started by King Manadeva, a Lichhavi King. Nepal Sambat was started by Shankhadar Shakhwaa == हालको प्रयोग== अहिले आधिकारिक रुपमा प्रयोग नभएतापनि यो सम्बत जनमासमा प्रचलित छ| नेपालको प्राय: चाड तथा जन्मदिन चन्द्रसम्बतको आधारमा मनाउने तथा नेपालमा यो बाहेक अरु चन्द्रसम्बतहरु धेरै चलनचल्तीमा नरहेको हुनाले यसको प्रचलन व्याप्त छ| [[नेवार]] समुदायले यो सम्बत धेरै प्रयोग तथा प्रवर्धन गर्ने हुनाले मानिसहरु यो सम्बतलाई नेवार सम्बत भन्ने भूल गर्दछन्| 2349 6939 2006-09-26T05:17:24Z CommonsDelinker 144 Redirecting to [[m:User:CommonsDelinker]] #redirect[[m:User:CommonsDelinker]] 2350 6956 2006-09-29T02:26:50Z Indiver 9 [[टेलिभिजन|टेलिभिजनको]] च्यानलमा शृङ्खलाबद्ध रूपमा प्रायस: साप्ताहिक वा दैनिक अन्तरालमा प्रसारण हुने कार्यक्रमहरुलाई '''टेलिभिजन शृन्खला''' भनिन्छ| जस्तै- [[द सिम्प्सनस्]]| {{stub}} 2351 9141 2007-01-24T11:36:55Z TXiKiBoT 178 robot Adding: [[bar:Die Simpsons]] '''द सिम्प्सनस्''' एक एनिमेटेड सिट्कम (सिचुवेसनल् कमेडी) शृन्खला हो| एमी एवार्ड जिती सकेको यो कार्यक्रम म्याट ग्र्योनिंगले फक्स नेटवर्कको लागि बनाएका थिए| यो कार्यक्रम टेलिभिजन जगतको ईतिहासमा सबै भन्दा सफल र लोकप्रीय कार्यक्रमहरु मध्य एक हो| यसका प्रमुख पात्रहरु यस प्रकार छन्- *होमर सिम्प्सन *मार्ज सम्प्सन *बार्ट सिम्प्सन *लिजा सिम्प्सन *म्यागी सिम्प्सन *अब्राहम सिम्प्सन *मोन्टगमरी बर्न्स *अपु नाहासापीमापेतिलोन *मोअ सिज्ल्याक आदि {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] [[af:The Simpsons]] [[ar:سيمبسونس]] [[bar:Die Simpsons]] [[bg:Семейство Симпсън]] [[br:Simpsons]] [[bs:Simpsonovi]] [[ca:Els Simpson]] [[cs:Simpsonovi]] [[cy:The Simpsons]] [[da:The Simpsons]] [[de:Die Simpsons]] [[en:The Simpsons]] [[eo:La Simpsonoj]] [[es:Los Simpson]] [[et:Simpsonid]] [[eu:Simpsondarrak]] [[fa:سیمپسون‌ها]] [[fi:Simpsonit]] [[fr:Les Simpson]] [[ga:The Simpsons]] [[gl:The Simpsons]] [[he:משפחת סימפסון]] [[hr:Simpsoni]] [[hu:A Simpson család]] [[id:The Simpsons]] [[is:Simpsonfjölskyldan]] [[it:I Simpson]] [[ja:ザ・シンプソンズ]] [[ko:심슨 가족]] [[ksh:De Simsens]] [[lt:Simpsonai]] [[lv:Simpsoni]] [[nl:The Simpsons]] [[no:Simpsons]] [[pl:Simpsonowie]] [[pt:The Simpsons]] [[ro:The Simpsons]] [[ru:Симпсоны (мультфильм)]] [[simple:The Simpsons]] [[sk:Simpsonovci]] [[sl:Simpsonovi]] [[sq:Simpsons]] [[sr:Симпсонови]] [[sv:Simpsons]] [[tr:The Simpsons]] [[uk:Сімпсони (серіал)]] [[vi:The Simpsons]] [[vls:The Simpsons]] [[zh:辛普森一家]] 2352 6953 2006-09-28T17:38:40Z Saroz 145 /* सरोज */ '''सरोज''' 2353 6955 2006-09-29T02:24:08Z Indiver 9 [[टेलिभिजन शृन्खला]] moved to [[टेलिभिजन शृङ्खला]] #REDIRECT [[टेलिभिजन शृङ्खला]] 2354 6960 2006-09-29T05:15:39Z Indiver 9 प्रयोग अनुसार '''स्वस्थ''' शव्दको बिभिन्न अर्थ लाग्न सक्छ। *यसको अर्थ बिरामी नहुनु वा कुनैपनि रोग नलाग्नु हुन सक्छ। *यसको अर्थ तन्दुरुस्त हुनु (बिरामी नहुनुमात्र नभईकन) पनि हुन सक्छ। *यसको (वा ''[[स्वास्थ्य]]'' शव्दको) प्रयोग कुनै व्यक्तिको शारीरिक अवस्थाको कुरा गर्न प्रयोग गरिन्छ। कुनै व्यक्तिको स्वास्थ्य स्वस्थ (कुनै रोग नहुनु) वा अस्वस्थ (कुनै/धेरै रोग हुनु) हुन सक्छ। विश्व स्वास्थ्य सङ्गठन ([http://www.who.int/en/ WHO]) का अनुसार स्वास्थ्य भनेको: "A dynamic state of complete physical, mental, spiritual and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." This is not a simple sentence, but this is important to understand. This is what it means in Simple English: *''A dynamic state'' means that a person is ''always changing''. *''complete'' means having all of something. *''physical'' is about the body. *''mental'' is about how we think and feel. *''spiritual'' talks about our [[spirit]] or [[soul]]. It concerns [[religion|religious]] parts of people. *''social'' talks about how we live with other people. It is about our family, work, school, and friends. त्यसैले डबल्यु-एच-वो भन्छ: स्वस्थ भनेको आफु सुखी हुन चाहिने सबै थोक हुनु हो। रोग नहुनु हो। राम्रो खाना र पानी हुनु हो। राम्रो परिवार र साथीहरु हुनु हो। राम्रो चेतना हुनु हो। माया हुनु हो। सुरक्षित बासस्थान हुनु हो। ज्ञान र सम्बृद्धि हो। फरक-फरक मानिसका लागि यो फरक हुन सक्छ। एकै व्यक्तिको लागि पनि समय अनुसार फरक हुन सक्छ। {{stub}} [[Category:स्वास्थ्य]] [[Category:चिकित्सा]] [[bg:&#1047;&#1076;&#1088;&#1072;&#1074;&#1077;]] [[bn:স্বাস্থ্য]] [[da:Helse]] [[de:Wellness]] [[el:Υγεία]] [[en:Health]] [[eo:Sano]] [[es:Salud]] [[fr:Santé]] [[ja:&#20581;&#24247;]] [[ms:kesihatan]] [[nl:Gezondheid]] [[no:Helse]] [[pt:Saúde (medicina)]] [[simple:Health]] [[tl:Kalusugan]] [[zh:健康]] 2355 6962 2006-09-29T10:08:34Z Indiver 9 [[Image:Central Asia world region.png|thumb|200px|मध्य एशिया]] '''मध्य एशिया''' [[एशिया|एशियाको]] विचमा स्थित एक विशाल भू-परिवेष्ठित क्षेत्र हो। धेरै किताबहरूमा यसलाई [[तुर्किस्तान]] पनि भन्ने गरेको पाइन्छ। ''मध्य एशिया''को कुनै एक सर्वसम्मत ब्याख्या छैन। [[युनेस्को|युनेस्कोले]] गरेको ब्याख्या अनुसार मध्य एशियामा मङ्गोलिया, पश्चिम चीन (तिब्बत समेत), पूर्वोत्तर इरान, अफगानिस्तान, पश्चिम पाकिस्तान, ताइगा देखि दक्षिणको मध्य-पूर्व रुस छन्। {{stub}} [[Category:भूगोल]] [[Category:एशिया]] 2356 6968 2006-09-29T11:08:40Z Indiver 9 typo [[Image:LocationAsia.png|thumb|250px|एशिया जनाउँदै [[विश्व]] [[मानचित्र]]]] '''एशिया''' [[पृथ्वी|पृथ्वीको]] सबै भन्दा ठूलो [[महादेश]] हो र यो उत्तरी ध्रुवमा अवस्थित छ। यो पश्चिममा युरोपसँग जोडिएको छ। एशिया र युरोपलाई संयुक्त रुपमा [[युरेशिया]] भनिन्छ। एशियालाई [[भूमध्य सागर]], [[कालो सागर]], [[आर्कटिक महासागर]], [[प्रशान्त महासागर]] र [[हिन्द महासागर]]ले धेरेको छ र युरोपसँग [[ककेसस पर्वत]] र [[उराल पर्वत]]ले छुट्याएको छ। सबै भन्दा पुराना मानव [[सभ्यता]] मध्ये केही एशियाबाटै सुरु भएका हुन्, जस्तै, [[सुमेर]], [[चीन]] र [[भारत]]। चीन र भारत संसारकै सबै भन्दा बढी मानिस भएका देशहरू हुन्। ==पनि हेर्नुस्== * [[Asia apes]] * [[Asia Minor]] * [[Asian Games]] * [[Asian influenza]] * [[Asiatic cholera]] {{stub}} {{commons|Asia|एशिया}} {{Continent}} {{Asia}} [[Category:एशिया]] [[Category:महादेश]] [[af:Asië]] [[ar:آسيا]] [[an:Asia]] [[frp:Asia]] [[ast:Asia]] [[az:Asiya]] [[bn:এশিয়া]] [[zh-min-nan:A-chiu]] [[bs:Azija]] [[br:Azia]] [[bg:Азия]] [[ca:Àsia]] [[ceb:Asya]] [[chr:ᎠᏏᎠ]] [[cs:Asie]] [[cy:Asia]] [[da:Asien]] [[de:Asien]] [[et:Aasia]] [[el:Ασία]] [[en:Asia]] [[es:Asia]] [[eo:Azio]] [[eu:Asia]] [[fa:آسیا]] [[fi:Aasia]] [[fo:Asia]] [[fr:Asie]] [[fy:Aazje]] [[ga:An Áise]] [[gl:Asia]] [[gu:એશિયા]] [[ko:아시아]] [[hi:एशिया]] [[hr:Azija]] [[io:Azia]] [[id:Asia]] [[ia:Asia]] [[os:Ази]] [[is:Asía]] [[it:Asia]] [[he:אסיה]] [[kn:ಏಶ್ಯಾ]] [[ka:აზია (ქვეყნის ნაწილი)]] [[csb:Azëjô]] [[kw:Asi]] [[sw:Asia]] [[ht:Azi]] [[ku:Asya]] [[la:Asia]] [[lv:Āzija]] [[lb:Asien]] [[lt:Azija]] [[li:Azië]] [[jbo:zdotu'a]] [[hu:Ázsia]] [[mk:Азија]] [[mg:Azia]] [[ml:ഏഷ്യ]] [[mt:Asja]] [[ms:Asia]] [[mo:Асия]] [[my:အာရ္ဟတိုက္‌]] [[nl:Azië]] [[ja:アジア]] [[no:Asia]] [[nn:Asia]] [[nrm:Âsie]] [[oc:Asia]] [[nds:Asien]] [[pl:Azja]] [[pt:Ásia]] [[ro:Asia]] [[ru:Азия]] [[se:Ásia]] [[sa:एशिया]] [[si:ආසියාව]] [[simple:Asia]] [[sk:Ázia]] [[sl:Azija]] [[sr:Азија]] [[sh:Azija]] [[su:Asia]] [[sv:Asien]] [[tl:Asya]] [[ta:ஆசியா]] [[th:ทวีปเอเชีย]] [[tpi:Asia]] [[tr:Asya]] [[tk:Aziýa]] [[uk:Азія]] [[vi:Châu Á]] [[yi:אזיע]] [[zh-yue:亞洲]] [[zh:亚洲]] 2357 6964 2006-09-29T10:42:50Z Indiver 9 <center> <table id="toc" style="margin: 0 1em 0 1em;"> <tr style="background:#ccccff" align="center"> <td> '''[[महादेश|संसारका महादेशहरू]]''' <tr align="center" style="font-size: 95%;"> <td>[[एशिया]] | [[अफ्रिका]] | [[उत्तर अमेरिका]] | [[मध्य अमेरिका]] | [[दक्षिण अमेरिका]] | [[अन्टार्कटिका]] | [[युरोप]] | [[युरेशिया]] | [[युराफ्रिशिया]] | [[अस्ट्रेलिया]] <tr align="center"> <td> <small>([[प्रशान्त टापुहरू]], जसलाई [[ओसेनिया]] पनि भनिन्छ, कुनै पनि महादेशमा पर्दैनन्, तर कहिले काँही अष्ट्रेलिया महादेशमै समाहित गरिन्छ।</small> </table> </center> <noinclude> [[Category:Navigational templates by region]] </noinclude> 2358 8320 2007-01-07T19:36:58Z Indiver 9 Translation {| align="center" class="toccolours" cellspacing="0" |- bgcolor="#ccccff" | align="center" | '''एशियाका [[देश]] तथा प्रशासित क्षेत्रहरू''' |- align="center" | [[अफगानिस्थान]] | [[आर्मेनिया]]^२ | [[अजरबैजान]] | [[बहराइन]] | [[बङ्लादेश]] | [[भुटान]] | [[ब्रुनाई]] | [[काम्बोडिया]] | [[चीन]] | [[साइप्रस]]^२ | [[पूर्वी टिमोर]] | [[गाजा पट्टी]] | [[जर्जिया (देश)|जर्जिया]]^२ | [[हङकङ]]^३ | [[भारत]] | [[इण्डोनेशिया]] | [[इरान]] | [[इराक]] | [[इजरायल]] | [[जापान]] | [[जोर्डन]] | [[काजकस्थान]] | [[कुवेत]] | [[किर्गिजस्थान]] | [[लावस]] | [[लेवनन्]] | [[मकाउ]]^३ | [[मलेसिया]] | [[मालदिभ्स]] | [[मङ्गोलिया]] | [[म्यानमार]] | [[नेपाल]] | [[उत्तर कोरिया]] | [[ओमान]] | [[पाकिस्थान]] | [[फिलिपिन्स]] | [[कतार]] | [[रूस]]^१ | [[साउदी अरेवीया]] | [[सिङ्गापूर]] | [[दक्षिण कोरिया]] | [[श्रीलङ्का]] | [[सिरिया]] | [[ताइवान]] | [[ताजिकिस्थान]] | [[थाईल्याण्ड]] | [[टर्की]] | [[तुर्कमिनिस्थान]] | [[संयुक्त अरब इमिरात]] | [[उज्बेकिस्थान]] | [[भियतनाम]] | [[पश्चिम किनारा]] | [[यमन]] |- | style="font-size: 90%" | १. सामान्यतया [[यूरोप|यूरोपको]] मानिन्छ, तर यदाकदा [[एशिया|एशियामा]] गनिन्छ, किनकी उसको भूभाग त्यहाँ छ। २. सामान्यतया [[एशिया|एशियाको]] मानिन्छ, तर कहिलेकाँही [[यूरोप|यूरोपमा]] गनिन्छ, सांस्कृतिक र ऐतिहाषिक कारणले गर्दा। ३. विशेष भूभाग। |} <noinclude> [[Category:Navigational templates by region]] </noinclude> 2359 6970 2006-09-29T11:36:21Z Indiver 9 <div style="clear:both;"></div> {| class="footerbox" style="font-size: 85%; text-align: center; width: 90%;" |- ! bgcolor="#ccccff" | [[युरोप|युरोपका]] [[देश]] र [[भूभाग|भूभागहरू]] |- | [[अल्बानिया]] - [[एण्डोरा]] - [[अष्ट्रीया]] - [[अजरबैजान]]^१ - [[बेलारुस]] - [[बेल्जियम]] - [[बोस्निया र हर्जगोविना]] - [[बुल्गेरिया]] - [[क्रोएसिया]] - [[साइप्रस]]^२ - [[चेक रिपब्लिक]] - [[डेनमार्क]] - [[इस्टोनिया]] - [[फिनल्याण्ड]] - [[फ्रान्स]] - [[जर्मनी]] - [[जर्जिया]]^१ - [[ग्रीस]] - [[हंगेरी]] - [[आइसल्याण्ड]] - [[आयरल्याण्ड]] - [[इटाली]] - [[लात्भिया]] - [[लिश्टेनस्टाईन]] - [[लिथुआनिया]] - [[लक्जेम्बर्ग]] - [[माल्टा]] - [[मोल्दोवा]] - [[मोनाको]] - [[नेदरल्याण्ड्स]] - [[नर्वे]] - [[पोल्याण्ड]] - [[पोर्चुगल]] - [[म्यासेडोनिया]] - [[रोमानिया]] - [[रुस]]^१ - [[सान मरिनो]] - [[सर्बिया र मोन्टेनेग्रो]] - [[स्लोभाकिया]] - [[स्लोभेनिया]] - [[स्पेन]] - [[स्वीडेन]] - [[स्वीट्जरल्याण्ड]] - [[टर्की]]^१ - [[युक्रेन]] - [[संयुक्त अधिराज्य]] - [[भेटिकन सहर]] |- | '''[[list of dependent territories|Dependencies]]:''' [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]]² - [[Faroe Islands]] - [[Gibraltar]] - [[Guernsey]] - [[Jan Mayen]] - [[Jersey]] - [[Isle of Man]] - [[Svalbard]] |- | '''[[list of unrecognized countries|Unrecognised countries]]:''' [[Abkhazia]] | [[Nagorno-Karabakh]]² | [[South Ossetia]] | [[Transnistria]] | [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]]² |- | style="font-size: 90%" | 1. Country [[Transcontinental country|partly]] in [[Asia]]. 2. [[Geography|Geographically]] in [[Asia]], but often counted as part of [[Europe#independent states|Europe]] for [[culture|cultural]] and [[history|historical]] reasons. |} <noinclude> [[Category:Navigational templates by region]] </noinclude> 2360 6973 2006-09-29T11:40:27Z Indiver 9 [[आईसल्याण्ड]] moved to [[आइसल्याण्ड]]: typo #REDIRECT [[आइसल्याण्ड]] 2361 6975 2006-09-29T11:41:52Z Indiver 9 [[नेडरल्याण्ड]] moved to [[नेदरल्याण्ड्स]] #REDIRECT [[नेदरल्याण्ड्स]] 2362 6977 2006-09-29T11:42:56Z Indiver 9 [[ईस्टोनिया]] moved to [[इस्टोनिया]] #REDIRECT [[इस्टोनिया]] 2363 6978 2006-09-29T11:54:06Z Indiver 9 {| class="footerbox" style="text-align: center; width: 90%" |- ! style="background-color: #FFEFD5; font-size: larger; width: 100%;" | [[युरोपेली संघ]] का सदस्यहरू | style="background-color: #FFEFD5;" | [[Image:European flag.svg|50x30px|युरोपेली संघको झण्डा]] |- | colspan="2" | [[अष्ट्रीया]] - [[बेल्जियम]] - [[साइप्रस]] - [[चेक रिपब्लिक]] - [[डेनमार्क]] - [[इस्टोनिया]] - [[फिनल्याण्ड]] - [[फ्रान्स]] - [[जर्मनी]] - [[ग्रीस]] - [[हंगेरी]] - [[आयरल्याण्ड]] - [[इटाली]] - [[लात्भिया]] - [[लिथुआनिया]] - [[लक्जेम्बर्ग]] - [[माल्टा]] - [[नेदरल्याण्ड्स]] - [[पोल्याण्ड]] - [[पोर्चुगल]] - [[स्लोभाकिया]] - [[स्लोभेनिया]] - [[स्पेन]] - [[स्वीडेन]] - [[संयुक्त अधिराज्य]] |} <noinclude> [[Category:Organization navigational templates]] </noinclude> 2364 6980 2006-09-29T11:54:45Z Indiver 9 [[ईटाली]] moved to [[इटाली]]: typo #REDIRECT [[इटाली]] 2365 6981 2006-09-29T12:03:05Z Indiver 9 सञ्चार भनेको विचार र जानकारी (वा सूचना)को आदानप्रदान गरिने प्रकृया हो। यस श्रेणीमा रहेका सामाग्रीहरू: 2366 6983 2006-09-29T12:08:34Z Indiver 9 यो श्रेणी त्यस्ता सामाग्रीहरूका लागी हो जसमा [[तटस्थ दृष्टीकोण]] संबन्धि विवाद रहेका छन्। 2367 8992 2007-01-18T05:49:42Z Indiver 9 [[तटस्थ दृष्टीकोण]] लाइ [[विकिपीडिया:तटस्थ दृष्टीकोण]]मा सारियो: Moved to विकिपीडिया namespace {{policy|[[WP:NPOV]]}} All [[Wikipedia]]s have a rule that when people write articles, they should use a '''Neutral [[Point of view|Point of View]]''' (abbreviated '''NPOV'''). This is also a regular Wikipedia policy. NPOV means that people should write the things that almost everyone agrees about, and make them the main point of the article. Often this is known only as many people [[edit]] the article, leaving some things. This is called [[consensus]]. The things that people disagree and argue about, must also be mentioned. But they must not be the main point of the article. The major issues or debates must be laid out, not favouring any one side too much. Strange or rare opinions can be stated as side matters with who says them. If they are too strange, they may be moved. NPOV does not solve all problems. For instance, many things most people believe are wrong - agreeing is not [[truth]]. Facts must be checked. Honest people disagree about complex topics. A Simple English User's point of view and idea of '''neutral''' is not the same as that of a Simple English Contributor. But most cases are simple: == Example of cases of disagreement == For example, if two people are talking about a king named Marco (not a real king, but let's pretend), they might disagree about many things. One person might say, "Marco caused a war between countries", but the other person might say, "Marco tried to avoid the war between countries." One person might say, "Marco was a good king", and the other might say "Marco was a bad king." But both people could agree on many facts about Marco, for example: Marco was 175 [[centimeter]]s tall. Marco was born in 1630 and died in 1699. Marco's father was named Carlos and his mother was named Claudia. Marco's country fought a war from 1670 to 1675, etc. Since almost everyone agrees that these things are true, they are "neutral point of view" and okay as the main point of the article. Only once these things are done should the different opinions on Marco and the war, and his skill as a king, be added - it must be clear that these are in dispute, and all sides treated fairly. Opinions should be said like this: "Some people ''(then say who the people are)'' say that Marco was good because ''(say their reasons)''. Other people ''(say who they are)'' think he was a bad king, because ''(their reasons)''." If you think the view of a topic is not neutral, you may raise an [[Wikipedia:NPOV dispute]]. This tells others not to [[trust]] the article until it is fixed. [[category:Wikipedia]] [[bn:উইকিপেডিয়া:নিরপেক্ষ দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি টিউটোরিয়াল]] [[bg:Уикипедия:Неутрална гледна точка]] [[ca:Viquipèdia:Punt de vista neutral]] [[cs:Wikipedie:Nezaujatý úhel pohledu]] [[da:Wikipedia:Skriv Wikipedia fra et neutralt synspunkt]] [[de:Wikipedia:Neutraler Standpunkt]] [[en:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view]] [[es:Wikipedia:Punto de vista neutral]] [[eo:Vikipedio:Neŭtrala vidpunkto]] [[fa:ویکی‌پدیا:دیدگاه بی‌طرف]] [[fr:Wikipédia:Neutralité de point de vue]] [[gl:Punto de vista neutral]] [[ko:위키백과:중립적 시각]] [[id:Wikipedia:Sudut pandang netral]] [[ia:Wikipedia:Neutralitate e objectivitate]] [[is:Wikipedia:Hlutleysisreglan]] [[it:Aiuto:Punto di vista neutrale]] [[he:ויקיפדיה:נקודת מבט נייטרלית]] [[lb:Wikipedia:Neutralitéit]] [[lt:Wikipedia:Neutralus požiūris]] [[hu:Wikipédia:Semleges nézőpont]] [[mk:Википедија:Неутрална гледна точка]] [[ms:Wikipedia:Sudut pandangan berkecuali]] [[nl:Wikipedia:Neutraal standpunt]] [[ja:Wikipedia:中立的な観点]] [[no:Wikipedia:Objektivitet]] [[nn:Wikipedia:NPOV]] [[pl:Wikipedia:Neutralny punkt widzenia]] [[pt:Wikipedia:Princípio da imparcialidade]] [[ro:Wikipedia:Punct de vedere neutru]] [[ru:Википедия:Нейтральная точка зрения]] [[simple:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view]] [[sk:Wikipédia:Nestranný uhol pohľadu]] [[sl:Wikipedija:Nepristranskost]] [[sr:Википедија:Неутрална тачка гледишта]] [[fi:Wikipedia:Neutraali näkökulma]] [[sv:Wikipedia:Skriv från en neutral utgångspunkt]] [[th:วิกิพีเดีย:มุมมองที่เป็นกลาง]] [[vi:Wikipedia:Thái độ trung lập]] [[uk:Вікіпедія:Нейтральна точка зору]] [[fiu-vro:Wikipedia:Eräpoolõlda saisukotus]] [[zh:Wikipedia:中立的观点]] 2368 8985 2007-01-18T05:24:08Z Indiver 9 {| id="shortcut" class="noprint" style="border: 1px solid #999; background: #fff; margin: 0 0 .5em 1em; text-align: center; padding: 5px; float: {{{float|right}}}; clear: {{{clear|right}}}; font-size: smaller;" |- ! [[:en:Wikipedia:Shortcut|छोटकरी]]:<br />{{{1}}} |- |} 2369 8986 2007-01-18T05:36:52Z Indiver 9 {| class="messagebox" |- | [[Image:Green check.png|30px]] | '''यो पानाले नेपाली विकिपीडियाको [[Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines|आधिकारिक नीति]] जनाउँछ'''। धेरैजनाले यसको समर्थन गर्दछन्। उनीहरूको विचारमा यो एक मापदण्ड हो, जसलाई सबै प्रयोगकर्ताहरूले पालना गर्नुपर्दछ। पृष्ठलाई परिवर्तन गर्दा कृपया ध्यान पुर्‍याउनुहोस कि सबैजना तपाईँले गरेको परिवर्तनसँग सहमत छन्। यदि तपाईँ पक्का हुनुहुन्न वा केही परिवर्तन प्रस्ताव गर्न चाहनुहुन्छ भने [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|वार्तालाप पृष्ठको]] प्रयोग गर्नुहोस्। |{{shortcut|{{{1|}}}}} |}<includeonly>[[Category:Wikipedia|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:Wikipedia policies|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:Wikipedia policies and guidelines|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly><noinclude></noinclude> <noinclude> [[Category:Policy templates]] [[da:Skabelon:Politik]] [[en:Template:Policy]] [[fr:Modèle:Règle officielle]] [[ja:Template:Policy]] [[no:Mal:Retningslinje]] [[pl:Szablon:Zasada Wikipedii]] [[pt:Predefinição:Política oficial]] [[ru:Шаблон:Policy]] [[vi:Tiêu bản:Quy định Wikipedia]] [[zh:Template:Policy]] </noinclude> 2370 6987 2006-09-29T12:43:52Z Indiver 9 <span title="IPAमा उच्चाहरण" class="IPA">{{{1}}}</span> 2371 6988 2006-09-29T13:00:25Z Indiver 9 '''रोमन वर्णमाला''' धेरै युरोपेली र अन्य भाषाहरूमा प्रयोग गरिने वर्णमाला हो। यसको उत्पत्ति [[प्राचिन]] [[ल्याटिन]] बाट भएको हो, तर, थुप्रै भाषाहरू यसमा लेखिन्छ। यसमा मुख्यतया यी अक्षरहरू हुन्छन्: {| align="center" border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size:12px;" text-align:center;" |- | colspan="13" | '''ठुला अक्षर''' |- | [[A]] || [[B]] || [[C]] || [[D]] || [[E]] || [[F]] || [[G]] || [[H]] || [[I]] || [[J]] || [[K]] || [[L]] || [[M]] |- | [[N]] || [[O]] || [[P]] || [[Q]] || [[R]] || [[S]] || [[T]] || [[U]] || [[V]] || [[W]] || [[X]] || [[Y]] || [[Z]] |- | colspan="13" | '''साना अक्षर''' |- | [[a]] || [[b]] || [[c]] || [[d]] || [[e]] || [[f]] || [[g]] || [[h]] || [[i]] || [[j]] || [[k]] || [[l]] || [[m]] |- | [[n]] || [[o]] || [[p]] || [[q]] || [[r]] || [[s]] || [[t]] || [[u]] || [[v]] || [[w]] || [[x]] || [[y]] || [[z]] |} रोमनहरूले प्रयोग गरेका ल्याटिन वर्णमाला: {| class="wikitable" |चिन्ह:||align=center|A||align=center|B||align=center|C||align=center|D||align=center|E||align=center|F||align=center|G||align=center|H||align=center|I||align=center|K||align=center|L||align=center|M||align=center|N||align=center|O||align=center|P||align=center|Q||align=center|R||align=center|S||align=center|T||align=center|V||align=center|X||align=center|Y||align=center|Z |- |अक्षरको ल्याटिन नाम:||align=center|ā||align=center|bē||align=center|cē||align=center|dē||align=center|ē||align=center|ef||align=center|gē||align=center|hā||align=center|ī||align=center|kā||align=center|el||align=center|em||en||align=center|ō||align=center|pē||align=center|qū||align=center|er||align=center|es||align=center|tē||align=center|ū||align=center|ex||align=center|ī Graeca||align=center|zēta |- |ल्याटिन नाम ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]):||align=center|{{IPA|[aː]}}||align=center|{{IPA|[beː]}}||align=center|{{IPA|[keː]}}||align=center|{{IPA|[deː]}}||align=center|{{IPA|[eː]}}||align=center|{{IPA|[&#603;f]}}||align=center|{{IPA|[geː]}}||align=center|{{IPA|[haː]}}||align=center|{{IPA|[iː]}}||align=center|{{IPA|[kaː]}}||align=center|{{IPA|[&#603;l]}}||align=center|{{IPA|[&#603;m]}}||align=center|{{IPA|[&#603;n]}}||align=center|{{IPA|[oː]}}||align=center|{{IPA|[peː]}}||align=center|{{IPA|[kuː]}}||align=center|{{IPA|[&#603;r]}}||align=center|{{IPA|[&#603;s]}}||align=center|{{IPA|[teː]}}||align=center|{{IPA|[uː]}}||align=center|{{IPA|[&#603;ks]}}||align=center|{{IPA|[iː&nbsp;'gra&#618;ka]}}||align=center|{{IPA|['zeːta]}} |} अरु भाषाहरूमा यस वर्णमालामा आधारित भिन्न अक्षरहरू छन्। तिमध्ये केही हुन: '''á é í ó ú à è ì ò ù ä ë ï ö ü ñ â ê ô ạ ẹ ị ọ ụ ã ẽ ĩ õ ũ ả ẻ ỉ ỏ ủ đ'''। केही भाषाहरू जसमा यस्ता परिवर्तित अक्षरहरू प्रयोग गरिन्छ: [[स्प्यानिस]], [[एस्पेरान्तो]], [[चेक भाषा]], [[पोलिस भाषा]], [[रोमानी भाषा]] र [[भियतनामी भाषा]]। {{stub}} [[Category:लिपी]] [[Category:वर्णमाला]] <!-- interwiki --> [[af:Latynse alfabet]] [[als:Lateinisches Alphabet]] [[ar:كتابة لاتينية]] [[ast:Alfabetu llatinu]] [[zh-min-nan:Lô-má-jī]] [[be:Лацінскі альфабэт]] [[bs:Latinica]] [[bg:Латинска азбука]] [[ca:Alfabet llatí]] [[cs:Latinka]] [[de:Lateinisches Alphabet]] [[el:Λατινικό αλφάβητο]] [[en:Latin alphabet]] [[es:Alfabeto latino]] [[eo:Latina alfabeto]] [[fa:الفبای لاتین]] [[fr:Alphabet latin]] [[fur:Alfabet latin]] [[gl:Alfabeto latino]] [[ko:로마자]] [[hi:रोमन लिपि]] [[hr:Latinica]] [[io:Latinal alfabeto]] [[id:Abjad Latin]] [[is:Latneskt stafróf]] [[it:Alfabeto latino]] [[he:אלפבית לטיני]] [[lv:Latīņu alfabēts]] [[hu:Latin írás]] [[nl:Latijns alfabet]] [[ja:ラテン文字]] [[no:Det latinske alfabetet]] [[nn:Det latinske alfabetet]] [[nrm:Alphabet latin]] [[pl:Alfabet łaciński]] [[pt:Alfabeto latino]] [[ro:Alfabetul latin]] [[ru:Латинский алфавит]] [[sq:Alfabeti latin]] [[sl:Latinica]] [[sr:Латиница]] [[sh:Latinica]] [[fi:Latinalaiset aakkoset]] [[sv:Latinska alfabetet]] [[tl:Alpabetong Latin]] [[tt:Latín älifba]] [[th:อักษรละติน]] [[tr:Latin abecesi]] [[uk:Латинська абетка]] [[zh:拉丁字母]] 2372 6990 2006-09-29T13:16:58Z Indiver 9 '''नेपाली''' शव्दको यी कुनै अर्थ लाग्छ: *[[नेपाल]] राष्ट्र का [[नागरिक]]। *[[नेपाली भाषा]]; आधुनिक नेपाल र भारत तथा भुटानका केही भागको [[आधिकारिक भाषा]]। *[[नेपाल भाषा]] वा ''नेवारी'' &mdash; [[काठमाण्डौं उपत्यका]]का रैथानेहरूको मातृभाषा। {{disambig}} 2373 6994 2006-09-29T16:59:33Z Eukesh 93 <includeonly>{{#if:{{{nodiv|}}}|&nbsp;<span class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" id="Tnavbar-nodiv" style="white-space: nowrap; font-size:xx-small;">|<div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" id="Tnavbar" style="background-color: transparent; padding: 0; font-size:xx-small; color:#000000; white-space: nowrap;">}}{{#ifeq:{{{mini|}}}{{{plain|}}}|1||This box:&nbsp;}}{{#if:{{{mini|}}}|[{{fullurl:Template:{{{1}}}}} <span style="color:#002bb8;" title="View this template.">v</span>]&middot;[{{fullurl:Template_talk:{{{1}}}}} <span style="color:#002bb8;" title="Discussion about this template.">d</span>]&middot;[{{fullurl:Template:{{{1}}}|action=edit}} <span style="color:#002bb8;" title="You can edit this template. Please use the preview button before saving.">e</span>]}}{{#if:{{{mini|}}}||[{{fullurl:Template:{{{1}}}}} <span style="color:#002bb8;" title="View this template.">view</span>] • [{{fullurl:Template_talk:{{{1}}}}} <span style="color:#002bb8;" title="Discussion about this template.">talk</span>] • [{{fullurl:Template:{{{1}}}|action=edit}} <span style="color:#002bb8;" title="You can edit this template. Please use the preview button before saving.">edit</span>]}}{{#if:{{{nodiv|}}}|</span>&nbsp;|</div>}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{/doc}}</noinclude> 2374 6995 2006-09-29T17:00:37Z Eukesh 93 <includeonly>:''This template documentation is [[Wikipedia:Template doc page pattern|transcluded]] from [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc]]'' [<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}/doc|action=edit}} edit]</span>]</includeonly> <!-- EDIT TEMPLATE DOCUMENTATION BELOW THIS LINE --> <includeonly> {{esoteric}} </includeonly> ==Usage== Copyable empty example: <nowiki>{{Tnavbar|Name of Template|mini= |nodiv= |plain= }}</nowiki> inside a given [[Wikipedia:Navigational templates|template]] to add Tnavbar navigational functionality. <nowiki>{{Tnavbar|Tnavbar}}</nowiki> gives: {{Tnavbar|Tnavbar}} ==Note to editors== This template is represented across [[Special:Whatlinkshere/Template:Tnavbar|thousands of pages]] please tread lightly when editing here. Conducting sufficient [[Template:Template sandbox|sandbox testing]] to establish the validity of edits relative to Tnavbar is '''strongly''' encouraged prior to attempting to integrate changes. ==Examples== <pre>{{Tnavbar|Name of Template|mini= |nodiv= |plain= }}</pre> === Required parameters === *<code><nowiki>{{Tnavbar|Name of Template}}</nowiki></code> the template name is required. === Optional parameters === {| class="wikitable" ! Optional parameter !! colspan=2 | Produces... |- |Makes Tnavbar display in a mini version: <nowiki>{{Tnavbar|Tnavbar|mini=1}}</nowiki> like so. || → || Makes Tnavbar display in a mini version: {{Tnavbar|Tnavbar|mini=1}} like so. |- |<nowiki>{{Tnavbar|Tnavbar|nodiv=1}}</nowiki> Good for "blending" into text. || → || {{Tnavbar|Tnavbar|nodiv=1}} Good for "blending" into text. |- |<nowiki>{{Tnavbar|Tnavbar|mini=1|nodiv=1}}</nowiki> Good for "blending" into text. || → || {{Tnavbar|Tnavbar|mini=1|nodiv=1}} Good for "blending" into text. |- |<nowiki>No "This box:" text. {{Tnavbar|Tnavbar|plain=1}}</nowiki> || → ||No "This box:" text. {{Tnavbar|Tnavbar|plain=1}} |- |<nowiki>Blended no "This box:" text. {{Tnavbar|Tnavbar|plain=1|nodiv=1}}</nowiki> || → ||Blended no "This box:" text. {{Tnavbar|Tnavbar|plain=1|nodiv=1}} |} <includeonly> <!-- ADD CATEGORIES BELOW THIS LINE --> [[Category:Internal link templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] <!-- ADD INTERWIKIS BELOW THIS LINE --> [[ang:Template:Tnavbar-mini-nodiv]] [[ar:قالب:Tnavbar]] [[bn:Template:তথ্যছক-Tnavbar]] [[el:Πρότυπο:Tnavbar-mini-nodiv]] [[fa:الگو:نوارپیونددان]] [[hr:Predložak:Tnavbar-mini]] [[hu:Sablon:Tnavbar]] [[ka:თარგი:Tnavbar]] [[kn:ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:Tnavbar]] [[lt:Šablonas:Tnavbar-mini]] [[nl:Sjabloon:Tnavbar-plain]] [[ps:Template:Tnavbar]] [[ro:Format:Tnavbar-plain]] [[ru:Шаблон:Tnavbar]] [[si:Template:Tnavbar]] [[sl:Predloga:Prednavmeni]] [[su:Citakan:Tnavbar]] [[ta:வார்ப்புரு:Tnavbar]] [[tr:Şablon:Dçubuğu]] [[yi:מוסטער:Tnavbar]] [[zh:Template:Tnavbar]] </includeonly> 2375 6996 2006-09-29T17:08:32Z Eukesh 93 {| align="center" class="toccolours" style="clear:both;" ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color:#fada00;" | {| style="background: transparent; border: 0px; padding: 0px; spacing:0px;width:100%;" |- | width="20%" | &nbsp; | width="60%" style="text-align:center" | '''''[[द सिम्प्सनस्]]''''' | width="20%" style="text-align:right" | {{Tnavbar|द सिम्प्सनस्|plain=1}} |} |- style="font-size:110%;" || '''पात्रहरु:''' || [[होमर सिम्प्सन]] · [[मार्ज सिम्प्सन]] · [[बार्ट सिम्प्सन]] · [[लिजा सिम्प्सन]] · [[म्यागी सिम्प्सन]] · [[द सिम्प्सनस् को पात्रहरुको सूची|अन्य पात्र]] |- style="font-size:110%;" || '''निर्माण:''' || [[द सिम्प्सनस् मा स्वर दिने कलाकारहरुको सूची|स्वर दिने कलाकारहरु]] · [[द सिम्प्सनस् का लेखकहरु|लेखकहरु]] · [[द सिम्प्सनस् को प्रसारण|प्रसारण]] · [[द सिम्प्सनस् ले जितेका एवार्डहरु|एवार्डहरु]] · [[द सिम्प्सनस् मा फिचर भएका गीतहरु|गीतहरु]] |- style="font-size:110%;" || '''मीडिया रिलिजहरु:''' || [[द सिम्प्सनस् को भागहरु|भागहरु]] · [[द ट्रेसी वुलम्यान शो शर्टस्]] · [[द सिम्प्सनस् को मीडियाहरु|मीडियाहरु]] · [[द सिम्प्सनस् चलचित्र]] |- style="font-size:110%;" || '''सीजनहरु:''' || [[द सिम्प्सनस् (सीजन १)|१]] · [[द सिम्प्सनस् (सीजन २)|२]] · [[द सिम्प्सनस् (सीजन ३)|३]] · [[द सिम्प्सनस् (सीजन ४)|४]] · [[द सिम्प्सनस् (सीजन ५)|५]] · [[द सिम्प्सनस् (सीजन ६)|६]] · [[द सिम्प्सनस् (सीजन ७)|७]] · [[द सिम्प्सनस् (सीजन ८)|८]] · [[द सिम्प्सनस् (सीजन ९)|९]] · [[द सिम्प्सनस् (सीजन १०)|१०]] · [[द सिम्प्सनस् (सीजन ११)|११]] · [[द सिम्प्सनस् (सीजन १२)|१२]] · [[द सिम्प्सनस् (सीजन १३)|१३]] · [[द सिम्प्सनस् (सीजन १४)|१४]] · [[द सिम्प्सनस् (सीजन १५)|१५]] · [[द सिम्प्सनस् (सीजन १६)|१६]] · [[द सिम्प्सनस् (सीजन १७)|१७]] · [[द सिम्प्सनस् (सीजन १८)|१८]] · [[द सिम्प्सनस् (सीजन १९)|१९]] |- style="font-size:110%;" || '''प्रकृति:''' || [[द सिम्प्सनस् सुरु हुने तरिका|सुरु हुने तरिका]] · [[कालोपाटीमा कोर्ने हाँस्य]] · [[लिजाले एकल स्याक्सोफोन बजाउने हाँस्य|लिजाको एकल स्याक्सोफोन]] · [[काउच हाँस्य]] · [[द सिम्प्सनस् ह्यालोविन भागहरु|ह्यालोविन भागहरु]] · [[द सिम्प्सनस् मा दोहोरिरहने चुट्किलाहरु|दोहोरिरहने चुट्किलाहरु]] · [[द सिम्प्सनस् मा पाहुना कलाकारहरु|पाहुना कलाकारहरु]] |- style="font-size:110%;" || '''स्थानहरु:''' || [[स्प्रींगफिल्ड (द सिम्प्सनस्)|स्प्रींगफिल्ड]] · [[शेल्बीभिल् (द सिम्प्सनस्)|शेल्बीभिल्]] · [[क्यापिटल सिटी (द सिम्प्सनस्)|क्यापिटल सिटी]] · [[७४२ एभरग्रीन टेरेस]] <br> [[स्प्रींगफिल्ड एलेमेन्टरी स्कूल]] · [[स्प्रींगफिल्ड न्युक्लियर पावर प्लान्ट]] · [[मोअज् ट्याभर्न]] · [[क्विक्-इ-मार्ट]] · [[क्रस्टी बर्गर]] |- style="font-size:110%;" || '''प्रकाशणहरु:''' || [[द सिम्प्सनस् डिभिडि|डिभिडि]] · [[द सिम्प्सनस् डिभिडि सेट|डिभिडि सेट]] · [[द सिम्प्सनस् भिडियो गेम|भिडियो गेम]] · [[सिम्प्सनस् कमिक]] · [[बार्ट सिम्प्सन (कमिक शृंखला)|बार्ट सिम्प्सन कमिक]] · [[द सिम्प्सनस् प्रकाशणहरु|अन्य प्रकाशणहरु]] |- style="font-size:110%;" || '''अन्य:''' || [[Portal:द सिम्प्सनस्|पोर्टल]] · [[द सिम्प्सनस् मा प्रयोग भएका नयाँ शब्दहरु|नयाँ शब्दहरु]] · [[द सिम्प्सनस् मा प्रयोग भएका बाहनहरु|बाहनहरु]] · [[द सिम्प्सनस् मा देखाइएका सामानहरु|सामानहरु]] · [[द सिम्प्सनस् को काल्पनिक आविष्कार तथा उपकरणहरु|आविष्कार]] · [[डु द बार्टम्यान]] · [[होमरका कामहरु (सिम्प्सनस्)|होमरका कामहरु]] · [[होमरका जीवनभरका सपनाहरु (सिम्प्सनस्)|होमरका जीवनभरका सपनाहरु]] |} 2376 7733 2006-11-28T16:05:13Z Eukesh 93 <div style="float:left;border:solid #6ef7a7 1px;margin:1px;"> <table cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#c5fcdc;"><tr> <td style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#6ef7a7;text-align:center;font-size:14pt;">'''[[नेपाल भाषा|new]]'''</td> <td style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em;">वेक:या '''[[:Category:User new-N| मांभाय्]]''' '''[[:Category:User new|नेपाल भाषा]]''' ख:।</td> [[Category:User new|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:User new-N|{{PAGENAME}}]]</td> </tr></table></div> 2377 6999 2006-09-29T17:16:09Z Eukesh 93 [[नेपाल भाषा]] [[मातृभाषा]] भएका प्रयोगकर्ताहरुको श्रेणी| 2378 7001 2006-09-29T17:18:15Z Eukesh 93 [[संस्किति]] moved to [[संस्कृति]] #REDIRECT [[संस्कृति]] 2379 7567 2006-10-30T10:13:11Z Soman 138 दसैं (पर्यायवाची शब्द: विजया दशमी, ठूलो दसैं; नेपाल भाषा: मोहनी; हिन्दी: नवरात्री) हिन्दूहरुको एक महान चाड हो| नेपाल अधिराज्यमा सबै भन्दा धेरै मानिसले मनाउने चाड हरुमध्ये यो एक प्रमुख चाड हो| == किंवदन्ती == यो तिथिमा माता दुर्गाले महिषासुर नामक दैत्यलाई तथा भगवान श्री रामचन्द्रले रावणलाई वध गरेर मानवजातिको कल्याण गरेको भन्ने किंवदन्ती छ| == नेपाली समाजमा महत्व == नेपाली समाजमा दसैंको निकै ठूलो महत्व छ| यस चाडका विशेषताहरु तल वर्णन गरिएका छन् *टिका थाप्ने दसैंको टिकाको दिन ठूलाबडाहरुबाट टिका ग्रहण गर्ने चलन छ| सो चलन अनुसार घरभन्दा पर तथा विदेशमा गएका नेपालीहरु पनि घर फर्किन्छन्| *[[पिङ्ग]] चढ्ने *काठमाण्डौमा पचली भैरबनाथको जात्रा *[[चंगा]] उडाउने *नयाँ लुगा किन्ने [[Category:दसैं]] [[en:Navratri]] [[hi:नवरात्रि]] 2380 7005 2006-09-29T17:42:47Z Eukesh 93 [[दसैं]] [[नेपाल]]को एक प्रमुख [[चाड]] हो| यो चाड प्रमुख रूपमा [[हिन्दू]] धर्मावलम्बीहरुको चाड भएतापनि नेपालको [[धार्मिक सहिष्णुता]]को कारण अरु धर्मावलम्बीहरुले पनि आफ्नै तरिकाले यो चाड मनाउँदछन्| यो श्रेणीमा दसैंसंग सम्बन्धित लेखहरु छन्| 2381 7581 2006-11-03T06:16:56Z Yadavb 155 चंगा ([[नेपाल भाषा]]: भुतुमाले, [[हिन्दी]]:पतंग, [[अंग्रेजी]]:काईट,Kite) एक प्रकारको मानव निर्मित उड्ने वस्तु हो| [[नेपाल]]मा विशेषगरी [[दशैं]]मा चंगा उडाउने चलन छ। चंगा लडाएर चेट पार्ने रमाईलो प्रतियोगीता पनि हुन्छ। त्यसबेलामा मानिसहरुले विभिन्न आकार प्रकार र रंगका चंगाहरु उडाउने गर्छन्। यसरी चंगा उडाउने चलन विशेषगरी [[कठमण्डु]] उपत्यकामा छ। कठमण्डु उपत्यका बाहिर नेपालका अरु ठाउहरुमा त्यस्तो चलन धेरै देखिदैन। [[Image:nepalikite.jpg]] [[Category:दसैं]] 2382 8226 2006-12-31T04:44:13Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Adding: af, cs, id, oc '''होमर जे सिम्प्सन''' [[द सिम्प्सनस्]]का प्रमुख पात्र हुनुहुन्छ| उहाँ [[मार्ज सिम्प्सन]]को लोग्ने तथा [[बार्ट सिम्प्सन]], [[लिजा सिम्प्सन]], [[म्यागी सिम्प्सन]]का बुवा र [[अब्राहम सिम्प्सन]]का छोरा हुनुहुन्छ| होमर सिम्प्सनलाई एक अल्छी तथा खन्चुवा प्रकारको व्यक्तिको रुपमा प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ| तर उनी एक असल लोग्ने र बुवा हुन्छन्| होमरको काम स्प्रींगफिल्ड आणविक उर्जा केन्द्रमा सुरक्षासंग सम्बन्धित छ| होमर पात्रको स्वर [[ड्यान क्यास्टालेन्टा]]ले दिएका छन्| होमरले एक आम मध्यमवर्गीय, अमेरिकीको भूमिका निभाएका छन्| उनी मोटा छन्, छिटै रिसाउंछन्, मात्राभन्दा बढी तर जड्यांहा भन्दा कम रक्सी सेवन गर्छन्, साधारण काम गर्छन् र राम्ररी शिक्षित छैनन्|होमर रिसाउंदा तथा आजित हुंदा भन्ने "ड्'ओँ" निकै प्रसिद्ध छ| त्यो शब्द उहांको चिनारीजस्तै भैसकेको छ| {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] [[af:Homer Simpson]] [[bs:Homer Simpson]] [[cs:Homer Simpson]] [[da:Homer Simpson]] [[de:Die Simpsons (Familie)#Homer Jay Simpson]] [[en:Homer Simpson]] [[es:Homer Simpson]] [[eu:Homer Simpson]] [[fi:Homer Simpson]] [[fr:Homer J. Simpson]] [[he:הומר סימפסון]] [[hu:Homer Simpson]] [[id:Homer Simpson]] [[it:Homer Simpson]] [[lt:Homer Jay Simpson]] [[lv:Homērs Simpsons]] [[nl:Homer Simpson]] [[no:Homer Simpson]] [[oc:Homer Simpson]] [[pl:Homer Simpson]] [[pt:Homer Simpson]] [[ru:Гомер Симпсон]] [[sq:Homer Simpson]] [[sv:Homer Simpson]] [[th:โฮเมอร์ ซิมป์สัน]] [[tr:Homer Simpson]] 2383 7010 2006-09-29T17:52:54Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2384 7011 2006-09-29T17:53:11Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2385 7012 2006-09-29T17:53:27Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2386 7013 2006-09-29T17:53:47Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2387 7014 2006-09-29T17:54:27Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2388 7015 2006-09-29T17:54:42Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2389 8901 2007-01-17T10:32:28Z Tangotango 190 Undo revision 8882 by [[Special:Contributions/82.110.109.171]] ([[User talk:82.110.109.171]]) {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2390 7017 2006-09-29T17:55:13Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2391 7018 2006-09-29T17:55:29Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2392 7019 2006-09-29T17:55:44Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2393 7020 2006-09-29T17:56:02Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2394 7021 2006-09-29T17:56:17Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2395 7022 2006-09-29T17:56:22Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2396 7023 2006-09-29T17:56:36Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2397 7024 2006-09-29T17:56:41Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2398 8841 2007-01-16T18:57:58Z RajeshPandey 111 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/172.142.11.33|172.142.11.33]] ([[User_talk:172.142.11.33|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:Eukesh|Eukesh]] {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2399 7026 2006-09-29T17:57:08Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2400 7027 2006-09-29T17:57:12Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2401 7028 2006-09-29T17:57:26Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2402 7029 2006-09-29T17:57:30Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2403 7030 2006-09-29T17:57:43Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2404 7031 2006-09-29T17:57:47Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2405 7032 2006-09-29T17:58:01Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2406 7033 2006-09-29T17:58:04Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2407 7034 2006-09-29T17:58:23Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2408 7035 2006-09-29T17:58:36Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2409 8899 2007-01-17T10:31:56Z Tangotango 190 Undo revision 8884 by [[Special:Contributions/82.110.109.171]] ([[User talk:82.110.109.171]]) {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2410 7037 2006-09-29T17:58:58Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2411 7038 2006-09-29T17:59:03Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2412 7039 2006-09-29T17:59:17Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2413 7040 2006-09-29T17:59:21Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2414 7041 2006-09-29T17:59:38Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2415 7042 2006-09-29T17:59:42Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2416 7043 2006-09-29T18:00:00Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2417 7044 2006-09-29T18:00:05Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2418 7045 2006-09-29T18:00:19Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2419 7046 2006-09-29T18:00:25Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2420 7047 2006-09-29T18:00:39Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2421 7048 2006-09-29T18:00:45Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2422 7049 2006-09-29T18:01:00Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2423 7050 2006-09-29T18:01:05Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2424 7051 2006-09-29T18:01:18Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2425 7052 2006-09-29T18:01:23Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2426 7053 2006-09-29T18:01:38Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2427 7054 2006-09-29T18:01:44Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2428 7055 2006-09-29T18:01:59Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2429 7056 2006-09-29T18:02:04Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2430 7057 2006-09-29T18:02:21Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2431 7058 2006-09-29T18:02:26Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2432 8835 2007-01-16T18:57:46Z RajeshPandey 111 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/172.142.11.33|172.142.11.33]] ([[User_talk:172.142.11.33|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:Eukesh|Eukesh]] {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2433 7060 2006-09-29T18:02:45Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2434 7061 2006-09-29T18:02:58Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2435 7062 2006-09-29T18:03:05Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2436 7063 2006-09-29T18:03:20Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2437 7064 2006-09-29T18:03:25Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2438 7074 2006-09-29T18:26:45Z Eukesh 93 {{browsebar}} <!-- This portal was created using subst:box portal skeleton| topic=The Simpsons| --> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|द सिम्प्सनस् पोर्टल|Portal:द सिम्प्सनस्/Intro|}} {{Portal:द सिम्प्सनस्/Intro}} {{/box-footer|[[द सिम्प्सनस्|More about ''The Simpsons''...]]}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:60%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|छानिएको लेख|Portal:द सिम्प्सनस्/फीचर्ड लेख|}} {{Portal:द सिम्प्सनस्/फीचर्ड लेख}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|छानिएको भाग|Portal:द सिम्प्सनस्/फीचर्ड भाग|}} {{Portal:द सिम्प्सनस्/फीचर्ड भाग}} {{/box-footer|[[द सिम्प्सनस्|अरु ''सिम्प्सनस्'' भागहरु...]]}} {{/box-header|समाचार|Portal:द सिम्प्सनस्/द सिम्प्सनस् समाचार|}} {{Portal:द सिम्प्सनस्/द सिम्प्सनस् समाचार}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|आउंदा भागहरु|Portal:द सिम्प्सनस्/आउंदा भागहरु|}} {{Portal:द सिम्प्सनस्/आउंदा भागहरु}} {{/box-footer|[[द सिम्प्सनस् भागहरु #सीजन१७(२००५-२००६) |अरु आउंदा भागहरु...]]}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:39%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|तपाईंले गर्न सक्नु हुने कामहरु|Portal:द सिम्प्सनस्/तपाईंले गर्न सक्नु हुने कामहरु|}} {{Portal:द सिम्प्सनस्/तपाईंले गर्न सक्नु हुने कामहरु}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|Wikiprojects|Portal:द सिम्प्सनस्/Wikiprojects|}} {{Portal:द सिम्प्सनस्/Wikiprojects}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|श्रेणीहरु|Portal:द सिम्प्सनस्/श्रेणीहरु|}} {{Portal:द सिम्प्सनस्/श्रेणीहरु}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|के तपाईलाई थाहा छ|Portal:द सिम्प्सनस्/के तपाईलाई थाहा छ|}} {{Portal:द सिम्प्सनस्/के तपाईलाई थाहा छ}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|अन्य पोर्टलहरु|पोर्टलहरु|}} {{portals}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2439 7066 2006-09-29T18:04:23Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2440 8893 2007-01-17T10:29:32Z Tangotango 190 Undo revision 8890 by [[Special:Contributions/82.110.109.171]] ([[User talk:82.110.109.171]]) {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2441 7068 2006-09-29T18:04:42Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2442 7069 2006-09-29T18:04:57Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2443 7070 2006-09-29T18:05:00Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2444 7071 2006-09-29T18:05:18Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2445 7072 2006-09-29T18:05:23Z Eukesh 93 {{द सिम्प्सनस्}} [[Category:द सिम्प्सनस्]] 2446 8801 2007-01-16T03:20:26Z TXiKiBoT 178 robot Adding: [[cs:Kategorie:Simpsonovi]], [[he:קטגוריה:משפחת סימפסון]], [[lv:Kategorija:Simpsoni]] [[द सिम्प्सनस्]] [[टेलिभिजन शृङ्खला]]संग सम्बन्धित लेखहरुको संगालो| [[cs:Kategorie:Simpsonovi]] [[da:Kategori:The Simpsons]] [[en:Category:The Simpsons]] [[es:Categoría:Los Simpson]] [[eu:Kategoria:Simpsondarrak]] [[fr:Catégorie:Les Simpson]] [[he:קטגוריה:משפחת סימפסון]] [[it:Categoria:I Simpson]] [[lv:Kategorija:Simpsoni]] [[nl:Categorie:The Simpsons]] [[no:Kategori:Simpsons]] [[ru:Категория:Симпсоны]] [[sk:Kategória:Simpsonovci]] [[sq:Category:Simpsons]] [[sv:Kategori:Simpsons]] 2447 7090 2006-09-29T19:20:04Z Eukesh 93 <div id="browsebar" style="margin-top:-3px; margin-bottom:0.2em; text-align: center; font-size: 98%;"><!-- These should be fundamental portals --> [[Portal:संस्कृति|संस्कृति]] | [[Portal:जीवनी|जीवनी]] | [[Portal:भूगोल|भूगोल]] | [[Portal:ईतिहास|ईतिहास]] | [[Portal:गणित|गणित]] | [[Portal:दर्शन|दर्शन]] | [[Portal:विज्ञान|विज्ञान]] | [[Portal:समाज|समाज]] | [[Portal:प्रविधि|प्रविधि]]</div> 2448 7076 2006-09-29T18:36:43Z Eukesh 93 * According to Metawiki [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have], the articles are divided into topics with the head topics which are listed in the browserbar. I think it is very very necessary for us to create the articles mentioned in the page as well as to create functional portals of the topics in browserbar.--[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 18:36, 29 September 2006 (UTC) 2449 7078 2006-09-29T18:58:39Z Eukesh 93 <div align="center" style="clear:both;padding-top:1.5em;">के हो '''[[विकिपीडिया:पोर्टल|पोर्टल]]?''' | '''[[विकिपीडिया:पोर्टलको सूची|पोर्टलको सूची]]''' | '''[[विकिपीडिया:फीचर्ड पोर्टल|फीचर्ड पोर्टल]]'''</div> 2450 7093 2006-09-29T19:26:19Z Eukesh 93 {{browsebar}} <!-- This portal was created using subst:box portal skeleton| topic=Art| --> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>संस्कृति पोर्टल</big>|Portal:संस्कृति/Intro|}} {{Portal:संस्कृति/Intro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> {{/box-header|''Subportals''|Portal:संस्कृति/Subportals|}} {{Portal:संस्कृति/Subportals}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:52%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 100%--> {{/box-header|''Featured article''|Portal:संस्कृति/Featured article/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}| }} {{Portal:संस्कृति/Featured article/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''Featured picture''|Portal:संस्कृति/Featured picture/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}| }} {{Portal:संस्कृति/Featured picture/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''Did you know...''|Portal:संस्कृति/Did you know|}} {{Portal:संस्कृति/Did you know}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:47%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|''Quotes''|Portal:संस्कृति/Quotes|}} {{Portal:संस्कृति/Quotes}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''Categories''|Portal:संस्कृति/Categories|}} {{Portal:संस्कृति/Categories}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''WikiProjects''|Portal:संस्कृति/Wikiprojects|}} {{Portal:संस्कृति/Wikiprojects}} {{/box-footer|}} <!-- {{/box-header|''Things you can do''|Portal:संस्कृति/Things you can do|}} {{Portal:संस्कृति/Things you can do}} {{/box-footer|}} //--> </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|''Associated Wikimedia''|Portal:संस्कृति/Wikimedia|}} {{Portal:संस्कृति/Wikimedia}} {{/box-footer|}} {{portals}} <div class="noprint" align="right"><small>''[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Portal:Arts&action=purge purge server cache]''</small></div> [[Category:संस्कृति]] 2451 7092 2006-09-29T19:24:06Z Eukesh 93 {{browsebar}} <!-- This portal was created using subst:box portal skeleton| topic=Art| --> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>जीवनी पोर्टल</big>|Portal:जीवनी/Intro|}} {{Portal:जीवनी/Intro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> {{/box-header|''Subportals''|Portal:जीवनी/Subportals|}} {{Portal:जीवनी/Subportals}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:52%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 100%--> {{/box-header|''Featured article''|Portal:जीवनी/Featured article/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}| }} {{Portal:जीवनी/Featured article/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''Featured picture''|Portal:जीवनी/Featured picture/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}| }} {{Portal:जीवनी/Featured picture/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''Did you know...''|Portal:जीवनी/Did you know|}} {{Portal:जीवनी/Did you know}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:47%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|''Quotes''|Portal:जीवनी/Quotes|}} {{Portal:जीवनी/Quotes}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''Categories''|Portal:जीवनी/Categories|}} {{Portal:जीवनी/Categories}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''WikiProjects''|Portal:जीवनी/Wikiprojects|}} {{Portal:जीवनी/Wikiprojects}} {{/box-footer|}} <!-- {{/box-header|''Things you can do''|Portal:जीवनी/Things you can do|}} {{Portal:जीवनी/Things you can do}} {{/box-footer|}} //--> </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|''Associated Wikimedia''|Portal:जीवनी/Wikimedia|}} {{Portal:जीवनी/Wikimedia}} {{/box-footer|}} {{portals}} <div class="noprint" align="right"><small>''[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Portal:Arts&action=purge purge server cache]''</small></div> [[Category:जीवनी]] 2452 7081 2006-09-29T19:03:58Z Eukesh 93 {{browsebar}} <!-- This portal was created using subst:box portal skeleton| topic=Art| --> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>भूगोल पोर्टल</big>|Portal:भूगोल/Intro|}} {{Portal:भूगोल/Intro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> {{/box-header|''Subportals''|Portal:भूगोल/Subportals|}} {{Portal:भूगोल/Subportals}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:52%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 100%--> {{/box-header|''Featured article''|Portal:भूगोल/Featured article/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}| }} {{Portal:भूगोल/Featured article/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''Featured picture''|Portal:भूगोल/Featured picture/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}| }} {{Portal:भूगोल/Featured picture/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''Did you know...''|Portal:भूगोल/Did you know|}} {{Portal:भूगोल/Did you know}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:47%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|''Quotes''|Portal:भूगोल/Quotes|}} {{Portal:भूगोल/Quotes}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''Categories''|Portal:भूगोल/Categories|}} {{Portal:भूगोल/Categories}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''WikiProjects''|Portal:भूगोल/Wikiprojects|}} {{Portal:भूगोल/Wikiprojects}} {{/box-footer|}} <!-- {{/box-header|''Things you can do''|Portal:भूगोल/Things you can do|}} {{Portal:भूगोल/Things you can do}} {{/box-footer|}} //--> </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|''Associated Wikimedia''|Portal:भूगोल/Wikimedia|}} {{Portal:भूगोल/Wikimedia}} {{/box-footer|}} {{portals}} <div class="noprint" align="right"><small>''[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Portal:Arts&action=purge purge server cache]''</small></div> 2453 7082 2006-09-29T19:06:17Z Eukesh 93 {{browsebar}} <!-- This portal was created using subst:box portal skeleton| topic=Art| --> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>ईतिहास पोर्टल</big>|Portal:ईतिहास/Intro|}} {{Portal:ईतिहास/Intro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> {{/box-header|''Subportals''|Portal:ईतिहास/Subportals|}} {{Portal:ईतिहास/Subportals}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:52%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 100%--> {{/box-header|''Featured article''|Portal:ईतिहास/Featured article/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}| }} {{Portal:ईतिहास/Featured article/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''Featured picture''|Portal:ईतिहास/Featured picture/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}| }} {{Portal:ईतिहास/Featured picture/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''Did you know...''|Portal:ईतिहास/Did you know|}} {{Portal:ईतिहास/Did you know}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:47%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|''Quotes''|Portal:ईतिहास/Quotes|}} {{Portal:ईतिहास/Quotes}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''Categories''|Portal:ईतिहास/Categories|}} {{Portal:ईतिहास/Categories}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''WikiProjects''|Portal:ईतिहास/Wikiprojects|}} {{Portal:ईतिहास/Wikiprojects}} {{/box-footer|}} <!-- {{/box-header|''Things you can do''|Portal:ईतिहास/Things you can do|}} {{Portal:ईतिहास/Things you can do}} {{/box-footer|}} //--> </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|''Associated Wikimedia''|Portal:ईतिहास/Wikimedia|}} {{Portal:ईतिहास/Wikimedia}} {{/box-footer|}} {{portals}} <div class="noprint" align="right"><small>''[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Portal:Arts&action=purge purge server cache]''</small></div> 2454 8896 2007-01-17T10:31:10Z Tangotango 190 Undo revision 8885 by [[Special:Contributions/82.110.109.171]] ([[User talk:82.110.109.171]]) {{browsebar}} <!-- This portal was created using subst:box portal skeleton| topic=Art| --> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>गणित पोर्टल</big>|Portal:गणित/Intro|}} {{Portal:गणित/Intro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> {{/box-header|''Subportals''|Portal:गणित/Subportals|}} {{Portal:गणित/Subportals}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:52%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 100%--> {{/box-header|''Featured article''|Portal:गणित/Featured article/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}| }} {{Portal:गणित/Featured article/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''Featured picture''|Portal:गणित/Featured picture/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}| }} {{Portal:गणित/Featured picture/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''Did you know...''|Portal:गणित/Did you know|}} {{Portal:गणित/Did you know}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:47%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|''Quotes''|Portal:गणित/Quotes|}} {{Portal:गणित/Quotes}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''Categories''|Portal:गणित/Categories|}} {{Portal:गणित/Categories}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''WikiProjects''|Portal:गणित/Wikiprojects|}} {{Portal:गणित/Wikiprojects}} {{/box-footer|}} <!-- {{/box-header|''Things you can do''|Portal:गणित/Things you can do|}} {{Portal:गणित/Things you can do}} {{/box-footer|}} //--> </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|''Associated Wikimedia''|Portal:गणित/Wikimedia|}} {{Portal:गणित/Wikimedia}} {{/box-footer|}} {{portals}} <div class="noprint" align="right"><small>''[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Portal:Arts&action=purge purge server cache]''</small></div> 2455 7091 2006-09-29T19:21:52Z Eukesh 93 {{browsebar}} <!-- This portal was created using subst:box portal skeleton| topic=Art| --> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>दर्शन पोर्टल</big>|Portal:दर्शन/Intro|}} {{Portal:दर्शन/Intro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> {{/box-header|''Subportals''|Portal:दर्शन/Subportals|}} {{Portal:दर्शन/Subportals}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:52%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 100%--> {{/box-header|''Featured article''|Portal:दर्शन/Featured article/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}| }} {{Portal:दर्शन/Featured article/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''Featured picture''|Portal:दर्शन/Featured picture/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}| }} {{Portal:दर्शन/Featured picture/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''Did you know...''|Portal:दर्शन/Did you know|}} {{Portal:दर्शन/Did you know}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:47%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|''Quotes''|Portal:दर्शन/Quotes|}} {{Portal:दर्शन/Quotes}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''Categories''|Portal:दर्शन/Categories|}} {{Portal:दर्शन/Categories}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''WikiProjects''|Portal:दर्शन/Wikiprojects|}} {{Portal:दर्शन/Wikiprojects}} {{/box-footer|}} <!-- {{/box-header|''Things you can do''|Portal:दर्शन/Things you can do|}} {{Portal:दर्शन/Things you can do}} {{/box-footer|}} //--> </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|''Associated Wikimedia''|Portal:दर्शन/Wikimedia|}} {{Portal:दर्शन/Wikimedia}} {{/box-footer|}} {{portals}} <div class="noprint" align="right"><small>''[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Portal:Arts&action=purge purge server cache]''</small></div> 2456 7085 2006-09-29T19:13:39Z Eukesh 93 {{browsebar}} <!-- This portal was created using subst:box portal skeleton| topic=Art| --> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>विज्ञान पोर्टल</big>|Portal:विज्ञान/Intro|}} {{Portal:विज्ञान/Intro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> {{/box-header|''Subportals''|Portal:विज्ञान/Subportals|}} {{Portal:विज्ञान/Subportals}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:52%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 100%--> {{/box-header|''Featured article''|Portal:विज्ञान/Featured article/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}| }} {{Portal:विज्ञान/Featured article/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''Featured picture''|Portal:विज्ञान/Featured picture/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}| }} {{Portal:विज्ञान/Featured picture/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''Did you know...''|Portal:विज्ञान/Did you know|}} {{Portal:विज्ञान/Did you know}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:47%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|''Quotes''|Portal:विज्ञान/Quotes|}} {{Portal:विज्ञान/Quotes}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''Categories''|Portal:विज्ञान/Categories|}} {{Portal:विज्ञान/Categories}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''WikiProjects''|Portal:विज्ञान/Wikiprojects|}} {{Portal:विज्ञान/Wikiprojects}} {{/box-footer|}} <!-- {{/box-header|''Things you can do''|Portal:विज्ञान/Things you can do|}} {{Portal:विज्ञान/Things you can do}} {{/box-footer|}} //--> </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|''Associated Wikimedia''|Portal:विज्ञान/Wikimedia|}} {{Portal:विज्ञान/Wikimedia}} {{/box-footer|}} {{portals}} <div class="noprint" align="right"><small>''[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Portal:Arts&action=purge purge server cache]''</small></div> 2457 7086 2006-09-29T19:16:17Z Eukesh 93 {{browsebar}} <!-- This portal was created using subst:box portal skeleton| topic=Art| --> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>समाज पोर्टल</big>|Portal:समाज/Intro|}} {{Portal:समाज/Intro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> {{/box-header|''Subportals''|Portal:समाज/Subportals|}} {{Portal:समाज/Subportals}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:52%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 100%--> {{/box-header|''Featured article''|Portal:समाज/Featured article/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}| }} {{Portal:समाज/Featured article/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''Featured picture''|Portal:समाज/Featured picture/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}| }} {{Portal:समाज/Featured picture/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''Did you know...''|Portal:समाज/Did you know|}} {{Portal:समाज/Did you know}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:47%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|''Quotes''|Portal:समाज/Quotes|}} {{Portal:समाज/Quotes}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''Categories''|Portal:समाज/Categories|}} {{Portal:समाज/Categories}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''WikiProjects''|Portal:समाज/Wikiprojects|}} {{Portal:समाज/Wikiprojects}} {{/box-footer|}} <!-- {{/box-header|''Things you can do''|Portal:समाज/Things you can do|}} {{Portal:समाज/Things you can do}} {{/box-footer|}} //--> </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|''Associated Wikimedia''|Portal:समाज/Wikimedia|}} {{Portal:समाज/Wikimedia}} {{/box-footer|}} {{portals}} <div class="noprint" align="right"><small>''[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Portal:Arts&action=purge purge server cache]''</small></div> 2458 7087 2006-09-29T19:18:34Z Eukesh 93 {{browsebar}} <!-- This portal was created using subst:box portal skeleton| topic=Art| --> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>प्रविधि पोर्टल</big>|Portal:प्रविधि/Intro|}} {{Portal:प्रविधि/Intro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> {{/box-header|''Subportals''|Portal:प्रविधि/Subportals|}} {{Portal:प्रविधि/Subportals}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:52%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 100%--> {{/box-header|''Featured article''|Portal:प्रविधि/Featured article/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}| }} {{Portal:प्रविधि/Featured article/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''Featured picture''|Portal:प्रविधि/Featured picture/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}| }} {{Portal:प्रविधि/Featured picture/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''Did you know...''|Portal:प्रविधि/Did you know|}} {{Portal:प्रविधि/Did you know}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:47%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|''Quotes''|Portal:प्रविधि/Quotes|}} {{Portal:प्रविधि/Quotes}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''Categories''|Portal:प्रविधि/Categories|}} {{Portal:प्रविधि/Categories}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''WikiProjects''|Portal:प्रविधि/Wikiprojects|}} {{Portal:प्रविधि/Wikiprojects}} {{/box-footer|}} <!-- {{/box-header|''Things you can do''|Portal:प्रविधि/Things you can do|}} {{Portal:प्रविधि/Things you can do}} {{/box-footer|}} //--> </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|''Associated Wikimedia''|Portal:प्रविधि/Wikimedia|}} {{Portal:प्रविधि/Wikimedia}} {{/box-footer|}} {{portals}} <div class="noprint" align="right"><small>''[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Portal:Arts&action=purge purge server cache]''</small></div> 2459 7089 2006-09-29T19:19:18Z Eukesh 93 [[Portal:चिन्तन]] moved to [[Portal:दर्शन]] #REDIRECT [[Portal:दर्शन]] 2462 7101 2006-09-30T03:44:36Z Eukesh 93 {{नेपाल}} [[Category:नेपाल]] 2463 7103 2006-09-30T03:50:57Z Eukesh 93 {{नेपाल}} [[Category:नेपाल]] 2464 7104 2006-09-30T03:51:53Z Eukesh 93 {{नेपाल}} [[Category:नेपाल]] 2465 7105 2006-09-30T03:53:22Z Eukesh 93 {{नेपाल}} [[Category:नेपाल]] 2466 7106 2006-09-30T03:54:12Z Eukesh 93 {{नेपाल}} [[Category:नेपाल]] 2467 7107 2006-09-30T03:55:21Z Eukesh 93 {{नेपाल}} [[Category:नेपाल]] 2468 7108 2006-09-30T03:56:30Z Eukesh 93 {{नेपाल}} [[Category:नेपाल]] 2469 7128 2006-10-02T21:00:31Z 75.18.48.72 {{नेपाल}} [[Category:नेपाल]] मध्यमाञ्चल बिकास क्षेत्र अरु बिकस क्षेत्रहरुको तुलानामा जनघनत्व सबभन्दा बढि भएको बिकास क्षेत्र हो। राजधानी काठमान्डौ यसै बिकास क्षेत्रमा पर्दछ। काठमान्डौ सहित अरु ७ जिल्ला यस बिकास क्षेत्रमा पर्दछ। 2470 7110 2006-09-30T03:58:14Z Eukesh 93 [[Image:Buddha_image_-_white_stone.jpg|thumb|A stone image of the Buddha.]] [[Image:Sakyamuni_Buddha.jpg|thumb|A statue of the Sakyamuni Buddha in [[Tawang]] [[Gompa]].]] {{Buddhism}} In [[Buddhism]], a '''Buddha''' ([[Sanskrit]], [[Pāli]]) is any being who has become fully awakened (enlightened), has permanently overcome [[greed]], [[hate]], and [[ignorance]], and has achieved complete liberation from [[suffering]]. Enlightenment (or Nirvana (Pali: Nibbana) is the highest form of happiness. It only applies to the first one who has achieved this without prior knowledge of Buddhism. When all knowledge of Buddhism is lost and one becomes enlightened then we have a true Buddha. The name Buddha today is commonly used to refer to [[Gautama Buddha|Siddhartha Gautama]] (Pali: Siddhattha Gotama), the historical founder of [[Buddhism]]. ''Buddha'' literally means "awakened" or "that which has become aware". It is the [[past participle]] of the [[Sanskrit]] root ''budh'', i.e. "to awaken", "to know", or "to become aware". The word ''Buddha'' is simply a title that means 'The Awakened One'. The teachings of the Buddha are called the Dharma (Pali: Dhamma). The Dharma teaches that all suffering arises from attachments, particularly attachments to worldly desires. Nirvana is achieved by learning to achieve peace and ignore these attachments one would have with certain objects. A typical misconception tends to link Buddha as the Buddhist counterpart of the entity known as [[God]]; however, Buddhism is non-theistic, in the sense of not generally teaching the existence of a supreme Creator God (see [[God in Buddhism]]) or depending on any supreme being for enlightenment, in Buddhism, Buddha is a guide and teacher who points the way. The commonly accepted definition of the term "God" refers to a being who not only rules but actually created the Universe in the [[Origin belief|Beginning]]. Such ideas and concepts are disputed by Buddha and Buddhists in many of his discourses. The supreme origin and creator of our world and universe isn't God in Buddhism, but [[Avidya]] or ignorance. Buddhists try to dispel this darkness through constant practice, wisdom and compassion known as [[prajna]]. In the [[Pali Canon]] Buddha refers to anyone who has become Enlightened (i.e. having awakened to the truth, or ''[[Dharma]]'') on their own, without a teacher to point out the [[Dhamma|Dharma]], in a time when the teachings on the [[Four Noble Truths]] or the [[Eightfold Path]] do not exist in the world. Generally, Buddhists do not consider [[Siddhartha Gautama]] to have been the only Buddha. In the [[Pali Canon]] there is a mention of Gautama Buddha as being the 28th Buddha (see [[List of the 28 Buddhas]]). A common Buddhist belief is that the next Buddha will be one named [[Maitreya]] (Pali: Metteyya). Buddhism teaches that anyone can become awakened and experience [[Nirvana]]. [[Theravada]] Buddhism teaches that one doesn't need to become a Buddha to become awakened and experience Nirvana, since an [[Arahant]] (Sanskrit: Arhat) also has those qualities. Some Buddhist texts such as the [[Lotus Sutra]] imply that all beings will become Buddhas at some point in time. == Types of Buddhas == {{main|Types of Buddhas}} In the [[Pali Canon]], there are considered to be two types of Buddhas: [[Samyaksambuddha]] (Sammasambuddha) and [[Pratyekabuddha|Pratyeka Buddha]] (Paccekabuddha). 1. [[Samyaksambuddha]]s (Pali: ''Sammasambuddha'') attains Buddhahood and decides to teach others the truth that he has discovered. They lead others to awakening by teaching the [[Dharma]] in a time or world where it has been forgotten or has not been taught before. The Historical Buddha, [[Siddhartha Gautama]], is considered a Samyak-sambuddha. See also the [[List of the 28 Buddhas|list of 28 sammasambuddhas]] 2. [[Pratyekabuddha]]s (Pali: ''Paccekabuddha''), sometimes called Silent Buddhas) are similar to Samyaksambuddhas in that they attain [[Nirvana]] and acquire the same powers as a Sammasambuddha does, but they choose not to teach what they have discovered. They are second to the Buddhas in their spiritual development. They do ordain others; their admonition is only in reference to good and proper conduct (abhisamācārikasikkhā). In some texts, the Paccekabuddha is described as one who understands the Dharma by his own efforts, but does not obtain omniscience nor mastery over the Fruits (phalesu vasībhāvam).[http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/pa/pacceka_buddha.htm] Disciples of a Sammasambuddha are called [[Savaka]]s (hearers or followers) or [[Arahants]] (Noble One). These terms have slightly varied meanings but can all be used to describe the enlightened disciple. ''Anubuddha'' is a rarely used term, but was used by the Buddha in the ''Khuddakapatha''<ref> Ratanasutta:56</ref> as to those who become Buddhas after being given instruction. Enlightened disciples attain Nirvana and Parinirvana as the two types of Buddhas do. The most generally used term for them is [[Arahant]]. One 12th century Theravadin commentary uses the term Savakabuddha to describe the enlightened disciple. According to this scripture there are 3 types of Buddhas. In this case, however, the common definition of the meaning of the word Buddha (as one who discovers the Dhamma without a teacher) does not apply any more. Mainstream Theravadin and Mahayana scriptures do not recognize this term and state there are only two kinds of Buddha. ==Characteristics of a Buddha== ===Ten characteristics=== Buddhists meditate on (or contemplate) the Buddha as having nine characteristics: :"The Blessed One is: :#a worthy one :#perfectly self enlightened :#stays in perfect knowledge :#well gone :#unsurpassed knower of the world :#unsurpassed leader of persons to be tamed :#teacher of the Divine Gods and humans :#the Enlightened One :#the Blessed One or fortunate one These 9 characteristics are frequently mentioned in the [[Pali Canon]], and are chanted daily in many Buddhist monasteries. ===The Six Names of Buddha=== :#''[[Gautama Buddha|Gautama]]'' :#''[[Tathagata]]'' :#''[[Gautama Buddha|Siddhartha]]'' :#''Saugata'' :#''Amitabh'' :#''[[Bodhisattva]]'' ===Spiritual realizations=== All traditions hold that a Buddha has completely purified his mind of greed, aversion and ignorance, and that he has put an end to [[samsara]]. A Buddha is fully awakened and has realized the ultimate truth, the non-dualistic nature of life, and thus ended (for himself) the [[suffering]] which unawakened people experience in life. ===The Nature of Buddha=== {{see|Buddhology}} The various buddhist schools hold some varying interpretations on the nature of Buddha. ====Pali Canon: Buddha was human==== {{main|Buddha - God or Man}} From the [[Pali Canon]] emerges the view that Buddha was human, endowed with the greatest psychic powers ([[Kevatta Sutta]]). The body and mind (the five [[khandha]]s) of a Buddha are impermanent and changing, just like the body and mind of ordinary people. However, a Buddha recognizes the unchanging nature of the [[Dharma (Buddhism)|Dharma]], which is an eternal principle and an unconditioned and timeless phenomenon. This view is common in the Theravada school, and the other [[early Buddhist schools]]. ====Eternal Buddha in Mahayana Buddhism==== {{main|Eternal Buddha}} Some schools of Mahayana Buddhism believe that the Buddha is no longer essentially a human being but has become a being of a different order altogether and that the Buddha, in his ultimate transcendental "body/mind" mode as [[Dharmakaya]], has an eternal and infinite life (see [[eternal Buddha]]) and is possessed of great and immeasurable qualities. In the [[Mahaparinirvana Sutra]] the Buddha declares: "Nirvana is stated to be eternally abiding. The Tathagata [Buddha] is also thus, eternally abiding, without change." This is a particularly important metaphysical and soteriological doctrine in the [[Lotus Sutra]] and the [[Tathagatagarbha]] sutras. According to the Tathagatagarbha sutras, failure to recognise the Buddha's eternity and - even worse - outright denial of that eternity is deemed a major obstacle to the attainment of complete Awakening ([[bodhi]]). == Depictions of the Buddha in art == [[Image:ShwedagonIMG 7662.JPG|thumb|Buddha statues at Shwedagon Paya]] [[Image:ShwedagonIMG 7656.JPG|thumb|Jade Buddha statue at Shwedagon Paya]] Buddhas are frequently represented in the form of statues and paintings. Commonly seen designs include: * Seated Buddha * Reclining Buddha * Standing Buddha *''[[Hotei]]'', the obese, [[Laughing Buddha]], usually seen in [[China]]. This figure is believed to be a representation of a medieval Chinese monk who is associated with Maitreya, the future Buddha, and it is therefore not technically a Buddha image. * The 'Emaciated Buddha', which shows Siddartha Gautama during his extreme ascetic practice of starvation. The Buddha statue shown calling for rain is a pose common in [[Laos]]. ===Markings=== Most depictions of Buddha contain a certain number of ''markings'', which are considered the signs of his enlightenment. These signs vary regionally, but two are common: * A protuberance on the top of the head (denoting superb mental accuity) * Long earlobes (denoting superb perception) In the [[Pali Canon]] there is frequent mention of a list of [[Thirty-two marks of the Buddha|32 physical marks of Buddha]]. ===Hand-gestures=== The poses and hand-gestures of these statues, known respectively as [[asana]]s and [[mudra]]s, are significant to their overall meaning. The popularity of any particular mudra or asana tends to be region-specific, such as the ''[[Vajra]]'' (or ''Chi Ken-in'') mudra, which is popular in [[Japan]] and [[Korea]] but rarely seen in [[India]]. Others are more universally common, for example, the ''Varada'' (Wish Granting) mudra is common among standing statues of the Buddha, particularly when coupled with the ''Abhaya'' (Fearlessness and Protection) mudra. ==References== <!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags--> <div class="references-small"> '''Cited references''' <references /> '''General references''' *''What the Buddha Taught'' (Grove Press, Revised edition July 1974), by Walpola Rahula *''Buddha - The Compassionate Teacher'' (2002), by K.M.M.Swe </div> ==See also== {{sisterlinks|Buddha}} *[[Gautama Buddha]] *[[List of the 28 Buddhas]] *[[Maitreya|Maitreya Buddha]] *[[Amitabha|Amitabha Buddha]] *[[Vairocana|Vairocana Buddha]] *[[Buddha-nature]] *[[Mahaparinirvana Sutra]] *[[Eternal Buddha]] *[[Buddha as an Avatara of Vishnu]] *[[List of Buddha claimants]] *[[Thirty-two marks of the Buddha]] *[[Fourteen unanswerable questions]] ==External links== * [http://www.aboutbuddha.org About Buddha] - Excerpts about the life of Buddha from ''Introduction to Buddhism'' * [http://www.accesstoinsight.org Very extensive database of sutras and other Buddhist articles] * [http://www.buddhaslists.com Information on Buddha's lists] * [http://www.gautamabuddha.org Mahamevnawa Buddhist Monastery - Sri Lanka] * [http://www.mettaforest.org/ Free dhamma talks and articles] * [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/ambedkar_buddha/ The Buddha and His Dhamma] * [http://www.bswa.org Hundreds of free buddhist talks and a huge forum.] * [http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/index.htm Buddhist Studies] * [http://www.e-sangha.com E-Sangha Buddhism Portal] * [http://www.meditateinlondon.org.uk/about-buddha.php About Buddha - the Founder of Buddhism] * [http://www.seasite.niu.edu/burmese/cooler/80Scenes/80_scenes_of_buddhas_life.htm The Life of the Buddha in 80 Scenes from the Ananda Temple,Bagan,Myanmar] * [http://www.buddhanature.com Songs and Meditations of the Tibetan Dhyani Buddhas] * [http://www.nirvanasutra.org.uk The Complete Text of the Mahaparinirvana Sutra], on the eternal nature of the Buddha * [http://www.vri.dhamma.org/publications/buddha.html Gotama the Buddha] - Info from the website of the vipassana meditation technique as taught by [[S. N. Goenka]]. * [http://www.fwbo.org/buddhism.html Friends of the Western Buddhist Order]- Worldwide Non-Sectarian Buddhist Community. * [http://www.lensculture.com/buddha.html Images of Buddha] - worldwide submitted photos [[Category:Buddhas| ]] [[Category:Buddhist deities, bodhisattvas, and demons]] [[ar:بوذا]] [[ba:Будда]] [[bg:Буда]] [[ca:Buda (il·luminat)]] [[cs:Buddha]] [[da:Buddha]] [[de:Buddha]] [[el:Βούδας]] [[es:Buda]] [[eo:Budho]] [[fa:بودا]] [[fr:Bouddha]] [[ko:부처]] [[id:Buddha]] [[zu:uBudha]] [[it:Buddha]] [[he:גאוטמה בודהא]] [[jv:Buddha]] [[kn:ಬುಧ್ದ]] [[hu:Buddha]] [[ms:Buddha]] [[nl:Boeddha]] [[ja:仏陀]] [[nn:Buddha]] [[nds:Buddha]] [[pl:Budda]] [[pt:Buda]] [[ro:Buddha]] [[ru:Будда]] [[simple:Buddha]] [[sk:Budha]] [[sl:Buda]] [[sr:Буда]] [[fi:Buddha]] [[sv:Buddha]] [[th:พระพุทธเจ้า]] [[vi:Bụt]] [[tpi:Buda]] [[uk:Сиддхартха Гаутама Будда]] [[zh:佛]] 2471 7111 2006-09-30T03:59:06Z Eukesh 93 {{नेपाल}} [[Category:नेपाल]] 2472 7112 2006-09-30T04:00:07Z Eukesh 93 {{नेपाल}} [[Category:नेपाल]] 2473 7113 2006-09-30T04:01:44Z Eukesh 93 {{नेपाल}} [[Category:नेपाल]] 2474 7114 2006-09-30T05:22:29Z Eukesh 93 {| class="infobox" style="float: right; text-align: center; font-size: 85%; clear:right; border: 3px solid #af4630;" |- | style="background:#FFFFCC;" colspan="2" |<font size=4>'''[[बौद्ध धर्म]]'''</font> <small>[[:Category:Buddhism|<span style="color:#8B7B8B">संगालो</span>]] </small><br /> <br /> ----- [[Image:Lotus75.png]]<br> |- | '''[[बौद्ध धर्मको ईतिहास ]]'''<br /> [[बौद्ध धर्मको कालचक्र]]<br /> [[बौद्ध संघ]]<br /> |- | '''[[बौद्ध शब्दावली र विचार|जग]]'''<br /> [[चत्तरी आर्य सच्छनि]]<br /> [[अरियो अट्ठङ्गीको मग्गो]]<br /> [[पञ्चशील]]<br /> [[निर्वाण]] · [[त्रिरत्न]]<br /> |- | '''[[बौद्ध शब्दावली र विचार|प्रमुख विचार]]'''<br /> [[उपस्थितिको ३ लक्षण]]<br /> [[स्कन्ध]] · [[बौद्ध ब्रह्माण्ड|ब्रह्माण्ड]] · [[धर्म (बौद्ध)|धर्म]] <br /> [[संसार (बौद्ध)|संसार]] · [[पूर्नजन्म (बौद्ध)|पूर्नजन्म]] · [[शून्यता]]<br /> [[प्रतित्य-समुत्पाद]] · [[कर्म (बौद्ध)|कर्म]]<br /> |- | '''[[बौद्ध सूची|प्रमुख व्यक्तिहरु]]'''<br /> [[गौतम बुद्ध]]<br /> [[:Category:बुद्धका चेलाहरु|बुद्धका चेलाहरु]] · [[:Category:बुद्धको परिवार|बुद्धको परिवार]]<br /> |- | '''[[:Category:बौद्ध ध्यान|प्रयास र उपलब्धि]]'''<br> [[बुद्ध|बुद्धत्त्व]] · [[बोधिसत्त्व]]<br> [[अर्हतका चार खुड्किलाहरु]]<br> [[पारमिता]] · [[ध्यान (बौद्ध)|ध्यान]]<br> |- | '''[[क्षेत्र अनुसारका बौद्ध धर्मावलम्बी]]'''<br /> [[दक्षिणपूर्वी एसियाली बौद्ध धर्मावलम्बी|दक्षिणपूर्वी एसियाली]] · [[पूर्वी एसियाली बौद्ध धर्मावलम्बी|पूर्वी एसियाली]] <br> [[तिब्बती बौद्ध धर्मावलम्बी|तिब्बती]] · [[भारतीय बौद्ध धर्मावलम्बी|भारतीय]] · [[पाश्चात्य बौद्ध धर्मावलम्बी|पाश्चात्य]]<br /> |- | '''[[बौद्ध धर्मका हाँगाहरु]]'''<br /> [[थेरवाद]] · [[महायान]]<br /> [[बज्रयान]] · [[प्राचीन अन्य हाँगाहरु]]<br /> |- | '''[[बौद्ध ग्रन्थ|ग्रन्थ]]'''<br /> [[सुत्त पिटक]] · [[महायान सुत्र]] <br /> [[बिनय पिटक]] · [[अभिधम्म पिटक]]<br /> |- | '''[[:Category:कम्पेरेटिभ बौद्ध धर्म]]''' <br /> '''[[बौद्ध धर्मका सांस्कृतिक पक्ष|सांस्कृतिक पक्ष]]''' · '''[[बौद्ध धर्मका विषयहरु|विषयहरु]]''' <br /> '''[[Portal: बौद्ध धर्म]]'''<br> [[Image:Dharma_wheel_1.png]] <center>{{Tnavbar|Buddhism}}</center> |} 2475 7375 2006-10-14T03:44:39Z Jose77 104 /* Present state of Buddhism */ '''Buddhism''' (also known as ''Buddha [[Dharma (Buddhism)|Dharma]]'' (Pali: Dhamma), "the teachings of the awakened one") is a [[Dharmic religions|dharmic]], [[Nontheism|non-theistic]] [[religion]], a way of life, a practical [[philosophy]], and arguably a form of [[psychology]]. Buddhism focuses on the teachings of [[Gautama Buddha]] (Pali: Gotama Buddha), who lived on the [[Indian subcontinent]] in or around the fifth century BCE<ref>http://indology.info/papers/cousins/.</ref> Buddhism spread throughout the subcontinent in the [[Timeline of Buddhism#Before Common Era|five centuries]] following the Buddha's passing, and propagated into [[Central Asia|Central]], [[Southeast Asia|Southeast]], and [[East Asia]] over the next [[Timeline of Buddhism#Common Era|two millennia]]. {{Buddhism}}[[Image:Buddha-Sarnath-sepia.jpg|thumb|260px|right|A replica of an ancient statue of Gautama Buddha, found from [[Sarnath]], near [[Varanasi]].]] Today, Buddhism is divided primarily into three traditions: [[Theravada|Theravāda]] (Sanskrit: Sthaviravāda), [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]], and [[Vajrayana|Vajrayāna]]. Buddhism continues to attract followers worldwide, and it is considered a [[major world religions|major world religion]]. According to one source ([http://www.adherents.com]), "World estimates for Buddhists vary between 230 and 500 million, with most around 350 million." However, other sources give approximately [[Buddhism by country|708 million adherents]]. Buddhism is the [[Major religious groups|fifth-largest]] religion in the world behind [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], [[Hinduism]], and [[Chinese folk religion|traditional Chinese religion]], respectively.<ref>Garfinkel, Perry. "Buddha Rising." National Geographic Dec. 2005: 88-109.</ref> Buddhism is the [[Major religious groups|fourth-largest organised religion]] in the world, and the monks' order [[Sangha]] is amongst the oldest organisations on earth. When used in a generic sense, a [[Buddha]] is generally considered to be a [[person]] who discovers the true [[Reality in Buddhism|nature of reality]] through years of spiritual cultivation, [[investigation]] of the various religious practices of his time, and [[meditation]]. This transformational discovery is called [[bodhi]] - literally, "Awakening" (more commonly called "Enlightenment"). Any person who has become [[awakened]] from the "sleep of ignorance" by directly realizing the true nature of reality is called a Buddha. [[Gautama Buddha]] is said to have been only the latest of many of these; there were other Buddhas before him and there will be others in the future. According to Gautama Buddha, any person can follow his example and become enlightened through the study of his words "[[Dharma]]" and putting them into practice, by leading a [[virtuous]], [[morality|moral]] life, and purifying the [[mind]]. Concisely put, the aim of Buddhist practice is to put an end to the stress of existence. "I teach one thing and one thing only: suffering and the end of suffering" (The Buddha). To achieve this state of the end of suffering ([[Nirvana]] or [[Nirodha]]), adherents train and purify the mind by following the [[Four Noble Truths]] and the [[Noble Eightfold Path]], eventually arriving at an understanding of the true nature of all things. In this way all ignorance and unhappiness is ended, and [[liberation]] attained. Buddhist teaching encourages individuals to practice and verify the Buddha's teachings based on their own personal experience, and also after consulting with 'the wise'. If they find the teachings are valid (leading to more happiness and less suffering), they can apply these teachings in a practical form into their daily life if they so wish. ==Doctrines== Numerous distinct groups have developed since the passing of Gautama Buddha, with diverse teachings that vary widely in practice, philosophical emphasis, and culture. However, there are certain doctrines which are common to the majority of schools and traditions in Buddhism. === Dependent Origination === {{main|Pratitya-samutpada}} The enlightenment ([[Bodhi]]) of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] was his liberation from suffering and his insight into [[Reality in Buddhism|the nature of reality]]. The widely accepted doctrine of [[Pratitya-samutpada|dependent origination]] states that any phenomenon ‘exists’ only because of the ‘existence’ of other phenomena in a complex web of cause and effect. For sentient beings, this amounts to a never-ending cycle of [[Rebirth (Buddhist)|rebirth]] ('''[[Samsara (Buddhism)|{{unicode|saṃsāra}}]]''') according to the law of '''[[Karma in Buddhism|karma]]''' (Pāli: '''kamma''') and '''[[vipaka|vipāka]]'''. Because all things are thus conditioned and transient ('''[[Impermanence|anitya]]''', Pāli '''anicca'''), they have no real, independent identity ('''[[Anatta|anātman]]''', Pāli '''anatta''') and so do not truly ‘exist’, although to untrained minds they do appear to exist. All phenomena are thus fundamentally insubstantial and empty ('''[[sunyata|śūnya]]''''). Wise human beings, who possess "insight into the knowledge of how things are" ('''{{unicode|yathā-bhūta-ñāṇa-dassana}}''', Sanskrit '''{{unicode|yathābhūtajñanadarśana}}'''), renounce [[upadana|attachment and clinging]] which cause suffering ('''[[dukkha|{{unicode|duḥkha}}]]''', Pāli '''dukkha'''), transform the energy of desire into awareness and understanding, and eventually attain '''[[Nirvana|{{unicode|nirvāṇa}}]]'''. === The Five Aggregates of Attachment === {{main|Skandha}} The Five Aggregates of Attachment are the five ways in which people attach themselves to the world and to the Self. Basically, there are five factors in the human person, all of which are constantly changing, and which make up the illusion of the human Self. The five factors are: * 1. Matter (rupa). The material factor – physical matter, sights, odours, sounds etc. This physical existence, combined with brain functions, make up the illusion of You. * 2. Sensation (vedana). When material elements in the world bump into each other, in the human body sensations arise e.g. a sound you hear results in the sensation of ‘sound’. Happiness and sadness are in this category because they are the effects of material causes. * 3. Perception (samjna). The Buddha said that Perception is recognising physical or mental functions e.g. recognising a certain sound as the sound of music. A person has no control over their perceptions; they are reflexes resulting from “matter” and “sensations”. * 4. Formation of Mind (samskara). When you direct your mind towards a particular thought/action, you experience a “mental formation” e.g. when you hear music you may decide to turn up the volume. Mental formations also include concentration (forcing your mind to think about one thing for a while), desire, hate, jealousy etc. There is no You controlling these mental formations; there are just the formations themselves. * 5. Consciousness (vijnana). This is simply an “awareness” (not “perception”) of the presence and characteristics of a thing (physical or mental) e.g. “consciousness” is the awareness of sound, whereas “perception” identifies that sound as the sound of music. What the Buddha is trying to say is that the sum of these five parts does not make up a greater whole called the Self; all that exists are the parts. The Buddha wanted to remove the notion of the Self because he believed that the idea of the Self is the root of all suffering. It is your desire for self-satisfaction, self-existence, and self-advancement that create pain. If you remove the Self (realise there never was such a thing) suffering will go away. Since there is no soul or You, then there is no reincarnation. Buddha instead taught Rebirth. Rebirth does not involve getting a new body for an old soul (as taught in [[Hinduism]]). Instead, it is the continuation of the Five Aggregates in a long chain of cause and effect. Buddha taught that prior “sensations”, “perceptions”, and “mental formations” determine the “sensations”, “perceptions”, and “mental formations” of the next life; death does not end this chain. ===The Four Noble Truths=== {{main|The Four Noble Truths}} The Buddha taught that in life there exists [[dukkha|dissatisfaction / suffering]] which is caused by [[tanha|craving]] and it can be cured (ceased) by following the [[Noble Eightfold Path]] (Sanskrit: '''{{unicode|Āryo 'ṣṭāṅgo Mārgaḥ }}''', Pāli: '''{{unicode|Ariyo Aṭṭhaṅgiko Maggo}}'''). This teaching is called the '''Catvāry Āryasatyāni''' (Pali: '''{{unicode|Cattāri Ariyasaccāni}}'''), the "[[Four Noble Truths]]". # '''[[Dukkha|Suffering]]:''' Birth is suffering, aging is suffering, illness is suffering, death is suffering; union with what is displeasing is suffering; separation from what is pleasing is suffering; not to get what one wants is suffering; in brief, the five aggregates subject to clinging are suffering. # '''The cause of suffering:''' The [[tanha|craving]] which leads to [[Rebirth (Buddhism)|renewed existence]] (rebirth). # '''The cessation of suffering:''' The cessation of [[tanha|craving]]. # '''The way leading to the cessation of suffering:''' The [[Noble Eightfold Path]]; The Four Noble Truths was the topic of the first sermon given by the Buddha after his enlightenment<ref name="FNTeng" />, which was given to the ascetics with whom he had practiced austerities. The Four Noble Truths were originally spoken by Buddha, not in the form of a religious or philosophical text, but in the form of a common medical prescription of the time. Buddha also said that followers should use his teachings only if they help. He compared worrying about things such as an afterlife while suffering with a person who has been shot with an arrow to worrying about who made the arrow, rather than removing it. As such, there is a strong case for the Buddha's teachings being intended as psychological tools, to ease mental distress, rather than as esoteric teachings for the strongly religious. To attest to this, Buddhist meditation, in particular, is now being scientifically studied in the West, both in laboratory tests, and in real-world, hands-on psychiatry. Many long-term practicing Buddhists, for instance, have been shown to have physically different brain structure, in areas associated with profound joy or spiritual happiness<ref>http://lazar-meditation-research.info/Lazar_Meditation_Plasticity_05.pdf</ref>. A possible fusion of Buddhism and psychology can be seen clearly in publications by psychiatrists and psychotherapists, such as [[Mark Epstein]]'s book, [[Thoughts Without a Thinker]]. === Nirvana === {{main|Nirvana|Four stages of enlightenment}} Nirvana is the extinguishment of all desire. It has been likened to the snuffing out of a candle, where the spirit is freed from all worldly passions; it is the realization that the Self does not exist, and that human desires are empty. An enlightened Buddhist is able to act in this world with complete detachment (without desire), and their actions have no karma. A Buddhist who has attained Nirvana has escaped the world of cause-and-effect (they are free from the cycle of birth and rebirth). The realisation of Nirvana is a happy experience (but not the sensation of joy). Nirvana is fully realized at death, but can be experienced before death. There are four stages in the Buddhist life: * 1. The “Stream-Entrant” (novice) only catches a glimpse of Nirvana in the teaching of the Buddha. * 2. The “Once-Returner” is destined to be reborn into this physical world once more before experiencing full Nirvana. * 3. The “Never-Returner” has an even deeper knowledge of Nirvana and is assured that they will not be reborn. * 4. The “Worthy-One” (Arhat) is completely pure and free from desire. That person has experienced Nirvana and will know it fully at death, when all matter, sensations, perceptions, mental formations, and consciousness will disappear forever. ===The Noble Eightfold Path=== {{main|Noble Eightfold Path}} {| cellpadding=3px cellspacing=0px style="float:right; background-color: transparent; border:1px dotted #000000; margin:2px" width="200" | |According to [[Buddha]] [[Shakyamuni]], if a person does not follow the goal of [[Total Realization]], one lives one's life like a preoccupied child playing with toys in a house that is burning to the ground.<ref>The Crystal and the Way of Light. Sutra, Tantra and Dzogchen by Chogyal Namkhai Norbu; compiled and ed. by John Shane, 2000, p. 164</ref> |- |} [[Image:Dharma_wheel.svg|thumb|The eight-spoked [[Dharmacakra]]. The eight spokes represent the [[Noble Eightfold Path]] of Buddhism.]] The Noble Eightfold Path is the way to the cessation of suffering, the fourth part of the Four Noble Truths. In order to fully understand the noble truths and investigate whether they were in fact true, Buddha recommended that a certain path be followed which consists of: #Right Viewpoint - Realizing the Four Noble Truths '''{{unicode|(samyag-dṛṣṭi, sammā-diṭṭhi)}}''' #Right Values - Commitment to mental and ethical growth in moderation '''{{unicode|(samyak-saṃkalpa, sammā-saṅkappa)}}''' #Right Speech - One speaks in a non hurtful, not exaggerated, truthful way '''{{unicode|(samyag-vāc, sammā-vācā)}}''' #Right Actions - Wholesome action, avoiding action that would hurt others '''{{unicode|(samyak-karmānta, sammā-kammanta)}}''' #Right Livelihood - One's job does not harm in any way oneself or others; directly or indirectly (weapon maker, drug dealer, etc.) '''{{unicode|(samyag-ājīva, sammā-ājīva}}}''' #Right Effort - One makes an effort to improve '''{{unicode|(samyag-vyāyāma, sammā-vāyāma)}}''' #Right Mindfulness - Mental ability to see things for what they are with clear consciousness '''{{unicode|(samyak-smṛti, sammā-sati)}}''' #Right Meditation - State where one reaches enlightenment and the ego has disappeared '''{{unicode|(samyak-samādhi, sammā-samādhi)}}''' The word '''samyak''' means "turned to one point or against each other, universus or adversus; whole, entire, all; correct, right, true." [http://webapps.uni-koeln.de/tamil/] There are a number of ways to interpret the Eightfold Path. On one hand, the Eightfold Path is spoken of as being a progressive series of stages through which the practitioner moves, the culmination of one leading to the beginning of another, whereas others see the states of the 'Path' as requiring simultaneous development. It is also common to categorise the Eightfold Path into '''[[Prajna|prajñā]]''' (Pāli '''paññā''', wisdom), '''[[Sila|śīla]]''' (Pāli '''sīla''', virtuous behaviour) and '''[[Samadhi|samādhi]]''' (concentration). === Bodhi === {{main|Bodhi}} '''Bodhi''' ([[Pāli]] and [[Sanskrit]]. Lit. ''awakening'') is a title given in Buddhism to the specific awakening experience attained by [[Buddha]]. Bodhi is most commonly translated into English as ''enlightenment'', however, a more accurate translation is ''awakening'' or ''understanding''. After attainment of Bodhi, it is believed one is freed from the cycle of '''[[Samsara|{{unicode|saṃsāra}}]]''': birth, suffering, death and rebirth. Bodhi is attained only by the accomplishment of the [[Paramita|pāramitā]]s (perfections), when the [[Four Noble Truths]] are fully grasped, and when all [[Karma in Buddhism|karma]] has reached cessation. At this moment, all greed ('''lobha'''), hatred ('''{{unicode|doṣa}}''', Pāli '''dosa'''), delusion ('''moha'''), ignorance ('''[[Avidya (Buddhism)|avidyā]]''', Pāli '''avijjā''')), craving ('''[[Tanha|{{unicode|tṛṣṇā}}]]''', Pāli '''{{unicode|taṇhā}}''') and false belief in self ('''[[Atman (Buddhism)|ātman]]''', Pāli '''attā''') are extinguished. Bodhi thus includes '''[[anatta|anātman]]''' (Pāli '''anatta'''), the absence of ego-centeredness. All schools of Buddhism recognise [[Three types of Buddha|three types of Bodhi]]. They are [[Shravakabuddha|Śrāvakabodhi]] (Pāli: Sāvakabodhi), [[Pratyekabuddha|Pratyekabodhi]] (Pāli: Paccekabodhi) and Samyaksambodhi (Pāli: Sammāsambodhi), the perfect enlightenment by which a [[Bodhisattva]] becomes a fully enlightened [[Buddha]]. The aspiration to attain the state of samyaksambodhi, known as the Bodhisattva ideal, is considered as the highest ideal of Buddhism. <!--the nature of different bodhis is disputed among different Buddhist schools so please be careful.--> === Karma === {{main|Karma in Buddhism}} In a discourse (A.N. VI.63 Nibbedhika Sutta) the Buddha said: :“Intention, monks, is karma I say. Having willed, one acts through body, speech and mind”. According to the Buddha the moral order rests on each individual and not on any divine being: :"Owners of their own Karma, O young man, are living beings heirs of their Karma, have karma as the wombs from which they spring, having Karma as their refuge. Karma marks of living being, making them become depraved and excellent." (kammassakaa maa.nava sattaa, kammadaayadaa, kammayoni, kammabandhu kammapa.tisara.naa kamma.m satte vibhajati yadida.m hinappa.nitataaya. ''Cuulakammavibhaagasutta''.) In Buddhism, Karma has a specific meaning quite different from other teachings. Karma means action derived from mental intent or volition and its result ([[Vipaka]]) or its effect upon the doer of that volitional deed (be that deed one of thought, word or physical action). == Middle Way == The primarily guiding principle of Buddhist practice is the [[Middle Way]] which was discovered by Gautama Buddha prior to his enlightenment ('''[[bodhi]]'''). The ''Middle Way'' or ''Middle Path'' is often described as the practice of non-extremism; a path of moderation away from the extremes of self-indulgence and opposing self-mortification. === Refuge in the Three Jewels === [[Image:Buddha-Footprint.jpeg|thumb|170px|Footprint of [[Buddha]] with [[Dharmacakra]] and [[Three Jewels|triratna]], 1st century CE, [[Gandhara|Gandhāra]].]] {{main|Refuge (Buddhism)|Three Jewels}} Acknowledging the Four Noble Truths and making the first step in The Noble Eightfold Path requires taking [[Refuge (Buddhism)|refuge]], as the foundation of one's religious practice, in Buddhism's [[Three Jewels]] (also called Three Treasures, Triple Gem, '''Triratna''' or '''Ratna-traya''' ([[Sanskrit]]), '''Tiratana''' ([[Pāli|Pali]]), 三宝, ''Sānbǎo'' ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]), ''Sanbō'' or ''Sanpō'' ([[Japanese language|Japanese]]), 삼보, ''Sambo'' ([[Korean language|Korean]]). The Buddha who chooses the Bodhisattva-path makes a vow/pledge. This is considered the ultimate expression of compassion. The '''Three Jewels''' are: * The '''[[Buddha]]''': The ''Awakened One''. This is a title for those who attained enlightenment similar to Buddha and helped others to attain it. See also the [[Tathagata|Tathāgata]] and [[Gautama Buddha|Śākyamuni Buddha]]. The Buddha could also be represented as the wisdom that understands Dharma, and in this regard Gautama Buddha represents the perfect wisdom that sees reality in its true form. * The '''[[Dharma (Buddhism)|Dharma]]''': The teachings or law as expounded by the Buddha. Dharma also means the law of nature based on behavior of a person and its consequences to be experienced (action and reaction). * The '''[[Sangha|{{IAST|Sangha}}]]''': This term literally means "group" or "congregation," but when it is used in Buddhist teaching the word refers to one of two very specific kinds of groups: either the community of Buddhist monastics (bhikkhus and bhikkhunis), or the community of people who have attained at least the first stage of Awakening (Sotapanna ([[pali]]) - one who has entered the stream to enlightenment). [[Gautama Buddha|The Buddha]] presented himself as a model and beseeched his followers to have faith ('''[[Saddha|śraddhā]]''', Pāli '''saddhā''') in his example of a human who escaped the pain and danger of existence. The [[Dharma (Buddhism)|Dharma]], that is, the teaching of Buddha, offers a refuge by providing guidelines for the alleviation of suffering and the attainment of enlightenment. The [[Sangha|{{unicode|Saṅgha}}]], in this sense meaning the group of Buddhists possessing at least some degree of enlightenment, provides a refuge by preserving the authentic teachings of the Buddha and providing further examples that the truth of the Buddha's teachings is attainable. As Buddhism migrated to the West, a new usage of the word has emerged: the usage of the word "sangha" to describe a meditation group or any sort of spiritual community.{{fact}} Many Buddhists believe that there is no otherworldly salvation from one's [[Karma in Buddhism|karma]]. The suffering caused by the karmic effects of previous thoughts, words and deeds can be alleviated by following the [[Noble Eightfold Path]], although the Buddha of some Mahayana sutras, such as the [[Lotus Sutra]], the [[Angulimaliya Sutra]] and the [[Nirvana Sutra]], also teaches that powerful sutras such as the above-named can, through the very act of their being heard or recited, wipe out great swathes of negative karma. === Śīla (Virtuous Behaviour)=== {{main|Sila}} '''[[Sila|Śīla]]''' ([[Sanskrit]]) or '''sīla''' ([[Pāli]]) is usually rendered into English as "behavioral discipline", "morality", or ethics. It is often translated as "precept". It is an action that is an intentional effort. It is one of the ''three practices'' (sila - samadhi - panya) and the second [[Paramita|pāramitā]]. It refers to moral purity of thought, word, and deed. The four conditions of '''śīla''' are chastity, calmness, quiet, and extinguishment, i.e. no longer being susceptible to perturbation by the passions. sīla refers to overall (principles of) ethical behaviour. There are several levels of sila, which correspond to 'basic morality' ([[five precepts]]), 'basic morality with asceticism' ([[eight precepts]]), 'novice monkhood' ([[ten precepts]]) and 'monkhood' ([[Vinaya]] or [[Patimokkha]]). Laypeople generally undertake to live by the [[pancasila|five precepts]] which are common to all Buddhist schools. If they wish, they can choose to undertake the [[eight precepts]], which have some additional precepts of basic asceticism. The five precepts are not given in the form of commands such as "thou shalt not ...", but are training rules in order to live a better life in which one is happy, without worries, and can meditate well. # To refrain from taking life. # To refrain from taking that which is not freely given (stealing). # To refrain from sensual misconduct (improper sexual behavior). # To refrain from lying. # To refrain from intoxicants which lead to loss of mindfulness. In the [[eight precepts]], the third precept on sexual misconduct is made more strict, and becomes a precept of celibacy. The three additional rules of the eight precepts are: 6. To refrain from eating at the wrong time (only eat from sunrise to noon).<br> 7. To refrain from dancing, using jewellery, going to shows, etc.<br> 8. To refrain from using a high, luxurious bed. [[Vinaya]] is the specific moral code for monks. In includes the [[Patimokkha]], a set of 227 rules in the Theravadin recension. The precise content of the [[vinayapitaka]] (scriptures on Vinaya) differ slightly according to different schools, and different schools or subschools set different standards for the degree of adherence to Vinaya. [[Samanera|Novice-monks]] use the [[ten precepts]], which are the basic precepts for monastics. In [[Mahayana]] Buddhism, there is also a distinctive Vinaya and ethics contained within the Mahayana [[Brahmajala Sutra]] (not to be confused with the Pali text of that name) for [[Bodhisattvas]], where, for example, the eating of meat is frowned upon and vegetarianism is actively encouraged (see [[vegetarianism in Buddhism]]). === Samadhi/Bhāvana (Meditative Cultivation) === {{main|Samadhi|Vipassana|Buddhist meditation}} In the language of the [[Noble Eightfold Path]], '''samyaksamādhi''' is "right concentration". The primary means of cultivating '''samādhi''' is meditation. Almost all Buddhist schools agree that the Buddha taught two types of meditation, viz. [[Samatha meditation|'''samatha''' meditation]] (Sanskrit: '''śamatha''') and [[vipassana|'''vipassanā''' meditation]] (Sanskrit: '''vipaśyanā'''). Upon development of '''samādhi''', one's mind becomes purified of defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous. Once the meditator achieves a strong and powerful concentration ('''[[Dhyana|jhāna]]''', Sanskrit '''dhyāna'''), his mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight ([[vipassana|vipassanā]]) into the ultimate nature of reality, eventually obtaining release from all suffering. The cultivation of [[mindfulness]] is essential to mental concentration, which is needed to achieve insight. [[Samatha Meditation]] starts from being mindful to an object or idea, which is expanded to one's body, mind and entire surroundings, leading to a state of total concentration and tranquility (jhāna) There are many variations in the style of meditation, from sitting cross-legged or kneeling to chanting or walking. The most common method of meditation is to concentrate on one's breath, because this practice can lead to both samatha and vipassana. In Buddhist practice, it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind, only vipassanā meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with, which is what leads to '''[[jnana|jñāna]]''' (Pāli '''ñāṇa''' knowledge) '''[[vijnana|vijñāna]]''' (Pāli '''viññāṇa''' awareness), '''[[prajñā]]''' (Pāli '''paññā''' pure understanding) and thus can lead to '''[[nirvana|nirvāṇa]]''' (Pāli '''nibbāna'''). === Prajñā (Wisdom) === {{main|Prajñā|Paramita}} '''Prajñā''' ([[Sanskrit]]) or '''paññā''' ([[Pāli]]) means wisdom that is based on a realization of [[Pratitya-samutpada|dependent origination]], [[The Four Noble Truths]] and [[Noble Eightfold Path]]. Prajñā is the wisdom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about [[bodhi]]. It is spoken of as the principal means, by its enlightenment, of attaining [[nirvana|{{unicode|nirvāṇa}}]], through its revelation of the true nature of all things. Prajñā is also listed as the sixth of the six [[Paramita|pāramitās]]. Initially, prajñā is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to sermons (dharma talks), reading and sometimes reciting Buddhist texts and engaging in discourse. Gautama Buddha taught dharma to his disciples mainly through the mean of discourse or sermon, many attaining bodhi upon hearing Buddha's discourse. Once the conceptual understanding is attained, it is applied to daily life so that each Buddhist can verify the truth of the Buddha's teaching at a practical level. Lastly, one engages in insight ('''[[Vipassana|vipassanā]]''', [[Sanskrit]] '''vipaśyanā''') meditation (Citation needed) to attain such wisdom at intuitive level. It should be noted that one could theoretically attain bodhi at any point of practice, while listening to a sermon, while conducting business of daily life or while in meditation. === Buddhism Symbols === {{main|Buddhist symbolism}} The eight auspicious symbols of Buddhism are: * the Conch Shell * the Lotus * the Wheel * the Parasol (Umbrella) * the Endless Knot * the Pair of Golden Fishes * the Banner Proclaiming Victory * the Treasure Vase == Buddhism after the Buddha == {{main|History of Buddhism|Buddhist councils}} Soon after the [[Parinirvana|parinirvāṇa]] (Pāli: parinibbāna, "complete extinguishment") of the Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held. As with any ancient Indian tradition, transmission of teaching was done orally. The primary purpose of the assembly was to collectively recite the teaching to ensure that no errors occur in oral transmission. In the first council, [[Ananda|Ānanda]], the Buddha's personal attendant was called upon to recite the discourses ([[Sutra|'''sūtra'''s]], Pāli '''sutta'''s) of the Buddha. [[Upali|Upāli]], another disciple, recited the monastic rules (Vinaya). === Early Buddhism === {{main|The Second Buddhist Council|Early Buddhist schools}} {{unicode|As the Saṅgha gradually grew over the next century a dispute arose upon 9 (subtle) points of discipline. A [[Second Buddhist Council]] (traditionally 100 years after the Buddha's death) was held to resolve the points at dispute, and these were resolved. The result was that those 9 practices were declared unallowed according to Vinaya. After the second council however, some schisms occurred, and to resolve those schism and determine orthodoxy, a [[Third Buddhist Council]] was held at Pataliputta.}} These schisms occurred ''within'' the [[early Buddhist schools|traditions of Early Buddhism]], at a time when the Mahāyāna movement either did not exist at all, or only existed as a current of thought not yet identified with a separate school. {{unicode|One of the basic schisms was between the [[Sthaviras]] and the [[Mahāsāṅghikas]]. The fortunate survival of accounts of schisms from both sides of the dispute reveals disparate traditions; the Sthaviras claimed that the Mahāsāṅghikas were trying to dilute the Vinaya by ignoring certain rules; the Mahāsāṅghikas argued that the Sthaviras were trying to ''expand'' the Vinaya by illegitimately introducing new rules not sanctioned by the Buddha; they may also have challenged what they perceived to be excessive claims or inhumanly high criteria for [[Arhat]]ship. Both parties, therefore, appealed to tradition.<ref>Janice J. Nattier and Charles S. Prebish, 1977. ''Mahāsāṅghika Origins: the beginnings of Buddhist sectarianism'' in History of Religions, Vol. 16, pp. 237-272</ref> The Sthaviras gave rise to several schools, one of which was the [[Theravada|Theravāda]] school.}} {{unicode|Following (or leading up to) the schisms, each Saṅgha started to accumulate an [[Abhidhamma|Abhidharma]], a collection of philosophical commentaries on the discourse of the Buddha. Such commentaries probably existed in the time of the Buddha as very early of simple lists. However, as time went on and Buddhism spread further, the (perceived) teachings of the Buddha were formalized in a more systematic manner in a new [[Pitaka]]: the [[Abhidhamma Pitaka]]. Some modern academics refer to it as Abhidhamma Buddhism. Interestingly, the [[Mahasanghika]] school did not have an Abhidhamma Pitaka, which agrees with their statement that they did not want to add to Buddha's teachings.}} [[Image: AshokaMap2.gif|thumb|250px|Buddhist [[proselytism]] at the time of emperor [[Ashoka|Aśoka the Great]] (260&ndash;218 BCE).]] Buddhism spread slowly in India until the time of the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] emperor [[Ashoka|Aśoka the Great]], who was a public supporter of the religion. The support of Aśoka and his descendants led to the construction of more Buddhist religious memorials ([[stupa|stūpas]]) and to efforts to spread Buddhism throughout the enlarged Maurya empire and even into neighboring lands – particularly to the Iranian-speaking regions of [[Afghanistan]] and [[Central Asia]], beyond the Mauryas' northwest border, and to the island of [[Sri Lanka]] south of India. These two missions, in opposite directions, would ultimately lead, in the first case to the spread of Buddhism into China, and in the second case, to the emergence of Theravāda Buddhism and its spread from Sri Lanka to the coastal lands of Southeast Asia. This period marks the first spread of Buddhism beyond India. According to the [[Edicts of Ashoka|edicts of Aśoka]], emissaries were sent to various countries west of India in order to spread "Dhamma", particularly in eastern provinces of the neighboring [[Seleucid Empire]], and possibly even farther to [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic]] kingdoms of the Mediterranean. This led, a century later, to the emergence of Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs in the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]], and to the development of the [[Greco-Buddhist art]] of [[Gandhara|Gandhāra]]. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek civilization, and from changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions – themselves influenced by Buddhism. === Establishment of Theravāda Buddhism (Southern Tradition) === {{main|Theravada}} {{unicode|In addition to the [[Edicts of Asoka|Edicts of Aśoka]], Buddhist annals compiled at a later date offer a history of the Aśokan and post-Aśokan period. Among these annals are the [[Dipavamsa|Dīpavaṃsa]], the [[Mahavamsa|Mahāvaṃsa]], and the [[Samantapasadika|Samantapāsādika]] of the south Indian [[Vibhajjavada|Vibhajjavāda]] ([[Sanskrit]]: Vibhajyavāda) saṅgha, beside the [[Divyavadana|Divyāvadāna]] and the [[Avadanasataka|Avadānaśataka]] from the northern [[Sarvastivada|Sarvāstivāda]] ([[Pāli]]: Sabbatthivāda) saṅgha. According to the accounts of the Vibhajjavāda, [[Ashoka|Aśoka]] convened a third Buddhist council (c. 250 BCE), whose purpose was to produce a definitive text of the Buddha's words. The result, according to the Vibhajjavādins, was the compilation of the version of the [[Tripitaka|Tripiṭaka]] (Pāli: Tipiṭaka) found in the [[Pali Canon|Pāli Canon]].}} The council also saw the formation of the {{unicode|saṅgha}} of the Vibhajjavāda ("school of analytical discourse") out of various schools of the [[Sthaviravada|Sthaviravāda]] lineage. Vibhajjavādins claim that the first step to insight has to be achieved by the aspirant's experience, critical investigation, and reasoning instead of by blind faith. The Theravāda school claims that the Sarvāstivada and the [[Dharmaguptaka]] schools were rejected by the council, although according to other sources the Dharmaguptaka school is classified as one of the Vibhajyavādin schools. However, these schools became influential in northwestern India and Central Asia and, since their teaching is found among the scriptures preserved by the Mahāyāna schools, they may have had some formative influence on the Mahāyāna. The Sarvāstivadins have not preserved an independent tradition about the Third Council. It was long believed in Theravāda tradition that the [[Pāli]] language is equivalent to Māgadhī, the eastern dialect of the kingdom of [[Magadha]] spoken by the Buddha. However, linguistic comparisons of the [[Edicts of Ashoka|Edicts of Aśoka]] and the language of the Pāli canon show strong differences between the Māgadhī of the Edicts (characterized by such changes as r → l, masculine nominative singular of a-stems in -e, etc.) and Pāli. The greatest similarity to Pāli is found in a dialectal variant of the Edicts written on a rock near [[Girnar]] in Gujarat. === Rise of Mahāyāna Buddhism (Northern Tradition) === [[Image: MahayanaMap.gif|thumb|300px|Expansion of [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]] Buddhism between the 1st – 10th century CE.]] {{main|Mahayana}} {{unicode|The precise geographical origins of [[Mahāyāna]] are unknown. It is likely that various elements of Mahāyāna developed independently from the 1st century BCE onwards, initially within several small individual communities, in areas to the north-west within the [[Kushan Empire|Kuṣāṇa Empire]] (within present-day [[Pakistan]]), and in areas within the [[Shatavahana]] Empire, including [[Amaravatī]] to the south-east (in present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]]), to the west around the port of [[Bharukaccha]] (present-day [[Bharuch]], a town near [[Bombay]]), and around the various cave complexes, such as [[Ajantā]] and [[Karli]] (in present-day [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]]). On one side, Mahāyāna was a movement of lay Buddhists focused around [[stupa|stūpa]] devotion. Pictures within the wall of a stūpa representing the story of the Buddha and his previous reincarnation as a bodisattva were used to preach Buddhism to the masses.<ref>This concept, promoted by Hirakawa Akira, has been disputed by other scholars such as Gregory Schopen.</ref> The Saṅgha, at the same time, became increasingly fragmented both in terms of [[Abhidharma]] and [[Vinaya]] practice. This led to a widening distance between the laity and Saṅgha. The Mahāyāna movement, on the other hand, was ecumenical, reflecting a wide range of influence from [[Early Buddhist schools|various sects]]. Monks representing different philosophical orientations could live in the same Saṅgha as long as they practiced the same Vinaya. Still, in terms of Abhidharma, the [[Sarvastivada|Sarvāstivāda]] school (which had been rejected by the 3rd council, according to the Theravāda tradition) and the [[Dharmaguptaka]] school, both of which were widespread in the Kuṣāṇa Empire, seem to have had major influence. Moreover, those who believe that Mahāyāna sūtras were composed during this period speculate that the process of reshuffling of sūtras according to various Abhidharma eventually led to editing which made the composition of new Mahāyāna sūtras possible.}} Around 100 CE, the {{unicode|Kuṣāṇa emperor [[Kanishka|Kaniṣka]]}} convened the fourth Buddhist council and is usually associated with the formal rise of Mahāyāna Buddhism. This council is not recognised by Theravāda line of Buddhism. This council did not simply rely on the original [[Tripitaka|Tripiṭaka]] in the third council. Instead, a set of new scriptures, mostly notably, the [[Lotus Sutra|Lotus Sūtra]], an early version of the [[Heart Sutra|Heart Sūtra]] and the [[Amitabha Sutra|Amitābha Sūtra]] were approved, as well as fundamental principles of doctrine based around the concept of salvation for the masses (hence Mahāyāna "great vehicle") and the concept of Buddhas and bodhisattva who embody transcendent [[Buddha-nature]] who strive to achieve such goal. The new scriptures were written in [[Sanskrit]]. From that point on, and in the space of a few centuries, Mahāyāna would flourish and spread in the East from India to [[Southeast Asia]], and towards the north to [[Central Asia]], [[China]], [[Korea]], and finally to [[Japan]] in 538 CE. === Emergence of the Vajrayāna === [[Image:Wheel life 01.jpg|thumb|250px|Wheel of Life, [[Bhutan]]. In the Indian Mahāyāna Buddhism scriptural language of [[Sanskrit]], the Wheel of Life is called [[Bhavacakra]].]] {{main|Vajrayana}} Mahāyāna Buddhism received significant theoretical grounding from [[Nagarjuna|Nāgārjuna]] (c.150 - 250 CE), arguably the most influential scholar within the Mahāyāna tradition. From studying his writings, it is clear that Nāgārjuna was conversant with both the [[Early Buddhist schools|Nikāya (Hīnayāna)]] philosophies and the emerging Mahāyāna tradition. He made explicit references to Mahāyāna texts, but his philosophy was argued within the parameters set out by the [[Tripitaka|Tripiṭaka]] sūtras. Completely repudiating the then-dominant [[Sarvastivada|Sarvāstivāda]] school, which argued for the existence of '''[[Dharma (Buddhism)#Dharmas in Buddhist phenomenology|dharmas]]''' (factors of existence) in past, present, and future, Nāgārjuna asserted that the nature of the dharmas (hence the enlightenment) to be [[shunyata|śūnya]] (void or empty), bringing together other key Buddhist doctrines, particularly [[anatta|anātman]] (no-self) and [[pratitya-samutpada|pratītyasamutpāda]] (dependent origination). His school of thought is known as the [[Madhyamaka]]. After the end of the [[Kushan Empire|Kuṣāṇas]], Buddhism flourished in India during the dynasty of the [[Gupta]]s (4th – 6th century). Mahāyāna centres of learning were established, the most important one being the [[Nalanda University|Nālandā University]] in north-eastern India. Sarvāstivāda teaching, which was criticized by Nāgārjuna was reformulated by scholars such as [[Vasubandhu]] and [[Asanga|Asaṅga]] and were incorporated into the [[Yogacara|Yogācāra]] (Sanskrit: yoga practice) school. While the Madhyamaka school asserted that there is no ultimately real thing, the Yogācāra school asserts that only the mind is ultimately existent. These two schools of thought, in opposition or synthesis, form the basis of subsequent Mahāyāna theology. There are differing views as to just when Vajrayāna and its [[tantra|tantric practice]] started. In the Tibetan tradition, it is claimed that the historical Śākyamuni Buddha taught tantra, but as these are esoteric teachings, they were written down long after the Buddha's other teachings. The earliest texts appeared around the early 4th century. Nālandā University became a center for the development of Vajrayāna theory and continued as the source of leading-edge Vajrayāna practices up through the 11th century. These practices, scriptures and theory were transmitted to China, Tibet, Indochina and Southeast Asia. China generally received Indian transmission up to the 11th century including tantric practice, while a vast amount of what is considered to be [[Tibetan Buddhism]] (Vajrayāna) stems from the late (9th-12th century) Nālandā tradition. === Decline of Buddhism in India and Central Asia === {{see also|Decline of Buddhism in India}} Buddhism was established in the northern regions of India and [[Central Asia]], and kingdoms with Buddhist rulers such as [[Menander I]] and [[Kanishka|Kaniska]]. Under the rule of tolerant or even sympathetic [[Greco-Bactrian kingdom|Greco-Bactrian]] and Iranian [[Achaemenid]] kings, Buddhism flourished. The rulers of the [[Kushan Empire|Kushāna Empire]] adopted Buddhism, and it continued to thrive in the region under the rule of the [[Shahi|Turk-Shāhīs]]. Buddhists were briefly persecuted under the [[Zoroastrian]] priest-king Kirder. Syncretism between Zoroastrianism and Buddhism had resulted in the rise of a 'Buddha-Mazda' divinity, which Kirder treated as heresy.<ref> Alexander Berzin, ''Berzin Archives, Historical Sketch of Buddhism and Islam in Afghanistan, November 2001.''[http://www.berzinarchives.com/islam/history_afghanistan_buddhism.html] </ref> The [[Hinayana]] traditions first spread among the [[Turkic people|Turkic]] tribes before combining with the [[Mahayana]] forms during the 2nd and 3rd centuries BCE to cover modern-day [[Pakistan]], [[Kashmir]], [[Afghanistan]], eastern and coastal [[Iran]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Turkmenistan]] and [[Tajikistan]]. These were the ancient states of [[Gandhara]], [[Bactria]], [[Parthia]] and [[Sogdia]] from where it spread to [[China]]. Among the first of these Turkic tribes to adopt Buddhism was the Turki-[[Shahi]] who adopted Buddhism as early as the 3rd century BCE. It was not, however, the exclusive faith of this region. There were also [[Zoroastrian]]s, [[Hindu]]s, [[Nestorian]] Christians, [[Jews]], [[Manichaeans]], and followers of [[shamanism]], [[Tengrism]], and other indigenous, nonorganized systems of belief. From the 4th Century CE on, [[Hinduism|Hindu]] dynasties had achieved preeminence elsewhere in India. Even in regions of Buddhist predominance, such as the northwest ([[Punjab region|Pañjāb]]) and the lower Gangetic plain ([[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bengal]]), the Indian caste system and other characteristics of Hinduism were found. In political contests between Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms, Buddhist rulers were gradually replaced by Hindu ones. By the 4th to 5th century Buddhism was already in decline in northern India, even though it was achieving multiple successes in Central Asia and along the [[Silk Road]] as far as China. The Buddhist states of Central Asia were weakened in the 6th century following the invasion of the [[White Hun]]s and Buddhism suffered as recorded by [[Xuanzang]]. Later Buddhist regions in Central Asia came either under the sway of the Persian [[Sassanid Empire|Sāsānids]] or [[Tibet]]. When the Muslim Arabs overthrew the Sāssānids they encountered Buddhists in the eastern provinces of the Persian Empire. They called them by the Persian name of ''butparast'', literally meaning "buddha-worshipper", although the term has come to be used generally for any religion in which [[cult image]]s play a role. Several high officials of the [[Abbasid|Abbāsid]] Caliphate, notably the [[Barmakids]], were descended from these East Iranian Buddhists. When [[Muhammad bin Qasim|Muhammad ibn Qāsim]] led the invasion of [[Sindh]] at the mouth of the [[Indus]] river, he was aided by some Buddhists in his campaign against their Hindu overlord, [[Raja Dahir|Rājā Dahir]]. Relations with later Arab rulers such as the [[Saffarid]]s and [[Samanid]]s were more difficult; Buddhist monasteries and stūpas were not exempt from looting under Arab rule.<ref> Alexander Berzin, Berzin Archives </ref> Western Central Asia was under the control of first Arab and then Persian Muslims from the 8th century CE on. The Central Asian regions at this point became caught up in political squabbles as the [[Shahi]]s, [[Umayyad]]s, [[Tang dynasty]], [[Khitan]]s, [[Tibet]]ans, [[Qarakhanid]]s and other Turkic tribes vied over control of the area. After the disintegration of the [[Abbasid|Abbāsid]] Caliphate, the Muslim Turks rose to prominence among the Persian emirates that emerged in Central Asia and [[Afghanistan]]. In the 10th century CE, one of them, [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmūd of Ghaznī]], defeated the [[Shahi|Hindō-Shāhīs]] and finally brought the region firmly under Muslim rule through Afghanistan and the [[Punjab region|Pañjāb]]. He demolished monasteries alongside temples during his raid across north-western India but left those within his domains and [[Afghanistan]] alone and [[al-Biruni]] recorded Buddha as a prophet "burxan". The originally pagan Turkic tribes who lived in western Central Asia converted to Islām as they came to be increasingly influenced by Persian culture. As the Turkic tribes of Central Asia battled for control of land, similarly an ideological battle waged within them as [[Sufi]]s, faced with an increasing hostile environment in Arabia, moved to [[Transoxania]] and found fertile ground here for converts among the Buddhist and non-Buddhist Turkic tribes alike. Buddhism persisted, together with [[Christianity]], [[Manichaeism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], and [[shamanism]] in areas to the east (modern [[Xinjiang]]) for several centuries, which did not become overwhelmingly Muslim until the 15th century CE; however, under the two-pronged onslaught Buddhism waned and over time Central Asia gradually became predominantly Muslim. In 1215 [[Genghis Khan]] conquered [[Afghanistan]] and his horde devastated the local population indiscriminately; in 1227 after his death his conquest was divided and [[Chagatai]] established the [[Chagatai Khanate]] while [[Hulegu]] established the [[Il Khanate]] where Buddhism was the state religion across Muslim lands. In the Chagatai Khanate the Buddhist Turkic tribes slowly converted to Islam, including the occasional Khan [http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/chagatai.html]. When Tarmashirin came to power he made Islam the official religion of the region in 1326. In the [[Il Khanate]], [[Hulegu]] and his successors [[Abaqa]] and [[Arghun]] also established Buddhism as the state religion but were hostile to the Muslims. Many mosques were destroyed and numerous stupas built; however, when [[Ghazan]] came to power in 1295 and converted he reverted the state religion to [[Islam]] and the climate turned hostile to Buddhism. Today no stupas built by the earlier Mongol Khans survive, and after [[Ghazan]]'s reign little mention of Buddhism can be found in Afghanistan and Central Asia[http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/ilkhanate.html]. Buddhists retained power in parts of northern India, in [[Kashmir|Kaśmīr]] and especially in Bengal, where the Buddhist [[Pala Empire|Pāla]] kings ruled from the 8th-12th centuries CE. These last Buddhist strongholds played an important role in the evolution of the [[Vajrayana|Vajrayāna]] and the transmission of that form of Buddhism to [[Tibet]] before they collapsed under assault from the Hindu [[Sena dynasty]]. Elsewhere in India, Buddhism suffered from pressure by Hindu dynasties, such as the increasingly powerful [[Rajput]]s, as well as competition from a Hinduism that had gained ideological coherence and emotional vigor from such movements as [[Vedanta|Vedānta]] philosophy and [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti devotionalism]]. One symptom of increased Hindu confidence with regard to Buddhism was the identification of the Buddha as an [[avatar|avatāra]] of the Hindu god [[Vishnu]] – an identification which contradicted basic Buddhist understandings about the nature of a Buddha and of [[nirvana|nirvāna]]. In 1193, only a few decades after the fall of the Pāla kingdom, [[Muhammad Khilji|Muhammad Khiljī]] destroyed [[Nalanda University|Nālandā]], the great Buddhist university. Khiljī was one of the generals of [[Qutb-ud-din Aybak|Qutbuddīn Aybak]], a subject of the Afghan [[Ghorids|Ghurids]] but soon to become the monarch of a [[Delhi Sultanate|Muslim sultanate at Delhi]]. Khiljī's march across northern India caused a precipitous decline in the fortunes of Indian Buddhism, as he destroyed Buddhist walled monasteries fortified by the Sena kings (which he thought were cities), killed the monks and burned their libraries. After the [[Mongol]] invasions of Islamic lands across Central Asia, many [[Sufi]]s also found themselves fleeing towards the newly established Islamic lands in India around the environs of [[Bengal]]. Here their influence, caste attitudes towards Buddhists, previous familiarity with Buddhism, lack of Buddhist political power or social structure along with [[Hinduism]]'s revival movements such as [[Advaita]] and the rise of the syncretic [[bhakti movement]], all contributed to a significant realignment of beliefs relegating Buddhism in India to the peripheries. By the 13th century CE, Buddhism had become a marginal religion in central India; without a monastic infrastructure, Buddhism could not easily maintain its identity, and many Buddhists, especially in Bengal, were converted to Islām, Hinduism or left for the Himalayan foothills. In Kaśmīr Buddhism remained a significant religion down to the early 15th century, when it was displaced by Islām and Hinduism, except among the Tibetan peoples of [[Ladakh]]. Elements of Buddhism have remained within India to the current day: the [[Baul]]s of [[Bengal]] have a syncretic set of practices with strong emphasis on many Buddhist concepts. Other areas of India have never parted from Buddhism, including Ladakh and other Himalayan regions with a primarily Tibetan population. The [[Newar]]s of [[Nepal]] also retain a form of Buddhism that differs from the Buddhism of Tibet. Furthermore, much of Buddhist philosophy was eventually absorbed into Hinduism. ==Main Traditions== [[Image:Dazu.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Dazu Rock Carvings|Rock carvings]] at Dazu near [[Chongqing]], [[China]].]] Buddhist schools are usually divided into two main branches: [[Theravada|Theravāda]] Buddhism and [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]] Buddhism. [[Vajrayana|Vajrayāna]] is sometimes named as a third, but is more commonly considered a form of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Another way of categorizing Buddhist schools follows the major languages of the extant Buddhist canons, which exist in [[Pāli]], [[Tibetan (language)|Tibetan]] (also found in [[Mongolian (language)|Mongolian]] translation) and [[Chinese language|Chinese]] collections, along with some texts that still exist in [[Sanskrit]] and [[Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit]]. This is a useful division for practical purposes, but does not necessarily correspond to philosophical or doctrinal divisions. Despite the differences, there are [[Basic Points Unifying the Theravada and the Mahayana|common threads to almost all Buddhist branches]]: *All accept [[Gautama Buddha]] as their teacher. *All accept the [[Middle Way]], [[Dependent origination]], the [[Four Noble Truths]] and the [[Noble Eightfold Path]]. *All accept that both the members of the laity and of the Saṅgha can pursue the path toward enlightenment ([[bodhi]]). *All accept two [[types of Buddha]] and consider Buddhahood to be the highest attainment. ===Theravāda=== {{main|Theravada}} '''[[Theravada|Theravāda]]''' is [[Pāli]] for "the Doctrine of the Elders". Theravāda teaches one to encourage [[parami|wholesome states of mind]], avoid unwholesome states of mind, and to train the mind in [[Buddhist meditation|meditation]]. The ultimate aim of practice, according to Theravāda Buddhism, is the attainment of [[Nirvana|freedom from suffering]]. Theravāda teaches that this experience of suffering is caused by mental defilements like greed, aversion and delusion, while freedom can be attained though putting into practice teachings like the [[Four Noble Truths]] and the [[Noble Eightfold Path]]. The Theravāda school bases its practice and doctrine exclusively on the [[Pali Canon|Pāli Canon]] and its commentaries. The [[sutra|Sutta]] collections and [[Vinaya]] texts of the Pāli Canon (and the corresponding texts in other versions of the [[Tripitaka|Tripiṭaka]]), are generally considered by modern scholars to be the earliest Buddhist literature, and they are accepted as authentic in every branch of Buddhism. Theravāda is the only surviving representative of the historical [[early Buddhist schools]]. Theravāda is primarily practiced today in [[Sri Lanka]], [[Myanmar]], [[Laos]], [[Thailand]], [[Cambodia]] as well as portions of [[China]], [[Vietnam]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]]. It has a growing presence in [[Europe]] and [[Americas|America]]. ===Mahāyāna=== [[Image: Jiuhuashan_bodhisattva_image.JPG|thumb|150px|right|Relief image of the bodhisattva [[Kuan Yin]] from [[Mt. Jiuhua]].]] {{main|Mahayana}} The '''[[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]]''' ([[Sanskrit]]: "Great Vehicle") branch emphasizes infinite, universal compassion (''maha-karuna''), or [[bodhicitta]] - the selfless, ultra-altruistic quest of the [[Bodhisattva]] to attain the "Awakened Mind" ([[bodhicitta]]) of Buddhahood so as to have the fullest possible knowledge of how most effectively to lead all sentient beings into [[Nirvana]]. Emphasis is also often placed on the notions of Emptiness ([[shunyata]]), [[prajna-paramita]] and [[Buddha-nature]]. The Mahayana can also on occasion communicate a vision of the Buddha or Dharma which amounts to mysticism and give expression to a form of mentalist [[pantheism]] or [[panentheism]] ([[God in Buddhism]]). In addition to the [[Tripitaka]] scriptures, which (within Mahayana) are viewed as valid but only provisional or basic, Mahāyāna schools recognize all or part of a genre of [[Mahayana Sutras|Mahayana scriptures]]. Some of these sutras became for Mahayanists a manifestation of the Buddha himself. Mahāyāna Buddhism shows a great deal of doctrinal variation and development over time, and even more variation in terms of practice. While there is much agreement on general principles, there is disagreement over which texts are more authoritative. Native Mahāyāna Buddhism is practiced today in [[China]], [[Japan]], [[Korea]], [[Sri Lanka]] and most of [[Vietnam]]. The Buddhism practiced in Tibet, the Himalayan regions, and Mongolia is also Mahāyāna in origin, but will be discussed below under the heading of [[Vajrayāna]]. Some of the sects of the Mahāyāna include the various schools and traditions within [[Zen|Chan/Zen]] and [[Pure Land Buddhism|Pure Land]]. ===Vajrayāna=== [[Image:Young_monks_of_Drepung.jpg|thumb|right|274px|Young Tibetan Buddhist monks of Drepung]] {{main|Vajrayana}} The '''[[Vajrayana|Vajrayāna]]''' or "Diamond Vehicle" (also referred to as Mantrayāna, Tantrayāna, [[Tantra|Tantric]] Buddhism, or [[esotericism|esoteric]] Buddhism) shares the basic concepts of Mahāyāna, but also includes a vast array of spiritual techniques designed to enhance Buddhist practice. Vajrayāna Buddhism exists today in the form of two major sub-schools: [[Tibetan Buddhism]] and [[Shingon Buddhism]]. One component of the Vajrayāna is harnessing psycho-physical energy as a means of developing profoundly powerful states of concentration and awareness. These profound states are in turn to be used as an efficient path to Buddhahood. Using these techniques, it is claimed that a practitioner can achieve Buddhahood in one lifetime, or even as little as three years. In addition to the Theravāda and Mahāyāna scriptures, Vajrayāna Buddhists recognise a large body of texts that include the [[Buddhist texts#Vajrayana Texts|Buddhist Tantras]]. Native Vajrayāna is practiced today mainly in Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, Mongolia, [[Kalmykia]], [[Siberia]], areas of India, and – in the [[Shingon]] (''Zhènyān'', 真言) and [[Tendai]] schools – in China and Japan. ===Intellectualism and Buddhist worldview=== {{main|History of Buddhist schools}} In his lifetime, Gautama Buddha had not answered several philosophical questions. On issues like whether the world is eternal or non-eternal, finite or infinite, unity or separation of the body and the [[Atman (Buddhism)|self]], complete inexistence of a person after nirvana and then death, nature of the Supreme Truth, etc, the Buddha had remained silent. Commentators explain that such questions distract from practical activity for realizing [[Enlightenment (concept)|enlightenment]]. In numerous Mahayana sutras and Tantras, the Buddha stresses that Dharma (Truth) and the Buddha himself in their ultimate modus cannot truly be understood with the ordinary rational mind or logic: both Buddha and Reality (ultimately One) transcend all worldly concepts. The "prajna-paramita" sutras have this as one of their major themes. What is urged is study, mental and moral self-cultivation, and veneration of the sutras, which are as fingers pointing to the moon of Truth, but then to let go of ratiocination and to experience direct entry into Liberation itself. The Buddha in the self-styled "Uttara-Tantra", the [[Mahaparinirvana Sutra]], insists that, while pondering upon Dharma is vital, one must then relinquish fixation on words and letters, as these are utterly divorced from Liberation and the Buddha. The Tantra entitled the "All-Creating King" ([[Kunjed Gyalpo Tantra]]) also emphasises how Buddhic Truth lies beyond the range of thought and is ultimately mysterious. The Supreme Buddha, Samantabhadra, states there: "The mind of perfect purity [i.e. the Awakened Mind of Buddha] ... is beyond thinking and inexplicable ... It dwells in the self-perfected bliss which is deedless and self-perfected ... I am the best path of liberation. It is a path, subtle and difficult to understand, which is non-speculative and beyond thinking ... It cannot be captured in words ... It is firm, difficult to comprehend, and totally inexplicable." (''The Sovereign All-Creating Mind'' tr. by E.K. Neumaier-Dargyay, pp. 111-112). Also later, the famous Indian Buddhist [[yogi]] and teacher [[mahasiddha]] [[Tilopa]] discouraged any intellectual activity in his [[Tilopa#6 words of advice|6 words of advice]]. Buddhist missionaries, however, often faced philosophical questions from other religions whose answers they themselves did not know. For those, who have attachment to [[intellectualism]], Buddhist scholars produced a prodigious quantity of intellectual theories, philosophies and worldview concepts. See e.g. [[Abhidharma]], [[Buddhist philosophy]] and [[Reality in Buddhism]]. == Buddhist texts == [[Image:Konchog-wangdu.jpeg|frame|Buddhist monk Geshe Konchog Wangdu reads Mahayana sutras from an old woodblock copy of the Tibetan Kanjur.]] {{main|Buddhist texts}} Buddhist scriptures and other texts exist in great variety. Different schools of Buddhism place varying levels of value on them. Some schools venerate certain texts as religious objects in themselves, while others take a more scholastic approach. The Buddhist canon of [[scripture]] is known in [[Sanskrit]] as the '''[[Tripitaka]]''' and in [[Pāli]] as the '''Tipitaka'''. These terms literally mean "three baskets" and refer to the three main divisions of the canon, which are: *The '''[[Vinaya|Vinaya Piṭaka]]''', containing disciplinary rules for the [[Sangha|Saṅghas]] of Buddhist [[monk]]s and [[nun]]s, as well as a range of other texts including explanations of why and how rules were instituted, supporting material, and doctrinal clarification. *The '''[[Sutta Pitaka|Sūtra Piṭaka]]''' (Pāli: Sutta Piṭaka), contains the actual discourses of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]. *The '''[[Abhidhamma|Abhidharma Piṭaka]]''' (Pāli: ''Abhidhamma Piṭaka'') contains commentaries or systematic expositions of the Buddha's teachings. Soon after the death of the Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held; a monk named [[Mahakasyapa|Mahākāśyapa]] (Pāli: Mahākassapa) presided. The goal of the council was to record the Buddha's sayings – [[sutra|sūtras]] (Sanskrit) or suttas (Pāli) – and codify monastic rules (Vinaya). [[Ananda|Ānanda]], the Buddha's personal attendant, was called upon to recite the discourses of the Buddha, and [[Upali|Upāli]], another disciple, recited the rules of the Vinaya. These became the basis of the Tripiṭaka. However, this record was initially transmitted orally in form of chanting, and was committed to text in a much later period. Both the sūtras and the Vinaya of every Buddhist school contain a wide variety of elements including discourses on the Dharma, commentaries on other teachings, cosmological and cosmogonical texts, stories of the Buddha's previous lives, and lists relating to various subjects. The [[Theravada|Theravāda]] and other [[Nikaya Buddhism|Nikāya schools]] believe that the texts of their canon contain the actual words of the Buddha. The Theravāda canon, also known as the [[Pali Canon|Pāli Canon]] after the language it was written in, contains some four million words. Other texts, such as the [[Mahayana sutras|Mahāyāna sūtras]], are also considered to be the word of the Buddha, but were transmitted either in secret, via lineages of mythical beings (such as the [[naga (mythology)|nāgas]]), or came directly from other [[Buddha]]s or [[bodhisattva]]s. Some six hundred Mahāyāna sutras have survived in Sanskrit or in [[Chinese language|Chinese]] or [[Tibetan language|Tibetan]] translations. The followers of Theravāda Buddhism take the scriptures known as the Pāli Canon as definitive and authoritative, while the followers of Mahāyāna Buddhism base their faith and philosophy primarily on the Mahāyāna sūtras and their own versions of the Vinaya. The Pāli sutras, along with other, closely-related scriptures, are known to the other schools as the [[agama (text)|āgamas]]. Whereas the Theravādins adhere solely to the āgamas and their commentaries, the adherents of Mahāyāna accept both the agamas and the Mahāyāna sūtras as authentic and valid teachings of the Buddha, designed for different types of persons and different levels of spiritual penetration. For the Theravādins, however, the Mahayana sūtras are works of poetic fiction, not the words of the Buddha himself. The Theravadins are confident that the agamas represent the full and final statement by the Buddha of his Dhamma - and nothing more is truly needed beyond that. Anything added which claims to be the word of the Buddha and yet is not found in the Nikayas or their scholastic commentaries is treated with extreme caution if not outright rejection by Theravada. For the Mahāyānists, in contrast, the āgamas do indeed contain basic, foundational, and, therefore, relatively weighty pronouncements of the Buddha, but in their view, the Mahāyāna sutras articulate the Buddha's higher, more advanced and deeper doctrines, reserved for those who follow the exalted bodhisattva path. That path is built upon the motivation to achieve not only personal liberation, but Buddhahood itself in order to know how best to liberate all living beings from unhappiness. Hence the name ''Mahāyāna'' (lit., ''the Great Vehicle''), which has room for both the general masses of sentient beings and those who are more developed. The "Great" of "Maha-yana" is indeed typical of much of this version of Buddhism - from the physical bigness (lengthiness) of some of the Mahayana sutras and the vastness of the Bodhisattva vow (to strive for '''all''' future time to help free other persons and creatures from pain), to the numbers of beings who are sought to be saved (infinitudes), to the (in some sutras and Tantras) final attainment of the Buddha's "'''Great''' Self" (''mahatman'') in the sphere of "'''Great''' Nirvana" (''mahanirvana''). For the Theravadins, however, this alleged "greatness" proclaimed by some Mahayana sutras does not necessarily equate to "true". Unlike many religions, Buddhism has no single central text that is universally referred to by all traditions. The size and complexity of the Buddhist canons have been seen by some (including Buddhist social reformer [[Babasaheb Ambedkar]]) as presenting barriers to the wider understanding of Buddhist philosophy. Over the years, various attempts have been made at synthesizing a single Buddhist text that will encompass all of the major principles of Buddhism. In the [[Theravada]] tradition, condensed 'study texts' were created that combined popular or influential scriptures into single volumes that could be studied by novice monks. Later in Sri Lanka, the [[Dhammapada]] was championed as a unifying scripture. [[Dwight Goddard]] collected what he felt was a representative sample of Buddhist scriptures- along with other classics of Eastern philosophy, such as the [[Tao Te Ching]]- into his [[Buddhist Bible]] in the 1920's. More recently, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar attempted to create a single, combined document of Buddhist principles with his [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/ambedkar_buddha/ “The Buddha and His Dhamma”]. Other such efforts have persisted to the present day, but currently there is no single text widely accepted as being central to all Buddhist traditions. == Present state of Buddhism == {{sectstub}} [[Image:Buddha statues in a temple on Jejudo.jpg|thumb|250px|Typical interior of a temple in [[Korean Buddhism|Korea]]]] Estimates of the number of Buddhists vary but the most common figure today is 350 million. *[[Theravada|Theravāda]] Buddhism, using [[Pāli]] as its scriptural language, is the dominant form of Buddhism in Southeast Asia, [[Thailand]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Myanmar]] and [[India]]. *[[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]] forms of Buddhism that use scriptures in [[Chinese language|Chinese]] are dominant in most of [[China]], [[Japan]], [[Korea]], [[Taiwan]] and [[Vietnam]] as well as the Chinese communities around the world, especially within Indochina and Southeast Asia as well as in the West. *[[Vajrayana|Vajrayāna]] Buddhism, using the Tibetan language, is found in [[Tibet]] and the surrounding area of [[India]], [[Bhutan]], [[Mongolia]], [[नेपाल]], [[Tibet]]/[[China]], and the [[Russian Federation]]. [[Poland]], [[Denmark]], [[Greece]] and the [[Russian Federation]] are the first European countries to recognize Buddhism as an official religion. *The [[Indian Buddhist Movement]] is a revival of Buddhism in India. This movement was initiated by [[B. R. Ambedkar]] in 1956 with a mass conversion ceremony of Hindu [[Untouchables]] now known as [[Dalit (outcaste)|Dalit]]s. Their practice is general and they do not follow any particular Buddhist school of thought. At the present time, the teachings of all three branches of Buddhism have spread throughout the world, and Buddhist texts are increasingly translated into local languages. While in the West, Buddhism is often seen as exotic and progressive, in the East, Buddhism is regarded as familiar and part of the establishment. Buddhists in Asia are frequently well organised and well funded. In a number of countries, it is recognised as an official religion and receives state support. In the West, Buddhism is recognised as one of the growing spiritual influences. (see [[Buddhism in the West]]) See also [[Buddhism by country]] == Buddhist Culture and Art == {{main|Buddhist culture and art}} == Comparative Study == {{sectstub}} Buddhism is a fertile ground for comparative studies with different beliefs, philosophy, science, history, and various other aspects of Buddhism. In term of doctrine, [[Pratitya-samutpada|dependent origination]] is Buddhism's primary contribution to metaphysics. This has wide-ranging implication in terms of theology, philosophy, and science. On the other hand, Buddhist emphasis on the [[Middle way]] not only provides a unique guideline for ethics but it has also allowed Buddhism to peacefully coexist with various local beliefs, customs, and institutions in adopted countries for most of its history. '''List of Buddhism related topics in comparative studies''' *[[Buddhadharma and other Indian Dharmas]] (Buddhism and other dharma-related brief) *[[Buddhism and Eastern teaching]] (Buddhism and East Asian teaching) *[[God in Buddhism]] (Buddhism and monotheism) *[[Buddhist-Christian Parallels]] *[[Buddhist philosophy]] (Buddhism and Western philosophy) *[[Buddhist Ethics]] (Buddhism and ethics) *[[Buddhism and science]] (Buddhism and science) *[[Buddhism and Schism]] [http://nt.med.ncku.edu.tw/biochem/lsn/AccessToInsight/html/lib/authors/thanissaro/bmc2/ch21.html] ==See also== {{portal}} *[[Basic Points Unifying the Theravada and the Mahayana]] *[[Buddhist terms and concepts]] *[[List of Buddhist topics]] *[[List of Buddhists]] ==References== *{{cite book | author=Gail Omvedt (ed.) | title=Buddhism in India : Challenging Brahmanism and Caste | publisher=Sage Publications | year=2003 | id=ISBN 81-7829-128-2}} *{{cite book | author=Coogan, Michael D. (ed.) | title=The Illustrated Guide to World Religions | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2003 | id=ISBN 1-84483-125-6}} *[[Thom Brooks]], 'Better Luck Next Time: A comparative analysis of Socrates and Mahayana Buddhism on reincarnation', ''Journal of Indian Philosophy and Religion'' 10 (2005): 1-25. *{{web-cite|ref=Dhammananda_64|author=[[K. Sri Dhammananda]]|page=http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/whatbelieve.pdf|title=What Buddhists Believe|site=Buddhist Mission Society of Malaysia|date=1964}} ISBN 983-40071-2-7. *{{cite book | author=Gethin, Rupert | title=Foundations of Buddhism | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1998 | id=ISBN 0-19-289223-1}} *{{cite book | author=Gunaratana, Bhante Henepola | title=Mindfulness in Plain English | publisher=Wisdom Publications | year=2002 | id=ISBN 0-86171-321-4}} Also available on-line: [http://www.saigon.com/~anson/ebud/mfneng/mind0.htm] [http://www.urbandharma.org/udharma4/mpe.html] [http://www.vipassana.com/meditation/mindfulness_in_plain_english.php] *{{cite book | author=Lowenstein, Tom | title=The vision of the Buddha | publisher=Duncan Baird Publishers | year=1996 | id=ISBN 1-903296-91-9}} *{{cite|ref=Hanh_74|author=[[Thich Nhat Hanh]]|title=The Heart of the Buddha's Teaching|publisher=Broadway Books|date=1974}} ISBN 0-7679-0369-2. *{{cite book | author=[[Robert A. F. Thurman|Thurman, Robert A. F.]] (translator) | title=Holy Teaching of Vimalakirti: Mahayana Scripture | publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press | year=1976 | id=ISBN 0-271-00601-3}} *{{cite|ref=Rahula_74|author=[[Walpola Rahula]]|title=What the Buddha Taught|publisher=Grove Press|date=1974}} ISBN 0-8021-3031-3. *{{cite|ref=White_74|author=[[Kenneth White]]|title=The Role of Bodhicitta in Buddhist Enlightenment Including a Translation into English of Bodhicitta-sastra, Benkemmitsu-nikyoron, and Sammaya-kaijo|publisher=The Edwin Mellen Press|date=2005}} ISBN 0-7734-5985-5. *{{cite book | author=Yamamoto, Kosho (translation), revised and edited by Dr. Tony Page | title=The [[Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra]]| publisher=(Nirvana Publications 1999-2000)}} *{{cite|ref=Yin_98|author=[[Yin Shun]], Yeung H. Wing (translator)|title=The Way to Buddhahood: Instructions from a Modern Chinese Master|publisher=Wisdom Publications|date=1998}} ISBN 0-86171-133-5. *{{cite book | author=Sinha, H.P. | title=Bhāratīya Darshan kī rūprekhā (Features of Indian Philosophy) | publisher=Motilal Banarasidas Publ. | year=1993 | id=ISBN 81-208-2144-0}} * John Dickson, A Spectator’s Guide to World Religions. Sydney: Blue Bottle Books, 2004. * A View on Buddhism: http://buddhism.kalachakranet.org/ * E-Asia digital library: http://e-asia.uoregon.edu/ * Buddhism: http://en.wikipedia.org/ * Presenting Theravada Buddhism in its Pristine Form: http://web.ukonline.co.uk/ * Thangka Paintings: http://www.buddhart.com/ * Islam and Buddhism: http://www.harunyahya.com/ * The public’s library and digital archive: http://www.ibiblio.org/ * Buddhism and the Bible: http://www.islamawareness.net/ * Spiritual – Buddhism: http://www.isymbolz.com/ * Buddhism – an overview: http://www.religions-and-spiritualities-guide.com/ * Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism: http://www.thaiexotictreasures.com/ ==Notes== <!--<nowiki> See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref> and </ref> tags, and the template below </nowiki>--> {{FootnotesSmall|resize=100%}} # {{note|Sarvabuddhavishayavatarajnanalokalamkarasutra}} Sarvabuddhavishayavatarajñanalokalamkarasutra as cited by Elías Capriles in ''[http://eliascapriles.dzogchen.ru/philosophicalschools.zip The Four Schools of Buddhist Philosophy]: Clear Discrimination of Views Pointing at the Definitive Meaning. The Four Philosophical Schools of the Sutrayana Traditionally Taught in Tibet with Reference to the Dzogchen Teachings''. Published on the Web. # {{note|ChNN_Dream_Yoga_book}} Chögyal Namkhai Norbu ''Dream Yoga And The Practice Of Natural Light''. Edited and introduced by Michael Katz, Snow Lion Publications, Ithaca, NY, ISBN 1−55939−007−7, p. 42 # {{note|Dr.A.Berzin_on_appearances}} Dr. A. Berzin. ''[http://www.berzinarchives.com/tantra/alaya_impure_02.html Alaya and Impure Appearance-Making]'' # {{note|Elas_Capriles_book1}} Elías Capriles. ''[http://eliascapriles.dzogchen.ru/buddhismanddzogchen1.zip Buddhism and Dzogchen]: the Doctrine of the Buddha and the Supreme Vehicle of Tibetan Buddhism. Part 1 - Buddhism: a Dzogchen Outlook''. Published on the Web. # {{note|Sangha_TripleJewel}} Thanissaro Bhikkhu. ''[http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/refuge.html#goi Refuge: An Introduction to the Buddha, Dhamma, & Sangha]''. Third edition, revised, 2001 ==External links== {{cleanup-spam}} <!--buddhachat, not notable and is advertising; hongakujodo, advertising a single sect, advertising; meditate london, intro to buddhism not needed, they are practically the same; other two are not about buddhism but about sutras.--> *[http://www.deerparkgathering.org/introduction.html Introduction to Buddhism ] *[http://www.e-sangha.com E-Sangha Buddhism Portal] *[http://www.dalailama.com/page.5.htm His Holiness The Dalai Lama teachings on Buddhism] *[http://www.accesstoinsight.org/index.html Access to Insight] Readings in Theravada Buddhism. *[http://www.buddhanet.net BuddhaNet] *[http://www.dhammakaya.or.th/ Dhammakaya Foundation ] *[http://buddhism.about.com/ Buddhism.about.com] *[http://www.nirvanasutra.org.uk "Nirvana Sutra Buddhism": full text and discussion of the Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra] *[http://www.webspawner.com/users/bodhisattva/index.html Tathagatagarbha Buddhism: English translations of five major Tathagatagarbha sutras] *[http://www.ciolek.com/WWWVL-Buddhism.html Buddhist Studies WWW Virtual Library]: the Internet guide. *[http://www.dharmanet.org/ DharmaNet] *[http://www.world-religion.org/buddhism.php Encyclopedia of Religion Buddhism article] *[http://www.buddhaweb.org/ Essentials of Buddhism] *[http://www.religionfacts.com/buddhism/contents.htm ReligionFacts.com on Buddhism] facts, glossary, timeline and articles. *[http://www.ambedkar.org/buddhism/BAHD/45A.Buddha%20and%20His%20Dhamma%20PART%20I.htm '''The Buddha and His Dhamma''' A single, comprehensive document of Buddhist principles by Dr B R Ambedkar, 1956] *[http://www.justbegood.net/ For people who want to learn the basics of Buddhism] Also related to the slogan: ''Anyone can go to Heaven, Just Be Good''. * [http://www.buddhaoffering.com Buddha Offering has many photos of traditional Buddhist art and ritual objects.] {{Link FA|ar}} {{Link FA|vi}} [[af:Boeddhisme]] [[als:Buddhismus]] [[ar:بوذية]] [[bn:বৌদ্ধধর্ম]] 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[[yi:בודהיזם]] [[zh:佛教]] [[Category:Buddhism| ]] [[Category:Dharmic religions]] [[Category:Eastern culture]] [[Category:Religion in India]] [[Category:Religious faiths, traditions, and movements]] 2476 7117 2006-09-30T11:07:51Z Xandi 147 +iw '''><(((*>''' [[pt:User:Xandi]] [[aa:User:Xandi]] [[af:Gebruiker:Xandi]] [[ak:User:Xandi]] [[als:Benutzer:Xandi]] [[am:User:Xandi]] [[an:Usuario:Xandi]] [[ang:User:Xandi]] [[ar:مستخدم:Xandi]] [[arc:User:Xandi]] [[as:User:Xandi]] [[ast:Usuariu:Xandi]] [[ay:Utilisateur:Xandi]] [[av:Участник:Xandi]] [[az:İstifadəçi:Xandi]] [[ba:Ҡатнашыусы:Xandi]] [[be:Удзельнік:Xandi]] [[bg:Потребител:Xandi]] [[bm:Utilisateur:Xandi]] [[bn:ব্যবহারকারী:Xandi]] [[bo:User:Xandi]] [[br:Implijer:Xandi]] [[bs:User:Xandi]] [[ca:Usuari:Xandi]] [[ch:User:Xandi]] [[chr:User:Xandi]] [[co:User:Xandi]] [[ceb:User:Xandi]] [[cs:Wikipedista:Xandi]] [[csb:Brëkòwnik:Xandi]] [[cy:Defnyddiwr:Xandi]] [[cv:Хутшăнакан:Xandi]] [[da:Bruger:Xandi]] [[dv:User:Xandi]] [[dz:User:Xandi]] 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[[zh:User:Xandi]] [[zh-min-nan:User:Xandi]] [[zh-yue:User:Xandi]] [[zu:User:Xandi]] 2477 9078 2007-01-19T17:58:26Z Eukesh 93 {{Infobox Mountain | Name = कञ्चनजङ्घा | Photo = CRW 0878.jpg | Caption =<small>चौधफेरीबाट एकाविहानै देखिने कञ्चनजङ्घा</small> | Elevation = ८,५८६ मिटर (२८,१६९ फिट)<br><small>[[आठ-हजारी|तेश्रो श्रेणी]]</small> | Location = [[नेपाल]] र [[भारत]] | Range = [[हिमालय]] | Prominence = ३,९२२ मिटर <small>[[List_of_peaks_by_prominence|Ranked 30th]]</small> | Coordinates = {{coor dms|27|42|09|N|88|08|54|E|type:mountain}} | First ascent = [[१९५५]], द्वारा: [[जर्ज ब्याण्ड]] र [[जो ब्राउन]] | Easiest route = glacier/snow/ice climb }} '''कञ्चनजङ्घा''' संसारको तेस्रो अग्लो र नेपालको दोस्रो अग्लो हिमाल हो। यसको उचाइ ८५८६ मि. छ। 2478 7134 2006-10-04T03:50:45Z 75.35.136.70 नमस्कार, म चित्र क्यालिफोर्निया बाट। नेपाली विकिपीडियालाई सहयोग गरौं। 2480 7155 2006-10-05T04:17:22Z Jose77 104 जाउ 2481 7172 2006-10-05T04:27:03Z Jose77 104 जाउ 2482 7187 2006-10-05T04:38:10Z Jose77 104 यो पृष्ठ अवलोकन गर्नुहोस् 2483 7237 2006-10-05T05:01:16Z Jose77 104 [[Wikipedia:Community Portal]] moved to [[आयोजना:सामाजिक पोर्टल]] #REDIRECT [[आयोजना:सामाजिक पोर्टल]] 2484 7239 2006-10-05T05:01:16Z Jose77 104 [[Wikipedia talk:Community Portal]] moved to [[Talk:आयोजना:सामाजिक पोर्टल]] #REDIRECT [[Talk:आयोजना:सामाजिक पोर्टल]] 2487 7298 2006-10-05T20:05:08Z Jose77 104 अनुदान 2488 7299 2006-10-05T20:05:30Z Jose77 104 रद्द 2491 7328 2006-10-07T04:57:37Z Eukesh 93 {| align="left" class="toccolours" style="clear:both;" ! colspan="2" style="text-align: left;" | {| style="background:orange; border: 0px; padding: 0px; spacing:0px;width:100%;" |- | width="60%"; style="text-align:center; font-size:120%;" | '''[[हिन्दू धर्म]]''' |} {| |align="right" style="font-size: 110%; " |'''[[श्रुति(हिन्दू धर्म)|श्रुति]]:''' |style="font-size: 110%;"|[[वेद]] · [[उपनिषद]] · [[श्रुत]] |- |align="right" style="font-size: 110%;" |'''[[स्मृति(हिन्दू धर्म)|स्मृति]]:''' |style="font-size: 110%;"|[[ईतिहास (हिन्दू धर्म)|ईतिहास]] ([[रामायण]], [[महाभारत]], [[श्रीमदभागवत गीता]]) · [[पुराण]] · [[सुत्र]] · [[आगम(धर्म)|आगम]] ([[तन्त्र]], [[यन्त्र]]) · [[वेदान्त]] |- |valign="top" align=right style="font-size: 110%;" |'''विचार''' |style="font-size: 110%;"|[[अवतार]] · [[आत्मा (हिन्दू धर्म)|आत्मा]] · [[ब्राह्मन]] · [[कोसस]] · [[धर्म(हिन्दू धर्म)|धर्म]] · [[कर्म (हिन्दू धर्म)|कर्म]] · [[मोक्ष]] · [[माया (हिन्दू धर्म)|माया]] · [[इष्ट-देव]] · [[मुर्ति]] · [[पूनर्जन्म(हिन्दू धर्म)|पूनर्जन्म]] · [[संसार(हिन्दू धर्म)|संसार]] · [[तत्त्व(हिन्दू धर्म)|तत्त्व]] · [[त्रिमुर्ति]] · [[कतुर्थ]];· [[गुरु-शिष्य परम्परा|गुरु]] |- |align="right" style="font-size: 110%;" |'''[[हिन्दू दर्शन|दर्शन]]:''' |style="font-size: 110%;"|[[हिन्दू मान्यता|मान्यता]] · [[प्राचीन हिन्दू धर्म]] · [[साँख्य(हिन्दू धर्म)|साँख्य]] · [[न्याय(हिन्दू धर्म)|न्याय]] · [[वैशेषिक]] · [[योग]] · [[मीमांसा]] · [[वेदान्त]] · [[तन्त्र]] · [[भक्ति योग|भक्ति]] |- |align="right" style="font-size: 110%;" |'''[[परम्परा(हिन्दू धर्म)|परम्परा]]:''' |style="font-size: 110%;"|[[ज्योतिष]] · [[आयुर्वेद]] · [[आरति]] · [[भजन]] · [[दर्शन(हिन्दू धर्म)|दर्शन]] · [[दिक्षा]] · [[मन्त्र|मन्त्र]] · [[पुजा]] · [[सत्संग]] · [[स्तोत्र]] · [[हिन्दू विवाह|विवाह]] · [[यज्ञ]] |- |align="right" style="font-size: 110%;" | '''[[गुरु]]:''' |style="font-size: 110%;"|[[आदि शंकर|शंकर]] · [[रामानुज]] · [[श्री माधवाचार्य|माधवाचार्य]] · [[रामकृष्ण परमहंस|रामकृष्ण]] · [[शारदा देवी|शारदा देवी]] · [[स्वमी विवेकानन्द|विवेकानन्द]] · [[नारायण गुरु]] · [[श्री औरोबिन्दो|औरोबिन्दो]] · [[रमन महार्षि]] · [[स्वामी शिवानन्द सरस्वती|शिवानन्द]] · [[स्‍वामी चिन्‍मयानन्‍द|चिन्‍मयानन्‍द]] · [[सत्गुरु शिवाय शुब्रमुनियस्वमी|शुब्रमुनियस्वमी]] · [[स्वामीनारायण]] · [[ए सी भक्तिवेदान्त स्वमी प्रभुपद|प्रभुपद]] · [[लोकेनाथ]] |- |align="right" style="font-size: 110%;"| '''[[हिन्दू विभाजन|विभाजन]]:''' |style="font-size: 110%;"|[[वैष्णभ]] · [[शैव]] · [[शक्ति]] · [[स्मृति]] · [[हिन्दू पूनरुत्थान]] |- |align="right" style="font-size: 110%;"|'''[[हिन्दू देवता|देवता]]:''' |style="font-size: 110%;"|[[हिन्दू देवता नाम]] · [[हिन्दू कथा]] |- |align="right" style="font-size: 110%;"|'''[[युग]]:''' |style="font-size: 110%;"|[[सत्य युग]] · [[त्रेता युग]] · [[द्वापर युग]] · [[कलि युग]] |- |align="right" style="font-size: 110%;" |'''[[हिन्दू वर्ण व्यवस्था|वर्ण]]:''' |style="font-size: 110%;"|[[ब्राह्मन]] · [[क्षत्रीय]] · [[वैश्य]] · [[शुद्र]] · [[दलित]] · [[वर्णाश्रम धर्म]] | |align="right" style="font-size: 90%;" | |<div style="float:right">{{Tnavbar|हिन्दू धर्म|mini=1}}</div> |} </div> </div> <noinclude> [[en:Hinduism]] [[new:हिन्दू धर्म]] [[pt:Predefinição:Hinduísmo]] </noinclude> 2494 7382 2006-10-14T03:53:08Z Jose77 104 <div class="boilerplate metadata" id="translate" style="background: #ffd; border: 1px solid #aa8; margin: 0 2.5%; padding: 0 10px" font align="center"> <small>[[Image:Style-stub.gif]] This page may contain English-language content that should be translated into Nepali.</small> </div> 2495 7381 2006-10-14T03:52:35Z Jose77 104 [[uk:Зображення:Style-stub.gif]] [[uk:Зображення:Style-stub.gif]] 2496 7395 2006-10-14T10:08:15Z Eukesh 93 {|align=center cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style="border:2px solid #e1eaee; border-collapse:separate;font-size:120%" |- |style="background:#F1FAFF; line-height:120%; border:1px solid #C6E4F2; border-left:0; border-top:0; padding:0px 5px 0px 5px;"|[[Special:Allpages/०|०-९]] |style="background:#EAF6FD; line-height:120%; border:1px solid #C6E4F2; border:1px solid #C6E4F2; border-left:0; border-top:0; padding:0px 5px 0px 5px;"|[[Special:Allpages/अ|अ]] |style="background:#F1FAFF; line-height:120%; border:1px solid #C6E4F2;border:1px solid #C6E4F2; border-left:0; border-top:0; padding:0px 5px 0px 5px;"|[[Special:Allpages/आ|आ]] |style="background:#EAF6FD; line-height:120%; border:1px solid #C6E4F2; border:1px solid #C6E4F2; border-left:0; border-top:0; padding:0px 5px 0px 5px;"|[[Special:Allpages/इ|इ]] |style="background:#F1FAFF; line-height:120%; border:1px solid #C6E4F2;border:1px solid #C6E4F2; border-left:0; 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[[Special:Allpages/Category:छ|छ]] [[Special:Allpages/Category:ज|ज]] [[Special:Allpages/Category:झ|झ]] [[Special:Allpages/Category:ञ|ञ]] [[Special:Allpages/Category:ट|ट]] [[Special:Allpages/Category:ठ|ठ]] [[Special:Allpages/Category:ड|ड]] [[Special:Allpages/Category:ढ|ढ]] [[Special:Allpages/Category:ण|ण]] [[Special:Allpages/Category:त|त]] [[Special:Allpages/Category:थ|थ]] [[Special:Allpages/Category:द|द]] [[Special:Allpages/Category:ध|ध]] [[Special:Allpages/Category:न|न]] [[Special:Allpages/Category:प|प]] [[Special:Allpages/Category:फ|फ]] [[Special:Allpages/Category:ब|ब]] [[Special:Allpages/Category:भ|भ]][[Special:Allpages/Category:म|म]] [[Special:Allpages/Category:य|य]] [[Special:Allpages/Category:र|र]] [[Special:Allpages/Category:ल|ल]] [[Special:Allpages/Category:व|व]] [[Special:Allpages/Category:श|श]] [[Special:Allpages/Category:ष|ष]] [[Special:Allpages/Category:ह|ह]] [[Special:Allpages/Category:क्ष|क्ष]] [[Special:Allpages/Category:त्र|त्र]] [[Special:Allpages/Category:ज्ञ|ज्ञ]] [[Special:Allpages/Category:ऋ|ऋ]] [[Special:Allpages/Category:ॠ|ॠ]] [[Special:Allpages/Category:ॐ|ॐ]] [[Special:Allpages/Category:श्र|श्र]]</span> --> 2498 8279 2007-01-05T14:26:27Z JAnDbot 157 robot Adding: an, ast, bm, bxr, fa, kg, kl, mg, mt, nds, qu, te, ve, zu Modifying: ar, arc, bg, bn, hy, ko, la, ms, nl, sq, tk, ug, vi, yi [[Image:Christ Carrying the Cross 1580.jpg|right|thumb|200px|यशु क्राइस्ट]] '''यशु क्राइस्ट''' (ईसापुर्व ८-२ देखि २९-३६ ई.सं. सम्म ) लाई नजारेत का यशु पनि भनिन्थ्यो । उनलाई ईशाइहरुका मख्य पा्त्र पनि मानिन्छ । यशु (Jesus) को शाब्दीक अर्थ ग्रीक भाषामा "चुनिएको यौटा" हुन्छ । प्रायजसो ईशाइहरु यशुलाई भगवानका छोराका रुपमा विश्वाश गर्छन् । उनलाई भगवानले मानवहरुको पाप नाश गर्न पठाएको मानिन्छ । यशुको जीवनको वारेमा वा उनका शिक्षाको वारेमा Gospel का चार नियमहरुमा जानकारीहरु पाउन सकिन्छ। [[New Testament]]: [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]], [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]], [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]], र [[Gospel of John|John]]. प्रायजसो वाइवल पढ्ने विद्धानहरु र ईतिहासकारहरु यशु एक ग्यालीको यहुदी शिक्षक भएको, र यौटा healer भएमो कुरा मान्दछन् । उनलाई जेरुशेलममा John the Baptist द्धारा baptism गरीएकोमा र crucification गरीएकोमा विश्वाश गरीन्छ। यो सवै रोमन शासक Pontius Pilate को विरुद्धमा उनले sedition गरेको आरोपमा उत्त शासक द्धारा गराउन लगाइएको मानिन्छ। [[cdo:Ià-sŭ]] [[af:Jesus Christus]] [[am:ኢየሱስ]] [[an:Chesús de Nazaret]] [[ang:Iesus Crist]] [[ar:يسوع]] [[arc:ܝܫܘܥ]] [[ast:Xesús]] [[az:İsa]] [[be:Езус Хрыстус]] [[bg:Иисус Христос]] [[bi:Jisas Kraes]] [[bm:Yesu Krista]] [[bn:যিশু]] [[bs:Isus]] [[bxr:Иисус Христос]] [[ca:Jesús de Natzaret]] [[cs:Ježíš Kristus]] [[cv:Иисус Христос]] [[cy:Iesu Grist]] [[da:Jesus fra Nazaret]] [[de:Jesus von Nazaret]] [[ee:Yesu Kristo]] [[el:Ιησούς Χριστός]] [[en:Jesus]] [[eo:Jesuo Kristo]] [[es:Jesús de Nazaret]] [[et:Jeesus]] [[fa:عیسی]] [[fi:Jeesus]] [[fj:Jisu Karisito]] [[fr:Jésus de Nazareth]] [[ga:Íosa Críost]] [[gd:Iosa Chrìosd]] [[he:ישו]] [[hi:ईसा मसीह]] [[hr:Isus]] [[hu:Jézus]] [[hy:Հիսուս Քրիստոս]] [[hz:Jesus Kristus]] [[ia:Jesus Christo]] [[id:Yesus Kristus]] [[ilo:Jesus]] [[is:Jesús]] [[it:Gesù]] [[ja:イエス・キリスト]] [[ka:ქრისტე]] [[kg:Yesu]] [[kj:Jesus Kristus]] [[kk:Иса]] [[kl:Jesus Kristus]] [[kn:ಯೇಸು ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತ]] [[ko:예수]] [[ku:Îsa]] [[kv:Исус Христос]] [[kw:Yesu Krist]] [[la:Iesus]] [[lb:Jesus vun Nazaret]] [[lg:Jesu Kristo]] [[li:Zjezus Christus]] [[lt:Jėzus Kristus]] [[lv:Jēzus Kristus]] [[mg:Jesoa]] [[mi:Ihu Karaiti]] [[mk:Исус Христос]] [[ml:യേശു ക്രിസ്തു]] [[mn:Есүс Христ]] [[ms:Jesus Christ]] [[mt:Ġesù Kristu]] [[na:Jesu Kristo]] [[nds:Jesus Christus]] [[nl:Jezus (traditioneel-christelijk benaderd)]] [[nn:Jesus]] [[no:Jesus Kristus]] [[nrm:Jésus-Chrît]] [[ny:Yesu Kristu]] [[pa:ਈਸਾ ਮਸੀਹ]] [[pdc:Yeesus Grischdus]] [[pl:Jezus Chrystus]] [[pt:Jesus]] [[qu:Jesus]] [[rm:Gesu da Nazaret]] [[ro:Isus din Nazaret]] [[ru:Иисус Христос]] [[scn:Gesù Cristu]] [[sh:Isus]] [[simple:Jesus]] [[sk:Ježiš Kristus]] [[sl:Jezus Kristus]] [[sm:Iesu Keriso]] [[sq:Jezu Krishti]] [[sr:Исус Христос]] [[sv:Jesus]] [[sw:Yesu]] [[ta:இயேசு கிறிஸ்து]] [[te:యేసుక్రీస్తు]] [[tg:Исо]] [[th:พระเยซู]] [[tk:Isa Pygamber]] [[tl:Hesus]] [[tpi:Jisas]] [[tr:İsa]] [[ts:Yesu Kreste]] [[tt:Ğaysa]] [[tw:Yesu Kristo]] [[ty:Iesu Mesia]] [[ug:ئەيسا پەيغەمبەر]] [[uk:Ісус Христос]] [[uz:Iso Masih]] [[ve:Yesu Kristo]] [[vi:Giê-su]] [[yi:ישוע]] [[zh:耶稣]] [[zh-min-nan:Iâ-so͘]] [[zh-yue:耶穌]] [[zu:UJesu Krestu]] 2499 8261 2007-01-03T06:37:49Z Pandey 183 [[Image:Gbible.jpg|right|320px]] बाइबल ईशाइहरुको पवित्र किताब हो। ईशाइहरु यसमा भगवानका पवित्र शब्दहरु रहेको मान्दछन् । बाइबलका धेरै नामहरु छन्; कोहि पवित्र Scripture भन्दछन्, कोहि Holy Writ त कोही राम्रो किताब मात्र पनि भन्दछन्। यो धेरै बर्ष पहिले Hebrew, Aramaic र ग्रीकमा लेखिएको वा उल्था गरीएको थियो । पछि यो ल्याटीन र अन्य भाषामा पनि उल्था गरियो । अहिले यो २००० भन्दा पनि बढी भाषाहरुमा उल्था भईसकेको छ। वास्तवमा वाइवल धेरै किताबहरुको समिश्रण बाट बनेको छ। यसको पहिलो भाग लाइ Old Testament भनिन्छ । यसमा चाहीँ जम्मा ३९ किताबहरुको समिश्रण गरिएको छ जसले इजरायलीहरुलाई कसरी भगवानले "आफ्ना मान्छेहरु " भनेर भने - भन्ने बारेमा लेखीएको छ। यसको दोस्रो भागलाइ New Testament भनिन्छ। यो २७ किताबहरुको संग्रह हो जसमध्ये प्रायजसो पहिले पहिले ग्रीक भाषामा लेखिएका थिए । यो किताबको मुख्य भागमा यशुको जीवनको वारेमा लेखीएको छ। यसमा Gospels नाम भएका चार भागहरु छन् जस। New Testament मा पुराना ईशाइ नेताहरुले लेखेका चिठ्ठीहरु पनि छन्, प्रायजसो Saint Paul द्धारा लेखीएका चिठ्ठीहरु छन्। बाइबलमा धेरै थरीका किताबहरु छन् । कुनैमा यशुका इतिहाँस, कुनैमा यशु र यहुदीहरुमा कथाहर छन् । कुनैमा विद्धानहरुका भनाइहरु छन् । कुनैमा भगवानले आफ्ना मान्छेहरुलाइ गर्न भनेका कुराहरु छन् । कुनैमा भगवानको गुनगान भएका भजनहरु छन्। कुनै prophecyका किताबहरु छन्, जसमा भगवानले आफ्ना छानिएका मान्छे(prophets)लाइ दिएका सन्देशहरु छन् । [[af:Bybel]] [[ar:الكتاب المقدس]] [[ast:Biblia]] [[az:Müqəddəs Kitab]] [[ba:Библия]] [[bg:Библия]] [[bi:Baebol]] [[bm:Bibulu]] [[bn:বাইবেল]] [[br:Bibl]] [[bs:Biblija]] [[bxr:Библи]] [[ca:Bíblia]] [[cs:Bible]] [[cv:Библи]] [[cy:Y Beibl]] [[da:Bibelen]] [[de:Bibel]] [[diq:İncile]] [[ee:Biblia]] [[el:Αγία Γραφή]] [[en:Bible]] [[eo:Biblio]] [[es:Biblia]] [[et:Piibel]] [[eu:Biblia]] [[fa:انجیل]] [[fi:Raamattu]] [[fj:Ai Vola Tabu]] [[fr:Bible]] [[fur:Biblie]] [[ga:An Bíobla]] [[gd:Bìoball]] [[gl:Biblia]] [[ha:Baibûl]] [[he:תנ"ך]] [[hi:बाइबिल]] [[ho:Baibel]] [[hr:Biblija]] [[ht:Bib]] [[hu:Biblia]] [[hy:Աստվածաշունչ]] [[hz:Ombeibela]] [[ia:Biblia]] [[id:Alkitab]] [[ig:Bible]] [[ilo:Biblia]] [[io:Biblo]] [[is:Biblían]] [[it:Bibbia]] [[ja:聖書]] [[ka:ბიბლია]] [[kg:Biblia]] [[ki:Biblia]] [[kj:Ombibeli]] [[kk:Таурат және Інжіл]] [[kl:Biibili]] [[ko:성서]] [[ku:Încîl]] [[kw:Bibel]] [[la:Biblia]] [[lad:Biblia]] [[lb:Bibel]] [[lg:Baibuli]] [[li:Biebel]] [[ln:Biblíya]] [[lt:Biblija]] [[lv:Bībele]] [[mg:Baiboly]] [[mk:Библија]] [[ml:ബൈബിള്‍]] [[mn:Библи Судар]] [[ms:Bible]] [[mt:Bibbja]] [[na:Bibel]] [[nds:Bibel]] [[nds-nl:Biebel]] [[ng:Ombimbeli]] [[nl:Bijbel (christendom)]] [[nn:Bibelen]] [[no:Bibelen]] [[nrm:Bibl'ye]] [[ny:Baibulo]] [[om:Kitaaba]] [[pa:ਬਾਈਬਲ]] [[pap:Beibel]] [[pdc:Biwwel]] [[pl:Biblia]] [[pt:Bíblia]] [[qu:Dyuspa Simin Qillqa]] [[rn:Bibiliya]] [[ro:Biblia]] [[ru:Библия]] [[rw:Bibiliya]] [[scn:Bibbia cristiana]] [[sg:Bible]] [[sh:Biblija]] [[simple:Bible]] [[sk:Biblia]] [[sl:Sveto pismo]] [[sm:Ole Tusipala]] [[sn:Bhaibheri]] [[sq:Bibla]] [[sr:Свето Писмо]] [[st:Bibele]] [[su:Alkitab]] [[sv:Bibeln]] [[ta:விவிலியம்]] [[te:బైబిల్]] [[tg:Таврот ва Инҷил]] [[th:คัมภีร์ไบเบิล]] [[tk:Injil]] [[tl:Bibliya]] [[to:Tohitapu]] [[tpi:Baibel]] [[tr:Kitab-ı Mukaddes]] [[ts:Bibele]] [[tt:İzge yazu]] [[tw:Twere Kronkron]] [[ty:Bibilia]] [[uk:Біблія]] [[ur:بائبل]] [[uz:Muqaddas Kitob]] [[ve:Bivhili]] [[vi:Kinh Thánh]] [[wo:Biibël]] [[xh:IBhayibhile]] [[yi:תנ"ך]] [[yo:Bíbélì Mimọ]] [[zh:聖經]] [[zh-min-nan:Sèng-keng]] [[zu:IBhayibheli]] 2500 7427 2006-10-22T15:11:14Z Eukesh 93 * तिहार तथा [[नेपाल सम्वत]] अनुसारको नयाँ वर्षको शुभकामना|--[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 15:11, 22 अक्टोबर 2006 (UTC) 2501 7428 2006-10-22T15:15:43Z Eukesh 93 * तिहार तथा [[नेपाल सम्वत]] अनुसारको नयाँ वर्षको शुभकामना|--[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 15:15, 22 अक्टोबर 2006 (UTC) 2502 7430 2006-10-22T15:16:28Z Eukesh 93 2503 7431 2006-10-22T15:16:43Z Eukesh 93 * तिहार तथा [[नेपाल सम्वत]] अनुसारको नयाँ वर्षको शुभकामना|--[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 15:16, 22 अक्टोबर 2006 (UTC) 2504 7432 2006-10-22T15:17:04Z Eukesh 93 * तिहार तथा [[नेपाल सम्वत]] अनुसारको नयाँ वर्षको शुभकामना|--[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 15:17, 22 अक्टोबर 2006 (UTC) 2505 8156 2006-12-27T20:14:18Z Eukesh 93 *लामो समयको अन्तराल पछि नयां लेख थाल्नु भएकोमा धन्यवाद। नेपाली विकिपीडियामा तपाईंको योगदान जारी रहन्छ भन्ने आशा गर्दैछुं।--[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 20:14, 27 डिसेम्बर 2006 (UTC) 2563 7547 2006-10-29T00:32:30Z Jose77 104 [[Image:Heckert GNU white.svg|right|thumb|]] '''Welcome to Nepalese Wikipedia Pashan'''! We hope you can contribute, no matter what your language skills are. '''Enjoy'''! --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 00:32, 29 अक्टोबर 2006 (UTC) 2564 7548 2006-10-29T00:33:01Z Jose77 104 Welcome! [[Image:Heckert GNU white.svg|right|thumb|]] '''Welcome to Nepalese Wikipedia Ruskin'''! We hope you can contribute, no matter what your language skills are. '''Enjoy'''! --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 00:33, 29 अक्टोबर 2006 (UTC) 2565 7554 2006-10-29T05:45:48Z Keshab 154 मेरो नाम '''केशब घिमिरे''' हो । 2567 8191 2006-12-28T09:51:05Z Keshab 154 मेरो नाम '''केशब घिमिरे''' हो । म हाल नेपालमा छु। म कक्षा १२ मा पढ्दै छु । मलाइ गित सुन्न,साथी बनाउन, नया ठाउमा घुम्न,ब्लगिङ गर्न मन पर्छ । हाल म [http://aawaz.blogsome.com आवाज]मा ब्लगिङ गरिरहेको छु । ---- म अरुको कुरा सुन्न मन पराउँछु । 2568 7570 2006-11-01T08:07:15Z Eukesh 93 '''सरस्वती''' [[विद्या]]की [[देवी]] हुन्| 2570 7585 2006-11-04T07:00:28Z Yadavb 155 [[दशैं]] मा सारियो [[दशैंको]] दशैं वा कतै कतै यसलाई [[दसैं]] भनेर पनि लेखिएको पाईन्छ। 2571 7583 2006-11-03T06:19:51Z Yadavb 155 [[नेपाली]]मा पिङ्ग [[अंग्रेजी]]मा स्विङ्ग swing भनेर चिनिनेयो कुरा नेपालीहरुले दशैंको बेलामा बनाउने र खेल्ने गर्छन्। हवाईजहाज बन्नुभन्दा पहिले र अझै पनि हवाईजहाज चढ्न नसक्नेहरुले वर्षमा एकपटक भएपनि दशैंमा टिका लगाए पछि पिङ्ग खेलेर जमिन छाड्नुपर्छ भन्ने चलन छ। [[Image:ping.jpg]] [[Category:दसैं]] 2574 7586 2006-11-04T07:00:28Z Yadavb 155 [[दशैं]] मा सारियो [[दशैंको]] #REDIRECT [[दशैंको]] 2576 7588 2006-11-04T22:12:14Z Jose77 104 <noinclude>{{shortcut|&#123;{subst:nld}&#125;}}</noinclude> {| id="delete" style="width:80%; margin: 0 auto; background-color:#FFFFFF; border:8px solid #ee0000; padding:5px; text-align; center;" |- | ''This image '''does not have information on its [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|copyright]] status'''. Unless the copyright status is provided, the image will be deleted seven days after this template was added '''({{{day}}} {{{month}}} {{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}).''' Once a [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags|copyright tag]] has been added, this template may be removed. <small>Use &#123;{subst:nld}} to categorize by tag date. Also, notify the uploader with<br/>&#123;&#123;subst:[[Template:Image copyright|image copyright]]|Image:{{PAGENAME}}&#125;&#125; <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki><br/> Also consider adding &#123;&#123;speedy-image-c|<nowiki>[[</nowiki>{{#time: Y-m-d|+7 days}}<nowiki>]]</nowiki>&#125;&#125; to the image captions.</small>{{hidden-delete-reason|image with no license as of {{#time: Y-m-d|{{{day}}} {{{month}}} {{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}}} ([[WP:CSD#I4|CSD I4]])}} |} <includeonly> [[Category:Images with unknown copyright status as of {{{day|}}} {{{month|unknown date}}} {{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}]] [[Category:All images with unknown copyright status|{{PAGENAME}}]]<!-- in case the month, day, or year are given incorrectly --></includeonly> <noinclude> [[Category:Images with unknown copyright status| ]] [[Category:Image copyright tags|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[de:Vorlage:Bild-Lizenz-unbekannt]] [[fr:modèle:LicenceInconnue]] [[ja:Template:No license]] [[vi:Tiêu bản:Unknown]] {{-}} {{commons|Template:No license}} </noinclude> 2577 7592 2006-11-04T22:23:46Z Jose77 104 /* Copyright Status of Images */ [[Image:Heckert GNU white.svg|right|thumb|]] '''Welcome to Nepalese Wikipedia Yadavb'''! We hope you can contribute, no matter what your language skills are. '''Enjoy'''! ==Copyright Status of Images== Hi,<br /> I've tagged these images as having no licence on ''http://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Nepalikite.jpg'' and ''http://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ping.jpg''. Please could you add any relevant information about it as soon as possible so that it won't be deleted?<br /> Otherwise, you may upload it on [[:commons:|commons:]] so that it may be used on any other projects.<br /> Thanks in advance,<br /> --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 22:22, 4 नोभेम्बर 2006 (UTC) 2579 9239 2007-01-31T09:44:46Z JAnDbot 157 robot Adding: [[mi:User:JAnDbot]], [[mt:User:JAnDbot]] Manual controlled interwiki bot owned by [[:cs:Wikipedista:JAn Dudík|JAn]] [[aa:User:JAnDbot]] [[af:Gebruiker:JAnDbot]] [[als:Benutzer:JAnDbot]] [[am:User:JAnDbot]] [[an:Usuario:JAnDbot]] [[ang:User:JAnDbot]] [[ar:مستخدم:JAnDbot]] [[arc:User:JAnDbot]] [[ast:Usuariu:JAnDbot]] [[az:İstifadəçi:JAnDbot]] [[ba:Ҡатнашыусы:JAnDbot]] [[bar:Benutzer:JAnDbot]] [[bat-smg:Naudotojas:JAnDbot]] [[be:Удзельнік:JAnDbot]] [[bg:Потребител:JAnDbot]] [[bn:ব্যবহারকারী:JAnDbot]] [[bpy:আতাকুরা:JAnDbot]] [[br:Implijer:JAnDbot]] [[bs:Korisnik:JAnDbot]] [[ca:Usuari:JAnDbot]] [[ceb:User:JAnDbot]] [[co:User:JAnDbot]] [[cs:Wikipedista:JAnDbot]] [[csb:Brëkòwnik:JAnDbot]] [[cu:Польѕевател҄ь:JAnDbot]] [[cv:Хутшăнакан:JAnDbot]] [[cy:Defnyddiwr:JAnDbot]] [[da:Bruger:JAnDbot]] [[de:Benutzer:JAnDbot]] [[diq:User:JAnDbot]] [[dv:User:JAnDbot]] [[el:Χρήστης:JAnDbot]] [[eml:User:JAnDbot]] [[en:User:JAnDbot]] [[eo:Vikipediisto:JAnDbot]] [[es:Usuario:JAnDbot]] [[et:Kasutaja:JAnDbot]] [[eu:Lankide:JAnDbot]] [[fa:کاربر:JAnDbot]] [[fi:Käyttäjä:JAnDbot]] [[fiu-vro:User:JAnDbot]] [[fo:Brúkari:JAnDbot]] [[fr:Utilisateur:JAnDbot]] [[frp:User:JAnDbot]] [[fur:Utent:JAnDbot]] [[fy:Meidogger:JAnDbot]] [[ga:Úsáideoir:JAnDbot]] [[gd:User:JAnDbot]] [[gl:User:JAnDbot]] [[gu:User:JAnDbot]] [[gv:User:JAnDbot]] [[he:משתמש:JAnDbot]] [[hi:सदस्य:JAnDbot]] [[hr:Suradnik:JAnDbot]] [[hsb:Wužiwar:JAnDbot]] [[ht:User:JAnDbot]] [[hu:User:JAnDbot]] [[hy:User:JAnDbot]] [[ia:Usator:JAnDbot]] [[id:Pengguna:JAnDbot]] [[ie:User:JAnDbot]] [[ii:User:JAnDbot]] [[ilo:User:JAnDbot]] [[io:User:JAnDbot]] [[is:Notandi:JAnDbot]] [[it:Utente:JAnDbot]] [[iu:User:JAnDbot]] [[ja:利用者:JAnDbot]] [[jbo:User:JAnDbot]] [[jv:Panganggo:JAnDbot]] [[ka:მომხმარებელი:JAnDbot]] [[kk:Қатысушы:JAnDbot]] [[km:User:JAnDbot]] [[kn:ಸದಸ್ಯ:JAnDbot]] [[ko:사용자:JAnDbot]] [[ks:User:JAnDbot]] [[ksh:Metmaacher:JAnDbot]] [[ku:Bikarhêner:JAnDbot]] [[kw:User:JAnDbot]] [[ky:User:JAnDbot]] [[la:Usor:JAnDbot]] [[lad:User:JAnDbot]] [[lb:User:JAnDbot]] [[li:Gebroeker:JAnDbot]] [[lij:User:JAnDbot]] [[lmo:User:JAnDbot]] [[ln:User:JAnDbot]] [[lt:Naudotojas:JAnDbot]] [[lv:Lietotājs:JAnDbot]] [[map-bms:User:JAnDbot]] [[mi:User:JAnDbot]] [[mk:Корисник:JAnDbot]] [[ml:User:JAnDbot]] [[mn:User:JAnDbot]] [[mr:सदस्य:JAnDbot]] [[ms:Pengguna:JAnDbot]] [[mt:User:JAnDbot]] [[nah:Usuario:JAnDbot]] [[nap:Utente:JAnDbot]] [[nds:Bruker:JAnDbot]] [[nds-nl:Gebruker:JAnDbot]] [[new:User:JAnDbot]] [[nl:Gebruiker:JAnDbot]] [[nn:Brukar:JAnDbot]] [[no:Bruker:JAnDbot]] [[nov:User:JAnDbot]] [[nrm:User:JAnDbot]] [[oc:Utilizaire:JAnDbot]] [[os:Архайæг:JAnDbot]] [[pam:User:JAnDbot]] [[pap:User:JAnDbot]] [[pdc:User:JAnDbot]] [[pih:User:JAnDbot]] [[pl:Wikipedysta:JAnDbot]] [[pms:Utent:JAnDbot]] [[ps:User:JAnDbot]] [[pt:Usuário:JAnDbot]] [[qu:Usuario:JAnDbot]] [[rmy:Jeno:JAnDbot]] [[ro:Utilizator:JAnDbot]] [[roa-rup:User:JAnDbot]] [[ru:Участник:JAnDbot]] [[ru-sib:User:JAnDbot]] [[sa:User:JAnDbot]] [[sc:Utente:JAnDbot]] [[scn:User:JAnDbot]] [[sco:User:JAnDbot]] [[se:User:JAnDbot]] [[sh:User:JAnDbot]] [[simple:User:JAnDbot]] [[sk:Redaktor:JAnDbot]] [[sl:Uporabnik:JAnDbot]] [[so:User:JAnDbot]] [[sq:Përdoruesi:JAnDbot]] [[sr:Корисник:JAnDbot]] [[su:Pamaké:JAnDbot]] [[sv:Användare:JAnDbot]] [[sw:User:JAnDbot]] [[ta:பயனர்:JAnDbot]] [[te:సభ్యుడు:JAnDbot]] [[tg:Корбар:JAnDbot]] [[th:ผู้ใช้:JAnDbot]] [[tk:User:JAnDbot]] [[tl:User:JAnDbot]] [[tpi:User:JAnDbot]] [[tr:Kullanıcı:JAnDbot]] [[tt:Äğzä:JAnDbot]] [[ug:User:JAnDbot]] [[uk:Користувач:JAnDbot]] [[ur:صارف:JAnDbot]] [[uz:User:JAnDbot]] [[vec:Utente:JAnDbot]] [[vi:Thành viên:JAnDbot]] [[vls:Gebruker:JAnDbot]] [[vo:User:JAnDbot]] [[wa:Uzeu:JAnDbot]] [[war:User:JAnDbot]] [[yi:באַניצער:JAnDbot]] [[zh:User:JAnDbot]] [[zh-classical:User:JAnDbot]] [[zh-min-nan:User:JAnDbot]] [[zh-yue:User:JAnDbot]] 2580 7610 2006-11-12T20:42:17Z RajeshPandey 111 '''Pandey''' पाण्डे pāṇḍey र पाण्डेय pāṇḍeya [[थर]] हो। यो प्रायगरेर [[नेपाल]]को ब्राह्मण / [[बाहुन]] जातमा पाइन्छ। The majority of people with the surname Pandey reside in the western territories of [[नेपाल|नेपाल]] and Gulmi, Harmichaur. The surname is also found in India [[Guyana]], [[Fiji]], [[Mauritius]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago]]. The name was carried out of India by members of प्रवासि भारतीयहरु communities. ==उन्पन्न== The etymology of '''Pandey''' is unclear. Some sources suggest that it is derived from the [[संस्कृत]] word ''{{unicode|paṇḍita}}'' ({{unicode|पण्डित}}), which refers to a 'scholar' or 'priest'. == विवादीत कुराहरु == The surname '''Pandey''' is similar to the surname "Pande" पाण्डे pāṇḍe, which is used in Gujarat. In Maharashtra, several [[Brahmin]] families have names ending in "-pande", such as "Deshpande". It is also distinct from the surname "Panday", which is also used by various social groups Some sources indicate that clans bearing the surname Pandey preside as the traditional teachers and priests of the kings of Nepal and are called as "राज गुरु घराना" or "राजाको गुरुको परिवार". [[Category:Nepali family names]] [[Category:Indian family names]] 2581 7639 2006-11-15T08:50:26Z RajeshPandey 111 error fixed == थर == <ul> <li> नामको पछाडी आउने शब्द </li><li> घरको नाम </li><li> पारीवारिक नाम </li></ul> जस्तै: राजेश पाण्डे मा [[नाम]] राजेश हो भने थर [[पाण्डे]] हो 2582 7611 2006-11-12T21:15:39Z RajeshPandey 111 == नाम ‌‌== 'नाम' कुनैपनि ब्यत्ति, वस्तु, स्थान वा चिजको नाम वा प्रतिक हो । नाम यौटा सो‍च वा विचार हो । कसैलाई बोलाउन पर्यो भने त्यसको नामले त्यसलाई बोलाइन्छ। === प्रकार === नेपाली ब्पाकरणमा नामका धेरै प्रकारहरु छन् । जस्तै: <ul><li> ब्यत्तिवाचक नाम </li><li> वस्तुवाचक नाम </li><li> भाववाचक नाम </li><li> द्रब्यवाचक नाम </li><li> बिस्मयादिबोधक नाम </li></ul> === उदाहरणहरु === सामान्य नामहरु : राम, श्याम , हरी , सीता ,गीता === हेर्नुहोस === ‌[[थर]] 2583 7621 2006-11-14T03:32:36Z Jose77 104 #REDIRECT [[पाण्डे]] #REDIRECT [[पाण्डे]] 2584 7627 2006-11-15T04:42:20Z RajeshPandey 111 suggestions for Mitra ji.. not to write his name , rather make account to save his contributions यो पृष्ठ पहिले mitra khattri, shankarnagar 3/15, rupendehi ज्युले वनाउनुभएको थियो । तर आफ्नो नाम पनि लेख्नुभएको थियो । कृपया आफ्नो नाम नलेख्नुहोला -- mitra khattri, shankarnagar 3/15, rupendehi, nepal, ji.. तपाइ आफ्नो Account (विकि खाता) बनाउन सक्नुहुन्छ, जसमा तपाइले गरेका कामहरु सेभ भएर बस्छन् । तपाईको user Account बनाउनुहोला, त्यसमा तपाइको कामको सराहना हुनेछ। धन्यवाद ।   2586 7644 2006-11-15T15:03:44Z Walter 159 {| | [[Image:Wikizine.png|180px|wikizine]] <tt>An independent internal news bulletin for the members of the Wikimedia community</tt><br><em>[http://cur.wikizine.org Read the most current edition of Wikizine]</em> To subscribe by email [mailto:request@wikizine.org?subject=subscribe click here] or go to [http://www.wikizine.org Wikizine.org].<br> You have news? Pretty please send it to [mailto:ihavenews@wikizine.org ihavenews@wikizine.org]. |} ---- {{babel-2|nl|en-2}} [[Image:Adoptfirefox.jpg|right|400px|Adopt Firefox]] *Timezone: UTC +1 Hi, I am user Walter (Walter Vermeir) form Belgium. My home Wiki is the dutch Wikipedia or "[[wikimedia:wikipedia:nl:Hoofdpagina|Wikipedia NL]]" like we call it. '''I am not active on this wiki''' For more info see my userpage on Wikimedia Meta; [[wikimedia:meta:user:Walter]] === Contact === *My talk page on Meta; [[wikimedia:meta:user:User_talk:Walter]] ---- *[[/request]] 2587 7959 2006-12-16T15:34:41Z Eukesh 93 '''डायबिटिज मलाइटस (मधुमेह)''' एउटा रोगको नाम हो। यो रोग मानिसको इन्सुलिन नामक हर्मोनसंग सम्बन्धित छ। 2590 7943 2006-12-16T04:14:00Z Eukesh 93 '''शंखधर साख्वा''' [[नेपाल]]का राष्ट्रिय बिभूति र नेपाल संबतका प्रवर्तक हुनुहुन्छ। उहां एक समाजसेवी थिए जसले तत्कालीन नेपालीलाई [[ऋण]]बाट मुक्ति दिलाए। [[Category:नेपालका राष्ट्रिय बिभूतिहरु]] 2591 8471 2007-01-08T09:02:51Z RajeshPandey 111 '''डडेलधुरा''' नेपालको सुदुरपश्चिमाञ्चल विकास क्षेत्रको एउटा जिल्ला हो। यो जिल्ला महाकाली अञ्चलमा पर्दछ। == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2592 7700 2006-11-24T18:35:05Z 69.88.8.6 New page: {| align="center" border="0" style="background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #dedede; clear:both;" |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | [[हप्ता]]का [[दिन|दिनहरू]]... {| align="center" border="0" style="background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #dedede; clear:both;" |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | [[हप्ता]]का [[दिन|दिनहरू]] |- align="center" | [[आइतवार]] | [[सोमवार]] | [[मंगलवार]] | [[बुधवार]] | [[बिहीवार]] | [[शुक्रवार]] | [[शनिवार]] |} [[Category:दिन]] 2593 7707 2006-11-25T12:02:16Z Aaniyo 64 New page: 1 हजार बर्ष एक बर्ष बराबरको समयलाई '''सहश्राब्दि''' भनिन्छ । 1 हजार बर्ष एक बर्ष बराबरको समयलाई '''सहश्राब्दि''' भनिन्छ । 2594 7709 2006-11-25T12:06:04Z Aaniyo 64 New page: नेपाली भाषामा विकिपीडिया... सपाना साकार पारौं । नेपाली भाषामा विकिपीडिया... सपाना साकार पारौं । 2595 9094 2007-01-20T11:12:25Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Modifying: [[diq:Wikipediya]] [[Image:Www.wikipedia.org screenshot.png|280px|right|Detail of Wikipedia's multilingual portal. Here, the project's largest language editions are shown.]] विकिपीडिया बहुभाषी वेबमा आधारित निशुल्क र खुल्ला ज्ञानकोश हो । विकिपीडिया शब्द विकि (wiki) र ईन्शाईक्लोपीडिया (encyclopedia) जोडेर बनेको हो । विकिपीडिया स्वयंसेवकहरूबाट सामुहिकरूपमा लेखिन्छ । यसका धेरैजसो लेखहरू ईन्टरनेटमा पहुँच भएका जो कोहिले पनि परिवर्तन गर्न सक्छ । विकिपीडियाका मुख्य सर्भरहरू संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाको फ्लोरिडा राज्यमा अवस्थित छन् । अन्य सर्भरहरू आमस्टर्डम र सउलमा छन् । [[cdo:Wikipedia]] [[af:Wikipedia]] [[als:Wikipedia]] [[am:ዊኪፔድያ]] [[an:Biquipedia]] [[ang:Wicipǣdia]] [[ar:ويكيبيديا]] [[arc:ܘܝܟܝܦܕܝܐ]] [[ast:Uiquipedia]] [[ay:Wikipedia]] [[bat-smg:Vikipedėjė]] [[be:Вікіпэдыя]] [[bg:Уикипедия]] [[bm:Wikipedia]] [[bn:উইকিপিডিয়া]] [[bpy:উইকিপিডিয়া]] [[br:Wikipedia]] [[bs:Wikipedia]] [[ca:Viquipèdia]] [[ceb:Wikipedya]] [[chr:ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ]] [[chy:Wikipedia]] [[co:Wikipedia]] [[cr:ᐎᑭᐱᑎᔭ]] [[cs:Wikipedie]] [[csb:Wikipedijô]] [[cu:Википедї]] [[cv:Википеди]] [[cy:Wicipedia]] [[da:Wikipedia]] [[de:Wikipedia]] [[diq:Wikipediya]] [[dv:ވިކިޕީޑިއާ]] [[el:Βικιπαίδεια]] [[en:Wikipedia]] [[eo:Vikipedio]] [[es:Wikipedia]] [[et:Vikipeedia]] [[eu:Wikipedia]] [[fa:ویکی‌پدیا]] [[fi:Wikipedia]] [[fiu-vro:Vikipeediä]] [[fj:Wikipedia]] [[fo:Wikipedia]] [[fr:Wikipédia]] [[frp:Vuiquipèdia]] [[fur:Vichipedie]] [[fy:Wikipedy]] [[ga:Vicipéid]] [[gd:Wikipedia]] [[gl:Wikipedia]] [[gu:વિકિપીડિયા]] [[gv:Wikipedia]] [[he:ויקיפדיה]] [[hi:विकिपीडिया]] [[hr:Wikipedija]] [[hsb:Wikipedija]] [[ht:Wikipedia]] [[hu:Wikipédia]] [[hy:Վիքիփեդիա]] [[ia:Wikipedia]] [[id:Wikipedia]] [[ilo:Wikipedia]] [[io:Wikipedio]] [[is:Wikipedia]] [[it:Wikipedia]] [[ja:ウィキペディア]] [[jbo:uikipedias]] [[jv:Wikipedia]] [[ka:ვიკიპედია]] [[kk:Уикипедия]] [[kl:Wikipedia]] [[kn:ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ]] [[ko:위키백과]] [[ksh:Wikkipedija]] [[ku:Wikipedia]] [[kw:Wikipedia]] [[la:Vicipaedia]] [[lad:ויקיפידיה]] [[lb:Wikipedia]] [[li:Wikipedia]] [[lij:Wikipedia]] [[lmo:Wikipedia]] [[ln:Wikipedia]] [[lt:Vikipedija]] [[lv:Vikipēdija]] [[mg:Wikipedia]] [[mi:Wikipedia]] [[mk:Википедија]] [[ml:വിക്കിപീഡിയ]] [[mo:Википедия]] [[mr:विकिपिडीया]] [[ms:Wikipedia]] [[mt:Wikipedija]] [[na:Wikipedia]] [[nah:Huiquipedia]] [[nds:Wikipedia]] [[nds-nl:Wikipedia]] [[ng:Wikipedia]] [[nl:Wikipedia]] [[nn:Wikipedia]] [[no:Wikipedia]] [[nrm:Viqùipédie]] [[oc:Wikipèdia]] [[os:Википеди]] [[pa:ਵਿਕਿਪੀਡਿਆ]] [[pap:Wikipedia]] [[pl:Wikipedia]] [[pt:Wikipédia]] [[qu:Wikipidiya]] [[rmy:Vikipidiya]] [[ro:Wikipedia]] [[roa-rup:Wikipedia]] [[ru:Википедия]] [[ru-sib:Википеддя]] [[sc:Wikipedia]] [[scn:Wikipedia]] [[sco:Wikipaedia]] [[sh:Wikipedia]] [[si:විකිපීඩියා]] [[simple:Wikipedia]] [[sk:Wikipédia]] [[sl:Wikipedija]] [[so:Wikipedia]] [[sq:Wikipedia]] [[sr:Википедија]] [[su:Wikipédia]] [[sv:Wikipedia]] [[sw:Wikipedia]] [[ta:விக்கிபீடியா]] [[tg:Википедиа]] [[th:วิกิพีเดีย]] [[tl:Wikipedia]] [[tpi:Wikipedia]] [[tr:Vikipedi]] [[tt:Wikipedia]] [[uk:Вікіпедія]] [[uz:Vikipediya]] [[vec:Wikipedia]] [[vi:Wikipedia]] [[wa:Wikipedia]] [[war:Wikipedia]] [[yi:‫װיקיפּעדיע]] [[zh:维基百科]] [[zh-classical:維基大典]] [[zh-min-nan:Wikipedia]] [[zh-yue:維基百科]] 2596 9143 2007-01-24T20:13:56Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Adding: [[dv:Wiki]] '''विकि''' एक प्रकारको वेब साईट हो जुन वेब साईटका पाठकहरू आफैले त्यस साईटमा भएका श्रोतहरू सजिलैसँग थप्न, हटाउन र सम्पादन गर्न सक्दछन् । यसका लागि उक्त वेब साईटमा दर्ता गर्नु आवश्यक हुन या नहुन पनि सक्छ । {{Link FA|tl}} [[af:Wiki]] [[als:Wiki]] [[an:Wiki]] [[ar:ويكي]] [[bg:Уики]] [[bm:Wiki]] [[bn:উইকি]] [[bs:Wiki]] [[ca:Wiki]] [[cs:Wiki]] [[da:Wiki]] [[de:Wiki]] [[dv:Wiki]] [[el:Wiki]] [[en:Wiki]] [[eo:Vikio]] [[es:Wiki]] [[et:Wiki]] [[eu:Wiki]] [[fa:ویکی‌ویکی]] [[fi:Wiki]] [[fo:WikiWiki]] [[fr:Wiki]] [[ga:Vicí]] [[gl:Wiki]] [[he:ויקי]] [[hr:Wiki]] [[hu:Wiki]] [[ia:Wiki]] [[id:Wiki]] [[it:Wiki]] [[ja:ウィキ]] [[ka:ვიკი]] [[ko:위키]] [[ksh:Wikki]] [[ku:Wîkî]] [[la:Vici]] [[lb:Wiki]] [[li:Wiki]] [[lt:Wiki]] [[lv:Wiki]] [[mg:Wiki]] [[mk:Вики]] [[ml:വിക്കി]] [[ms:Wiki]] [[mt:Wiki]] [[nds:Wiki]] [[nds-nl:Wiki]] [[nl:WikiWiki]] [[nn:Wiki]] [[no:Wiki]] [[nrm:Ouitchi]] [[pl:Wiki]] [[pt:Wiki]] [[ro:Wiki]] [[ru:Вики]] [[sh:Wiki]] [[simple:Wiki]] [[sk:Wiki]] [[sl:Wiki]] [[sq:Wiki]] [[sr:Вики]] [[su:Wiki]] [[sv:Wiki]] [[sw:Wiki]] [[ta:விக்கி]] [[th:วิกิ]] [[tl:Wiki]] [[tr:Wiki]] [[tt:Wiki]] [[uk:Вікі]] [[vi:Wiki]] [[yi:וויקי]] [[zh:Wiki]] [[zh-min-nan:Wiki]] [[zh-yue:Wiki]] 2600 7734 2006-11-28T16:07:42Z Eukesh 93 New page: नेपाल भाषा मातृभाषा भएका प्रयोगकर्ताहरुको संगालो| नेपाल भाषा मातृभाषा भएका प्रयोगकर्ताहरुको संगालो| 2601 7788 2006-11-30T19:46:57Z Eukesh 93 यो प्रकृया एक प्रकारको शल्यकृया हो| [[Category:शल्यचिकित्सा]] 2602 7755 2006-11-29T17:11:26Z Eukesh 93 New page: {{एलेमेन्ट}} {{एलेमेन्ट}} 2603 7756 2006-11-29T17:12:19Z Eukesh 93 New page: <div class="NavFrame" > <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:130%; background:#ccccff" align="center" width="100%">'''[[एलेमेन्ट(रसायनशास्त्र)|ए... <div class="NavFrame" > <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:130%; background:#ccccff" align="center" width="100%">'''[[एलेमेन्ट(रसायनशास्त्र)|एलेमेन्ट]]([[रसायनशास्त्र]])'''</div> <div class="NavContent"> {| | align="center" style="font-size: 110%;"| [[हाइड्रोजन]]-[[हेलियम]]-[[लिथियम]]-[[बेरिलियम]]-[[बोरोन]]-[[कार्बोन]]-[[नाइट्रोजन]]-[[अक्सिजन]]-[[फ्लोरिन]]-[[नियोन]]-[[सोडियम]]-[[म्याग्नेजियम]]-[[एलुमिनियम]]-[[सिलिकन]]-[[फस्फोरस]]-[[सल्फर]]-[[क्लोरिन]]-[[आर्गन]]-[[पोटासियम]]-[[क्याल्सियम]]-[[स्क्यान्डियम]]-[[टाइटानियम]]-[[भ्यानडियम]]-[[क्रोमियम]]-[[म्याङ्यानिज]]-[[आइरन]]-[[कोबाल्ट]]-[[निकेल]]-[[कपर]]-[[जिंक]]-[[ग्यालियम]]-[[जर्मेनियम]]-[[आर्सेनिक]]-[[सेलेनियम]]-[[ब्रोमिन]]-[[कृप्टन]]-[[रुबिडियम]]-[[स्ट्रोन्सियम]]-[[यितृयम]]-[[जर्कोनियम]]-[[नायोबियम]]-[[मोलिब्डेनम]]-[[टेक्नेसियम]]-[[रुथेनियम]] -[[रोडियम]]-[[प्यालिडियम]]-[[सिल्भर]]-[[क्याड्मियम]]-[[इन्डियम]]-[[टिन]]-[[एन्टिमोनी]]-[[टेलुरियम]]-[[आयोडिन]]-[[जेनन]]-[[सेसियम]]-[[बेरियम]]-[[ल्यान्थानम]]-[[सेरियम]]-[[प्रासियोडाइमियम]]-[[नियोडाइमियम]]-[[प्रोमेथियम]]-[[समारियम]]-[[युरोपियम]]-[[ग्याडोलिनियम]]-[[टर्बियम]]-[[डिस्प्रोसियम]]-[[होल्मियम]]-[[अर्बियम]]-[[थुलियम]]-[[यिट्टरबियम]]-[[लुटेटियम]]-[[हाफ्नियम]]-[[टान्टालम]]-[[टंग्स्टेन]]-[[रेनियम]]-[[अस्मियम]]-[[इरिडियम]]-[[प्लाटिनम]]-[[औरियम]]-[[मर्करी]]-[[थ्यालियम]]-[[लिड]]-[[बिस्मुथ]]-[[पोलोनियम]]-[[एस्टाटिन]]-[[रेडन]]-[[फ्रान्सियम]]-[[रेडियम]]-[[एक्टिनियम]]-[[थोरियम]]-[[प्रोट्याक्टिनियम]]-[[युर्यानियम]]-[[नेप्टुनियम]]-[[प्लुटोनियम]]-[[अमेरिसियम]]-[[क्युरियम]]-[[बर्केलियम]]-[[क्यालिफोर्नियम]]-[[आइन्स्टाइनियम]]-[[फर्मियम]]-[[मेन्डेलेभियम]]-[[नोबेलियम]]-[[लरेन्सियम]]-[[रुथरफोर्डियम]]-[[डब्नियम]]-[[सीबोर्गियम]]-[[बोरियम]]-[[ह्यासियम]]-[[मेइट्नेरियम]]-[[उनउननिलियम]]-[[उनउनउनियम]]-[[उनउनबियम]]-[[उनउनक्वाडृयम]]-[[उनउनहेक्जियम]] |} </div> </div> [[Category:रसायनशास्त्र]] 2604 9230 2007-01-31T00:22:17Z Eukesh 93 There are 3 admins in Nepali wikipedia already. Compared to the number of articles and the rate of edits, the numbers of admin is sufficient for the moment being. However, if someone would like to apply for adminship, please work here for at least 3 months and edit more than 100 times. Otherwise, there is always possibility that the adminship request is opposed. For more information, please see [[:en:Wikipedia:Administrators]]. *[[Adminship granted]] ==[[User:Lomaspj|Lomaspj]]== I volunteer to become a sysop. I am a native speaker of Nepalese. === (+) Support === # --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 00:42, 3 डिसेम्बर 2006 (UTC) === (-) Oppose === === ( ) Neutral === ==[[User:keshab|keshab]]== I wish to become a sysop. Nepalese is my native language. Thankyou. === (+) Support === --[[User:Keshab|Anubhav]] 07:01, 2 डिसेम्बर 2006 (UTC)[['''केशब घिमिरे''']] === (-) Oppose === === ( ) Neutral === ==[[User:हेमपाल श्रेष्ठ]]== Hello, I have been using Wikipedia for a long time now and I am a native Nepali speaker. Now I would like to contribute for developing Nepali Wikipedia. I wish to become a sysop. Thanks === (+) Support === === (-) Oppose === * Sorry for opposing your nomination but I would like to oppose your bid for the moment being. Nepali wikipedia already has 3 admins and you dont have much experience here. In other wikipediae, by consensus, a used requires at least 3 months of presence and more than 100 edits to qualify for nomination. You can contribute a lot in the user level. For specific tasks, you can contact the admins. If you have anything particular in your mind which you would like to implement in this wikipedia, please apply for temorary adminship (illustrating your plans). Thank you.--[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 00:15, 31 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) === ( ) Neutral === 2606 7787 2006-11-30T19:44:32Z Eukesh 93 [[Hand transplant]] मा सारियो [[हस्त प्रत्यारोपण]] #REDIRECT [[हस्त प्रत्यारोपण]] 2607 7790 2006-11-30T19:48:32Z Eukesh 93 '''[[शल्यचिकित्सा]]'''संग सम्बन्धित लेखहरुको संगालो| [[Category:चिकित्सा]] 2608 7791 2006-11-30T19:49:43Z Eukesh 93 New page: '''[[चिकित्सा]]'''संग सम्बन्धित लेखहरुको संगालो| [[Category:जीवविज्ञान]] '''[[चिकित्सा]]'''संग सम्बन्धित लेखहरुको संगालो| [[Category:जीवविज्ञान]] 2609 7792 2006-11-30T19:50:38Z Eukesh 93 New page: '''[[जीवविज्ञान]]'''संग सम्बन्धित लेखहरुको संगालो| [[Category:विज्ञान]] '''[[जीवविज्ञान]]'''संग सम्बन्धित लेखहरुको संगालो| [[Category:विज्ञान]] 2610 9090 2007-01-19T18:13:37Z Eukesh 93 '''विज्ञान'''संग सम्बन्धित लेखहरुको संग्रह। 2613 7812 2006-12-02T06:56:51Z Keshab 154 :सयौं थूंगा फूलका हामी, एउटै माला नेपाली :सार्वभौम भइ फैलिएका, मेची-महाकाली । :प्रकृतिका कोटी-कोटी सम्पदाको आंचल :वीरहरुका रगतले, स्वतन्त्र र अटल :ज्ञानभूमि, शान्तिभूमि तराई, पहाड, हिमाल :अखण्ड यो प्यारो हाम्रो मातृभूमि नेपाल । :बहुल जाति, भाषा, धर्म, संस्कृति छन् विशाल :अग्रगामी राष्ट्र हाम्रो, जय जय नेपाल । 2614 8145 2006-12-25T00:27:12Z Eukesh 93 {| cellpadding="5" cellspacing=0 style="border: 1px solid #999966; float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background: #ffffff; width: 305px" |- ! bgcolor=#e7dcc3 colspan=2 | {{{Name}}} {{#if:{{{Photo|}}}|<tr><td style="border-top:1px solid #999966; text-align: center;" colspan=2>[[Image:{{{Photo}}}|300px]]<br />{{{Caption|}}}</td></tr>}} |- | style="border-top: 1px solid #999966; border-right: 1px solid #999966; background: #e7dcc3; width: 85px" | [[Topographical चुचुरा|उंचाई]] | style="border-top: 1px solid #999966; width: 220px" | {{{Elevation}}} |- | style="border-top: 1px solid #999966; border-right: 1px solid #999966; background: #e7dcc3; width: 85px" | अवस्थित स्थान | style="border-top: 1px solid #999966; width: 220px" | {{{Location}}} {{#if:{{{Range|}}}|<tr><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999966; border-right: 1px solid #999966; background: #e7dcc3; width: 85px">[[हिमश्रृंखला]]</td><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999966; width: 220px">{{{Range|}}}</td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{Prominence|}}}|<tr><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999966; border-right: 1px solid #999966; background: #e7dcc3; width: 85px">[[Topographic prominence|Prominence]]</td><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999966; width: 220px">{{{Prominence|}}}</td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{Coordinates|}}}|<tr><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999966; border-right: 1px solid #999966; background: #e7dcc3; width: 85px">[[भौगोलिक को-अर्डीनेट व्यवस्था|को-अर्डिनेटहरु]]</td><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999966; width: 220px">{{{Coordinates|}}}</td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{Topographic map|}}}|<tr><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999966; border-right: 1px solid #999966; background: #e7dcc3; width: 85px">[[टोपोग्राफिकल नक्सा|नक्सा]]</td><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999966; width: 220px">{{{Topographic map|}}}</td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{Type|}}}|<tr><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999966; border-right: 1px solid #999966; background: #e7dcc3; width: 85px">[[पर्वतको प्रकार|प्रकार]]</td><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999966; width: 220px">{{{Type|}}}</td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{Age|}}}|<tr><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999966; border-right: 1px solid #999966; background: #e7dcc3; width: 85px">[[Geologic time scale|Age of rock]]</td><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999966; width: 220px">{{{Age|}}}</td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{Last eruption|}}}|<tr><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999966; border-right: 1px solid #999966; background: #e7dcc3; width: 85px">[[ज्वालामुखी|अन्तिम विष्फोटन]]</td><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999966; width: 220px">{{{Last eruption|}}}</td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{First ascent|}}}|<tr><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999966; border-right: 1px solid #999966; background: #e7dcc3; width: 85px">[[प्रथमपल्ट चढिएको]]</td><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999966; width: 220px">{{{First ascent|}}}</td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{Easiest route|}}}|<tr><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999966; border-right: 1px solid #999966; background: #e7dcc3; width: 85px">सबैभन्दा सजिलो [[चढ्ने बाटो|बाटो]]</td><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999966; width: 220px">{{{Easiest route|}}}</td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{Grid_ref_UK|}}}|<tr><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999966; border-right: 1px solid #999966; background: #e7dcc3; width: 85px">[[British national grid reference system|OS grid reference]]</td><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999966; width: 220px">{{gbm4ibx|{{{Grid_ref_UK|}}}}}</td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{Grid_ref_Ireland|}}}|<tr><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999966; border-right: 1px solid #999966; background: #e7dcc3; width: 85px">[[Irish national grid reference system|OSI/OSNI grid reference]]</td><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999966; width: 220px">[http://getamap.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/getamap/frames.htm?mapAction=gaz&gazName=g&gazString={{{Grid_ref_Ireland|}}} {{{Grid_ref_Ireland}}}]</td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{Listing|}}}|<tr><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999966; border-right: 1px solid #999966; background: #e7dcc3; width: 85px">[[Hill lists in the British Isles|Listing]]</td><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999966; width: 220px">{{{Listing|}}}</td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{Translation|}}}|<tr><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999966; border-right: 1px solid #999966; background: #e7dcc3; width: 85px">Translation</td><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999966; width: 220px">''{{{Translation|}}}'' ({{{Language|}}})</td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{Pronunciation|}}}|<tr><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999966; border-right: 1px solid #999966; background: #e7dcc3; width: 85px">[[International Phonetic Alphabet|Pronunciation]]</td><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999966; width: 220px">{{IPA|[{{{Pronunciation}}}]}}</td></tr>}} |}<noinclude> ==Usage== <pre>{{Infobox Mountain | Name = | Photo = | Caption = | Elevation = | Location = | Range = | Prominence = | Coordinates = | Topographic map = | Type = | Age = | Last eruption = | First ascent = | Easiest route = | Grid_ref_UK = | Grid_ref_Ireland = | Listing = | Translation = | Language = | Pronunciation = }}</pre> [[Category:Templates using ParserFunctions|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:geography infobox templates|Mountain]] [[Category:Coordinates templates]] [[an:Plantilla:Montañas]] [[en:Template:Infobox Mountain]] [[fa:الگو:دادان کوه]] [[fi:Malline:Vuori]] [[fr:Modèle:Infobox Montagne]] [[ka:თარგი:მთა]] [[ta:வார்ப்புரு:தகவல் சட்டம் மலை]] [[tr:Şablon:Dağ]] [[ru:Шаблон:Гора]] </noinclude> 2615 7829 2006-12-02T15:00:50Z Indiver 9 New page: <span class="plainlinksneverexpand">[http://tools.wikimedia.de/~magnus/geo/geohack.php?params={{{1}}}_{{{2}}}_{{{3}}}_{{{4}}}_{{{5}}}_{{{6}}}_{{{7}}} {{{1}}}°{{{2}}}′{{{3}}} {{{4}}}°{{... <span class="plainlinksneverexpand">[http://tools.wikimedia.de/~magnus/geo/geohack.php?params={{{1}}}_{{{2}}}_{{{3}}}_{{{4}}}_{{{5}}}_{{{6}}}_{{{7}}} {{{1}}}°{{{2}}}′{{{3}}} {{{4}}}°{{{5}}}′{{{6}}}]</span> 2616 9166 2007-01-25T19:33:11Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Adding: [[es:Dhaulagiri]] {{Infobox Mountain | Name = धौलागिरि | Photo = Dhaulagiri I.jpg | Caption = अक्टोवर २००२ मा धौलागिरि प्रथम | Elevation = ८,१६७ मिटर (२६,७९४ फिट)<br><small>[[आठ-हजारी|सातौँ श्रेणी]]</small> | Location = [[धौलागिरि]] अञ्चल, [[नेपाल]] | Range = [[हिमालय|धौलागिरि हिमाल]] | Prominence = ३,३५७ मिटर | Coordinates = {{coor dms|28|41|47|N|83|29|43|E|type:mountain}} | First ascent = मे १३ [[१९६०]], द्वारा: एक [[स्विजरल्याण्ड|स्विस]]/[[अस्ट्रिया|अस्ट्रियन]] समुह | Easiest route = snow/ice climb }} '''धौलागिरि''' (वा ''धबलागिरि'') संसारकै सातौँ अग्लो हिमाल हो। It forms the eastern anchor of the '''Dhaulagiri Himal''', a [[mountain range|subrange]] of the [[Himalaya]] in the [[Dhawalagiri Zone]] of north central [[Nepal]]. It lies northwest of [[Pokhara]], an important regional town and tourist center. Across the deep gorge of the [[Kali Gandaki]] to the east lies the [[Annapurna]] Himal, home to Annapurna I, one of the other [[eight-thousanders]]. Dhaulagiri means "White Mountain". __NOTOC__ ==Notable Features== After its discovery in [[1808]] by the western world, Dhaulagiri was thought to be the highest mountain in the world. This lasted for 30 years before Dhaulagiri's place was taken by [[Kangchenjunga]]. [[Image:DhaulagiriMountain.jos.500pix.jpg|thumb|left|Dhaulagiri from Poon Hill]] In terms of rise above local terrain, Dhaulagiri is, in fact, almost unparalleled in the world. For example, it rises 7000m over the Kali Gandaki gorge to the southeast in about 30km of horizontal distance. The Kali Gandaki is especially dramatic since Dhaulagiri and Annapurna both stand near the river, giving a unique example of two [[Eight-thousanders]] facing each other over a deep valley. {{आठ-हजारी}} [[Category:Eight-thousanders]] [[Category:Mountains of Nepal]] [[cs:Dhaulagiri]] [[de:Dhaulagiri]] [[en:Dhaulagiri]] [[es:Dhaulagiri]] [[et:Dhaulagiri]] [[eu:Dhaulagiri]] [[fi:Dhaulagiri]] [[fr:Dhaulagiri]] [[io:Dhaulagiri]] [[it:Dhaulagiri]] [[ja:ダウラギリ]] [[ko:다울라기리 산]] [[lt:Daulagyris]] [[no:Dhaulagiri]] [[pl:Dhaulagiri]] [[pt:Dhaulagiri]] [[ru:Дхаулагири]] [[sv:Dhaulagiri]] [[zh:道拉吉里峰]] 2617 7832 2006-12-02T15:26:56Z Indiver 9 {| class="navbox" |- | ! width="100%" bgcolor="#ccccff" | <center> [[आठ-हजारी]] </center> | |- | colspan="3" align="center" | [[सगरमाथा]]&nbsp;• [[के२]]&nbsp;• [[कञ्चनजङ्घा]]&nbsp;• [[ल्होत्से]]&nbsp;• [[मकालु]]&nbsp;• [[चो यु]]&nbsp;• [[धौलागिरि]]&nbsp;• [[मनास्लु]]&nbsp;• [[नाँगा पर्बत]]&nbsp;• [[अन्नपुर्ण]]&nbsp;• [[ग्यासरब्रम १]]&nbsp;• [[ब्रोड शिखर]]&nbsp;• [[ग्यासरब्रम २]]&nbsp;• [[शिशापाङ्मा]] |- |} 2618 7850 2006-12-04T16:18:11Z Eukesh 93 i am new user in the nepali wikipeida. == स्वागत == नेपाली विकिपीडियामा तपाईंलाई स्वागत छ! Welcome to Nepali Wikipedia. Please feel free to contact other users for any help by editing the talk (वार्तालाप) page of the respective user. --[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 16:18, 4 डिसेम्बर 2006 (UTC) 2619 8687 2007-01-12T15:31:20Z RajeshPandey 111 Redirecting to [[मुख्य पृष्ठ]] #REDIRECT[[मुख्य पृष्ठ]] 2620 7876 2006-12-09T14:35:18Z RajeshPandey 111 *कृपया कुनै जातिविषेशलाई होच्याउने शब्द जस्तै "खैरे"को प्रयोग यहां नगर्नु होला। यो भ्यान्डलिजमलाई उल्टाइएको छ।--[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 06:26, 9 डिसेम्बर 2006 (UTC) ** मुख्य पृष्ठ ठिक गर्नुभएकोमा धेरै धन्यवाद । --[[User:RajeshPandey|Rajesh]] 2621 7869 2006-12-07T07:03:45Z 130.34.199.78 '''साझा चौतारी''' साझा डटकममा भेला हुने नेपालीहरुको एक लोकपृय फोरम हो। २००५ को बिचतिर नमे, भउते, सिरे, दादा लगायतका उत्साही युवाहरुले सुरु गरेको यो थ्रेड अहिले ३६ औं भागसम्म आइपुगेको छ। [[नेपाली]] भाषाको माध्याममा भालाकुसारी हुने यस फोरममा पूर्वदेखि पश्चिम नेपालका भेगमा बोलिने ढाँचामा गफ गरिन्छ। यही नै चौतारीको एक रौनक हो भन्नुमा अत्युक्ति नहोला। हाल पूर्व जापुन ([[Japan]]) देखि लिएर पश्चिम औंरिका ([[United States]])सम्मका गाम्लेहरु थकाइ मार्न यहाँ भेला हुने गर्छन्। '''चौतारीमा भाग लिने युजरहरु:''' Nepe – नेपे दाजी, Birkhe_Maila – जिम्माल बूढा, जिम्माल बा, बिर्खे माइल्दाइ, Dada_Giri – दादा, दादा बुरो, Nepesahila – साहिंला, Poonte – पून्टे दाई, पून्टेद, Kick – काका, GautamB. – गोताएँ, गोतामे ज्यू, Shree5 – सिरे, Bhaute – भउते, भौतेकाजी, Nepalean - नमे, Amazing – आइते, जंगे, Sandhurst_Lahure – लाहुरे जेठा, Camoflaged – कुम्ले, Miss_me – मास्टर्नी दिदी, मास्टर्नी नानी, मिस्, Pretty – सान्नानी, Uptowngal – ठूल्नानी, ठूली, Tyra – तितौरी, तिरू, Nirman – निरे, Ruina – रूइना, Matrix_rose – पुष्पपुरी, Ocean – मुन्द्रे, Lau_ta_lau – लाले, Bostonian_nepali – बेंसीथाने नेपाली, Sano_kanchha – सान्कान्छा, Ishwor – ईश्वर, Floraj – फुलौरे, ज्योतिष महाराज, World_map – चित्रे, Echoes – धने, Dalli_Resham – डल्ली फुपू, Subha – सुभे, शुभ दिदी, Chipledhunga – चिप्ले, Foe_4_Misty – मिस्टे, Gwanche – ग्वाँचे, Sajha_user – सन्जु, Vata-ta-ta – भट्टे, Gaalab – गाले, Lootekukur- लुते, Sherpini – शेर्पिनी, Ma_chameli – चमेली, Ramkisne – रामकिस्ने, Nepal_ko_chora- नेप्चे, Cerine – सेरू, Yahoooo – यामे, Harke_kailo – काहिंला, Nails- चरिनंग्रे, Bob_dai – बबे दाई, Deep- दीप ज्यो, Gurl_Interrupted - ईन्द्रेणी , Manepaliketa - माने, Kalankisthan - कैले , Hetterika!! - हरितालिका, Regal - राँगे, रिकुटे, Juggy - जग्गे, मरन्च्यासे - च्यासे चौतारी यस्तो लोकप्रिय भई अनवरत चलिरहनुको कारण: '''"हाँसो खुशी मित्रता आत्मियता अनि आफ्नोपनको अनूभूति चौतारीको विशेषता"''' -- मास्टर्नी नानी 2622 7873 2006-12-08T10:06:27Z 202.79.62.21 translate into nepali language Sino-Indian War Sino-Indian War, border conflict fought between India and China in 1962 over a region of India that had been disputed for nearly 50 years. In 1914, at a meeting in Simla, officials from China, Tibet, and the colonial administration of British India met to define the boundaries between China, Tibet, and India. China refused to recognize Tibet's independence, however, and would not affirm the borders delineated in the Simla agreement. In 1950, following the Communist revolution of 1949, troops of the Chinese army occupied Tibet. While the Indian government had no way to dislodge the Chinese from Tibet, it made a strong statement against the Chinese occupation by providing sanctuary for thousands of Tibetan refugees. In April 1954, however, faced with the Chinese fait accompli in Tibet, India signed an agreement (the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence) with China in which India acquiesced to China's claim to Tibet. The dispute that would lead to war arose over China's construction of a road linking Tibet with the Chines 2623 7877 2006-12-09T14:52:48Z RajeshPandey 111 /* Instructions for the author */ == स्रोतको नाम लेख्ने गर्नुहोस == कृपया यस्तो चिजहरु copy गर्दा copy गरेको ठाउँको नाम पनि लेख्ने गर्नुहोला । यस्तो गर्दा अरुले राम्ररी पढ्न पनि पाउछन् र उल्था गर्न पनि सजिलो हून्छ । == Specify Source == Please specify the source from which the article was copied, so that the end users will be able to go to the original location. It would be easier for other users to translate into Nepali as well. == Organise before posting == The information in this article is not organised and doesnot look like it has been copied in a proper way too. Sorry about my language but I am rude and think that the text is messed up. I tried to understand to translate but it looked like a mess.. So please follow certain rules or manage to organise a little bit. Since you want the text for other users, it must be readable by other users as well. -- Thanks, [[user:RajeshPandey|Rajesh]], Sat Dec 9th 3:15 PM GMT 2624 7891 2006-12-10T00:07:04Z Eukesh 93 [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px| ]] {{{1|'''सकियो'''}}}<noinclude>[[Category:Template|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude> 2625 7893 2006-12-10T06:24:09Z 128.12.61.106 translit.js == translit.js == Hi, I found out from [[m:Wikimedia News]] that you've enabled a JavaScript-based IME here for Devanagari. Have you considered placing [http://taye.free.fr/davangari/translit.js translit.js] in a MediaWiki message on this wiki? You can place it at [[MediaWiki:Translit.js]] and call it using: <nowiki>http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:translit.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript&dontcountme=s</nowiki> This way, you can take advantage of the Wikimedia Foundation's caching systems, and you're not dependent on an external site for bandwidth. In fact, the Vietnamese Wikipedia has used something very similar (called AVIM) for more than a year now, and it's worked out quite nicely (see [[vi:Wikipedia:Gõ tiếng Việt]], [[vi:MediaWiki:Monobook.js]], and [[vi:MediaWiki:Him.js]]). In case the script needs some browser testing, I can tell you that it works perfectly in Firefox 2.0 on the Mac, but not at all in Safari. (Safari also has problems with AVIM, so it's not because of this script.) &nbsp;&ndash;&nbsp;[[en:User:Mxn|Minh Nguyễn]] / [[vi:Thành viên:Mxn|Nguyễn Xuân Minh]] 06:24, 10 डिसेम्बर 2006 (UTC) 2627 7931 2006-12-15T16:17:32Z Eukesh 93 New page: '''कान''' भनेको [[प्राणी]]हरुको एक [[अंग]] हो। [[मानवीय कान|मानिस]]मा यो अंगको काम... '''कान''' भनेको [[प्राणी]]हरुको एक [[अंग]] हो। [[मानवीय कान|मानिस]]मा यो अंगको काम सुन्ने र सन्तुलन मिलाउने हो। [[Category:जीवशास्त्र]] 2628 7932 2006-12-15T16:21:55Z Eukesh 93 New page: '''मानवीय कान''' मानिसको सुन्ने र सन्तुलन मिलाउने अंग हो। ==संरचना== कानलाई ... '''मानवीय कान''' मानिसको सुन्ने र सन्तुलन मिलाउने अंग हो। ==संरचना== कानलाई ३ वटा भागमा विभाजन गरिन्छ। ती भागहरु यस प्रकार छन्- *बाहिरी कान (पिन्ना, एक्स्टर्नल अडिटरी क्यानाल, कानको जाली) *मध्य कान *भित्री कान [[Category:स्वास्थ्य]] 2629 7942 2006-12-16T04:10:09Z Eukesh 93 [[शंखधर् साख्वा]] मा सारियो [[शंखधर साख्वा]] #REDIRECT [[शंखधर साख्वा]] 2630 7949 2006-12-16T08:20:00Z Jose77 104 New page: {| class="messagebox standard-talk" style="padding:5px; width:90%;" | [[Image:Octagon-warning.png|50px]] |width="100%"| '''This user has been [[WP:BP|blocked indefinitely]] from editing Wi... {| class="messagebox standard-talk" style="padding:5px; width:90%;" | [[Image:Octagon-warning.png|50px]] |width="100%"| '''This user has been [[WP:BP|blocked indefinitely]] from editing Wikipedia, per ruling of [[WP:ADMIN|administrators]], [[User:Jimbo Wales|Jimbo Wales]] and/or the [[WP:AC|Arbitration Committee]]. <small>See the <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:Log/block|page=User:{{PAGENAMEE}}}} block log].</span></small> |}{{#switch:{{NAMESPACE}}|User|User talk=}} 2631 7956 2006-12-16T15:05:23Z Eukesh 93 Country birth: Albania, Birth City: Voskopoja Origin: Greek-Albanian Age: Secret Sex: Secret Interest: Albanology Favourite Book: Albania: The Bradt Travel Guide Education: University of Tirana Religion: An Orthodox Albanian [http://www.look-for-albania.com/ A look at Albania] “guide, forum & info” a website for tourism and travel information about Albania". == स्वागतम् == नेपाली विकिपिडियामा तपाईंलाई स्वागत छ। यदि तपाईको केहि सुझाभ छ भने मलाई दिन सक्नहुन्छ। Welcome to Nepali wikipedia. If you have any queries or comments, feel free to contact me.--[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 15:05, 16 डिसेम्बर 2006 (UTC) 2632 7953 2006-12-16T13:12:34Z Furi 172 New page: Country birth: Albania, Birth City: Voskopoja Origin: Greek-Albanian Age: Secret Sex: Secret Interest: Albanology Favourite Book: Albania: The Bradt Travel Guide Education: Universi... Country birth: Albania, Birth City: Voskopoja Origin: Greek-Albanian Age: Secret Sex: Secret Interest: Albanology Favourite Book: Albania: The Bradt Travel Guide Education: University of Tirana Religion: An Orthodox Albanian [http://www.look-for-albania.com/ A look at Albania] “guide, forum & info” a website for tourism and travel information about Albania". 2634 7958 2006-12-16T15:08:28Z Eukesh 93 [[Diabetes mellitus]] मा सारियो [[मधुमेह]] #REDIRECT [[मधुमेह]] 2635 7960 2006-12-16T15:38:41Z Tiyoringo 173 New page: == バベル == <table style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 242px; border: #99B3FF solid 1px"> <tr><td><center>'''[[Wikipedia:Babel]]'''</center></td></tr> <... == バベル == <table style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 242px; border: #99B3FF solid 1px"> <tr><td><center>'''[[Wikipedia:Babel]]'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td>{{User ja}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User en-2}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User de-1}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User zh-1}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User es-0}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User fr-0}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User it-0}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User nl-0}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User pt-0}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User ru-0}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User simple-2}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User BirthdayYear|1|9|7|X}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User windows}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User browser:Microsoft Internet Explorer}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User inclusionist}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User 歴検 2級世界史}}</td></tr> <!--<tr><td>{{User death-expand}}</td></tr>--> <tr><td>{{User Hutu}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User Yahoo! JAPAN}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User Google}}</td></tr> </table> == 他言語版リンク == *[[aa:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] *[[ab:Участник:Tiyoringo|アブハズ語（アブハジア共和国）]] *[[af:Gebruiker:Tiyoringo|アフリカーンス語（南アフリカなど）]] *[[ak:User:Tiyoringo|アカン語（ガーナ、コートジボアール）]] *[[als:Benutzer:Tiyoringo|アレマン語（スイス、高地ドイツ）]] *[[am:User:Tiyoringo|アムハラ語（エチオピア）]] *[[an:Usuario:Tiyoringo|アラゴン語（スペインの一部）]] *[[ang:User:Tiyoringo|古英語]] *[[ar:مستخدم:Tiyoringo|アラビア語]] *[[arc:User:Tiyoringo|現代アッシリア語]] *[[as:User:Tiyoringo|アッサム語（インド・アッサム地方）]] *[[ast:Usuariu:Tiyoringo|アストゥーリア語（ポルトガルの方言）]] *[[av:Участник:Tiyoringo|アヴァル語（ダゲスタン共和国）]] *[[ay:User:Tiyoringo|アイマラ語（ボリビア・ペルー）]] *[[az:İstifadəçi:Tiyoringo|アゼルバイジャン語]] *[[ba:Ҡатнашыусы:Tiyoringo|バシキール語（バシコルトスタン）]] *[[bar:User:Tiyoringo|ババリア語]] *[[bat-smg:User:Tiyoringo|（リトアニアの一部）]] *[[be:Удзельнік:Tiyoringo|ベラルーシ語]] *[[bg:Потребител:Tiyoringo|ブルガリア語]] *[[bh:User:Tiyoringo|ビハリ語（インド・ビハール州）]] *[[bi:User:Tiyoringo|ビスラマ語（バヌアツ、ニューカレドニア）]] *[[bm:Utilisateur:Tiyoringo|バンバラ語（マリ、ブルキナファソ、コートジボアール、ガンビア）]] *[[bn:ব্যবহারকারী:Tiyoringo|ベンガル語（バングラデシュ）]] *[[bo:User:Tiyoringo|チベット語]] *[[bpy:User:Tiyoringo|（バングラデシュ・ミャンマー国境地方）]] *[[br:Implijer:Tiyoringo|ブルトン語（ブルターニュ地方）]] *[[bs:Korisnik:Tiyoringo|ボスニア語]] *[[bug:User:Tiyoringo|ブギス語（スラウェシ島南部）]] *[[bxr:User:Tiyoringo|（ブリヤート語（ブリヤート共和国）]] *[[ca:Usuari:Tiyoringo|カタルーニャ語（カタロニア地方）]] *[[cbk-zam:User:Tiyoringo|スペイン語系言語（フィリピン南部）]] *[[cdo:User:Tiyoringo|閩東語]] *[[ce:User:Tiyoringo|チェチェン語]] *[[ceb:User:Tiyoringo|セブアノ語（セブ島ほか）]] *[[ch:User:Tiyoringo|チャモロ語（グアム、マリアナ諸島）]] *[[cho:User:Tiyoringo|チョクト語（アメリカ先住民）]] *[[chr:User:Tiyoringo|チェロキー語（アメリカ先住民の一部）]] *[[chy:User:Tiyoringo|（アメリカ先住民）]] *[[co:User:Tiyoringo|コルシカ語]] *[[cr:User:Tiyoringo|クリー語（カナダ、アルバータ州/ラブラドル州）]] *[[cs:Wikipedista:Tiyoringo|チェコ語]] *[[csb:Brëkòwnik:Tiyoringo|カシューブ語（ポーランドの一部など）]] *[[cu:User:Tiyoringo|古代教会スラヴ語（東ヨーロッパ）]] *[[cv:Хутшăнакан:Tiyoringo|チュヴァシ語（ヴォルガ川周辺の一部]] *[[cy:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] *[[da:Bruger:Tiyoringo|デンマーク語]] *[[de:Benutzer:Tiyoringo|ドイツ語]] *[[diq:User:Tiyoringo|（トルコ東部）]] *[[dv:User:Tiyoringo|ディベヒ語（モルディブ）]] *[[dz:User:Tiyoringo|ゾンカ語（ブータン）]] *[[el:Χρήστης:Tiyoringo|ギリシャ語]] *[[eml:User:Tiyoringo|（サンマリノ）]] *[[en:User:Tiyoringo|英語]] *[[eo:Vikipediisto:Tiyoringo|エスペラント語（人工言語）]] *[[es:Usuario:Tiyoringo|スペイン語]] *[[et:Kasutaja:Tiyoringo|エストニア語]] *[[eu:Lankide:Tiyoringo|バスク語（バスク地方）]] *[[ewe:User:Tiyoringo|エウェ語（ガーナ、トーゴ）]] *[[fa:کاربر:Tiyoringo|ペルシア語（イラン、タジキスタン、アフガニスタン）]] *[[ff:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] *[[fi:Käyttäjä:Tiyoringo|フィンランド語]] *[[fiu-vro:User:Tiyoringo|ヴォロ語（エストニア南東部）]] *[[fj:User:Tiyoringo|フィジー語（フィジー）]] *[[fo:Brúkari:Tiyoringo|フェロー語（フェロー諸島）]] *[[fr:Utilisateur:Tiyoringo|フランス語]] *[[frp:User:Tiyoringo|アルピタン語（フランス、イタリア、スイス国境地帯）]] *[[fur:Utent:Tiyoringo|フリウリ語（イタリア、スロベニア国境地帯）]] *[[fy:Meidogger:Tiyoringo|フリジア語（北海沿岸など）]] *[[ga:Úsáideoir:Tiyoringo|アイルランド語]] *[[gd:User:Tiyoringo|スコットランド・ゲール語]] *[[gl:User:Tiyoringo|ガリシア語]] *[[glk:User:Tiyoringo|（イラン・カスピ海沿岸）]] *[[gn:User:Tiyoringo|グアラニー語（パラグアイ、ボリビア）]] *[[got:User:Tiyoringo|ゴート語（ほぼ死語）]] <!-- *[[gsw:User:Tiyoringo]](als:Benutzer:Tiyoringo) --> *[[gu:User:Tiyoringo|グジャラート語（インド、グジャラート州）]] *[[gv:User:Tiyoringo|マン島語]] *[[ha:User:Tiyoringo|ハウサ語（ナイジェリア北部など）]] *[[haw:User:Tiyorinho|ハワイ語]] *[[he:משתמש:Tiyoringo|ヘブライ語]] *[[hi:सदस्य:Tiyoringo|ヒンディー語（インドの大部分）]] *[[ho:User:Tiyoringo|（パプアニューギニアの一部）]] *[[hr:Suradnik:Tiyoringo|クロアチア語]] *[[hsb:User:Tiyoringo|（ザクセン）]] *[[ht:User:Tiyoringo|ハイチ語]] *[[hu:User:Tiyoringo|ハンガリー語]] *[[hy:User:Tiyoringo|アルメニア語]] *[[hz:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] *[[ia:Usator:Tiyoringo|インターリングア（国際補助語）]] *[[id:Pengguna:Tiyoringo|イド語（人工言語）]] *[[ie:User:Tiyoringo|インターリングア（国際補助語）]] *[[ig:User:Tiyoringo|イボ語（ナイジェリア、赤道ギニア）]] *[[ii:User:Tiyoringo|彝語（四川省、雲南省少数民族）]] *[[ik:User:Tiyoringo|イヌイット語（アラスカなど）]] *[[ilo:User:Tiyoringo|イロカノ語（ルソン島北部）]] *[[io:User:Tiyoringo|イド語（人工言語）]] *[[is:Pengguna:Tiyoringo|アイスランド語]] *[[it:Utente:Tiyoringo|イタリア語]] *[[iu:User:Tiyoringo|イヌクティトゥット語（カナダ北極海沿岸地方）]] *[[ja:利用者:Tiyoringo|日本語]] *[[jbo:User:Tiyoringo|ロジバン（人工言語）]] *[[jv:Panganggo:Tiyoringo|ジャワ語（ジャワ島中部、東部）]] *[[ka:მომხმარებელი:Tiyoringo|グルジア語]] <!-- *[[kaa:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] --> *[[kg:User:Tiyoringo|コンゴ語（コンゴ共和国、コンゴ民主共和国、アンゴラ]] *[[ki:User:Tiyoringo|（ケニアの一部）]] *[[kj:User:Tiyoringo|（ナミビア、アンゴラ）]] *[[kk:Қатысушы:Tiyoringo|カザフ語]] <!-- *[[kk-cn:User:Tiyoringo]] *[[kk-kz:User:Tiyoringo]] *[[kk-tr:User:Tiyoringo]] --> *[[kl:User:Tiyoringo|グリーンランド語]] *[[km:User:Tiyoringo|クメール語（カンボジア）]] *[[kn:ಸದಸ್ಯ:Tiyoringo|カンナダ語（インド南部）]] *[[ko:사용자:Tiyoringo|朝鮮語]] *[[kr:User:Tiyoringo|（ナイジェリア、チャド、ニジェール、カメルーン）]] *[[ks:User:Tiyoringo|カシミール語（カシミール地方）]] *[[ksh:Medmaacher:Tiyoringo|リプアーリ語（ラインラント、ベルギー東部）]] *[[ku:Bikarhêner:Tiyoringo|クルド語]] *[[kv:Участник:Tiyoringo|コミ語（ロシア・コミ共和国）]] *[[kw:User:Tiyoringo|コーンウォル語（イギリス、コーンウォル地方）]] *[[ky:User:Tiyoringo|キルギス語]] *[[la:Usor:Tiyoringo|ラテン語]] *[[lad:User:Tiyoringo|ジュデズモ語（スペイン系ユダヤ人）]] *[[lb:User:Tiyoringo|ルクセンブルク語]] *[[lbe:User:Tiyoringo|（ダゲスタン共和国南部）]] *[[lg:User:Tiyoringo|ガンダ語（ウガンダ）]] *[[li:Gebroeker:Tiyoringo|リンブルグ語（低地ドイツ語）]] *[[lij:User:Tiyoringo|リグリア語]] *[[lmo:User:Tiyoringo|ロンバルド語（ロンバルディア地方）]] *[[ln:User:Tiyoringo|リンガラ語（コンゴ民主共和国、コンゴ共和国）]] *[[lo:User:Tiyoringo|ラーオ語（ラオス）]] *[[lt:Naudotojas:Tiyoringo|リトアニア語]] *[[lv:Lietotājs:Tiyoringo|ラトビア語]] *[[map-bms:User:Tiyoringo|バニュマス語（ジャワ島中部ほか）]] *[[mg:User:Tiyoringo|マダガスカル語]] *[[mh:User:Tiyoringo|マーシャル語（マーシャル諸島、ナウル）]] *[[mi:User:Tiyoringo|マオリ語（ニュージーランド先住民）]] *[[mk:Корисник:Tiyoringo|マケドニア語]] *[[ml:User:Tiyoringo|マラヤラム語（インド南部）]] *[[mn:User:Tiyoringo|モンゴル語]] *[[mo:User:Tiyoringo|モルドバ語]] *[[mr:User:Tiyoringo|マラーティー語（インド西部）]] *[[ms:Pengguna:Tiyoringo|マレー語]] *[[mt:User:Tiyoringo|マルタ語]] *[[mus:User:Tiyoringo|（アメリカ先住民）]] *[[my:User:Tiyoringo|ビルマ語（ミャンマー）]] *[[mzn:User:Tiyoringo|マザーンダラン語（イラン・カスピ海沿岸）]] *[[na:User:Tiyoringo|ナウル語]] *[[nah:Usuario:Tiyoringo|ナワトル語（メキシコ先住民）]] *[[nap:Utente:Tiyoringo|ナポリ語]] *[[nds:Bruker:Tiyoringo|低ザクセン語（ドイツ北部）]] *[[nds-nl:Gebruker:Tiyoringo|オランダ低ザクセン語（オランダ北部）]] *[[ne:User:Tiyoringo|ネパール語（ネパール）]] *[[new:User:Tiyoringo|ネパール語（ネパール）]] *[[ng:User:Tiyoringo|（ナミビア、アンゴラ南部）]] *[[nl:Gebruiker:Tiyoringo|オランダ語]] *[[nn:Brukar:Tiyoringo|ニーノシュク（ノルウェーの方言）]] *[[no:Bruker:Tiyoringo|ノルウェー語]] <!-- *[[non:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] --> *[[nov:User:Tiyoringo|ノヴィアル（人工言語）]] *[[nrm:User:Tiyoringo|ノルマン語（ノルマンディー地方）]] *[[nv:User:Tiyoringo|ナバホ語（ニューメキシコ州、ユタ州先住民族）]] *[[ny:User:Tiyoringo|チェワ語（マラウイ）]] *[[oc:Utilizaire:Tiyoringo|オック語（ガスコーニュ地方など）]] *[[om:User:Tiyoringo|オロモ語（エチオピア、ケニア）]] *[[or:User:Tiyoringo|オリヤー語（インド・オリッサ州）]] *[[os:Архайæг:Tiyoringo|オセット語（北オセチア共和国）]] *[[pa:User:Tiyoringo|パンジャブ語（インド・パンジャブ州、パキスタン）]] *[[pag:User:Tiyoringo|（ルソン島中部）]] *[[pam:User:Tiyoringo|パンパンガ語（フィリピン北部の一部）]] *[[pap:User:Tiyoringo|ポルトガル語系言語（オランダ領アンチル諸島及びアルバ）]] *[[pdc:User:Tiyoringo|ペンシルバニア・ドイツ語（ペンシルバニア州、カナダ・アメリカ国境）]] *[[pi:User:Tiyoringo|パーリ語（上座仏教教典）]] *[[pih:User:Tiyoringo|ノーフォーク語（オーストラリア領ノーフォーク島）]] *[[pl:Wikipedysta:Tiyoringo|ポーランド語]] *[[pms:Utent:Tiyoringo|ピエモンテ語（ピエモンテ地方）]] *[[ps:User:Tiyoringo|パシュトー語（アフガニスタンの一部）]] *[[pt:Usuário:Tiyoringo|ポルトガル語]] <!-- *[[pt-br:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] --> *[[qu:Usuario:Tiyoringo|ケチュア語（インカ帝国）]] *[[rm:User:Tiyoringo|ロマンシュ語（スイス）]] *[[rmy:Jeno:Tiyoringo|ロマ語（ジプシー）]] *[[rn:User:Tiyoringo|ルンディ語（ブルンジ）]] *[[ro:Utilizator:Tiyoringo|ルーマニア語]] *[[roa-rup:User:Tiyoringo|アルーマニア語（ルーマニア語の流れを持つ）]] *[[roa-tar:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] *[[ru:Участник:Tiyoringo|ロシア語]] *[[ru-sib:User:Tiyoringo|（シベリア）]] *[[rw:User:Tiyoringo|（ルワンダ）]] *[[sa:User:Tiyoringo|サンスクリット語（インドの古典言語）]] *[[sc:Utente:Tiyoringo|サルディーニャ語（サルディーニャ島）]] *[[scn:User:Tiyoringo|シチリア語（シチリア島）]] *[[sco:User:Tiyoringo|スコットランド語]] *[[sd:User:Tiyoringo|シンディー語（パキスタン、シンド州）]] *[[se:User:Tiyoringo|北部サーミ語（ラップランド）]] *[[sg:User:Tiyoringo|サンゴ語（中央アフリカ共和国）]] *[[sh:User:Tiyoringo|セルビア・クロアチア語]] *[[si:User:Tiyoringo|シンハラ語（スリランカ）]] *[[simple:User:Tiyoringo|シンプル英語]] *[[sk:Redaktor:Tiyoringo|スロバキア語]] *[[sl:Uporabnik:Tiyoringo|スロベニア語]] *[[sm:User:Tiyoringo|サモア語]] *[[sn:User:Tiyoringo|ショナ語（ジンバブエなど）]] *[[so:User:Tiyoringo|ソマリ語（ソマリア）]] *[[sq:Përdoruesi:Tiyoringo|アルバニア語]] *[[sr:Корисник:Tiyoringo|セルビア語]] <!-- *[[sr-ec:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] *[[sr-el:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] *[[sr-jc:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] *[[sr-jl:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] --> *[[ss:User:Tiyoringo|スワジ語（スワジランド）]] *[[st:User:Tiyoringo|ソト語（レソト）]] *[[su:Pamaké:Tiyoringo|スンダ語]] *[[sv:Användare:Tiyoringo|スウェーデン語]] *[[sw:User:Tiyoringo|スワヒリ語（ケニア、タンザニア）]] *[[ta:பயனர்:Tiyoringo|タミル語（スリランカ）]] *[[te:సభ్యుడు:Tiyoringo|テルグ語（インド南東部）]] *[[tet:User:Tiyoringo|テトゥン語（東ティモール）]] *[[tg:User:Tiyoringo|タジク語]] *[[th:ผู้ใช้:Tiyoringo|タイ語]] *[[ti:User:Tiyoringo|ティグリヤ語]] *[[tk:User:Tiyoringo|トルクメン語（トルクメニスタン）]] *[[tl:User:Tiyoringo|タガログ語（フィリピン）]] *[[tlh:User:Tiyoringo|クリンゴン語（スタートレック）]] *[[tn:User:Tiyoringo|ツワナ語（ボツワナ）]] *[[to:User:Tiyoringo|トンガ語]] *[[tokipona:User:Tiyoringo|トキポナ（人工言語）]] *[[tpi:User:Tiyoringo|トク・ピジン（パプア・ニューギニア、ソロモン諸島、バヌアツ）]] *[[tr:Kullanıcı:Tiyoringo|トルコ語]] *[[ts:User:Tiyoringo|（モザンビーク、スワジランドなど）]] *[[tt:Äğzä:Tiyoringo|タタール語（北アジア）]] *[[tum:User:Tiyoringo|トゥンブカ語（マラウイなど）]] *[[tw:User:Tiyoringo|トウィ語（ガーナ）]] *[[ty:User:Tiyoringo|タヒチ語]] <!-- *[[tyv:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] ---> *[[udm:Викиавтор:Tiyoringo|ウドムルト語（ロシアの一部）]] *[[ug:User:Tiyoringo|ウィグル語]] *[[uk:Користувач:Tiyoringo|ウクライナ語]] *[[ur:صارف:Tiyoringo|ウルドゥー語（パキスタン、インドなど）]] *[[uz:User:Tiyoringo|ウズベク語（ウズベキスタン）]] *[[ve:User:Tiyoringo|（南アフリカ、ジンバブエ）]] *[[vec:Utente:Tiyoringo|ヴェネツィア語]] *[[vi:Thành viên:Tiyoringo|ベトナム語]] *[[vls:Gebruker:Tiyoringo|フラマン語]] *[[vo:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] *[[wa:Uzeu:Tiyoringo|ワロン語（ベルギー南部）]] *[[war:User:Tiyoringo|ワライワライ語（フィリピン中部）]] *[[wo:User:Tiyoringo|ウォロフ語（セネガル、ガンビア、モーリタニア）]] *[[wuu:User:Tiyoringo|呉語（上海ほか）]] *[[xal:Орлцач:Tiyoringo|オイラト語（モンゴル西部など）]] *[[xh:User:Tiyoringo|（南アフリカ共和国）]] *[[yi:באַניצער:Tiyoringo|イディッシュ語（ユダヤ人、主に中欧、東欧）]] *[[yo:User:Tiyoringo|ヨルバ語（ナイジェリア）]] *[[za:User:Tiyoringo|チワン語（広西省少数民族など）]] *[[zea:User:Tiyoringo|オランダ南西部北海沿岸地方]] *[[zh:User:Tiyoringo|中国語]] *[[zh-classical:User:Tiyoringo|古文/文言文（漢文）]] <!-- *[[zh-cn:User:Tiyoringo|中国語]] *[[zh-hk:User:Tiyoringo|中国語]] --> *[[zh-min-nan:User:Tiyoringo|閩南語（福建省南部）]] <!-- *[[zh-sg:User:Tiyoringo|中国語]] *[[zh-tw:User:Tiyoringo|中国語]] --> *[[zh-yue:User:Tiyoringo|広東語]] *[[zu:User:Tiyoringo|ズールー語（南アフリカ、ズールー族）]] == プロフィール(PROFILE) == *[[:ja:Wikipedia:善意にとる]] === BASKETBALL === *[[NBA]]、[[w:New York Knics|ニューヨーク・ニックス]]のファン。 *[[2006年バスケットボール世界選手権]]のうち、[[さいたまスーパーアリーナ]]で行なわれた20試合中、12試合を観戦した。 **決勝戦（[[スペイン]]対[[ギリシャ]]）7位8位決定戦（[[リトアニア]]対[[ドイツ]]）(4階席より観戦,仕事のため7位8位決定戦は第2Qぐらいから)[[画像:20060903 2157~001.jpg]] **3位から6位決定戦（[[アメリカ]]対[[アルゼンチン]]）、（[[フランス]]対[[トルコ]]）スタンドS席より観戦 **5位から8位戦（フランス対ドイツ）、（トルコ対リトアニア）、アリーナS席(ゴール裏2列目)より観戦 **準々決勝2日目（アメリカ対ドイツ）、（ギリシャ対フランス）、アリーナS席より観戦 **ベスト8決定戦2日目（アメリカ対[[ニュージーランド]]）、（ドイツ対[[ナイジェリア]]）、（フランス対[[アンゴラ]]）、（ギリシャ対[[中国]]）、午前午後は観客入替（1日4試合スタンドS席より観戦、午後は最後列） *購入したグッズ **ピンバッジ（観戦したほぼ全ての試合、スペイン優勝、その他多数） **[[タオル]][[マフラー]]（ギリシャ（中国戦後）、トルコ（フランス戦後）ドイツ（ナイジェリア戦後？）） **Tシャツ（予選Bグループのもの2種類（黒、白）、ギリシャ、トルコ、北海道の絵柄入りの記念Tシャツ（[[札幌]]ラウンドのもの、ただしXXXサイズ、[[北海道]]出身の職場の人へプレゼント） **お菓子3種類 **タイピン（優勝カップ） **ボールペン（[[バツマル]]） **シャーペン（バツマル） *購入したグッズ（公式以外） **[[携帯ストラップ]]（キティ）部活動シリーズ *購入予定グッズ（DVD全てのセット） *:さすがに30,000円のトーナメントピンバッジ限定200か300セットは購入しませんでした。何年か前だったり、10,000円くらいなら買ってました。 === OTHER SPORTS === *[[NFL]]、[[Chicago Bears|シカゴ・ベアーズ]]のファン。 *[[Jリーグ]]、[[ジェフ千葉]]（[[古河電工]]のときより）のファン。 *天皇杯（サッカー）に出場したことのある大学の出身。J1のチームとの試合には応援に出かけました。 == リンク(LINK) == *[[利用者:Tiyoringo/立ち上げ記事]] *[http://www.nba.com/hawks/ アトランタ・ホークス] *[http://www.nba.com/celtics/ ボストンセルティックス] *[http://www.nba.com/bobcats/index_main.html シャーロット・ボブキャッツ] *[http://www.nba.com/bulls/ シカゴ・ブルズ] *[http://www.nba.com/cavaliers/ クリーブランド・キャバリアーズ] *[http://www.nba.com/mavericks/ ダラス・マーベリックス] *[http://www.nba.com/nuggets/ デンバー・ナゲッツ] *[http://www.nba.com/pistons/index_main.html デトロイト・ピストンズ] *[http://www.nba.com/warriors/index_main.html ゴールデンステート・ウォリアーズ] *[http://www.nba.com/rockets/index_main.html ヒューストン・ロケッツ] *[http://www.nba.com/pacers/ インディアナ・ペイサーズ] *[http://www.nba.com/clippers/index_main.html ロサンゼルス・クリッパーズ] *[http://www.nba.com/lakers/ ロサンゼルス・レイカーズ] *[http://www.nba.com/grizzlies/ メンフィス・グリズリーズ] *[http://www.nba.com/heat/ マイアミ・ヒート] *[http://www.nba.com/bucks/ ミルウォーキー・バックス] *[http://www.nba.com/timberwolves/ ミネソタ・ティンバーウルブズ] *[http://www.nba.com/nets/ ニュージャージー・ネッツ] *[http://www.nba.com/hornets/ ニューオーリンズ・ホーネッツ] *[http://www.nba.com/knicks/ ニューヨーク・ニックス] *[http://www.nba.com/magic/index_main.html オーランド・マジック] *[http://www.nba.com/sixers/index_main.html フィラデルフィア・セブンティシクサーズ] *[http://www.nba.com/suns/index_main.html フェニックス・サンズ] *[http://www.nba.com/blazers/ ポートランド・トレイルブレイザーズ] *[http://www.nba.com/kings/ サクラメント･キングス] *[http://www.nba.com/spurs/ サンアントニオ・スパーズ] *[http://www.nba.com/sonics/ シアトル・スーパーソニックス] *[http://www.nba.com/raptors/ トロント・ラプターズ] *[http://www.nba.com/jazz/ ユタ・ジャズ] *[http://www.nba.com/wizards/index_main.html ワシントン･ウィザーズ] 2637 7970 2006-12-17T22:02:00Z Ev 174 I don't speak Nepali. I speak English. Hablo castellano. Ich spreche Deutsch. [[meta:User:Ev]] *You can leave me a message on [[m:User talk:Ev|my talk page on meta]]. *Vous pouvez me laisser un message sur [[m:User talk:Ev|ma page de discussion sur méta]]. *Puede dejarme un mensaje en [[m:User talk:Ev|mi página de discusión en meta]]. *Puoi lasciarmi un messaggio nella [[m:User talk:Ev|mia pagina di discussione su meta]]. *Sie können mir eine Nachricht auf [[m:User talk:Ev|meiner Diskussionsseite im meta]] hinterlassen. ( Please, help me by adding a similar message in Nepali at the top of the list, and removing this petition at the same time. Thanks :-) 2638 7968 2006-12-17T16:29:26Z Eukesh 93 New page: '''नेपाल स्काउट''' नेपालको स्काउटिंग र गाइडिंग संस्था हो। [[Category:स्काउट]] '''नेपाल स्काउट''' नेपालको स्काउटिंग र गाइडिंग संस्था हो। [[Category:स्काउट]] 2641 9125 2007-01-23T14:19:53Z RajeshPandey 111 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/221.143.42.145|221.143.42.145]] ([[User_talk:221.143.42.145|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:209.67.215.162|209.67.215.162]] 2642 9222 2007-01-30T20:21:43Z 148.244.235.4 Unknown 2643 8007 2006-12-20T02:32:06Z Jose77 104 New page: Please Block this User. Please Block this User. 2644 8031 2006-12-22T16:44:22Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: दिनहरु दिनहरु 2645 8032 2006-12-22T16:48:52Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: हाललाइ चुनाव कार्य सकिएको छ । कृपया [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Elections_for_the_Board_of_Trustees_of_the_Wikimedia_Foundatio... हाललाइ चुनाव कार्य सकिएको छ । कृपया [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Elections_for_the_Board_of_Trustees_of_the_Wikimedia_Foundation%2C_2006/En चुनावको नतिजाहरुको पृष्ठ ] छिटैनै हेर्नुहोला । 2646 8033 2006-12-22T16:50:11Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: यहाँ क्लिक गर्नुहोस् यहाँ क्लिक गर्नुहोस् 2647 8034 2006-12-22T16:50:34Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: धेरै धेरै 2648 8035 2006-12-22T17:03:43Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: धन्यवाद , तपाइको भोट संग्रह भयो । तपाइको इच्छाअनुसार तलका विवरणहरु राख... धन्यवाद , तपाइको भोट संग्रह भयो । तपाइको इच्छाअनुसार तलका विवरणहरु राख्न सक्नुहुन्छ । तपाइको भोट रेकर्ड यसप्रकार छ <pre>$1</pre> यसलाइ चुनाव अधिकारीहरुको public key द्वारा encrypt गरिएको छ । <pre>$2</pre> तल encrypt गरिएको version यसप्रकार छ । यो कुरा चाहिँ सार्वजनिक रुपमा [[Special:Boardvote/dump]]मा देखाइनेछ । <pre>$3</pre> [[Special:Boardvote/entry|पछिल्लो पृष्ठ]] । 2649 8038 2006-12-22T17:10:07Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: * [[Special:Boardvote/vote|भोट हाल्नुहोस्]] * [[Special:Boardvote/list|हालसम्मको सुची]] * [[Special:Boardvote/dump| encrypt गरि... * [[Special:Boardvote/vote|भोट हाल्नुहोस्]] * [[Special:Boardvote/list|हालसम्मको सुची]] * [[Special:Boardvote/dump| encrypt गरिएको रद्दी निर्वाचन सुची]] 2650 8040 2006-12-22T17:10:57Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: &nbsp; &nbsp; 2651 8043 2006-12-22T17:42:37Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: प्रयोगकर्ता प्रयोगकर्ता 2652 8044 2006-12-22T17:42:48Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: समय समय 2653 8045 2006-12-22T17:43:12Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: OK OK 2654 9066 2007-01-19T17:32:42Z Eukesh 93 /* Re: Welcome */ == Archieves == [[User talk:RajeshPandey archieve Dec23 2006|RajeshPandey archieve Dec23 2006]] == सुझावहरु == कृपया तपाईका सुझावहरु राख्‍नुहोला ==Clarification== '''Greetings RajeshPandey'''! I have now removed the incorrect Nepalese translation and have replaced it with the accurate English version. Hopefully you can now help me translate the article without any confusion. Thanks. Yours Sincerely, From --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 08:03, 24 डिसेम्बर 2006 (UTC) ==GRATITUDE== '''THANKYOU VERY MUCH RajeshPandey''' for your excellent translation help and effort! I am very very Grateful. ''MAY YOU PROSPER AND SUCCEED IN LIFE''! (Of course, in the future if you ever need any articles to be translated into the Chinese or Taiwanese language, then I would gladly help you). Best Wishes, From --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 20:32, 24 डिसेम्बर 2006 (UTC) == भाषाको बारेमा == * मैले तपाईंलाई व्यक्तिगत रूपमा नेपाली भाषाको प्रयोग सम्बन्धित आक्षेप लगाउन खोजेको होइन। हामीले नेपाली विकिपीडिया बनाउंदा सकभर एक अर्कासंग नेपाली मै वार्तालाप गरे उचित होला भन्ने मेरो धारणा मात्र हो। अन्य भाषाका विकिपीडियामा पनि, अन्यथा नभएमा, जुन भाषाको विकिपीडिया हो, त्यही भाषाको प्रयोग गरिन्छ। सो धारणा मैले उक्त पृष्ठमा कार्यरत सबै प्रयोगकर्ताहरुलाई लक्षित गरेर राख्न खोजेको थिएं। त्यसलाई अन्यथा नलिनु होला। धन्यवाद। --[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 00:02, 25 डिसेम्बर 2006 (UTC) सुझाबको लागि धन्यबाद । --[[User:RajeshPandey|राजेश]] 11:10, 25 डिसेम्बर 2006 (UTC) == Rendering == Thank you Eukesh and Rajesh for clarifying the problem with rendering engine of Firefox. If it's the problem of Pango then we can just hope the developers as MPP and others working on it will solve it as soon as they can. Now I was wondering if we could work on a list of basic articles that are necessary for the Nepali language Wikipedia to be useful to anyone. Right now, the number of articles are increasing very slowly and much slower is the progress on their quality. What do you suggest? I was thinking of doing some publicity of Wikipedia through friends in different media, but without at least 100 good articles it could backfire. Regarding the homepage, it's been quite a while since it got any real updates. BTW, I have some suggestions (and spelling verification from Nepali dictionary) for few of the phrases used in the system:<br> Preview=पूर्वालोकन (पुनरावलोकन==Review, पुर्वावोलोकन==?)<br> Privacy Policy=गोपनीयता नीति<br> --Indiver 2007-01-08 11:37 PM NST. == Rendering in Opera == I just checked in Opera (Under Ubuntu Linux 7.04 Feisty Fawn and Gnome) which seems to fix the unusual appearance and space-in-between-words issues. It could still be the stylesheet entires, as most other pages are rendered fine in Firefox. So far, IE has the best rendering and I use it for ne.wikipedia.org when using Windows. But when using Linux, I use Firefox and manage to edit with it anyway. --[[User:Indiver|Indiver]] 2007-01-08 11:54 PM NST == Re: == सुझावको लागि धन्यवाद। यो टेक्स्टले निकै नै समस्या दिईराखेको छ। यसलाई मिलाउनको लागि केहि गर्न मिल्दैन र, साथी? धन्यवाद। --[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 19:34, 10 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) == Re: Welcome == Thank you very much for your welcome!! Unfortunately, I can't speak Nepali, so I'll only be able to revert obvious vandalism, but thanks for the welcome anyway :) Cheers, [[User:Tangotango|Tangotango]] 04:20, 18 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) ==धन्यवाद== लिन्कको लागि धन्यवाद।--[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 17:32, 19 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) 2656 8141 2006-12-24T20:39:06Z Jose77 104 /* A small attempt */ == Misleading sentences == "चाइना को बेइजिन्‍ग मा १९१७ मा स्‍थापना भएको एक मात्र स्वतन्त्र गिर्जाघर।" This means : The church was established in China in 1917 and it is the only independent church. चाइना(Romanised Nepali word for China ) = China =चीन (translated Nepali word for China) अहिले यस संस्थाको ४५ वटा देशमा गरि कुल १५ लाख सदस्यहरु छन्। यो संस्था इसाई धर्म अन्तर्गत प्रोटेस्टेन्ट समुदाय संग सम्बन्धित छ। यो चर्चमा क्रिस्‌मस र इस्टर पर्व मनाइदैन। यो चर्च भारतमा सन् १९३२ मा स्थापना भएको हो। This sentence says that it was established in India in 1932. "यो चर्च भारतमा सन् १९३२ मा स्थापना भएको हो।" भारतमा (Translated Nepali word for "In India") = In India (English Text) = ईन्डियामा (Romanised Nepali word for "In India") So It means to say that at first it was established in China and then It was established in India. Does it mean to say that it was first established in China and then its branch was established in India later and then in other countries. Now there are members in 45 countries. [Members ok. But this are there any branches of this church or is it the only church. Where is it actually situated ? Is it in China or in India?] Please clarify. I would like to know this before translating. I think that if the original translator gets confused .. the later may all get confused. == Findings comparing history of the page == No body have cited the works . चाइना को बेइजिन्‍ग मा १९१७ मा स्‍थापना भएको एक मात्र स्‍वतन्‍त्र चच....... : by Xnepali in Revision as of 06:38, 24 एप्रील 2006 Xnepali in 06:38, 24 एप्रील 2006 writes that:: this church was established in China. and This was translated in Nepali. 132.181.7.1 in 21:56, 11 मे 2006 writes that:: this church was established in India. Now this text is in English. This way A Nepali user will interpret China and an English user will interpret India. The church was established in India since 1932. == Sources == *http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0&diff=6037&oldid=6025 *http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0&diff=6037&oldid=5941 == Clarification== Hi RajeshPandey, I sincerely apologize for all the confusion caused by the misleading Nepalese translation. I have therefore removed the misleading translation and replaced it with the proper English version. Hopefully you are now able to help me translate the article without any problem. To clarify the facts, This church was first established in China since 1917. Then in 1932 it was established in India (by an Indian named Zacharias Ponniah who was returning to his hometown from Malaysia). Therefore this is what the article is supposed to say: ''The True Jesus Church is an independent church that was first established in Beijing, China in 1917. The church was later established in India since 1932. Today, there are approximately between 1.5 to 2.5 million members in forty five countries. The church is an offshoot of the Pentecost-Protestant branch of Christianity that emerged during the early twentieth century. They were also one of the three indigenous Chinese house churches that existed before the Communist takeover of China in 1949. They aim to preach the gospel to all nations before the Second Coming of Jesus. The church differs from most Christian denominations in that they do not believe the doctrine of the Trinity and adhere to the "Jesus-Name doctrine" instead''. ''The church does not celebrate Christmas since the 25th of December was originally associated with a pagan ritual celebrating the birthday of the Sun which was later adopted into the Christian church during the reign of the Roman emperor Constantine in the 4th century AD''. --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 07:55, 24 डिसेम्बर 2006 (UTC) == A small attempt == I have tried my best to translate this much - however I believe there are errors, because of the complex words, most of which just heard them for the first time. Please check with a linguist preferrably with a bilingual person. Here are some references I went through during my translation,: [http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0&oldid=8122 Original version] [http://www.answers.com/trinity 1] [http://www.answers.com/doctrine 2] [http://www.answers.com/doctrine 3] [http://www.answers.com/preach 4] [http://www.answers.com/Pentecost 5] [http://www.answers.com/Pentecost-Protestant 6] [http://www.answers.com/offshoot&r=67 7] --[[User:RajeshPandey|राजेश]] 16:36, 24 डिसेम्बर 2006 (UTC) :You have made a brilliant attempt! :Most of the terminology references that you checked above (ie. trinity, doctrine, preach, and offshoot) had portrayed their correct and proper meanings. :However, the word "Pentecost" simply referred to the Pentecostal movement that first originated in the United States of America during the early twentieth century. Since then, this movement had subsequently spread to countries all over the world. See [http://www.answers.com/Pentecostalism Pentecostalism] for its full definition. --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 20:38, 24 डिसेम्बर 2006 (UTC) 2657 8126 2006-12-24T09:28:39Z Jose77 104 <!-- License: GFDL, transcluded from Template:GFDL --> <div class="boilerplate" style="margin:0.5em auto;width:80%;background-color:#f7f8ff;border:2px solid #8888aa; padding:4px;font-size:85%;min-height:47px;vertical-align:center; color: #000" id="imageLicense"> <div style="float:left" id="imageLicenseIcon">[[Image:Heckert GNU white.svg|48px|GFDL]]</div> <div style="text-align:center;margin-left:68px" id="imageLicenseText"> Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the '''[[:en:Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]]''', Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. </div> </div> <includeonly>[[Category:GFDL images|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly> <noinclude> [[en:Image:Nepal gov logo.png]] 2658 8410 2007-01-08T08:51:02Z RajeshPandey 111 '''ओखलढुंगा''' नेपालको एक जिल्लाको नाम हो। यो जिल्ला नेपालको पूर्वाञ्चलमा पर्दछ। == प्रभाव== * कवि [[सिद्धिचरण श्रेष्ठ]]ले आफ्नो प्रसिद्ध कविता "[[मेरो प्यारो वखलढुंगा]]" यही जिल्लाको नामबाट श्रृजना गरेका हुन्। {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2659 8135 2006-12-24T17:50:20Z Eukesh 93 New page: '''सिद्धिचरण श्रेष्ठ''' नेपालका एक प्रसिद्ध कवि हुन्। उनले नेपाली र नेपाल ... '''सिद्धिचरण श्रेष्ठ''' नेपालका एक प्रसिद्ध कवि हुन्। उनले नेपाली र नेपाल भाषामा लेख्ने गर्दथे। [[Category:नेपाली साहित्यकार]] 2660 8136 2006-12-24T17:52:17Z Eukesh 93 New page: नेपाली (खस) भाषाका साहित्यकारहरुको बारेमा लेखिएका लेखहरुको संगालो। नेपाली (खस) भाषाका साहित्यकारहरुको बारेमा लेखिएका लेखहरुको संगालो। 2661 8146 2006-12-25T00:34:52Z Eukesh 93 New page: <span class="Unicode">{{{1}}}</span> <span class="Unicode">{{{1}}}</span> 2662 8358 2007-01-08T00:45:01Z RajeshPandey 111 {{bot|TXiKi|site=eu}} This is a bot account, run by [[:eu:Lankide:TXiKi|eu:TXiKi]]. If you want to contact me, please visit [[:eu:Lankide eztabaida:TXiKi|my talk page]]. Thank you! 2663 8158 2006-12-27T20:35:33Z Eukesh 93 New page: {| id="toc" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; width: 25em; font-size: 90%;" cellspacing="3" |- |colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"|काठमाडौं व... {| id="toc" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; width: 25em; font-size: 90%;" cellspacing="3" |- |colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"|काठमाडौं विश्वविद्यालय |- |- style="vertical-align:top;" |style="font-weight:bold"|उद्देश्य |''Quality Education for Leadership'' |- style="vertical-align:top;" |style="font-weight:bold"|स्थापना |[[१९९१]] |- style="vertical-align:top;" |style="font-weight:bold"|प्रकार |[[पब्लिक विद्यालय|पब्लिक]] |- style="vertical-align:top;" |style="font-weight:bold"|कुलपति |[[नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री]] |- style="vertical-align:top;" |style="font-weight:bold"|उपकुलपति |[[प्राध्यापक सुरेश राज शर्मा]] |- style="vertical-align:top;" |style="font-weight:bold"|रेजिस्ट्रार |[[प्राध्यापक सीताराम अधिकारी]] |- style="vertical-align:top;" |style="font-weight:bold"|ठेगाना |[[धुलिखेल]], [[काभ्रे जिल्ला]], नेपाल |- style="vertical-align:top;" |style="font-weight:bold"|विद्यार्थी संख्या |२०७२ |- style="vertical-align:top;" |style="font-weight:bold"|गृहपृष्ठ |http://www.ku.edu.np |} '''काठमाडौं विश्वविद्यालय''' [[नेपाल]]को एक [[विश्वविद्यालय]] हो। यो विश्वविद्यालय [[काभ्रे जिल्ला]]को [[धुलिखेल]]मा अवस्थित छ। [[Category:शिक्षा]] 2664 8160 2006-12-27T20:39:57Z Eukesh 93 New page: <div style="float: left; border:solid skyblue 1px; margin: 1px;"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width: 238px; background: ivory;" | style="width: 45px; height: 45px; background: skyblue; text-... <div style="float: left; border:solid skyblue 1px; margin: 1px;"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width: 238px; background: ivory;" | style="width: 45px; height: 45px; background: skyblue; text-align: center; font-size: {{{5|{{{id-s|14}}}}}}pt; color: {{{id-fc|black}}};" | '''के यु''' | style="font-size: {{{info-s|8}}}pt; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em; color: {{{info-fc|black}}};" | यो प्रयोगकर्ता [[काठमाडौं विश्वविद्यालय]]मा अध्ययनरत छन्/थिए। |}</div><includeonly>[[Category:Wikipedians by alma mater: Kathmandu University|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly> 2665 8208 2006-12-29T17:49:05Z Eukesh 93 New page: ==स्वागतम्== नेपाली विकिपिडियामा तपाईंलाई स्वागत छ। यदि तपाईलाई केही मद... ==स्वागतम्== नेपाली विकिपिडियामा तपाईंलाई स्वागत छ। यदि तपाईलाई केही मद्दत चाहिएको खण्डमा मेरो वार्तालाप पृष्ठमा एडिट गरेर सम्पर्क गर्नु होला। धन्यवाद। --[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 17:49, 29 डिसेम्बर 2006 (UTC) 2666 8209 2006-12-29T17:49:39Z Eukesh 93 New page: ==स्वागतम्== नेपाली विकिपिडियामा तपाईंलाई स्वागत छ। यदि तपाईलाई केही मद... ==स्वागतम्== नेपाली विकिपिडियामा तपाईंलाई स्वागत छ। यदि तपाईलाई केही मद्दत चाहिएको खण्डमा मेरो वार्तालाप पृष्ठमा एडिट गरेर सम्पर्क गर्नु होला। धन्यवाद। --[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 17:49, 29 डिसेम्बर 2006 (UTC) 2668 8247 2007-01-01T09:40:18Z RajeshPandey 111 यो पृष्ठमा कुनैपनि लेख छैन। * http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8&action=edit * http://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BrokenRedirects * http://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Specialpages यसको मुख्य पृष्ठमा पनि केही छैन । Redirect page Talk:आयोजना:सामाजिक पोर्टल --[[User:RajeshPandey|राजेश]] 09:37, 1 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) 2669 8248 2007-01-01T09:46:24Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: यो पृष्ठमा कुनैपनि लेख छैन। यसको मुख्य पृष्ठमा पनि केही छैन । यस पृष्ठल... यो पृष्ठमा कुनैपनि लेख छैन। यसको मुख्य पृष्ठमा पनि केही छैन । यस पृष्ठलाई मेट्नुपनि उचित देखिंदैन किनकी यो यौटा देश संग सम्बन्धीत छ। Sources: * http://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8&action=edit * http://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BrokenRedirects * http://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Specialpages धन्यबाद --[[User:RajeshPandey|राजेश]] 09:46, 1 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) 2670 8273 2007-01-04T19:56:11Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: == स्वागतम् == तपाईलाइ नेपाली विकीमा स्वागत छ । धन्यवाद बिनायक दाई, तपाईक... == स्वागतम् == तपाईलाइ नेपाली विकीमा स्वागत छ । धन्यवाद बिनायक दाई, तपाईको प्रयासको सराहना गर्दछु । तपाइको फूरसद समय यस विकीलाइ आवश्यक छ। --[[User:RajeshPandey|राजेश]] 19:56, 4 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) 2671 8280 2007-01-05T17:08:44Z 199.200.10.1 New page: महाभारत - िहनदुओ िक धारिमक पुस्तक् है! महाभारत - िहनदुओ िक धारिमक पुस्तक् है! 2672 8285 2007-01-06T08:03:24Z Aaniyo 64 Nepal_gov_logo Nepal_gov_logo 2673 8308 2007-01-07T16:56:24Z Indiver 9 {| class="infobox bordered" cellpadding="4" style="width: 22em; font-size: 90%; align: right;" align="right" |- valign="top" | align="center" colspan=2 bgcolor="#eeeeee" style="font-size:120%; " |'''{{{title}}}''' |- {{#if:{{{image|}}}|<tr><td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">{{{image}}}</td></tr> }}{{#if:{{{manufacturer|}}}|<tr><th style="white-space: nowrap;" bgcolor="#eeeeee">[[निर्माता]]</th><td>{{{manufacturer|}}}</td></tr> }}{{#if:{{{type|}}}|<tr><th style="white-space: nowrap;" bgcolor="#eeeeee">किसिम</th><td>{{{type|}}}</td></tr> }}{{#if:{{{connectivity|}}}|<tr><th style="white-space: nowrap;" bgcolor="#eeeeee">Connectivity</th><td>{{{connectivity|}}}</td></tr> }}{{#if:{{{lifespan|}}}|<tr><th style="white-space: nowrap;" bgcolor="#eeeeee">खुद्रा प्राप्यता</th><td>{{{lifespan|}}}</td></tr> }}{{#if:{{{operatingsystem|}}}|<tr><th style="white-space: nowrap;" bgcolor="#eeeeee">[[अपरेटिङ प्रणाली]]</th><td>{{{operatingsystem|}}}</td></tr> }}{{#if:{{{camera|}}}|<tr><th style="white-space: nowrap;" bgcolor="#eeeeee">[[क्यामरा]]</th><td>{{{camera|}}}</td></tr> }}{{#if:{{{media|}}}|<tr><th style="white-space: nowrap;" bgcolor="#eeeeee">माध्यम</th><td>{{{media|}}}</td></tr> }}{{#if:{{{input|}}}|<tr><th style="white-space: nowrap;" bgcolor="#eeeeee">भरण</th><td>{{{input|}}}</td></tr> }}{{#if:{{{power|}}}|<tr><th style="white-space: nowrap;" bgcolor="#eeeeee">शक्ति</th><td>{{{power|}}}</td></tr> }}{{#if:{{{cpu|}}}|<tr><th style="white-space: nowrap;" bgcolor="#eeeeee">सिपियु</th><td>{{{cpu|}}}</td></tr> }}{{#if:{{{memory|}}}|<tr><th style="white-space: nowrap;" bgcolor="#eeeeee">मेमोरि</th><td>{{{memory|}}}</td></tr> }}{{#if:{{{display|}}}|<tr><th style="white-space: nowrap;" bgcolor="#eeeeee">डिस्प्ले</th><td>{{{display|}}}</td></tr> }}{{#if:{{{dimensions|}}}|<tr><th style="white-space: nowrap;" bgcolor="#eeeeee">आकार</th><td>{{{dimensions|}}}</td></tr> }}{{#if:{{{touchpad|}}}|<tr><th style="white-space: nowrap;" bgcolor="#eeeeee">टचप्याड</th><td>{{{touchpad|}}}</td></tr>}} |}<noinclude> == प्रयोग == <pre>{{Information appliance | title = | image = | manufacturer = | type = | connectivity = | lifespan = | media = | operatingsystem = | camera = | input = | power = | cpu = | memory = | display = | dimensions = | touchpad = | related = }}</pre> [[Category:Information appliances]] [[Category:technology infobox templates|Information Appliance]] [[ca:Plantilla:Information appliance]] [[en:Template:Information appliance]] [[es:Plantilla:Information appliance]] </noinclude> 2674 8323 2007-01-07T20:26:15Z Shankar Pokharel 132 {{ Information appliance | title = मेरो सानु साथी | image = [[Image:2B1.jpg|220px|''2B1'' नाम गरिएको यन्त्रको नविनतम् मूलरूप]] | manufacturer = [[क्वान्टा कम्प्युटर्स]] | type = [[लघुनोटबुक]] | connectivity = [[802.11b/g]]&nbsp;[[802.11s|/s]] ताररहित LAN<br />३ [[युनिभर्सल सिरियल बस|युएसबि २.०]] पोर्टहरू | media = 512&nbsp;MB – 1&nbsp;GB [[flash memory]] | operatingsystem = [[फिडोरा कोर]]-आधारित | input = [[Computer keyboard|Keyboard]]<br />[[Touchpad]]<br />[[Microphone]]<br /> | camera = जडित भिडियो क्यामरा (६४०×४८०; ३०&nbsp;फ्रेम-प्रति-सेकेण्ड) | power = [[NiMH ब्याट्रि]] प्याक | cpu = [[Geode (processor)|एएमडि Geode]] GX५००@१.०वाट + ५५३६ | memory = १२८&nbsp;एमबि डिर्‍याम | display = डुयल-मोड १९.३&nbsp;सेमि छड्के टिएफटि एलसिडि १२००×९०० }} '''मेरो सानु साथी''' एक प्रस्तावित सस्तो शैक्षिक ल्यापटप कम्प्युटर हो जसलाई विश्वभरका हरेक बालबालिकाहरूमाझ बाड्ने योजना बनाईएको छ, खास गरेर गरिब मुलुकहरूमा। यसलाई अङ्ग्रेजिमा ''The Children's Machine'' नामाकरण गरिएको छ, जुन '''2B1''' वा '''XO-1''' र पहिले '''१०० डलरको ल्यापटप''' भनेर चिनिन्थ्यो। यसको मुख्य उद्देश्य ज्ञान र शिक्षाको आधुनिक रूपको पहुँछ ति बालबालिकाहरू माझ पुर्‍याउनु रहेको छ। यस ल्यापटपको विकाश '''प्रति बच्चा एक ल्यापटप''' (ओएलपिसि OLPC) ले गरिरहेको छ। ओएलपिसि स.रा. अमेरिका स्थित एक गैर सरकारि नाफारहित संस्था हो, जसको स्थापना [[एमआईटि]] मिडिया ल्याबका अध्यापकहरूले त्यस ल्यापटपको परिकल्पना, निर्माण र बितरणकालागी गरेका हुन्। The rugged and low-power computers will contain [[flash memory]] instead of a [[hard drive]] and will use [[Linux]] as their operating system.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Our_software#What_software_will_be_used_with_the_.24100_laptop.3F | title = OLPC's Software | publisher = One Laptop Per Child | accessdate = 2006-01-27 }}</ref> [[Mobile ad-hoc network]]ing will be used to allow many machines Internet access from one connection. The laptops will be sold to governments and issued to children by schools on a basis of one laptop per child. Pricing is currently expected to start at around US$135-140 and the goal is to reach the US$100 mark in 2008. One thousand working prototypes were delivered in late 2006 and full-scale production is expected to start in mid-2007.<ref name=nyt20061130/> [[Thailand]] "hopes to order one million laptops from the initiative ... and distribute them free to rural primary school children." == One Laptop per Child association == The '''One Laptop per Child''' association (OLPC) is a [[Delaware]] based, [[non-profit organization]] set up to oversee The Children's Machine project and the construction of the 2B1 "$100 laptop". Both the project and the organization were announced at the [[World Economic Forum]] in [[Davos, Switzerland]] in January 2005. OLPC is funded by a number of sponsor organizations. These include [[AMD]], [[Brightstar Corporation]], [[eBay]], [[Google]], [[Marvell Technology Group|Marvell]], [[News Corporation]], [[SES Global]], [[Nortel Networks]], and [[Red Hat]]. Each company has donated two million dollars. The organization is chaired by [[Nicholas Negroponte]] and its [[Chief technical officer|CTO]] is [[Mary Lou Jepsen]]. Other principals of the company include former MIT Media Lab director [[Walter Bender]], who is President of OLPC Software and Content, and [[Jim Gettys]], Vice-President of Software Engineering.<ref>[http://www.laptop.org/principals.html OLPC Principals and Staff List] Retrieved February 13, 2006</ref> == History == [[Image:Kaye_negroponte.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mary Lou Jepsen]], [[Alan Kay]] and [[Nicholas Negroponte]] unveil the $100 laptop]] OLPC is based on [[constructionist learning]] theories pioneered by [[Seymour Papert]], [[Alan Kay]], and also on the principles expressed in [[Nicholas Negroponte]]’s book ''[[Being Digital]]''.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Being Digital | first = Nicholas | last = Negroponte | id = ISBN 0-679-43919-6 }}</ref> The founding corporate members are [[Google]], [[News Corp]], [[AMD]], [[Red Hat]], [[BrightStar|Brightstar]] and [[Nortel]], each of whom donated two million dollars to the project. All three individuals and six companies are active participants in OLPC. 2675 8304 2007-01-07T16:33:47Z Indiver 9 Copied from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/2B1.jpg Copied from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/2B1.jpg 2676 8306 2007-01-07T16:36:56Z Indiver 9 Redirected to One Laptop Per Child article #REDIRECT [[मेरो सानु साथी]] 2677 8310 2007-01-07T17:22:53Z Indiver 9 New page: Thank you [[User:देसीफ्राल|देसीफ्राल]] for nominating me for Sysop and also to [[User:Eukesh|Eukesh]] for your support. I had been less active lately, b... Thank you [[User:देसीफ्राल|देसीफ्राल]] for nominating me for Sysop and also to [[User:Eukesh|Eukesh]] for your support. I had been less active lately, but I like to devote more time on Wikipedia. And this nomination has really motivated me. Thanks. -- [[User:Indiver|इन्दीवर]] 11:05 NST 7 January 2007 2678 8312 2007-01-07T17:25:33Z Indiver 9 [[द सिम्प्सनस्]] लाइ [[द सिम्प्सन्स]]मा सारियो: Proper Spelling #REDIRECT [[द सिम्प्सन्स]] 2679 8313 2007-01-07T17:46:59Z Indiver 9 New page: राजनैतिक भूगोल र अन्तरराष्ट्रिय राजनीतिमा '''देश''' एक भौगोलिक भूभाग हो। ... राजनैतिक भूगोल र अन्तरराष्ट्रिय राजनीतिमा '''देश''' एक भौगोलिक भूभाग हो। एक शब्दकोश अनुसार कुनै ब्यक्ति जन्मको, बसोबास गरेको वा नागरिकता रहेको जमिननै देश हो। सामान्य प्रचलनमा यस शब्दले '''मुलुक''' (एक सांस्कृतिक अस्तित्व) र '''राज्य''' (एक राजनैतिक अस्तित्व) दुवैलाई जनाउँछ। {{stub}} [[ast:País]] [[bg:Държава]] [[zh-min-nan:Kok-ka]] [[be:Краіна]] [[bn:দেশ]] [[en:Country]] [[es:País]] [[eo:Lando]] [[fr:Pays]] [[fy:Steat]] [[ga:Tír]] [[ko:나라]] [[hi:देश]] [[he:מדינה]] [[hu:Ország]] [[mi:Rārangi whenua]] [[nah:Altepetl]] [[na:Eb]] [[nl:Land]] [[nds:Land]] [[ja:国家]] [[no:Land]] [[pl:Land]] [[pt:País]] [[ru:Страна]] [[sl:Država]] [[sr:Држава]] [[th:ประเทศ]] [[vi:Quốc gia]] [[tr:Ülke]] [[zh:国家]] 2680 8314 2007-01-07T18:00:55Z Indiver 9 New page: <span style="font-style: italic;">[[विकिपीडिया|विकिपीडियामा]] ठुटो भन्नाले एक छोटो लेखलाई जन... <span style="font-style: italic;">[[विकिपीडिया|विकिपीडियामा]] ठुटो भन्नाले एक छोटो लेखलाई जनाउँछ जसलाई बिस्तार गर्नु आवश्यक छ।</span> '''ठुटो'''ले यी कुरा जनाउन सक्छ: *[[दाँत|दाँतको]] ठुटो *[[रूख|रूखको]] ठुटो *[[चुरोट|चुरोटको]] ठुटो *[[कागज|कागजको]] [[अधकट्टी]] 2681 8316 2007-01-07T18:07:23Z Indiver 9 New page: <span style="font-style: italic;">[[विकिपीडिया|विकिपीडियामा]] अपुरो भन्नाले एक छोटो लेखलाई ज... <span style="font-style: italic;">[[विकिपीडिया|विकिपीडियामा]] अपुरो भन्नाले एक छोटो लेखलाई जनाउँछ जसलाई बिस्तार गर्नु आवश्यक छ।</span> सामान्यतया '''अपुरो''' भन्नाले पुरा भईनसकेको कुरा जनाउँछ। {{stub}} 2682 8317 2007-01-07T18:15:53Z Indiver 9 New page: राजनैतिक भूगोल र अन्तरराष्ट्रिय राजनीतिमा '''देश''' एक भौगोलिक भूभाग हो। ... राजनैतिक भूगोल र अन्तरराष्ट्रिय राजनीतिमा '''देश''' एक भौगोलिक भूभाग हो। एक शब्दकोश अनुसार कुनै ब्यक्ति जन्मको, बसोबास गरेको वा नागरिकता रहेको जमिननै देश हो। सामान्य प्रचलनमा यस शब्दले '''मुलुक''' (एक सांस्कृतिक अस्तित्व) र '''राज्य''' (एक राजनैतिक अस्तित्व) दुवैलाई जनाउँछ। यस श्रेणीमा निम्न लेखहरू छन्: 2683 8318 2007-01-07T18:38:15Z Indiver 9 New page: '''शेर्पा''' जाति नेपालका उच्च हिमाली क्षेत्रका [[जातिगत]] समुह हुन्। शेर्प... '''शेर्पा''' जाति नेपालका उच्च हिमाली क्षेत्रका [[जातिगत]] समुह हुन्। शेर्पा शव्द तिब्बती भाषाको शार (पूर्व) र पा (मानिस) शव्दहरू मिलेर बनेको हो। शेर्पाहरू पूर्वी तिब्बतबाट नेपालमा पछिल्ला ५०० बर्षहरूमा बसाईँ सरेर आएका हुन्। The term 'sherpa' (the preferred spelling with a [[lower case]] first letter) is also incorrectly used to refer to local people, typically men, employed as porters or guides for [[mountaineering]] expeditions in the Himalayas. They are highly regarded as experts in mountaineering and their local terrain, as well as having good physical endurance and resilience to high altitude conditions. However, a sherpa is not necessarily a member of the Sherpa ethnic group. A female sherpa is known as a "Sherpani". ==Native territory== [[Image:Nepalese sherhpa and pack.jpg|250px|thumb|right|A Nepalese Sherpa and his pack.]] Most Sherpas live in the eastern regions of Nepal [[Solu]], [[Khumbu]] or [[Pharak]]. However, some live farther west in the [[Rolwaling]] valley and in the [[Helambu]] region north of [[Kathmandu]]. [[Pangboche]] is the Sherpas' oldest village in Nepal, and is estimated to have been built over 300 years ago. Sherpas speak their own [[Sherpa language]] which in many ways resembles a [[dialect]] of [[Tibetan language|Tibetan]]. They traditionally are traders and farmers, cultivating their high altitude fields of potatoes, barley, wheat and buckwheat. Some live near [[Namche Bazaar]]. The [[Jirel]]s, native people of Jiri, are ethnically related to the Sherpas. It is said that the Jirels are descendants of a Sherpa mother and Sunuwar (another ethnic group of the eastern part of Nepal) father. In India, Sherpas also inhabit the towns of [[Darjeeling]] and [[Kalimpong]] and the Indian state of [[Sikkim]]. The 2001 Nepal Census recorded 154,622 Sherpas in that country, of which 92.83% were Buddhists, 6.26% were Hindus, 0.63% were Christians and 0.20% were Bon. Traditionally (although not strictly followed), the names of Sherpa men often reflect the day of the week on which they were born: {| class="wikitable" |+ '''शेर्पामा हप्ताका दिनहरू''' !नेपाली !शेर्पा |- |[[आइतवार]]||ङिमा, (''निमा'' पनि लेख्नेको पाईन्छ, जुन गलत [[हिज्जे]] हो) |- |[[सोमवार]]||दावा |- |[[मङगलवार]]||मिङमा |- |[[बुधवार]]||ल्हाक्पा |- |[[बिहिवार]]||फुर्बा |- |[[शुक्रवार]]||पासाङ |- |[[शनिवार]]||पेम्बा |} [[Image:Sherpa_carrying_woods.JPG|thumb|200px|right|[[Sherpa]] porter carrying wood in the [[Himalaya]], near [[Mount Everest]] ]] [[Image:AppaSherpa.jpg|thumb|Appa Sherpa]] ==Sherpas and mountaineering== Sherpas were of immeasurable value to early [[List of explorers|explorers]] of the [[Himalaya|Himalayan]] region, serving as guides and [[porter (carrier) | porter]]s at the extreme altitudes of the peaks and passes in the region. Today, the term has been extended to apply to almost any guide or porter hired for [[mountaineering]] expeditions in the Himalayas. However, in Nepal Sherpas often insist on making a distinction between themselves and general porters, as they often serve in a more guide-like role and command higher pay and respect from the community. (Often the generic term "sherpa" meaning guide is written uncapitalized, in contrast with the capitalized "Sherpa" meaning the ethnic group.) Sherpas are renowned in the global [[climbing]] and mountaineering community for their hardiness, expertise, and experience at high altitudes. Despite the value of their services, the pay is insubstantial to the point where many cannot afford the modern climbing gear that Western climbers use. Many have speculated that a portion of Sherpas' climbing ability may be due to a genetically greater lung capacity, allowing much better performance at high altitudes. It has also been suggested that one reason why they were widely used as porters is that they had fewer dietary prohibitions than most people of the region and were prepared to eat whatever was given to them on expeditions. ==Famous Sherpas== Historically, the most famous Sherpa is [[Tenzing Norgay]], who climbed [[Mount Everest]] with [[Edmund Hillary]] for the first time in 1953. Two Sherpas, [[Pemba Dorjie]] and [[Lhakpa Gelu]], have recently competed as to who can climb Everest quicker. On [[May 23]] [[2003]] Dorjie summitted in 12 hours and 46 minutes. Three days later Gelu beat his record by two hours, summitting in 10 hours 46 minutes. On [[May 21]] [[2004]] Dorjie again improved the record by more than two hours with a total time of 8 hours and 10 minutes. This feat may be considered one of the greatest in mountaineering. On [[May 19]] [[2006]], [[Appa Sherpa]] successfully climbed [[Mt. Everest]] for the 16th time, breaking his own record for most successful ascents. ==See also== * [[Demographics of Nepal]] * [[Tengboche]] * [[Sirdar]] ==External links== * [http://sherwa.de Website on the Sherpas of Nepal] * [http://www.sherpakyidug.org Website of United Sherpa Association in New York] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4998168.stm News: Sherpa breaks Mt Everest record - BBC] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Nepal]] [[Category:Himalayan peoples]] [[Category:Mountaineering]] [[af:Sherpa]] [[ca:Xerpa]] [[de:Sherpa]] [[en:Sherpa]] [[es:Sherpa]] [[fr:Sherpa]] [[he:שרפה (עם)]] [[ko:셰르파족]] [[id:Sherpa]] [[it:Sherpa]] [[nl:Sherpa's]] [[ja:シェルパ]] [[no:Sherpa]] [[nn:Sherpaer]] [[pl:Szerpowie]] [[pt:Xerpas]] [[ro:Şerpaş]] [[ru:Шерпы]] [[simple:Sherpa]] [[fi:Sherpat]] [[sv:Sherpa]] [[zh:夏尔巴人]] 2684 9184 2007-01-27T16:48:22Z शंकर 198 '''संस्कृत''' (संस्कृतमा ''संस्कृतं'') पृथ्वीका सबै भन्दा प्राचीनतम् भाषाहरू मध्येको एक हो। यो [[इण्डो-आर्यन भाषा]] परिवारमा बर्गिकृत छ। संस्कृतमा लेख्नको लागि मुख्यतया [[देवनागरी]] लिपी प्रयोग गरिन्छ। == इतिहास: == विश्‍वकै प्राचिनतम् ग्रन्‍थ '[[ऋग्‍वेद]]' (ईशापूर्व ३५०० भन्दा अघिको) संस्‍कृत भाषामा नै रचिएको हो। त्यतै अन्‍य वेदहरू - [[यजुर्वेद]], [[सामवेद]] र [[अथर्वेद]] - पनि संस्‍कृत भाषामै छन्। सबैभन्दा पुरानो जीवित संस्कृत व्याकरण [[पाणिनि]]को हो, जुन करिव ई.पू. ५०० मा रचिएको थियो। A form of संस्कृत called Epic Sanskrit is seen in the [[महाभारत]] and [[इतिहास]]-[[पुराण]]. Now Sanskrit is mainly a religious language but [[Indi]]ans used to speak it thousands of years ago. Most of the holy books of the [[Hindu]] religion are written in Sanskrit, as well as most books of the [[Buddhist]] religion (''Mahayana'' school). There are two main types of Sanskrit: Vedic and Classical. ''Vedic Sanskrit'' is the oldest Sanskrit, and may have been spoken in Northern India by 1500 BC. The main books that are written in Vedic Sanskrit was the [[Vedas]]. ''Classical Sanskrit'' is newer and more books are written in this style. {{stub}} [[Category:इण्डो-आर्यन भाषाहरू]] <!-- interwiki --> [[af:Sanskrit]] [[ar:لغة سنسكريتية]] [[ast:Sánscritu]] [[bn:সংস্কৃত ভাষা]] [[be:Санскрыт]] [[br:Sañskriteg]] [[bg:Санскрит]] [[ca:Sànscrit]] [[cs:Sanskrt]] [[cy:Sansgrit]] [[da:Sanskrit]] [[de:Sanskrit]] [[et:Sanskriti keel]] [[el:Σανσκριτική γλώσσα]] [[en:Sanskrit]] [[es:Sánscrito]] [[eo:Sanskrito]] [[eu:Sanskrito]] [[fa:سانسکریت]] [[fr:Sanskrit]] [[ga:Sanscrait]] [[gl:Sánscrito]] [[ko:산스크리트어]] [[hi:संस्कृत भाषा]] [[hr:Sanskrt]] [[io:Sanskrita linguo]] [[id:Bahasa Sansekerta]] [[ia:Sanscrito]] [[it:Lingua sanscrita]] [[he:סנסקריט]] [[jv:Basa Sansekreta]] [[kn:ಸ೦ಸ್ಕೃತ]] [[ka:სანსკრიტი]] [[kw:Sanskrytek]] [[la:Lingua Sanscrita]] [[lt:Sanskritas]] [[li:Sanskriet]] [[hu:Szanszkrit nyelv]] [[ms:Bahasa Sanskrit]] [[nl:Sanskriet]] [[ja:サンスクリット]] [[no:Sanskrit]] [[nn:Sanskrit]] [[nds:Sanskrit]] [[pl:Sanskryt]] [[pt:Sânscrito]] [[ro:Limba sanscrită]] [[rmy:संस्कृतीकानी छीब]] [[ru:Санскрит]] [[sa:संस्कृत]] [[sk:Sanskrit]] [[sl:Sanskrt]] [[sr:Санскрит]] [[sh:Sanskrt]] [[fi:Sanskrit]] [[sv:Sanskrit]] [[ta:சமஸ்கிருதம்]] [[th:ภาษาสันสกฤต]] [[vi:Tiếng Phạn]] [[tr:Sanskritçe]] [[uk:Санскрит]] [[ur:سنسکرت]] [[zh:梵语]] 2685 8321 2007-01-07T20:03:21Z Indiver 9 New page: '''मैथिली''' मुख्य रूपमा [[भारत]]मा उत्तरी [[बिहार]] र [[नेपाल]] को तराईका क्षेत्... '''मैथिली''' मुख्य रूपमा [[भारत]]मा उत्तरी [[बिहार]] र [[नेपाल]] को तराईका क्षेत्रहरूमा बोलिने भाषा हो। यो प्राचीन भाषा समूह ''[[इन्डो-आर्यन]]'' परिवार अन्तर्गत पर्दछ र भाषाशास्त्रको हिसावले [[बंगाली]], [[आसामी]], [[उड़िया]] र [[नेपाली]] सँग यसको धेरै निकट संबंध छ। ==विकास== प्राचीन मैथिलीको विकासको शुरूवात [[प्राकृत]] र [[अपभ्रंश]]को विकासहरूसँग जोडिन्छ। ==उपयोग== लगभग ४ देखि ५ करोड मानिस मैथिलीका [[मातृ-भाषा]]को रुपमा प्रयोग गर्छन् र यसको प्रयोगकर्ता भारत लगायत विश्वका अन्य धेरै देशहरूमा फैलिएका छन्। ==साहित्य== मैथिली साहित्यको आफनै समृद्ध इतिहास रहेको छ र चौदौं तथा पंनद्रौं शताब्दीका कवि [[विद्यापति]]लाई मैथिली साहित्यमा सबैभन्दा माथिल्लो दर्जा प्राप्त छ। हाल डा. हरिमोहन झा र [[नागार्जुन]] मैथिली भाषाका प्रमुख लेखक मानिन्छन्| ==भारतमा== भारतको [[साहित्य]] प्रतिष्ठान द्वारा मैथिलीलाई साहित्यिक भाषा को दर्जा, [[पंडित नेहरू]] को समयदेखि हाँसिल छ। सन् [[२००३]] मा भारत सरकार द्वारा मैथिलीलाई भारतीय संविधान को आठौं अनुसूची मा पनि शामिल गरिएको छ। ==याहाँ पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[मैथिली साहित्य]] [[br:Maitileg]] [[da:Maithili]] [[de:Maithili]] [[en:Maithili language]] [[fr:Maithili]] [[ka:მაიტილი]] [[ko:마이틸리어]] [[nl:Maithili]] [[nn:Maithili]] [[sr:Маитхили језик]] [[es:Maithili]] 2686 8322 2007-01-07T20:25:41Z Indiver 9 New page: '''गुरुङ''' नेपालको मध्यमाञ्चल क्षेत्रका [[जातिगत]] समुह हुन्। गुरुङहरू मु... '''गुरुङ''' नेपालको मध्यमाञ्चल क्षेत्रका [[जातिगत]] समुह हुन्। गुरुङहरू मुख्यत: [[गण्डकी]] अञ्चलमा बसोबास गर्दछन्, खासगरि [[लमजुङ]], [[कास्की]], [[तनहुँ]], [[गोर्खा]], [[पर्बत]], [[स्याङ्जा]] र [[अन्नपूर्ण]] हिमशृङ्खला आसपास [[मनाङ]] जिल्लाहरूमा। कोही [[वागलुङ]], [[ओखलढुङ्गा]] र [[ताप्लेजुङ्]] जिल्लाहरूमा र [[माच्छापुच्छ्रे]] आसपास पनि बसोबास गर्दछन्। थोरै सङ्ख्यामा भएपनि [[सिक्किम]] र [[भुटानमा]] समेत बसेको अनुमान गरिन्छ। [[२००१]]को तथ्याङ्क अनुसार ५४३,५७१ गुरुङ (तमु) (नेपालको कूल जनसङख्याको २.३९%) छन् जसमध्ये ३३८,९२५ तमु भाषा बोल्दछन्। ==उत्पति== The Gurung believed that [[Lamjung]], [[Kaski]] and [[Gorkha]] are the birth places of their community. Some anthropologists deduced that the Gurung, Tamu (also spelled Temu) are descended from the historical pre-Mongol, [[Hun]] people of [[Central Asia]], and spread and settled in Nepal they came to be known as Gurung. Others argued that they are of more recent Mongol migrations. "[[Pye-tan-lhu-tan]]" is the sacred scripture of the Gurung, which contain oral accounts of their traditional history. ==Lifestyle== Their traditional occupation was based on [[sheep]] [[herding]] and trans-[[Himalaya]]n trade. In the [[19th century|19th]] and early [[20th century]], many Gurung were recruited to serve in the [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[India]]n [[Gurkha]] regiments. Today, the [[Singapore]] Police, [[Brunei]] reserve units and the [[French Foreign Legion]] incorporate ethnically Gurung members. While serving in the [[British Army]] they have earned more than 6 [[Victoria's Cross]] awards. Gurungs are not only restricted to military occupations, many live in urban areas and are employed in all types of labor, business and professional services. Gurungs trace their descent [[patrilineal]]ly, organized into two groups, or [[moiety|moieties]] of patrilineal [[clans]]. A noted Gurung tradition is the institution of ''Rodhi'' where teenagers form [[fictive kinship]] bonds and become Rodhi members to socialize, perform communal tasks, and find marriage partners. ==Religion== The Gurung were followers of [[Bön]] shamanism. [[Tibetan Buddhism]] was later introduced to the Gurung. Today, the majority of the Gurung are followers of Tibetan Buddhism, especially those who live near the Buddhists. The influence of [[Bön]] shamanism is strong among many Gurung. According to the 2001 Nepal Census, 69.03% of the ethnic Gurung were Boudhists, 28.75% were Hindus and 0.66% were Christians. Hindu influence from the Nepali led to many Gurung practicing Tibetan Buddhism with influences from [[Hinduism]] as well as [[Bön]]. Pockets of Gurung who live among the Hindus have converted to [[Hinduism]]. They are divided in two division 4 casts and 16 casts. Most of the Gurung still retain maintain household, village and regional priests, known as Pajyu, Ghyabri and Lama. ==References== *[http://www.mope.gov.np/population/chapter5.php Nepal Population Report 2002] *[http://www.nepaldemocracy.org/ethnicity/nationalities_of_nepal.htm Rastriya Janajati Bikas Samiti] *[http://www.welcomenepal.com/emuseum.asp Nepal Ethnographic Museum] *[http://www.alanmacfarlane.com/TEXTS/Gurung_guide.pdf A Guide to the Gurungs: Alan Macfarlane and Indrabahadur Gurung] (PDF) *[http://www.dalitstan.org/journal/politics/buddhist/rise_mr.html Rise of Mongol Buddhist resistance] * Ethnologue profiles: [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ggn Eastern Gurung] [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=gvr Western Gurung] *[http://www.allhotelsnepal.com/detail_news.php?id=33 Tamu Cultural Festival in December - Nepal] * [http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521800269&ss=exc A History of Nepal - Cambridge University Press] == Further reading == *[http://www.amazon.ca/Himalayan-Dialogue-Tibetan-Gurung-Shamans/dp/029911984X Himalayan Dialogue: Tibetan Lamas and Gurung Shamans in Nepal (Paperback)] ==External Links== * [http://www.nepaldemocracy.org/ethnicity/ethnic_demography.htm Ethnic Demography of Nepal] * [http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-9038573 Gurung -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Nepal]] [[de:Gurung]] [[en:Gurung]] [[ko:구룽족]] 2687 8324 2007-01-07T20:31:03Z Shankar Pokharel 132 New page: अर्घाखाँची, पश्चिम नेपालको लुम्बिनी अञ्चलमा पर्ने एउटा पहाडी जिल्ला ह... अर्घाखाँची, पश्चिम नेपालको लुम्बिनी अञ्चलमा पर्ने एउटा पहाडी जिल्ला हो ।यसको सदरमुकाम सन्धिखर्क हो । 2688 9183 2007-01-27T16:33:10Z Shankar Pokharel 132 पणेना, अर्घाखाँची जिल्लाको एक पुर्वी गाउँ हो । पणेना गाउँको सिरानमा एउटा ठुलो चौर र दह छ, जहाँ पाणिनी ॠषिले तपस्या गरेका थिए, त्यसैले यसलाई पाणिनी तपोभुमि पनि भनिन्छ । {{stub}} 2689 8894 2007-01-17T10:30:21Z Tangotango 190 Undo revision 8888 by [[Special:Contributions/82.110.109.171]] ([[User talk:82.110.109.171]]) '''शिक्षा''' ज्ञान तथा सिप सिक्ने तथा सिकाउने पद्धति हो। ज्ञान सिकाउने तथा विद्यार्थीलाई पढ्न सघाउने काम शिक्षक, गुरु तथा अध्यापकले गर्दछन्। शिक्षा धेरै किसिमको हुन्छ। There is formal education, usually in [[school]], where a person may learn basic, academic, or [[trade]] skills. Formal education begins in elementary school and continues through secondary school. There is post-secondary education (or higher education, usually at a [[college]] or [[university]].) There is nonformal education, sometimes called adult basic education, adult literacy education or school equivalency preparation. In nonformal education, an adult or out-of-school youth may learn literacy or other basic skills or livelihood skills. Nonformal education takes place in small classes, tutorials or through self-instruction. There is also informal education, for example, a parent teaching a child how to make a meal. Someone could also get an education informally on one's own, by reading many books from a [[library]]. Education also means helping people to learn how to do things and helping them to learn how to think, make decisions and find the answers to questions. Through education, the knowledge of a society, country, and of the world is passed on from generation to generation. In democracies, through education, children and adults are supposed to learn how to be active and effective citizens. In most rich countries, every child has to go to school. In a few cases, children can be "home-schooled" by their parents, but this often must be approved by a school system. Public schools provide a free education through the [[government]]. Parents are free to let their children receive a private education, but they must pay for it. In some poorer places, some children cannot go to school, because their families do not have enough money, or because the children have to work. {{stub}} [[Category:अध्यन]] [[an:Educazión]] [[ast:Educación]] [[bg:Образование]] [[da:Uddannelse]] [[de:Bildung]] [[en:Education]] [[es:Educación]] [[eo:Eduko]] [[fa:آموزش]] [[fr:Éducation]] [[id:Pendidikan]] [[ia:Education]] [[he:חינוך]] [[sw:Elimu]] [[lb:Educatioun]] [[ms:Pendidikan]] [[nl:Onderwijs]] [[ja:教育]] [[ro:Educaţie]] [[sl:Izobraževanje]] [[tl:Edukasyon]] [[tr:Eğitim]] [[uk:Освіта]] [[vo:Dugäl]] 2690 8330 2007-01-07T21:34:38Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: ==स्वागतम्== नेपाली विकिपिडियामा तपाईंलाई स्वागत छ। यदि तपाईलाई केही मद... ==स्वागतम्== नेपाली विकिपिडियामा तपाईंलाई स्वागत छ। यदि तपाईलाई केही मद्दत चाहिएको खण्डमा वार्तालाप पृष्ठमा एडिट गरेर सम्पर्क गर्नु होला। धन्यवाद। [[User:RajeshPandey|राजेश]] 21:34, 7 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) 2691 8331 2007-01-07T21:35:01Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: ==स्वागतम्== नेपाली विकिपिडियामा तपाईंलाई स्वागत छ। यदि तपाईलाई केही मद... ==स्वागतम्== नेपाली विकिपिडियामा तपाईंलाई स्वागत छ। यदि तपाईलाई केही मद्दत चाहिएको खण्डमा वार्तालाप पृष्ठमा एडिट गरेर सम्पर्क गर्नु होला। धन्यवाद। [[User:RajeshPandey|राजेश]] 21:35, 7 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) 2692 8333 2007-01-07T21:59:28Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: Wikipedians who are attending or attended Kathmandu University in Dhulikhel, Kavre. Wikipedians who are attending or attended Kathmandu University in Dhulikhel, Kavre. 2693 8334 2007-01-07T22:06:56Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: <div style="float: left; border:solid skyblue 1px; margin: 1px;"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width: 238px; background: ivory;" | style="width: 45px; height: 45px; background: skyblue; text-... <div style="float: left; border:solid skyblue 1px; margin: 1px;"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width: 238px; background: ivory;" | style="width: 45px; height: 45px; background: skyblue; text-align: center; font-size: {{{5|{{{id-s|14}}}}}}pt; color: {{{id-fc|black}}};" | '''अर्किड ''' | style="font-size: {{{info-s|8}}}pt; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em; color: {{{info-fc|black}}};" | यो प्रयोगकर्ता अर्किड कलेजमा अध्ययनरत छन्/थिए। |}</div><includeonly>[[Category:Wikipedians by alma mater: Orchid College|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly> 2694 8337 2007-01-07T22:14:18Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: Wikipedians who are attending or attended Orchid College in Bharatpur, Chitwan. Wikipedians who are attending or attended Orchid College in Bharatpur, Chitwan. 2696 8351 2007-01-08T00:14:17Z RajeshPandey 111 ==For Thijs!== This is for Thijs!bot. For some of his contributions in this wiki and for his time he gives in wiki. Our wiki is a small one but we hope to make it beautiful. Small but happy family is nice. We are trying to manage this small family. We donot have to take part in competition with English Wikipedia, because they have lots of users. I am a user there too. It is easier to post in english because of english languages, and the tools they created. We too have now sufficient tools for editing and writing in at least Romanised Nepali. In English they have many templates, and many tools in their pages. However they may be facing with so many problems like database, page problems, spam, vandalism and so on.. == To the owner of the Bot == If you really like to add page templates please try to add templates for whole wiki. Since your bot doesnot understand Nepali it does so many mistakes, and sometimes it corrects itself. Its amazing. English wiki users makers have created many many templates, and they have been using them easily. What I have seen recently is the bot was adding page per page and the content was nothing. These days it has been corrected to some extent. When people search , they find the page , but they don't find the contents. If the page were not there, the person in need of the content of the page would save time searching at another place, or google down other places! or might be he may be frustrated but would not blame the wiki. So I hope you would stop your wiki this kind of things of adding blank pages and use in constructive works. I hope it will add little but add contents. People donot come here to see how many pages we have. Wiki is famous for content. Not pages. If you are trying to make Nepali page as highest page holder then, it would never succeed because noone could have a more page and links than Search Engines like Yahoo and Google. They already have links with thousands of tonnes in their hard storage. So I would like you to stop adding this blank pages. Uh yeah How much empty pages would you create on newer topics? There are infinite topics. == Thijs!bot is a ROBOT == Well what I found later was that Thijs!bot is a computer program. This is controlled by a Dutch user Thijs! and it was randomly adding pages in Nepali wiki. Later it started making interwiki pages. Like linking pages in one wiki to another wiki. This bot continues on adding pages that he doesnot find in a wiki. This bot doesnot translate the page, rather he keeps certain headings that could be found in other similar pages in the same wiki. For example it adds certain headings and then makes a content page. Then it leaves all the other works to be done. If we let him continue this way , may be all the links created by wiki like : "This page doesnot exist,edit this page " link may disappear. Further if a bot continues on working in such way may be it would take a server load .. There may be several issues. The quality is the important thing. The bot was not adding any thing or the content in the past. But for now it has stopped adding pages and concentrated in creating interwiki links. == External Links == *[http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebruiker:Thijs! Bot Controller ] *[[User:Thijs%21bot| नेपाली विकिमा खाली पाना थप्ने रोवोट]] *[[en:User:Thijs%21bot|Thijs!bot in English ]] -- [[User:RajeshPandey|राजेश]] 2697 8347 2007-01-07T23:23:49Z RajeshPandey 111 [[User talk:Thijs!bot/Jan2007]] लाइ [[User talk:Thijs!bot]]मा सारियो #REDIRECT [[User talk:Thijs!bot]] 2698 8349 2007-01-07T23:27:30Z RajeshPandey 111 [[User talk:RajeshPandey archieve Dec23 2006]] लाइ [[User talk:RajeshPandey/archieve/2006/Dec/23]]मा सारियो #REDIRECT [[User talk:RajeshPandey/archieve/2006/Dec/23]] 2699 8352 2007-01-08T00:22:29Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: <onlyinclude><div style="border:1px solid #999;margin:1px;width:238px;"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px; background:#EEE;" | style="width:50px; height:45px; background:#DDD; text-al... <onlyinclude><div style="border:1px solid #999;margin:1px;width:238px;"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px; background:#EEE;" | style="width:50px; height:45px; background:#DDD; text-align:center; font-size:14pt; color:black;" | [[Image:Bot icon.svg|44px]] | style="font-size:8pt; padding:4pt; line-height:1.25em; color:black;" | This user is a [[WP:BOT|bot]]^{([[special:blockip/{{PAGENAME}}|block]])}. It performs tasks that are too tedious for [[user:{{{1}}}|{{{2|{{{1}}}}}}]], its owner. |}</div>[[Category:Wikipedia bots|<includeonly>{{PAGENAME}}</includeonly> ]]</onlyinclude> [[Category:Wikipedia related user templates|Bot]] 2700 8497 2007-01-08T16:25:42Z Eukesh 93 {| class="messagebox" |align="center"|[[Image:Crystal Clear action run.png|50px]] |align="left" width="100%"|'''यो खाता प्रयोगकर्ता [[:{{{site|en}}}:User:{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]]द्वारा सञ्चालित एक बोट हो।''' यो कुनै [[सक पपेट]] होइन। यो एउटा आत्मसञ्चालित वा अर्ध-आत्मसञ्चालित प्रोग्राम हो जसले झर्कोलाग्दो वा अनेकौं पटक गरिरहनुपर्ने सम्पादनलाई यान्त्रिक रुपमा सम्पन्न गर्दछ। <br> <small>''Administrators: if this bot is malfunctioning or causing harm, please [[Special:Blockip/{{PAGENAME}}|block it]].''</small> |}[[Category:Wikipedia bots|<includeonly>{{PAGENAME}}</includeonly> ]] 2701 8360 2007-01-08T00:57:15Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: नेपाली विकीमा भएका वोट(रोवोट)हरु नेपाली विकीमा भएका वोट(रोवोट)हरु 2704 8365 2007-01-08T07:43:05Z Indiver 9 New page: {{Politics of Nepal}} [[Image:Girijakoirala.jpg|thumb|left|गिरिजा प्रसाद कोईराला संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघ सभामा... {{Politics of Nepal}} [[Image:Girijakoirala.jpg|thumb|left|गिरिजा प्रसाद कोईराला संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघ सभामा]] '''गिरिजा प्रसाद कोईराला''' (जन्म [[१९२१]]) [[नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्रीहरु|नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री]] हुनुहुन्छ। उहाँ हालसम्म चार पटक नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री भईसक्नु भएको छ - [[१९९१]] देखि [[१९९४]], [[१९९८]] देखि [[१९९९]], [[२०००]] देखि [[२००१]], र [[२००६]] देखि हाल बहाल रहनु भएको छ। उहाँ सन् [[१९५९]] पछिको पहिलो जननिर्वाचित प्रधानमन्त्री हुनु भएको थियो। त्यति बेला उहाँका दाजु [[विश्वेश्वर प्रसाद कोईराला]] र उहाँको राजनैतीक पार्टी [[नेपाली कङ्ग्रेस पार्टी|नेपाली कङ्ग्रेसले]] नेपालको प्रथम लोकतान्त्रिक चुनाबमा अत्याधिक बहुमत ल्याएको थियो। उहाँ [[नेपाली कङ्ग्रेस पार्टी|नेपाली कङ्ग्रेसका]] सभापति र सात राजनैतीक दलहरूको मोर्चाको नेता हुनुहुन्छ। उहाँ ६० वर्षभन्दा धेरै समय देखि राजनीतिमा संलग्न हुनुहुन्छ। उहाँले आफ्नो राजनैतीक जीवनको सुरुवात, आफ्नो गृहनगर वीराटनगरको जुटमिलका मजदूर नेताको रूपामा सुरु गर्नु भएको थियो। ==परिवार र सुरूवाती जीवन== Girija Prasad Koirala was born in Tadi, Saharsha district, in Bihar, India [http://rulers.org/indexk3.html] in 1921 when his family was in exile there. He is the youngest son of Krishna Prasad Koirala and Divya Koirala. Two of his brothers, [[bp koirala|BP Koirala]] and MP Koirala, also became [[Prime Ministers of Nepal]] in the years that followed the family's return to Nepal in 1929. He married Sushma Koirala and has a daughter Sujata Koirala. He studied at [[Kirori Mal College]] of [[University of Delhi|Delhi University]]. ==राजनैतीक जीवन== In 1948 Koirala founded the Nepal Mazdoor Congress, later known as the Nepal Trade Union Congress. In 1952 he became the President of the Morang district Nepali Congress and held that office till he was arrested and imprisoned by King Mahendra following the 1960 royal coup. Upon his release in 1967, Girija Prasad Koirala, along with other leaders and workers of the party, was exiled in India until his return to Nepal in 1979. Koirala was General Secretary of the Nepali Congress Party from 1975 to 1991.[http://www.opmcm.gov.np/index.php?param=p7] Mr Koirala was actively involved in the 1990 [[Jana Andolan]] which led to the overthrow of the Panchayat system and the introduction of a multi-party policy in the country. ==प्रथम कार्यकाल (२६ मे १९९१ - ३० नोभेम्बर १९९४)== He was elected Member of Parliament in 1991 in [[Nepalese legislative elections, 1991|Nepal's first multi-party democratic elections]] following the [[Jana Aandolan]] from the Morang-1 and Sunsari-5 constituencies. The Nepali Congress won 110 of the 205 seats in the Pratinidhi Sabha, the lower house of parliament. He was subsequently elected the leader of the [[Nepali Congress]] parliamentary party and appointed Prime Minister by King Birendra. During his first term, parliament inacted legislation to liberalize the education, media and health sectors of the country. The government founded the Purwanchal University and the BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS) in the Eastern Development region and granted licenses to the private sector to run medical and engineering colleges in various parts of the country. The government also undertook the construction of the BP Memorial Cancer hospital in Bharatpur with assistance from the government of [[China]]. He was forced to dissolve parliament and call for elections in November 1994 after a procedural defeat on the floor of the House when 36 MPs of his party voted against a government sponsored motion. This led to the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist Leninist)]]-led coalition coming to power in [[Nepalese legislative elections, 1994|the elections that followed.]] ==दोश्रो कार्यकाल (१५ एप्रिल १९९८ - ३१ मे १९९९)== Koirala took over as Prime Minister from Surya Bahadur Thapa following the collapse of the coalition government led by Thapa. Koirala first headed a Nepali Congress minority government until December 25th, 1998 after which he headed and a three-party coalition government with the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist Leninist)|Communist Party of Nepal (UML)]] and the Nepal Sadhbhawana Party. ==तेश्रो कार्यकाल (२२ मार्च २००० - २६ जुलाई २००१)== Koirala became Prime Minister in 2000 for his third term following the resignation of Krishna Prasad Bhattarai who faced an impending vote of no-confidence from dissidents within his own party.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/681197.stm] At that time Nepal was fighting a civil war against the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)]]. During his third term as Prime Minister, his government was plagued by allegations of corruption. Following the royal massacre of Nepal, Koirala was further criticized for his inability to handle the crisis. Koirala resigned in July 2001 following which the military was mobilized in the civil war for the first time, something Koirala had unsuccessfully attempted to do while in office. He was replaced by his one-time protege former Prime Minister [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]]. ==चौथो कार्यकाल (३० एप्रिल २००६ - )== After the reinstatement of the [[Nepal House of Representatives|Pratinidhi Sabha]] on April 24, 2006 following the [[2006 democracy movement in Nepal|Loktantra Andolan]], Mr. Koirala was selected to become Prime Minister by the leaders of the Seven Party Alliance (SPA). On July 3rd, 2006, he suffered chest pains and was rushed to hospital in serious condition. Only week before he returned from [[Bangkok]] after medical tests and treatmant were carried out. Only day after he was admitted in hospital he was to give a "policy and program" speech at parliament. During his fourth term, Mr Koirala tabled legislation to strip the King of his powers and sought to bring the Army under parliamentary control through the new Military Act. Both measures passed overwhelmingly. On November 7th, 2006, Mr Koirala and the leaders of the SPA signed an agreement with the CPN (Maoist) to end the insurgency and hold elections to a constituent assembly. On November 21, 2006, Mr. Koirala signed the landmark Comprehensive Peace Accord with Maoist and rightly declared, "Politics of violence and terror has ended." Furthermore, on November 28, 2006 the Government of Nepal led by Mr. Koirala engaged in sigining another landmard tripatriat agreement with the Maoist rebel group and United Nations on the issue of Monitoring of the Management of Arms and Armies. ==विवाद== Koirala has several opponents among the Nepali public. His governments have been alleged of corruption on occasions. During his third term, he was constantly dogged by the corruption scandal called the [[Lauda Air Corruption Scam]] in which he has been alleged of massive siphoning of funds from the leasing of over-priced [[Boeing]] jets. [http://india.indymedia.org/en/2001/06/162.shtml]However, none have been substantiated. [[Category:नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्रीहरू]] [[bg:Гирия Прасад Койрала]] [[da:Girija Prasad Koirala]] [[de:Girija Prasad Koirala]] [[en:Girija Prasad Koirala]] [[et:Girijā Prasād Koīrālā]] [[el:Γκιρίγια Πρασάντ Κοϊράλα]] [[ko:기리자 프라사드 코이랄라]] [[id:Girija Prasad Koirala]] [[it:Girija Prasad Koirala]] [[nl:Girija Prasad Koirala]] [[ja:ギリジャ・プラサド・コイララ]] [[no:Girija Prasad Koirala]] [[pt:Girija Prasad Koirala]] [[fi:Girija Prasad Koirala]] 2705 8366 2007-01-08T07:45:36Z Indiver 9 Girija Prasad Koirala. Copied from English wikipedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Girijakoirala.jpg Girija Prasad Koirala. Copied from English wikipedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Girijakoirala.jpg 2706 9191 2007-01-28T11:05:45Z Rpangeni 199 नवलपरासी नेपालको एक जिल्लाको नाम हो। <br> नवलपरासी जिल्ला लुम्बिनी अन्चलमा पर्दछ| <br> यो नेपालको पश्चिमाञ्चल विकास क्षेत्रको एउटा जिल्ला हो । यो जिल्लाको सदरमुकाम परासी बजार हो|<br> क्षेत्रफल: <br> सदरमुकाम: परासी <br> मुख्य व्यापारीक केन्द्रहरु : परासी, सुनवल, कावासोती । <br> मुख्या आयको स्रोत: कृषी, उधोग, व्यापार, पर्यटन । <br> यहाँ नेपालको धेरै ठाउँबाट बसाइ सरेर आएका बासिन्दा छन्। तर स्यान्जा, पाल्पा, अर्घाखाची, तनहू, गुल्मी, प्युठान जस्ता जिल्लाबाट आउनेहरुको सङ्खा तुलनात्मक रुपमा धेरै पाइन्छ । नवलपरासी भौगोलिक हिसाबले पहाड, भित्रिमधेश र मधेशगरी तीन भागमा बिभाजीत छ <br>। यसको भित्रिमधेश क्षेत्रलाई नवलपुर पनि भनिन्छ । यो जिल्लाको उत्तरमा पाल्पा र तनहू, पश्चिममा रुपन्देही, पूर्व र दक्षिणमा चितवन र दक्षिणको केही भाग भारतसित जोडिएको छ । चितवन राष्ट्रीय निकुन्जमा नवलपरासीको ठुलो जंगल पर्दछ । बाघ भालु हेर्न जाने मनोरन्जनात्मक स्थान टाइगर टपस् यहाँ पर्दछ। कुनै जमानामा एक सिङ्गे गैँडाको बासस्थान भएको गैडाकोट (कोट = वासस्थान) यहीँ पर्दछ । नवलपरासीको गैडाकोटलाइ र चितवनको नारायणगढलाइ र नारायणी नदीले छुट्ट्याएको छ भने तनहुँको देवघाट संग नवलपरासीक गैडाकोटलाइ गण्डकीले छुट्ट्याएको छ। <br> पूर्व पश्चिम राजमार्गको मध्यभाग भनेर राजा महेन्द्रले शिलान्यास गरी राजमार्ग निर्माण सुरु गरेको स्थान शिलान्यासमा शिलालेख हेर्न पाइन्छ। <br> == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2707 8375 2007-01-08T08:19:46Z Indiver 9 {| class="infobox" style="text-align: center; font-size:90%;" |style="text-align: center;"|'''[[{{{country}}}]]''' |- |style="text-align: center;"|{{#if:{{{image|}}}|[[Image:{{{image}}}|{{{size}}}px]]<br />}} <small>यो लेख यस शृङ्खलाको अंश हो:</small><br /> '''[[{{{title}}}को राजनीति|{{{title}}}को राजनीति र सरकार]]'''<small> |- | ---- |-<noinclude> | |} This template is used to create "Politics of ''foo''" templates such as [[Template:Politics of Nepal|Politics of Nepal]]. [[Category:Infobox templates|Politbox]] [[Category:"Politics of" templates| ]] </noinclude> 2708 8370 2007-01-08T07:58:01Z Indiver 9 [[नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्रीहरु]] लाइ [[नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्रीहरू]]मा सारियो: spelling correction #REDIRECT [[नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्रीहरू]] 2709 8387 2007-01-08T08:42:43Z Indiver 9 <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" style="border-collapse: collapse;"> <tr><td>{{politbox|country=नेपाल|image=Nepal_gov_logo.png|size=125|title=नेपाल|}} |align=left| *[[नेपालका राजा|राजा]] **[[श्री ५ ज्ञानेन्द्र]] *[[नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्रीहरू|प्रधानमन्त्री]] **[[गिरिजा प्रसाद कोईराला]] *[[नेपालको संसद|संसद]] **[[राष्ट्रिय सभा]] **[[प्रतिनिधि सभा]] *[[राजनैतीक दलहरू]] *[[नेपालका चुनावहरू|चुनाव]]: [[२००७ को संविधानसभा चुनाव]] *[[सर्वोच्च अदालत]] *[[अञ्चलहरू]] *[[नेपालको आन्तरिक द्वन्द]] *[[परराष्ट्र मामिला]] *[[नेपालको प्रजातान्त्रिक अभ्यास]]</td></tr></table> <noinclude> [[Category:"Politics of" templates|नेपाल]] </noinclude> 2710 8382 2007-01-08T08:36:40Z RajeshPandey 111 यसका दुइ प्रयोगहरु छन्। लुम्बिनी स्थान: जहाँ बद्द जन्मेका थिए । लुम्बिनी [[अञ्चल]]: लुम्बिनी [[नेपाल]]को १४ अञ्चल मध्येको यौटा अञ्चल हो । यसमा निम्न लिखीत जिल्लाहरु पर्दछन्। * '''[[लुम्बिनी]]''' - जिल्लाहरु: [[नवलपरासी]], [[रुपन्देही]], [[कपिलबस्तु]], == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:अञ्चल]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2711 8378 2007-01-08T08:30:04Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: नेपालको भूभाग ५ [[विकासक्षेत्र]], १४ [[अञ्चल]] र ७५ [[जिल्ला|जिल्लाहरुमा]] वर... नेपालको भूभाग ५ [[विकासक्षेत्र]], १४ [[अञ्चल]] र ७५ [[जिल्ला|जिल्लाहरुमा]] वर्गिकृत छ। === पूर्वाञ्चल विकासक्षेत्र === ''पूर्वाञ्चल विकासक्षेत्र'' ३ अञ्चल र १६ जिल्लामा वर्गिकरण गरिएको छ। * '''[[मेची]]''' - जिल्लाहरु: [[झापा]], [[इलाम]], [[पाँचथर]], [[ताप्लेजुङ]] * '''[[कोशी]]''' - जिल्लाहरु: [[मोरङ]], [[सुनसरी]], [[धनकुटा]], [[तेरथुम]], [[भोजपुर]], [[सङ्खुवासभा]] * '''[[सगरमाथा]]''' - जिल्लाहरु: [[सप्तरी]], [[सिराहा]], [[उदयपुर]], [[खोटाङ]], [[ओखलढुंगा]], [[सोलुखुम्बु]] === मध्यमाञ्चल विकासक्षेत्र === ''मध्यमाञ्चल विकासक्षेत्र'' ३ अञ्चल र १९ जिल्लामा वर्गिकरण गरिएको छ। * '''[[जनकपुर]]''' - जिल्लाहरु: [[धनुषा]], [[महोत्तरी]], [[सर्लाही]], [[सिन्धुली]], [[रामेछाप]], [[दोलखा]] * '''[[नारायणी]]''' - जिल्लाहरु: [[रौतहट]], [[बारा]], [[पर्सा]], [[मकवानपुर]], [[चितवन]] * '''[[बागमती]]''' - जिल्लाहरु: [[काभ्रे]], [[ललितपुर]], [[काठमाडौं]], [[भक्तपुर]], [[धादिङ]], [[नुवाकोट]], [[सिन्धुपाल्चोक]], [[रसुवा]] === पश्चिमाञ्चल विकासक्षेत्र === ''पश्चिमाञ्चल विकासक्षेत्र'' ३ अञ्चल र १४ जिल्लामा वर्गिकरण गरिएको छ। * '''[[लुम्बिनी]]''' - जिल्लाहरु: [[नवलपरासी]], [[रुपन्देही]], [[कपिलबस्तु]], [[पाल्पा]], [[अर्गाखाँची]], [[गुल्मी]] * '''[[गण्डकी]]''' - जिल्लाहरु: [[गोर्खा]], [[तनहू]], [[स्याङ्जा]], [[लमजुङ]], [[कास्की]], [[मनाङ]] * '''[[धवलगिरी]]''' - जिल्लाहरु: [[पर्वत]], [[वाग्लुङ]], [[म्याग्दि]], [[मुस्ताङ]] === मध्य-पश्चिमाञ्चल विकासक्षेत्र === ''मध्य-पश्चिमाञ्चल विकासक्षेत्र'' ३ अञ्चल र १५ जिल्लामा वर्गिकरण गरिएको छ। * '''[[राप्ती]]''' - जिल्लाहरु: [[दाङ]], [[प्युठान]], [[रोल्पा]], [[सल्यान]], [[रुकुम]] * '''[[भेरी]]''' - जिल्लाहरु: [[बाँके]], [[बर्दिया]], [[सुर्खेत]], [[दैलेख]], [[जाजरकोट]] * '''[[कर्णाली]]''' - जिल्लाहरु: [[डोल्पा]], [[जुम्ला]], [[कालिकोट]], [[मुगू]], [[हुम्ला]] === सुदूर-पश्चिमाञ्चल विकासक्षेत्र === ''सुदूर-पश्चिमाञ्चल विकासक्षेत्र'' २ अञ्चल र ९ जिल्लामा वर्गिकरण गरिएको छ। * '''[[सेती]]''' - जिल्लाहरु: [[कैलाली]], [[डोटी]], [[अछाम]], [[बाजुरा]], [[बझाङ]] * '''[[महाकाली]]''' - जिल्लाहरु: [[कञ्चनपुर]], [[डडेलधुरा]], [[बैतडी]], [[दार्चुला]] 2712 8379 2007-01-08T08:30:07Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: नेपालको भूभाग ५ [[विकासक्षेत्र]], १४ [[अञ्चल]] र ७५ [[जिल्ला|जिल्लाहरुमा]] वर्... नेपालको भूभाग ५ [[विकासक्षेत्र]], १४ [[अञ्चल]] र ७५ [[जिल्ला|जिल्लाहरुमा]] वर्गिकृत छ। === पूर्वाञ्चल विकासक्षेत्र === ''पूर्वाञ्चल विकासक्षेत्र'' ३ अञ्चल र १६ जिल्लामा वर्गिकरण गरिएको छ। * '''[[मेची]]''' - जिल्लाहरु: [[झापा]], [[इलाम]], [[पाँचथर]], [[ताप्लेजुङ]] * '''[[कोशी]]''' - जिल्लाहरु: [[मोरङ]], [[सुनसरी]], [[धनकुटा]], [[तेरथुम]], [[भोजपुर]], [[सङ्खुवासभा]] * '''[[सगरमाथा]]''' - जिल्लाहरु: [[सप्तरी]], [[सिराहा]], [[उदयपुर]], [[खोटाङ]], [[ओखलढुंगा]], [[सोलुखुम्बु]] === मध्यमाञ्चल विकासक्षेत्र === ''मध्यमाञ्चल विकासक्षेत्र'' ३ अञ्चल र १९ जिल्लामा वर्गिकरण गरिएको छ। * '''[[जनकपुर]]''' - जिल्लाहरु: [[धनुषा]], [[महोत्तरी]], [[सर्लाही]], [[सिन्धुली]], [[रामेछाप]], [[दोलखा]] * '''[[नारायणी]]''' - जिल्लाहरु: [[रौतहट]], [[बारा]], [[पर्सा]], [[मकवानपुर]], [[चितवन]] * '''[[बागमती]]''' - जिल्लाहरु: [[काभ्रे]], [[ललितपुर]], [[काठमाडौं]], [[भक्तपुर]], [[धादिङ]], [[नुवाकोट]], [[सिन्धुपाल्चोक]], [[रसुवा]] === पश्चिमाञ्चल विकासक्षेत्र === ''पश्चिमाञ्चल विकासक्षेत्र'' ३ अञ्चल र १४ जिल्लामा वर्गिकरण गरिएको छ। * '''[[लुम्बिनी]]''' - जिल्लाहरु: [[नवलपरासी]], [[रुपन्देही]], [[कपिलबस्तु]], [[पाल्पा]], [[अर्गाखाँची]], [[गुल्मी]] * '''[[गण्डकी]]''' - जिल्लाहरु: [[गोर्खा]], [[तनहू]], [[स्याङ्जा]], [[लमजुङ]], [[कास्की]], [[मनाङ]] * '''[[धवलगिरी]]''' - जिल्लाहरु: [[पर्वत]], [[वाग्लुङ]], [[म्याग्दि]], [[मुस्ताङ]] === मध्य-पश्चिमाञ्चल विकासक्षेत्र === ''मध्य-पश्चिमाञ्चल विकासक्षेत्र'' ३ अञ्चल र १५ जिल्लामा वर्गिकरण गरिएको छ। * '''[[राप्ती]]''' - जिल्लाहरु: [[दाङ]], [[प्युठान]], [[रोल्पा]], [[सल्यान]], [[रुकुम]] * '''[[भेरी]]''' - जिल्लाहरु: [[बाँके]], [[बर्दिया]], [[सुर्खेत]], [[दैलेख]], [[जाजरकोट]] * '''[[कर्णाली]]''' - जिल्लाहरु: [[डोल्पा]], [[जुम्ला]], [[कालिकोट]], [[मुगू]], [[हुम्ला]] === सुदूर-पश्चिमाञ्चल विकासक्षेत्र === ''सुदूर-पश्चिमाञ्चल विकासक्षेत्र'' २ अञ्चल र ९ जिल्लामा वर्गिकरण गरिएको छ। * '''[[सेती]]''' - जिल्लाहरु: [[कैलाली]], [[डोटी]], [[अछाम]], [[बाजुरा]], [[बझाङ]] * '''[[महाकाली]]''' - जिल्लाहरु: [[कञ्चनपुर]], [[डडेलधुरा]], [[बैतडी]], [[दार्चुला]] 2713 8380 2007-01-08T08:33:31Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: नेपालमा ७५ जिल्लाहरु छन्। == हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] नेपालमा ७५ जिल्लाहरु छन्। == हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] 2714 8413 2007-01-08T08:51:46Z RajeshPandey 111 {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2715 8412 2007-01-08T08:51:39Z RajeshPandey 111 {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2716 8414 2007-01-08T08:52:57Z RajeshPandey 111 {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2717 8386 2007-01-08T08:42:42Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2718 8478 2007-01-08T09:13:36Z RajeshPandey 111 {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2719 8389 2007-01-08T08:42:52Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2720 8833 2007-01-16T18:57:37Z RajeshPandey 111 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/172.142.11.33|172.142.11.33]] ([[User_talk:172.142.11.33|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:RajeshPandey|RajeshPandey]] {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2721 8391 2007-01-08T08:43:02Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2722 8392 2007-01-08T08:43:05Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2723 8394 2007-01-08T08:46:42Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:अञ्चल]] [[Category:न... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:अञ्चल]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2724 8395 2007-01-08T08:46:48Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:अञ्चल]] [[Category:न... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:अञ्चल]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2725 8396 2007-01-08T08:46:52Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:अञ्चल]] [[Category:न... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:अञ्चल]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2726 8397 2007-01-08T08:46:55Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:अञ्चल]] [[Category:न... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:अञ्चल]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2727 8845 2007-01-16T18:58:09Z RajeshPandey 111 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/172.142.11.33|172.142.11.33]] ([[User_talk:172.142.11.33|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:RajeshPandey|RajeshPandey]] {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:अञ्चल]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2728 8399 2007-01-08T08:47:01Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:अञ्चल]] [[Category:न... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:अञ्चल]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2729 8400 2007-01-08T08:47:03Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:अञ्चल]] [[Category:न... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:अञ्चल]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2730 8401 2007-01-08T08:47:07Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:अञ्चल]] [[Category:न... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:अञ्चल]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2731 8402 2007-01-08T08:47:09Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:अञ्चल]] [[Category:न... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:अञ्चल]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2732 8403 2007-01-08T08:47:12Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:अञ्चल]] [[Category:न... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:अञ्चल]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2733 8404 2007-01-08T08:47:14Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:अञ्चल]] [[Category:न... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:अञ्चल]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2734 8405 2007-01-08T08:47:17Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:अञ्चल]] [[Category:न... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:अञ्चल]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2735 8406 2007-01-08T08:49:51Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2736 8407 2007-01-08T08:49:55Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2737 8408 2007-01-08T08:50:25Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2738 8409 2007-01-08T08:50:35Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2739 8411 2007-01-08T08:51:08Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2740 8415 2007-01-08T08:53:35Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2741 8839 2007-01-16T18:57:55Z RajeshPandey 111 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/172.142.11.33|172.142.11.33]] ([[User_talk:172.142.11.33|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:RajeshPandey|RajeshPandey]] {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2742 8837 2007-01-16T18:57:51Z RajeshPandey 111 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/172.142.11.33|172.142.11.33]] ([[User_talk:172.142.11.33|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:RajeshPandey|RajeshPandey]] {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2743 8418 2007-01-08T08:53:46Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2744 8419 2007-01-08T08:53:49Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2745 8420 2007-01-08T08:53:52Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2746 8421 2007-01-08T08:53:56Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2747 8422 2007-01-08T08:53:59Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2748 8423 2007-01-08T08:54:02Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2749 8424 2007-01-08T08:54:05Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2750 8425 2007-01-08T08:54:19Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2751 8426 2007-01-08T08:54:22Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2752 8431 2007-01-08T08:58:53Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2753 8432 2007-01-08T08:58:59Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2754 8433 2007-01-08T08:59:01Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2755 8434 2007-01-08T08:59:07Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2756 9192 2007-01-28T11:20:59Z Rpangeni 199 {{stub}} स्याङ्जा नेपालको गण्डकीअन्चलको एक पहाडी जिल्ला हो ।सिद्धार्थ राजमार्गले यस जिल्लालाई पाल्पा र कास्की जिल्लासित जोडेको छ ।<br> यस जिल्लाको सदरमुकाम स्याङ्जा (पुतलीबजार) हो । पहाडी जिल्ला भएकाले बसाइसराइ यहाबाट बाहिर बढी हुने गर्द्छ।<br> काठमाडौमा अस्थायी वा स्थायी रुपमा बस्ने स्याङ्जालीहरू प्रशस्त भेटिन्छ्न् । == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2757 9051 2007-01-18T08:28:22Z Rajendraonline 191 /* यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् */ {{stub}} == गुल्मी== [[नेपालको पश्चिममा रहेको एक जिल्ला गुल्मी पनि हो । यस जिल्लामा ७९ वटा गाँउ विकास समिति रहेका छन् । ति गाँउ विकास समितिहरुः १) सिमिचौर २) तम्घास ३) दुबिचौर ४) अर्खले ५) वडागाँउ ६) हर्दिनेटा ७) नयाँगाँउ ‍‍..... ]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2758 8437 2007-01-08T08:59:16Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2759 8438 2007-01-08T08:59:20Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2760 8439 2007-01-08T08:59:22Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: 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2007-01-08T08:59:39Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2765 8444 2007-01-08T08:59:44Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2766 8445 2007-01-08T08:59:47Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2767 8446 2007-01-08T08:59:52Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2768 8447 2007-01-08T08:59:57Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2769 8448 2007-01-08T09:00:05Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2770 8449 2007-01-08T09:00:11Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2771 8450 2007-01-08T09:00:13Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि 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हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2776 8456 2007-01-08T09:00:50Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2777 8457 2007-01-08T09:00:55Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2778 8458 2007-01-08T09:00:59Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2779 8459 2007-01-08T09:01:16Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2780 8460 2007-01-08T09:01:32Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2781 8461 2007-01-08T09:01:37Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2782 8462 2007-01-08T09:01:40Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2783 8463 2007-01-08T09:01:43Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि 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RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2788 8468 2007-01-08T09:02:15Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2789 8469 2007-01-08T09:02:18Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2790 8470 2007-01-08T09:02:27Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2791 8472 2007-01-08T09:03:58Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेप... == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2792 8473 2007-01-08T09:04:17Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:अञ्चल]] [[Category:नेपा... == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:अञ्चल]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2793 8474 2007-01-08T09:05:44Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:... {{stub}} == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]] [[Category:जिल्ला]] [[Category:नेपाल]] 2794 8476 2007-01-08T09:06:30Z RajeshPandey 111 == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == [[नेपालको क्षेत्रिय बर्गिकरण]]<br> [[जिल्ला]]<br> [[अञ्चल]] <br> [[Category:नेपाल]] 2795 8483 2007-01-08T11:44:19Z 202.51.64.165 New page: माइक्रोसफ्ट कर्पोरेशन एउटा बहुराष्ट्रिय कम्पनी हो, जसको वार्षिक आम्द... माइक्रोसफ्ट कर्पोरेशन एउटा बहुराष्ट्रिय कम्पनी हो, जसको वार्षिक आम्दानी करीब ४४.२८ अर्ब जति छ। जुलाइ २००६ सम्मको आँकडा अनुसार यसका १०२ वटा देशका शाखाहरुमा करीब ७१,५५३ कर्मचारीहरु कार्यरत छन्। यसले धेरै किसिमका कम्प्युटिड उत्पादनहरु बनाउने, लाइसेन्स प्रदान गर्ने र सहयोग गर्ने काम गर्दछ। यसको प्रमुख कार्यालय रेडमन्ड, वाशिंग्टन, यु एस ए मा छ। यसका सर्वाधिक बिक्रि हुने उत्पादनहरु विन्डोज अपरेटिड सिस्टम र माइक्रोसफ्ट अफिस सुट हुन्। यी दुबै उत्पादनहरु बजारमा सर्वाधिक पाइने उत्पादन मध्य पर्दछन्। 2796 8495 2007-01-08T16:06:25Z Eukesh 93 New page: * नेपालका राणा प्रधानमन्त्रीहरु मध्ये सबैभन्दा पहिला जंगबहादुर राणा ह... * नेपालका राणा प्रधानमन्त्रीहरु मध्ये सबैभन्दा पहिला जंगबहादुर राणा हुन्, होइन र? फेरि, नेपालका पहिला प्रधानमन्त्री त भीमसेन थापा हुन् नि, र उहाँ पछि माथवरसिंह थापा सम्मका प्रधानमन्त्रीहरुको यहाँ उल्लेख छैन। यस विषयमा ज्ञान राख्नेहरुले कृपया सुधार्नु होला। --[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 16:06, 8 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) 2797 8505 2007-01-08T18:13:10Z Indiver 9 [[E-mail]] लाइ [[इमेल]]मा सारियो: Proper Nepali Title #REDIRECT [[इमेल]] 2798 8509 2007-01-08T19:10:31Z Indiver 9 New page: '''मौसम'''ले वातावरणको जलवायु संबन्धि स्थितिको जानकारी दिन्छ। सामान्यतय... '''मौसम'''ले वातावरणको जलवायु संबन्धि स्थितिको जानकारी दिन्छ। सामान्यतया मौसम [[ऋतु]] अनुसार बदलिन्छ। मौसम अन्तर्गत पर्ने कुराहरू यी हुन्: [[हुरी]], [[मेघगर्जन]] वा [[चट्याङ्]], [[आँधी]], [[बर्षा]], [[असिना]], [[हिमपात]], [[शीतलहर]] आदि। मौसमलाई [[सूर्य|सूर्यको]] शक्तिले निक्कै प्रभाव पार्दछ। कुनै ठाँउमा सालको कुन समयमा हावापानी कस्तो हुन्छ भन्ने कुराको जानकारी मौसमले दिन्छ। [[Weather station]]s around the [[world]] measure different parts of weather. Measurements include; [[wind]] speed, [[wind]] direction, [[temperature]], [[barometric pressure]], and [[humidity]]. People try to use these measurements to determine what the weather will be like in the future. These people are called ''meteorologists''. ==संबंधित लेखहरू== *[[जलवायु]] *[[ऋतु]] ==बाह्य लिङ्क== *http://www.geography.learnontheinternet.co.uk/topics/weather.html [[Category:शब्दार्थ]] [[Category:भूगोल]] {{stub}} [[Category:weather| ]][[Category:Natural events]] [[Category:Basic English 850 words]] [[be:Надвор'е]] [[ca:Temps atmosfèric]] [[cs:Počasí]] [[da:Vejr]] [[de:Wetter]] [[et:Ilm]] [[el:Καιρός]] [[en:Weather]] [[es:Tiempo atmosférico]] [[eo:Vetero]] [[fr:Temps (météorologie)]] [[ga:Aimsir]] [[gl:Tempo atmosférico]] [[hi:मौसम]] [[id:Cuaca]] [[he:מזג אוויר]] [[ms:Cuaca]] [[nl:Weer (meteorologie)]] [[ja:気象]] [[no:Vær (meteorologi)]] [[nn:Vêr]] [[pl:Pogoda]] [[pt:Fenômeno climático]] [[ru:Погода]] [[sk:Počasie]] [[sl:Vreme]] [[fi:Sää]] [[sv:Väder]] [[tr:Hava (iklim)]] [[zh-yue:天氣]] [[zh:天气]] 2799 8522 2007-01-08T20:46:28Z RajeshPandey 111 '''उद्योग''' भन्नाले हरेक किसिमको आर्थिक कारोवारलाई जनाउँछ। It can be divided into four sectors according to the nature of the activity. [[Primary industry]] extracts natural [[material]]s and provides raw materials for secondary industry. [[Secondary industry]] processes raw materials or semi-finished goods into more valuable products. [[Tertiary industry]] is the provision of services. [[Quaternary industry]] is the activity related to the application, manipulation and transmission of information. In a narrow sense, industry is confined to manufacturing activities. [[category:आर्थिक]] [[br:Industri]] [[bg:Промишленост]] [[ca:Indústria]] [[cs:Průmysl]] [[da:Industri]] [[de:Industrie]] [[et:Tööstus]] [[en:Industry]] [[es:Industria]] [[eo:Industrio]] [[fa:صنعت]] [[fr:Industrie]] [[fur:Industrie]] [[gl:Industria]] [[it:Industria]] [[he:תעשייה]] [[csb:Industrëjô]] [[lb:Industrie]] [[lt:Pramonė]] [[mk:Индустрија]] [[nl:Industrie]] [[ja:産業]] [[no:Industri]] [[nn:Industri]] [[pl:Przemysł (ekonomia)]] [[pt:Indústria]] [[ro:Industrie]] [[ru:Промышленность]] [[sq:Industria]] [[scn:Nnustria]] [[sl:Industrija]] [[sr:Индустрија]] [[sh:Industrija]] [[fi:Teollisuus]] [[sv:Industri]] [[zh:产业]] 2800 8511 2007-01-08T19:34:09Z Indiver 9 New page: '''खेल''', '''खेलकुद''' वा '''कृडा''' शारिरिक गतिबिधि हो जुन रमाईलो वा प्रतिस्पर्ध... '''खेल''', '''खेलकुद''' वा '''कृडा''' शारिरिक गतिबिधि हो जुन रमाईलो वा प्रतिस्पर्धाको निम्ति गरिन्छ। यो दुई किसिमले - घर भित्र र बाहिर - गरिन्छ। A sport is a [[game]], [[contest]], or activity needing [[physical power]] and [[skill]]. A sport is usually played according to [[rule]]s. बिभिन्न किसिमका खेलहरू: *[[Athletics]] **[[Field athletics]] ***[[Long jump]] ***[[Triple jump]] ***[[Pole vault]] ***[[High jump]] ***[[Hammer throw]] ***[[Discus throw]] ***[[Javelin throw]] ***[[Shot put]] **[[Track athletics]] ***[[Sprint]] ***[[Middle distance race]] ***[[Long distance race]] ***[[Walking race]] ***[[Hurdle race]] ***[[Relay]] ***[[Steeplechase]] ***[[Cross-country race]] ***[[Marathon]] *[[Badminton]] *[[Baseball]] *[[Basketball]] *[[Cricket]] *[[Fencing]] *[[फुटबल|फुटबल वा भकुण्डो]] **[[संस्थागत फुटबल]] **[[अमेरिकी फुटबल]] **[[Australian rules football]] **[[क्यानेडाली फुटबल]] **[[Gaelic football]] **[[रग्बि फुटबल]] ***[[रग्बि लिग]] ***[[रग्बि संगठन्]] *[[गल्फ]] *[[पोलो]] *[[आइसहक्की]] *[[Netball]] *[[Rowing]] *[[Shinty]] *[[Surfing]] *[[टेबलटेनिस]] *[[टेनिस]] *[[भलिबल]] [[Category:खेलकुद| ]] [[af:Sport]] [[ar:رياضة]] [[an:Esporte]] [[ast:Deporte]] [[az:İdman]] [[bm:Fàrìkòlònyenaje]] [[bn:ক্রীড়া]] [[bs:Sport]] [[br:Sport]] [[bg:Спорт]] [[ca:Esport]] [[cs:Sport]] [[cy:Chwaraeon]] [[da:Sport]] [[pdc:Schparret]] [[de:Sport]] [[et:Sport]] [[el:Αθλητισμός]] [[en:Sport]] [[es:Deporte]] [[eo:Sporto]] [[eu:Kirol]] [[fa:ورزش]] [[fo:Ítróttur]] [[fr:Sport]] [[fy:Sport]] [[fur:Sport]] [[ga:Spórt]] [[gv:Spoyrt]] [[gd:Spòrs]] [[gl:Deporte]] [[ko:스포츠]] [[hy:Սպորտ]] [[hr:Sport]] [[io:Sporto]] [[id:Olahraga]] [[ia:Sport]] [[is:Íþrótt]] [[it:Sport]] [[he:ספורט]] [[ka:სპორტი]] [[csb:Szpòrt]] [[ky:Спорт]] [[lad:Espor]] [[la:Deportus]] [[lv:Sports]] [[lb:Sport]] [[lt:Sportas]] [[li:Sjport]] [[hu:Sport]] [[mk:Спорт]] [[ms:Sukan]] [[nl:Sport]] [[ja:スポーツ]] [[no:Sport]] [[nn:Idrett]] [[nrm:Sport]] [[ug:تەنھەرىكەت]] [[pap:Deporte]] [[pl:Sport]] [[pt:Desporto]] [[ro:Sport]] [[rm:Sport]] [[ru:Спорт]] [[sco:Sport]] [[sq:Sporti]] [[scn:Sport]] [[sk:Šport]] [[sl:Šport]] [[sr:Спорт]] [[sh:Sport]] [[fi:Urheilu]] [[sv:Sport]] [[tl:Palakasan]] [[ta:விளையாட்டு]] [[tt:Sport]] [[th:กีฬา]] [[vi:Thể thao]] [[tg:Варзиш]] [[tr:Spor]] [[uk:Спорт]] [[vec:Spor]] [[yi:ספארט]] [[bat-smg:Spuorts]] [[zh:体育]] 2801 8525 2007-01-08T21:16:07Z Indiver 9 Redirecting to [[विकिपीडिया]] #REDIRECT [[विकिपीडिया]] 2802 8528 2007-01-09T16:41:24Z Indiver 9 New page: :''The official version of this policy is at [[Wikimedia:Privacy policy]]. It is requested that all discussion take place at [[meta:talk:Privacy policy]]. Changes to this page are non-offi... :''The official version of this policy is at [[Wikimedia:Privacy policy]]. It is requested that all discussion take place at [[meta:talk:Privacy policy]]. Changes to this page are non-official and do not represent the policy of the Wikimedia Foundation. Comments left on the talk page of this policy are not guaranteed to be read by the Wikimedia Board.'' == सारांस == If you only read the Wikimedia project websites, no more information is collected than is typically collected in server logs by web sites in general. If you contribute to the Wikimedia projects, you are '''publishing''' every word you post publicly. If you write something, assume that it will be retained forever. This includes articles, user pages and talk pages. Some limited exceptions are described below. ==Publishing on the wiki and public data == Simply visiting the web site does not expose your identity publicly (but see [[#Private logging|private logging]] below). When you edit any page in the wiki, '''you are publishing a document'''. This is a public act, and you are identified publicly with that edit as its author. ===सम्पादकको परिचय=== When you publish a page in the wiki, you may be logged in or not. If you are logged in, you will be identified by your user name. This may be your real name if you so choose, or you may choose to publish under a pseudonym, whatever user name you selected when you created your account. If you have not logged in, you will be identified by your network IP address. This is a series of four numbers which identifies the internet address from which you are contacting the wiki. Depending on your connection, this number may be traceable only to a large internet service provider, or specifically to your school, place of business, or home. It may be possible that the origin of this IP address could be used in conjunction with any interests you express implicitly or explicitly by editing articles to identify you even by private individuals. It may be either difficult or easy for a motivated individual to connect your network IP address with your real-life identity. Therefore if you are very concerned about privacy, you may wish to log in and publish under a pseudonym. When using a pseudonym, your IP address will not be available to the public, but it will be stored on the wiki servers for a relatively short amount of time. Thus it will be available to developers and may be released under certain circumstances (see below). If you use a company mail server from home or telecommute and use a DSL or cable internet connection, it is likely to be very easy for your employer to identify your IP address and find all of your IP based Wikimedia project contributions. Using a user name is a better way of preserving your privacy in this situation. However, remember to disconnect yourself after using a pseudonym to avoid allowing others to use your identity. === कुकिहरू === The wiki will set a temporary session cookie (PHPSESSID) whenever you visit the site. If you do not intend to ever log in, you may deny this cookie, but you cannot log in without it. It will be deleted when you close your browser session. More cookies may be set when you log in, to avoid typing in your user name (or optionally password) on your next visit. These last up to 30 days. You may clear these cookies after use if you are using a public machine and don't wish to expose your username to future users of the machine. (If so, clear the browser cache as well.) ===पासवर्ड=== Many aspects of the Wikimedia projects community interactions depend on the reputation and respect that is built up through a history of valued contributions. User passwords are the only guarantee of the integrity of a user's edit history. All users are encouraged to select strong passwords and to never share them. No one shall knowingly expose the password of another user to public release either directly or indirectly. ==निजी लग्गिङ== Every time you visit a web page, you send a lot of information to the web server. Most web servers routinely maintain access logs with a portion of this information, which can be used to get an overall picture of what pages are popular, what other sites link to this one, and what web browsers people are using. It is not the intention of the Wikimedia projects to use this information to keep track of legitimate users. These logs are used to produce the [http://meta.wikimedia.org/stats/ site statistics pages]; the raw log data is not made public, and is normally discarded after about two weeks. Here's a sample of what's logged for one page view: 64.164.82.142 - - [21/Oct/2003:02:03:19 +0000] "GET /wiki/draft_privacy_policy HTTP/1.1" 200 18084 "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_projects:Village_pump" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; PPC Mac OS X; en-us) AppleWebKit/85.7 (KHTML, like Gecko) Safari/85.5" Log data may be examined by developers in the course of solving technical problems, in tracking down badly-behaved web spiders that overwhelm the site, or very rarely to correlate usernames and network addresses of edits in investigating abuse of the wiki. === पाना लग्सबाट निकालिने तथ्याङ्क प्रकासन संबन्धि नीति === It is the policy of Wikimedia that personally identifiable data collected in the server logs will not be released by the developers who have access to it, except as follows: # In response to a valid subpoena or other compulsory request from law enforcement # With permission of the affected user # To Jimbo Wales, his legal counsel, or his designee, when necessary for investigation of abuse complaints. # Where the information pertains to page views generated by a spider or bot and its dissemination is necessary to illustrate or resolve technical issues. # Where the user has been vandalising articles or persistently behaving in a disruptive way, data may be released to assist in the targeting of IP blocks, or to assist in the formulation of a complaint to relevant Internet Service Providers # Where it is reasonably necessary to protect the rights, property or safety of the Wikimedia Foundation, its users or the public.<!-- this line borrowed from Google--> Wikimedia policy does not permit public distribution of such information under any circumstances, except as described above. == तेस्रो पक्षसँग जानकारी बाँड्नुपर्दा == Except where otherwise specified, all text added to Wikimedia projects is available for reuse under the terms of the GFDL, except for Wikinews, where the text is available under a Creative Commons License. Wikimedia will not sell or share private information, such as email addresses, with third parties, unless you agree to release this information, or it is required by law to release the information. == जानकारीको सुरक्षा == The Wikimedia Foundation makes no guarantee against unauthorized access to any information you provide. This information will be available to all [[m:developers|developers]] with access to the servers. == इ-मेल, मेलिङ लिस्ट र आई आर सि == === इ-मेल === You may provide your e-mail address in your Preferences. This allows other logged-in users may send email to you through the wiki (unless you disable this in your preferences). Your address will not be revealed to them unless you respond, or possibly if the email bounces. The email address may be used by the Wikimedia Foundation to communicate with users on a wider scale. If you do not provide an email address, you will not be able to reset your password if you forget it. However, you may contact one of Wikimedia developer to enter a new mail address in your preferences. You can remove your email address from your preferences at any time to prevent it being used. === मेलिङ लिस्टहरू === If you subscribe to one of the project [http://mail.wikimedia.org/ mailing lists], your address will be exposed to any other subscriber. The list archives of most of Wikimedia's mailing lists are public, and your address may find itself quoted in messages. The list archives are also archived by Gmane services. Mails are usually not deleted or modified, but it may be done in extreme cases. === Information email addresses === Some email addresses (see below) may forward mail to a team of volunteers trusted by the community to use a ticket system (OTRS) to view them and answer them. Mail sent to the system is not publicly visible, but is visible to this group of Wikimedia editors. By sending a mail to one of these addresses, your address may become public within this group. The OTRS team may discuss the contents of your mail with other contributors in order to best answer your query. Addresses that direct to OTRS system are: *info-de@wikipedia.org *info-en@wikipedia.org *info-es@wikipedia.org Mail to board@wikimedia.org or to board member's private addresses may also be forwarded to the OTRS team. === IRC === [[m:IRC channels|IRC channels]] are not officially part of Wikimedia proper. By participating to an IRC channel, your IP address will be exposed to other participants. (Users may request an IRC "cloak", which hides your IP address to other users.) Different channels have different policies on whether logs may be published. == User data == Data on users, such as the times at which they edited and the number of edits they have made are publicly available via "user contributions" lists, and occasionally in aggregated forms published by other users. === Removal of user accounts === Once created, user accounts can not be removed. It may be possible for a developer to change the username on an account, but you will need to request this yourself. The Wikimedia Foundation does not guarantee that a name will be changed on request. See [[meta:Right to vanish]] for further details. Whether specific user information is deleted is dependant on the deletion policies of the project that contains the information. ==Deletion of content== Deleting text from Wikimedia projects does not really delete them. In normal articles, anyone can look at a previous version and see what was there. If an article is "deleted", any sysop/administrator, meaning almost anyone trusted not to abuse the deletion capability, can see what was deleted. Only a developer can permanently delete information from the Wikimedia projects and there is no guarantee this will happen except in response to legal action. [[en:Wikipedia:Privacy policy]] [[eo:Vikipedio:Respekto de la privateco]] [[ia:Wikipedia:Politica de confidentialitate]] [[ka:ვიკიპედია:ანონიმურობის პოლიტიკა]] [[nl:Wikipedia:Privacybeleid]] [[pt:Wikipedia:Política de privacidade]] [[sr:Википедија:Политика приватности]] 2803 8541 2007-01-09T18:37:34Z Indiver 9 {| class="footerbox" style="text-align: center;" |- ! style="background: #ccccff;" | [[सौर्यमण्डल]] |- | [[Image:Eight Planets.png]] |- | '''[[तारा]]:''' [[सूर्य]] |- | '''[[ग्रह|ग्रहहरू]]:''' [[बुधग्रह|बुध]] &bull; [[शुक्रग्रह|शुक्र]] &bull; [[पृथ्वी]] &bull; [[मंगलग्रह|मंगल]] &bull; [[बृहस्पतिग्रह|बृहस्पति]] &bull; [[शनिग्रह|शनि]] &bull; [[युरेनस|युरेनस (राहु)]] &bull; [[नेप्च्युन|नेप्च्युन (केतु)]] |- | '''[[फुच्चे ग्रह|फुच्चे ग्रहहरू]]:''' [[सेरेस]] &bull; [[प्लुटो|प्लुटो (यम)]] &bull; [[एरिस]] |- | '''[[साना सौर्यमण्डलिय पिण्ड]]:''' [[क्षुद्रग्रह पेटी]] &ndash; [[पुच्छ्रेतारा]] &ndash; [[उल्कापिण्ड]] &ndash; [[कुइपर पेटी]] &ndash; [[फिँजिएको चक्का]] &ndash; [[उर्ट बादल]] |- | '''अन्य:''' [[चन्द्रमा]] |} <noinclude> [[Category:Navigational templates]] </noinclude> 2804 8830 2007-01-16T18:57:28Z RajeshPandey 111 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/172.142.11.33|172.142.11.33]] ([[User_talk:172.142.11.33|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:Indiver|Indiver]] [[Image:Solar planets.jpg|right]] '''सौर्यमण्डल''' एक [[खगोलशास्त्र|खगोलिय]] [[प्रणाली]] हो जसको केन्द्रमा रहेको [[तारा|तारालाई]] [[ग्रह|ग्रहहरू]] तथा [[उल्का]] पिण्डहरूले परिक्रमा गर्दछन्। The best known solar system is the one humans live in, the one Earth is in. The Earth moves around the Sun in an [[elliptical]] orbit that is almost a circle. The other planets in the solar system also move around the sun in elliptical orbits. The biggest objects that go around the Sun are called planets. It took people many years of looking carefully through telescopes to find them. No new big ones have been found for a long time, but more small objects are found every year. ==Pluto is no longer a planet== Pluto has been called a planet for almost a hundred years. In 2006, [[astronomer]]s decided [[Pluto]] should no longer be called a planet because it is so small. Also, its orbit is very different from the other eight planets. Pluto, along with [[1_Ceres|Ceres]] and [[136199 Eris|Eris]], is called a [[Dwarf planet|dwarf planet]] now. ==ग्रहहरूको क्रम== हाम्रो सौर्यमण्डलमा जम्मा ८ ग्रह, ३ फुच्चेग्रह र अन्य ठुला पिण्डहरू सूर्यको परिक्रमा गर्दछन्। सूर्यबाट दुरिको आधारमा यो क्रममा छन्: * [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] * [[Venus (planet)|Venus]] * [[Earth]] * [[Mars (planet)|Mars]] *** [[Asteroid belt]] ** [[1 Ceres|Ceres]] * [[Jupiter (planet)|Jupiter]] * [[Saturn (planet)|Saturn]] * [[Uranus (planet)|Uranus]] * [[Neptune (planet)|Neptune]] ** [[Pluto (planet)|Pluto]] **[[136199_Eris|Eris]] ***[[Kuiper belt]] **** [[Comet]]s There are also other things moving around the sun and they are all part of the solar system together. For example, the [[Asteroid belt]]. The Asteroid belt is a region with many rocks. These are much smaller than planets. Many are less than one kilometer across in [[diameter]]. ==External links== * [http://www.solarviews.com/eng/homepage.htm Views of the Solar System] * [http://www.exploratorium.edu/ronh/weight/index.html Your Weight on Other Worlds] {{SolarSystem}} {{Stub}} [[Category:खगोलशास्त्र]] [[Category:सौर्यमण्डल]] [[ar:نظام شمسي]] [[ast:Sistema solar]] [[bg:Слънчева система]] [[ca:Sistema Solar]] [[da:Solsystem]] [[de:Sonnensystem]] [[et:Päikesesüsteem]] [[en:Solar system]] [[es:Sistema solar]] [[eo:Sunsistemo]] [[fa:سامانه خورشیدی]] [[fr:Système solaire]] [[fy:Sinnestelsel]] [[ko:태양계]] [[hr:Sunčev sustav]] [[id:Tata Surya]] [[ia:Systema Solar]] [[is:Sólkerfið]] [[it:Sistema solare]] [[he:מערכת השמש]] [[lt:Saulės sistema]] [[hu:Naprendszer]] [[ms:Sistem suria]] [[nl:Zonnestelsel]] [[ja:太陽系]] [[no:Solsystem]] [[pl:Układ Słoneczny]] [[pt:Sistema Solar]] [[ro:Sistem solar]] [[ru:Солнечная система]] [[fi:Aurinkokunta]] [[sv:Solsystem]] [[tr:Güneş Sistemi]] [[uk:Сонячна система]] [[vi:Thái Dương Hệ]] [[zh-cn:太阳系]] [[zh-tw:太陽系]] [[ie:Solari sistema]] 2805 8532 2007-01-09T18:03:51Z Indiver 9 New page: सौर्यमण्डल एक खगोलिय प्रणाली हो जसको केन्द्रमा रहेको तारालाई ग्रहहरू ... सौर्यमण्डल एक खगोलिय प्रणाली हो जसको केन्द्रमा रहेको तारालाई ग्रहहरू तथा उल्का पिण्डहरूले परिक्रमा गर्दछन्। {{SolarSystem}} 2806 9173 2007-01-26T14:30:46Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Adding: [[mk:Меркур]], [[ml:ബുധന്‍ (ഗ്രഹം)]] [[Image:Mercury-real color.jpg|thumb|right|View of Mercury from Mariner 10]] '''बुधग्रह''' सौर्यमण्डलमा सूर्यको सबै भन्दा नजिकको ग्रह हो। यो धेरै सानो छ। It is covered in [[crater]]s. It is very hot every day, and very cold every night. It is the smallest planet in the solar system. Because it is the closest planet from the [[Sun]], it is the fastest planet. It only takes 88 [[day]]s for it to go around the Sun. It is one of the [[dense]]st planets in the solar system, second to our [[Earth]]. The planet is made up mostly of [[iron]], which is very dense. However, it has a very weak [[magnetic field]]. Mercury has only been visited by one [[spacecraft]], [[Mariner 10]]. The planet is named after the [[mythology|mythological]] [[Roman]] winged messenger of the gods, because it [[orbit]]s the Sun so fast. ==See also== *[[List of planets]] ==External links== *[http://www.solarviews.com/eng/mercury.htm SolarViews.Com] {{SolarSystem}} {{Stub}} [[Category:ग्रह]] [[Category:खगोलशास्त्र]] [[Category:सौर्यमण्डल]] [[af:Mercurius]] [[ar:عطارد]] [[ast:Mercuriu (planeta)]] [[bg:Меркурий (планета)]] [[br:Merc'her (planedenn)]] [[bs:Merkur (planeta)]] [[ca:Mercuri (planeta)]] [[cs:Merkur (planeta)]] [[cy:Mercher (planed)]] [[da:Merkur (planet)]] [[de:Merkur (Planet)]] [[el:Ερμής (πλανήτης)]] [[en:Mercury (planet)]] [[eo:Merkuro]] [[es:Mercurio (planeta)]] [[et:Merkuur]] [[eu:Merkurio (planeta)]] [[fa:تیر (سیاره)]] [[fi:Merkurius]] [[fo:Merkur]] [[fr:Mercure (planète)]] [[frp:Mèrcure (planèta)]] [[ga:Mearcair (pláinéad)]] [[gd:Mearcair]] [[gl:Mercurio (planeta)]] [[gu:બુધ (ગ્રહ)]] [[he:כוכב חמה]] [[hr:Merkur (planet)]] [[hu:Merkúr (bolygó)]] [[id:Merkurius]] [[ilo:Mercurio (planeta)]] [[io:Merkuro]] [[is:Merkúríus (reikistjarna)]] [[it:Mercurio (astronomia)]] [[ja:水星]] [[ka:მერკური (პლანეტა)]] [[kn:ಬುಧ]] [[ko:수성]] [[ksh:Merrkuur (Planneet)]] [[ku:Tîr (gerstêrk)]] [[kw:Mergher (planet)]] [[la:Mercurius (planeta)]] [[lb:Merkur (Planéit)]] [[lt:Merkurijus (planeta)]] [[lv:Merkurs (planēta)]] [[mk:Меркур]] [[ml:ബുധന്‍ (ഗ്രഹം)]] [[ms:Utarid]] [[mt:Merkurju (pjaneta)]] [[nds-nl:Merkurius (planeet)]] [[nl:Mercurius (planeet)]] [[nn:Planeten Merkur]] [[no:Merkur]] [[nrm:Mèrtchure]] [[oc:Mercuri (planeta)]] [[os:Меркурий (планетæ)]] [[pl:Merkury]] [[pt:Mercúrio (planeta)]] [[qu:Qatuylla]] [[ro:Mercur (planetă)]] [[ru:Меркурий (планета)]] [[scn:Mircuriu (pianeta)]] [[sh:Merkur]] [[simple:Mercury (planet)]] [[sk:Merkúr]] [[sl:Merkur]] [[sq:Mërkuri]] [[sr:Меркур (планета)]] [[sv:Merkurius]] [[sw:Utaridi]] [[ta:புதன் (கோள்)]] [[th:ดาวพุธ]] [[tl:Merkuryo (planeta)]] [[tr:Merkür (gezegen)]] [[uk:Меркурій (планета)]] [[vi:Sao Thủy]] [[zh:水星]] [[zh-yue:水星]] 2807 9235 2007-01-31T02:34:52Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Modifying: [[uk:Венера]] [[Image:Venus-real color.jpg|thumb|250px|[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration|NASA]] image of Venus]] '''शुक्रग्रह''' सौर्यमण्डलमा सूर्यबाट दोस्रो ग्रह हो। It is made of [[rock]]s and has a thick [[atmosphere]] made of [[carbon dioxide]] and poisonous [[sulfuric acid]]. Sulfuric acid is a liquid at Earth temperatures, but Venus is so hot that it turns into a gas by [[evaporation]]. The [[greenhouse effect]] makes Venus the hottest planet in the [[solar system|Solar System]], far too hot for anything from Earth to survive there. It has thick [[cloud]]s, so we cannot see its surface without [[radar]]. This planet was named after [[Venus (goddess)|Venus]], the [[Roman]] [[goddess]] of [[love]] and beauty. Venus is always visible in the sky because it is so close to the Earth, but it is most visible early in the morning or a few hours after sunset. It is by far the brightest thing in the sky, after the Sun and [[Moon]]. It is sometimes called the "Morning Star" or the "Evening Star", because it is often visible in the sky at these times, and looks like a star unless you use [[binoculars]] or a [[telescope]]. ==See also== *[[List of planets]] ==External links== *[http://www.nineplanets.org/venus.html Nine Planets: Venus] *[http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/venus/venus.html The Planet Venus] *[http://www.mentallandscape.com/V_DigitalImages.htm Images of Venus] {{SolarSystem}} {{Stub}} [[Category:ग्रह]] [[Category:खगोलशास्त्र]] [[Category:सौर्यमण्डल]] [[af:Venus (planeet)]] [[ang:Venus]] [[ar:الزهرة]] [[ast:Venus (planeta)]] [[bg:Венера (планета)]] [[br:Gwener (planedenn)]] [[bs:Venera]] [[ca:Venus (planeta)]] [[cs:Venuše (planeta)]] [[cy:Gwener (planed)]] [[da:Venus (planet)]] [[de:Venus (Planet)]] [[el:Αφροδίτη (πλανήτης)]] [[en:Venus]] [[eo:Venuso]] [[es:Venus (planeta)]] [[et:Veenus]] [[eu:Artizar]] [[fa:ناهید (سیاره)]] [[fi:Venus]] [[fo:Venus]] [[fr:Vénus (planète)]] [[frp:Vènus (planèta)]] [[fy:Fenus]] [[ga:Véineas (pláinéad)]] [[gd:Ribhinn (planaid)]] [[gl:Venus (planeta)]] [[gu:શુક્ર (ગ્રહ)]] [[he:נוגה]] [[hi:वीनस]] [[hr:Venera (planet)]] [[hu:Vénusz (bolygó)]] [[ilo:Venus (planeta)]] [[io:Venero]] [[is:Venus (reikistjarna)]] [[it:Venere (astronomia)]] [[ja:金星]] [[ka:ვენერა (პლანეტა)]] [[ko:금성]] [[ku:Gelawêj (gerstêrk)]] [[kw:Gwener (planet)]] [[la:Venus (planeta)]] [[lb:Venus (Planéit)]] [[lt:Venera (planeta)]] [[lv:Venēra (planēta)]] [[mk:Венера]] [[ml:ശുക്രന്‍ (ഗ്രഹം)]] [[ms:Zuhrah]] [[mt:Venere (pjaneta)]] [[nah:Citlālpōl]] [[nl:Venus (planeet)]] [[nn:Planeten Venus]] [[no:Venus]] [[os:Венерæ (планетæ)]] [[pam:Venus]] [[pl:Wenus]] [[pt:Vénus]] [[qu:Ch'aska]] [[ro:Venus (planetă)]] [[ru:Венера (планета)]] [[scn:Vèniri]] [[simple:Venus (planet)]] [[sk:Venuša]] [[sl:Venera]] [[sq:Venusi]] [[sr:Венера (планета)]] [[sv:Venus]] [[sw:Zuhura]] [[ta:வெள்ளி (கோள்)]] [[th:ดาวศุกร์]] [[tl:Venus (planeta)]] [[tr:Venüs (gezegen)]] [[uk:Венера]] [[vi:Sao Kim]] [[zh:金星]] [[zh-yue:金星]] 2808 9193 2007-01-29T06:01:47Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Modifying: [[uk:Марс]] [[Image:Mars.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Mars has ice at its North and South poles]] सौर्यमण्डलमा '''मंगलग्रह''' सूर्यबाट चौथो ग्रह हो। Mars is named after the [[mythology|mythological]] [[Roman]] [[god]] of [[war]] because it is a red planet, and red is the [[color]] of [[blood]]. Mars has two very small [[moon]]s, called [[Phobos (moon)|Phobos]] and [[Deimos (moon)|Deimos]]. The planet Mars is made of [[mineral|rock]]. The ground there is [[red]] because of [[iron oxide]] (rust) in the rock and [[dust]]. The planet has a very thin [[carbon dioxide]] [[atmosphere]]. The temperatures on Mars are much colder than on Earth, because it is too far away from the Sun. There is some ice at the north and south poles of Mars, and also frozen carbon dioxide. Mars does not have any [[water]] on the surface now, except at the poles, but most scientists think it used to have water. Scientists are trying to find out how much water there was on Mars, and when the water disappeared. Some scientists think there may still be water or ice under the ground on Mars. Because Mars is closest to the [[Earth]] in the [[Solar System]], people have wondered if there was any kind of [[life]] on Mars. Some famous stories were written about this idea. The writers used the name "Martians" for [[intelligent]] [[being|beings]] from Mars. In 1898 [[H. G. Wells]] wrote ''The War of the Worlds'', a famous [[novel]] about Martians attacking the Earth. In 1938, [[Orson Welles]] broadcast a [[radio]] version of this story in the [[United States]], and many people thought it was really happening and were very afraid. Beginning in 1912, [[Edgar Rice Burroughs]] wrote several novels about adventures on Mars. As of November 2006, scientists still have not discovered proof of any life on Mars, either living now or [[extinct]]. Several [[space probe]]s without people have gone to Mars to study it. Some have [[orbit]]ed (gone around) the planet, and some have landed on it. We have pictures of the surface of Mars that were sent back to Earth by some of these probes. Some people are interested in sending [[astronaut]]s to visit Mars. This would be a difficult project, and the astronauts would have to stay away from Earth for several years. ==See also== *[[List of planets]] {{SolarSystem}} {{Stub}} [[Category:ग्रह]] [[Category:खगोलशास्त्र]] [[Category:सौर्यमण्डल]] <!-- interwiki --> [[af:Mars (planeet)]] [[als:Mars (Planet)]] [[ar:مريخ]] [[ast:Marte (planeta)]] [[bg:Марс (планета)]] [[bn:মঙ্গল গ্রহ]] [[br:Meurzh (planedenn)]] [[bs:Mars]] [[ca:Mart (planeta)]] [[co:Marte]] [[cs:Mars (planeta)]] [[cy:Mawrth (planed)]] [[da:Mars (planet)]] [[de:Mars (Planet)]] [[el:Άρης (πλανήτης)]] [[en:Mars]] [[eo:Marso]] [[es:Marte (planeta)]] [[et:Marss]] [[eu:Martitz (planeta)]] [[fa:بهرام (سیاره)]] [[fi:Mars]] [[fo:Mars (planet)]] [[fr:Mars (planète)]] [[frp:Mârs (planèta)]] [[ga:Mars (pláinéad)]] [[gl:Marte (planeta)]] [[gu:મંગળ (ગ્રહ)]] [[he:מאדים]] [[hr:Mars (planet)]] [[hu:Mars (bolygó)]] [[ia:Marte (planeta)]] [[id:Mars]] [[ilo:Mars (planeta)]] [[io:Marso]] [[is:Mars (reikistjarna)]] [[it:Marte (astronomia)]] [[ja:火星]] [[ka:მარსი (პლანეტა)]] [[kn:ಮಂಗಳ]] [[ko:화성]] [[ku:Behram (gerstêrk)]] [[kw:Meurth (planet)]] [[la:Mars (planeta)]] [[lb:Mars (Planéit)]] [[li:Mars (planeet)]] [[lt:Marsas (planeta)]] [[lv:Marss (planēta)]] [[mk:Марс]] [[ms:Marikh]] [[mt:Marte (pjaneta)]] [[nds:Mars (Planet)]] [[nl:Mars (planeet)]] [[nn:Planeten Mars]] [[no:Mars (planet)]] [[oc:Mart (planeta)]] [[os:Марс (планетæ)]] [[pam:Mars]] [[pl:Mars]] [[pt:Marte]] [[qu:Awqakuq]] [[ro:Marte (planetă)]] [[ru:Марс]] [[scn:Marti (pianeta)]] [[sco:Maurs]] [[sh:Mars (planet)]] [[simple:Mars (planet)]] [[sk:Mars]] [[sl:Mars]] [[sq:Marsi]] [[sr:Марс]] [[sv:Mars (planet)]] [[sw:Meriki]] [[ta:செவ்வாய் (கோள்)]] [[th:ดาวอังคาร]] [[tl:Marte]] [[tr:Mars (gezegen)]] [[ug:مارس (ئاسترونومىيە)]] [[uk:Марс]] [[uz:Mars]] [[vi:Sao Hỏa]] [[wa:Måss (planete)]] [[zh:火星]] [[zh-classical:火星]] [[zh-min-nan:Hoé-chheⁿ]] [[zh-yue:火星]] 2809 8536 2007-01-09T18:21:35Z Indiver 9 New page: [[Image:Jupiter.jpg|thumb|[[भोएजर १]] बाट लिईको बृहस्पतिग्रहको तस्विर]] '''बृहस्पतिग्रह''' स... [[Image:Jupiter.jpg|thumb|[[भोएजर १]] बाट लिईको बृहस्पतिग्रहको तस्विर]] '''बृहस्पतिग्रह''' सौर्यमण्डको सबैभन्दा ठूलो र सूर्यबाट पाँचौं ग्रह हो। It is a [[gas giant]], which means it is made of [[gas]]. It is the biggest planet in the [[Solar System]]. Its [[mass]] is very large, so large that its mass is bigger than the total amount of mass from the other seven planets of the Solar System put together. It is named after one of the [[mythology|mythological]] [[Roman]] [[god]]s. By 2003, 63 [[moon]]s had been found around Jupiter. It has 16 big moons. The four biggest moons are the Galilean moons; they are named [[Io (moon)|Io]], [[Europa (moon)|Europa]], [[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]] and [[Callisto (moon)|Callisto]]. Jupiter's atmosphere and size gives it very high ground pressure levels. If a space craft was sent into Jupiter, it would be crushed in seconds. This is the main reason why so little is known about what is under its atmosphere.Jupiter also has 1 thin ring. ==See also== * [[List of planets]] * [[Great Red Spot]] {{SolarSystem}} {{Stub}} [[Category:ग्रह]] [[Category:खगोलशास्त्र]] [[Category:सौर्यमण्डल]] [[af:Jupiter (planeet)]] [[als:Jupiter (Planet)]] [[ang:Iupiter]] [[ar:مشتري]] [[ast:Xúpiter]] [[bn:জুপিটার]] [[zh-min-nan:Bo̍k-chheⁿ]] [[bs:Jupiter]] [[br:Yaou (planedenn)]] [[bg:Юпитер (планета)]] [[ca:Júpiter (planeta)]] [[cs:Jupiter (planeta)]] [[cy:Iau (planed)]] [[da:Jupiter (planet)]] [[de:Jupiter (Planet)]] [[et:Jupiter (planeet)]] [[el:Δίας (πλανήτης)]] [[en:Jupiter]] [[es:Júpiter]] [[eo:Jupitero]] [[eu:Jupiter (planeta)]] [[fr:Jupiter (planète)]] [[ga:Iúpatar (pláinéad)]] [[gd:Bliogh]] [[gl:Xúpiter (planeta)]] [[gu:ગુરુ (ગ્રહ)]] [[ko:목성]] [[hr:Jupiter (planet)]] [[io:Jupitero]] [[ilo:Jupiter (planeta)]] [[id:Yupiter]] [[is:Júpíter (reikistjarna)]] [[it:Giove (astronomia)]] [[he:צדק (כוכב לכת)]] [[ka:იუპიტერი (პლანეტა)]] [[kw:Yow (planet)]] [[la:Iuppiter (planeta)]] [[lv:Jupiters (planēta)]] [[lb:Jupiter]] [[lt:Jupiteris (planeta)]] [[hu:Jupiter (bolygó)]] [[mk:Јупитер]] [[mt:Ġove (pjaneta)]] [[mr:गुरू ग्रह]] [[ms:Musytari]] [[nl:Jupiter (planeet)]] [[ja:木星]] [[no:Jupiter (planet)]] [[nn:Planeten Jupiter]] [[ug:يۇپىتېر (ئاسترونومىيە)]] [[pam:Jupiter]] [[nds:Jupiter]] [[pl:Jowisz]] [[pt:Júpiter (planeta)]] [[ro:Jupiter (planetă)]] [[ru:Юпитер (планета)]] [[sq:Jupiteri]] [[scn:Giovi]] [[sk:Jupiter]] [[sl:Jupiter (planet)]] [[sr:Јупитер (планета)]] [[sh:Jupiter (planeta)]] [[fi:Jupiter]] [[sv:Jupiter]] [[tl:Jupiter]] [[ta:வியாழன் (கோள்)]] [[th:ดาวพฤหัสบดี]] [[vi:Sao Mộc]] [[tg:Муштарӣ]] [[tr:Jüpiter (gezegen)]] [[uk:Юпітер (планета)]] [[zh-yue:木星]] [[zh:木星]] 2810 9152 2007-01-25T10:33:11Z TXiKiBoT 178 robot Adding: [[eml:Saturn]] [[Image:Saturn2.jpg|thumb|right|शनि]] '''शनिग्रह''' सौर्यमण्डलमा सूर्यबाट छैटौं ग्रह हो। It is a [[gas giant]], meaning it is made of a lot of [[gas]] and might not have any solid ground. It has very large [[planetary ring|rings]] made of [[ice]] and [[mineral|rocks]] around it. Saturn is flattened at the [[pole]]s, and it swells out around its [[equator]]. This is because it rotates very quickly. Saturn is the only planet in the [[solar system]] that its [[density]] is less than the density of [[water]]. Because of this, if Saturn was placed in a large pool of water, it would float on it. Saturn has many [[moon|moons]]. Thirty of the moons have names, the rest do not. The moons discovered before the 1980s are called [[Titan (moon)|Titan]], [[Rhea (moon)|Rhea]], [[Iapetus (moon)|Iapetus]], [[Dione (moon)|Dione]], [[Tethys (moon)|Tethys]], [[Enceladus (moon)|Enceladus]], [[Mimas (moon)|Mimas]], [[Hyperion (moon)|Hyperion]], [[Phoebe (moon)|Phoebe]] and [[Janus (moon)|Janus]]. Titan is the largest moon of Saturn. In December 2004 and January 2005, lots of nearby photos were taken, thanks to a man-made satellite called the [[Cassini-Huygens]] probe. One part of this satellite even landed on Titan. ==See also== * [[List of planets]] {{SolarSystem}} {{Stub}} [[Category:ग्रह]] [[Category:खगोलशास्त्र]] [[Category:सौर्यमण्डल]] [[af:Saturnus (planeet)]] [[als:Saturn (Planet)]] [[ang:Saturnus (planēta)]] [[ar:زحل]] [[ast:Saturnu (planeta)]] [[bg:Сатурн (планета)]] [[br:Sadorn (planedenn)]] [[bs:Saturn]] [[ca:Saturn (planeta)]] [[co:Saturnu]] [[cs:Saturn (planeta)]] [[cv:Сатурн]] [[cy:Sadwrn (planed)]] [[da:Saturn (planet)]] [[de:Saturn (Planet)]] [[el:Κρόνος (πλανήτης)]] [[eml:Saturn]] [[en:Saturn]] [[eo:Saturno]] [[es:Saturno (planeta)]] [[et:Saturn]] [[eu:Saturno (planeta)]] [[fa:کیوان (سیاره)]] [[fi:Saturnus]] [[fo:Saturn]] [[fr:Saturne (planète)]] [[frp:Saturno (planèta)]] [[ga:Satarn (pláinéad)]] [[gd:Satarn]] [[gl:Saturno (planeta)]] [[gu:શનિ (ગ્રહ)]] [[he:שבתאי]] [[hr:Saturn (planet)]] [[hu:Szaturnusz (bolygó)]] [[id:Saturnus]] [[io:Saturno]] [[is:Satúrnus (reikistjarna)]] [[it:Saturno (astronomia)]] [[ja:土星]] [[ka:სატურნი (პლანეტა)]] [[kn:ಶನಿ]] [[ko:토성]] [[ku:Keywan]] [[kw:Sadorn (planet)]] [[la:Saturnus (planeta)]] [[lt:Saturnas]] [[lv:Saturns (planēta)]] [[mk:Сатурн]] [[ms:Zuhal]] [[mt:Saturnu (pjaneta)]] [[nl:Saturnus (planeet)]] [[nn:Planeten Saturn]] [[no:Saturn]] [[os:Сатурн (планетæ)]] [[pam:Saturn]] [[pl:Saturn]] [[pt:Saturno]] [[qu:Hawcha]] [[ro:Saturn (planetă)]] [[ru:Сатурн (планета)]] [[scn:Saturnu]] [[sh:Saturn (planeta)]] [[simple:Saturn (planet)]] [[sk:Saturn]] [[sl:Saturn]] [[sr:Сатурн (планета)]] [[sv:Saturnus]] [[sw:Zohari]] [[ta:சனி (கோள்)]] [[th:ดาวเสาร์]] [[tr:Satürn (gezegen)]] [[ug:ساتۇرن (ئاسترونومىيە)]] [[uk:Сатурн (планета)]] [[vi:Sao Thổ]] [[zh:土星]] [[zh-min-nan:Thó͘-chheⁿ]] [[zh-yue:土星]] 2811 9134 2007-01-24T00:53:50Z TXiKiBoT 178 robot Adding: [[mk:Нептун]], [[nds-nl:Neptunus (planeet)]] [[Image:Neptune-visible.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[हब्बल अन्तरिक्ष दुरविन]]ले खिचेको केतुको तस्विर]] '''नेप्च्युन''' वा '''केतु''' सौर्यमण्डलको सूर्यबाट आठौं ग्रह हो। It is a [[gas giant]] with four hard-to-see rings. [[Urbain Le Verrier]] and [[John Couch Adams]] are usually both given credit for discovering Neptune. Neptune can be seen from Earth using [[binoculars]] and [[telescope]]s. It had a huge storm on it called "The Dark Spot" which was discovered in [[1989]] by a space probe called [[Voyager 2]]. However, the dark spot was not seen in [[1994]], and new spots were found since then. It is not known why the dark spot disappeared. Neptune has thirteen known moons. The largest is called [[Triton]], and it is the only moon that is round in shape. Trition is slightly smaller than the [[Earth]]'s [[moon]]. ==See also== *[[List of planets]] {{SolarSystem}} {{Stub}} [[Category:ग्रह]] [[Category:खगोलशास्त्र]] [[Category:सौर्यमण्डल]] [[af:Neptunus (planeet)]] [[als:Neptun (Planet)]] [[ang:Neptune (planēta)]] [[ar:نبتون]] [[ast:Neptunu (planeta)]] [[bg:Нептун (планета)]] [[br:Neizhan (planedenn)]] [[bs:Neptun]] [[ca:Neptú (planeta)]] [[cs:Neptun (planeta)]] [[cy:Neifion (planed)]] [[da:Neptun (planet)]] [[de:Neptun (Planet)]] [[el:Ποσειδώνας (πλανήτης)]] [[en:Neptune]] [[eo:Neptuno]] [[es:Neptuno (planeta)]] [[et:Neptuun]] [[eu:Neptuno (planeta)]] [[fa:نپتون]] [[fi:Neptunus]] [[fo:Neptun]] [[fr:Neptune (planète)]] [[frp:Neptuno (planèta)]] [[ga:Neiptiún (pláinéad)]] [[gd:Neiptiùn]] [[gl:Neptuno (planeta)]] [[gu:નૅપ્ચ્યુન (ગ્રહ)]] [[he:נפטון]] [[hr:Neptun (planet)]] [[ht:Neptin (planèt)]] [[hu:Neptunusz (bolygó)]] [[id:Neptunus]] [[io:Neptuno]] [[is:Neptúnus (reikistjarna)]] [[it:Nettuno (astronomia)]] [[ja:海王星]] [[ka:ნეპტუნი (პლანეტა)]] [[kn:ನೆಪ್ಚೂನ್]] [[ko:해왕성]] [[ksh:Nepptuun (Planneet)]] [[ku:Neptûn (gerstêrk)]] [[kw:Nevyon (planet)]] [[la:Neptunus (planeta)]] [[lt:Neptūnas]] [[lv:Neptūns (planēta)]] [[mk:Нептун]] [[ms:Neptun]] [[nds-nl:Neptunus (planeet)]] [[nl:Neptunus (planeet)]] [[nn:Planeten Neptun]] [[no:Neptun]] [[pam:Neptune]] [[pl:Neptun]] [[pt:Neptuno (planeta)]] [[ro:Neptun (planetă)]] [[ru:Нептун (планета)]] [[scn:Nettunu (pianeta)]] [[sh:Neptun (planeta)]] [[simple:Neptune (planet)]] [[sk:Neptún]] [[sl:Neptun]] [[sq:Neptuni]] [[sr:Нептун (планета)]] [[sv:Neptunus]] [[ta:நெப்டியூன்]] [[th:ดาวเนปจูน]] [[tr:Neptün (gezegen)]] [[ug:نېپتۇن (ئاسترونومىيە)]] [[uk:Нептун (планета)]] [[vi:Sao Hải Vương]] [[zh:海王星]] [[zh-min-nan:Hái-ông-chheⁿ]] [[zh-yue:海王星]] 2812 9058 2007-01-18T22:45:14Z Thijs!bot 131 robot Adding: [[mk:Уран]] [[Image:Uranus rings and moons.jpg|thumb|250px|राहु र यसका चन्द्रमाहरू]] '''युरेनस''' वा '''राहु''' सौर्यमण्डलको सूर्यबाट सातौं ग्रह हो। It is a [[gas giant]]. It is the third largest planet in the [[solar system]]. It has 27 [[moon]]s. The five main moons are [[Miranda (moon)|Miranda]], [[Ariel (moon)|Ariel]], [[Umbriel (moon)|Umbriel]], [[Titania (moon)|Titania]] and [[Oberon (moon)|Oberon]]. It is tilted on its axis so much that it is sideways. ==See also== * [[List of planets]] {{SolarSystem}} {{Stub}} [[Category:ग्रह]] [[Category:खगोलशास्त्र]] [[Category:सौर्यमण्डल]] [[af:Uranus (planeet)]] [[ang:Uranus]] [[ar:أورانوس]] [[ast:Uranu (planeta)]] [[bg:Уран (планета)]] [[br:Ouran (planedenn)]] [[bs:Uran]] [[ca:Urà (planeta)]] [[cs:Uran (planeta)]] [[cy:Wranws]] [[da:Uranus (planet)]] [[de:Uranus (Planet)]] [[el:Ουρανός (πλανήτης)]] [[en:Uranus]] [[eo:Urano]] [[es:Urano (planeta)]] [[et:Uraan (planeet)]] [[eu:Urano (planeta)]] [[fa:اورانوس (سیاره)]] [[fi:Uranus]] [[fr:Uranus (planète)]] [[frp:Urano (planèta)]] [[ga:Úránas (pláinéad)]] [[gd:Urànus (planaid)]] [[gl:Urano (planeta)]] [[gu:યુરેનસ (ગ્રહ)]] [[he:אורנוס]] [[hr:Uran (planet)]] [[hu:Uránusz (bolygó)]] [[id:Uranus]] [[io:Urano]] [[is:Úranus (reikistjarna)]] [[it:Urano (astronomia)]] [[ja:天王星]] [[ka:ურანი (პლანეტა)]] [[kn:ಯುರೇನಸ್]] [[ko:천왕성]] [[ksh:Urranuß (Planneet)]] [[ku:Ûranûs (gerstêrk)]] [[kw:Ouran (planet)]] [[la:Uranus (planeta)]] [[lb:Uranus (Planéit)]] [[lt:Uranas (planeta)]] [[lv:Urāns (planēta)]] [[mk:Уран]] [[ms:Uranus]] [[nl:Uranus (planeet)]] [[nn:Planeten Uranus]] [[no:Uranus]] [[pam:Uranus]] [[pl:Uran]] [[pt:Urano (planeta)]] [[ro:Uranus (planetă)]] [[ru:Уран (планета)]] [[scn:Uranu (pianeta)]] [[sh:Uran (planeta)]] [[simple:Uranus (planet)]] [[sk:Urán (planéta)]] [[sl:Uran (planet)]] [[sq:Urani]] [[sr:Уран (планета)]] [[sv:Uranus]] [[sw:Uranus]] [[ta:யுரேனஸ்]] [[th:ดาวยูเรนัส]] [[tr:Uranüs (gezegen)]] [[ug:ئۇران (ئاسترونومىيە)]] [[uk:Уран (планета)]] [[vi:Sao Thiên Vương]] [[zh:天王星]] [[zh-yue:天王星]] 2813 9081 2007-01-19T18:04:17Z Eukesh 93 <!-- Beginning of header section -->{|style="width:100%;margin-top:+.7em;background-color:#fcfcfc;border:1px solid #ccc" |style="width:56%;color:#000"| {|style="width:280px;border:solid 0px;background:none" |- |style="width:280px;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;color:#000" | <div style="font-size:162%;border:none;margin: 0;padding:.1em;color:#000">[[विकिपीडिया]]मा स्वागत छ!</div> <div style="top:+0.2em;font-size: 95%">[[विकिपीडिया:परिचय|सबैले सम्पादन]] गर्न सक्ने खुला विश्वकोष</div> <div id="articlecount" style="width:100%;text-align:center;font-size:85%;">[[नेपाली]]मा [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] लेख छन्।</div> |}<!-- Portals Follow --> |style="width:11%;font-size:95%;color:#000"| *[[:Category:इतिहास|इतिहास]] *[[:Category:गणित|गणित]] *[[:Category:जीवनी|जीवनी]] |style="width:11%;font-size:95%"| *[[:Category:पकवान|पकवान]] *[[:Category:प्रविधि|प्रविधि]] *[[:Category:भूगोल|भूगोल]] |style="width:11%;font-size:95%"| *[[:Category:विज्ञान|विज्ञान]] *[[:Category:समाज|समाज]] *[[:Category:संस्कृति|संस्कृति]] |}<!-- End Portals --> 2814 8553 2007-01-09T19:11:05Z Eukesh 93 New page: {|style="width:100%;background:none;margin:-.8em 0 -.7em 0" |style="font-size:95%;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;color:#000"|[[विकिपीडिया:परिचय|परि... {|style="width:100%;background:none;margin:-.8em 0 -.7em 0" |style="font-size:95%;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;color:#000"|[[विकिपीडिया:परिचय|परिचय]] '''·''' [[विकिपीडिया:खोज|खोज]] '''·''' [[विकिपीडिया:सम्पादन|सम्पादन]] '''·''' [[विकिपीडिया:प्रश्न|प्रश्न]] '''·''' [[विकिपीडियाःमद्दत|मद्दत]] |style="font-size:95%;padding:10px 0;margin:0px;text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;color:#000"| [[विकिपीडिया:ज्ञानसंग्रह|ज्ञानसंग्रह]] '''·''' [[विकिपीडिया:फिचर्ड लेख|फिचर्ड लेख]] '''·''' [[विकिपीडिया:अ-ज्ञ इन्डेक्स|अ-ज्ञ इन्डेक्स]] |} 2815 8555 2007-01-09T19:15:06Z Eukesh 93 ;प्रकृति विज्ञान र गणित [[बीजगणित]] &bull; [[खगोलशास्त्र]] &bull; [[जीवशास्त्र]] &bull; [[रसायनशास्त्र]] &bull; [[कम्प्युटर विज्ञान]] &bull; [[पृथ्वी विज्ञान]] &bull; [[वातावरण शास्त्र]] &bull; [[रेखागणित]] &bull; [[गणित]] &bull; [[भौतिकशास्त्र]] &bull; [[संगणनशास्त्र]] &bull; [[पशुशास्त्र]] (zoology) ;प्रौद्योगिक विज्ञान [[कृषि]] &bull; [[वास्तुशास्त्र]] &bull; [[सञ्चार]] &bull; [[इलेक्ट्रोनिक्स]] &bull; [[इन्जिनियरिङ]] &bull; [[स्वास्थ्य]] &bull; [[उद्योग]] &bull; [[चिकित्साशास्त्र]] &bull; [[यातायात]] &bull; [[मौसम]] ;मानव र समाजिक शिक्षा [[मानवशास्त्र]] (Anthropology) &bull; [[पुरातत्वशास्त्र]] &bull; [[भूगोल]] &bull; [[शिक्षा]] &bull; [[इतिहास]] &bull; [[भाषा]] &bull; [[दर्शनशास्त्र]] &bull; [[मनोविज्ञान]] &bull; [[धर्म]] &bull; [[समाजशास्त्र]] &bull; [[शिक्षण]] ;जीवन, कला र संस्कृति [[एनिमेसन]] &bull; [[कला]] &bull; [[किताब]] &bull; [[पकवान]] &bull; [[रीति]] &bull; [[संस्कृति]] &bull; [[नृत्य]] &bull; [[परिवार]] &bull; [[खेल]] &bull; [[बगैँचा]] &bull; [[फुर्सद]] &bull; [[चलचित्र]] &bull; [[संगीत]] &bull; [[रेडियो]] &bull; [[खेलकुद]] &bull; [[रङ्गमञ्च]] &bull; [[यात्रा]] &bull; [[टेलिभिजन]] ;विधान र राज्य [[लेखाधिकार]] &bull; [[सुरक्षा]] &bull; [[अर्थतन्त्र]] &bull; [[सरकार]] &bull; [[मानव अधिकार]] &bull; [[संविधान]] &bull; [[सैनिक]] &bull; [[राजनीति]] &bull; [[ब्यापार]] 2816 8567 2007-01-09T19:58:02Z Eukesh 93 <!-- Please note - this template is shown on the Main Page, and any changes or screw-ups you make will show there immediately. Make changes very carefully, and always use the Show Preview button to make sure your changes turn out properly. To show this template on the Main Page, remove the second set of comment marks. --><!-- <div id="mpbanner" style="text-align:center; font-size:140%"><div style="width: 85%; background-color:#fff7cb;padding: .2em 0; border: 1px solid #ffad80; color: #000; margin: 0 auto .5em"><font face="verdana,arial,helvetica">[[Image:WikiThanks.png|30px|Wiki flower]] Happy [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Day|Wikipedia Day]]! <font size=-2>[[History of Wikipedia|''5 years of Wikipedia'']].</font></font> </div> --><noinclude>[[vi:Tiêu bản:Thông báo từ Trang Chính]]</noinclude> 2817 8557 2007-01-09T19:17:29Z Eukesh 93 New page: <inputbox> type=create width=40 preload=Template:Standard content for new page editintro=Template:Instructions default= </inputbox> <inputbox> type=create width=40 preload=Template:Standard content for new page editintro=Template:Instructions default= </inputbox> 2818 9056 2007-01-18T15:28:37Z Indiver 9 align=justify causes rendering problem with Devanagari in Firefox {| align="center" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border-left:1px solid #006699; border-right:1px solid #996600; margin-bottom: 10px;" | width="60%" valign="top" bgcolor="#EAF5FB" style="border-bottom:1px solid #006699; border-right:1px solid #006699;"| {| width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="border-top:1px solid #006699;" ! align="center" bgcolor="#D0E2EE"|[[देवनागरी]] ([[युनिकोड]]) मा लेख्न सहयोगी साधन |- | style="border-top:1px solid #006699; padding-right:10px" align="left" bgcolor="#EAF5FB"| * [http://www.var-x.com/gamabhana/ गमभन] * [http://www.niu.edu/~deepak/roman2unicode/release/ रोमनबाट देवनागरी युनिकोड] * [http://www.indiver.com/nepali.php इन्दीवरको नेपाली सम्पादक] * [http://www.chhahari.com/unicode/ छहारी नेपाली / देवनागरी टाईपराइटर] |} |} 2819 8571 2007-01-09T20:11:06Z Eukesh 93 {| align="center" width="100%" style="text-align:center" *'''[[Wikipedia:हेल्प डेस्क|हेल्प डेस्क]]''' &mdash; विकिपीडियाको बारेमा प्रश्न सोध्नुहोस्। *'''[[Wikipedia:रिफरेन्स डेस्क|रिफरेन्स डेस्क]]''' &mdash; Serving as virtual librarians, Wikipedia volunteers tackle your questions on a wide range of subjects. *'''[[Wikipedia:भिलेज पम्प|भिलेज पम्प]]''' &mdash; विकिपीडियाको बारेमा बहस गर्ने ठाउँ। *'''[[आयोजना:सामाजिक पोर्टल|सामाजिल पोर्टल]]''' &mdash; विकिपीडियाको धेरै क्षेत्र समेट्ने बुलेटिन बोर्ड, परियोजना, श्रोत र कार्यक्रमको संगम। *'''[[Wikipedia:समाचार|साइटको समाचार]]''' &mdash; Announcements, updates, articles and press releases on Wikipedia and the Wikimedia Foundation. |} 2820 8561 2007-01-09T19:41:32Z Eukesh 93 New page: '''विकिपिडिया'''लाई [http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Home विकिमिडिया फाउन्डेसन]ले होस्ट गरेको ... '''विकिपिडिया'''लाई [http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Home विकिमिडिया फाउन्डेसन]ले होस्ट गरेको छ। यो फाउन्डेसन एउटा नन-प्रोफिट गुठी हो। यो गुठीले अन्य [[Wikimedia:Our_projects|परियोजना]]लाई पनि होस्ट गरेको छ : {|width="100%" align="center" cellpadding="4" style="text-align:left;" | align="center" | {{Click || image=Wiktionary-logo-en.png | link=wiktionary: | width=35px | height=35px }} | '''[[wiktionary:|विक्स्नरी]]'''<br />शब्दकोश | align="center" | {{Click || image=Wikinews-logo.png | link=wikinews: | width=51px | height=30px }} | '''[[wikinews:|विकिसमाचार]]'''<br />खुला समाचार | align="center" | {{Click || image=Wikiquote-logo.svg| link=wikiquote: | width=35px | height=41px }} | '''[[wikiquote:|कथन]]'''<br />कथन भण्डार |- | align="center" | {{Click || image=Wikibooks-logo.svg| link=wikibooks: | width=35px | height=35px }} | '''[[wikibooks:|विकिपुस्तक]]'''<br />खुला पुस्तक | align="center" | {{Click || image=Wikispecies-logo.png | link=wikispecies: | width=35px | height=41px }} | '''[[wikispecies:|विकिप्रजाति]]'''<br />प्रजाति संकलन | align="center" | {{Click || image=Wikisource-logo.png | link=wikisource: | width=35px | height=37px }} | '''[[wikisource:|विकिस्रोत]]'''<br />खुला श्रोतमाध्यम |- | align="center" | {{Click || image=Wikiversity-logo-41px.png | link=v:Wikiversity:Main Page | width=41px | height=31px }} | '''<span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/ विकिभर्सिटी]</span>'''<br />विश्वकोश परिकल्पना | align="center" | {{Click || image=Commons-logo.svg | link=commons: | width=31px | height=41px }} | '''[[commons:|कमन्स]]'''<br />कमन मिडियाको भण्डार | align="center" | {{Click || image=Wikimedia-logo.svg | link=meta: | width=35px | height=36px }} | '''[[meta:|मेटा-विकि]]'''<br />विकिमिडिया कार्यक्रम संयोजक |} 2821 8562 2007-01-09T19:42:18Z Eukesh 93 New page: <includeonly><div style="position:relative; width:{{{width}}}; height:{{{height}}}; overflow:hidden;"><div style="position:absolute; font-size:{{{height}}}; overflow:hidden; line-height:{{... <includeonly><div style="position:relative; width:{{{width}}}; height:{{{height}}}; overflow:hidden;"><div style="position:absolute; font-size:{{{height}}}; overflow:hidden; line-height:{{{height}}}; letter-spacing:{{{width}}};">[[{{{link}}}|<span title="{{{title|{{{link}}}}}}" style="text-decoration:none;">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span>]]</div>[[Image:{{{image}}}|{{{width}}}|{{{title|{{{link}}}}}}]] 2822 8585 2007-01-10T09:12:30Z Indiver 9 <!--Note:This section will be regularly modified to keep it approximately the same size as template:WikipediaSister--> <div id="lang"> '''विकिपीडिया''' एक खुला बहुभाषिक विश्वकोष हो। अंग्रेजी भाषाको विकिपीडिया सन २००१ मा परिकल्पना गरिएको थियो भने नेपाली भाषाको विकिपीडिया सेप्टेम्बर २००४ मा शुभारम्भ गरिएको हो। सबै भाषाका '''विकिपीडिया'''हरुको सम्पादन विश्वभरिका बिभिन्न ठाउँमा रहेका स्वयमंसेवकहरुले गरिरहेका छन्। तपाईं पनि यस नेपाली भाषाको विकिपीडिया सम्पादन गर्न मद्दत पुर्‍याउन सक्नुहुन्छ। नेपालीमा विश्वकोषभित्र अहिलेसम्म जम्मा [[Special:Statistics|<font color="green" size="+1">'''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}'''</font>]] लेखहरुमा काम भइरहेछ। यसलाई वृहत बनाउने प्रयासमा सरिक हुनुहोस्। सजिलोको लागि अङ्ग्रेजी भाषाको विकिपीडियाका लेखहरुलाई नेपालीमा रुपान्तरण गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ। अभ्यासको लागि [[en:Wikipedia:Help|सहायता]] र [[विकिपीडिया:प्रयोगस्थल|प्रयोगस्थल]] जानुहोस्।<br/> <div id="lang-100000"> *१,००,००० भन्दा बढी लेख भएका विकिपीडिया:<br/>[[:en:|English]]</div> <div id="lang-50000"> *५०,००० भन्दा बढी लेख भएका विकिपीडिया:<br/>[[:da:|Dansk]] '''&middot;''' [[:de:|Deutsch]] '''&middot;''' [[:es:|Español]] '''&middot;''' [[:eo:|Esperanto]] '''&middot;''' [[:fr:|Français]] '''&middot;''' [[:it:|Italiano]] '''&middot;''' [[:nl:|Nederlands]] '''&middot;''' [[:ja:|日本語]] '''&middot;''' [[:no:|Norsk bokmål]] '''&middot;''' [[:pl:|Polski]] '''&middot;''' [[:pt:| Português]] '''&middot;''' [[:ru:|Русский]] '''&middot;''' [[:sk:|Slovenčina]] '''&middot;''' [[:fi:|Suomi]] '''&middot;''' [[:sv:|Svenska]] '''&middot;''' [[:zh:|中文]]</div> <div id="lang-20000"> *२०,००० भन्दा बढी लेख भएका विकिपीडिया:<br/>[[:id:|Bahasa Indonesia]] '''&middot;''' [[:bg:|Български]] '''&middot;''' [[:ca:|Català]] '''&middot;''' [[:cs:|Česky]] '''&middot;''' [[:et:|Eesti]] '''&middot;''' [[:he:|עברית]] '''&middot;''' [[:hr:|Hrvatski]] '''&middot;''' [[:ko:|한국어]] '''&middot;''' [[:lt:|Lietuvių]] '''&middot;''' [[:hu:|Magyar]] '''&middot;''' [[:ro:|Română]] '''&middot;''' [[:sl:|Slovenščina]] '''&middot;''' [[:sr:|Српски]] '''&middot;''' [[:tr:|Türkçe]] '''&middot;''' [[:uk:|Українська]]</div> <div id="lang-10000"> *१०,००० भन्दा बढी लेख भएका विकिपीडिया:<br/>[[:simple:|Simple English]] '''&middot;''' [[:ar:| <span lang="ar" title="Arabic" dir="rtl" class="spanAr">العربية</span>]] '''&middot;''' [[:ms:|Bahasa Melayu]] '''&middot;''' [[:bn:|বাংলা]] '''&middot;'''[[:bs:|Bosanski]] '''&middot;''' [[:el:|Ελληνικά]] '''&middot;''' [[:eu:|Euskara]] '''&middot;''' [[:fa:|فارسی]] '''&middot;''' [[:gl:|Galego]] '''&middot;''' [[:io:|Ido]] '''&middot;''' [[:is:|Íslenska]] '''&middot;''' [[:ka:|ქართული]] '''&middot;''' [[:lb:|Lëtzebuergesch]] '''&middot;''' [[:nap:|Nnapulitano]] '''&middot;''' [[:nn:|Norsk nynorsk]] '''&middot;''' [[:th:|ภาษาไทย]] '''&middot;''' [[:te:|<span lang="te" title="Telugu" dir="rtl" class="spanAr">తెలుగు</span>]] '''&middot;''' [[:vi:|Tiếng Việt]]</div> <p id="lang-coord" style="text-align:center"> '''[[m:List of Wikipedias|पूर्ण सूची]] &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Multilingual_coordination बहुभाषिक समन्वय]</span> &middot; [[m:Help:How to start a new Wikipedia|नयाँ भाषामा विकिपीडिया सुरु गर्नुहोस्]]''' </div> 2823 8586 2007-01-10T09:20:14Z Indiver 9 align=justify causes rendering problems with firefox {| width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" ! align="center" bgcolor="#ECE5CA"|<big>'''विकिपीडिया सम्बन्धि'''</big> |- bgcolor="#FAF9EC" valign="top" | style="border-top:1px solid #996600; padding-right:10px;" align="left" | [[विकिपीडिया:स्वागतम्‌ नवागन्‍तुक|स्वागतम्‌ नवागन्‍तुक]] &bull; [http://en.wikipedia.org विकिपीडियाको मुख्य वेबसाइट] &bull; [[विकिपीडिया:नीति वाचनालय|नीति ]] &bull; [[:en:Wikipedia:Copyrights|लेखाधिकार]] &bull; [[विकिपीडिया:प्रयोगस्थल|प्रयोगस्‍थल]] &bull; [[विकिपीडिया:सन्‍दर्भ|सन्दर्भ]] &bull; [[विकिपीडिया:विकिपीडियाको बारे|विकिपीडिया को बारे]] &bull; [[:en:Wikipedia:FAQ|साधारण प्रश्न]] &bull; [[:en:Wikipedia:Contact us|सम्पर्क]] &bull; [[:en:Wikipedia:Help|सहायता]] &bull; [[विकिपीडिया:IRC चेनल|वार्ता]] &bull; [[:en:Wikipedia:Mailing lists | Mailing lists]] &bull; [http://boards.wikimedia.org Moderator BBS] &bull; [[विकिपीडिया:विकिपिडियन|विकिपीडियनहरु]] &bull; <font size=-2>([[:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedians | Wikipedians]])</font> &bull; [[Special:Statistics|तथ्यांक]] &bull; [http://wikimediafoundation.org/fundraising Fundraising] &bull; विकिपीडिया [[:en:Wikipedia:Press Coverage | प्रेस कवरेज]] &bull; [http://www.google.com/intl/ne/ गूगल (नेपाली‌)] &bull; [http://search.news.yahoo.com/search/news/?p=Wikipedia याहू! समाचार (अङ्ग्रेजी)] |} 2824 8581 2007-01-10T09:02:07Z Indiver 9 नेपाली भाषाको यस विकिपीडियामा अहिले यी लेखहरूका निम्ति अनुरोध छ। कृपया, रचना गर्न बाँकि लेखहरूलाई लेख्न मद्दत गर्नुहोस्। तलका बाहेक अन्य धेरै लेखहरूका लागी पनि माग भएको हुन सक्छ, त्यसैले विकिपीडियामा भएका लेखहरू भित्रबाट [[Special:Wantedpages|लिङ्क गर्न खोजिएका]] लेखहरूको सूचि पनि हेर्नुहोस्। *[[विज्ञान]](तथा [[जीवविज्ञान]], [[रसायनशास्त्र]],[[भौतिकशास्त्र]]) *[[स्वास्थ्य]] तथा [[चिकित्सा]] *[[कम्प्युटर]] (तथा [[इन्टरनेट]]) *[[नेपाल]] *[[अर्थशास्त्र]] *[[गणित]](if possible [[अंकगणित]], [[बीजगणित]] र [[रेखागणित]]) *[[भूगोल]] *[[खेल]] *[[मौसम]] *[[धर्म]] *[[पृथ्वी]] *[[खगोलशास्त्र]] तथा [[ब्रह्माण्ड]] *[[पुस्तक]] *[[शिक्षा]] *[[संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ]] *[[संगीत]] *[[व्यापार]] *[[मुद्रा]] *[[राजनीति]] *[[कूटनीति]] *[[बजार]] *[[साहित्य]] *[[कला]] *[[मानवता]] *[[पत्रिका]] *[[यन्त्र]] (तथा [[इन्जिनियरिंग]]) *[[पानी]] *[[मानव]] *[[भाषा]] *[[लिपि]] *[[कृषि]] *[[उद्योग]] *[[शान्ति]] *[[मनोविज्ञान]](Psychology) *[[संविधान]] कृपया तपाईको विचार अनुसार यो सूचीमा थपघट गर्नुहोला। 2825 8578 2007-01-10T07:54:19Z Indiver 9 [[Wikipedia:Requested articles]] लाइ [[विकिपीडिया:लेख अनुरोध]]मा सारियो: विकिपीडिया:लेख अनुरोध = Wikipedia:Requested Article in Nepali #REDIRECT [[विकिपीडिया:लेख अनुरोध]] 2826 8583 2007-01-10T09:07:56Z Indiver 9 [[Template:विकिपिडिया भाय]] लाइ [[Template:विकिपीडिया भाषा]]मा सारियो: Spelling Correction #REDIRECT [[Template:विकिपीडिया भाषा]] 2827 8587 2007-01-10T09:30:18Z Indiver 9 New page: |<noinclude> [[Category:Wikipedia templates]] [[en:Template:!]] [[ru:Шаблон:!]] [[vi:Tiêu bản:!]] [[zh:Template:!]] [[zh-yue:Template:!]] </noinclude> |<noinclude> [[Category:Wikipedia templates]] [[en:Template:!]] [[ru:Шаблон:!]] [[vi:Tiêu bản:!]] [[zh:Template:!]] [[zh-yue:Template:!]] </noinclude> 2828 8594 2007-01-10T10:26:33Z Indiver 9 । to | {| class="infobox" style="width:20em;" align="right" ! colspan=2 style="border: 1px solid #C6C9FF;" | {{{fullcountryname|{{PAGENAME}}}}} |- | colspan=2 | {| style=background:transparent |- align="center" | <span style="border:1px solid #bbbbbb; display:table-cell;"> {{#if:{{{image_coa|}}}|[[Image:{{{image_flag}}}|125px|Flag]] {{!}} [[Image:{{{image_coa}}}|75px|निशाना छाप]]|[[Image:{{{image_flag}}}|125px|center|झण्डा]]}} |- align="center" | [[{{PAGENAME}}को झण्डा|झण्डा]]{{#if:{{{image_coa|}}}| {{!}}{{!}} [[{{PAGENAME}}को निशाना छाप|आधिकारिक निशाना छाप]]|}} |} |- | colspan=2 | ---- |- ! colspan=2 | [[राष्ट्र|राष्ट्रिय]] [[जानकारी]] |- | style=width:25% | राष्ट्रिय [[motto]]: | style=width:75% | {{{nationalmotto|''छैन''}}} |- | style="white-space: nowrap;" | [[राष्ट्रिय गान]]: | {{{nationalsong|''छैन''}}} |- | colspan=2 | ---- |- ! colspan=2 | [[जनसङ्ख्या]] |- | [[आधिकारिक भाषा]]: | {{{officiallanguages}}} |- valign="top" | [[जनसङ्ख्या]]: | * कुल: {{{populationtotal}}}<br />(स्थान #{{{populationrank}}}) * घनत्व: {{{populationdensity}}} प्रति [[बर्ग किलोमिटर|किमि&sup2;]] |- | colspan=2 | ---- |- ! colspan=2 | [[भूगोल]] |- | colspan="2" align="center" | [[Image:{{{image_location}}}|250px|none|देशको नक्सा]] संसारको नक्सामा यो देश यहाँ छ |- | [[राजधानी]]: | {{{countrycapital}}} |- | सबैभन्दा ठुलो [[नगर]]: | {{{countrylargestcity}}} |- valign="top" | [[क्षेत्रफल]] | * कुल: {{{areatotal}}}<br />(स्थान #{{{arearank}}}) * [[पानी]]: {{{areawater}}} किमि&sup2; ({{{areawaterpercent}}}%) |- | colspan=2 | ---- |- ! colspan=2 | [[राजनीति]] / [[सरकार]] |- | [[स्थापना|स्थापित]]: | {{{establishedin}}} |- | [[राष्ट्रप्रमुख]]: | {{{leadertitlename}}} |- | colspan=2 | ---- |- ! colspan=2 | [[अर्थतन्त्र]] |- | [[मुद्रा]]: | {{{currency}}} |- | colspan=2 | ---- |- ! colspan=2 | अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय जानकारी |- | [[समय क्षेत्र]]: | {{{utcoffset}}} |- | [[टेलिफोन]] डाइलिङ कोड: | {{{dialingcode}}} |- | इन्टर्नेट डोमेनहरू: | {{{internettld}}} |} <noinclude> {| style=background:transparent | <pre> {{Infobox Country | fullcountryname = | image_flag = | image_coa = | image_location = | nationalmotto = | nationalsong = | officiallanguages = | populationtotal = | populationrank = | populationdensity = | countrycapital = | countrylargestcity = | areatotal = | arearank = | areawater = | areawaterpercent = | establishedin = | leadertitlename = | currency = | utcoffset = | dialingcode = | internettld = }} </pre> |} [[Category:Infobox templates]] </noinclude> 2829 9112 2007-01-22T17:10:05Z TXiKiBoT 178 robot Adding: [[hsb:Zjednoćene staty Ameriki]] '''संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका''', [[उत्तर अमेरिका]] [[महादेश|महादेशमा]] रहेको एक [[देश]] हो। {{Infobox Country| fullcountryname=संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका | image_flag=Flag of the United States.svg | image_coa=Great Seal of the US.png | image_location=LocationUSA.png | nationalmotto= ''(1776 - 1956): ''E Pluribus Unum''<br> ([[Latin]]: "Out of many, one")<br/> ''(1956 - ): [[In God We Trust]]'' | nationalsong= [[The Star-Spangled Banner]] | officiallanguages=[[Languages in the United States|None at federal level,<br/>some states specify,]]<br/>[[English language|English]] ''[[de facto]]''<br/>[[Spanish language|Spanish]] widely spoken in<br/>some areas (+/-10% total) | populationtotal= ३००,०००,००० (अक्टोवर २००६) | populationrank= ३रा | populationdensity= ७८ प्रति [[Square mile|मील²]] / ३० | countrycapital=[[वासिङ्गटन डिसि]] | countrylargestcity=[[न्युयोर्क सहर]] | areatotal= ३,७१८,७११ मील² / ९,६३१,४१८ किमि² | arearank=३रा | areawater= १८१,२७३ मील² / ४६९,४९५ किमि² | areawaterpercent= ४.८७५ | establishedin=[[Independence]]: [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]]<br/>&nbsp;- Declared: [[July 4]], [[1776]]<br/>&nbsp;- Recognized: [[September 3]], [[1783]] | leadertitlename = [[President (United States)|President]] [[George W. Bush]] | currency = [[अमेरिकी डलर]] ($) (USD) | utcoffset = -५ देखि -११ | dialingcode= १| internettld=.US .UM .EDU .GOV .MIL }} ==Other names for the United States of America== The United States of America has many different names. Common names: *"America" (This can also sometimes mean all of [[North America]] and [[South America]].) *"The United States" *"USA" or "The USA" *"US" or "The US" Less common names: *"The States" *"The Union" *"Uncle Sam" (This name refers to the [[government]] or [[military]] of the '''United States of America''') *"The US of A" ==Position of the United States of America== Most of the United States of America is in the middle of the continent of North America. It has borders with [[Canada]] to the north and [[Mexico]] to the south, and it touches the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and [[Pacific Ocean]]. This part is made up of 48 states, and is often called the ''"contiguous states"'' (states that border each other) or the ''"lower 48"''. [[Alaska]] and [[Hawaii]] are also states that are part of the United States, but they are not touching the others. Alaska is [[west]] of [[Canada]], and Hawaii is a group of [[island]]s in the [[Pacific Ocean]]. The United States of America also owns other islands around the world, including: *[[Puerto Rico]] *[[Guam]] *[[Navassa Island]] *[[Northern Mariana Islands]] ==Government== The [[federal government]] is set up by the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]]. There are three [[branch of government|branches of government]]. They are the ''executive branch'', the ''legislative branch'', and the ''judicial branch''. State governments work very much like the federal government. ===Executive branch=== The executive branch is the part of the government that enforces the law. Members of the [[U.S. Electoral College]] elect a President who is the leader of the executive branch, as well as the leader of the Armed Forces. The President decides whether or not the bills that the Legislative branch passes will become laws. He may also make "executive orders" to make sure people follow the law. Two famous executive orders were when [[Abraham Lincoln]] made the [[Emancipation Proclamation]], and when [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] ordered 1,200 soldiers from the [[101st Airborne Division]] to allow the [[Little Rock Nine]] into school. The President is in charge of many departments that control all of the different parts of the government. For example, [[Department of Commerce]] makes rules about trade and [[business]]. The President chooses heads of departments, and judges at the federal (nation-wide) level. However, the Senate, part of the legislative branch, must agree with all of the people he chooses. The President may serve two 4-year terms, or up to 10 years if he takes over in the middle of another President's term. ===Legislative branch=== The legislative branch is the part of the government that makes laws. The legislative branch is made up of Congress. Congress is divided into two "houses". One house is the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]. The House of Representatives is made up of Representatives, who are each elected by voters from their own state. The number of Representatives a state has is based on how many people live there: the more people a state has, the more representatives it gets. Representatives serve 2-year terms. The total number of representatives today is kept at 435. The other house is the [[United States Senate|Senate]]. In the Senate, each state is represented equally, by two Senators. Before the President makes treaties or appoints officials, the Senate must approve them. Senators serve 6-year terms. Representatives and Senators suggest laws in Congress, then vote on them. These are called "bills". If one house agrees to a bill, it gets sent to the other; if both houses vote for it, it is then sent to the President, to agree to it or not. ===Judicial branch=== The judicial branch is the part of government that interprets what the law means. The judicial branch is made up of the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] and many lower courts. If the Supreme Court decides that a law is not allowed by the Constitution, then it is not a law anymore. The Supreme Court is made up of 9 judges, called Justices. The head of the Supreme Court is called the Chief Justice. A Supreme Court Justice serves until he or she either dies, or retires. When that happens, the President chooses someone to be a new Justice, to replace the one who left. If the Senate agrees with that choice, the person becomes a Justice. If the Senate does not agree with the President's choice, then the President has to nominate someone else. ==History== The place now called "the United States" has been lived in since [[prehistory|prehistoric]] times by [[Native American]] tribes. In about [[1607]], the [[Britain|British]] founded [[colony|colonies]] in the eastern part of today's '''United States of America'''. The Europeans brought diseases, like [[smallpox]], that killed many Native Americans because the natives had never been exposed to these diseases before, while the Europeans had been used to them for a very long time. Also, the colonists wanted the land the natives lived on for thousands of years. They killed most of the Native Americans that were left, or forced them to leave most of the land where they lived, though in a very few cases, they did buy land from them. After a while, the colonists who settled in the British colonies did not like being ruled from Britain. By [[1775]], the colonists had decided to fight the British soldiers who were sent to control them, and on [[July 4]], [[1776]], people from 13 colonies signed the [[United States Declaration of Independence]]. This said from that point on, they were free and independent states. Britain tried to recapture the colonies in the [[American War of Independence]], but they failed. During the American Revolution and right after it, the United States was much more loosely organized than it is today. Each state had more power than the United States as a whole. In other words, the government was not centralized. That government [[structure]] was set in [[1781]]. The paper outlining that government is called the [[Articles of Confederation]]. After a time, the United States wanted a stronger government. So in 1789, a [[constitution]] was written. The Constitution is a [[document]] that says how the government works. Very soon after, the [[Bill of Rights]] was added. This was a set of 10 changes, or ''amendments'', that limited the government's power and guaranteed [[rights]] to the [[citizen]]s. The US Constitution has been changed and added to many times since then. The main idea is that the government is a [[representative democracy]] elected by the people, who all have the same rights. However, this was not true at first, when only white males who owned property could vote. This was only changed after the [[American Civil War]], by the 13th, 14th, 15th, and 19th amendments. The United States was mostly farm land before the [[industrial revolution]] around the mid [[19th century]]. Many new [[U.S. state|states]] were added to the original 13, as the nation grew. The Civil War lasted from [[1861]] until [[1865]]. Several states in the southern part of the United States wanted to break away and start a different country. They disagreed with the other states about policies like [[slavery]] in the new territories, and how much power the states should have to make their own laws. The national government (which was made up of the states that remained, all of which were in the northern part of the United States) won the war. Because of the war, slavery ended in the United States. After the Civil War, there were more problems in the west between the white settlers and the native Indians as more people began to move west. Because of this, many more Indians were killed. ===After 1900=== In the [[20th century]], the US had more contact with other countries. In 1917, the US got involved in [[World War I]] and helped quickly defeat [[Germany]] and its allies. After World War I, the United States was the world's second richest and most powerful country. The [[Great Depression]] happened in the early [[1930s]], when a lot of people could not find a job. There were a lot of reasons for the Great Depression, but one of the main things that made it come as quickly as it did was the [[stock market]] crash of 1929, in which a lot of people lost a lot of money in a very short amount of time. Some people lost all their money in only a few days, since the stocks they had bought in the years leading up to it, were now worth almost nothing. Later, the US was involved in [[World War II]], and was and important part of several other wars and military activities, including: *'''[[Korean War|The Korean War]]''' *'''[[Vietnam War|The Vietnam War]]''' *'''Secret bombings of Civilians in Cambodia (1968-1970)''' *'''[[Cold War|The Cold War]]''' *'''[[Somali Civil War|The Somali Civil War]]''' *'''The 1993-1995 Haitian Conflict (Operation Uphold Democracy)''' *'''The assasination of an Al-Quaeda Leader in Yemen (2002)''' *'''Troops sent to Georgia and Djibouti in 2003 to "help stop terrorism.''' The United States has also invaded, intervened in, or occupied Latin American countries more than a hundred times since the United States became independent, the most notable invasion being the [[Mexican-American War]]. In 1991, the US led other countries in what it calls the [[Persian Gulf War]], after [[Iraq]] invaded [[Kuwait]]. On [[September 11, 2001 attacks|September 11, 2001]], the United States was struck by a major [[terrorist]] [[attack]]. About 3,000 people died. Terrorists took control of four [[airplane]]s, in what is called a [[hijacking]]. They crashed all four of the planes on purpose. Two of the planes crashed into the [[World Trade Center]], a pair of [[skyscraper]]s in [[New York City]]. One plane crashed into the [[Pentagon]], the main office for the U.S. military, in [[Virginia]]. The fourth plane crashed in a field in [[Pennsylvania]] after the [[passenger]]s fought back. Most of the hijackers were from [[Saudi Arabia]] and thought the US army had no business being in Saudi Arabia, because they thought it was holy ground where only [[Muslim]]s should be. A group called [[Al Qaeda]], led by [[Osama bin Laden]], admitted they were behind these attacks, and they were based in [[Afghanistan]], where they were supported by the [[Taliban]] Afghan government. The attack led to big changes. The United States government responded by going to war against Afghanistan and driving out the Taliban. After that, it went to war against Iraq. The Iraq war was against the will of the majority of the world, because the Iraqi government was never involved with Afghanistan. The war caused massive [[demonstrations]] all over the world. Immigrants from many nations now live in United States. Today's immigrants are mostly people from [[Latin America]] (especially [[Mexico]]) and [[Asia]], with smaller groups of people from [[Europe]] and [[Africa]]. ==Politics== ''Main article: [[Politics of the United States]]'' The United States of America consists of 50 states with 'limited autonomy.' This means that states can make laws about things inside the state, but if the national government makes laws that say different things, the law the state made is not a law any more, and people only have to follow the national law. Each state has a constitution of its own, different from the federal (national) Constitution. Each one of these is like the federal Constitution, but they only talk about how each state's government is set up. The federal and state government is dominated today by two groups of [[politician]]s (called [[List of political parties in the United States|political parties]]): the [[United States Republican Party|Republicans]] (who are usually more [[conservative]]) and the [[United States Democratic Party|Democrats]] (who are usually more [[liberal]]), although other people can sometimes be elected too. These two parties get support from different people and businesses, who give [[money]] to the parties. This means that elections can cost a lot of money. In return, parties will sometimes pass laws that help the people who gave them money. This is a problem in American politics. Right now, the President is Republican, but in the mid-term election, the Democrat's took control of Congress, which means that neither party has enough votes to decide what direction the country's policies will go. The USA's large cultural, economic, and military influence has made [[Foreign relations of the United States|foreign relations]], or relations with other countries, an especially important topic in American politics, and the politics of many other countries. ==Land== The United States has grown from 13 states in 1776, to 50 states and other land today. The states are like what are sometimes called [[province]]s for some countries. The country grew from east to west. It conquered and bought lands. It also divided some states into two. The states are also divided into smaller [[county (U.S.)|counties]]. Two states use different words other than "county". Louisiana uses the word "parish". Alaska uses the word "borough". The United States also holds several other lands not in a state. Some examples are: *[[Washington, D.C.]], the capital *[[Puerto Rico]] *[[American Samoa]] *[[Guam]] *[[U.S. Virgin Islands]]. The U.S. military has [[Military base|base]]s in many countries. The U.S. Naval base at [[Guantanamo Bay]] was rented from [[Cuba]], and kept after that country had a [[Communist]] revolution. ==Geography== ''Main article: [[Geography of the United States]]'' The United States is the third biggest country in the world. Its geography varies a lot. *There are meadows on the East Coast, *The Appalachian Mountains *The [[Great Plains]] in the middle of the country, *The [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]]-[[Missouri River|Missouri]] river, *The [[Rocky Mountains]] west of the plains *[[Desert]]s and coastal areas west of the Rocky Mountains *[[Rainforest]]s in the Pacific Northwest *[[Arctic]] regions of [[Alaska]] *[[Volcano|Volcanic]] islands in [[Hawaii]] The climate varies along with the geography, from tropical (hot and wet in summer, warm and dry in winter) in [[Florida]] to [[tundra]] (cold all year) in [[Alaska]]. Large parts of the country have warm summers and cold winters. Some parts of the United States, like parts of California, have a [[Mediterranean climate]]. ==Economy== The United States has a [[capitalist]] [[economy]]. The country has steady economic growth, low unemployment and [[inflation]], and a large trade deficit (meaning the United States buys more things from other countries than it sells). The American economy is one of the most important in the world. Several countries have coupled their [[currency]] with the [[United States dollar|dollar]], meaning that their currency becomes more or less valuable exactly the same way the American dollar does. Some other countries even use the American dollar as their currency. The American [[stock market]]s are seen as an indicator of world economy. The country has rich [[mineral]] resources, with many [[gold]], [[oil]], [[coal]] and [[uranium]] deposits. [[Farming]] makes the country among the top producers of, among others, [[corn]] ([[maize]]), [[wheat]], [[sugar]] and [[tobacco]]. American produces [[automobile|cars]], [[airplanes]] and [[electronics]]. About 3/4 of Americans work in the [[service industry]]. Some of the country's biggest trading partners are: *[[Canada]] *[[Mexico]] *[[Europe]]an countries *[[industrialized]] [[Asia]]n nations such as [[Japan]], [[Taiwan]], [[India]], [[South Korea]] and [[China]] ==Demographics== Most of the people in the United States [[descend]] from [[Europe]]an immigrants. Many people are descended from [[Germany]], [[England]], [[Scotland]], [[Ireland]], and [[Italy]]. In recent years, many [[Hispanic]]s have come from [[Mexico]] and other parts of [[Latin America]], especially to the U.S. Southwest. Many of these people cross the [[border]] illegally. Some Americans are unhappy about that, and are also unhappy about having more use of the [[Spanish language]] in the United States (see [[Languages in the United States]]). Many people are [[African-American]]. Most of them descend from the [[slave trade|African slaves that were brought to America]]. A third large minority is [[Asian-American]]. Many of them are on the West Coast. The original peoples, called [[Native American]] or ''American Indian''s and [[Eskimos]] are a very small group. ===Money=== The [[social structure of the United States]] has a big range, meaning some Americans are much, much richer than others. Still, most Americans are much richer than the majority of the world. For example, 51% of all households have access to a [[computer]] and 41% had access to the [[Internet]] in 2000, a figure which had [[Internet access in the United States|grown to 75% in 2004]]. Furthermore, 67.9% of Americans owned their homes in 2002. The average income for an American was $37,000 a year in 2002. ===Religion=== The level of Christianity in the US is declining. 86.2% called themselves Christian in [[1990]] and 76.5% said this in [[2001]] ([http://www.gc.cuny.edu/studies/key_findings.htm ARIS 2001]). The religious memberships in [[2001]] were [[Protestant]] 52%, [[Catholic]] 24.5%, none 13.2%, [[Jew|Jewish]] 1.3% and 0.5-0.3% for [[Muslim]], [[Buddhist]], [[Agnostic]], [[Atheist]], [[Hindu]] and [[Unitarian Universalism|Unitarian Universalist]]. There is a large difference between those who declare themselves to be of a religion and those who are members of a church of that religion. [http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/statab/sec01.pdf Census Bureau figures] (PDF file) show that church membership in [[2001]] was 53% [[Christian]], 2.3% [[Jew|Jewish]] and 0.1% [[Muslim]], others lower. ==Culture== American [[popular culture]] goes out to many places in the world. It has a large influence on the rest of the world, especially the [[Western]] world. [[Music of the United States|American music]] is heard all over the world, and [[Cinema of the United States|American movies]] and [[Television of the United States|television]] shows can be seen almost anywhere. This very different from when the country was younger and considered culturally [[primitive]]. Now most big American cities have [[classical]] and popular music; [[research]] centers and [[museums]], [[dance]] [[performances]], [[musicals]] and [[plays]]; outdoor [[art]] projects and important [[architecture]]. The United States is also a center of higher education. It has more than 1,500 [[university|universities]], [[college|colleges]], and similar [[institutions]]. Some of them are very [[prestigious]]. ===Federal holidays=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Date ! Name ! Remarks |- | [[January 1]] | [[New Year's Day]] | Celebrates the beginning of the year. |- | [[January]], third Monday | [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] Day | Honors Dr. King, a [[civil rights]] leader. |- | [[February]], third Monday | [[Washington's Birthday]] | Honors the first American President, [[George Washington]]. More often, this holiday is called [[Presidents Day]] and honors all of the American Presidents. |- | [[May]], last Monday | [[Memorial Day]] | Honors military men and women who died in service, and marks the traditional start of summer. |- | [[July 4]] | [[Independence Day]] | Celebrates the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]]; usually called "The Fourth of July". |- | [[September]], first Monday | [[Labor Day]] | Celebrates the achievements of workers, and marks the traditional end of summer. |- | [[October]], second Monday | [[Columbus Day]] | Honors [[Christopher Columbus]], the traditional discoverer of the Americas. |- | [[November 11]] | [[Veterans Day]] | Honors all military men and women. The day usually includes a [[moment of silence]] at 11 a.m. |- | [[November]], fourth Thursday | [[Thanksgiving]] | Gives thanks for the autumn harvest, and marks the traditional beginning of the "holiday season". |- | [[December 25]] | [[Christmas]] | For Christians, marks the [[birth]] of [[Jesus Christ]]. Many people, both Christians and people who are not Christians, celebrate Christmas as a winter holiday of peace, friendship, and gift-giving. |} ==Press freedom== *[[Reporters without borders]] Worldwide Press Freedom Index 2003: Ranks 31 out of 166 countries (2-way tie) (2002 - 17 out of 139 countries) ==Related topics== *[[Cold War]] ==External links== {{commons|United States}} === United States government === *[http://www.firstgov.gov Official website of the United States government] - Gateway to governmental sites *[http://www.whitehouse.gov The White House] - Official site of the Presidential residence *[http://www.senate.gov Senate.gov] - Official site of the United States Senate *[http://www.house.gov House.gov] - Official site of the United States House of Representatives *[http://www.supremecourtus.gov SCOTUS] - Official site of the Supreme Court of the United States *[http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/factover/homepage.htm Portrait of the USA] - Published by the United States Information Agency, September 1997. *[http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ US Census Housing and Economic Statistics] Updated regularly by US Bureau of the Census. ===Other=== *[http://www.stopusa.be STOPUSA - An organisation that is against the US] *[http://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm National Motto: History and Constitutionality] *[http://www.nationalcenter.org/HistoricalDocuments.html Historical Documents] *[http://www.travel-directory.org/Destinations/North_America/United_States/index.html Reference: US specific web resources sorted by state] {{United States}} {{North America}} {{G8}} [[Category:United States| ]] [[af:Verenigde State]] [[als:USA]] [[am:አሜሪካ]] [[an:Estatos Unitos]] [[ang:Geānlǣht Rīcu American]] [[ar:الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية]] [[ast:Estaos Xuníos d'América]] [[az:Amerika Birləşmiş Ştatları]] [[bat-smg:JAV]] [[be:Злучаныя Штаты Амэрыкі]] [[bg:Съединени американски щати]] [[bn:মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র]] [[bpy:তিলপারাষ্ট্র]] [[br:Stadoù-Unanet Amerika]] [[bs:Sjedinjene Američke Države]] [[ca:Estats Units d'Amèrica]] [[chr:ᎠᎺᎢ]] [[cs:Spojené státy americké]] [[cv:Америкăри Пĕрлешӳллĕ Штатсем]] [[cy:Unol Daleithiau America]] [[da:USA]] [[de:Vereinigte Staaten]] [[dv:އެމެރިކާ]] [[el:Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες της Αμερικής]] [[en:United States]] [[eo:Usono]] [[es:Estados Unidos de América]] [[et:Ameerika Ühendriigid]] [[eu:Amerikako Estatu Batuak]] [[fa:ایالات متحدهٔ امریکا]] [[fi:Yhdysvallat]] [[fo:USA]] [[fr:États-Unis d'Amérique]] [[frp:Ètats-Unis d’Amèrica]] [[fur:Stâts Unîts di Americhe]] [[fy:Feriene Steaten]] [[ga:Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá]] [[gd:Na Stàitean Aonaichte]] [[gl:Estados Unidos de América - United States of America]] [[gu:સંયુક્ત રાજ્ય અમેરિકા]] [[ha:Amurika]] [[he:ארצות הברית]] [[hi:संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]] [[hr:Sjedinjene Američke Države]] [[hsb:Zjednoćene staty Ameriki]] [[ht:Etazini]] [[hu:Amerikai Egyesült Államok]] [[hy:Ամերիկայի Միացյալ Նահանգներ]] [[ia:Statos Unite de America]] [[id:Amerika Serikat]] [[ilo:Estados Unidos iti America]] [[io:Usa]] [[is:Bandaríkin]] [[it:Stati Uniti d'America]] [[iu:ᐊᒥᐊᓕᑲ]] [[ja:アメリカ合衆国]] [[jbo:mergu'e]] [[ka:ამერიკის შეერთებული შტატები]] [[km:សហរដ្ឋ]] [[kn:ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ]] [[ko:미국]] [[ks:संयुक्त राज्‍य अमेरिका]] [[ku:Dewletên Yekbûyî yên Amerîkayê]] [[kw:Statys Unys]] [[la:Civitates Foederatae Americae]] [[lb:Vereenegt Staate vun Amerika]] [[lg:Amereka]] [[li:Vereinegde State van Amerika]] [[lt:JAV]] [[lv:Amerikas Savienotās Valstis]] [[mk:Соединети Американски Држави]] [[ml:അമേരിക്കന്‍ ഐക്യനാടുകള്‍]] [[mo:Стателе Уните але Америчий]] [[mr:अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने]] [[ms:Amerika Syarikat]] [[mt:Stati Uniti]] [[mus:USA]] [[my:အမေရိကန္‌ပ္ရည္‌ေထာင္‌စု]] [[nah:Tlahtocayotl In Cepanca ihuicpa America]] [[nds:USA]] [[nds-nl:Verienigde Staoten van Amerika]] [[nl:Verenigde Staten]] [[nn:USA]] [[no:Amerikas forente stater]] [[nov:Unionati States de Amerika]] [[nrm:Êtats Unnis d'Améthique]] [[nv:Wááshindoon bikéyah ałhidadiidzooígíí]] [[oc:Estats Units d'America]] [[os:Америкæйы Иугонд Штаттæ]] [[pam:United States]] [[pdc:Amerikaa]] [[pl:Stany Zjednoczone]] [[ps:د امريکا متحده ايالات]] [[pt:Estados Unidos da América]] [[qu:Hukllachasqa Amirika Suyukuna]] [[rm:Stadis Unids da l'America]] [[rn:Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika]] [[ro:Statele Unite ale Americii]] [[ru:Соединённые Штаты Америки]] [[rw:Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]] [[sa:संयुक्त राज्‍य अमेरिका]] [[scn:Stati Uniti]] [[sco:Unitit States]] [[se:Amerihká ovttastuvvan stáhtat]] [[sh:Sjedinjene Američke Države]] [[simple:United States]] [[sk:Spojené štáty]] [[sl:Združene države Amerike]] [[sq:Shtetet e Bashkuara]] [[sr:Сједињене Америчке Државе]] [[su:Amérika Sarikat]] [[sv:USA]] [[sw:Marekani]] [[ta:ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள்]] [[tg:Иёлоти Муттаҳидаи Амрико]] [[th:สหรัฐอเมริกา]] [[tl:Estados Unidos]] [[tpi:Yunaitet Stets]] [[tr:Amerika Birleşik Devletleri]] [[ty:Fenua Marite]] [[ug:ئامېرىكا قوشما شتاتلىرى]] [[uk:Сполучені Штати Америки]] [[ur:ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکہ]] [[uz:Amerika Qo`shma Shtatlari]] [[vec:Stati Unìi d'Amèrica]] [[vi:Hoa Kỳ]] [[vo:Lamerikän]] [[wa:Estats Unis]] [[yi:פאראייניקטע שטאטן פון אמעריקע]] [[yo:Orílẹ̀-Èdè Amẹ́ríkà]] [[za:Meijgoz]] [[zh:美國]] [[zh-classical:美國]] [[zh-min-nan:Bí-kok]] [[zh-yue:美國]] [[zu:IMelika]] 2830 8590 2007-01-10T09:41:17Z Indiver 9 Redirecting to [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]] #REDIRECT [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]] 2831 8602 2007-01-10T20:15:47Z Eukesh 93 '''रक संगीत''' एक प्रकारको चर्चित पाश्चात्य संगीत हो। यो संगीत अहिले विश्व प्रसिद्ध छ। यस संगीतमा एक गायक, एक रीदम गिटारवादक, एक लिड गिटारवादक, एक ड्रम‍र, एक ब्यास गिटारवादक र कहिलेकाहीं एक सिन्थेसाइजर वादक हुन्छन्। केही विश्वप्रसिद्ध रक समूह/गायक यस प्रकार छनः- *[[द डोर्स]] *[[द हु]] *[[द रोलिंग स्टोन्स]] *[[सेक्स पिस्टल्स]](पंक रकका अग्रज) *[[एरोस्मिथ]] *[[निर्भाना]](रक तथा ग्रंज संगीत) *[[बोन जोभी]] *[[कोल्डप्ले]] *[[ग्रीन डे]](पंक रक) *[[जेफर्सन एअरप्लेन]] *[[जिमी हेन्ड्रिक्स]] *[[क्रीडेन्स क्ल्यरवाटर रिभाइभल]](कन्ट्री रक) *[[द ग्रेटफुल डेड]] *[[लीनार्ड स्कीनार्ड]] *[[किंग्स अफ लियोन]] *[[द डार्कनेस]] *[[एसी/डिसी]] रक संगीतका केही विधाहरु यस प्रकार छनः *[[अर्ली रक]](रक एन्ड रोल पश्चातको रक) *[[कन्ट्री रक]](ब्लुग्रास, रकाबेल्ली आदि अमेरिकी संगीतहरुद्वारा प्रेरित) *[[हार्ड रक]](पावर कर्ड प्रयोग गर्ने तथा मेजर लिडहरु धेरै प्रयोग गर्ने, मल्टी लेयरिंग भएको रक) *[[सफ्ट रक]] *[[स्लो रक]] *[[साइकेडेलिक रक]](ड्रग्सको नसा तथा ह्यालुसिनेसन जस्तो अवस्था प्रतिविम्बित गर्ने रक) *[[गथ रक]] (डिप्रेसन वा जीवनको "लो पोइन्ट" वा अप्ठ्यारा समयको लिरिक्स तथा अलि भय रस बढी भएको संगीत *[[पंक रक]] [[Category:रक संगीत]] 2833 8629 2007-01-12T12:48:51Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: == $1!, तपाइलाइ स्वागत छ == तपाइको खाता खोलिएको छ। आफ्नो रोजाइहरु {{SITENAME}} परिवर... == $1!, तपाइलाइ स्वागत छ == तपाइको खाता खोलिएको छ। आफ्नो रोजाइहरु {{SITENAME}} परिवर्तन गर्न नबिर्सिनुहोला। 2834 8630 2007-01-12T12:48:57Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: वुध वुध 2835 8631 2007-01-12T12:49:54Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: परिवर्तित प्रकार परिवर्तित प्रकार 2836 8632 2007-01-12T12:51:06Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: प्रयोगकर्ता-नाम प्रयोगकर्ता-नाम 2837 8633 2007-01-12T12:53:07Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: तपाइको कार्यक्षेत्र(डोमेन) तपाइको कार्यक्षेत्र(डोमेन) 2838 8634 2007-01-12T12:55:03Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: wfQuery() को लागि गलत चिज(प्यारामिटरहरु) प्रवेश गर्नुभयो<br /> Function: $1<br /> Query: $2 wfQuery() को लागि गलत चिज(प्यारामिटरहरु) प्रवेश गर्नुभयो<br /> Function: $1<br /> Query: $2 2839 8635 2007-01-12T12:57:07Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: तल <b>$2</b> मा भएका पछिल्ला घण्टाहरुमा गरिएका पछिल्ला $1 परिवर्तनहरु छन्। तल <b>$2</b> मा भएका पछिल्ला घण्टाहरुमा गरिएका पछिल्ला $1 परिवर्तनहरु छन्। 2840 8636 2007-01-12T12:57:39Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: $1×$2 $1×$2 2841 8637 2007-01-12T12:58:29Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: यो सामाग्री पढ्नको लागि तपाइले प्रवेश गरेको हुनुपर्दछ। यो सामाग्री पढ्नको लागि तपाइले प्रवेश गरेको हुनुपर्दछ। 2842 8638 2007-01-12T13:01:29Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: आफ्नो अवलोकनलाइ परिवर्तन गर्नको लागि त तपाइ यसमा [[Special:Userlogin|प्रवेश(लगइन)]] ... आफ्नो अवलोकनलाइ परिवर्तन गर्नको लागि त तपाइ यसमा [[Special:Userlogin|प्रवेश(लगइन)]] गर्नुपर्छ। 2843 8639 2007-01-12T13:01:40Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: &lt; &lt; 2844 8640 2007-01-12T13:04:41Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: लाइसेन्स् टेम्प्लेटमा id=imageLicenseText भन्ने कुनैपनि चिज(इलिमेन्ट) छैन। लाइसेन्स् टेम्प्लेटमा id=imageLicenseText भन्ने कुनैपनि चिज(इलिमेन्ट) छैन। 2845 8641 2007-01-12T13:06:32Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: चित्रमा कुनैपनि लाइसेन्स् ट्याग छैन। चित्रमा कुनैपनि लाइसेन्स् ट्याग छैन। 2846 8642 2007-01-12T13:08:37Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: लाइसेन्स लिस्ट कि त गलत छ कि त छदैछैन लाइसेन्स लिस्ट कि त गलत छ कि त छदैछैन 2847 8643 2007-01-12T13:12:27Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: त्रुटी: पाथमा (इनभ्यालिड)गलत गहिराइ(डेप्थ) भयो: "$1" (ले रुट नोड भन्दापनि मा... त्रुटी: पाथमा (इनभ्यालिड)गलत गहिराइ(डेप्थ) भयो: "$1" (ले रुट नोड भन्दापनि माथिको नोडलाइ चलाउन(एकसेस) गर्न खोज्यो) 2848 8647 2007-01-12T13:55:55Z RajeshPandey 111 त्रुटी: गलत/वा हुदैनहुने समय 2849 8645 2007-01-12T13:14:05Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: यहाँ $1:मा बचत गरिएको प्रतिलिपि छ। यहाँ $1:मा बचत गरिएको प्रतिलिपि छ। 2850 8646 2007-01-12T13:55:13Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: त्रुटी: एकदम धेरै #time callहरु त्रुटी: एकदम धेरै #time callहरु 2851 8648 2007-01-12T14:00:04Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: चित्र/फोटो छदैछैन चित्र/फोटो छदैछैन 2852 8649 2007-01-12T14:03:40Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: Project:Image कपिराइट ट्यागहरु Project:Image कपिराइट ट्यागहरु 2853 8650 2007-01-12T14:05:04Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: गलत फोटो टाइटल गलत फोटो टाइटल 2854 8651 2007-01-12T14:18:19Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: लाइसेनस टेमप्लेटमा गलत imageLicenseIcon element छ वा छदैछैन लाइसेनस टेमप्लेटमा गलत imageLicenseIcon element छ वा छदैछैन 2855 8652 2007-01-12T14:35:40Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: $1 को कामको आधारमा $1 को कामको आधारमा 2856 8653 2007-01-12T14:35:49Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: Oct Oct 2857 8654 2007-01-12T14:36:20Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: असलि असलि 2858 8655 2007-01-12T14:36:33Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: Oversight Oversight 2859 8965 2007-01-17T19:07:19Z Indiver 9 $1 बाट एक संपादन हटाइयो 2860 8657 2007-01-12T14:38:15Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{PLURAL:$1|Category|प्रकारहरु}} {{PLURAL:$1|Category|प्रकारहरु}} 2861 8658 2007-01-12T14:38:26Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: Special:Categories Special:Categories 2862 8659 2007-01-12T14:39:11Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: विस्तारमा विस्तारमा 2863 8660 2007-01-12T14:40:04Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: पृष्ठ "[[$1]]" लाई "[[$2]]" मा सारीयो । पृष्ठ "[[$1]]" लाई "[[$2]]" मा सारीयो । 2864 8661 2007-01-12T14:40:12Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: $1 - {{SITENAME}} $1 - {{SITENAME}} 2865 8662 2007-01-12T14:50:16Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: कसैले (शायद तपाइलेनै, $1 इन्टरनेट ठेगानाबाट) ($4) {{SITENAME}} को लागि हामीलाइ नयाँ ... कसैले (शायद तपाइलेनै, $1 इन्टरनेट ठेगानाबाट) ($4) {{SITENAME}} को लागि हामीलाइ नयाँ पासवर्ड सम्झाइदिनुहोला भनेर अनुरोध गर्नुभएको छ। त्यसैले हाललाइ प्रयोगकर्ता "$2" को लागी नयाँ पासवर्ड "$3" छ। अब तपाइ यो पासवर्ड हालेर भित्र प्रवेश गर्नुहोस र अहीले आफ्नो पासवर्ड परिवर्तन गर्नुहोस् । हैन, यदि कसैअरुलेनै यस्तो अनुरोध गरेको हो र तपाइलाइ आफ्नो पुरानो पासवर्ड थाहा छ, र तपाइलाइ आफ्नो पासवर्ड परिवर्तन गर्ने मन छैन भने, यो मेसेजलाइ वास्ता नगर्नुहोस अनि आफ्नो पुरानै पासवर्ड प्रयोग गरीराख्नुहोस् । Someone (probably you, from IP address $1) requested that we send you a new password for {{SITENAME}} ($4). The password for user "$2" is now "$3". You should log in and change your password now. If someone else made this request or if you have remembered your password and you no longer wish to change it, you may ignore this message and continue using your old password. 2866 8663 2007-01-12T14:52:16Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: {{SITENAME}} बाट पासवर्ड सम्झना गराइएको छ। {{SITENAME}} बाट पासवर्ड सम्झना गराइएको छ। 2867 8941 2007-01-17T17:53:33Z Indiver 9 तपाँईको पासवर्ड एकदमै छोटो भयो। त्यो कमसेकम $1 अक्षरको हुनुपर्छ। Your password is too short. It must have at least $1 characters. 2868 8665 2007-01-12T14:56:08Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: $1 को लागि भनेर दर्ता गरीएको खाताको लागी यौटा तयाँ पासवर्ड तपाईको ईमेल ठ... $1 को लागि भनेर दर्ता गरीएको खाताको लागी यौटा तयाँ पासवर्ड तपाईको ईमेल ठेगानामा पठाइएको छ। A new password has been sent to the e-mail address registered for "$1". कृपया प्राप्त भएपछी प्रवेश गर्नुहोला । Please log in again after you receive it. 2869 8667 2007-01-12T15:00:10Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: तलको डाटाहरु क्याचमा रहेका कुराहरु हुन्। अपटुडेट नहुनपनि सक्छन्। तलको डाटाहरु क्याचमा रहेका कुराहरु हुन्। अपटुडेट नहुनपनि सक्छन्। 2870 8668 2007-01-12T15:01:10Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: तलको डाटाहरु क्याचमा रहेका कुराहरु हुन् र यो पछिल्लो पल्ट $1 मा अपडेट गर... तलको डाटाहरु क्याचमा रहेका कुराहरु हुन् र यो पछिल्लो पल्ट $1 मा अपडेट गरीएको थियो । 2871 8942 2007-01-17T17:58:03Z Indiver 9 माफ गर्नुहोला! यो सुविधा हाल केही समयको लागी हटाइएको छ, किनभने यसले डेटाबेसलाई यस्तरी सुस्त गराउछ कि कसैले पनि विकिपीडिया प्रयोग नै गर्न पाउदैनन्। 2872 8671 2007-01-12T15:08:04Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: <strong>सुझाव:</strong> <strong>सुझाव:</strong> 2873 8672 2007-01-12T15:08:51Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: कुनैपनि पृष्ठको शिर्षक संग मिल्दैन कुनैपनि पृष्ठको शिर्षक संग मिल्दैन 2874 9080 2007-01-19T18:02:03Z Eukesh 93 नोभ 2875 8938 2007-01-17T17:43:37Z Indiver 9 तपाँईले प्रयोगकर्तानाम (युजरनेम) जनाउनुपर्छ। 2876 8675 2007-01-12T15:10:52Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: तपाईको अवलोकन(वाचलिस्ट)मा कुनैपनि चिज छैन। तपाईको अवलोकन(वाचलिस्ट)मा कुनैपनि चिज छैन। 2877 8676 2007-01-12T15:12:37Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: यहाँ नन फर्म्याटेड ट्क्स्ट घुसाउनुहोस/लेख्नुहोस् । यहाँ नन फर्म्याटेड ट्क्स्ट घुसाउनुहोस/लेख्नुहोस् । 2878 8677 2007-01-12T15:18:53Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: विकि फरम्याटिङ्लाइ वास्ता नगर्ने (इग्नोर गर्ने) विकि फरम्याटिङ्लाइ वास्ता नगर्ने (इग्नोर गर्ने) 2879 8678 2007-01-12T15:20:21Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: प्रष्ट लेखकहरुको संख्या (लेख): $1 प्रष्ट लेखकहरुको संख्या (लेख): $1 2880 8679 2007-01-12T15:20:40Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: [$1] [$1] 2881 8680 2007-01-12T15:21:37Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: [$1 अवलोकन गरीरहेका प्रयोगकर्ता/हरु] [$1 अवलोकन गरीरहेका प्रयोगकर्ता/हरु] 2882 8681 2007-01-12T15:21:58Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: सहायता पृष्ठ सहायता पृष्ठ 2883 8682 2007-01-12T15:22:06Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: Category Category 2884 8690 2007-01-12T15:38:27Z RajeshPandey 111 special:Recentchanges 2885 8684 2007-01-12T15:24:59Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: सबै सबै 2886 8689 2007-01-12T15:35:40Z RajeshPandey 111 Redirecting to [[Special:Recentchanges]] #REDIRECT [[Special:Recentchanges]] 2887 8691 2007-01-12T15:40:41Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: नयाँ परिवर्तित शिर्षकहरु नयाँ परिवर्तित शिर्षकहरु 2888 8692 2007-01-12T15:43:46Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: यो फिडमा(feed) भएका सवैभन्दा भर्खर परिवर्तित विकिका परिवर्तनहरु लाइ पछ्य... यो फिडमा(feed) भएका सवैभन्दा भर्खर परिवर्तित विकिका परिवर्तनहरु लाइ पछ्याउनुहोस्(Track) । 2889 8693 2007-01-12T15:44:41Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: + + 2890 8694 2007-01-12T15:47:29Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: पृष्ठलाई '$1' संग हटाइदै पृष्ठलाई '$1' संग हटाइदै 2891 8695 2007-01-12T15:47:44Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: आज्ञा त्रुटी आज्ञा त्रुटी 2892 8696 2007-01-12T15:48:33Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: [[$1]] मा Redirect गर्दै [[$1]] मा Redirect गर्दै 2893 8926 2007-01-17T16:47:18Z Indiver 9 पृष्ठको सबै सामाग्रीहरू हटाइ पृष्ठ खाली गरीँदै 2894 8698 2007-01-12T16:02:08Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: तपाईले अनुरोध गर्नुभएको कार्य गर्न तपाइलाइ अनुमति दिइएको छैन। तपाईले अनुरोध गर्नुभएको कार्य गर्न तपाइलाइ अनुमति दिइएको छैन। 2895 8699 2007-01-12T16:03:47Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: तपाईले अनुरोध गर्नुभएको कार्य गर्ने अनुमति $1 समूहमा पर्ने प्रयोगकर्ता... तपाईले अनुरोध गर्नुभएको कार्य गर्ने अनुमति $1 समूहमा पर्ने प्रयोगकर्ताहरुमा सिमीत छ। 2896 8700 2007-01-12T16:07:25Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: तपाईले अनुरोध गर्नुभएको कार्य गर्ने अनुमति $1 समूह हरुमा पर्ने प्रयोगक... तपाईले अनुरोध गर्नुभएको कार्य गर्ने अनुमति $1 समूह हरुमा पर्ने प्रयोगकर्ताहरु मध्ये कुनै यौटामा सिमीत छ। (Limited to users in one of the groups $1.) 2897 8701 2007-01-12T16:08:19Z RajeshPandey 111 New page: नयाँ पृष्ठ: $1 नयाँ पृष्ठ: $1 2898 8702 2007-01-12T16:30:39Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: - - 2900 8712 2007-01-13T07:51:28Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: v v 2901 8713 2007-01-13T07:51:47Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: v v 2902 8714 2007-01-13T07:51:51Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: i i 2903 8715 2007-01-13T07:51:55Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: s s 2904 8716 2007-01-13T07:51:56Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: p p 2905 8717 2007-01-13T07:51:57Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: f f 2906 8718 2007-01-13T07:52:06Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: w w 2907 8719 2007-01-13T07:53:16Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: Aug Aug 2908 8720 2007-01-13T07:53:22Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: Apr Apr 2909 8721 2007-01-13T07:59:10Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: तपाईले अरु प्रयोगकर्ताहरुलाई ईमेल पठाउनको लागी आफु पहिले [[Special:Use... तपाईले अरु प्रयोगकर्ताहरुलाई ईमेल पठाउनको लागी आफु पहिले [[Special:Userlogin|प्रवेश(लगइन)गरेको]] हुनुपर्छ र [[Special:Preferences|आफ्नो रोजाइहरुमा]] यौटा वैध ईमेल ठेगाना भएको हुनुपर्छ। 2910 8722 2007-01-13T08:00:55Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: ईमेल पठाउने ठेगाना नै भएन । <br>No send address ईमेल पठाउने ठेगाना नै भएन । <br>No send address 2911 8723 2007-01-13T08:01:35Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: पासवर्ड ईमेल गर्ने<br>E-mail password पासवर्ड ईमेल गर्ने<br>E-mail password 2912 8724 2007-01-13T08:02:39Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: $1: ईमेल पठाउदा त्रुटी भयो <br> Error sending mail: $1 $1: ईमेल पठाउदा त्रुटी भयो <br> Error sending mail: $1 2913 8726 2007-01-13T08:05:17Z RajeshPandey 111 <big>'''मेडीयाविकि सफलतापुर्वक इन्सटल भयो ।'''</big><br> <big>'''MediaWiki has been successfully installed.'''</big> 2914 8727 2007-01-13T08:07:46Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: आगमन त्रुटी <br>Login error आगमन त्रुटी <br>Login error 2915 8728 2007-01-13T08:08:09Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: भाषा: $1 भाषा: $1 2916 8729 2007-01-13T08:08:52Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: प्रयोगकर्ता प्रवेश प्रयोगकर्ता प्रवेश 2917 9073 2007-01-19T17:41:44Z Eukesh 93 उपनाम (निकनेम): 2918 8731 2007-01-13T08:12:49Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: गलत ईन्टरनेट ठेगाना / आइ.पी. </br>Invalid IP address गलत ईन्टरनेट ठेगाना / आइ.पी. </br>Invalid IP address 2919 8732 2007-01-13T08:13:42Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: (Main) (Main) 2920 8735 2007-01-13T08:15:40Z RajeshPandey 111 गलत सहीछाप;एच.टि.एम.एल. जाँच्नुहोस्। <br>Invalid raw signature; check HTML tags. 2921 8734 2007-01-13T08:15:28Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: गलत शिर्षक गलत शिर्षक 2922 8736 2007-01-13T08:17:50Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: रोक्नेकाम सफल भयो <br>Block succeeded रोक्नेकाम सफल भयो <br>Block succeeded 2923 8737 2007-01-13T08:18:37Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: गाढा अक्षर गाढा अक्षर 2924 8738 2007-01-13T08:18:57Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: गाढा अक्षर गाढा अक्षर 2925 8739 2007-01-13T08:19:43Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: किताबको श्रोतहरु किताबको श्रोतहरु 2926 8740 2007-01-13T08:20:25Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: आइ.एस्.बि.एन्.(ISBN): आइ.एस्.बि.एन्.(ISBN): 2927 8741 2007-01-13T08:20:40Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: जाउ जाउ 2928 8742 2007-01-13T08:22:35Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: किताबको श्रोतहरु खोज्ने किताबको श्रोतहरु खोज्ने 2929 8743 2007-01-13T08:22:42Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: b b 2930 8744 2007-01-13T08:26:22Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: असफल रिडाइरेक्टहरु <br> यौटा पृष्ठ अर्को पृष्ठमा पठाइयो भने रिडा... असफल रिडाइरेक्टहरु <br> यौटा पृष्ठ अर्को पृष्ठमा पठाइयो भने रिडाइरेक्ट भनिन्छ। यदि दोश्रो पृष्ठ पनि फेलापरेन भने त्यसलाइ असफल रिडाइरेक्ट भनिन्छ। (Broken Redirects) 2931 8745 2007-01-13T08:27:32Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: तलका लिङ्कहरु ले हुदै नभएका पृष्ठहरुलाइ जोड्न खोज्छन्: तलका लिङ्कहरु ले हुदै नभएका पृष्ठहरुलाइ जोड्न खोज्छन्: 2932 8746 2007-01-13T08:27:55Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: त्रुटी बिवरण त्रुटी बिवरण 2933 8747 2007-01-13T08:29:02Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: नाम अनुसार नाम अनुसार 2934 8748 2007-01-13T08:29:25Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: आकार(size) अनुसार आकार(size) अनुसार 2935 8749 2007-01-13T08:30:10Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: गतेअनुसार गतेअनुसार 2936 8750 2007-01-13T08:35:05Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: परिवर्तन भइसकेको परिवर्तन भइसकेको 2937 8751 2007-01-13T08:35:29Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: पासवर्ड परिवर्तन गर्नुहोस् पासवर्ड परिवर्तन गर्नुहोस् 2938 8752 2007-01-13T08:37:35Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: सवै पृष्ठहरु सवै पृष्ठहरु 2939 8753 2007-01-13T08:38:21Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: हुन्छ हुन्छ 2941 8854 2007-01-16T20:44:38Z RajeshPandey 111 [[User:172.142.11.33]] लाइ [[User talk:172.142.11.33]]मा सारियो: moving to talk page == Super Vandalism record, deleting pages == I had to block "User:172.142.11.33" with an expiry time of infinite anononly,nocreate,autoblock: Vandalism, the user from this IP deleted 23 articles within 5 minutes The following were its/his/her's target : [[उज्बेकिस्तान]]‎ [[बागमती]]‎ [[पणेना‎]] [[देवनागरी‎]] [[महिला शल्यचिकित्सा‎]] [[द सिम्प्सनस् (सीजन २)‎]] [[अफ्रीका‎]] [[धनुषा‎]] [[चन्द्रमा‎]] [[महोत्तरी‎]] [[भियेत्नाम‎]] [[द सिम्प्सनस् डिभिडि‎]] [[यात्रा‎]] [[भोजपुर‎]] [[संगीत‎]] [[Portal:नेपाल]]‎ [[सौर्यमण्डल‎]] [[मुम्बई‎]] [[ज्योतिष]]‎ [[विकिपीडिया:प्रयोगस्थल‎]] [[राष्ट्र]] -- [[User:RajeshPandey|राजेश]] 19:06, 16 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) == Vandalism Reverted == All The vandalism done by this user is reverted by rollbacking the pages into its past stage - [[User:RajeshPandey|राजेश]] 19:09, 16 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) 2943 8864 2007-01-16T21:11:21Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: == Misuses == Misuse of this template: by [[User:172.142.11.33]] on 16 जेनवरी 2007 17:38 == Super Vandalism record, deleting pages == "User:172.142.11.33"... == Misuses == Misuse of this template: by [[User:172.142.11.33]] on 16 जेनवरी 2007 17:38 == Super Vandalism record, deleting pages == "User:172.142.11.33" was blocked with an expiry time of infinite anononly,nocreate,autoblock: Vandalism, the user from this IP deleted 23 articles within 5 minutes The following were its/his/her's target : [[उज्बेकिस्तान]]‎ [[बागमती]]‎ [[पणेना‎]] [[देवनागरी‎]] [[महिला शल्यचिकित्सा‎]] [[द सिम्प्सनस् (सीजन २)‎]] [[अफ्रीका‎]] [[धनुषा‎]] [[चन्द्रमा‎]] [[महोत्तरी‎]] [[भियेत्नाम‎]] [[द सिम्प्सनस् डिभिडि‎]] [[यात्रा‎]] [[भोजपुर‎]] [[संगीत‎]] [[Portal:नेपाल]]‎ [[सौर्यमण्डल‎]] [[मुम्बई‎]] [[ज्योतिष]]‎ [[विकिपीडिया:प्रयोगस्थल‎]] [[राष्ट्र]] -- [[User:RajeshPandey|राजेश]] 19:06, 16 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) == Vandalism Reverted == All The vandalism done by this user is reverted by rollbacking the pages into its past stage - [[User:RajeshPandey|राजेश]] 19:09, 16 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) 2945 8875 2007-01-17T09:20:44Z RajeshPandey 111 licence update I the creator of this file grant permissions to everybody to use this file under Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.5 [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ Creative Commons licence] -- [[User:RajeshPandey|राजेश]] 21:55, 16 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) 2946 8871 2007-01-16T22:35:26Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: <div style="float: right; border:solid skyblue 1px; margin: 1px;"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width: 238px; background: ffffff;" | style="width: 45px; height: 45px; back... <div style="float: right; border:solid skyblue 1px; margin: 1px;"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width: 238px; background: ffffff;" | style="width: 45px; height: 45px; background: white; text-align: center; font-size: {{{5|{{{id-s|14}}}}}}pt; color: {{{id-fc|skyblue}}};" | [[Image:Rajesh.jpg]] |}</div> 2947 8907 2007-01-17T10:42:58Z Deepak gewali 189 /* Headline text */ == '''दलाइ लामा''' == 2948 8891 2007-01-17T10:27:40Z Tangotango 190 create user page Hello, my name is Tangotango. Find out more about me here: [[m:User:Tangotango]] <div style="float: left; border:solid #CCCCFF 1px; margin: 1px;"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width: 238px; background: #F8F8FF;" | style="width: 45px; height: 45px; background: white; text-align: center; font-size: 14pt;" |[[Image:Broom icon.svg|43px]] | style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em;" | This user is a member of the<br>[[m:SWMT|'''Small Wiki Monitoring Team''']]. |}</div> 2949 8906 2007-01-17T10:37:59Z Deepak gewali 189 2950 8909 2007-01-17T14:19:16Z RajeshPandey 111 == Greetings == Tango, welcome to Nepali Wikipedia and thanks for monitoring and your recent work against vandalism. -[[User:RajeshPandey|Rajesh]] 14:11, 17 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) 2951 8910 2007-01-17T15:35:57Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: {{SITENAME}}को बारेमा {{SITENAME}}को बारेमा 2952 8919 2007-01-17T16:12:29Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: श्रेणी श्रेणी 2953 8920 2007-01-17T16:14:12Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: फैलाउनु फैलाउनु 2954 8921 2007-01-17T16:16:46Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: खुम्च्याउनु खुम्च्याउनु 2955 8922 2007-01-17T16:16:53Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: श्रेणी मात्र श्रेणी मात्र 2956 8923 2007-01-17T16:19:24Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: तस्वीरहरू बाहेकका पृष्ठहरू तस्वीरहरू बाहेकका पृष्ठहरू 2957 8924 2007-01-17T16:22:43Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: पृष्ठहरू वा उपश्रेणीहरू छैनन् पृष्ठहरू वा उपश्रेणीहरू छैनन् 2958 8925 2007-01-17T16:32:36Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: यो मिडियाविकि नेमस्पेसमा पाइने सिस्टम सन्देशहरूको सूची हो। यो मिडियाविकि नेमस्पेसमा पाइने सिस्टम सन्देशहरूको सूची हो। 2959 8927 2007-01-17T16:51:25Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: मेरा अभिरुचिहरू मेरा अभिरुचिहरू 2960 8928 2007-01-17T16:55:28Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: नयाँ पृष्ठ नयाँ पृष्ठ 2961 8929 2007-01-17T17:05:45Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: नयाँ पृष्ठहरू नयाँ पृष्ठहरू 2962 8930 2007-01-17T17:07:28Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: नयाँ सन्देशहरू नयाँ सन्देशहरू 2963 8931 2007-01-17T17:13:52Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: युजरनेम: युजरनेम: 2964 8932 2007-01-17T17:18:16Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: नयाँ प्रयोगकर्ता नयाँ प्रयोगकर्ता 2965 8933 2007-01-17T17:21:54Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: नयाँ पासवर्ड: नयाँ पासवर्ड: 2966 8934 2007-01-17T17:21:55Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: (नयाँ विन्डोमा खुल्छ) (नयाँ विन्डोमा खुल्छ) 2967 8935 2007-01-17T17:24:30Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: $1 का लागी खाता खोलियो $1 का लागी खाता खोलियो 2968 8936 2007-01-17T17:34:41Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: यस पृष्ठको लागी कुनै सम्पादन इतिहास छैन। यस पृष्ठको लागी कुनै सम्पादन इतिहास छैन। 2969 8937 2007-01-17T17:38:19Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: नयाँ खाता खोल्नुहोस् नयाँ खाता खोल्नुहोस् 2970 9033 2007-01-18T07:27:35Z Indiver 9 template=ढाँचा or साँचो ढाँचा (टेम्प्लेट) 2971 8943 2007-01-17T18:06:33Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: <strong>यो केवल पूर्वालोकन मात्र हो; परिवर्तनहरू संग्रह गरिसकिएको छ... <strong>यो केवल पूर्वालोकन मात्र हो; परिवर्तनहरू संग्रह गरिसकिएको छैन!</strong> 2972 8945 2007-01-17T18:09:57Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: सिस्अपहरू मात्र सिस्अपहरू मात्र 2973 8946 2007-01-17T18:11:51Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: "[[$1]]" लाई सुरक्षित गरियो "[[$1]]" लाई सुरक्षित गरियो 2974 8947 2007-01-17T18:15:19Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: सुरक्षित गरिएका पृष्ठहरू सुरक्षित गरिएका पृष्ठहरू 2975 8948 2007-01-17T18:16:03Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: सुरक्षण लग सुरक्षण लग 2976 8950 2007-01-17T18:19:54Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: तपाँईको अवलोकनसूचीमा $1 पृष्ठहरू छन्। तपाँईको अवलोकनसूचीमा $1 पृष्ठहरू छन्। 2977 8953 2007-01-17T18:37:50Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: सबैभन्दा धेरै श्रेणीहरू भएका लेखहरू सबैभन्दा धेरै श्रेणीहरू भएका लेखहरू 2978 8954 2007-01-17T18:41:59Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: सबैभन्दा बढी संशोधित लेखहरू सबैभन्दा बढी संशोधित लेखहरू 2979 8955 2007-01-17T18:44:32Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: (नयाँ) (नयाँ) 2980 8956 2007-01-17T18:45:54Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: आखिरी परिवर्तन आखिरी परिवर्तन 2981 8963 2007-01-17T19:04:37Z Indiver 9 नयाँ संशोधन → 2982 8960 2007-01-17T18:57:06Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: (स्वचालित) (स्वचालित) 2983 8961 2007-01-17T19:01:40Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: ← अधिल्लो भिन्नता ← अधिल्लो भिन्नता 2984 8962 2007-01-17T19:03:07Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: पछिल्लो भिन्नता → पछिल्लो भिन्नता → 2985 8966 2007-01-17T19:08:31Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: प्रत्यक्ष पूर्वालोकन प्रत्यक्ष पूर्वालोकन 2986 8967 2007-01-17T19:09:27Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: देखाउनु देखाउनु 2987 8968 2007-01-17T19:10:11Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: खारेज खारेज 2988 8969 2007-01-17T19:11:19Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: (पूर्वालोकन) (पूर्वालोकन) 2989 8970 2007-01-17T19:12:16Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: (सुरक्षित) (सुरक्षित) 2990 8971 2007-01-17T19:13:12Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: (अर्ध-सुरक्षित) (अर्ध-सुरक्षित) 2991 8972 2007-01-17T19:16:02Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: र्‍यान्डम पृष्ठ र्‍यान्डम पृष्ठ 2992 8973 2007-01-17T19:21:06Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: अन्वेषण अन्वेषण 2993 8974 2007-01-17T19:21:31Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: अन्वेषण अन्वेषण 2994 8975 2007-01-17T19:23:29Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: फाइल अपलोड गर्नु फाइल अपलोड गर्नु 2995 8976 2007-01-17T19:24:00Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: फाइल अपलोड फाइल अपलोड 2996 8981 2007-01-18T05:11:38Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: उपश्रेणीहरू छैनन् उपश्रेणीहरू छैनन् 2997 8982 2007-01-18T05:13:35Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: श्रेणी <i>$1</i> फेला परेन श्रेणी <i>$1</i> फेला परेन 2998 8983 2007-01-18T05:15:31Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: केहीपनि फेला परेन केहीपनि फेला परेन 2999 8987 2007-01-18T05:42:35Z Indiver 9 [[तटस्थ दृष्टीकोण]] मा Redirect गर्दै #REDIRECT [[तटस्थ दृष्टीकोण]] 3000 8989 2007-01-18T05:44:06Z Indiver 9 [[Wikipedia:Copyrights]] लाइ [[विकिपीडिया:लेखाधिकार]]मा सारियो: Title translated to Nepali #REDIRECT [[विकिपीडिया:लेखाधिकार]] 3001 8990 2007-01-18T05:46:00Z Indiver 9 [[विकिपीडिया:लेखाधिकार]] मा Redirect गर्दै #REDIRECT [[विकिपीडिया:लेखाधिकार]] 3002 8991 2007-01-18T05:46:37Z Indiver 9 [[विकिपीडिया:लेखाधिकार]] मा Redirect गर्दै #REDIRECT [[विकिपीडिया:लेखाधिकार]] 3003 8993 2007-01-18T05:49:42Z Indiver 9 [[तटस्थ दृष्टीकोण]] लाइ [[विकिपीडिया:तटस्थ दृष्टीकोण]]मा सारियो: Moved to विकिपीडिया namespace #REDIRECT [[विकिपीडिया:तटस्थ दृष्टीकोण]] 3004 8994 2007-01-18T05:52:13Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: परिवर्तनहरू परिवर्तनहरू 3005 8995 2007-01-18T05:54:14Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: उद्दरण गर्नु उद्दरण गर्नु 3006 8996 2007-01-18T05:56:07Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: लेख उद्दरण गर्नुहोस् लेख उद्दरण गर्नुहोस् 3007 8997 2007-01-18T05:59:02Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: अवलोकनसूची खाली पार्नुहोस् अवलोकनसूची खाली पार्नुहोस् 3008 8998 2007-01-18T06:02:06Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: मेट्ने पक्का गर्नुहोस् मेट्ने पक्का गर्नुहोस् 3009 8999 2007-01-18T06:03:58Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: इमेल ठेगाना पक्का गर्नुहोस् इमेल ठेगाना पक्का गर्नुहोस् 3010 9000 2007-01-18T06:06:30Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: सम्पादन गर्न इमेल पुष्टि गर्नु आवस्यक छ सम्पादन गर्न इमेल पुष्टि गर्नु आवस्यक छ 3011 9002 2007-01-18T06:08:30Z Indiver 9 spelling correction प्रयोगकर्ताका योगदानहरू 3012 9003 2007-01-18T06:18:13Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: मिति र समय मिति र समय 3013 9004 2007-01-18T06:21:19Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: &larr; अघिल्लो पृष्ठ &larr; अघिल्लो पृष्ठ 3014 9005 2007-01-18T06:21:55Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: पछिल्लो पृष्ठ &rarr; पछिल्लो पृष्ठ &rarr; 3015 9006 2007-01-18T06:23:45Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: $2 बाट $1 संशोधन(हरू) $2 बाट $1 संशोधन(हरू) 3016 9007 2007-01-18T06:24:27Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: $1 संशोधन(हरू) $1 संशोधन(हरू) 3017 9008 2007-01-18T06:27:29Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: पृष्ठ आयात गरिँदै... पृष्ठ आयात गरिँदै... 3018 9009 2007-01-18T06:27:54Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: आयात सम्पन्न भयो! आयात सम्पन्न भयो! 3019 9010 2007-01-18T06:29:16Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: जानकारी जानकारी 3020 9011 2007-01-18T06:30:27Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: पृष्ठको लागि जानकारी पृष्ठको लागि जानकारी 3021 9012 2007-01-18T06:31:20Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: सम्पादन सहायता सम्पादन सहायता 3022 9013 2007-01-18T06:33:22Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: सन्देश सन्देश 3023 9014 2007-01-18T06:34:31Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: पठाउनुहोस् पठाउनुहोस् 3024 9015 2007-01-18T06:35:01Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: प्रयोगकर्तालाई इमेल गर्नुहोस् प्रयोगकर्तालाई इमेल गर्नुहोस् 3025 9016 2007-01-18T06:36:17Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: इमेल पठाईयो इमेल पठाईयो 3026 9017 2007-01-18T06:37:18Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: विषय विषय 3027 9018 2007-01-18T06:56:48Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: कृपया याद राख्नुहोस् {{SITENAME}} मा गरिएका सबै योगदानहरू $2 ($1 मा सविस्त... कृपया याद राख्नुहोस् {{SITENAME}} मा गरिएका सबै योगदानहरू $2 ($1 मा सविस्तार हेर्नुहोस्) अनुसार प्रकाशन गरिएको ठहराइने छ। यदि तपाईँ आफ्नो लेखनलाई खुलारूपले सम्पादन र मनोमानी ढङ्गले पुनर्वितरण गरिएको मनपराउनु हुन्न भने, त्यसलाई यहाँ पेश नगर्नुहोस्।<br /> तपाईँ यो पनि कबुल गर्नु हुन्छ कि यो तपाईँको आफ्नै लेखन हो, वा सार्वजनिक श्रोत वा अन्य खुला श्रोतबाट सार्नु भएको हो। <strong>लेखाधिकार गरिएका कार्य अनुमति विना पेश नगर्नुहोस्!</strong> 3028 9019 2007-01-18T06:58:48Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: {{SITENAME}} लेखाधिकार {{SITENAME}} लेखाधिकार 3029 9021 2007-01-18T07:07:17Z Indiver 9 कृपया याद राख्नुहोस् {{SITENAME}} मा गरिएका सबै योगदानहरू सम्पादन गर्न, परिवर्तन गर्न वा अरू योगदानकर्ताहरूद्वारा हटाइन सकिने छ। यदि तपाईँ आफ्नो लेखनलाई खुलारूपले सम्पादन र मनोमानी ढङ्गले पुनर्वितरण गरिएको मनपराउनु हुन्न भने, त्यसलाई यहाँ पेश नगर्नुहोस्।<br /> यो तपाईँको आफ्नै लेखन हो, वा सार्वजनिक श्रोत वा अन्य खुला श्रोतबाट सार्नु भएको हो भनि तपाईँ कबुल गर्नु हुन्छ। <strong>लेखाधिकार गरिएका कार्य अनुमति विना पेश नगर्नुहोस्!</strong> 3030 9022 2007-01-18T07:08:28Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: $1 सम्पादन गरिँदै $1 सम्पादन गरिँदै 3031 9023 2007-01-18T07:10:52Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: $1 (खण्ड) सम्पादन गरिँदै $1 (खण्ड) सम्पादन गरिँदै 3032 9025 2007-01-18T07:13:57Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: खण्ड: $1 सम्पादन गर्नुहोस् खण्ड: $1 सम्पादन गर्नुहोस् 3033 9026 2007-01-18T07:14:21Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: यो पृष्ठ सम्पादन गर्नुहोस् यो पृष्ठ सम्पादन गर्नुहोस् 3034 9027 2007-01-18T07:15:45Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: मेटिएका पृष्ठहरू हेर्नुहोस् मेटिएका पृष्ठहरू हेर्नुहोस् 3035 9028 2007-01-18T07:16:49Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: यस पृष्ठका लगहरू हेर्नुहोस् यस पृष्ठका लगहरू हेर्नुहोस् 3036 9029 2007-01-18T07:18:32Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: {{PLURAL:$1|एक मेटिएको सम्पादन|$1 मेटिएका सम्पादनहरू}} {{PLURAL:$1|एक मेटिएको सम्पादन|$1 मेटिएका सम्पादनहरू}} 3037 9030 2007-01-18T07:20:05Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: छानिएका संस्करणहरू दाँज्नुहोस् छानिएका संस्करणहरू दाँज्नुहोस् 3038 9031 2007-01-18T07:22:24Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: पहिलो पहिलो 3039 9032 2007-01-18T07:22:44Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: अन्तिम अन्तिम 3040 9034 2007-01-18T07:36:50Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: अघिल्लो संशोधनको स्थितिमा फर्काइयो अघिल्लो संशोधनको स्थितिमा फर्काइयो 3041 9035 2007-01-18T07:37:58Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: संशोधन इतिहास संशोधन इतिहास 3042 9036 2007-01-18T07:39:27Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: तपाईँले गरेका परिवर्तनहरू संग्रह (सेभ) गर्नुहोस् तपाईँले गरेका परिवर्तनहरू संग्रह (सेभ) गर्नुहोस् 3043 9037 2007-01-18T07:40:48Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: मेरा अभिरुचिहरू (प्रेफरेन्सेस्‌हरू) मेरा अभिरुचिहरू (प्रेफरेन्सेस्‌हरू) 3044 9038 2007-01-18T07:42:08Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: सबै विशेष पृष्ठहरूको सूची सबै विशेष पृष्ठहरूको सूची 3045 9039 2007-01-18T07:43:46Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: मेरो प्रयोगकर्ता पृष्ठ मेरो प्रयोगकर्ता पृष्ठ 3046 9040 2007-01-18T07:47:28Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: तपाईँलाई लग-इन गर्न प्रोत्साहन गरिन्छ, तर यो अनिवार्य चाँही होइ... तपाईँलाई लग-इन गर्न प्रोत्साहन गरिन्छ, तर यो अनिवार्य चाँही होइन। 3047 9041 2007-01-18T07:48:39Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: निर्गमन (लग आउट) गर्नुहोस् निर्गमन (लग आउट) गर्नुहोस् 3048 9042 2007-01-18T07:49:41Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: मेरा योगदानहरूको सूची मेरा योगदानहरूको सूची 3049 9043 2007-01-18T07:51:26Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: मेरो वार्तालाप पृष्ठ मेरो वार्तालाप पृष्ठ 3050 9044 2007-01-18T07:52:56Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: {{SITENAME}} मा खोज्नुहोस् {{SITENAME}} मा खोज्नुहोस् 3051 9045 2007-01-18T07:55:32Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: यस प्रयोगकर्ताका योगदानहरूको सूची हेर्नुहोस् यस प्रयोगकर्ताका योगदानहरूको सूची हेर्नुहोस् 3052 9046 2007-01-18T07:59:38Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: पृष्ठहरूको सूची जसका परिवर्तनहरूलाई तपाईँले निगरानी गरिरहनु ... पृष्ठहरूको सूची जसका परिवर्तनहरूलाई तपाईँले निगरानी गरिरहनु भएको छ 3053 9047 2007-01-18T08:02:30Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: यो पृष्ठलाई तपाईँको अवलोकनसूचीमा थप्नुहोस् यो पृष्ठलाई तपाईँको अवलोकनसूचीमा थप्नुहोस् 3054 9048 2007-01-18T08:03:56Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: यो पृष्ठलाई तपाईँको अवलोकनसूचीबाट हटाउनुहोस् यो पृष्ठलाई तपाईँको अवलोकनसूचीबाट हटाउनुहोस् 3055 9049 2007-01-18T08:11:25Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: यो पृष्ठ सुरक्षित गरिएको छ। यसको श्रोत हेर्न सक्नुहुन्छ। यो पृष्ठ सुरक्षित गरिएको छ। यसको श्रोत हेर्न सक्नुहुन्छ। 3056 9050 2007-01-18T08:13:03Z Indiver 9 नयाँ पृष्ठ: यो पृष्ठलाई तपाईँको अवलोकनसूचीमा थप्नुहोस् यो पृष्ठलाई तपाईँको अवलोकनसूचीमा थप्नुहोस् 3057 9067 2007-01-19T17:35:05Z RajeshPandey 111 +1 support with Eukesh [[www.rajendraonline.wordpress.com]] for dalit news, article, information, events etc.. ---- मेरो बारेमा “जुन दिन राज्य सत्तामा ब्राह्मणवादको अन्त्य हुन्छ, त्यस बेला मात्र पछाडि परेका वर्ग समुदायको मानव अधिकारको संरक्षण, उत्थान विकास र परिवर्तन हुन्छ।” यो बबुरो अहिले सबैको सपनाको सहर काठमाडौंमा अस्थाई बसोबास गर्दै आई रहेको छ । काठमाडौंमा बस्न लागेको झन्डै ४ वर्ष हुन् लागे । नेपालको पश्चिम पहाडि मुलुक गुल्मीबाट यो बबुरो २०५९ साल साउन महिनामा सपनाको सहरमा प्रस्थान गरेको हो । गुल्मी जिल्ला सिमिचौर गा वि स गाँउ राङ्बासमा बुबा चन्द्रबहादुर बिश्वकर्मा र आमा शन्तिकुमरी बिश्वकर्माको कोखबाट आज भन्दा २३ बसन्त अघी यस पृथ्वीलाई भारि गराउनको लागि उदाएको बबुरोको असली नाम राजेन्द्र बिश्वकर्मा हो । यो बबुरो आफू जातिय छुवाछूत र भेदभावबाट मुक्त रहन नसकेको कारणले बिद्धालय जीवन देखि नै अलि यस विषयमा विद्रोही थियो । जसका कारणले गर्दा आफ्ना कक्षाका साथीहरुसँग महिनौ दिन बोल बाराबर पनि हुने गर्दथियो । यसै गर्दा गर्दै यो बबुरो काठमाडौं पसेको केही समयमा नै कसैको साहायता मार्फत दलित हकहित, जातिय छुवछूत तथा भेदभाव विरुद्द लड्ने, मानव अधिकार संरक्षण गर्ने एक दलित गैर सरकारी संस्थमा काम गर्ने अवसर पायो । त्यही संस्थबाट यो बबुरोले धेरै कुरा सिक्ने अवसर पाएको छ र आजसम्म पनि यस बबुरोको काम निरन्तर त्यही संस्थामा नै रहेको छ । “मानव अधिकार मानविय विकास, अस्तित्व र पहिचाहन” भन्ने मूल नारा लिएर एक संस्था २०६२ साल मा यो बबुरो सहित अन्य साथीहरु मिलेर सामाजिक समावेशिकारणा, जातिय विभेद, लैंगिक विभेद, सामाजिक विभेद, बाल विभेद आदिका विरुद्द आवाज र मानव अधिकार्, समानता र सम्मानको आवाज उठाउन काठमाडौं जिल्ला प्रशासन कार्यालयमा दर्ता गराई माथिका दलित विषयहँरुमा काम गर्ने जमर्को मार्दै गरेको छ । नेपाल अधिरज्य भरिमा ५०० भन्दा बढी दलित गैर सरकारी संस्था, नेपाल सरकारका दलित समुदायका लागि भनेर २ वटा संस्थाहरुबाट मासिक, द्वोमासिक, त्रैमासिक, चौमासिक, अर्धवार्षिक जस्ता विभिन्न पत्र पत्रीकाहरु निस्कने गरेको अवस्थामा पनि यो बबुरोलाई खै किन किन दलितको बारेमा एउटा नेपाली ब्लग खोल्न उत्सह जागेर आयो । त्यसको एउटा मात्र उद्देश्य हो : नेपालमा दलितहरुका लागि त्यसता कुनै पनि ईन्टरनेट ब्लगहरु छैनन् र दैनिक समचार सम्प्रेषण पनि गर्दैनन् भने त्यस माथि नेपाली भाषा मै त छैनन् नै । त्यसो भएको कारणले यो बबुरोले वर्डप्रेसको सर्भरबाट फ्री स्पेस लिई दलित ब्लग चलाऊने विचार गरी यो ब्लग सुरुवात गरेको छ । यो बबुरोले नेपालका सम्पूर्ण दलित घटनालाई समेट्ने योजना गरेको छ । तर यो विषय त्यती आफैमा सजिलो भने छैन । किनकी यो बबुरोले त आफ्नो हात मुख जोड्नलाई कसैकोमा हात थमाउनु परेको छ । म जस्तै सबैलाई हात मुख जुधाउनको लागि कसैसँग हात परार्न परेकै हुन्छ । त्यसो हुनाले म आफूले जसरी तसरी समयलाई बचाउदै यस ब्लगलाई समय दिने, स्वयम्सेवि भएर काम गर्ने स्वयम्सेवकहरु पाउनु यो बबुरोलाई धेरै कठिन छ । त्यसैले सबै ठाँउमा यो बबुरो पुग्न सक्ने अवस्था पनि रहदैन । त्यसैले यो बबुरोले हजुरहरुलाई आफूले भेटेसम्मको, आफूले देखेसम्मको, आफूलाई कसैले जानकारी दिएसम्मको नँया, ताजा र भरपर्दा घटना, विचार, लेख, फिचारहरुले हरबखत झटारो हान्ने मेरो सानो प्रयास रहने छ । अन्त्यमा, यो राजेन्द्रले गरेको यस कोशिस तपाईंको खपडीले कसरी लिएको छ । यदि तपाईंको खपडीको शब्दवाणीले यो राजेन्द्र बबुरोलाई तिर छोड्ने विचार छ भने यँहा थिच्नुहोस् । तपाईंको शब्दवाण तपाईंको तिरले [[राजेन्द्र]]लाई सिधै लाग्ने छ । “ब्रह्मणवाद भनेको एक जाती (बाहुन-छेत्री), एक धर्म (हिन्दू), एक भाषा (खस-नेपाली), एक संस्कृती (हिन्दू), एक क्षेत्र (काठमाडौं) र एक लिंग (पुरुष)ले अन्य जनजाती, जातजाती, धर्म, भाषा, संस्कृती, क्षेत्र र लिंगलाई दमन गर्ने सिद्दान्त, निती र व्यवहार हो ।” - डा कृष्णबहादुर भट्टचनका अनुसार । ==स्वागतम्== राजेन्द्रजी, नेपाली विकिपीडियामा तपाईंलाई स्वागत छ। यो वेबठाउं नेपाली भाषामा विश्वकोष बनाउने स्थल हो। यहाँ जातीयता तथा भेदभावको स्थान छैन। हामी सबै प्रयोगकर्ताहरु आफ्नो समय, श्रोत तथा जाँगरको प्रयोग गरेर एक नयाँ नेपालको नयाँ चित्रणको लागि यहाँ विश्वकोष निर्माण गर्ने काममा लागेका छौं। तपाईंलाई (कृपया यहाँको भाषा तपाईं भन्दा तल वा माथि नगरौ होला।) पुरानो नेपालको रुढीवादी व्यवस्थाले निकै पेलेको जस्तो देखिन्छ। तथा तपाईंमा सो विषयमा निकै ज्ञान भएको जस्तो पनि लाग्दछ। अतः तपाईंले तल दिईएका विषयहरुमा जानकारीमूलक, तटस्थ (न ब्राह्मणवाद पट्टि न उग्रदलितवाद प्रति) लेख लेखेर नयाँ नेपालमा कोही भन्दा कोही कम छैनन् भन्ने सन्देश विश्व सामु प्रस्तुत गनुहोस। विषयहरु यस प्रकार छनः- *[[दलित]] *[[नेपालमा दलितको अवस्था]] *[[दलित इतिहास]] *[[लैंगिक असमानता]] *[[मानव अधिकार]] *[[नेपालका भाषाहरु]] *[[नेपालका जनजाति]] *[[नेपालको भूगोल]] *[[नेपालका संस्कृतिहरु]] *[[नेपालका पिछडिएका जाज-जातिहरु]] *[[नेपालका दलित वर्गमा पर्ने थरहरु]] *[[कमैया प्रथा]] *[[छावडी प्रथा]] *[[कुमारी प्रथा]] *[[देवकी प्रथा]] *[[नेपालको भाषिक आन्दोलन]] *[[विश्व दलित इतिहास]] *[[ब्राह्मणवाद]] *[[शुद्र]] *[[शुद्र र दलित]] *[[भीम राव आम्बेडकर]] *[[छुवाछुत प्रथा]] *[[दासप्रथा]] *[[दलित राजनीति]] *[[सुदुरपश्चिमाञ्चल]] *[[गुल्मी जिल्ला]] *[[कर्णाली अञ्चल]] यो एक विश्वकोष हो ('''''यो ब्लग हैन''''')। अतः तपाईंको लेखहरुमा कुनै शोधपत्रमा झैं श्रोत (पुस्तक वा वेबठेगाना) उल्लेख गर्नु भए उचित हुन्छ। माथि उल्लेखित विषयबाहेक अन्य विषयहरुमा लेख्न चाहनुहुन्छ भने यो विकिपीडियामा अहिलेका जल्दाबल्दा विषयवस्तुहरु यस प्रका‍र छनः- *[[विज्ञान]](तथा [[जीवविज्ञान]], [[रसायनशास्त्र]],[[भौतिकशास्त्र]]) *[[स्वास्थ्य]] तथा [[चिकित्सा]] *[[कम्प्युटर]] (तथा [[इन्टरनेट]]) *[[नेपाल]] *[[अर्थशास्त्र]] *[[गणित]](if possible [[अंकगणित]], [[बीजगणित]] र [[रेखागणित]]) *[[भूगोल]] *[[खेल]] *[[मौसम]] *[[धर्म]] *[[पृथ्वी]] *[[खगोलशास्त्र]] तथा [[ब्रह्माण्ड]] *[[पुस्तक]] *[[शिक्षा]] *[[संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ]] *[[संगीत]] *[[व्यापार]] *[[मुद्रा]] *[[राजनीति]] *[[कूटनीति]] *[[बजार]] *[[साहित्य]] *[[कला]] *[[मानवता]] *[[पत्रिका]] *[[यन्त्र]] (तथा [[इन्जिनियरिंग]]) *[[पानी]] *[[मानव]] *[[भाषा]] *[[लिपि]] *[[कृषि]] *[[उद्योग]] *[[शान्ति]] *[[मनोविज्ञान]](Psychology) *[[संविधान]] यस विश्वकोष निर्माणमा तपाईंको निरन्तर सहयोग रहिरहने छ भन्ने आशा गरिएको छ। --[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 17:30, 19 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) +1 - [[User:RajeshPandey|राजेश]] 17:35, 19 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) 3058 9055 2007-01-18T09:28:47Z Rajendraonline 191 परम्परागत काम गर्दै गुल्मी सिमिचौर गा वि स वडा न‌म्बर ८ का रविन्द्र विश्वकर्मा, उमेर १६ परम्परागत काम गर्दै गुल्मी सिमिचौर गा वि स वडा न‌म्बर ८ का रविन्द्र विश्वकर्मा, उमेर १६ 3059 9074 2007-01-19T17:50:41Z Eukesh 93 नयाँ पृष्ठ: नेपाली विकिपीडियामा तपाईंलाई स्वागत छ। यस विकिपीडियासँग सम्ब... नेपाली विकिपीडियामा तपाईंलाई स्वागत छ। यस विकिपीडियासँग सम्बन्धित केही प्रश्न वा सुझाव भएमा मेरो, इन्दिवरजीको वा राजेश पाण्डेजीको वार्तालाप पृष्ठमा "परिवर्तन" गरेर आफ्नो प्रश्न वा सुझाव राख्नुहोला। धन्यवाद।--[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 17:50, 19 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) 3060 9091 2007-01-19T18:41:34Z RajeshPandey 111 "मामुली" शब्द नेपालीमा धेरै प्रयोग गरिंदैन। यसको सट्टा "सानो", "साधारण" वा अरु केही राख्न उचित होला जस्तो छ।--[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 17:56, 19 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) * &nbsp;ठिक छ - [[User:RajeshPandey|राजेश]] 18:41, 19 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) । 3061 9195 2007-01-29T06:58:05Z 202.79.62.18 '''इतिहास'''संग सम्बन्धित लेखहरुको संग्रह। नेपालको इतिहास 3062 9083 2007-01-19T18:10:09Z Eukesh 93 नयाँ पृष्ठ: '''पकवान'''संग सम्बन्धित लेखहरुको संग्रह। '''पकवान'''संग सम्बन्धित लेखहरुको संग्रह। 3063 9084 2007-01-19T18:10:35Z Eukesh 93 नयाँ पृष्ठ: '''गणित'''संग सम्बन्धित लेखहरुको संग्रह। '''गणित'''संग सम्बन्धित लेखहरुको संग्रह। 3064 9085 2007-01-19T18:11:00Z Eukesh 93 नयाँ पृष्ठ: '''प्रविधि'''संग सम्बन्धित लेखहरुको संग्रह। '''प्रविधि'''संग सम्बन्धित लेखहरुको संग्रह। 3065 9086 2007-01-19T18:11:24Z Eukesh 93 नयाँ पृष्ठ: '''समाज'''संग सम्बन्धित लेखहरुको संग्रह। '''समाज'''संग सम्बन्धित लेखहरुको संग्रह। 3066 9087 2007-01-19T18:11:56Z Eukesh 93 नयाँ पृष्ठ: '''जीवनी'''संग सम्बन्धित लेखहरुको संग्रह। '''जीवनी'''संग सम्बन्धित लेखहरुको संग्रह। 3067 9088 2007-01-19T18:12:29Z Eukesh 93 नयाँ पृष्ठ: '''भूगोल'''संग सम्बन्धित लेखहरुको संग्रह। '''भूगोल'''संग सम्बन्धित लेखहरुको संग्रह। 3068 9089 2007-01-19T18:13:00Z Eukesh 93 नयाँ पृष्ठ: '''संस्कृति'''संग सम्बन्धित लेखहरुको संग्रह। '''संस्कृति'''संग सम्बन्धित लेखहरुको संग्रह। 3070 9130 2007-01-23T20:40:13Z RajeshPandey 111 नयाँ पृष्ठ: अदालतमा वादी वा प्रतिवादीका पक्षमा वकालत गर्ने अधिकार प्राप्त ... अदालतमा वादी वा प्रतिवादीका पक्षमा वकालत गर्ने अधिकार प्राप्त व्यक्ति; कानुन '''''व्यवसायी''''' हुनपर्ने हैन र ? 3072 9149 2007-01-24T22:59:20Z Lotic 194 नयाँ पृष्ठ: {{user eo-3}} {{user ne-0}} {{user eo-3}} {{user ne-0}} 3074 9176 2007-01-26T15:08:53Z Eukesh 93 मेरो बारेमा र विकीको बारेमा मेरो नाम सरोज ढकाल हो । म एक ईन्जिनिरिङ् पढ्दै गरेको विद्यार्थी हु । मलाई यो पेज पढ्दा साह्रै खुसी लगेको छ । एक नेपाली भएर नेपालीमा वेब् हेर्न पाउनु मेरो लगि हर्षको बिषय हो। मैले ज्ञान आर्जन गर्ने सुनौलो अवसर पाएको आभाश भएको छ। I am Student of Engineering .I visited this site of Wikipedia .Being a Nepali reading the pages in Nepali I was very Excited . I was more happy becaue I coould share some knoledge and get the sea of knowledge == स्वागत छ == नेपाली विकिपीडियामा तपाईंलाई स्वागत छ! Please feel free to contact other users for any help by editing the talk वार्तालापमा परिवर्तन गरेर तपाइ अरु प्रयोगकर्ताहरु स‌ग कुराकानी गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ। -[[User:RajeshPandey|राजेश]] 21:57, 25 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) * सरोजजी, हामीलाई पनि तपाईंको उपस्थितिले खुसी लागेको छ। यो विकिपीडियाको विकासको लागि तपाईंको निरन्तर सहयोग रहने छ भन्ने हाम्रो अपेक्षा छ। धन्यवाद। --[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 15:08, 26 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) 3075 9178 2007-01-26T15:17:23Z Eukesh 93 [[Image:kantipur.jpg|right|thumb|कान्तिपुर दैनिकको लोगो]] '''कान्तिपुर दैनिक''' [[नेपाल]]को एक दैनिक [[पत्रिका]] हो। यो पत्रिकाको मुख्यालय नेपालको [[राजधानी]] [[काठमाडौं]]मा छ। ==इतिहास तथा विकासक्रम== यो पत्रिका २०४९ साल फागुन ७ देखि प्रकाशन हुन थालेको हो । यस पत्रिकाको शनिबारे परिशिष्टांक 'कोसेली' भने २०५० वैशाख १२ देखि निस्कन थालेको हो । पत्रिका प्रकाशन सुरु भएको आठ वर्षछि 'शुक्रबारे बालकोसेली' का रूपमा 'कोपिला' आउन थाल्यो । 'कोपिला' को नमुना अंक २०५७ फागुन ५ मा 'कान्तिपुर दैनिक' सँगै आएको थियो । यसको नियमित अंक २०५७ फागुन १९ मा आयो । कान्तिपुर पब्लिकेसन्स अर्न्तर्गत '''कान्तिपुर दैनिक''', '''द काठमान्डू पोष्ट''' जस्ता दैनिक, '''कान्तिपुर साप्ताहिक''', '''नेपाल साप्ताहिक''' र '''नारी''' मासिक प्रकाशन हुँदै आएका छन् । ==हालका प्रकाशनहरु== *कान्तिपुर दैनिक *कोसेली *कोपिला *द काठमान्डू पोष्ट (दैनिक) *कान्तिपुर साप्ताहिक *नेपाल साप्ताहिक *नारी (मासिक) [[Category:पत्रिका]] 3076 9162 2007-01-25T13:04:38Z राजेश कोइराला 196 Kantipur_logo Kantipur_logo 3077 9177 2007-01-26T15:09:16Z Eukesh 93 == सुस्वागतम् == नेपाली विकिपीडियामा तपाईंलाई स्वागत छ। कृपया तपाईंले अपलोड गर्नु भएको कान्तिपुरको लोगोको सर्वाधिकारको अवस्था खुलाउनु होला किनभने यो विकिपीडियामा सर्वाधिकार सुरक्षित भएका (Copyright material) लेख वा माध्यम प्रयोग गर्न मिल्दैन (झर्को नमान्नु होला!)। मिडिया फाइल, लेखाधिकार (सर्वाधिकार) तथा यो विकिपीडिया सम्बन्धित केही प्रश्न, जानकारी वा सुझावको लागि मलाई मेरो वार्तालाप पृष्ठ सम्पादन गरेर सम्पर्क गर्नु होला। तपाईंको निरन्तर सहयोगको आशा तथा विश्वास गरिएको छ। धन्यवाद!--[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 15:09, 26 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) 3078 9175 2007-01-26T15:05:42Z Eukesh 93 नयाँ पृष्ठ: ==स्वागतम्== तपाईंलाई नेपाली विकिपीडियामा स्वागत छ। यो विकिपीडि... ==स्वागतम्== तपाईंलाई नेपाली विकिपीडियामा स्वागत छ। यो विकिपीडियासंग सम्बन्धित प्रश्न, जानकारी वा सुझाव प्रकट गर्नको लागि एड्मिनिस्ट्रेटरहरुको वार्तालाप पृष्ठमा परिवर्तन गरेर सम्पर्क गर्नु होला। अहिलेका एड्मिनिस्ट्रेट‍रहरुमा म, इन्दिवरजी र राजेशजी छौं। धन्यवाद।--[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 15:05, 26 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) 3079 9185 2007-01-27T16:53:58Z शंकर 198 नयाँ पृष्ठ: शंकर पोखरेल शंकर पोखरेल 3081 9236 2007-01-31T02:44:01Z शंकर 198 शंकरजी नेपाली विकिपीडियामा तपाईंलाई स्वागत छ। यो विकिपीडिया सम्बन्धि तपाईंको जिज्ञासा, प्रश्न वा सुझावहरु राख्न परेमा (यो विकिपीडियाको) एड्मिनिस्ट्रेटरको वार्तालाप पृष्ठमा परिवर्तन गर्नु होला। अहिले यहाँ ३ जना एड्मिनिस्ट्रेटर (इन्दिवरजी, राजेशजी तथा म) छन्। तपाईंको यो विकिपीडिया तथा नेपाली भाषा प्रतिको सहयोग जारी रहनेछ भन्ने आशा गर्दछु। धन्यवाद।--[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 21:46, 27 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) :युकेश जी, धन्यवाद! 3084 9204 2007-01-30T00:02:58Z Thogo 200 new {| cellpadding='2' style='border-color:'#008B45'; empty-cells:show;' <!-- Beginn Hauptrahmen --> |- | heigth='2px' bgcolor='#7EC0EE' colspan='2' | |- <!------------ Kopf mit Willkommenstext und der Navileiste ------------> | colspan='2' | <!------ Willkommenstext ------> <span style="text-align: center; font-size: 127%;line-height: 1.3"> Welcome to my user page! </span> <br/><br/> My name is Thomas Goldammer, I'm from Leipzig, Germany. I'm sysop on the [[wikt:de:Benutzer:Thomas Goldammer|German Wiktionary]], the [[:de:Benutzer:Thomas Goldammer|German Wikipedia]] and the [[:iu:User:Thogo|Inuktitut Wikipedia]]. I visit this wiki to undo vandalism and put deletion requests on nonsense pages having the hope that administrators here find them and delete the pages. <br/> {| align='center' style='padding: 5px;text-align: center;' |- | width=48% style='border-bottom: 1px dashed #AAAAAA;' | |- | '''«[[m:User talk:Thogo|Discussion]]»''' &#124; [[Special:Emailuser/Thogo|E-Mail]] &#124; [[Special:Contributions/Thogo|Contribs]] <br/> Today is {{CURRENTDAYNAME}}, the {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}. This wiki has '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' articles. |- | width=48% style="border-top: 1px dashed #AAAAAA;" | |} |} 3085 9240 2007-01-31T09:44:56Z हेमपाल श्रेष्ठ 201 /* स्वागतम् */ == हेमपाल श्रेष्ठ (Hempal Shrestha) == <br> ''काठमाण्डौ, [[नेपाल]] (Kathmandu, Nepal)''<br> ---- '''विकि प्रयोगकर्ता एव‌ सूचना तथा संचार प्रविधी मा कार्यरत।''' <br> '''''A Wiki user and Working in ICT for development.''''' === सम्पर्क (Contact) === ---- *'''इमेल /Email''' [mailto://hempalshrestha@gmail.com यहाँ क्लिक गरेर मलाइ इमेल गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ । (You can click here to email me) ] ==स्वागतम्== नेपाली विकिपीडियामा तपाईंलाई स्वागत छ। यो विकिपीडिया सम्बन्धि तपाईंको जिज्ञासा, प्रश्न वा सुझावहरु राख्न परेमा (यो विकिपीडियाको) एड्मिनिस्ट्रेटरको वार्तालाप पृष्ठमा परिवर्तन गर्नु होला। अहिले यहाँ ३ जना एड्मिनिस्ट्रेटर (इन्दिवरजी, राजेशजी तथा म) छन्। तपाईंको यो विकिपीडिया तथा नेपाली भाषा प्रतिको सहयोग जारी रहनेछ भन्ने आशा गर्दछु। धन्यवाद।--[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 00:08, 31 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) धन्यवाद युकेशजी--हेमपाल श्रेष्ठ 3086 9225 2007-01-31T00:07:53Z Eukesh 93 नयाँ पृष्ठ: नेपाली विकिपीडियामा तपाईंलाई स्वागत छ। यो विकिपीडिया सम्बन्ध... नेपाली विकिपीडियामा तपाईंलाई स्वागत छ। यो विकिपीडिया सम्बन्धि तपाईंको जिज्ञासा, प्रश्न वा सुझावहरु राख्न परेमा (यो विकिपीडियाको) एड्मिनिस्ट्रेटरको वार्तालाप पृष्ठमा परिवर्तन गर्नु होला। अहिले यहाँ ३ जना एड्मिनिस्ट्रेटर (इन्दिवरजी, राजेशजी तथा म) छन्। तपाईंको यो विकिपीडिया तथा नेपाली भाषा प्रतिको सहयोग जारी रहनेछ भन्ने आशा गर्दछु। धन्यवाद।--[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 00:07, 31 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) 3087 9231 2007-01-31T00:22:45Z Eukesh 93 नयाँ पृष्ठ: ==[[User:RajeshPandey|RajeshPandey]]== I wish to become a sysop. Nepalese is my native language. Thankyou. === (+) Support === #--[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 01:01, 30 न... ==[[User:RajeshPandey|RajeshPandey]]== I wish to become a sysop. Nepalese is my native language. Thankyou. === (+) Support === #--[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 01:01, 30 नोभेम्बर 2006 (UTC) #--[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 19:38, 30 नोभेम्बर 2006 (UTC) #--[[User:RajeshPandey|Rajesh]] 17:54, 2 डिसेम्बर 2006 (UTC) :{{done}} Your sysop request has been approved by a Wikipedian Bureaucrat. --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 20:47, 9 डिसेम्बर 2006 (UTC) === (-) Oppose === === ( ) Neutral === ==[[User:Indiver|Indiver]]== I am a native speaker of Nepalese language and have been contributing to Wikipedia for a long time. There are lots of stuffs not accessible to editors. So, I would like to become a sysop. Thanks. === (+) Support === *--[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 19:38, 30 नोभेम्बर 2006 (UTC) *--[[User:देसीफ्राल|देसीफ्राल]] 00:15, 5 डिसेम्बर 2006 (UTC) *--[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 06:36, 14 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) :{{done}} Your sysop request has been approved by a Wikipedian Bureaucrat. --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 23:43, 14 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) ==[[User:Eukesh|Eukesh]]== I wish to become a sysop. I can speak Nepalese fluently. Thankyou. === (+) Support === # --[[User:देसीफ्राल|देसीफ्राल]] 22:13, 2 डिसेम्बर 2006 (UTC) # --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 00:41, 3 डिसेम्बर 2006 (UTC) === (-) Oppose === === ( ) Neutral === 3088 9233 2007-01-31T00:38:34Z Eukesh 93 नयाँ पृष्ठ: This is the place to apply for bot status. The interwiki and intrawiki bots are requested to get permission from here before operating. Thank you. ==Request for bot st... This is the place to apply for bot status. The interwiki and intrawiki bots are requested to get permission from here before operating. Thank you. ==Request for bot status== ===EukeshBot=== I would like to acquire bot status to make minor modifications and to create stubs related to Nepal and South Asia. Thank you.--[[User:Eukesh|युकेश]] 00:38, 31 जेनवरी 2007 (UTC) ====Support==== ====Oppose==== ====Comments====