Wikipedia http://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8F%DA%A9_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%88 MediaWiki 1.10alpha first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk Image Image talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk 1 edit=sysop:move=sysop 6860 2006-09-10T14:31:43Z Aursani 60 <p align="center">[[Image:Jtavhan.png]]<br>[[Sindhi Support]] <font face="MBSarang Sattar, times new roman"> | [[سنڌيءَ لاءِ امدادي ھدايتون]] | [[trans|Translate this page]]</font></p> {{MainPageIntro}}<!-- Template:MainPageIntro --> <div style="padding-bottom: .3em; margin: 0 .5em .5em">{{Main Page banner}}</div> {| cellspacing="3" |- valign="top" {{تصفح بند}} {{wikicomm}} {{Wikiessay}} |width="55%" class="MainPageBG" style="border: 1px solid #ffc9c9; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3"| <div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em" id="MainPageBox1"> == اڄوڪو خاص ليک == {{وڪيپيڊيا:اڄ جو خاص ليک/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}}} === چُونڊَ ساليانيون تقريبات === {{Wikipedia:چونڊ ساليانيون تقريبات/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |width="45%" class="MainPageBG" style="border: 1px solid #c6c9ff; color: #000; background-color: #f0f0ff"| <div style="clear: right; text-align: left; float: right; padding: .4em .9em .9em" id="MainPageBox2"> == خبرن ۾ == {{خبرن ۾}}<!-- Template: خبرن ۾ --> == {{TSF {{CURRENTDAYNAME}}}} == == اڄ جو اسڪول == [[http://gulursanischool.com {{مبسس4}}گل عرساڻي اسڪول]] {{مبسس4}}ضرور گھمي ڏسندا. {{Wikipedia:اڄ جو ٻيون ليک/{{CURRENTDAYNAME}}}}<!-- Did you know format has changed --> </div> |} <div class="MainPageBG" style="padding: .5em 1em 0; margin: 0 3px 3px; border-bottom: 2px solid #ccc"> <h3 id="lang_h3" class="lang">وڪيپيڊيا ٻين ٻولين ۾</h3> <div id="lang_div" class="lang">{{مبسس4}}توھان ڪيترين ئي مختلف ٻولين ۾ مقالا لکي ۽ سنواري سگھو ٿا</div> {{Wikipedialang}}<!-- Template:Wikipedialang --> </div> <div class="MainPageBG" style="padding: .5em 1em 1em; margin: 3px;"> ==<span id="sister_heading" class="sister">وڪي پيڊيا جون برادر رٿائون</span>== {{WikipediaSister}}<!-- Template:WikipediaSister --> <div style="clear:left"></div> </div> __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ {{newpagelinksmain}}<!-- Template:Newpagelinksmain --> 2 2388 2005-05-01T13:27:09Z 85.76.147.253 blanking nonsense page 3 2389 2004-01-25T14:35:45Z Brion VIBBER 1 moved to "Main_Page" #REDIRECT [[Main_Page]] 4 sysop 8341 2006-12-07T18:55:08Z Aursani 60 زمرا 5 sysop 8339 2006-12-07T18:54:12Z Aursani 60 زمرو 9 sysop 7069 2006-09-27T12:05:31Z Aursani 60 مُک صفحو 10 sysop 7168 2006-09-29T15:37:03Z Aursani 60 <big>'''MediaWiki ڪاميابيءَ سان نصب ٿي چڪو آھي.'''</big> 11 sysop 7010 2006-09-27T10:38:29Z Aursani 60 بابت 12 sysop 7431 2006-10-11T10:13:16Z Aursani 60 وڪيپيڊيا بابت 13 sysop 7984 2006-10-31T08:46:31Z Aursani 60 Project:بابت 14 sysop 7073 2006-09-27T12:10:51Z Aursani 60 مدد 19 sysop 7079 2006-09-27T14:34:22Z Aursani 60 مالي امداد 20 sysop 2406 2004-01-29T15:40:08Z MediaWiki default &lt;sitesupportpage&gt; 21 sysop 7064 2006-09-27T12:01:36Z Aursani 60 ڪپوس 22 sysop 7973 2006-10-31T08:26:22Z Aursani 60 Project:ڪپوس 23 sysop 7748 2006-10-19T13:51:15Z Aursani 60 مدد براءِ ترميم 26 sysop 7978 2006-10-31T08:34:47Z Aursani 60 ڳولي لهو 33 sysop 7134 2006-09-29T15:00:13Z Aursani 60 مزيد .... 34 sysop 7039 2006-09-27T11:08:45Z Aursani 60 منھنجو صفحو 35 sysop 7077 2006-09-27T14:29:58Z Aursani 60 مون سان ڳالھھ 36 sysop 7090 2006-09-27T14:44:52Z Aursani 60 ھاڻوڪا واقعا 37 sysop 7498 2006-10-11T11:21:50Z Aursani 60 غيرجوابدارينامو 38 sysop 7499 2006-10-11T11:22:28Z Aursani 60 Project:عام_غيرجوابدارينامو 39 sysop 7760 2006-10-19T14:07:40Z Aursani 60 چُڪَ 40 sysop 7800 2006-10-19T15:59:00Z Aursani 60 $1 ڏانهن وَرو. 42 sysop 7084 2006-09-27T14:38:03Z Aursani 60 ھيءُ صفحو ڪنھن سان ڳنڍيل آھي 43 sysop 7033 2006-09-27T10:51:44Z Aursani 60 ڳولا 44 sysop 8012 2006-11-03T17:08:44Z Aursani 60 کوليو 45 sysop 7019 2006-09-27T10:43:42Z Aursani 60 صفحي جي تاريخَ 46 sysop 7075 2006-09-27T12:13:31Z Aursani 60 ڇپائتو مسودو 47 sysop 7746 2006-10-19T13:50:01Z Aursani 60 هيءُ صفحو ترميميو 48 sysop 7953 2006-10-27T09:44:13Z Aursani 60 هيءُ صفحو ڊاهيو 49 sysop 7632 2006-10-16T14:09:09Z Aursani 60 ھيءُ صفحو تحفظيو 51 sysop 7608 2006-10-15T11:04:02Z Aursani 60 نئون صفحو 52 sysop 7081 2006-09-27T14:35:31Z Aursani 60 ھن صفحي تي بحث ڪريو 54 sysop 7982 2006-10-31T08:43:50Z Aursani 60 مسودو ڏسو 56 sysop 7545 2006-10-12T17:52:11Z Aursani 60 يوزر جو صفحو ڏسندا 57 sysop 7644 2006-10-16T15:51:23Z Aursani 60 رٿائي صفحو ڏسو 58 sysop 7485 2006-10-11T11:06:08Z Aursani 60 تصوير جو صفحو ڏسو 60 sysop 7551 2006-10-12T17:57:18Z Aursani 60 ٻين ٻولين ۾ 62 sysop 7138 2006-09-29T15:04:02Z Aursani 60 $1 تي آخري ڀيرو ترميميو ويو. 63 sysop 7612 2006-10-15T11:14:28Z Aursani 60 ھيءُ صفحو {{plural:$1|ھڪ دفعو|$1 دفعا}} ڏٺو ويو آھي. 64 sysop 7971 2006-10-31T08:24:56Z Aursani 60 سمورو مواد <a class=internal href='/wiki/GNU_FDL'>GNU کليل جِي اين يُو دستاويزسازي لائيسنس </a> تحت ميسر ڪجي ٿو. 67 sysop 7329 2006-10-03T16:34:30Z Aursani 60 {{ns:project}}:منتظمين 73 sysop 7083 2006-09-27T14:37:26Z Aursani 60 چڱو 77 sysop 7610 2006-10-15T11:04:30Z Aursani 60 توھان لاءِ $1 آھن. 78 sysop 7607 2006-10-15T11:03:40Z Aursani 60 نوان نياپا 82 sysop 7753 2006-10-19T14:00:25Z Aursani 60 لڪايو 84 sysop 7588 2006-10-15T10:28:17Z Aursani 60 {{PLURAL:$1|ھڪ ڊاٺل ترميم|$1 ڊاٺل ترميمون}} 89 sysop 7492 2006-10-11T11:12:27Z Aursani 60 چُڪَ 93 sysop 7694 2006-10-16T16:49:16Z Aursani 60 معاف ڪندا! وڪيءَ کي ڪا ٽيڪنيڪي مشڪل در پيش آهي، جنهنڪري اھا اعدادخاني جي ميزبان سان رابطو نه پئي ڪري سگھي. <br /> $1 97 sysop 7502 2006-10-11T11:27:11Z Aursani 60 ٻنجو ھڻڻ جو سبب ڄاڻايو، ۽ اھو پڻ ڄاڻايو تھ اندازاً ڪيتري وقت کان پوءِ اھو ٻنجو کوليو ويندو. 102 sysop 7732 2006-10-19T11:56:27Z Aursani 60 فائيل "$1" جو نالو مَٽجي "$2" ٿي نه سگھيو. 103 sysop 7725 2006-10-19T11:46:35Z Aursani 60 "$1" فائيل ڊهي نه سگھجو. 104 sysop 7147 2006-09-29T15:16:50Z Aursani 60 "$1" ڪو نھ لڌو. 108 sysop 7330 2006-10-03T16:38:09Z Aursani 60 ڄاڻايل صفحو يا فائيل نھ ٿو ڊاھي سگھجي. (ممڪناً اھو اڳي ئي ڪنھن ڊاھي ڇڏيو آھي.) 109 sysop 7447 2006-10-11T10:29:45Z Aursani 60 غير درست عنوان Bad title 114 sysop 7603 2006-10-15T10:56:43Z Aursani 60 ڪوڊ ڏسو 116 sysop 7187 2006-09-29T15:56:35Z Aursani 60 يُوزر لاگ آئوٽ 117 sysop 7189 2006-09-29T16:02:53Z Aursani 60 <strong>توھان لاگ آئوٽ ٿِي چڪا آھيو.</strong><br /> توھان {{SITENAME}} کي گمناماً استعمال ڪري سگھو ٿا، يا وري ساڳي يا مختلف يُوزر جي حيثيت ۾ لاگ اِن ٿِي سگھو ٿا. اھو ذھن ۾ رکندا تھ ڪي صفحا اڃا بھ ائين ظاھريندا ڄڻ توھان اڃا لاگ اِن ئي آھيو، جيستائين توھان پنھنجي جھانگُوءَ جِي ڪيشي کي صاف نھ ٿا ڪريو. 118 sysop 7970 2006-10-31T08:23:00Z Aursani 60 == ڀلي ڪري آيا، $1! == توهان جو کاتو کلي چڪو آهي. پنهنجون {{SITENAME}} ترجيحات بدلائڻ نه وساريندا. 119 sysop 7630 2006-10-16T14:06:59Z Aursani 60 يوزر لاگ اِن 120 sysop 7182 2006-09-29T15:53:21Z Aursani 60 يُوزر نانءُ 121 sysop 7575 2006-10-15T10:13:02Z Aursani 60 ڳجھو لفظ 122 sysop 7577 2006-10-15T10:14:02Z Aursani 60 ڳجھو لفظ ٻيھر ٽائيپ ڪريو 124 sysop 7587 2006-10-15T10:27:34Z Aursani 60 مون کي ياد رکو 125 sysop 7629 2006-10-16T14:06:07Z Aursani 60 <b>توھان جي لاگ اِن ۾ ڪو مسئلو در پيش آيو.</b><br />وري ڪوشش ڪريو! 126 sysop 7440 2006-10-11T10:19:34Z Aursani 60 <strong>يوزر $1، توھان اڳي ئي لاگ ان ٿيل آھيو!</strong><br /> 127 sysop 7146 2006-09-29T15:15:04Z Aursani 60 لاگ اِن 129 sysop 7547 2006-10-12T17:53:20Z Aursani 60 لاگ اِن ٿيو / کاتو کوليو 130 sysop 7088 2006-09-27T14:42:29Z Aursani 60 لاگ آئوٽ 131 sysop 7543 2006-10-12T17:50:47Z Aursani 60 لاگ آئوٽ 133 sysop 7597 2006-10-15T10:49:13Z Aursani 60 کاتو کوليو 134 sysop 7987 2006-10-31T08:47:49Z Aursani 60 بذريعه برق ٽپال 136 sysop 7514 2006-10-11T12:03:29Z Aursani 60 چونڊيل يوزر نانءُ اڳي ئي موجود آھي. ٻيو ڪو يوزر نانءُ پسند ڪريو. 137 sysop 7574 2006-10-15T10:12:43Z Aursani 60 برق ٽپال * 140 sysop 7145 2006-09-29T15:14:30Z Aursani 60 لاگ اِن چُڪَ 143 sysop 7693 2006-10-16T16:46:47Z Aursani 60 توهان جو ڄاڻايل يوزر نانءُ ڪارگر نه آهي. 144 sysop 7143 2006-09-29T15:13:24Z Aursani 60 ڪامياب لاگ اِن 146 sysop 7691 2006-10-16T16:45:59Z Aursani 60 "$1" نالي سان ڪو به يوزر نه آهي. هجي چڪاسيو يا نئون کاتو کوليو. 147 sysop 7580 2006-10-15T10:16:32Z Aursani 60 توھان جو ڏنل ڳجھو لفظ غير درست آھي. مھرباني ڪري وري ٽائيپ ڪندا. 148 sysop 7534 2006-10-12T17:18:33Z Aursani 60 ڳجھو لفظ برق ٽپال ڪريو 150 sysop 7563 2006-10-15T09:57:41Z Aursani 60 ڪنھن (شايد توھان آءِ پي پتي $1 تان) اسان کي {{SITENAME}} ($4) لاءِ نئون ڳجھو لفظ اماڻڻ جي گھُرَ ڪئي ھئي. ھاڻي يوزر "$2" لاءِ ڳجھو لفظ "$3" آھي. توھان کي ھاڻي ئي لاگ اِن ٿي پنھنجو ڳجھو لفظ تبديل ڪرڻ گھرجي. جيڪڏھن اھا گھُرَ اوھان نھ ڪئي ھئي، يا ھاڻي اوھان کي پنھنجو ڳجھو لفظ ياد اچي ويو آھي تھ توھان ھن نياپي کي نظر انداز ڪندي پنھنجو پراڻو ڳجھو لفظ ئي استعمال ڪري سگھو ٿا. 152 sysop 7538 2006-10-12T17:39:03Z Aursani 60 يوزر $1 لاءِ ھڪ نئون ڳجھو لفظ برق ٽپال ذريعي اماڻيو ويو آھي. مھرباني ڪري اھو حاصل ڪرڻ بعد لاگ اِن ٿيندا. 156 sysop 7179 2006-09-29T15:50:20Z Aursani 60 تِرڇي تحرير 157 sysop 7178 2006-09-29T15:49:47Z Aursani 60 تِرڇي تحرير 158 sysop 7599 2006-10-15T10:52:37Z Aursani 60 ڳنڍڻو عنوان 159 sysop 7142 2006-09-29T15:12:37Z Aursani 60 داخلي ڳنڍڻو 160 sysop 7733 2006-10-19T11:56:50Z Aursani 60 http://www.example.com ڳنڍڻي جو عنوان 161 sysop 7455 2006-10-11T10:44:25Z Aursani 60 خارجي ڳنڍڻو (ياد http:// اڳياڙي ھڻڻ نھ وساريندا) 165 sysop 7754 2006-10-19T14:01:55Z Aursani 60 رياضياتي فارمولو (LaTeX) 169 sysop 7843 2006-10-25T13:26:47Z Aursani 60 جَڙيل عڪس 172 sysop 7032 2006-09-27T10:51:18Z Aursani 60 اوھان جي صحيح بمع اوقاتي مھر 176 sysop 7792 2006-10-19T15:50:40Z Aursani 60 موضوع/سُرخي 177 sysop 7174 2006-09-29T15:39:28Z Aursani 60 ھيءَ معمولي ترميم آھي 178 sysop 7242 2006-09-30T16:57:56Z Aursani 60 ھيءُ صفحو ٽيٽيو 179 sysop 7322 2006-10-03T15:33:28Z Aursani 60 صفحو سانڍيو 180 sysop 7832 2006-10-25T08:42:05Z Aursani 60 پيش نگاه 181 sysop 7833 2006-10-25T08:42:35Z Aursani 60 پيش نگاه 183 sysop 7536 2006-10-12T17:32:35Z Aursani 60 <big>'''توھان جي يوزرنانءُ يا آءِ پي کي روڪيو ويو آھي.'''</big> روڪ $1 ڪئي. جڏھن تھ ڄاڻايل سبب ''$2'' آھي. اھڙي روڪ تي بحث ڪرڻ لاءِ توھان $1 يا ڪنھن ٻي [[{{ns:project}}:منتظمين|منتظم]] سان رابطو ڪري سگھو ٿا. جيڪڏھن توھان جي [[Special:ترجيحات|کاتو ترجيحات]] ۾ درست برق ٽپال پتو درج ٿيل نھ آھي تھ توھان 'ھن يوزر کي برق ٽپال ڪريو' وارو فيچر نھ ٿا استعمال ڪري سگھو. توھان جو ھاڻوڪي آءِ پي پتو $3 آھي. مھرباني ڪري ڪنھن بھ پڇا ڳاڇا لاءِ ان جو حوالو ڏيندا. 185 sysop 7584 2006-10-15T10:21:51Z Aursani 60 صفحا ترميمڻ لاءِ توھان کي $1 ٿيڻو پوندو. 190 sysop 7433 2006-10-11T10:15:03Z Aursani 60 ڳجھو لفظ اماڻجي چڪو. 192 sysop 7320 2006-10-03T15:30:48Z Aursani 60 (نئون) 193 sysop 7616 2006-10-15T11:28:07Z Aursani 60 توھان اھڙي صفحي جو ڳنڍڻو وٺي ھتي پھتا آھيو، جيڪو اڃا وجود نھ ٿو رکي. اھڙو صفحو جوڙڻ لاءِ ھيٺين باڪس ۾ ٽائيپ ڪرڻ شروع ڪريو ([[{{ns:help}}:Contents|امدادي صفحو]] ڏسندا). جي توھان ھتي غلطيءَ ۾ اچي ويا آھيو تھ رڳو پنھنجي جھانگُوءَ جو '''back''' بٽڻ ڪلڪ ڪندا. 195 sysop 7705 2006-10-17T16:57:15Z Aursani 60 في الوقت هن صفحي تي ڪو به مواد نه آهي، توهان ٻين صفحن ۾ [[{{ns:special}}:Search/{{PAGENAME}}|ان عنوان جي ڳولا]] ڪري سگھو ٿا يا اهو به ممڪن آهي ته توهان [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}} هن صفحي کي ترميميو]. 197 sysop 7156 2006-09-29T15:25:00Z Aursani 60 <strong>نوٽ:</strong> 198 sysop 7831 2006-10-25T08:41:46Z Aursani 60 <strong>هيءَ فقط پيش نگاه آهي؛ توهان جون ڪيل تبديليون اڃا سانڍجون نه آهن!</strong> 200 sysop 7063 2006-09-27T12:00:47Z Aursani 60 زير ترميم: $1 203 sysop 7750 2006-10-19T13:52:41Z Aursani 60 ترميم ۾ تضاد: $1 205 sysop 7184 2006-09-29T15:54:19Z Aursani 60 توھان جي تحرير 208 sysop 7181 2006-09-29T15:53:00Z Aursani 60 تفريقون 220 sysop 7200 2006-09-29T16:15:10Z Aursani 60 ھاڻوڪو 222 sysop 7962 2006-10-28T16:07:16Z Aursani 60 اڳوڻو 227 sysop 7465 2006-10-11T10:51:57Z Aursani 60 سِٽَ $1: 228 sysop 7745 2006-10-19T13:48:48Z Aursani 60 هن صفحي جي موجوده ورزن کي ترميميو 231 sysop 7790 2006-10-19T15:48:44Z Aursani 60 وڪيپيڊيا ۾ ڳولا جاري 242 sysop 7175 2006-09-29T15:44:56Z Aursani 60 اڳوڻو $1 244 sysop 7793 2006-10-19T15:53:01Z Aursani 60 ڏسو ($1) ($2) ($3). 245 sysop 7708 2006-10-17T17:26:10Z Aursani 60 <b>$2</b># سان شروع ٿيندڙ <b>$1</b> تائين تبديليون ڏيکارجن ٿيون. 248 sysop 7633 2006-10-16T15:41:38Z Aursani 60 ڳوليو 249 sysop 7636 2006-10-16T15:43:50Z Aursani 60 ڳولا در نانءُ پولار:<br />$1<br />$2 List redirects<br />ڳولا براءِ $3 $9 250 sysop 7516 2006-10-11T12:17:17Z Aursani 60 {{SITENAME}} ڳولا غير ميسر آھي. توھان في الوقت گوگل ۾ ڳولا ڪري سگھو ٿا. ڌيان ۾ رکندا تھ سندن {{SITENAME}} جون ڏسڻيون مدي خارج ٿي سگھن ٿيون. 252 sysop 7160 2006-09-29T15:26:49Z Aursani 60 ترجيحات 253 sysop 7539 2006-10-12T17:40:40Z Aursani 60 لاگ اِن ٿيل نھ آھيو 255 sysop 7162 2006-09-29T15:29:23Z Aursani 60 توھان بحيثيت "$1" لاگ اِن ٿيا آھيو. توھان جو داخلي سڄاڻپ نمبر $2 آھي. ڏسندا [[Project:User preferences help]] for help deciphering the options. 258 sysop 7552 2006-10-12T17:59:46Z Aursani 60 ڳجھو لفظ تبديل ڪريو 259 sysop 7080 2006-09-27T14:34:46Z Aursani 60 چم 260 sysop 7466 2006-10-11T10:52:21Z Aursani 60 رياضي 268 sysop 7323 2006-10-03T15:34:17Z Aursani 60 سانڍيو 270 sysop 7549 2006-10-12T17:56:12Z Aursani 60 اڳوڻو ڳجھو لفظ: 271 sysop 7550 2006-10-12T17:56:48Z Aursani 60 نئون ڳجھو لفظ: 272 sysop 7556 2006-10-12T18:03:39Z Aursani 60 نئون ڳجھو لفظ ٻيھر ٽائيپ ڪريو: 282 sysop 7593 2006-10-15T10:33:37Z Aursani 60 توھان جون ترجيحات سانڍيون ويون آھن. . 284 sysop 7456 2006-10-11T10:45:05Z Aursani 60 مقامي وقت 288 sysop 7491 2006-10-11T11:12:05Z Aursani 60 ٻين يوزرس کان ايندڙ برق ٽپال روڪيو. 290 sysop 7044 2006-09-27T11:21:42Z Aursani 60 تبديليون 291 sysop 7071 2006-09-27T12:09:09Z Aursani 60 تازيون تبديليون 293 sysop 7614 2006-10-15T11:17:22Z Aursani 60 تازيون تبديليون پنڌ ۾ .... 295 sysop 7591 2006-10-15T10:31:20Z Aursani 60 ھيٺ <b>$2</b> کان ڪيل تبديليون ڏجن ٿيون (<b>$1</b> تائين ڏيکاريل). 296 sysop 7698 2006-10-17T16:25:32Z Aursani 60 $1 کان شروع ٿيندڙ نيون تبديليون ڏيکاريو 298 sysop 7699 2006-10-17T16:26:51Z Aursani 60 گذريل $2 ڏينھن ۾ ڪيل پويون $1 تبديليون ڏيکاريو <br />$3 299 sysop 7667 2006-10-16T16:16:52Z Aursani 60 $4 جي صورت ۾؛ $1 معمولي ترميمون؛ $2 ثانوي نانءُ پولار؛ $3 ورجايل ترميمون. 300 sysop 7615 2006-10-15T11:19:02Z Aursani 60 لاگ اِن ٿيل يوزرس جون ڪيل تبديليون $1 301 sysop 7199 2006-09-29T16:14:37Z Aursani 60 تفاوت 302 sysop 7738 2006-10-19T12:04:53Z Aursani 60 تاريخ 303 sysop 7503 2006-10-11T11:27:35Z Aursani 60 لڪايو 304 sysop 7324 2006-10-03T15:34:51Z Aursani 60 ظاھريو 306 sysop 8015 2006-11-03T17:10:51Z Aursani 60 فهرست 307 sysop 7319 2006-10-03T15:30:26Z Aursani 60 $1 تبديليون 308 sysop 7135 2006-09-29T15:00:42Z Aursani 60 م 310 sysop 7087 2006-09-27T14:39:46Z Aursani 60 فائيل چاڙھيو 311 sysop 7085 2006-09-27T14:38:40Z Aursani 60 فائيل چاڙھيو 312 sysop 7086 2006-09-27T14:39:15Z Aursani 60 تصويرون چاڙھيو 313 sysop 7176 2006-09-29T15:46:40Z Aursani 60 نئين سِر چاڙھيو 317 sysop 7515 2006-10-11T12:04:17Z Aursani 60 عڪسَ، آوازَ، دستاويز وغيرھ چاڙھيو. 319 sysop 7723 2006-10-17T17:50:59Z Aursani 60 فائيل چاڙھڻ لاءِ ھيٺيون فارم استعمال ڪريو، اڳ ۾ چاڙھيل تصويرون ڳولڻ يا ڏسڻ لاءِ [[Special:Imagelist|چاڙھيل فائيلن جي فهرست]] تي وڃو. [[Special:Log/upload|چاڙھڪاري لاگ]] تي پڻ چاڙھڪاريون ۽ ڊاٺون لاگ ڪيون وينديون آهن. اها تصوير ڪنهن صفحي ۾ شامل ڪرڻ لاءِ، هن صورت ۾ ڳنڍڻو استعمال ڪريو: '''<nowiki>[[{{ns:image}}:File.jpg]]</nowiki>''', '''<nowiki>[[{{ns:image}}:File.png|alt text]]</nowiki>''' يا سڌو سنئون فائيل سان ڳنڍڻ لاءِ '''<nowiki>[[{{ns:media}}:File.ogg]]</nowiki>''' استعمال ڪريو. 323 sysop 7726 2006-10-19T11:47:03Z Aursani 60 فائيل نانءُ 324 sysop 7727 2006-10-19T11:47:27Z Aursani 60 تت 327 sysop 7441 2006-10-11T10:22:11Z Aursani 60 آئون خاطري ٿو ڏيان تھ ھن فائيل جا حق ۽ واسطا رکندڙ ھن فائيل کي $1 جي شرطن تحت لائيسنسڻ لاءِ رضامند آھي. 328 sysop 7988 2006-10-31T08:48:12Z Aursani 60 Project:حق ۽ واسطا 330 sysop 7642 2006-10-16T15:49:28Z Aursani 60 چاڙھيل فائيل 331 sysop 7785 2006-10-19T15:43:29Z Aursani 60 توهان کي لازماً خاطري ڪرائڻي پوندي ته اهو فائيل چاڙھڻ سان ان جي لاڳاپيل حقن ۽ واسطن جي ڀڄڪڙي نه ٿيندي. 333 sysop 7510 2006-10-11T11:32:14Z Aursani 60 فائيل جو نالو گھٽ ۾ گھٽ بھ ٽن اکرن تي مشتمل ھجي. 336 sysop 8014 2006-11-03T17:10:38Z Aursani 60 اها سفارش ٿي ڪجي ته صفحي جي سائيز $1 ٻاٽڻين (بائيٽس) کان مٿي نه هجي؛ هن فائيل جي سائيز $2 ٻاٽڻيون (بائيٽس) آهي 338 sysop 7736 2006-10-19T12:03:09Z Aursani 60 فائيل $1 ڪاميابيءَ سان چڙھي چڪو آهي. مهرباني ڪري تفصيلاتي صفحي جي هن ڳنڍڻي تي ڪلڪ ڪريو: $2 ۽ فائيل بابت ڄاڻ ميسر ڪندا، جهڙوڪ اهو فائيل ڪٿان آيو، ڪنهنجو لکيل آهي، ۽ اهڙي ٻي ڪا معلومات جيڪا توهان ان فائيل متعلق رکندا هجو. جيڪڏهن هيءُ ڪو عڪس، يعني تصوير وغيره آهي ته توهان ان کي ڪنهن صفحي اندر هيٺينءَ ريت رکي سگھو ٿا. <tt><nowiki>[[Image:$1|thumb|Description]]</nowiki></tt> 340 sysop 7030 2006-09-27T10:50:01Z Aursani 60 فائيل سانڍيو 347 sysop 7847 2006-10-25T13:28:26Z Aursani 60 ڳولا 349 sysop 7011 2006-09-27T10:39:09Z Aursani 60 سڀ 350 sysop 7043 2006-09-27T11:21:07Z Aursani 60 ناليوار 351 sysop 7151 2006-09-29T15:21:59Z Aursani 60 تاريخوار 358 sysop 7497 2006-10-11T11:20:36Z Aursani 60 ڊاھيو 360 sysop 7486 2006-10-11T11:06:24Z Aursani 60 ڳنڍڻا 361 sysop 7600 2006-10-15T10:53:26Z Aursani 60 ھن فائيل سان ھيٺيان صفحا ڳنڍيل آھن. 363 sysop 7712 2006-10-17T17:30:38Z Aursani 60 انگ اکر 364 sysop 7710 2006-10-17T17:28:14Z Aursani 60 {{SITENAME}} انگ اکر 365 sysop 7544 2006-10-12T17:51:40Z Aursani 60 يوزر بابت انگ اکر 366 sysop 7707 2006-10-17T17:09:51Z Aursani 60 اعدادخاني ۾ ڪل '''$1''' صفحا آهن. ان ۾ "مباحثي" صفحا، minimal "اسٽب"، {{SITENAME}} بابت صفحا، redirects، ۽ ٻيا به شامل آهن، جيڪي شايد غير موادي صفحا ليکيا وڃن. انهن کي خارج ڪرڻ بعد، باقي '''$2''' صفحا آهن، جيڪي شايد حقيقي مواد رکندڙ صفحا چئي سگھجي ٿو. هيستائين '''$8''' فائيل چاڙھيا ويا آهن. There have been a total of '''$3''' page views, and '''$4''' page edits since the wiki was setup. That comes to '''$5''' average edits per page, and '''$6''' views per edit. The [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Job_queue job queue] length is '''$7'''. 367 sysop 7573 2006-10-15T10:12:00Z Aursani 60 في الوقت '''$1''' اندراجيل يوزرس آھن، جن مان '''$2''' (يا '''$4%''') $5 آھن . 371 sysop 7074 2006-09-27T12:12:26Z Aursani 60 سلجھائپَ صفحا 372 sysop 6614 2006-08-28T14:24:08Z YurikBot 90 Listed disambig templates. PLEASE REVIEW! Admins, please maintain this page by including links to all disambiguation templates and any redirects to them. The list is used by [[Special:Disambiguations]] to show any pages linking to disambiguation articles. The list will also be used by various bots. <small>Note: This page may be translated and reformatted. Any links to '''<nowiki>[[template:...]]</nowiki>''' will be treated as links to disambiguation templates.</small> * [[Template:Disambig]] 380 sysop 7191 2006-09-29T16:03:58Z Aursani 60 غير درست ھِجي وارا صفحا 387 sysop 7180 2006-09-29T15:51:09Z Aursani 60 يتيم صفحا 388 sysop 7650 2006-10-16T15:56:21Z Aursani 60 اڻ استعماليل صفحا 389 sysop 7318 2006-10-03T15:27:23Z Aursani 60 مقبول صفحا 391 sysop 7797 2006-10-19T15:55:40Z Aursani 60 گھربل صفحا 392 sysop 7334 2006-10-03T16:47:18Z Aursani 60 $1 {{PLURAL:$1|ڳنڍڻو|ڳنڍڻا}} 393 sysop 7058 2006-09-27T11:47:46Z Aursani 60 سڀ صفحا 394 sysop 7072 2006-09-27T12:10:13Z Aursani 60 بلا ترتيب صفحو 395 sysop 7611 2006-10-15T11:10:33Z Aursani 60 مختصر صفحا 396 sysop 7332 2006-10-03T16:45:48Z Aursani 60 طويل صفحا 398 sysop 7703 2006-10-17T16:33:34Z Aursani 60 يوزرس فهرست 399 sysop 7062 2006-09-27T11:59:58Z Aursani 60 خاص صفحا 404 sysop 7664 2006-10-16T16:06:57Z Aursani 60 لاڳاپيل تبديلون 405 sysop 7566 2006-10-15T10:02:17Z Aursani 60 ("$1" سان ڳنڍيل صفحن ڏانھن) 408 sysop 7000 2006-09-27T10:30:21Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}قديم ترين صفحا 409 sysop 7495 2006-10-11T11:19:11Z Aursani 60 بين الٻوليائي ڳنڍڻا 410 sysop 7757 2006-10-19T14:04:43Z Aursani 60 هيءُ صفحو چوريو 415 sysop 7472 2006-10-11T10:57:52Z Aursani 60 موڪلڻ جو پتو اڻ ڄاتل No send address 416 sysop 8017 2006-11-03T17:35:45Z Aursani 60 ٻين يوزرس کي برق ٽپال اماڻڻ لاءِ ضروري آهي ته توهان [[Special:Userlogin|لاگ اِن ٿيل]] هجو ۽ توهان جي [[Special:Preferences|ترجيحات]] ۾ درست برق ٽپال پتو ڄاڻايل هجي. 417 sysop 7771 2006-10-19T14:15:10Z Aursani 60 هن يوزر کي برق ٽپال اماڻيو 420 sysop 7787 2006-10-19T15:44:39Z Aursani 60 ڪو به برق ٽپال پتو ڄاڻايل نه آهي. 422 sysop 7527 2006-10-12T16:52:31Z Aursani 60 از طرف 424 sysop 8005 2006-11-03T17:04:56Z Aursani 60 موضوع 425 sysop 7052 2006-09-27T11:31:50Z Aursani 60 نياپو 426 sysop 8006 2006-11-03T17:05:10Z Aursani 60 اماڻيو 427 sysop 8007 2006-11-03T17:05:29Z Aursani 60 برق ٽپال قمقڻجي چڪي 429 sysop 7798 2006-10-19T15:56:24Z Aursani 60 منهنجي ٽيٽ فهرست 431 sysop 7788 2006-10-19T15:46:21Z Aursani 60 توهان جي ٽيٽ فهرست ۾ ڪجھه به ڪونهي. 432 sysop 7794 2006-10-19T15:53:44Z Aursani 60 لاگ اِن ٿيل نه آهيو 433 sysop 7594 2006-10-15T10:39:46Z Aursani 60 پنھنجي ٽيٽ لسٽ کي ترميمڻ لاءِ توھان کي [[Special:userlogin|لاگ اِن]] ٿيڻو پوندو. 434 sysop 7529 2006-10-12T16:56:52Z Aursani 60 ٽيٽ فھرست ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. 436 sysop 7589 2006-10-15T10:29:09Z Aursani 60 ٽيٽ فھرست مان ھٽايو ويو Removed from watchlist 437 sysop 7565 2006-10-15T09:59:23Z Aursani 60 توھان جي ٽيٽ فھرست مان صفحو "[[:$1]]" ھٽايو ويو آھي. 438 sysop 7236 2006-09-30T16:52:53Z Aursani 60 ھيءُ صفحو ٽيٽيو 440 sysop 7155 2006-09-29T15:24:29Z Aursani 60 غير مواد صفحو 442 sysop 7605 2006-10-15T10:59:29Z Aursani 60 * $1 ٽيٽيل صفحا (مباحثي صفحن کي ڇڏي) * [[Special:Watchlist/edit|سموري ٽيٽ فھرست ڏيکاريو ۽ ترميميو]] * [[Special:Watchlist/clear|سڀ صفحا ھٽايو]] 446 sysop 7796 2006-10-19T15:54:53Z Aursani 60 توهان جي ٽيٽ فهرست ۾ $1 صفحا شامل آهن. 449 sysop 7618 2006-10-15T11:32:11Z Aursani 60 '$1' مِٽائي نھ ٿو سگھجي... 451 sysop 7583 2006-10-15T10:20:35Z Aursani 60 ھيٺ <b>$2</b> ڪلاڪن ۾ ٿيل $1 تبديلون ڏيکارجن ٿيو. 452 sysop 7582 2006-10-15T10:18:53Z Aursani 60 پوين $2 ڏينھن ۽ ڪلاڪن $1 جون $3 ڏيکاريو. 453 sysop 7645 2006-10-16T15:52:34Z Aursani 60 ھيءُ توھان جي ٽيٽ فھرست جو سانڍيل ورزن آھي. 454 sysop 7949 2006-10-27T09:36:17Z Aursani 60 صفحو ڊاهيو 455 sysop 7451 2006-10-11T10:38:05Z Aursani 60 پڪ ڪريو 456 sysop 7993 2006-11-01T10:22:00Z Aursani 60 اڳوڻو مواد: '$1' 457 sysop 7774 2006-10-19T14:16:40Z Aursani 60 ڪورو ٿيڻ کان اڳ مواد هيءُ هو: '$1' 458 sysop 7769 2006-10-19T14:14:19Z Aursani 60 صفحو خالي هو 461 sysop 7487 2006-10-11T11:08:29Z Aursani 60 خبردار: جيڪو صفحو توھان ڊاھڻ رھيا آھيو، تنھن جي ھڪ تاريخ آھي. 466 sysop 7047 2006-09-27T11:25:59Z Aursani 60 "[[$1]]" ڊھي ويو 478 sysop 7759 2006-10-19T14:07:21Z Aursani 60 ان ترميم ساڻ هي تاثرات درج ٿيل هئا: "<i>$1</i>". 482 sysop 7690 2006-10-16T16:43:58Z Aursani 60 "[[$1]]" تحفظيو ويو 484 sysop 7148 2006-09-29T15:18:01Z Aursani 60 ڊاٺل صفحا ڏسو 491 sysop 7717 2006-10-17T17:35:39Z Aursani 60 بحاليو 494 sysop 7985 2006-10-31T08:46:55Z Aursani 60 يوزر جون ڀاڱيداريون 495 sysop 7076 2006-09-27T14:29:36Z Aursani 60 منھنجون ڀاڱيداريون 496 sysop 7989 2006-10-31T08:48:36Z Aursani 60 براءِ $1 498 sysop 7149 2006-09-29T15:20:17Z Aursani 60 ھيٺ يُوزر طرفان پوين <b>$2</b> ڏينھن ۾ ڪيل <b>$1</b> آخري تبديليون ڏيکارجن ٿيون. 499 sysop 7567 2006-10-15T10:05:23Z Aursani 60 پويون $1 تبديليون ڏسو؛ پويان $2 ڏينھن ڏسو. 507 sysop 7150 2006-09-29T15:21:28Z Aursani 60 يُوزر کي روڪيو 508 sysop 7450 2006-10-11T10:37:09Z Aursani 60 ڪنھن مخصوص يوزر يا آءِ پي جا ترميمي اختيار روڪڻ لاءِ ھيٺيون فارم استعمال ڪندا. اھو صرف ۽ صرف واندائپ کي روڪڻ لاءِ ۽ [[{{ns:project}}:پاليسي|پاليسي]]ءَ پٽاندر استعمال ٿيڻ گھرجي. ھيٺ خاص ڪارڻ پڻ پُر ڪندا (مثال طور انھن صفحن جو حوالو ڏيندا جيڪي واندايا ويا ھئا). Use the form below to block write access from a specific IP address or username. This should be done only only to prevent vandalism, and in accordance with [[{{ns:project}}:Policy|policy]]. Fill in a specific reason below (for example, citing particular pages that were vandalized). 509 sysop 7475 2006-10-11T11:00:07Z Aursani 60 آءِ پي پتو 510 sysop 7476 2006-10-11T11:00:21Z Aursani 60 سبب 513 sysop 7555 2006-10-12T18:02:48Z Aursani 60 روڪڻ جو سبڀ ڄاڻائڻ لازمي آھي. 516 sysop 7981 2006-10-31T08:37:42Z Aursani 60 يوزر کي اڻ بندشيو 521 sysop 7781 2006-10-19T14:33:12Z Aursani 60 $1, $2 blocked $3 ($4) 523 sysop 7799 2006-10-19T15:57:37Z Aursani 60 اڻ بندشيو 524 sysop 7994 2006-11-01T10:30:33Z Aursani 60 ڀاڱيداريون 527 sysop 7782 2006-10-19T15:26:37Z Aursani 60 "[[$1]]" کي بندشيو ويو $2 جي عرصي لاءِ 536 sysop 7457 2006-10-11T10:45:54Z Aursani 60 اعداد خاني کي ٻنجو 537 sysop 7641 2006-10-16T15:49:01Z Aursani 60 اعداد خاني کي کوليو 550 sysop 7040 2006-09-27T11:09:22Z Aursani 60 صفحو چوريو 553 sysop 7758 2006-10-19T14:05:02Z Aursani 60 صفحو چوريو 557 sysop 7755 2006-10-19T14:02:22Z Aursani 60 صفحو چوريو 563 sysop 7756 2006-10-19T14:03:51Z Aursani 60 لاڳاپيل مباحثي صفحو چوريو 567 sysop 7737 2006-10-19T12:04:38Z Aursani 60 صفحا برآمديو 571 sysop 7445 2006-10-11T10:27:31Z Aursani 60 ھيءَ ذريعات وڪي (MediaWiki) تي ميسر سرشتائي نياپن جي فھرست آھي. This is a list of system messages available in the MediaWiki namespace. 573 2959 2004-02-22T03:43:39Z MediaWiki default This is a list of all messages available in the MediaWiki: namespace <table border=1 width=100%><tr><td> '''Name''' </td><td> '''Default text''' </td><td> '''Current text''' </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:1movedto2&action=edit 1movedto2] </td><td> $1 moved to $2 </td><td> {{MSGNW:1movedto2}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:About&action=edit about] </td><td> About </td><td> {{MSGNW:about}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Aboutpage&action=edit aboutpage] </td><td> Wikipedia:About </td><td> {{MSGNW:aboutpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Aboutwikipedia&action=edit aboutwikipedia] </td><td> About Wikipedia </td><td> {{MSGNW:aboutwikipedia}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accmailtext&action=edit accmailtext] </td><td> The Password for &#39;$1&#39; has been sent to $2. </td><td> {{MSGNW:accmailtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accmailtitle&action=edit accmailtitle] </td><td> Password sent. </td><td> {{MSGNW:accmailtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Actioncomplete&action=edit actioncomplete] </td><td> Action complete </td><td> {{MSGNW:actioncomplete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Addedwatch&action=edit addedwatch] </td><td> Added to watchlist </td><td> {{MSGNW:addedwatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Addedwatchtext&action=edit addedwatchtext] </td><td> The page &quot;$1&quot; has been added to your &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Watchlist&quot;&gt;watchlist&lt;/a&gt;. Future changes to this page and its associated Talk page will be listed there, and the page will appear &lt;b&gt;bolded&lt;/b&gt; in the &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Recentchanges&quot;&gt;list of recent changes&lt;/a&gt; to make it easier to pick out.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;If you want to remove the page from your watchlist later, click &quot;Stop watching&quot; in the sidebar. </td><td> {{MSGNW:addedwatchtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Administrators&action=edit administrators] </td><td> Wikipedia:Administrators </td><td> {{MSGNW:administrators}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Affirmation&action=edit affirmation] </td><td> I affirm that the copyright holder of this file agrees to license it under the terms of the $1. </td><td> {{MSGNW:affirmation}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:All&action=edit all] </td><td> all </td><td> {{MSGNW:all}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Allmessages&action=edit allmessages] </td><td> All_messages </td><td> {{MSGNW:allmessages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Allmessagestext&action=edit allmessagestext] </td><td> This is a list of all messages available in the MediaWiki: namespace </td><td> {{MSGNW:allmessagestext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Allpages&action=edit allpages] </td><td> All pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:allpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Alphaindexline&action=edit alphaindexline] </td><td> $1 to $2 </td><td> {{MSGNW:alphaindexline}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Alreadyloggedin&action=edit alreadyloggedin] </td><td> &lt;font color=red&gt;&lt;b&gt;User $1, you are already logged in!&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:alreadyloggedin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Alreadyrolled&action=edit alreadyrolled] </td><td> Cannot rollback last edit of &#91;&#91;$1]] by &#91;&#91;User:$2&#124;$2]] (&#91;&#91;User talk:$2&#124;Talk]]); someone else has edited or rolled back the article already. Last edit was by &#91;&#91;User:$3&#124;$3]] (&#91;&#91;User talk:$3&#124;Talk]]). </td><td> {{MSGNW:alreadyrolled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ancientpages&action=edit ancientpages] </td><td> Oldest articles </td><td> {{MSGNW:ancientpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Anontalkpagetext&action=edit anontalkpagetext] </td><td> ---- &#39;&#39;This is the discussion page for an anonymous user who has not created an account yet or who does not use it. We therefore have to use the numerical &#91;&#91;IP address]] to identify him/her. Such an IP address can be shared by several users. If you are an anonymous user and feel that irrelevant comments have been directed at you, please &#91;&#91;Special:Userlogin&#124;create an account or log in]] to avoid future confusion with other anonymous users.&#39;&#39; </td><td> {{MSGNW:anontalkpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Articleexists&action=edit articleexists] </td><td> A page of that name already exists, or the name you have chosen is not valid. Please choose another name. </td><td> {{MSGNW:articleexists}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Articlepage&action=edit articlepage] </td><td> View article </td><td> {{MSGNW:articlepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Asksql&action=edit asksql] </td><td> SQL query </td><td> {{MSGNW:asksql}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Asksqltext&action=edit asksqltext] </td><td> Use the form below to make a direct query of the database. Use single quotes (&#39;like this&#39;) to delimit string literals. This can often add considerable load to the server, so please use this function sparingly. </td><td> {{MSGNW:asksqltext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Autoblocker&action=edit autoblocker] </td><td> Autoblocked because you share an IP address with &quot;$1&quot;. Reason &quot;$2&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:autoblocker}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badarticleerror&action=edit badarticleerror] </td><td> This action cannot be performed on this page. </td><td> {{MSGNW:badarticleerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badfilename&action=edit badfilename] </td><td> Image name has been changed to &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:badfilename}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badfiletype&action=edit badfiletype] </td><td> &quot;.$1&quot; is not a recommended image file format. </td><td> {{MSGNW:badfiletype}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badipaddress&action=edit badipaddress] </td><td> No user exists by that name </td><td> {{MSGNW:badipaddress}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badquery&action=edit badquery] </td><td> Badly formed search query </td><td> {{MSGNW:badquery}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badquerytext&action=edit badquerytext] </td><td> We could not process your query. This is probably because you have attempted to search for a word fewer than three letters long, which is not yet supported. It could also be that you have mistyped the expression, for example &quot;fish and and scales&quot;. Please try another query. </td><td> {{MSGNW:badquerytext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badretype&action=edit badretype] </td><td> The passwords you entered do not match. </td><td> {{MSGNW:badretype}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badtitle&action=edit badtitle] </td><td> Bad title </td><td> {{MSGNW:badtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badtitletext&action=edit badtitletext] </td><td> The requested page title was invalid, empty, or an incorrectly linked inter-language or inter-wiki title. </td><td> {{MSGNW:badtitletext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blanknamespace&action=edit blanknamespace] </td><td> (Main) </td><td> {{MSGNW:blanknamespace}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockedtext&action=edit blockedtext] </td><td> Your user name or IP address has been blocked by $1. The reason given is this:&lt;br&gt;&#39;&#39;$2&#39;&#39;&lt;p&gt;You may contact $1 or one of the other &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Administrators&#124;administrators]] to discuss the block. Note that you may not use the &quot;email this user&quot; feature unless you have a valid email address registered in your &#91;&#91;Special:Preferences&#124;user preferences]]. Your IP address is $3. Please include this address in any queries you make. &#61;=Note to AOL users== Due to continuing acts of vandalism by one particular AOL user, Wikipedia often blocks AOL proxies. Unfortunately, a single proxy server may be used by a large number of AOL users, and hence innocent AOL users are often inadvertently blocked. We apologise for any inconvenience caused. If this happens to you, please email an administrator, using an AOL email address. Be sure to include the IP address given above. </td><td> {{MSGNW:blockedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockedtitle&action=edit blockedtitle] </td><td> User is blocked </td><td> {{MSGNW:blockedtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockip&action=edit blockip] </td><td> Block user </td><td> {{MSGNW:blockip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockipsuccesssub&action=edit blockipsuccesssub] </td><td> Block succeeded </td><td> {{MSGNW:blockipsuccesssub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockipsuccesstext&action=edit blockipsuccesstext] </td><td> &quot;$1&quot; has been blocked. &lt;br&gt;See &#91;&#91;Special:Ipblocklist&#124;IP block list]] to review blocks. </td><td> {{MSGNW:blockipsuccesstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockiptext&action=edit blockiptext] </td><td> Use the form below to block write access from a specific IP address or username. This should be done only only to prevent vandalism, and in accordance with &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Policy&#124;policy]]. Fill in a specific reason below (for example, citing particular pages that were vandalized). </td><td> {{MSGNW:blockiptext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklink&action=edit blocklink] </td><td> block </td><td> {{MSGNW:blocklink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklistline&action=edit blocklistline] </td><td> $1, $2 blocked $3 </td><td> {{MSGNW:blocklistline}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklogentry&action=edit blocklogentry] </td><td> blocked &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{MSGNW:blocklogentry}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklogpage&action=edit blocklogpage] </td><td> Block_log </td><td> {{MSGNW:blocklogpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklogtext&action=edit blocklogtext] </td><td> This is a log of user blocking and unblocking actions. Automatically blocked IP addresses are not be listed. See the &#91;&#91;Special:Ipblocklist&#124;IP block list]] for the list of currently operational bans and blocks. </td><td> {{MSGNW:blocklogtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bold_sample&action=edit bold_sample] </td><td> Bold text </td><td> {{MSGNW:bold_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bold_tip&action=edit bold_tip] </td><td> Bold text </td><td> {{MSGNW:bold_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Booksources&action=edit booksources] </td><td> Book sources </td><td> {{MSGNW:booksources}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Booksourcetext&action=edit booksourcetext] </td><td> Below is a list of links to other sites that sell new and used books, and may also have further information about books you are looking for. Wikipedia is not affiliated with any of these businesses, and this list should not be construed as an endorsement. </td><td> {{MSGNW:booksourcetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Brokenredirects&action=edit brokenredirects] </td><td> Broken Redirects </td><td> {{MSGNW:brokenredirects}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Brokenredirectstext&action=edit brokenredirectstext] </td><td> The following redirects link to a non-existing article. </td><td> {{MSGNW:brokenredirectstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bugreports&action=edit bugreports] </td><td> Bug reports </td><td> {{MSGNW:bugreports}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bugreportspage&action=edit bugreportspage] </td><td> Wikipedia:Bug_reports </td><td> {{MSGNW:bugreportspage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucratlog&action=edit bureaucratlog] </td><td> Bureaucrat_log </td><td> {{MSGNW:bureaucratlog}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucratlogentry&action=edit bureaucratlogentry] </td><td> set $1: $2 </td><td> {{MSGNW:bureaucratlogentry}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucrattext&action=edit bureaucrattext] </td><td> The action you have requested can only be performed by sysops with &quot;bureaucrat&quot; status. </td><td> {{MSGNW:bureaucrattext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucrattitle&action=edit bureaucrattitle] </td><td> Bureaucrat access required </td><td> {{MSGNW:bureaucrattitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bydate&action=edit bydate] </td><td> by date </td><td> {{MSGNW:bydate}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Byname&action=edit byname] </td><td> by name </td><td> {{MSGNW:byname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bysize&action=edit bysize] </td><td> by size </td><td> {{MSGNW:bysize}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cachederror&action=edit cachederror] </td><td> The following is a cached copy of the requested page, and may not be up to date. </td><td> {{MSGNW:cachederror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cancel&action=edit cancel] </td><td> Cancel </td><td> {{MSGNW:cancel}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cannotdelete&action=edit cannotdelete] </td><td> Could not delete the page or image specified. (It may have already been deleted by someone else.) </td><td> {{MSGNW:cannotdelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cantrollback&action=edit cantrollback] </td><td> Cannot revert edit; last contributor is only author of this article. </td><td> {{MSGNW:cantrollback}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Categories&action=edit categories] </td><td> Page categories </td><td> {{MSGNW:categories}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Category&action=edit category] </td><td> category </td><td> {{MSGNW:category}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Category_header&action=edit category_header] </td><td> Articles in category &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{MSGNW:category_header}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Changepassword&action=edit changepassword] </td><td> Change password </td><td> {{MSGNW:changepassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Changes&action=edit changes] </td><td> changes </td><td> {{MSGNW:changes}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Columns&action=edit columns] </td><td> Columns </td><td> {{MSGNW:columns}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Commentedit&action=edit commentedit] </td><td> (comment) </td><td> {{MSGNW:commentedit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirm&action=edit confirm] </td><td> Confirm </td><td> {{MSGNW:confirm}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmcheck&action=edit confirmcheck] </td><td> Yes, I really want to delete this. </td><td> {{MSGNW:confirmcheck}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmdelete&action=edit confirmdelete] </td><td> Confirm delete </td><td> {{MSGNW:confirmdelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmdeletetext&action=edit confirmdeletetext] </td><td> You are about to permanently delete a page or image along with all of its history from the database. Please confirm that you intend to do this, that you understand the consequences, and that you are doing this in accordance with &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Policy]]. </td><td> {{MSGNW:confirmdeletetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contextchars&action=edit contextchars] </td><td> Characters of context per line </td><td> {{MSGNW:contextchars}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contextlines&action=edit contextlines] </td><td> Lines to show per hit </td><td> {{MSGNW:contextlines}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contribslink&action=edit contribslink] </td><td> contribs </td><td> {{MSGNW:contribslink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contribsub&action=edit contribsub] </td><td> For $1 </td><td> {{MSGNW:contribsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contributions&action=edit contributions] </td><td> User contributions </td><td> {{MSGNW:contributions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyrightpage&action=edit copyrightpage] </td><td> Wikipedia:Copyrights </td><td> {{MSGNW:copyrightpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyrightpagename&action=edit copyrightpagename] </td><td> Wikipedia copyright </td><td> {{MSGNW:copyrightpagename}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyrightwarning&action=edit copyrightwarning] </td><td> Please note that all contributions to Wikipedia are considered to be released under the GNU Free Documentation License (see $1 for details). If you don&#39;t want your writing to be edited mercilessly and redistributed at will, then don&#39;t submit it here.&lt;br&gt; You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource. &lt;strong&gt;DO NOT SUBMIT COPYRIGHTED WORK WITHOUT PERMISSION!&lt;/strong&gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:copyrightwarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Couldntremove&action=edit couldntremove] </td><td> Couldn&#39;t remove item &#39;$1&#39;... </td><td> {{MSGNW:couldntremove}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Createaccount&action=edit createaccount] </td><td> Create new account </td><td> {{MSGNW:createaccount}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Createaccountmail&action=edit createaccountmail] </td><td> by eMail </td><td> {{MSGNW:createaccountmail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cur&action=edit cur] </td><td> cur </td><td> {{MSGNW:cur}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Currentevents&action=edit currentevents] </td><td> Current events </td><td> {{MSGNW:currentevents}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Currentrev&action=edit currentrev] </td><td> Current revision </td><td> {{MSGNW:currentrev}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Databaseerror&action=edit databaseerror] </td><td> Database error </td><td> {{MSGNW:databaseerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dateformat&action=edit dateformat] </td><td> Date format </td><td> {{MSGNW:dateformat}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dberrortext&action=edit dberrortext] </td><td> A database query syntax error has occurred. This could be because of an illegal search query (see $5), or it may indicate a bug in the software. The last attempted database query was: &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;tt&gt;$1&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; from within function &quot;&lt;tt&gt;$2&lt;/tt&gt;&quot;. MySQL returned error &quot;&lt;tt&gt;$3: $4&lt;/tt&gt;&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:dberrortext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dberrortextcl&action=edit dberrortextcl] </td><td> A database query syntax error has occurred. The last attempted database query was: &quot;$1&quot; from within function &quot;$2&quot;. MySQL returned error &quot;$3: $4&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:dberrortextcl}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deadendpages&action=edit deadendpages] </td><td> Dead-end pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:deadendpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Debug&action=edit debug] </td><td> Debug </td><td> {{MSGNW:debug}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Defaultns&action=edit defaultns] </td><td> Search in these namespaces by default: </td><td> {{MSGNW:defaultns}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Defemailsubject&action=edit defemailsubject] </td><td> Wikipedia e-mail </td><td> {{MSGNW:defemailsubject}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletecomment&action=edit deletecomment] </td><td> Reason for deletion </td><td> {{MSGNW:deletecomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletedarticle&action=edit deletedarticle] </td><td> deleted &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{MSGNW:deletedarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletedtext&action=edit deletedtext] </td><td> &quot;$1&quot; has been deleted. See $2 for a record of recent deletions. </td><td> {{MSGNW:deletedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deleteimg&action=edit deleteimg] </td><td> del </td><td> {{MSGNW:deleteimg}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletepage&action=edit deletepage] </td><td> Delete page </td><td> {{MSGNW:deletepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletesub&action=edit deletesub] </td><td> (Deleting &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{MSGNW:deletesub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletethispage&action=edit deletethispage] </td><td> Delete this page </td><td> {{MSGNW:deletethispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletionlog&action=edit deletionlog] </td><td> deletion log </td><td> {{MSGNW:deletionlog}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dellogpage&action=edit dellogpage] </td><td> Deletion_log </td><td> {{MSGNW:dellogpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dellogpagetext&action=edit dellogpagetext] </td><td> Below is a list of the most recent deletions. All times shown are server time (UTC). &lt;ul&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:dellogpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Developerspheading&action=edit developerspheading] </td><td> For developer use only </td><td> {{MSGNW:developerspheading}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Developertext&action=edit developertext] </td><td> The action you have requested can only be performed by users with &quot;developer&quot; status. See $1. </td><td> {{MSGNW:developertext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Developertitle&action=edit developertitle] </td><td> Developer access required </td><td> {{MSGNW:developertitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Diff&action=edit diff] </td><td> diff </td><td> {{MSGNW:diff}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Difference&action=edit difference] </td><td> (Difference between revisions) </td><td> {{MSGNW:difference}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disambiguations&action=edit disambiguations] </td><td> Disambiguation pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:disambiguations}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disambiguationspage&action=edit disambiguationspage] </td><td> Wikipedia:Links_to_disambiguating_pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:disambiguationspage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disambiguationstext&action=edit disambiguationstext] </td><td> The following articles link to a &lt;i&gt;disambiguation page&lt;/i&gt;. They should link to the appropriate topic instead.&lt;br&gt;A page is treated as dismbiguation if it is linked from $1.&lt;br&gt;Links from other namespaces are &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; listed here. </td><td> {{MSGNW:disambiguationstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disclaimerpage&action=edit disclaimerpage] </td><td> Wikipedia:General_disclaimer </td><td> {{MSGNW:disclaimerpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disclaimers&action=edit disclaimers] </td><td> Disclaimers </td><td> {{MSGNW:disclaimers}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Doubleredirects&action=edit doubleredirects] </td><td> Double Redirects </td><td> {{MSGNW:doubleredirects}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Doubleredirectstext&action=edit doubleredirectstext] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;Attention:&lt;/b&gt; This list may contain false positives. That usually means there is additional text with links below the first #REDIRECT.&lt;br&gt; Each row contains links to the first and second redirect, as well as the first line of the second redirect text, usually giving the &quot;real&quot; taget article, which the first redirect should point to. </td><td> {{MSGNW:doubleredirectstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editcomment&action=edit editcomment] </td><td> The edit comment was: &quot;&lt;i&gt;$1&lt;/i&gt;&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:editcomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editconflict&action=edit editconflict] </td><td> Edit conflict: $1 </td><td> {{MSGNW:editconflict}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editcurrent&action=edit editcurrent] </td><td> Edit the current version of this page </td><td> {{MSGNW:editcurrent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Edithelp&action=edit edithelp] </td><td> Editing help </td><td> {{MSGNW:edithelp}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Edithelppage&action=edit edithelppage] </td><td> Wikipedia:How_does_one_edit_a_page </td><td> {{MSGNW:edithelppage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editing&action=edit editing] </td><td> Editing $1 </td><td> {{MSGNW:editing}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editingold&action=edit editingold] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;WARNING: You are editing an out-of-date revision of this page. If you save it, any changes made since this revision will be lost.&lt;/strong&gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:editingold}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editsection&action=edit editsection] </td><td> edit </td><td> {{MSGNW:editsection}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editthispage&action=edit editthispage] </td><td> Edit this page </td><td> {{MSGNW:editthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailflag&action=edit emailflag] </td><td> Disable e-mail from other users </td><td> {{MSGNW:emailflag}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailforlost&action=edit emailforlost] </td><td> * Entering an email address is optional. But it enables people to contact you through the website without you having to reveal your email address to them, and it also helps you if you forget your password. </td><td> {{MSGNW:emailforlost}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailfrom&action=edit emailfrom] </td><td> From </td><td> {{MSGNW:emailfrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailmessage&action=edit emailmessage] </td><td> Message </td><td> {{MSGNW:emailmessage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailpage&action=edit emailpage] </td><td> E-mail user </td><td> {{MSGNW:emailpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailpagetext&action=edit emailpagetext] </td><td> If this user has entered a valid e-mail address in his or her user preferences, the form below will send a single message. The e-mail address you entered in your user preferences will appear as the &quot;From&quot; address of the mail, so the recipient will be able to reply. </td><td> {{MSGNW:emailpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsend&action=edit emailsend] </td><td> Send </td><td> {{MSGNW:emailsend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsent&action=edit emailsent] </td><td> E-mail sent </td><td> {{MSGNW:emailsent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsenttext&action=edit emailsenttext] </td><td> Your e-mail message has been sent. </td><td> {{MSGNW:emailsenttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsubject&action=edit emailsubject] </td><td> Subject </td><td> {{MSGNW:emailsubject}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailto&action=edit emailto] </td><td> To </td><td> {{MSGNW:emailto}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailuser&action=edit emailuser] </td><td> E-mail this user </td><td> {{MSGNW:emailuser}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Enterlockreason&action=edit enterlockreason] </td><td> Enter a reason for the lock, including an estimate of when the lock will be released </td><td> {{MSGNW:enterlockreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Error&action=edit error] </td><td> Error </td><td> {{MSGNW:error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Errorpagetitle&action=edit errorpagetitle] </td><td> Error </td><td> {{MSGNW:errorpagetitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exbeforeblank&action=edit exbeforeblank] </td><td> content before blanking was: </td><td> {{MSGNW:exbeforeblank}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exblank&action=edit exblank] </td><td> page was empty </td><td> {{MSGNW:exblank}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Excontent&action=edit excontent] </td><td> content was: </td><td> {{MSGNW:excontent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Explainconflict&action=edit explainconflict] </td><td> Someone else has changed this page since you started editing it. The upper text area contains the page text as it currently exists. Your changes are shown in the lower text area. You will have to merge your changes into the existing text. &lt;b&gt;Only&lt;/b&gt; the text in the upper text area will be saved when you press &quot;Save page&quot;. &lt;p&gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:explainconflict}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Export&action=edit export] </td><td> Export pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:export}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exportcuronly&action=edit exportcuronly] </td><td> Include only the current revision, not the full history </td><td> {{MSGNW:exportcuronly}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exporttext&action=edit exporttext] </td><td> You can export the text and editing history of a particular page or set of pages wrapped in some XML; this can then be imported into another wiki running MediaWiki software, transformed, or just kept for your private amusement. </td><td> {{MSGNW:exporttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Extlink_sample&action=edit extlink_sample] </td><td> http&#58;//www.example.com link title </td><td> {{MSGNW:extlink_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Extlink_tip&action=edit extlink_tip] </td><td> External link (remember http&#58;// prefix) </td><td> {{MSGNW:extlink_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Faq&action=edit faq] </td><td> FAQ </td><td> {{MSGNW:faq}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Faqpage&action=edit faqpage] </td><td> Wikipedia:FAQ </td><td> {{MSGNW:faqpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filecopyerror&action=edit filecopyerror] </td><td> Could not copy file &quot;$1&quot; to &quot;$2&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:filecopyerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filedeleteerror&action=edit filedeleteerror] </td><td> Could not delete file &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:filedeleteerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filedesc&action=edit filedesc] </td><td> Summary </td><td> {{MSGNW:filedesc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filename&action=edit filename] </td><td> Filename </td><td> {{MSGNW:filename}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filenotfound&action=edit filenotfound] </td><td> Could not find file &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:filenotfound}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filerenameerror&action=edit filerenameerror] </td><td> Could not rename file &quot;$1&quot; to &quot;$2&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:filerenameerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filesource&action=edit filesource] </td><td> Source </td><td> {{MSGNW:filesource}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filestatus&action=edit filestatus] </td><td> Copyright status </td><td> {{MSGNW:filestatus}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Fileuploaded&action=edit fileuploaded] </td><td> File &quot;$1&quot; uploaded successfully. Please follow this link: ($2) to the description page and fill in information about the file, such as where it came from, when it was created and by whom, and anything else you may know about it. </td><td> {{MSGNW:fileuploaded}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Formerror&action=edit formerror] </td><td> Error: could not submit form </td><td> {{MSGNW:formerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Fromwikipedia&action=edit fromwikipedia] </td><td> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. </td><td> {{MSGNW:fromwikipedia}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Getimagelist&action=edit getimagelist] </td><td> fetching image list </td><td> {{MSGNW:getimagelist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Gnunote&action=edit gnunote] </td><td> All text is available under the terms of the &lt;a class=internal href=&#39;/wiki/GNU_FDL&#39;&gt;GNU Free Documentation License&lt;/a&gt;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:gnunote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Go&action=edit go] </td><td> Go </td><td> {{MSGNW:go}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Googlesearch&action=edit googlesearch] </td><td> &lt;!-- SiteSearch Google --&gt; &lt;FORM method=GET action=&quot;http&#58;//www.google.com/search&quot;&gt; &lt;TABLE bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt; &lt;A HREF=&quot;http&#58;//www.google.com/&quot;&gt; &lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http&#58;//www.google.com/logos/Logo_40wht.gif&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; ALT=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;INPUT TYPE=text name=q size=31 maxlength=255 value=&quot;$1&quot;&gt; &lt;INPUT type=submit name=btnG VALUE=&quot;Google Search&quot;&gt; &lt;font size=-1&gt; &lt;input type=hidden name=domains value=&quot;http&#58;//sd.wikipedia.org&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&quot;&quot;&gt; WWW &lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&quot;http&#58;//sd.wikipedia.org&quot; checked&gt; http&#58;//sd.wikipedia.org &lt;br&gt; &lt;input type=&#39;hidden&#39; name=&#39;ie&#39; value=&#39;$2&#39;&gt; &lt;input type=&#39;hidden&#39; name=&#39;oe&#39; value=&#39;$2&#39;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt; &lt;/FORM&gt; &lt;!-- SiteSearch Google --&gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:googlesearch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Guesstimezone&action=edit guesstimezone] </td><td> Fill in from browser </td><td> {{MSGNW:guesstimezone}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Headline_sample&action=edit headline_sample] </td><td> Headline text </td><td> {{MSGNW:headline_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Headline_tip&action=edit headline_tip] </td><td> Level 2 headline </td><td> {{MSGNW:headline_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Help&action=edit help] </td><td> Help </td><td> {{MSGNW:help}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Helppage&action=edit helppage] </td><td> Wikipedia:Help </td><td> {{MSGNW:helppage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hide&action=edit hide] </td><td> hide </td><td> {{MSGNW:hide}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hidetoc&action=edit hidetoc] </td><td> hide </td><td> {{MSGNW:hidetoc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hist&action=edit hist] </td><td> hist </td><td> {{MSGNW:hist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Histlegend&action=edit histlegend] </td><td> Legend: (cur) = difference with current version, (last) = difference with preceding version, M = minor edit </td><td> {{MSGNW:histlegend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:History&action=edit history] </td><td> Page history </td><td> {{MSGNW:history}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Historywarning&action=edit historywarning] </td><td> Warning: The page you are about to delete has a history: </td><td> {{MSGNW:historywarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hr_tip&action=edit hr_tip] </td><td> Horizontal line (use sparingly) </td><td> {{MSGNW:hr_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ignorewarning&action=edit ignorewarning] </td><td> Ignore warning and save file anyway. </td><td> {{MSGNW:ignorewarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ilshowmatch&action=edit ilshowmatch] </td><td> Show all images with names matching </td><td> {{MSGNW:ilshowmatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ilsubmit&action=edit ilsubmit] </td><td> Search </td><td> {{MSGNW:ilsubmit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Image_sample&action=edit image_sample] </td><td> Example.jpg </td><td> {{MSGNW:image_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Image_tip&action=edit image_tip] </td><td> Embedded image </td><td> {{MSGNW:image_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagelinks&action=edit imagelinks] </td><td> Image links </td><td> {{MSGNW:imagelinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagelist&action=edit imagelist] </td><td> Image list </td><td> {{MSGNW:imagelist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagelisttext&action=edit imagelisttext] </td><td> Below is a list of $1 images sorted $2. </td><td> {{MSGNW:imagelisttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagepage&action=edit imagepage] </td><td> View image page </td><td> {{MSGNW:imagepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagereverted&action=edit imagereverted] </td><td> Revert to earlier version was successful. </td><td> {{MSGNW:imagereverted}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imgdelete&action=edit imgdelete] </td><td> del </td><td> {{MSGNW:imgdelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imgdesc&action=edit imgdesc] </td><td> desc </td><td> {{MSGNW:imgdesc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imghistlegend&action=edit imghistlegend] </td><td> Legend: (cur) = this is the current image, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. &lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;Click on date to see image uploaded on that date&lt;/i&gt;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:imghistlegend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imghistory&action=edit imghistory] </td><td> Image history </td><td> {{MSGNW:imghistory}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imglegend&action=edit imglegend] </td><td> Legend: (desc) = show/edit image description. </td><td> {{MSGNW:imglegend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Infobox&action=edit infobox] </td><td> Click a button to get an example text </td><td> {{MSGNW:infobox}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Internalerror&action=edit internalerror] </td><td> Internal error </td><td> {{MSGNW:internalerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Intl&action=edit intl] </td><td> Interlanguage links </td><td> {{MSGNW:intl}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ip_range_invalid&action=edit ip_range_invalid] </td><td> Invalid IP range. </td><td> {{MSGNW:ip_range_invalid}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipaddress&action=edit ipaddress] </td><td> IP Address/username </td><td> {{MSGNW:ipaddress}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipb_expiry_invalid&action=edit ipb_expiry_invalid] </td><td> Expiry time invalid. </td><td> {{MSGNW:ipb_expiry_invalid}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipbexpiry&action=edit ipbexpiry] </td><td> Expiry </td><td> {{MSGNW:ipbexpiry}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipblocklist&action=edit ipblocklist] </td><td> List of blocked IP addresses and usernames </td><td> {{MSGNW:ipblocklist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipbreason&action=edit ipbreason] </td><td> Reason </td><td> {{MSGNW:ipbreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipbsubmit&action=edit ipbsubmit] </td><td> Block this user </td><td> {{MSGNW:ipbsubmit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipusubmit&action=edit ipusubmit] </td><td> Unblock this address </td><td> {{MSGNW:ipusubmit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipusuccess&action=edit ipusuccess] </td><td> &quot;$1&quot; unblocked </td><td> {{MSGNW:ipusuccess}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Isredirect&action=edit isredirect] </td><td> redirect page </td><td> {{MSGNW:isredirect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Italic_sample&action=edit italic_sample] </td><td> Italic text </td><td> {{MSGNW:italic_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Italic_tip&action=edit italic_tip] </td><td> Italic text </td><td> {{MSGNW:italic_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Iteminvalidname&action=edit iteminvalidname] </td><td> Problem with item &#39;$1&#39;, invalid name... </td><td> {{MSGNW:iteminvalidname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Largefile&action=edit largefile] </td><td> It is recommended that images not exceed 100k in size. </td><td> {{MSGNW:largefile}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Last&action=edit last] </td><td> last </td><td> {{MSGNW:last}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lastmodified&action=edit lastmodified] </td><td> This page was last modified $1. </td><td> {{MSGNW:lastmodified}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lineno&action=edit lineno] </td><td> Line $1: </td><td> {{MSGNW:lineno}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Link_sample&action=edit link_sample] </td><td> Link title </td><td> {{MSGNW:link_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Link_tip&action=edit link_tip] </td><td> Internal link </td><td> {{MSGNW:link_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linklistsub&action=edit linklistsub] </td><td> (List of links) </td><td> {{MSGNW:linklistsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linkshere&action=edit linkshere] </td><td> The following pages link to here: </td><td> {{MSGNW:linkshere}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linkstoimage&action=edit linkstoimage] </td><td> The following pages link to this image: </td><td> {{MSGNW:linkstoimage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linktrail&action=edit linktrail] </td><td> /^(&#91;a-z]+)(.*)$/sD </td><td> {{MSGNW:linktrail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Listform&action=edit listform] </td><td> list </td><td> {{MSGNW:listform}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Listusers&action=edit listusers] </td><td> User list </td><td> {{MSGNW:listusers}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loadhist&action=edit loadhist] </td><td> Loading page history </td><td> {{MSGNW:loadhist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loadingrev&action=edit loadingrev] </td><td> loading revision for diff </td><td> {{MSGNW:loadingrev}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Localtime&action=edit localtime] </td><td> Local time display </td><td> {{MSGNW:localtime}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockbtn&action=edit lockbtn] </td><td> Lock database </td><td> {{MSGNW:lockbtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockconfirm&action=edit lockconfirm] </td><td> Yes, I really want to lock the database. </td><td> {{MSGNW:lockconfirm}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdb&action=edit lockdb] </td><td> Lock database </td><td> {{MSGNW:lockdb}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdbsuccesssub&action=edit lockdbsuccesssub] </td><td> Database lock succeeded </td><td> {{MSGNW:lockdbsuccesssub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdbsuccesstext&action=edit lockdbsuccesstext] </td><td> The database has been locked. &lt;br&gt;Remember to remove the lock after your maintenance is complete. </td><td> {{MSGNW:lockdbsuccesstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdbtext&action=edit lockdbtext] </td><td> Locking the database will suspend the ability of all users to edit pages, change their preferences, edit their watchlists, and other things requiring changes in the database. Please confirm that this is what you intend to do, and that you will unlock the database when your maintenance is done. </td><td> {{MSGNW:lockdbtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Locknoconfirm&action=edit locknoconfirm] </td><td> You did not check the confirmation box. </td><td> {{MSGNW:locknoconfirm}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Login&action=edit login] </td><td> Log in </td><td> {{MSGNW:login}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginend&action=edit loginend] </td><td> &amp;lt;loginend&amp;gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:loginend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginerror&action=edit loginerror] </td><td> Login error </td><td> {{MSGNW:loginerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginpagetitle&action=edit loginpagetitle] </td><td> User login </td><td> {{MSGNW:loginpagetitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginproblem&action=edit loginproblem] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;There has been a problem with your login.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;Try again! </td><td> {{MSGNW:loginproblem}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginprompt&action=edit loginprompt] </td><td> You must have cookies enabled to log in to Wikipedia. </td><td> {{MSGNW:loginprompt}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginsuccess&action=edit loginsuccess] </td><td> You are now logged in to Wikipedia as &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:loginsuccess}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginsuccesstitle&action=edit loginsuccesstitle] </td><td> Login successful </td><td> {{MSGNW:loginsuccesstitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Logout&action=edit logout] </td><td> Log out </td><td> {{MSGNW:logout}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Logouttext&action=edit logouttext] </td><td> You are now logged out. You can continue to use Wikipedia anonymously, or you can log in again as the same or as a different user. Note that some pages may continue to be displayed as if you were still logged in, until you clear your browser cache </td><td> {{MSGNW:logouttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Logouttitle&action=edit logouttitle] </td><td> User logout </td><td> {{MSGNW:logouttitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lonelypages&action=edit lonelypages] </td><td> Orphaned pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:lonelypages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Longpages&action=edit longpages] </td><td> Long pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:longpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Longpagewarning&action=edit longpagewarning] </td><td> WARNING: This page is $1 kilobytes long; some browsers may have problems editing pages approaching or longer than 32kb. Please consider breaking the page into smaller sections. </td><td> {{MSGNW:longpagewarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailmypassword&action=edit mailmypassword] </td><td> Mail me a new password </td><td> {{MSGNW:mailmypassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailnologin&action=edit mailnologin] </td><td> No send address </td><td> {{MSGNW:mailnologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailnologintext&action=edit mailnologintext] </td><td> You must be &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; and have a valid e-mail address in your &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Preferences&quot;&gt;preferences&lt;/a&gt; to send e-mail to other users. </td><td> {{MSGNW:mailnologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mainpage&action=edit mainpage] </td><td> Main Page </td><td> {{MSGNW:mainpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mainpagetext&action=edit mainpagetext] </td><td> Wiki software successfully installed. </td><td> {{MSGNW:mainpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Maintenance&action=edit maintenance] </td><td> Maintenance page </td><td> {{MSGNW:maintenance}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Maintenancebacklink&action=edit maintenancebacklink] </td><td> Back to Maintenance Page </td><td> {{MSGNW:maintenancebacklink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Maintnancepagetext&action=edit maintnancepagetext] </td><td> This page includes several handy tools for everyday maintenance. Some of these functions tend to stress the database, so please do not hit reload after every item you fixed ;-) </td><td> {{MSGNW:maintnancepagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopfail&action=edit makesysopfail] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;User &#39;$1&#39; could not be made into a sysop. (Did you enter the name correctly?)&lt;/b&gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:makesysopfail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopname&action=edit makesysopname] </td><td> Name of the user: </td><td> {{MSGNW:makesysopname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopok&action=edit makesysopok] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;User &#39;$1&#39; is now a sysop&lt;/b&gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:makesysopok}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopsubmit&action=edit makesysopsubmit] </td><td> Make this user into a sysop </td><td> {{MSGNW:makesysopsubmit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysoptext&action=edit makesysoptext] </td><td> This form is used by bureaucrats to turn ordinary users into administrators. Type the name of the user in the box and press the button to make the user an administrator </td><td> {{MSGNW:makesysoptext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysoptitle&action=edit makesysoptitle] </td><td> Make a user into a sysop </td><td> {{MSGNW:makesysoptitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Matchtotals&action=edit matchtotals] </td><td> The query &quot;$1&quot; matched $2 article titles and the text of $3 articles. </td><td> {{MSGNW:matchtotals}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math&action=edit math] </td><td> Rendering math </td><td> {{MSGNW:math}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_failure&action=edit math_failure] </td><td> Failed to parse </td><td> {{MSGNW:math_failure}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_image_error&action=edit math_image_error] </td><td> PNG conversion failed </td><td> {{MSGNW:math_image_error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_lexing_error&action=edit math_lexing_error] </td><td> lexing error </td><td> {{MSGNW:math_lexing_error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_sample&action=edit math_sample] </td><td> Insert formula here </td><td> {{MSGNW:math_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_syntax_error&action=edit math_syntax_error] </td><td> syntax error </td><td> {{MSGNW:math_syntax_error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_tip&action=edit math_tip] </td><td> Mathematical formula (LaTeX) </td><td> {{MSGNW:math_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_unknown_error&action=edit math_unknown_error] </td><td> unknown error </td><td> {{MSGNW:math_unknown_error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_unknown_function&action=edit math_unknown_function] </td><td> unknown function </td><td> {{MSGNW:math_unknown_function}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Media_sample&action=edit media_sample] </td><td> Example.mp3 </td><td> {{MSGNW:media_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Media_tip&action=edit media_tip] </td><td> Media file link </td><td> {{MSGNW:media_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Minlength&action=edit minlength] </td><td> Image names must be at least three letters. </td><td> {{MSGNW:minlength}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Minoredit&action=edit minoredit] </td><td> This is a minor edit </td><td> {{MSGNW:minoredit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Minoreditletter&action=edit minoreditletter] </td><td> M </td><td> {{MSGNW:minoreditletter}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mispeelings&action=edit mispeelings] </td><td> Pages with misspellings </td><td> {{MSGNW:mispeelings}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mispeelingspage&action=edit mispeelingspage] </td><td> List of common misspellings </td><td> {{MSGNW:mispeelingspage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mispeelingstext&action=edit mispeelingstext] </td><td> The following pages contain a common misspelling, which are listed on $1. The correct spelling might be given (like this). </td><td> {{MSGNW:mispeelingstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missingarticle&action=edit missingarticle] </td><td> The database did not find the text of a page that it should have found, named &quot;$1&quot;. &lt;p&gt;This is usually caused by following an outdated diff or history link to a page that has been deleted. &lt;p&gt;If this is not the case, you may have found a bug in the software. Please report this to an administrator, making note of the URL. </td><td> {{MSGNW:missingarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missinglanguagelinks&action=edit missinglanguagelinks] </td><td> Missing Language Links </td><td> {{MSGNW:missinglanguagelinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missinglanguagelinksbutton&action=edit missinglanguagelinksbutton] </td><td> Find missing language links for </td><td> {{MSGNW:missinglanguagelinksbutton}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missinglanguagelinkstext&action=edit missinglanguagelinkstext] </td><td> These articles do &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; link to their counterpart in $1. Redirects and subpages are &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; shown. </td><td> {{MSGNW:missinglanguagelinkstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Moredotdotdot&action=edit moredotdotdot] </td><td> More... </td><td> {{MSGNW:moredotdotdot}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movearticle&action=edit movearticle] </td><td> Move page </td><td> {{MSGNW:movearticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movedto&action=edit movedto] </td><td> moved to </td><td> {{MSGNW:movedto}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movenologin&action=edit movenologin] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{MSGNW:movenologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movenologintext&action=edit movenologintext] </td><td> You must be a registered user and &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; to move a page. </td><td> {{MSGNW:movenologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepage&action=edit movepage] </td><td> Move page </td><td> {{MSGNW:movepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepagebtn&action=edit movepagebtn] </td><td> Move page </td><td> {{MSGNW:movepagebtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepagetalktext&action=edit movepagetalktext] </td><td> The associated talk page, if any, will be automatically moved along with it &#39;&#39;&#39;unless:&#39;&#39;&#39; *You are moving the page across namespaces, *A non-empty talk page already exists under the new name, or *You uncheck the box below. In those cases, you will have to move or merge the page manually if desired. </td><td> {{MSGNW:movepagetalktext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepagetext&action=edit movepagetext] </td><td> Using the form below will rename a page, moving all of its history to the new name. The old title will become a redirect page to the new title. Links to the old page title will not be changed; be sure to &#91;&#91;Special:Maintenance&#124;check]] for double or broken redirects. You are responsible for making sure that links continue to point where they are supposed to go. Note that the page will &#39;&#39;&#39;not&#39;&#39;&#39; be moved if there is already a page at the new title, unless it is empty or a redirect and has no past edit history. This means that you can rename a page back to where it was just renamed from if you make a mistake, and you cannot overwrite an existing page. &lt;b&gt;WARNING!&lt;/b&gt; This can be a drastic and unexpected change for a popular page; please be sure you understand the consequences of this before proceeding. </td><td> {{MSGNW:movepagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movetalk&action=edit movetalk] </td><td> Move &quot;talk&quot; page as well, if applicable. </td><td> {{MSGNW:movetalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movethispage&action=edit movethispage] </td><td> Move this page </td><td> {{MSGNW:movethispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mycontris&action=edit mycontris] </td><td> My contributions </td><td> {{MSGNW:mycontris}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mypage&action=edit mypage] </td><td> My page </td><td> {{MSGNW:mypage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mytalk&action=edit mytalk] </td><td> My talk </td><td> {{MSGNW:mytalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nbytes&action=edit nbytes] </td><td> $1 bytes </td><td> {{MSGNW:nbytes}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nchanges&action=edit nchanges] </td><td> $1 changes </td><td> {{MSGNW:nchanges}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newarticle&action=edit newarticle] </td><td> (New) </td><td> {{MSGNW:newarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newarticletext&action=edit newarticletext] </td><td> You&#39;ve followed a link to a page that doesn&#39;t exist yet. To create the page, start typing in the box below (see the &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Help&#124;help page]] for more info). If you are here by mistake, just click your browser&#39;s &#39;&#39;&#39;back&#39;&#39;&#39; button. </td><td> {{MSGNW:newarticletext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newmessages&action=edit newmessages] </td><td> You have $1. </td><td> {{MSGNW:newmessages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newmessageslink&action=edit newmessageslink] </td><td> new messages </td><td> {{MSGNW:newmessageslink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpage&action=edit newpage] </td><td> New page </td><td> {{MSGNW:newpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpageletter&action=edit newpageletter] </td><td> N </td><td> {{MSGNW:newpageletter}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpages&action=edit newpages] </td><td> New pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:newpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpassword&action=edit newpassword] </td><td> New password </td><td> {{MSGNW:newpassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newtitle&action=edit newtitle] </td><td> To new title </td><td> {{MSGNW:newtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newusersonly&action=edit newusersonly] </td><td> (new users only) </td><td> {{MSGNW:newusersonly}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Next&action=edit next] </td><td> next </td><td> {{MSGNW:next}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nextn&action=edit nextn] </td><td> next $1 </td><td> {{MSGNW:nextn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nlinks&action=edit nlinks] </td><td> $1 links </td><td> {{MSGNW:nlinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noaffirmation&action=edit noaffirmation] </td><td> You must affirm that your upload does not violate any copyrights. </td><td> {{MSGNW:noaffirmation}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noarticletext&action=edit noarticletext] </td><td> (There is currently no text in this page) </td><td> {{MSGNW:noarticletext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noblockreason&action=edit noblockreason] </td><td> You must supply a reason for the block. </td><td> {{MSGNW:noblockreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noconnect&action=edit noconnect] </td><td> Sorry! The wiki is experiencing some technical difficulties, and cannot contact the database server. </td><td> {{MSGNW:noconnect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocontribs&action=edit nocontribs] </td><td> No changes were found matching these criteria. </td><td> {{MSGNW:nocontribs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocookieslogin&action=edit nocookieslogin] </td><td> Wikipedia uses cookies to log in users. You have cookies disabled. Please enable them and try again. </td><td> {{MSGNW:nocookieslogin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocookiesnew&action=edit nocookiesnew] </td><td> The user account was created, but you are not logged in. Wikipedia uses cookies to log in users. You have cookies disabled. Please enable them, then log in with your new username and password. </td><td> {{MSGNW:nocookiesnew}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nodb&action=edit nodb] </td><td> Could not select database $1 </td><td> {{MSGNW:nodb}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noemail&action=edit noemail] </td><td> There is no e-mail address recorded for user &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:noemail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noemailtext&action=edit noemailtext] </td><td> This user has not specified a valid e-mail address, or has chosen not to receive e-mail from other users. </td><td> {{MSGNW:noemailtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noemailtitle&action=edit noemailtitle] </td><td> No e-mail address </td><td> {{MSGNW:noemailtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nogomatch&action=edit nogomatch] </td><td> No page with this exact title exists, trying full text search. </td><td> {{MSGNW:nogomatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nohistory&action=edit nohistory] </td><td> There is no edit history for this page. </td><td> {{MSGNW:nohistory}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nolinkshere&action=edit nolinkshere] </td><td> No pages link to here. </td><td> {{MSGNW:nolinkshere}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nolinkstoimage&action=edit nolinkstoimage] </td><td> There are no pages that link to this image. </td><td> {{MSGNW:nolinkstoimage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noname&action=edit noname] </td><td> You have not specified a valid user name. </td><td> {{MSGNW:noname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nonefound&action=edit nonefound] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;Note&lt;/strong&gt;: unsuccessful searches are often caused by searching for common words like &quot;have&quot; and &quot;from&quot;, which are not indexed, or by specifying more than one search term (only pages containing all of the search terms will appear in the result). </td><td> {{MSGNW:nonefound}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nospecialpagetext&action=edit nospecialpagetext] </td><td> You have requested a special page that is not recognized by the wiki. </td><td> {{MSGNW:nospecialpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchaction&action=edit nosuchaction] </td><td> No such action </td><td> {{MSGNW:nosuchaction}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchactiontext&action=edit nosuchactiontext] </td><td> The action specified by the URL is not recognized by the wiki </td><td> {{MSGNW:nosuchactiontext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchspecialpage&action=edit nosuchspecialpage] </td><td> No such special page </td><td> {{MSGNW:nosuchspecialpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchuser&action=edit nosuchuser] </td><td> There is no user by the name &quot;$1&quot;. Check your spelling, or use the form below to create a new user account. </td><td> {{MSGNW:nosuchuser}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notanarticle&action=edit notanarticle] </td><td> Not an article </td><td> {{MSGNW:notanarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notargettext&action=edit notargettext] </td><td> You have not specified a target page or user to perform this function on. </td><td> {{MSGNW:notargettext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notargettitle&action=edit notargettitle] </td><td> No target </td><td> {{MSGNW:notargettitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Note&action=edit note] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;Note:&lt;/strong&gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:note}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notextmatches&action=edit notextmatches] </td><td> No article text matches </td><td> {{MSGNW:notextmatches}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notitlematches&action=edit notitlematches] </td><td> No article title matches </td><td> {{MSGNW:notitlematches}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notloggedin&action=edit notloggedin] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{MSGNW:notloggedin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nowatchlist&action=edit nowatchlist] </td><td> You have no items on your watchlist. </td><td> {{MSGNW:nowatchlist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nowiki_sample&action=edit nowiki_sample] </td><td> Insert non-formatted text here </td><td> {{MSGNW:nowiki_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nowiki_tip&action=edit nowiki_tip] </td><td> Ignore wiki formatting </td><td> {{MSGNW:nowiki_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nviews&action=edit nviews] </td><td> $1 views </td><td> {{MSGNW:nviews}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ok&action=edit ok] </td><td> OK </td><td> {{MSGNW:ok}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Oldpassword&action=edit oldpassword] </td><td> Old password </td><td> {{MSGNW:oldpassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Orig&action=edit orig] </td><td> orig </td><td> {{MSGNW:orig}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Orphans&action=edit orphans] </td><td> Orphaned pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:orphans}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Otherlanguages&action=edit otherlanguages] </td><td> Other languages </td><td> {{MSGNW:otherlanguages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Pagemovedsub&action=edit pagemovedsub] </td><td> Move succeeded </td><td> {{MSGNW:pagemovedsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Pagemovedtext&action=edit pagemovedtext] </td><td> Page &quot;&#91;&#91;$1]]&quot; moved to &quot;&#91;&#91;$2]]&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:pagemovedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Passwordremindertext&action=edit passwordremindertext] </td><td> Someone (probably you, from IP address $1) requested that we send you a new Wikipedia login password. The password for user &quot;$2&quot; is now &quot;$3&quot;. You should log in and change your password now. </td><td> {{MSGNW:passwordremindertext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Passwordremindertitle&action=edit passwordremindertitle] </td><td> Password reminder from Wikipedia </td><td> {{MSGNW:passwordremindertitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Passwordsent&action=edit passwordsent] </td><td> A new password has been sent to the e-mail address registered for &quot;$1&quot;. Please log in again after you receive it. </td><td> {{MSGNW:passwordsent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Perfdisabled&action=edit perfdisabled] </td><td> Sorry! This feature has been temporarily disabled because it slows the database down to the point that no one can use the wiki. </td><td> {{MSGNW:perfdisabled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Perfdisabledsub&action=edit perfdisabledsub] </td><td> Here&#39;s a saved copy from $1: </td><td> {{MSGNW:perfdisabledsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Popularpages&action=edit popularpages] </td><td> Popular pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:popularpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Postcomment&action=edit postcomment] </td><td> Post a comment </td><td> {{MSGNW:postcomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Powersearch&action=edit powersearch] </td><td> Search </td><td> {{MSGNW:powersearch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Powersearchtext&action=edit powersearchtext] </td><td> Search in namespaces :&lt;br&gt; $1&lt;br&gt; $2 List redirects &amp;nbsp; Search for $3 $9 </td><td> {{MSGNW:powersearchtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Preferences&action=edit preferences] </td><td> Preferences </td><td> {{MSGNW:preferences}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefslogintext&action=edit prefslogintext] </td><td> You are logged in as &quot;$1&quot;. Your internal ID number is $2. See &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:User preferences help]] for help deciphering the options. </td><td> {{MSGNW:prefslogintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefsnologin&action=edit prefsnologin] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{MSGNW:prefsnologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefsnologintext&action=edit prefsnologintext] </td><td> You must be &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; to set user preferences. </td><td> {{MSGNW:prefsnologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefsreset&action=edit prefsreset] </td><td> Preferences have been reset from storage. </td><td> {{MSGNW:prefsreset}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Preview&action=edit preview] </td><td> Preview </td><td> {{MSGNW:preview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Previewconflict&action=edit previewconflict] </td><td> This preview reflects the text in the upper text editing area as it will appear if you choose to save. </td><td> {{MSGNW:previewconflict}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Previewnote&action=edit previewnote] </td><td> Remember that this is only a preview, and has not yet been saved! </td><td> {{MSGNW:previewnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prevn&action=edit prevn] </td><td> previous $1 </td><td> {{MSGNW:prevn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Printableversion&action=edit printableversion] </td><td> Printable version </td><td> {{MSGNW:printableversion}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Printsubtitle&action=edit printsubtitle] </td><td> (From http&#58;//www.wikipedia.org) </td><td> {{MSGNW:printsubtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedarticle&action=edit protectedarticle] </td><td> protected &#91;&#91;$1]] </td><td> {{MSGNW:protectedarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedpage&action=edit protectedpage] </td><td> Protected page </td><td> {{MSGNW:protectedpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedpagewarning&action=edit protectedpagewarning] </td><td> WARNING: This page has been locked so that only users with sysop privileges can edit it. Be sure you are following the &lt;a href=&#39;/wiki/Wikipedia:Protected_page_guidelines&#39;&gt;protected page guidelines&lt;/a&gt;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:protectedpagewarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedtext&action=edit protectedtext] </td><td> This page has been locked to prevent editing; there are a number of reasons why this may be so, please see &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Protected page]]. You can view and copy the source of this page: </td><td> {{MSGNW:protectedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectlogpage&action=edit protectlogpage] </td><td> Protection_log </td><td> {{MSGNW:protectlogpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectlogtext&action=edit protectlogtext] </td><td> Below is a list of page locks/unlocks. See &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Protected page]] for more information. </td><td> {{MSGNW:protectlogtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectpage&action=edit protectpage] </td><td> Protect page </td><td> {{MSGNW:protectpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectthispage&action=edit protectthispage] </td><td> Protect this page </td><td> {{MSGNW:protectthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbbrowse&action=edit qbbrowse] </td><td> Browse </td><td> {{MSGNW:qbbrowse}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbedit&action=edit qbedit] </td><td> Edit </td><td> {{MSGNW:qbedit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbfind&action=edit qbfind] </td><td> Find </td><td> {{MSGNW:qbfind}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbmyoptions&action=edit qbmyoptions] </td><td> My pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:qbmyoptions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbpageinfo&action=edit qbpageinfo] </td><td> Context </td><td> {{MSGNW:qbpageinfo}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbpageoptions&action=edit qbpageoptions] </td><td> This page </td><td> {{MSGNW:qbpageoptions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbsettings&action=edit qbsettings] </td><td> Quickbar settings </td><td> {{MSGNW:qbsettings}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbspecialpages&action=edit qbspecialpages] </td><td> Special pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:qbspecialpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Querybtn&action=edit querybtn] </td><td> Submit query </td><td> {{MSGNW:querybtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Querysuccessful&action=edit querysuccessful] </td><td> Query successful </td><td> {{MSGNW:querysuccessful}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Randompage&action=edit randompage] </td><td> Random page </td><td> {{MSGNW:randompage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Range_block_disabled&action=edit range_block_disabled] </td><td> The sysop ability to create range blocks is disabled. </td><td> {{MSGNW:range_block_disabled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rchide&action=edit rchide] </td><td> in $4 form; $1 minor edits; $2 secondary namespaces; $3 multiple edits. </td><td> {{MSGNW:rchide}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rclinks&action=edit rclinks] </td><td> Show last $1 changes in last $2 days; $3 </td><td> {{MSGNW:rclinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rclistfrom&action=edit rclistfrom] </td><td> Show new changes starting from $1 </td><td> {{MSGNW:rclistfrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcliu&action=edit rcliu] </td><td> ; $1 edits from logged in users </td><td> {{MSGNW:rcliu}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcloaderr&action=edit rcloaderr] </td><td> Loading recent changes </td><td> {{MSGNW:rcloaderr}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rclsub&action=edit rclsub] </td><td> (to pages linked from &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{MSGNW:rclsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcnote&action=edit rcnote] </td><td> Below are the last &lt;strong&gt;$1&lt;/strong&gt; changes in last &lt;strong&gt;$2&lt;/strong&gt; days. </td><td> {{MSGNW:rcnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcnotefrom&action=edit rcnotefrom] </td><td> Below are the changes since &lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt; (up to &lt;b&gt;$1&lt;/b&gt; shown). </td><td> {{MSGNW:rcnotefrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Readonly&action=edit readonly] </td><td> Database locked </td><td> {{MSGNW:readonly}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Readonlytext&action=edit readonlytext] </td><td> The database is currently locked to new entries and other modifications, probably for routine database maintenance, after which it will be back to normal. The administrator who locked it offered this explanation: &lt;p&gt;$1 </td><td> {{MSGNW:readonlytext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Readonlywarning&action=edit readonlywarning] </td><td> WARNING: The database has been locked for maintenance, so you will not be able to save your edits right now. You may wish to cut-n-paste the text into a text file and save it for later. </td><td> {{MSGNW:readonlywarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchanges&action=edit recentchanges] </td><td> Recent changes </td><td> {{MSGNW:recentchanges}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchangescount&action=edit recentchangescount] </td><td> Number of titles in recent changes </td><td> {{MSGNW:recentchangescount}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchangeslinked&action=edit recentchangeslinked] </td><td> Related changes </td><td> {{MSGNW:recentchangeslinked}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchangestext&action=edit recentchangestext] </td><td> Track the most recent changes to the wiki on this page. </td><td> {{MSGNW:recentchangestext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Redirectedfrom&action=edit redirectedfrom] </td><td> (Redirected from $1) </td><td> {{MSGNW:redirectedfrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Remembermypassword&action=edit remembermypassword] </td><td> Remember my password across sessions. </td><td> {{MSGNW:remembermypassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removechecked&action=edit removechecked] </td><td> Remove checked items from watchlist </td><td> {{MSGNW:removechecked}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removedwatch&action=edit removedwatch] </td><td> Removed from watchlist </td><td> {{MSGNW:removedwatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removedwatchtext&action=edit removedwatchtext] </td><td> The page &quot;$1&quot; has been removed from your watchlist. </td><td> {{MSGNW:removedwatchtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removingchecked&action=edit removingchecked] </td><td> Removing requested items from watchlist... </td><td> {{MSGNW:removingchecked}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Resetprefs&action=edit resetprefs] </td><td> Reset preferences </td><td> {{MSGNW:resetprefs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Restorelink&action=edit restorelink] </td><td> $1 deleted edits </td><td> {{MSGNW:restorelink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Resultsperpage&action=edit resultsperpage] </td><td> Hits to show per page </td><td> {{MSGNW:resultsperpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Retrievedfrom&action=edit retrievedfrom] </td><td> Retrieved from &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{MSGNW:retrievedfrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Returnto&action=edit returnto] </td><td> Return to $1. </td><td> {{MSGNW:returnto}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Retypenew&action=edit retypenew] </td><td> Retype new password </td><td> {{MSGNW:retypenew}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Reupload&action=edit reupload] </td><td> Re-upload </td><td> {{MSGNW:reupload}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Reuploaddesc&action=edit reuploaddesc] </td><td> Return to the upload form. </td><td> {{MSGNW:reuploaddesc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Reverted&action=edit reverted] </td><td> Reverted to earlier revision </td><td> {{MSGNW:reverted}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revertimg&action=edit revertimg] </td><td> rev </td><td> {{MSGNW:revertimg}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revertpage&action=edit revertpage] </td><td> Reverted edit of $2, changed back to last version by $1 </td><td> {{MSGNW:revertpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revhistory&action=edit revhistory] </td><td> Revision history </td><td> {{MSGNW:revhistory}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revisionasof&action=edit revisionasof] </td><td> Revision as of $1 </td><td> {{MSGNW:revisionasof}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revnotfound&action=edit revnotfound] </td><td> Revision not found </td><td> {{MSGNW:revnotfound}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revnotfoundtext&action=edit revnotfoundtext] </td><td> The old revision of the page you asked for could not be found. Please check the URL you used to access this page. </td><td> {{MSGNW:revnotfoundtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollback&action=edit rollback] </td><td> Roll back edits </td><td> {{MSGNW:rollback}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollbackfailed&action=edit rollbackfailed] </td><td> Rollback failed </td><td> {{MSGNW:rollbackfailed}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollbacklink&action=edit rollbacklink] </td><td> rollback </td><td> {{MSGNW:rollbacklink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rows&action=edit rows] </td><td> Rows </td><td> {{MSGNW:rows}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Savearticle&action=edit savearticle] </td><td> Save page </td><td> {{MSGNW:savearticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Savedprefs&action=edit savedprefs] </td><td> Your preferences have been saved. </td><td> {{MSGNW:savedprefs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Savefile&action=edit savefile] </td><td> Save file </td><td> {{MSGNW:savefile}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Saveprefs&action=edit saveprefs] </td><td> Save preferences </td><td> {{MSGNW:saveprefs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Search&action=edit search] </td><td> Search </td><td> {{MSGNW:search}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchdisabled&action=edit searchdisabled] </td><td> &lt;p&gt;Sorry! Full text search has been disabled temporarily, for performance reasons. In the meantime, you can use the Google search below, which may be out of date.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;!-- SiteSearch Google --&gt; &lt;FORM method=GET action=&quot;http&#58;//www.google.com/search&quot;&gt; &lt;TABLE bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt; &lt;A HREF=&quot;http&#58;//www.google.com/&quot;&gt; &lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http&#58;//www.google.com/logos/Logo_40wht.gif&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; ALT=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;INPUT TYPE=text name=q size=31 maxlength=255 value=&quot;$1&quot;&gt; &lt;INPUT type=submit name=btnG VALUE=&quot;Google Search&quot;&gt; &lt;font size=-1&gt; &lt;input type=hidden name=domains value=&quot;http&#58;//sd.wikipedia.org&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&quot;&quot;&gt; WWW &lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&quot;http&#58;//sd.wikipedia.org&quot; checked&gt; http&#58;//sd.wikipedia.org &lt;br&gt; &lt;input type=&#39;hidden&#39; name=&#39;ie&#39; value=&#39;$2&#39;&gt; &lt;input type=&#39;hidden&#39; name=&#39;oe&#39; value=&#39;$2&#39;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt; &lt;/FORM&gt; &lt;!-- SiteSearch Google --&gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:searchdisabled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchhelppage&action=edit searchhelppage] </td><td> Wikipedia:Searching </td><td> {{MSGNW:searchhelppage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchingwikipedia&action=edit searchingwikipedia] </td><td> Searching Wikipedia </td><td> {{MSGNW:searchingwikipedia}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchquery&action=edit searchquery] </td><td> For query &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{MSGNW:searchquery}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchresults&action=edit searchresults] </td><td> Search results </td><td> {{MSGNW:searchresults}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchresultshead&action=edit searchresultshead] </td><td> Search result settings </td><td> {{MSGNW:searchresultshead}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchresulttext&action=edit searchresulttext] </td><td> For more information about searching Wikipedia, see $1. </td><td> {{MSGNW:searchresulttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sectionedit&action=edit sectionedit] </td><td> (section) </td><td> {{MSGNW:sectionedit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selectonly&action=edit selectonly] </td><td> Only read-only queries are allowed. </td><td> {{MSGNW:selectonly}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selflinks&action=edit selflinks] </td><td> Pages with Self Links </td><td> {{MSGNW:selflinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selflinkstext&action=edit selflinkstext] </td><td> The following pages contain a link to themselves, which they should not. </td><td> {{MSGNW:selflinkstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Servertime&action=edit servertime] </td><td> Server time is now </td><td> {{MSGNW:servertime}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Setbureaucratflag&action=edit setbureaucratflag] </td><td> Set bureaucrat flag </td><td> {{MSGNW:setbureaucratflag}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Shortpages&action=edit shortpages] </td><td> Short pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:shortpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Show&action=edit show] </td><td> show </td><td> {{MSGNW:show}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showhideminor&action=edit showhideminor] </td><td> $1 minor edits </td><td> {{MSGNW:showhideminor}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showingresults&action=edit showingresults] </td><td> Showing below &lt;b&gt;$1&lt;/b&gt; results starting with #&lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:showingresults}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showingresultsnum&action=edit showingresultsnum] </td><td> Showing below &lt;b&gt;$3&lt;/b&gt; results starting with #&lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:showingresultsnum}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showlast&action=edit showlast] </td><td> Show last $1 images sorted $2. </td><td> {{MSGNW:showlast}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showpreview&action=edit showpreview] </td><td> Show preview </td><td> {{MSGNW:showpreview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showtoc&action=edit showtoc] </td><td> show </td><td> {{MSGNW:showtoc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sig_tip&action=edit sig_tip] </td><td> Your signature with timestamp </td><td> {{MSGNW:sig_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitestats&action=edit sitestats] </td><td> Site statistics </td><td> {{MSGNW:sitestats}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitestatstext&action=edit sitestatstext] </td><td> There are &lt;b&gt;$1&lt;/b&gt; total pages in the database. This includes &quot;talk&quot; pages, pages about Wikipedia, minimal &quot;stub&quot; pages, redirects, and others that probably don&#39;t qualify as articles. Excluding those, there are &lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt; pages that are probably legitimate articles.&lt;p&gt; There have been a total of &lt;b&gt;$3&lt;/b&gt; page views, and &lt;b&gt;$4&lt;/b&gt; page edits since the software was upgraded (July 20, 2002). That comes to &lt;b&gt;$5&lt;/b&gt; average edits per page, and &lt;b&gt;$6&lt;/b&gt; views per edit. </td><td> {{MSGNW:sitestatstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitesubtitle&action=edit sitesubtitle] </td><td> The Free Encyclopedia </td><td> {{MSGNW:sitesubtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitesupport&action=edit sitesupport] </td><td> Donations </td><td> {{MSGNW:sitesupport}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitesupportpage&action=edit sitesupportpage] </td><td> &amp;lt;sitesupportpage&amp;gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:sitesupportpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitetitle&action=edit sitetitle] </td><td> Wikipedia </td><td> {{MSGNW:sitetitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Skin&action=edit skin] </td><td> Skin </td><td> {{MSGNW:skin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Specialpages&action=edit specialpages] </td><td> Special pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:specialpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Spheading&action=edit spheading] </td><td> Special pages for all users </td><td> {{MSGNW:spheading}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sqlislogged&action=edit sqlislogged] </td><td> Please note that all queries are logged. </td><td> {{MSGNW:sqlislogged}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sqlquery&action=edit sqlquery] </td><td> Enter query </td><td> {{MSGNW:sqlquery}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Statistics&action=edit statistics] </td><td> Statistics </td><td> {{MSGNW:statistics}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Storedversion&action=edit storedversion] </td><td> Stored version </td><td> {{MSGNW:storedversion}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Stubthreshold&action=edit stubthreshold] </td><td> Threshold for stub display </td><td> {{MSGNW:stubthreshold}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Subcategories&action=edit subcategories] </td><td> Subcategories </td><td> {{MSGNW:subcategories}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Subject&action=edit subject] </td><td> Subject/headline </td><td> {{MSGNW:subject}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Subjectpage&action=edit subjectpage] </td><td> View subject </td><td> {{MSGNW:subjectpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Successfulupload&action=edit successfulupload] </td><td> Successful upload </td><td> {{MSGNW:successfulupload}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Summary&action=edit summary] </td><td> Summary </td><td> {{MSGNW:summary}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sysopspheading&action=edit sysopspheading] </td><td> For sysop use only </td><td> {{MSGNW:sysopspheading}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sysoptext&action=edit sysoptext] </td><td> The action you have requested can only be performed by users with &quot;sysop&quot; status. See $1. </td><td> {{MSGNW:sysoptext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sysoptitle&action=edit sysoptitle] </td><td> Sysop access required </td><td> {{MSGNW:sysoptitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tableform&action=edit tableform] </td><td> table </td><td> {{MSGNW:tableform}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkexists&action=edit talkexists] </td><td> The page itself was moved successfully, but the talk page could not be moved because one already exists at the new title. Please merge them manually. </td><td> {{MSGNW:talkexists}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpage&action=edit talkpage] </td><td> Discuss this page </td><td> {{MSGNW:talkpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpagemoved&action=edit talkpagemoved] </td><td> The corresponding talk page was also moved. </td><td> {{MSGNW:talkpagemoved}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpagenotmoved&action=edit talkpagenotmoved] </td><td> The corresponding talk page was &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; moved. </td><td> {{MSGNW:talkpagenotmoved}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Textboxsize&action=edit textboxsize] </td><td> Textbox dimensions </td><td> {{MSGNW:textboxsize}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Textmatches&action=edit textmatches] </td><td> Article text matches </td><td> {{MSGNW:textmatches}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Thisisdeleted&action=edit thisisdeleted] </td><td> View or restore $1? </td><td> {{MSGNW:thisisdeleted}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Thumbnail-more&action=edit thumbnail-more] </td><td> Enlarge </td><td> {{MSGNW:thumbnail-more}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Timezoneoffset&action=edit timezoneoffset] </td><td> Offset </td><td> {{MSGNW:timezoneoffset}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Timezonetext&action=edit timezonetext] </td><td> Enter number of hours your local time differs from server time (UTC). </td><td> {{MSGNW:timezonetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Titlematches&action=edit titlematches] </td><td> Article title matches </td><td> {{MSGNW:titlematches}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Toc&action=edit toc] </td><td> Table of contents </td><td> {{MSGNW:toc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uclinks&action=edit uclinks] </td><td> View the last $1 changes; view the last $2 days. </td><td> {{MSGNW:uclinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ucnote&action=edit ucnote] </td><td> Below are this user&#39;s last &lt;b&gt;$1&lt;/b&gt; changes in the last &lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt; days. </td><td> {{MSGNW:ucnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uctop&action=edit uctop] </td><td> (top) </td><td> {{MSGNW:uctop}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblockip&action=edit unblockip] </td><td> Unblock user </td><td> {{MSGNW:unblockip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblockiptext&action=edit unblockiptext] </td><td> Use the form below to restore write access to a previously blocked IP address or username. </td><td> {{MSGNW:unblockiptext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblocklink&action=edit unblocklink] </td><td> unblock </td><td> {{MSGNW:unblocklink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblocklogentry&action=edit unblocklogentry] </td><td> unblocked &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{MSGNW:unblocklogentry}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undelete&action=edit undelete] </td><td> Restore deleted page </td><td> {{MSGNW:undelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletearticle&action=edit undeletearticle] </td><td> Restore deleted article </td><td> {{MSGNW:undeletearticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletebtn&action=edit undeletebtn] </td><td> Restore! </td><td> {{MSGNW:undeletebtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletedarticle&action=edit undeletedarticle] </td><td> restored &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{MSGNW:undeletedarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletedtext&action=edit undeletedtext] </td><td> The article &#91;&#91;$1]] has been successfully restored. See &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Deletion_log]] for a record of recent deletions and restorations. </td><td> {{MSGNW:undeletedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletehistory&action=edit undeletehistory] </td><td> If you restore the page, all revisions will be restored to the history. If a new page with the same name has been created since the deletion, the restored revisions will appear in the prior history, and the current revision of the live page will not be automatically replaced. </td><td> {{MSGNW:undeletehistory}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletepage&action=edit undeletepage] </td><td> View and restore deleted pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:undeletepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletepagetext&action=edit undeletepagetext] </td><td> The following pages have been deleted but are still in the archive and can be restored. The archive may be periodically cleaned out. </td><td> {{MSGNW:undeletepagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeleterevision&action=edit undeleterevision] </td><td> Deleted revision as of $1 </td><td> {{MSGNW:undeleterevision}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeleterevisions&action=edit undeleterevisions] </td><td> $1 revisions archived </td><td> {{MSGNW:undeleterevisions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unexpected&action=edit unexpected] </td><td> Unexpected value: &quot;$1&quot;=&quot;$2&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:unexpected}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockbtn&action=edit unlockbtn] </td><td> Unlock database </td><td> {{MSGNW:unlockbtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockconfirm&action=edit unlockconfirm] </td><td> Yes, I really want to unlock the database. </td><td> {{MSGNW:unlockconfirm}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdb&action=edit unlockdb] </td><td> Unlock database </td><td> {{MSGNW:unlockdb}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdbsuccesssub&action=edit unlockdbsuccesssub] </td><td> Database lock removed </td><td> {{MSGNW:unlockdbsuccesssub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdbsuccesstext&action=edit unlockdbsuccesstext] </td><td> The database has been unlocked. </td><td> {{MSGNW:unlockdbsuccesstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdbtext&action=edit unlockdbtext] </td><td> Unlocking the database will restore the ability of all users to edit pages, change their preferences, edit their watchlists, and other things requiring changes in the database. Please confirm that this is what you intend to do. </td><td> {{MSGNW:unlockdbtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotectedarticle&action=edit unprotectedarticle] </td><td> unprotected &#91;&#91;$1]] </td><td> {{MSGNW:unprotectedarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotectthispage&action=edit unprotectthispage] </td><td> Unprotect this page </td><td> {{MSGNW:unprotectthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unusedimages&action=edit unusedimages] </td><td> Unused images </td><td> {{MSGNW:unusedimages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unusedimagestext&action=edit unusedimagestext] </td><td> &lt;p&gt;Please note that other web sites such as the international Wikipedias may link to an image with a direct URL, and so may still be listed here despite being in active use. </td><td> {{MSGNW:unusedimagestext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unwatchthispage&action=edit unwatchthispage] </td><td> Stop watching </td><td> {{MSGNW:unwatchthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Updated&action=edit updated] </td><td> (Updated) </td><td> {{MSGNW:updated}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Upload&action=edit upload] </td><td> Upload file </td><td> {{MSGNW:upload}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadbtn&action=edit uploadbtn] </td><td> Upload file </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploadbtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploaddisabled&action=edit uploaddisabled] </td><td> Sorry, uploading is disabled. </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploaddisabled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadedfiles&action=edit uploadedfiles] </td><td> Uploaded files </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploadedfiles}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadedimage&action=edit uploadedimage] </td><td> uploaded &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploadedimage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploaderror&action=edit uploaderror] </td><td> Upload error </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploaderror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadfile&action=edit uploadfile] </td><td> Upload images, sounds, documents etc. </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploadfile}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlink&action=edit uploadlink] </td><td> Upload images </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploadlink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlog&action=edit uploadlog] </td><td> upload log </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploadlog}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlogpage&action=edit uploadlogpage] </td><td> Upload_log </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploadlogpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlogpagetext&action=edit uploadlogpagetext] </td><td> Below is a list of the most recent file uploads. All times shown are server time (UTC). &lt;ul&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploadlogpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadnologin&action=edit uploadnologin] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploadnologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadnologintext&action=edit uploadnologintext] </td><td> You must be &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; to upload files. </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploadnologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadtext&action=edit uploadtext] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;STOP!&lt;/strong&gt; Before you upload here, make sure to read and follow the &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy&quot;&gt;image use policy&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;p&gt;If a file with the name you are specifying already exists on the wiki, it&#39;ll be replaced without warning. So unless you mean to update a file, it&#39;s a good idea to first check if such a file exists. &lt;p&gt;To view or search previously uploaded images, go to the &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Imagelist&quot;&gt;list of uploaded images&lt;/a&gt;. Uploads and deletions are logged on the &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Wikipedia:Upload_log&quot;&gt;upload log&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;p&gt;Use the form below to upload new image files for use in illustrating your articles. On most browsers, you will see a &quot;Browse...&quot; button, which will bring up your operating system&#39;s standard file open dialog. Choosing a file will fill the name of that file into the text field next to the button. You must also check the box affirming that you are not violating any copyrights by uploading the file. Press the &quot;Upload&quot; button to finish the upload. This may take some time if you have a slow internet connection. &lt;p&gt;The preferred formats are JPEG for photographic images, PNG for drawings and other iconic images, and OGG for sounds. Please name your files descriptively to avoid confusion. To include the image in an article, use a link in the form &lt;b&gt;&#91;&#91;image:file.jpg]]&lt;/b&gt; or &lt;b&gt;&#91;&#91;image:file.png&#124;alt text]]&lt;/b&gt; or &lt;b&gt;&#91;&#91;media:file.ogg]]&lt;/b&gt; for sounds. &lt;p&gt;Please note that as with wiki pages, others may edit or delete your uploads if they think it serves the encyclopedia, and you may be blocked from uploading if you abuse the system. </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploadtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadwarning&action=edit uploadwarning] </td><td> Upload warning </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploadwarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userexists&action=edit userexists] </td><td> The user name you entered is already in use. Please choose a different name. </td><td> {{MSGNW:userexists}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userlogin&action=edit userlogin] </td><td> Log in </td><td> {{MSGNW:userlogin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userlogout&action=edit userlogout] </td><td> Log out </td><td> {{MSGNW:userlogout}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userpage&action=edit userpage] </td><td> View user page </td><td> {{MSGNW:userpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userstats&action=edit userstats] </td><td> User statistics </td><td> {{MSGNW:userstats}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userstatstext&action=edit userstatstext] </td><td> There are &lt;b&gt;$1&lt;/b&gt; registered users. &lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt; of these are administrators (see $3). </td><td> {{MSGNW:userstatstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Version&action=edit version] </td><td> Version </td><td> {{MSGNW:version}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewcount&action=edit viewcount] </td><td> This page has been accessed $1 times. </td><td> {{MSGNW:viewcount}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewprevnext&action=edit viewprevnext] </td><td> View ($1) ($2) ($3). </td><td> {{MSGNW:viewprevnext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewsource&action=edit viewsource] </td><td> View source </td><td> {{MSGNW:viewsource}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewtalkpage&action=edit viewtalkpage] </td><td> View discussion </td><td> {{MSGNW:viewtalkpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wantedpages&action=edit wantedpages] </td><td> Wanted pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:wantedpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchdetails&action=edit watchdetails] </td><td> ($1 pages watched not counting talk pages; $2 total pages edited since cutoff; $3... &lt;a href=&#39;$4&#39;&gt;show and edit complete list&lt;/a&gt;.) </td><td> {{MSGNW:watchdetails}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watcheditlist&action=edit watcheditlist] </td><td> Here&#39;s an alphabetical list of your watched pages. Check the boxes of pages you want to remove from your watchlist and click the &#39;remove checked&#39; button at the bottom of the screen. </td><td> {{MSGNW:watcheditlist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchlist&action=edit watchlist] </td><td> My watchlist </td><td> {{MSGNW:watchlist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchlistcontains&action=edit watchlistcontains] </td><td> Your watchlist contains $1 pages. </td><td> {{MSGNW:watchlistcontains}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchlistsub&action=edit watchlistsub] </td><td> (for user &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{MSGNW:watchlistsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchmethod-list&action=edit watchmethod-list] </td><td> checking watched pages for recent edits </td><td> {{MSGNW:watchmethod-list}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchmethod-recent&action=edit watchmethod-recent] </td><td> checking recent edits for watched pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:watchmethod-recent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchnochange&action=edit watchnochange] </td><td> None of your watched items were edited in the time period displayed. </td><td> {{MSGNW:watchnochange}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchnologin&action=edit watchnologin] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{MSGNW:watchnologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchnologintext&action=edit watchnologintext] </td><td> You must be &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; to modify your watchlist. </td><td> {{MSGNW:watchnologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchthis&action=edit watchthis] </td><td> Watch this article </td><td> {{MSGNW:watchthis}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchthispage&action=edit watchthispage] </td><td> Watch this page </td><td> {{MSGNW:watchthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Welcomecreation&action=edit welcomecreation] </td><td> &lt;h2&gt;Welcome, $1!&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Your account has been created. Don&#39;t forget to personalize your wikipedia preferences. </td><td> {{MSGNW:welcomecreation}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whatlinkshere&action=edit whatlinkshere] </td><td> What links here </td><td> {{MSGNW:whatlinkshere}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistacctext&action=edit whitelistacctext] </td><td> To be allowed to create accounts in this Wiki you have to &#91;&#91;Special:Userlogin&#124;log]] in and have the appropriate permissions. </td><td> {{MSGNW:whitelistacctext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistacctitle&action=edit whitelistacctitle] </td><td> You are not allowed to create an account </td><td> {{MSGNW:whitelistacctitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistedittext&action=edit whitelistedittext] </td><td> You have to &#91;&#91;Special:Userlogin&#124;login]] to edit articles. </td><td> {{MSGNW:whitelistedittext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistedittitle&action=edit whitelistedittitle] </td><td> Login required to edit </td><td> {{MSGNW:whitelistedittitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistreadtext&action=edit whitelistreadtext] </td><td> You have to &#91;&#91;Special:Userlogin&#124;login]] to read articles. </td><td> {{MSGNW:whitelistreadtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistreadtitle&action=edit whitelistreadtitle] </td><td> Login required to read </td><td> {{MSGNW:whitelistreadtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wikipediapage&action=edit wikipediapage] </td><td> View meta page </td><td> {{MSGNW:wikipediapage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wikititlesuffix&action=edit wikititlesuffix] </td><td> Wikipedia </td><td> {{MSGNW:wikititlesuffix}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wlnote&action=edit wlnote] </td><td> Below are the last $1 changes in the last &lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt; hours. </td><td> {{MSGNW:wlnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wlsaved&action=edit wlsaved] </td><td> This is a saved version of your watchlist. </td><td> {{MSGNW:wlsaved}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wlshowlast&action=edit wlshowlast] </td><td> Show last $1 hours $2 days $3 </td><td> {{MSGNW:wlshowlast}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wrong_wfQuery_params&action=edit wrong_wfQuery_params] </td><td> Incorrect parameters to wfQuery()&lt;br&gt; Function: $1&lt;br&gt; Query: $2 </td><td> {{MSGNW:wrong_wfQuery_params}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wrongpassword&action=edit wrongpassword] </td><td> The password you entered is incorrect. Please try again. </td><td> {{MSGNW:wrongpassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourdiff&action=edit yourdiff] </td><td> Differences </td><td> {{MSGNW:yourdiff}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Youremail&action=edit youremail] </td><td> Your e-mail* </td><td> {{MSGNW:youremail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourname&action=edit yourname] </td><td> Your user name </td><td> {{MSGNW:yourname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yournick&action=edit yournick] </td><td> Your nickname (for signatures) </td><td> {{MSGNW:yournick}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourpassword&action=edit yourpassword] </td><td> Your password </td><td> {{MSGNW:yourpassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourpasswordagain&action=edit yourpasswordagain] </td><td> Retype password </td><td> {{MSGNW:yourpasswordagain}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourtext&action=edit yourtext] </td><td> Your text </td><td> {{MSGNW:yourtext}} </td></tr></table> 574 sysop 2960 2004-02-09T13:08:52Z 65.54.188.24 <ol start=1><li><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class='internal' title ="Main Page">Main Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recent_Changes" class='internal' title ="Recent Changes">Recent Changes</a></li> </ol> 575 sysop 2961 2004-02-26T17:43:36Z 216.40.225.75 <ol start=1><li><a href="/wiki/Recent_Changes" class='internal' title ="Recent Changes">Recent Changes</a></li> </ol> 576 sysop 2962 2004-02-26T17:44:31Z 216.40.225.75 <ol start=1><li><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class='internal' title ="Main Page">Main Page</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recent_Changes" class='internal' title ="Recent Changes">Recent Changes</a> (0 views)</li> </ol> 577 sysop 2963 2004-02-26T17:44:53Z 216.40.225.75 <ol start=1></ol> 578 sysop 2964 2004-02-26T17:45:45Z 216.40.225.75 <ol start=1><li><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class='internal' title ="Main Page">Main Page</a> (4777 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recent_Changes" class='internal' title ="Recent Changes">Recent Changes</a> (28 bytes)</li> </ol> 579 sysop 2965 2004-04-02T01:12:20Z 81.187.43.179 <table> <tr><td align="right"><a href="/w/wiki.phtml?title=Special:Allpages&amp;from=HomePage" class='internal' title ="Special:Allpages">HomePage</a></td><td> to </td><td align="left">Recent Changes</td></tr> </table> 580 sysop 2966 2004-02-26T17:45:16Z 216.40.225.75 <ol start=1><li><a href="/wiki/Recent_Changes" class='internal' title ="Recent Changes">Recent Changes</a> (28 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class='internal' title ="Main Page">Main Page</a> (4777 bytes)</li> </ol> 585 sysop 7947 2006-10-27T09:35:20Z Aursani 60 {{SITENAME}} برق ٽپال 591 sysop 7478 2006-10-11T11:01:38Z Aursani 60 يوزر جو نالو: 598 sysop 7646 2006-10-16T15:52:51Z Aursani 60 ورزن 599 2985 2004-04-25T02:20:46Z Angela 2 blank (content was Happy Birth Day) 617 sysop 7535 2006-10-12T17:23:00Z Aursani 60 ڀ 618 sysop 7438 2006-10-11T10:17:50Z Aursani 60 ڳ 631 sysop 7439 2006-10-11T10:18:11Z Aursani 60 ب 637 sysop 7435 2006-10-11T10:16:01Z Aursani 60 ٽ 641 sysop 7006 2006-09-27T10:35:58Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}۽ 642 sysop 7446 2006-10-11T10:28:42Z Aursani 60 ھن آءِ پِي سان ڳالھھ Talk for this IP 643 sysop 7983 2006-10-31T08:45:18Z Aursani 60 {{SITENAME}} جا گمنام يوزرس 644 sysop 7022 2006-09-27T10:46:07Z Aursani 60 مسوَدو 646 sysop 7778 2006-10-19T14:31:25Z Aursani 60 تحفظڻ جي پڪ ڪريو 647 sysop 7779 2006-10-19T14:31:54Z Aursani 60 ڇا توهان سچ پچ هن صفحي کي تحفظڻ چاهيو ٿا؟ 650 sysop 7163 2006-09-29T15:31:13Z Aursani 60 سمورو مواد $1 تحت ميسر ڪجي ٿو. 651 sysop 7008 2006-09-27T10:36:47Z Aursani 60 ڊاھيو 652 sysop 7005 2006-09-27T10:34:18Z Aursani 60 ترميميو 654 sysop 7020 2006-09-27T10:44:16Z Aursani 60 تاريخ 655 sysop 7484 2006-10-11T11:05:23Z Aursani 60 صفحا درآمديو 656 sysop 7482 2006-10-11T11:04:32Z Aursani 60 درآمد نھ ٿي سگھيو: $1 659 sysop 7480 2006-10-11T11:03:00Z Aursani 60 در آمد ڪامياب! 662 sysop 7494 2006-10-11T11:18:52Z Aursani 60 آءِ ايس بي اين 663 sysop 7137 2006-09-29T15:03:12Z Aursani 60 ھيءُ صفحو $1 تي آخري ڀيرو $2 ترميميو ھو. 664 sysop 7490 2006-10-11T11:10:21Z Aursani 60 ٻيا صفحا ڏسڻ لاءِ توھان کي [[special:Userlogin|لاگ اِن]] ٿيڻو پوندو. 668 sysop 8016 2006-11-03T17:31:02Z Aursani 60 ڪنهن يوزر کي منتظم ڪريو 672 sysop 7471 2006-10-11T10:56:16Z Aursani 60 <b>کٽل عڪس <br /><i>$1</i> </b> 673 sysop 7042 2006-09-27T11:10:26Z Aursani 60 چوريو 679 sysop 7558 2006-10-15T09:43:01Z Aursani 60 مدد 680 sysop 7839 2006-10-25T13:21:02Z Aursani 60 فائيل 681 sysop 7835 2006-10-25T13:18:14Z Aursani 60 مضمون 682 sysop 7834 2006-10-25T13:17:54Z Aursani 60 ذريعات صفحو 683 sysop 7841 2006-10-25T13:21:55Z Aursani 60 نياپو 684 sysop 7842 2006-10-25T13:22:40Z Aursani 60 خاص 686 sysop 7838 2006-10-25T13:20:46Z Aursani 60 يوزر جو صفحو 687 sysop 7840 2006-10-25T13:21:32Z Aursani 60 رٿائي صفحو 688 sysop 7554 2006-10-12T18:01:45Z Aursani 60 $1 جي ڪم ٿي ٻڌل. 690 sysop 7560 2006-10-15T09:45:28Z Aursani 60 ھيٺيان انگ اکر ڪيشي مان ورتل آھن ۽ تنھنڪري مدي خارج ٿي سگھن ٿا. 692 sysop 8025 2006-11-04T17:12:13Z Aursani 60 ڪميونٽي باب 697 sysop 7159 2006-09-29T15:26:23Z Aursani 60 يُوزر پروفائيل 698 sysop 7161 2006-09-29T15:27:22Z Aursani 60 تازيون تبدليون 699 sysop 7240 2006-09-30T16:56:15Z Aursani 60 تحفظيو 707 sysop 7177 2006-09-29T15:47:00Z Aursani 60 حق: 715 sysop 7711 2006-10-17T17:29:44Z Aursani 60 {{SITENAME}} يوزر(س) $1 716 sysop 7061 2006-09-27T11:59:12Z Aursani 60 خاص صفحو 717 sysop 7078 2006-09-27T14:30:48Z Aursani 60 بحث 723 sysop 7682 2006-10-16T16:31:01Z Aursani 60 هن صفحي جو مسودو ڏسو [alt-a] 726 sysop 7668 2006-10-16T16:19:15Z Aursani 60 هن يوزر جي ڀاڱيدارين جي فهرست ڏسو 728 sysop 7638 2006-10-16T15:46:23Z Aursani 60 ھيءُ صفحو ڊاھيو [alt-d] 729 sysop 7684 2006-10-16T16:32:22Z Aursani 60 توهان هيءُ صفحو ترميم سگھو ٿا. مهرباني ڪري تبديليون سانڍڻ کان اڳ ۾ پري ويو بٽڻ ضرور استعمال ڪندا.[alt-e] 730 sysop 7660 2006-10-16T16:03:24Z Aursani 60 ھن يوزر کي برق ٽپال اماڻيو 731 sysop 7683 2006-10-16T16:31:36Z Aursani 60 امدادي مواد. 733 sysop 7670 2006-10-16T16:20:25Z Aursani 60 توهان کي لاگ اِن ٿيڻ تي همٿايو وڃي ٿو، جيڪو بهرحال لازمي نه آهي. [alt-o] 734 sysop 7674 2006-10-16T16:22:02Z Aursani 60 لاگ آئوٽ [alt-o] 735 sysop 7652 2006-10-16T15:58:07Z Aursani 60 مک صفحو گھمندا [alt-z] 736 sysop 7659 2006-10-16T16:02:51Z Aursani 60 ھن تبديليءَ کي معمولي تبديلي ڄاڻايو. [alt-i] 738 sysop 7657 2006-10-16T16:01:50Z Aursani 60 منھنجي ڀاڱيدرارين جي فھرست [alt-y] 739 sysop 7669 2006-10-16T16:19:55Z Aursani 60 مون سان ڳالهه [alt-n] 742 sysop 7672 2006-10-16T16:21:22Z Aursani 60 منهنجون ترجيحات 745 sysop 7715 2006-10-17T17:33:27Z Aursani 60 بلا ترتيب ڪو به صفحو کوليو [alt-x] 746 sysop 7661 2006-10-16T16:04:05Z Aursani 60 ھن وڪيءَ ۾ واقع ٿيل تازين تبديلين جي فھرست [alt-r] 749 sysop 7716 2006-10-17T17:34:41Z Aursani 60 پنهنجون ڪيل ترميمون سانڍيو [alt-s] 750 sysop 7671 2006-10-16T16:20:54Z Aursani 60 ۾ ڳوليو {{SITENAME}} [alt-f] 751 sysop 7688 2006-10-16T16:36:36Z Aursani 60 وڪيپيڊيا کي امداد ڏيو 752 sysop 7677 2006-10-16T16:26:19Z Aursani 60 ھيءَُ هڪ خاص صفحو آهي، جنهن کي توھان ترميم نه ٿا سگھو. 753 sysop 7662 2006-10-16T16:04:29Z Aursani 60 سڀني خاص صفحن جي فھرست [alt-q] 754 sysop 7673 2006-10-16T16:21:41Z Aursani 60 هن صفحي جي مواد تي بحث [alt-t] 756 sysop 7689 2006-10-16T16:38:05Z Aursani 60 هن صفحي کي پنهنجي ٽيٽ فهرست مان خارج ڪريو [alt-w] 757 sysop 7676 2006-10-16T16:25:06Z Aursani 60 تصويرون يا ذريعات فائيل چاڙھيو [alt-u] 758 sysop 7687 2006-10-16T16:35:04Z Aursani 60 منهنجو يوزر صفحو [alt-.] 759 sysop 7568 2006-10-15T10:06:49Z Aursani 60 ھيءُ صفحو تحفظيل آھي. توھان ان جو ڪوڊ ڏسي سگھو ٿا. [alt-e] 760 sysop 7678 2006-10-16T16:26:53Z Aursani 60 هيءُ صفحو پنهنجي ٽيٽ فهرست ۾ شامل ڪريو [alt-w] 761 sysop 7680 2006-10-16T16:28:02Z Aursani 60 انهن صفحن جي فهرست جن کي توهان ٽيٽو پيا. [alt-l] 762 sysop 7640 2006-10-16T15:48:39Z Aursani 60 اھڙن وڪي صفحن جي فھرست جيڪي ھن صفحي سان ڳنڍيل آھن [alt-b] 764 sysop 7241 2006-09-30T16:57:25Z Aursani 60 اڻ تحفظيو 767 sysop 7237 2006-09-30T16:53:34Z Aursani 60 اڻ ٽيٽيو 768 sysop 7513 2006-10-11T12:02:24Z Aursani 60 <b>يوزر "$1" جا حق اپ ڊيٽ ٿي ويا</b> 774 sysop 7235 2006-09-30T16:52:14Z Aursani 60 ٽيٽيو 775 sysop 7183 2006-09-29T15:53:47Z Aursani 60 اصل نالو * 776 3162 2004-06-02T10:04:46Z MediaWiki default {{int:allmessagestext}} <table border=1 width=100%><tr><td> '''Name''' </td><td> '''Default text''' </td><td> '''Current text''' </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:1movedto2&action=edit 1movedto2]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:1movedto2|Talk]] </td><td> $1 moved to $2 </td><td> {{int:1movedto2}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:About&action=edit about]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:About|Talk]] </td><td> About </td><td> {{int:About}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Aboutpage&action=edit aboutpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Aboutpage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:About </td><td> {{int:Aboutpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Aboutwikipedia&action=edit aboutwikipedia]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Aboutwikipedia|Talk]] </td><td> About Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Aboutwikipedia}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-addsection&action=edit accesskey-addsection]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-addsection|Talk]] </td><td> + </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-addsection}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-anontalk&action=edit accesskey-anontalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-anontalk|Talk]] </td><td> n </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-anontalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-anonuserpage&action=edit accesskey-anonuserpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-anonuserpage|Talk]] </td><td> . </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-anonuserpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-article&action=edit accesskey-article]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-article|Talk]] </td><td> a </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-article}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-compareselectedversions&action=edit accesskey-compareselectedversions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-compareselectedversions|Talk]] </td><td> v </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-compareselectedversions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-contributions&action=edit accesskey-contributions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-contributions|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;lt;accesskey-contributions&amp;gt; </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-contributions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-currentevents&action=edit accesskey-currentevents]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-currentevents|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;lt;accesskey-currentevents&amp;gt; </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-currentevents}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-delete&action=edit accesskey-delete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-delete|Talk]] </td><td> d </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-delete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-edit&action=edit accesskey-edit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-edit|Talk]] </td><td> e </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-edit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-emailuser&action=edit accesskey-emailuser]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-emailuser|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;lt;accesskey-emailuser&amp;gt; </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-emailuser}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-help&action=edit accesskey-help]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-help|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;lt;accesskey-help&amp;gt; </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-help}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-history&action=edit accesskey-history]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-history|Talk]] </td><td> h </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-history}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-login&action=edit accesskey-login]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-login|Talk]] </td><td> o </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-login}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-logout&action=edit accesskey-logout]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-logout|Talk]] </td><td> o </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-logout}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-mainpage&action=edit accesskey-mainpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-mainpage|Talk]] </td><td> z </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-mainpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-minoredit&action=edit accesskey-minoredit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-minoredit|Talk]] </td><td> i </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-minoredit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-move&action=edit accesskey-move]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-move|Talk]] </td><td> m </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-move}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-mycontris&action=edit accesskey-mycontris]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-mycontris|Talk]] </td><td> y </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-mycontris}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-mytalk&action=edit accesskey-mytalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-mytalk|Talk]] </td><td> n </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-mytalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-portal&action=edit accesskey-portal]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-portal|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;lt;accesskey-portal&amp;gt; </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-portal}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-preferences&action=edit accesskey-preferences]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-preferences|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;lt;accesskey-preferences&amp;gt; </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-preferences}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-preview&action=edit accesskey-preview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-preview|Talk]] </td><td> p </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-preview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-protect&action=edit accesskey-protect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-protect|Talk]] </td><td> = </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-protect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-randompage&action=edit accesskey-randompage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-randompage|Talk]] </td><td> x </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-randompage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-recentchanges&action=edit accesskey-recentchanges]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-recentchanges|Talk]] </td><td> r </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-recentchanges}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-recentchangeslinked&action=edit accesskey-recentchangeslinked]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-recentchangeslinked|Talk]] </td><td> c </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-recentchangeslinked}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-save&action=edit accesskey-save]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-save|Talk]] </td><td> s </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-save}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-search&action=edit accesskey-search]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-search|Talk]] </td><td> f </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-search}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-sitesupport&action=edit accesskey-sitesupport]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-sitesupport|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;lt;accesskey-sitesupport&amp;gt; </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-sitesupport}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-specialpage&action=edit accesskey-specialpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-specialpage|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;lt;accesskey-specialpage&amp;gt; </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-specialpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-specialpages&action=edit accesskey-specialpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-specialpages|Talk]] </td><td> q </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-specialpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-talk&action=edit accesskey-talk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-talk|Talk]] </td><td> t </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-talk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-undelete&action=edit accesskey-undelete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-undelete|Talk]] </td><td> d </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-undelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-unwatch&action=edit accesskey-unwatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-unwatch|Talk]] </td><td> w </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-unwatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-upload&action=edit accesskey-upload]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-upload|Talk]] </td><td> u </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-upload}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-userpage&action=edit accesskey-userpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-userpage|Talk]] </td><td> . </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-userpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-viewsource&action=edit accesskey-viewsource]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-viewsource|Talk]] </td><td> e </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-viewsource}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-watch&action=edit accesskey-watch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-watch|Talk]] </td><td> w </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-watch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-watchlist&action=edit accesskey-watchlist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-watchlist|Talk]] </td><td> l </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-watchlist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-whatlinkshere&action=edit accesskey-whatlinkshere]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-whatlinkshere|Talk]] </td><td> b </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-whatlinkshere}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accmailtext&action=edit accmailtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accmailtext|Talk]] </td><td> The Password for &#39;$1&#39; has been sent to $2. </td><td> {{int:Accmailtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accmailtitle&action=edit accmailtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accmailtitle|Talk]] </td><td> Password sent. </td><td> {{int:Accmailtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Actioncomplete&action=edit actioncomplete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Actioncomplete|Talk]] </td><td> Action complete </td><td> {{int:Actioncomplete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Addedwatch&action=edit addedwatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Addedwatch|Talk]] </td><td> Added to watchlist </td><td> {{int:Addedwatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Addedwatchtext&action=edit addedwatchtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Addedwatchtext|Talk]] </td><td> The page &quot;$1&quot; has been added to your &#91;&#91;Special:Watchlist&#124;watchlist]]. Future changes to this page and its associated Talk page will be listed there, and the page will appear &#39;&#39;&#39;bolded&#39;&#39;&#39; in the &#91;&#91;Special:Recentchanges&#124;list of recent changes]] to make it easier to pick out. &lt;p&gt;If you want to remove the page from your watchlist later, click &quot;Stop watching&quot; in the sidebar. </td><td> {{int:Addedwatchtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Addsection&action=edit addsection]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Addsection|Talk]] </td><td> + </td><td> {{int:Addsection}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Administrators&action=edit administrators]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Administrators|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:Administrators </td><td> {{int:Administrators}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Affirmation&action=edit affirmation]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Affirmation|Talk]] </td><td> I affirm that the copyright holder of this file agrees to license it under the terms of the $1. </td><td> {{int:Affirmation}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:All&action=edit all]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:All|Talk]] </td><td> all </td><td> {{int:All}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Allmessages&action=edit allmessages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Allmessages|Talk]] </td><td> All system messages </td><td> {{int:Allmessages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Allmessagestext&action=edit allmessagestext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Allmessagestext|Talk]] </td><td> This is a list of all system messages available in the MediaWiki: namespace. </td><td> {{int:Allmessagestext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Allpages&action=edit allpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Allpages|Talk]] </td><td> All pages </td><td> {{int:Allpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Alphaindexline&action=edit alphaindexline]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Alphaindexline|Talk]] </td><td> $1 to $2 </td><td> {{int:Alphaindexline}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Alreadyloggedin&action=edit alreadyloggedin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Alreadyloggedin|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;font color=red&gt;&lt;b&gt;User $1, you are already logged in!&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt; </td><td> {{int:Alreadyloggedin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Alreadyrolled&action=edit alreadyrolled]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Alreadyrolled|Talk]] </td><td> Cannot rollback last edit of &#91;&#91;$1]] by &#91;&#91;User:$2&#124;$2]] (&#91;&#91;User talk:$2&#124;Talk]]); someone else has edited or rolled back the page already. Last edit was by &#91;&#91;User:$3&#124;$3]] (&#91;&#91;User talk:$3&#124;Talk]]). </td><td> {{int:Alreadyrolled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ancientpages&action=edit ancientpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ancientpages|Talk]] </td><td> Oldest pages </td><td> {{int:Ancientpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:And&action=edit and]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:And|Talk]] </td><td> and </td><td> {{int:And}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Anontalk&action=edit anontalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Anontalk|Talk]] </td><td> Talk for this IP </td><td> {{int:Anontalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Anontalkpagetext&action=edit anontalkpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Anontalkpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> ----&#39;&#39;This is the discussion page for an anonymous user who has not created an account yet or who does not use it. We therefore have to use the numerical &#91;&#91;IP address]] to identify him/her. Such an IP address can be shared by several users. If you are an anonymous user and feel that irrelevant comments have been directed at you, please &#91;&#91;Special:Userlogin&#124;create an account or log in]] to avoid future confusion with other anonymous users.&#39;&#39; </td><td> {{int:Anontalkpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Anonymous&action=edit anonymous]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Anonymous|Talk]] </td><td> Anonymous user(s) of Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Anonymous}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Article&action=edit article]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Article|Talk]] </td><td> Content page </td><td> {{int:Article}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Articleexists&action=edit articleexists]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Articleexists|Talk]] </td><td> A page of that name already exists, or the name you have chosen is not valid. Please choose another name. </td><td> {{int:Articleexists}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Articlepage&action=edit articlepage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Articlepage|Talk]] </td><td> View content page </td><td> {{int:Articlepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Asksql&action=edit asksql]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Asksql|Talk]] </td><td> SQL query </td><td> {{int:Asksql}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Asksqltext&action=edit asksqltext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Asksqltext|Talk]] </td><td> Use the form below to make a direct query of the database. Use single quotes (&#39;like this&#39;) to delimit string literals. This can often add considerable load to the server, so please use this function sparingly. </td><td> {{int:Asksqltext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Autoblocker&action=edit autoblocker]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Autoblocker|Talk]] </td><td> Autoblocked because you share an IP address with &quot;$1&quot;. Reason &quot;$2&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Autoblocker}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badarticleerror&action=edit badarticleerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badarticleerror|Talk]] </td><td> This action cannot be performed on this page. </td><td> {{int:Badarticleerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badfilename&action=edit badfilename]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badfilename|Talk]] </td><td> Image name has been changed to &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Badfilename}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badfiletype&action=edit badfiletype]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badfiletype|Talk]] </td><td> &quot;.$1&quot; is not a recommended image file format. </td><td> {{int:Badfiletype}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badipaddress&action=edit badipaddress]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badipaddress|Talk]] </td><td> Invalid IP address </td><td> {{int:Badipaddress}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badquery&action=edit badquery]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badquery|Talk]] </td><td> Badly formed search query </td><td> {{int:Badquery}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badquerytext&action=edit badquerytext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badquerytext|Talk]] </td><td> We could not process your query. This is probably because you have attempted to search for a word fewer than three letters long, which is not yet supported. It could also be that you have mistyped the expression, for example &quot;fish and and scales&quot;. Please try another query. </td><td> {{int:Badquerytext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badretype&action=edit badretype]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badretype|Talk]] </td><td> The passwords you entered do not match. </td><td> {{int:Badretype}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badtitle&action=edit badtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badtitle|Talk]] </td><td> Bad title </td><td> {{int:Badtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badtitletext&action=edit badtitletext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badtitletext|Talk]] </td><td> The requested page title was invalid, empty, or an incorrectly linked inter-language or inter-wiki title. </td><td> {{int:Badtitletext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blanknamespace&action=edit blanknamespace]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blanknamespace|Talk]] </td><td> (Main) </td><td> {{int:Blanknamespace}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockedtext&action=edit blockedtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blockedtext|Talk]] </td><td> Your user name or IP address has been blocked by $1. The reason given is this:&lt;br /&gt;&#39;&#39;$2&#39;&#39;&lt;p&gt;You may contact $1 or one of the other &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Administrators&#124;administrators]] to discuss the block. Note that you may not use the &quot;email this user&quot; feature unless you have a valid email address registered in your &#91;&#91;Special:Preferences&#124;user preferences]]. Your IP address is $3. Please include this address in any queries you make. </td><td> {{int:Blockedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockedtitle&action=edit blockedtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blockedtitle|Talk]] </td><td> User is blocked </td><td> {{int:Blockedtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockip&action=edit blockip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blockip|Talk]] </td><td> Block user </td><td> {{int:Blockip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockipsuccesssub&action=edit blockipsuccesssub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blockipsuccesssub|Talk]] </td><td> Block succeeded </td><td> {{int:Blockipsuccesssub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockipsuccesstext&action=edit blockipsuccesstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blockipsuccesstext|Talk]] </td><td> &quot;$1&quot; has been blocked. &lt;br /&gt;See &#91;&#91;Special:Ipblocklist&#124;IP block list]] to review blocks. </td><td> {{int:Blockipsuccesstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockiptext&action=edit blockiptext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blockiptext|Talk]] </td><td> Use the form below to block write access from a specific IP address or username. This should be done only only to prevent vandalism, and in accordance with &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Policy&#124;policy]]. Fill in a specific reason below (for example, citing particular pages that were vandalized). </td><td> {{int:Blockiptext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklink&action=edit blocklink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blocklink|Talk]] </td><td> block </td><td> {{int:Blocklink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklistline&action=edit blocklistline]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blocklistline|Talk]] </td><td> $1, $2 blocked $3 (expires $4) </td><td> {{int:Blocklistline}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklogentry&action=edit blocklogentry]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blocklogentry|Talk]] </td><td> blocked &quot;$1&quot; with an expiry time of $2 </td><td> {{int:Blocklogentry}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklogpage&action=edit blocklogpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blocklogpage|Talk]] </td><td> Block_log </td><td> {{int:Blocklogpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklogtext&action=edit blocklogtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blocklogtext|Talk]] </td><td> This is a log of user blocking and unblocking actions. Automatically blocked IP addresses are not be listed. See the &#91;&#91;Special:Ipblocklist&#124;IP block list]] for the list of currently operational bans and blocks. </td><td> {{int:Blocklogtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bold_sample&action=edit bold_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bold_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Bold text </td><td> {{int:Bold_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bold_tip&action=edit bold_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bold_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Bold text </td><td> {{int:Bold_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Booksources&action=edit booksources]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Booksources|Talk]] </td><td> Book sources </td><td> {{int:Booksources}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Booksourcetext&action=edit booksourcetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Booksourcetext|Talk]] </td><td> Below is a list of links to other sites that sell new and used books, and may also have further information about books you are looking for.Wikipedia is not affiliated with any of these businesses, and this list should not be construed as an endorsement. </td><td> {{int:Booksourcetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Brokenredirects&action=edit brokenredirects]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Brokenredirects|Talk]] </td><td> Broken Redirects </td><td> {{int:Brokenredirects}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Brokenredirectstext&action=edit brokenredirectstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Brokenredirectstext|Talk]] </td><td> The following redirects link to a non-existing pages. </td><td> {{int:Brokenredirectstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bugreports&action=edit bugreports]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bugreports|Talk]] </td><td> Bug reports </td><td> {{int:Bugreports}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bugreportspage&action=edit bugreportspage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bugreportspage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:Bug_reports </td><td> {{int:Bugreportspage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucratlog&action=edit bureaucratlog]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bureaucratlog|Talk]] </td><td> Bureaucrat_log </td><td> {{int:Bureaucratlog}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucratlogentry&action=edit bureaucratlogentry]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bureaucratlogentry|Talk]] </td><td> Rights for user &quot;$1&quot; set &quot;$2&quot; </td><td> {{int:Bureaucratlogentry}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucrattext&action=edit bureaucrattext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bureaucrattext|Talk]] </td><td> The action you have requested can only be performed by sysops with &quot;bureaucrat&quot; status. </td><td> {{int:Bureaucrattext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucrattitle&action=edit bureaucrattitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bureaucrattitle|Talk]] </td><td> Bureaucrat access required </td><td> {{int:Bureaucrattitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bydate&action=edit bydate]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bydate|Talk]] </td><td> by date </td><td> {{int:Bydate}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Byname&action=edit byname]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Byname|Talk]] </td><td> by name </td><td> {{int:Byname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bysize&action=edit bysize]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bysize|Talk]] </td><td> by size </td><td> {{int:Bysize}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cachederror&action=edit cachederror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Cachederror|Talk]] </td><td> The following is a cached copy of the requested page, and may not be up to date. </td><td> {{int:Cachederror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cancel&action=edit cancel]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Cancel|Talk]] </td><td> Cancel </td><td> {{int:Cancel}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cannotdelete&action=edit cannotdelete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Cannotdelete|Talk]] </td><td> Could not delete the page or image specified. (It may have already been deleted by someone else.) </td><td> {{int:Cannotdelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cantrollback&action=edit cantrollback]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Cantrollback|Talk]] </td><td> Cannot revert edit; last contributor is only author of this page. </td><td> {{int:Cantrollback}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Categories&action=edit categories]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Categories|Talk]] </td><td> Categories </td><td> {{int:Categories}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Category&action=edit category]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Category|Talk]] </td><td> category </td><td> {{int:Category}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Category_header&action=edit category_header]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Category_header|Talk]] </td><td> Articles in category &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Category_header}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Changepassword&action=edit changepassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Changepassword|Talk]] </td><td> Change password </td><td> {{int:Changepassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Changes&action=edit changes]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Changes|Talk]] </td><td> changes </td><td> {{int:Changes}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Columns&action=edit columns]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Columns|Talk]] </td><td> Columns </td><td> {{int:Columns}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Commentedit&action=edit commentedit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Commentedit|Talk]] </td><td> (comment) </td><td> {{int:Commentedit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Compareselectedversions&action=edit compareselectedversions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Compareselectedversions|Talk]] </td><td> Compare selected versions </td><td> {{int:Compareselectedversions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirm&action=edit confirm]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirm|Talk]] </td><td> Confirm </td><td> {{int:Confirm}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmcheck&action=edit confirmcheck]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmcheck|Talk]] </td><td> Yes, I really want to delete this. </td><td> {{int:Confirmcheck}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmdelete&action=edit confirmdelete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmdelete|Talk]] </td><td> Confirm delete </td><td> {{int:Confirmdelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmdeletetext&action=edit confirmdeletetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmdeletetext|Talk]] </td><td> You are about to permanently delete a page or image along with all of its history from the database. Please confirm that you intend to do this, that you understand the consequences, and that you are doing this in accordance with &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Policy]]. </td><td> {{int:Confirmdeletetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmprotect&action=edit confirmprotect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmprotect|Talk]] </td><td> Confirm protection </td><td> {{int:Confirmprotect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmprotecttext&action=edit confirmprotecttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmprotecttext|Talk]] </td><td> Do you really want to protect this page? </td><td> {{int:Confirmprotecttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmunprotect&action=edit confirmunprotect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmunprotect|Talk]] </td><td> Confirm unprotection </td><td> {{int:Confirmunprotect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmunprotecttext&action=edit confirmunprotecttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmunprotecttext|Talk]] </td><td> Do you really want to unprotect this page? </td><td> {{int:Confirmunprotecttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contextchars&action=edit contextchars]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Contextchars|Talk]] </td><td> Characters of context per line </td><td> {{int:Contextchars}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contextlines&action=edit contextlines]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Contextlines|Talk]] </td><td> Lines to show per hit </td><td> {{int:Contextlines}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contribslink&action=edit contribslink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Contribslink|Talk]] </td><td> contribs </td><td> {{int:Contribslink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contribsub&action=edit contribsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Contribsub|Talk]] </td><td> For $1 </td><td> {{int:Contribsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contributions&action=edit contributions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Contributions|Talk]] </td><td> User contributions </td><td> {{int:Contributions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyright&action=edit copyright]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Copyright|Talk]] </td><td> Content is available under $1. </td><td> {{int:Copyright}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyrightpage&action=edit copyrightpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Copyrightpage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:Copyrights </td><td> {{int:Copyrightpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyrightpagename&action=edit copyrightpagename]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Copyrightpagename|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia copyright </td><td> {{int:Copyrightpagename}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyrightwarning&action=edit copyrightwarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Copyrightwarning|Talk]] </td><td> Please note that all contributions to Wikipedia are considered to be released under the GNU Free Documentation License (see $1 for details). If you don&#39;t want your writing to be edited mercilessly and redistributed at will, then don&#39;t submit it here.&lt;br /&gt; You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource. &lt;strong&gt;DO NOT SUBMIT COPYRIGHTED WORK WITHOUT PERMISSION!&lt;/strong&gt; </td><td> {{int:Copyrightwarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Couldntremove&action=edit couldntremove]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Couldntremove|Talk]] </td><td> Couldn&#39;t remove item &#39;$1&#39;... </td><td> {{int:Couldntremove}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Createaccount&action=edit createaccount]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Createaccount|Talk]] </td><td> Create new account </td><td> {{int:Createaccount}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Createaccountmail&action=edit createaccountmail]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Createaccountmail|Talk]] </td><td> by email </td><td> {{int:Createaccountmail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cur&action=edit cur]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Cur|Talk]] </td><td> cur </td><td> {{int:Cur}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Currentevents&action=edit currentevents]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Currentevents|Talk]] </td><td> Current events </td><td> {{int:Currentevents}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Currentrev&action=edit currentrev]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Currentrev|Talk]] </td><td> Current revision </td><td> {{int:Currentrev}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Databaseerror&action=edit databaseerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Databaseerror|Talk]] </td><td> Database error </td><td> {{int:Databaseerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dateformat&action=edit dateformat]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Dateformat|Talk]] </td><td> Date format </td><td> {{int:Dateformat}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dberrortext&action=edit dberrortext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Dberrortext|Talk]] </td><td> A database query syntax error has occurred. This could be because of an illegal search query (see $5), or it may indicate a bug in the software. The last attempted database query was: &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;tt&gt;$1&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; from within function &quot;&lt;tt&gt;$2&lt;/tt&gt;&quot;. MySQL returned error &quot;&lt;tt&gt;$3: $4&lt;/tt&gt;&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Dberrortext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dberrortextcl&action=edit dberrortextcl]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Dberrortextcl|Talk]] </td><td> A database query syntax error has occurred. The last attempted database query was: &quot;$1&quot; from within function &quot;$2&quot;. MySQL returned error &quot;$3: $4&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Dberrortextcl}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deadendpages&action=edit deadendpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deadendpages|Talk]] </td><td> Dead-end pages </td><td> {{int:Deadendpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Debug&action=edit debug]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Debug|Talk]] </td><td> Debug </td><td> {{int:Debug}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Defaultns&action=edit defaultns]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Defaultns|Talk]] </td><td> Search in these namespaces by default: </td><td> {{int:Defaultns}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Defemailsubject&action=edit defemailsubject]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Defemailsubject|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia e-mail </td><td> {{int:Defemailsubject}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Delete&action=edit delete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Delete|Talk]] </td><td> Delete </td><td> {{int:Delete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletecomment&action=edit deletecomment]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletecomment|Talk]] </td><td> Reason for deletion </td><td> {{int:Deletecomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletedarticle&action=edit deletedarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletedarticle|Talk]] </td><td> deleted &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Deletedarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletedtext&action=edit deletedtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletedtext|Talk]] </td><td> &quot;$1&quot; has been deleted. See $2 for a record of recent deletions. </td><td> {{int:Deletedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deleteimg&action=edit deleteimg]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deleteimg|Talk]] </td><td> del </td><td> {{int:Deleteimg}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletepage&action=edit deletepage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletepage|Talk]] </td><td> Delete page </td><td> {{int:Deletepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletesub&action=edit deletesub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletesub|Talk]] </td><td> (Deleting &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{int:Deletesub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletethispage&action=edit deletethispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletethispage|Talk]] </td><td> Delete this page </td><td> {{int:Deletethispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletionlog&action=edit deletionlog]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletionlog|Talk]] </td><td> deletion log </td><td> {{int:Deletionlog}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dellogpage&action=edit dellogpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Dellogpage|Talk]] </td><td> Deletion_log </td><td> {{int:Dellogpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dellogpagetext&action=edit dellogpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Dellogpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> Below is a list of the most recent deletions. All times shown are server time (UTC). &lt;ul&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; </td><td> {{int:Dellogpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Developerspheading&action=edit developerspheading]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Developerspheading|Talk]] </td><td> For developer use only </td><td> {{int:Developerspheading}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Developertext&action=edit developertext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Developertext|Talk]] </td><td> The action you have requested can only be performed by users with &quot;developer&quot; status. See $1. </td><td> {{int:Developertext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Developertitle&action=edit developertitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Developertitle|Talk]] </td><td> Developer access required </td><td> {{int:Developertitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Diff&action=edit diff]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Diff|Talk]] </td><td> diff </td><td> {{int:Diff}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Difference&action=edit difference]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Difference|Talk]] </td><td> (Difference between revisions) </td><td> {{int:Difference}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disambiguations&action=edit disambiguations]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Disambiguations|Talk]] </td><td> Disambiguation pages </td><td> {{int:Disambiguations}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disambiguationspage&action=edit disambiguationspage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Disambiguationspage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:Links_to_disambiguating_pages </td><td> {{int:Disambiguationspage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disambiguationstext&action=edit disambiguationstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Disambiguationstext|Talk]] </td><td> The following pages link to a &lt;i&gt;disambiguation page&lt;/i&gt;. They should link to the appropriate topic instead.&lt;br /&gt;A page is treated as dismbiguation if it is linked from $1.&lt;br /&gt;Links from other namespaces are &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; listed here. </td><td> {{int:Disambiguationstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disclaimerpage&action=edit disclaimerpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Disclaimerpage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:General_disclaimer </td><td> {{int:Disclaimerpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disclaimers&action=edit disclaimers]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Disclaimers|Talk]] </td><td> Disclaimers </td><td> {{int:Disclaimers}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Doubleredirects&action=edit doubleredirects]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Doubleredirects|Talk]] </td><td> Double Redirects </td><td> {{int:Doubleredirects}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Doubleredirectstext&action=edit doubleredirectstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Doubleredirectstext|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;Attention:&lt;/b&gt; This list may contain false positives. That usually means there is additional text with links below the first #REDIRECT.&lt;br /&gt; Each row contains links to the first and second redirect, as well as the first line of the second redirect text, usually giving the &quot;real&quot; target page, which the first redirect should point to. </td><td> {{int:Doubleredirectstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Edit&action=edit edit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Edit|Talk]] </td><td> Edit </td><td> {{int:Edit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editcomment&action=edit editcomment]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editcomment|Talk]] </td><td> The edit comment was: &quot;&lt;i&gt;$1&lt;/i&gt;&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Editcomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editconflict&action=edit editconflict]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editconflict|Talk]] </td><td> Edit conflict: $1 </td><td> {{int:Editconflict}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editcurrent&action=edit editcurrent]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editcurrent|Talk]] </td><td> Edit the current version of this page </td><td> {{int:Editcurrent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Edithelp&action=edit edithelp]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Edithelp|Talk]] </td><td> Editing help </td><td> {{int:Edithelp}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Edithelppage&action=edit edithelppage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Edithelppage|Talk]] </td><td> Help:Editing </td><td> {{int:Edithelppage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editing&action=edit editing]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editing|Talk]] </td><td> Editing $1 </td><td> {{int:Editing}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editingold&action=edit editingold]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editingold|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;WARNING: You are editing an out-of-date revision of this page. If you save it, any changes made since this revision will be lost.&lt;/strong&gt; </td><td> {{int:Editingold}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editsection&action=edit editsection]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editsection|Talk]] </td><td> edit </td><td> {{int:Editsection}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editthispage&action=edit editthispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editthispage|Talk]] </td><td> Edit this page </td><td> {{int:Editthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailflag&action=edit emailflag]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailflag|Talk]] </td><td> Disable e-mail from other users </td><td> {{int:Emailflag}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailforlost&action=edit emailforlost]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailforlost|Talk]] </td><td> Fields marked with a star (*) are optional. Storing an email address enables people to contact you through the website without you having to reveal your email address to them, and it can be used to send you a new password if you forget it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Your real name, if you choose to provide it, will be used for giving you attribution for your work. </td><td> {{int:Emailforlost}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailfrom&action=edit emailfrom]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailfrom|Talk]] </td><td> From </td><td> {{int:Emailfrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailmessage&action=edit emailmessage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailmessage|Talk]] </td><td> Message </td><td> {{int:Emailmessage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailpage&action=edit emailpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailpage|Talk]] </td><td> E-mail user </td><td> {{int:Emailpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailpagetext&action=edit emailpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> If this user has entered a valid e-mail address in his or her user preferences, the form below will send a single message. The e-mail address you entered in your user preferences will appear as the &quot;From&quot; address of the mail, so the recipient will be able to reply. </td><td> {{int:Emailpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsend&action=edit emailsend]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailsend|Talk]] </td><td> Send </td><td> {{int:Emailsend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsent&action=edit emailsent]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailsent|Talk]] </td><td> E-mail sent </td><td> {{int:Emailsent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsenttext&action=edit emailsenttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailsenttext|Talk]] </td><td> Your e-mail message has been sent. </td><td> {{int:Emailsenttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsubject&action=edit emailsubject]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailsubject|Talk]] </td><td> Subject </td><td> {{int:Emailsubject}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailto&action=edit emailto]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailto|Talk]] </td><td> To </td><td> {{int:Emailto}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailuser&action=edit emailuser]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailuser|Talk]] </td><td> E-mail this user </td><td> {{int:Emailuser}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Enterlockreason&action=edit enterlockreason]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Enterlockreason|Talk]] </td><td> Enter a reason for the lock, including an estimate of when the lock will be released </td><td> {{int:Enterlockreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Error&action=edit error]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Error|Talk]] </td><td> Error </td><td> {{int:Error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Errorpagetitle&action=edit errorpagetitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Errorpagetitle|Talk]] </td><td> Error </td><td> {{int:Errorpagetitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exbeforeblank&action=edit exbeforeblank]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Exbeforeblank|Talk]] </td><td> content before blanking was: </td><td> {{int:Exbeforeblank}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exblank&action=edit exblank]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Exblank|Talk]] </td><td> page was empty </td><td> {{int:Exblank}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Excontent&action=edit excontent]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Excontent|Talk]] </td><td> content was: </td><td> {{int:Excontent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Explainconflict&action=edit explainconflict]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Explainconflict|Talk]] </td><td> Someone else has changed this page since you started editing it. The upper text area contains the page text as it currently exists. Your changes are shown in the lower text area. You will have to merge your changes into the existing text. &lt;b&gt;Only&lt;/b&gt; the text in the upper text area will be saved when you press &quot;Save page&quot;. &lt;p&gt; </td><td> {{int:Explainconflict}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Export&action=edit export]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Export|Talk]] </td><td> Export pages </td><td> {{int:Export}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exportcuronly&action=edit exportcuronly]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Exportcuronly|Talk]] </td><td> Include only the current revision, not the full history </td><td> {{int:Exportcuronly}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exporttext&action=edit exporttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Exporttext|Talk]] </td><td> You can export the text and editing history of a particular page or set of pages wrapped in some XML; this can then be imported into another wiki running MediaWiki software, transformed, or just kept for your private amusement. </td><td> {{int:Exporttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Extlink_sample&action=edit extlink_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Extlink_sample|Talk]] </td><td> http&#58;//www.example.com link title </td><td> {{int:Extlink_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Extlink_tip&action=edit extlink_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Extlink_tip|Talk]] </td><td> External link (remember http&#58;// prefix) </td><td> {{int:Extlink_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Faq&action=edit faq]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Faq|Talk]] </td><td> FAQ </td><td> {{int:Faq}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Faqpage&action=edit faqpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Faqpage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:FAQ </td><td> {{int:Faqpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Feedlinks&action=edit feedlinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Feedlinks|Talk]] </td><td> Feed: </td><td> {{int:Feedlinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filecopyerror&action=edit filecopyerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filecopyerror|Talk]] </td><td> Could not copy file &quot;$1&quot; to &quot;$2&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Filecopyerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filedeleteerror&action=edit filedeleteerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filedeleteerror|Talk]] </td><td> Could not delete file &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Filedeleteerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filedesc&action=edit filedesc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filedesc|Talk]] </td><td> Summary </td><td> {{int:Filedesc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filename&action=edit filename]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filename|Talk]] </td><td> Filename </td><td> {{int:Filename}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filenotfound&action=edit filenotfound]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filenotfound|Talk]] </td><td> Could not find file &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Filenotfound}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filerenameerror&action=edit filerenameerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filerenameerror|Talk]] </td><td> Could not rename file &quot;$1&quot; to &quot;$2&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Filerenameerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filesource&action=edit filesource]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filesource|Talk]] </td><td> Source </td><td> {{int:Filesource}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filestatus&action=edit filestatus]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filestatus|Talk]] </td><td> Copyright status </td><td> {{int:Filestatus}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Fileuploaded&action=edit fileuploaded]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Fileuploaded|Talk]] </td><td> File &quot;$1&quot; uploaded successfully. Please follow this link: $2 to the description page and fill in information about the file, such as where it came from, when it was created and by whom, and anything else you may know about it. </td><td> {{int:Fileuploaded}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Formerror&action=edit formerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Formerror|Talk]] </td><td> Error: could not submit form </td><td> {{int:Formerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Fromwikipedia&action=edit fromwikipedia]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Fromwikipedia|Talk]] </td><td> From Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Fromwikipedia}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Getimagelist&action=edit getimagelist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Getimagelist|Talk]] </td><td> fetching image list </td><td> {{int:Getimagelist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Go&action=edit go]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Go|Talk]] </td><td> Go </td><td> {{int:Go}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Googlesearch&action=edit googlesearch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Googlesearch|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;!-- SiteSearch Google --&gt; &lt;FORM method=GET action=&quot;http&#58;//www.google.com/search&quot;&gt; &lt;TABLE bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt; &lt;A HREF=&quot;http&#58;//www.google.com/&quot;&gt; &lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http&#58;//www.google.com/logos/Logo_40wht.gif&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; ALT=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;INPUT TYPE=text name=q size=31 maxlength=255 value=&quot;$1&quot;&gt; &lt;INPUT type=submit name=btnG VALUE=&quot;Google Search&quot;&gt; &lt;font size=-1&gt; &lt;input type=hidden name=domains value=&quot;{{SERVER}}&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&quot;&quot;&gt; WWW &lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&quot;{{SERVER}}&quot; checked&gt; {{SERVER}} &lt;br /&gt; &lt;input type=&#39;hidden&#39; name=&#39;ie&#39; value=&#39;$2&#39;&gt; &lt;input type=&#39;hidden&#39; name=&#39;oe&#39; value=&#39;$2&#39;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt; &lt;/FORM&gt; &lt;!-- SiteSearch Google --&gt; </td><td> {{int:Googlesearch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Guesstimezone&action=edit guesstimezone]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Guesstimezone|Talk]] </td><td> Fill in from browser </td><td> {{int:Guesstimezone}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Headline_sample&action=edit headline_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Headline_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Headline text </td><td> {{int:Headline_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Headline_tip&action=edit headline_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Headline_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Level 2 headline </td><td> {{int:Headline_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Help&action=edit help]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Help|Talk]] </td><td> Help </td><td> {{int:Help}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Helppage&action=edit helppage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Helppage|Talk]] </td><td> Help:Contents </td><td> {{int:Helppage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hide&action=edit hide]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Hide|Talk]] </td><td> hide </td><td> {{int:Hide}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hidetoc&action=edit hidetoc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Hidetoc|Talk]] </td><td> hide </td><td> {{int:Hidetoc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hist&action=edit hist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Hist|Talk]] </td><td> hist </td><td> {{int:Hist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Histlegend&action=edit histlegend]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Histlegend|Talk]] </td><td> Diff selection: mark the radio boxes of the versions to compare and hit enter or the button at the bottom.&lt;br/&gt; Legend: (cur) = difference with current version, (last) = difference with preceding version, M = minor edit. </td><td> {{int:Histlegend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:History&action=edit history]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:History|Talk]] </td><td> Page history </td><td> {{int:History}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:History_short&action=edit history_short]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:History_short|Talk]] </td><td> History </td><td> {{int:History_short}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Historywarning&action=edit historywarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Historywarning|Talk]] </td><td> Warning: The page you are about to delete has a history: </td><td> {{int:Historywarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hr_tip&action=edit hr_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Hr_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Horizontal line (use sparingly) </td><td> {{int:Hr_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ignorewarning&action=edit ignorewarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ignorewarning|Talk]] </td><td> Ignore warning and save file anyway. </td><td> {{int:Ignorewarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ilshowmatch&action=edit ilshowmatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ilshowmatch|Talk]] </td><td> Show all images with names matching </td><td> {{int:Ilshowmatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ilsubmit&action=edit ilsubmit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ilsubmit|Talk]] </td><td> Search </td><td> {{int:Ilsubmit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Image_sample&action=edit image_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Image_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Example.jpg </td><td> {{int:Image_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Image_tip&action=edit image_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Image_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Embedded image </td><td> {{int:Image_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagelinks&action=edit imagelinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imagelinks|Talk]] </td><td> Image links </td><td> {{int:Imagelinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagelist&action=edit imagelist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imagelist|Talk]] </td><td> Image list </td><td> {{int:Imagelist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagelisttext&action=edit imagelisttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imagelisttext|Talk]] </td><td> Below is a list of $1 images sorted $2. </td><td> {{int:Imagelisttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagepage&action=edit imagepage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imagepage|Talk]] </td><td> View image page </td><td> {{int:Imagepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagereverted&action=edit imagereverted]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imagereverted|Talk]] </td><td> Revert to earlier version was successful. </td><td> {{int:Imagereverted}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imgdelete&action=edit imgdelete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imgdelete|Talk]] </td><td> del </td><td> {{int:Imgdelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imgdesc&action=edit imgdesc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imgdesc|Talk]] </td><td> desc </td><td> {{int:Imgdesc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imghistlegend&action=edit imghistlegend]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imghistlegend|Talk]] </td><td> Legend: (cur) = this is the current image, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Click on date to see image uploaded on that date&lt;/i&gt;. </td><td> {{int:Imghistlegend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imghistory&action=edit imghistory]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imghistory|Talk]] </td><td> Image history </td><td> {{int:Imghistory}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imglegend&action=edit imglegend]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imglegend|Talk]] </td><td> Legend: (desc) = show/edit image description. </td><td> {{int:Imglegend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Import&action=edit import]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Import|Talk]] </td><td> Import pages </td><td> {{int:Import}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Importfailed&action=edit importfailed]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Importfailed|Talk]] </td><td> Import failed: $1 </td><td> {{int:Importfailed}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Importhistoryconflict&action=edit importhistoryconflict]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Importhistoryconflict|Talk]] </td><td> Conflicting history revision exists (may have imported this page before) </td><td> {{int:Importhistoryconflict}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Importnotext&action=edit importnotext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Importnotext|Talk]] </td><td> Empty or no text </td><td> {{int:Importnotext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Importsuccess&action=edit importsuccess]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Importsuccess|Talk]] </td><td> Import succeeded! </td><td> {{int:Importsuccess}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Importtext&action=edit importtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Importtext|Talk]] </td><td> Please export the file from the source wiki using the Special:Export utility, save it to your disk and upload it here. </td><td> {{int:Importtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Infobox&action=edit infobox]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Infobox|Talk]] </td><td> Click a button to get an example text </td><td> {{int:Infobox}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Infobox_alert&action=edit infobox_alert]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Infobox_alert|Talk]] </td><td> Please enter the text you want to be formatted.\n It will be shown in the infobox for copy and pasting.\nExample:\n$1\nwill become:\n$2 </td><td> {{int:Infobox_alert}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Internalerror&action=edit internalerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Internalerror|Talk]] </td><td> Internal error </td><td> {{int:Internalerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Intl&action=edit intl]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Intl|Talk]] </td><td> Interlanguage links </td><td> {{int:Intl}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ip_range_invalid&action=edit ip_range_invalid]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ip_range_invalid|Talk]] </td><td> Invalid IP range. </td><td> {{int:Ip_range_invalid}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipaddress&action=edit ipaddress]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipaddress|Talk]] </td><td> IP Address/username </td><td> {{int:Ipaddress}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipb_expiry_invalid&action=edit ipb_expiry_invalid]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipb_expiry_invalid|Talk]] </td><td> Expiry time invalid. </td><td> {{int:Ipb_expiry_invalid}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipbexpiry&action=edit ipbexpiry]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipbexpiry|Talk]] </td><td> Expiry </td><td> {{int:Ipbexpiry}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipblocklist&action=edit ipblocklist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipblocklist|Talk]] </td><td> List of blocked IP addresses and usernames </td><td> {{int:Ipblocklist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipbreason&action=edit ipbreason]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipbreason|Talk]] </td><td> Reason </td><td> {{int:Ipbreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipbsubmit&action=edit ipbsubmit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipbsubmit|Talk]] </td><td> Block this user </td><td> {{int:Ipbsubmit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipusubmit&action=edit ipusubmit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipusubmit|Talk]] </td><td> Unblock this address </td><td> {{int:Ipusubmit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipusuccess&action=edit ipusuccess]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipusuccess|Talk]] </td><td> &quot;$1&quot; unblocked </td><td> {{int:Ipusuccess}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Isbn&action=edit isbn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Isbn|Talk]] </td><td> ISBN </td><td> {{int:Isbn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Isredirect&action=edit isredirect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Isredirect|Talk]] </td><td> redirect page </td><td> {{int:Isredirect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Italic_sample&action=edit italic_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Italic_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Italic text </td><td> {{int:Italic_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Italic_tip&action=edit italic_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Italic_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Italic text </td><td> {{int:Italic_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Iteminvalidname&action=edit iteminvalidname]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Iteminvalidname|Talk]] </td><td> Problem with item &#39;$1&#39;, invalid name... </td><td> {{int:Iteminvalidname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Largefile&action=edit largefile]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Largefile|Talk]] </td><td> It is recommended that images not exceed 100k in size. </td><td> {{int:Largefile}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Last&action=edit last]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Last|Talk]] </td><td> last </td><td> {{int:Last}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lastmodified&action=edit lastmodified]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lastmodified|Talk]] </td><td> This page was last modified $1. </td><td> {{int:Lastmodified}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lastmodifiedby&action=edit lastmodifiedby]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lastmodifiedby|Talk]] </td><td> This page was last modified $1 by $2. </td><td> {{int:Lastmodifiedby}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lineno&action=edit lineno]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lineno|Talk]] </td><td> Line $1: </td><td> {{int:Lineno}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Link_sample&action=edit link_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Link_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Link title </td><td> {{int:Link_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Link_tip&action=edit link_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Link_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Internal link </td><td> {{int:Link_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linklistsub&action=edit linklistsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Linklistsub|Talk]] </td><td> (List of links) </td><td> {{int:Linklistsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linkshere&action=edit linkshere]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Linkshere|Talk]] </td><td> The following pages link to here: </td><td> {{int:Linkshere}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linkstoimage&action=edit linkstoimage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Linkstoimage|Talk]] </td><td> The following pages link to this image: </td><td> {{int:Linkstoimage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linktrail&action=edit linktrail]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Linktrail|Talk]] </td><td> /^(&#91;a-z]+)(.*)$/sD </td><td> {{int:Linktrail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Listform&action=edit listform]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Listform|Talk]] </td><td> list </td><td> {{int:Listform}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Listusers&action=edit listusers]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Listusers|Talk]] </td><td> User list </td><td> {{int:Listusers}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loadhist&action=edit loadhist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loadhist|Talk]] </td><td> Loading page history </td><td> {{int:Loadhist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loadingrev&action=edit loadingrev]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loadingrev|Talk]] </td><td> loading revision for diff </td><td> {{int:Loadingrev}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Localtime&action=edit localtime]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Localtime|Talk]] </td><td> Local time display </td><td> {{int:Localtime}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockbtn&action=edit lockbtn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lockbtn|Talk]] </td><td> Lock database </td><td> {{int:Lockbtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockconfirm&action=edit lockconfirm]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lockconfirm|Talk]] </td><td> Yes, I really want to lock the database. </td><td> {{int:Lockconfirm}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdb&action=edit lockdb]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lockdb|Talk]] </td><td> Lock database </td><td> {{int:Lockdb}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdbsuccesssub&action=edit lockdbsuccesssub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lockdbsuccesssub|Talk]] </td><td> Database lock succeeded </td><td> {{int:Lockdbsuccesssub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdbsuccesstext&action=edit lockdbsuccesstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lockdbsuccesstext|Talk]] </td><td> The database has been locked. &lt;br /&gt;Remember to remove the lock after your maintenance is complete. </td><td> {{int:Lockdbsuccesstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdbtext&action=edit lockdbtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lockdbtext|Talk]] </td><td> Locking the database will suspend the ability of all users to edit pages, change their preferences, edit their watchlists, and other things requiring changes in the database. Please confirm that this is what you intend to do, and that you will unlock the database when your maintenance is done. </td><td> {{int:Lockdbtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Locknoconfirm&action=edit locknoconfirm]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Locknoconfirm|Talk]] </td><td> You did not check the confirmation box. </td><td> {{int:Locknoconfirm}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Login&action=edit login]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Login|Talk]] </td><td> Log in </td><td> {{int:Login}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginend&action=edit loginend]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginend|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;nbsp; </td><td> {{int:Loginend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginerror&action=edit loginerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginerror|Talk]] </td><td> Login error </td><td> {{int:Loginerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginpagetitle&action=edit loginpagetitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginpagetitle|Talk]] </td><td> User login </td><td> {{int:Loginpagetitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginproblem&action=edit loginproblem]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginproblem|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;There has been a problem with your login.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Try again! </td><td> {{int:Loginproblem}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginprompt&action=edit loginprompt]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginprompt|Talk]] </td><td> You must have cookies enabled to log in to Wikipedia. </td><td> {{int:Loginprompt}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginreqtext&action=edit loginreqtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginreqtext|Talk]] </td><td> You must &#91;&#91;special:Userlogin&#124;login]] to view other pages. </td><td> {{int:Loginreqtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginreqtitle&action=edit loginreqtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginreqtitle|Talk]] </td><td> Login Required </td><td> {{int:Loginreqtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginsuccess&action=edit loginsuccess]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginsuccess|Talk]] </td><td> You are now logged in to Wikipedia as &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Loginsuccess}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginsuccesstitle&action=edit loginsuccesstitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginsuccesstitle|Talk]] </td><td> Login successful </td><td> {{int:Loginsuccesstitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Logout&action=edit logout]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Logout|Talk]] </td><td> Log out </td><td> {{int:Logout}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Logouttext&action=edit logouttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Logouttext|Talk]] </td><td> You are now logged out. You can continue to use Wikipedia anonymously, or you can log in again as the same or as a different user. Note that some pages may continue to be displayed as if you were still logged in, until you clear your browser cache </td><td> {{int:Logouttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Logouttitle&action=edit logouttitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Logouttitle|Talk]] </td><td> User logout </td><td> {{int:Logouttitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lonelypages&action=edit lonelypages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lonelypages|Talk]] </td><td> Orphaned pages </td><td> {{int:Lonelypages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Longpages&action=edit longpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Longpages|Talk]] </td><td> Long pages </td><td> {{int:Longpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Longpagewarning&action=edit longpagewarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Longpagewarning|Talk]] </td><td> WARNING: This page is $1 kilobytes long; some browsers may have problems editing pages approaching or longer than 32kb. Please consider breaking the page into smaller sections. </td><td> {{int:Longpagewarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailerror&action=edit mailerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mailerror|Talk]] </td><td> Error sending mail: $1 </td><td> {{int:Mailerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailmypassword&action=edit mailmypassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mailmypassword|Talk]] </td><td> Mail me a new password </td><td> {{int:Mailmypassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailnologin&action=edit mailnologin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mailnologin|Talk]] </td><td> No send address </td><td> {{int:Mailnologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailnologintext&action=edit mailnologintext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mailnologintext|Talk]] </td><td> You must be &lt;a href=&quot;{{localurl:Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; and have a valid e-mail address in your &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Preferences&quot;&gt;preferences&lt;/a&gt; to send e-mail to other users. </td><td> {{int:Mailnologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mainpage&action=edit mainpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mainpage|Talk]] </td><td> Main Page </td><td> {{int:Mainpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mainpagedocfooter&action=edit mainpagedocfooter]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mainpagedocfooter|Talk]] </td><td> Please see &#91;http&#58;//meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_i18n documentation on customizing the interface] and the &#91;http&#58;//meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_User%27s_Guide User&#39;s Guide] for usage and configuration help. </td><td> {{int:Mainpagedocfooter}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mainpagetext&action=edit mainpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mainpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> Wiki software successfully installed. </td><td> {{int:Mainpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Maintenance&action=edit maintenance]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Maintenance|Talk]] </td><td> Maintenance page </td><td> {{int:Maintenance}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Maintenancebacklink&action=edit maintenancebacklink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Maintenancebacklink|Talk]] </td><td> Back to Maintenance Page </td><td> {{int:Maintenancebacklink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Maintnancepagetext&action=edit maintnancepagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Maintnancepagetext|Talk]] </td><td> This page includes several handy tools for everyday maintenance. Some of these functions tend to stress the database, so please do not hit reload after every item you fixed ;-) </td><td> {{int:Maintnancepagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysop&action=edit makesysop]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysop|Talk]] </td><td> Make a user into a sysop </td><td> {{int:Makesysop}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopfail&action=edit makesysopfail]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysopfail|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;User &quot;$1&quot; could not be made into a sysop. (Did you enter the name correctly?)&lt;/b&gt; </td><td> {{int:Makesysopfail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopname&action=edit makesysopname]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysopname|Talk]] </td><td> Name of the user: </td><td> {{int:Makesysopname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopok&action=edit makesysopok]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysopok|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;User &quot;$1&quot; is now a sysop&lt;/b&gt; </td><td> {{int:Makesysopok}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopsubmit&action=edit makesysopsubmit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysopsubmit|Talk]] </td><td> Make this user into a sysop </td><td> {{int:Makesysopsubmit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysoptext&action=edit makesysoptext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysoptext|Talk]] </td><td> This form is used by bureaucrats to turn ordinary users into administrators. Type the name of the user in the box and press the button to make the user an administrator </td><td> {{int:Makesysoptext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysoptitle&action=edit makesysoptitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysoptitle|Talk]] </td><td> Make a user into a sysop </td><td> {{int:Makesysoptitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Matchtotals&action=edit matchtotals]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Matchtotals|Talk]] </td><td> The query &quot;$1&quot; matched $2 page titles and the text of $3 pages. </td><td> {{int:Matchtotals}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math&action=edit math]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math|Talk]] </td><td> Rendering math </td><td> {{int:Math}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_bad_output&action=edit math_bad_output]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_bad_output|Talk]] </td><td> Can&#39;t write to or create math output directory </td><td> {{int:Math_bad_output}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_bad_tmpdir&action=edit math_bad_tmpdir]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_bad_tmpdir|Talk]] </td><td> Can&#39;t write to or create math temp directory </td><td> {{int:Math_bad_tmpdir}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_failure&action=edit math_failure]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_failure|Talk]] </td><td> Failed to parse </td><td> {{int:Math_failure}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_image_error&action=edit math_image_error]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_image_error|Talk]] </td><td> PNG conversion failed; check for correct installation of latex, dvips, gs, and convert </td><td> {{int:Math_image_error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_lexing_error&action=edit math_lexing_error]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_lexing_error|Talk]] </td><td> lexing error </td><td> {{int:Math_lexing_error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_notexvc&action=edit math_notexvc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_notexvc|Talk]] </td><td> Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure. </td><td> {{int:Math_notexvc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_sample&action=edit math_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Insert formula here </td><td> {{int:Math_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_syntax_error&action=edit math_syntax_error]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_syntax_error|Talk]] </td><td> syntax error </td><td> {{int:Math_syntax_error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_tip&action=edit math_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Mathematical formula (LaTeX) </td><td> {{int:Math_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_unknown_error&action=edit math_unknown_error]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_unknown_error|Talk]] </td><td> unknown error </td><td> {{int:Math_unknown_error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_unknown_function&action=edit math_unknown_function]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_unknown_function|Talk]] </td><td> unknown function </td><td> {{int:Math_unknown_function}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Media_sample&action=edit media_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Media_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Example.mp3 </td><td> {{int:Media_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Media_tip&action=edit media_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Media_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Media file link </td><td> {{int:Media_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Minlength&action=edit minlength]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Minlength|Talk]] </td><td> Image names must be at least three letters. </td><td> {{int:Minlength}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Minoredit&action=edit minoredit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Minoredit|Talk]] </td><td> This is a minor edit </td><td> {{int:Minoredit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Minoreditletter&action=edit minoreditletter]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Minoreditletter|Talk]] </td><td> M </td><td> {{int:Minoreditletter}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mispeelings&action=edit mispeelings]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mispeelings|Talk]] </td><td> Pages with misspellings </td><td> {{int:Mispeelings}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mispeelingspage&action=edit mispeelingspage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mispeelingspage|Talk]] </td><td> List of common misspellings </td><td> {{int:Mispeelingspage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mispeelingstext&action=edit mispeelingstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mispeelingstext|Talk]] </td><td> The following pages contain a common misspelling, which are listed on $1. The correct spelling might be given (like this). </td><td> {{int:Mispeelingstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missingarticle&action=edit missingarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Missingarticle|Talk]] </td><td> The database did not find the text of a page that it should have found, named &quot;$1&quot;. &lt;p&gt;This is usually caused by following an outdated diff or history link to a page that has been deleted. &lt;p&gt;If this is not the case, you may have found a bug in the software. Please report this to an administrator, making note of the URL. </td><td> {{int:Missingarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missingimage&action=edit missingimage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Missingimage|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;Missing image&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;$1&lt;/i&gt; </td><td> {{int:Missingimage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missinglanguagelinks&action=edit missinglanguagelinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Missinglanguagelinks|Talk]] </td><td> Missing Language Links </td><td> {{int:Missinglanguagelinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missinglanguagelinksbutton&action=edit missinglanguagelinksbutton]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Missinglanguagelinksbutton|Talk]] </td><td> Find missing language links for </td><td> {{int:Missinglanguagelinksbutton}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missinglanguagelinkstext&action=edit missinglanguagelinkstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Missinglanguagelinkstext|Talk]] </td><td> These pages do &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; link to their counterpart in $1. Redirects and subpages are &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; shown. </td><td> {{int:Missinglanguagelinkstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Moredotdotdot&action=edit moredotdotdot]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Moredotdotdot|Talk]] </td><td> More... </td><td> {{int:Moredotdotdot}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Move&action=edit move]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Move|Talk]] </td><td> Move </td><td> {{int:Move}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movearticle&action=edit movearticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movearticle|Talk]] </td><td> Move page </td><td> {{int:Movearticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movedto&action=edit movedto]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movedto|Talk]] </td><td> moved to </td><td> {{int:Movedto}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movenologin&action=edit movenologin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movenologin|Talk]] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{int:Movenologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movenologintext&action=edit movenologintext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movenologintext|Talk]] </td><td> You must be a registered user and &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; to move a page. </td><td> {{int:Movenologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepage&action=edit movepage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movepage|Talk]] </td><td> Move page </td><td> {{int:Movepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepagebtn&action=edit movepagebtn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movepagebtn|Talk]] </td><td> Move page </td><td> {{int:Movepagebtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepagetalktext&action=edit movepagetalktext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movepagetalktext|Talk]] </td><td> The associated talk page, if any, will be automatically moved along with it &#39;&#39;&#39;unless:&#39;&#39;&#39; *You are moving the page across namespaces, *A non-empty talk page already exists under the new name, or *You uncheck the box below. In those cases, you will have to move or merge the page manually if desired. </td><td> {{int:Movepagetalktext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepagetext&action=edit movepagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movepagetext|Talk]] </td><td> Using the form below will rename a page, moving all of its history to the new name. The old title will become a redirect page to the new title. Links to the old page title will not be changed; be sure to &#91;&#91;Special:Maintenance&#124;check]] for double or broken redirects. You are responsible for making sure that links continue to point where they are supposed to go. Note that the page will &#39;&#39;&#39;not&#39;&#39;&#39; be moved if there is already a page at the new title, unless it is empty or a redirect and has no past edit history. This means that you can rename a page back to where it was just renamed from if you make a mistake, and you cannot overwrite an existing page. &lt;b&gt;WARNING!&lt;/b&gt; This can be a drastic and unexpected change for a popular page; please be sure you understand the consequences of this before proceeding. </td><td> {{int:Movepagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movetalk&action=edit movetalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movetalk|Talk]] </td><td> Move &quot;talk&quot; page as well, if applicable. </td><td> {{int:Movetalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movethispage&action=edit movethispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movethispage|Talk]] </td><td> Move this page </td><td> {{int:Movethispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mycontris&action=edit mycontris]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mycontris|Talk]] </td><td> My contributions </td><td> {{int:Mycontris}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mypage&action=edit mypage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mypage|Talk]] </td><td> My page </td><td> {{int:Mypage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mytalk&action=edit mytalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mytalk|Talk]] </td><td> My talk </td><td> {{int:Mytalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Navigation&action=edit navigation]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Navigation|Talk]] </td><td> Navigation </td><td> {{int:Navigation}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nbytes&action=edit nbytes]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nbytes|Talk]] </td><td> $1 bytes </td><td> {{int:Nbytes}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nchanges&action=edit nchanges]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nchanges|Talk]] </td><td> $1 changes </td><td> {{int:Nchanges}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newarticle&action=edit newarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newarticle|Talk]] </td><td> (New) </td><td> {{int:Newarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newarticletext&action=edit newarticletext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newarticletext|Talk]] </td><td> You&#39;ve followed a link to a page that doesn&#39;t exist yet. To create the page, start typing in the box below (see the &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Help&#124;help page]] for more info). If you are here by mistake, just click your browser&#39;s &#39;&#39;&#39;back&#39;&#39;&#39; button. </td><td> {{int:Newarticletext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newmessages&action=edit newmessages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newmessages|Talk]] </td><td> You have $1. </td><td> {{int:Newmessages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newmessageslink&action=edit newmessageslink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newmessageslink|Talk]] </td><td> new messages </td><td> {{int:Newmessageslink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpage&action=edit newpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newpage|Talk]] </td><td> New page </td><td> {{int:Newpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpageletter&action=edit newpageletter]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newpageletter|Talk]] </td><td> N </td><td> {{int:Newpageletter}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpages&action=edit newpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newpages|Talk]] </td><td> New pages </td><td> {{int:Newpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpassword&action=edit newpassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newpassword|Talk]] </td><td> New password </td><td> {{int:Newpassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newtitle&action=edit newtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newtitle|Talk]] </td><td> To new title </td><td> {{int:Newtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newusersonly&action=edit newusersonly]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newusersonly|Talk]] </td><td> (new users only) </td><td> {{int:Newusersonly}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Next&action=edit next]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Next|Talk]] </td><td> next </td><td> {{int:Next}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nextn&action=edit nextn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nextn|Talk]] </td><td> next $1 </td><td> {{int:Nextn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nlinks&action=edit nlinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nlinks|Talk]] </td><td> $1 links </td><td> {{int:Nlinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noaffirmation&action=edit noaffirmation]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noaffirmation|Talk]] </td><td> You must affirm that your upload does not violate any copyrights. </td><td> {{int:Noaffirmation}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noarticletext&action=edit noarticletext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noarticletext|Talk]] </td><td> (There is currently no text in this page) </td><td> {{int:Noarticletext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noblockreason&action=edit noblockreason]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noblockreason|Talk]] </td><td> You must supply a reason for the block. </td><td> {{int:Noblockreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noconnect&action=edit noconnect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noconnect|Talk]] </td><td> Sorry! The wiki is experiencing some technical difficulties, and cannot contact the database server. </td><td> {{int:Noconnect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocontribs&action=edit nocontribs]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nocontribs|Talk]] </td><td> No changes were found matching these criteria. </td><td> {{int:Nocontribs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocookieslogin&action=edit nocookieslogin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nocookieslogin|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia uses cookies to log in users. You have cookies disabled. Please enable them and try again. </td><td> {{int:Nocookieslogin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocookiesnew&action=edit nocookiesnew]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nocookiesnew|Talk]] </td><td> The user account was created, but you are not logged in. Wikipedia uses cookies to log in users. You have cookies disabled. Please enable them, then log in with your new username and password. </td><td> {{int:Nocookiesnew}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocreativecommons&action=edit nocreativecommons]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nocreativecommons|Talk]] </td><td> Creative Commons RDF metadata disabled for this server. </td><td> {{int:Nocreativecommons}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nodb&action=edit nodb]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nodb|Talk]] </td><td> Could not select database $1 </td><td> {{int:Nodb}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nodublincore&action=edit nodublincore]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nodublincore|Talk]] </td><td> Dublin Core RDF metadata disabled for this server. </td><td> {{int:Nodublincore}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noemail&action=edit noemail]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noemail|Talk]] </td><td> There is no e-mail address recorded for user &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Noemail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noemailtext&action=edit noemailtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noemailtext|Talk]] </td><td> This user has not specified a valid e-mail address, or has chosen not to receive e-mail from other users. </td><td> {{int:Noemailtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noemailtitle&action=edit noemailtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noemailtitle|Talk]] </td><td> No e-mail address </td><td> {{int:Noemailtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nogomatch&action=edit nogomatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nogomatch|Talk]] </td><td> No page with this exact title exists, trying full text search. </td><td> {{int:Nogomatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nohistory&action=edit nohistory]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nohistory|Talk]] </td><td> There is no edit history for this page. </td><td> {{int:Nohistory}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nolinkshere&action=edit nolinkshere]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nolinkshere|Talk]] </td><td> No pages link to here. </td><td> {{int:Nolinkshere}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nolinkstoimage&action=edit nolinkstoimage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nolinkstoimage|Talk]] </td><td> There are no pages that link to this image. </td><td> {{int:Nolinkstoimage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noname&action=edit noname]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noname|Talk]] </td><td> You have not specified a valid user name. </td><td> {{int:Noname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nonefound&action=edit nonefound]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nonefound|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;Note&lt;/strong&gt;: unsuccessful searches are often caused by searching for common words like &quot;have&quot; and &quot;from&quot;, which are not indexed, or by specifying more than one search term (only pages containing all of the search terms will appear in the result). </td><td> {{int:Nonefound}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nospecialpagetext&action=edit nospecialpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nospecialpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> You have requested a special page that is not recognized by the wiki. </td><td> {{int:Nospecialpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchaction&action=edit nosuchaction]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nosuchaction|Talk]] </td><td> No such action </td><td> {{int:Nosuchaction}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchactiontext&action=edit nosuchactiontext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nosuchactiontext|Talk]] </td><td> The action specified by the URL is not recognized by the wiki </td><td> {{int:Nosuchactiontext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchspecialpage&action=edit nosuchspecialpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nosuchspecialpage|Talk]] </td><td> No such special page </td><td> {{int:Nosuchspecialpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchuser&action=edit nosuchuser]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nosuchuser|Talk]] </td><td> There is no user by the name &quot;$1&quot;. Check your spelling, or use the form below to create a new user account. </td><td> {{int:Nosuchuser}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notacceptable&action=edit notacceptable]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notacceptable|Talk]] </td><td> The wiki server can&#39;t provide data in a format your client can read. </td><td> {{int:Notacceptable}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notanarticle&action=edit notanarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notanarticle|Talk]] </td><td> Not a content page </td><td> {{int:Notanarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notargettext&action=edit notargettext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notargettext|Talk]] </td><td> You have not specified a target page or user to perform this function on. </td><td> {{int:Notargettext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notargettitle&action=edit notargettitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notargettitle|Talk]] </td><td> No target </td><td> {{int:Notargettitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Note&action=edit note]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Note|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;Note:&lt;/strong&gt; </td><td> {{int:Note}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notextmatches&action=edit notextmatches]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notextmatches|Talk]] </td><td> No page text matches </td><td> {{int:Notextmatches}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notitlematches&action=edit notitlematches]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notitlematches|Talk]] </td><td> No page title matches </td><td> {{int:Notitlematches}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notloggedin&action=edit notloggedin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notloggedin|Talk]] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{int:Notloggedin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nowatchlist&action=edit nowatchlist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nowatchlist|Talk]] </td><td> You have no items on your watchlist. </td><td> {{int:Nowatchlist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nowiki_sample&action=edit nowiki_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nowiki_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Insert non-formatted text here </td><td> {{int:Nowiki_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nowiki_tip&action=edit nowiki_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nowiki_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Ignore wiki formatting </td><td> {{int:Nowiki_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-category&action=edit nstab-category]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-category|Talk]] </td><td> Category </td><td> {{int:Nstab-category}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-help&action=edit nstab-help]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-help|Talk]] </td><td> Help </td><td> {{int:Nstab-help}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-image&action=edit nstab-image]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-image|Talk]] </td><td> Image </td><td> {{int:Nstab-image}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-main&action=edit nstab-main]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-main|Talk]] </td><td> Article </td><td> {{int:Nstab-main}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-media&action=edit nstab-media]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-media|Talk]] </td><td> Media </td><td> {{int:Nstab-media}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-mediawiki&action=edit nstab-mediawiki]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-mediawiki|Talk]] </td><td> Message </td><td> {{int:Nstab-mediawiki}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-special&action=edit nstab-special]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-special|Talk]] </td><td> Special </td><td> {{int:Nstab-special}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-template&action=edit nstab-template]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-template|Talk]] </td><td> Template </td><td> {{int:Nstab-template}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-user&action=edit nstab-user]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-user|Talk]] </td><td> User page </td><td> {{int:Nstab-user}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-wp&action=edit nstab-wp]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-wp|Talk]] </td><td> About </td><td> {{int:Nstab-wp}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nviews&action=edit nviews]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nviews|Talk]] </td><td> $1 views </td><td> {{int:Nviews}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ok&action=edit ok]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ok|Talk]] </td><td> OK </td><td> {{int:Ok}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Oldpassword&action=edit oldpassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Oldpassword|Talk]] </td><td> Old password </td><td> {{int:Oldpassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Orig&action=edit orig]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Orig|Talk]] </td><td> orig </td><td> {{int:Orig}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Orphans&action=edit orphans]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Orphans|Talk]] </td><td> Orphaned pages </td><td> {{int:Orphans}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Othercontribs&action=edit othercontribs]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Othercontribs|Talk]] </td><td> Based on work by $1. </td><td> {{int:Othercontribs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Otherlanguages&action=edit otherlanguages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Otherlanguages|Talk]] </td><td> Other languages </td><td> {{int:Otherlanguages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Pagemovedsub&action=edit pagemovedsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Pagemovedsub|Talk]] </td><td> Move succeeded </td><td> {{int:Pagemovedsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Pagemovedtext&action=edit pagemovedtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Pagemovedtext|Talk]] </td><td> Page &quot;&#91;&#91;$1]]&quot; moved to &quot;&#91;&#91;$2]]&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Pagemovedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Pagetitle&action=edit pagetitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Pagetitle|Talk]] </td><td> $1 - Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Pagetitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Passwordremindertext&action=edit passwordremindertext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Passwordremindertext|Talk]] </td><td> Someone (probably you, from IP address $1) requested that we send you a new Wikipedia login password. The password for user &quot;$2&quot; is now &quot;$3&quot;. You should log in and change your password now. </td><td> {{int:Passwordremindertext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Passwordremindertitle&action=edit passwordremindertitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Passwordremindertitle|Talk]] </td><td> Password reminder from Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Passwordremindertitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Passwordsent&action=edit passwordsent]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Passwordsent|Talk]] </td><td> A new password has been sent to the e-mail address registered for &quot;$1&quot;. Please log in again after you receive it. </td><td> {{int:Passwordsent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Perfcached&action=edit perfcached]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Perfcached|Talk]] </td><td> The following data is cached and may not be completely up to date: </td><td> {{int:Perfcached}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Perfdisabled&action=edit perfdisabled]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Perfdisabled|Talk]] </td><td> Sorry! This feature has been temporarily disabled because it slows the database down to the point that no one can use the wiki. </td><td> {{int:Perfdisabled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Perfdisabledsub&action=edit perfdisabledsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Perfdisabledsub|Talk]] </td><td> Here&#39;s a saved copy from $1: </td><td> {{int:Perfdisabledsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Personaltools&action=edit personaltools]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Personaltools|Talk]] </td><td> Personal tools </td><td> {{int:Personaltools}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Popularpages&action=edit popularpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Popularpages|Talk]] </td><td> Popular pages </td><td> {{int:Popularpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Portal&action=edit portal]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Portal|Talk]] </td><td> Community portal </td><td> {{int:Portal}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Portal-url&action=edit portal-url]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Portal-url|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:Community Portal </td><td> {{int:Portal-url}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Postcomment&action=edit postcomment]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Postcomment|Talk]] </td><td> Post a comment </td><td> {{int:Postcomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Poweredby&action=edit poweredby]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Poweredby|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia is powered by &#91;http&#58;//www.mediawiki.org/ MediaWiki], an open source wiki engine. </td><td> {{int:Poweredby}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Powersearch&action=edit powersearch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Powersearch|Talk]] </td><td> Search </td><td> {{int:Powersearch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Powersearchtext&action=edit powersearchtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Powersearchtext|Talk]] </td><td> Search in namespaces :&lt;br /&gt; $1&lt;br /&gt; $2 List redirects &amp;nbsp; Search for $3 $9 </td><td> {{int:Powersearchtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Preferences&action=edit preferences]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Preferences|Talk]] </td><td> Preferences </td><td> {{int:Preferences}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefs-help-userdata&action=edit prefs-help-userdata]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefs-help-userdata|Talk]] </td><td> * &lt;strong&gt;Real name&lt;/strong&gt; (optional): if you choose to provide it this will be used for giving you attribution for your work.&lt;br/&gt; * &lt;strong&gt;Email&lt;/strong&gt; (optional): Enables people to contact you through the website without you having to reveal your email address to them, and it can be used to send you a new password if you forget it. </td><td> {{int:Prefs-help-userdata}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefs-misc&action=edit prefs-misc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefs-misc|Talk]] </td><td> Misc settings </td><td> {{int:Prefs-misc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefs-personal&action=edit prefs-personal]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefs-personal|Talk]] </td><td> User data </td><td> {{int:Prefs-personal}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefs-rc&action=edit prefs-rc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefs-rc|Talk]] </td><td> Recent changes and stub display </td><td> {{int:Prefs-rc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefslogintext&action=edit prefslogintext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefslogintext|Talk]] </td><td> You are logged in as &quot;$1&quot;. Your internal ID number is $2. See &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:User preferences help]] for help deciphering the options. </td><td> {{int:Prefslogintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefsnologin&action=edit prefsnologin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefsnologin|Talk]] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{int:Prefsnologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefsnologintext&action=edit prefsnologintext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefsnologintext|Talk]] </td><td> You must be &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; to set user preferences. </td><td> {{int:Prefsnologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefsreset&action=edit prefsreset]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefsreset|Talk]] </td><td> Preferences have been reset from storage. </td><td> {{int:Prefsreset}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Preview&action=edit preview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Preview|Talk]] </td><td> Preview </td><td> {{int:Preview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Previewconflict&action=edit previewconflict]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Previewconflict|Talk]] </td><td> This preview reflects the text in the upper text editing area as it will appear if you choose to save. </td><td> {{int:Previewconflict}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Previewnote&action=edit previewnote]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Previewnote|Talk]] </td><td> Remember that this is only a preview, and has not yet been saved! </td><td> {{int:Previewnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prevn&action=edit prevn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prevn|Talk]] </td><td> previous $1 </td><td> {{int:Prevn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Printableversion&action=edit printableversion]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Printableversion|Talk]] </td><td> Printable version </td><td> {{int:Printableversion}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Printsubtitle&action=edit printsubtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Printsubtitle|Talk]] </td><td> (From http&#58;//sd.wikipedia.org) </td><td> {{int:Printsubtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protect&action=edit protect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protect|Talk]] </td><td> Protect </td><td> {{int:Protect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectcomment&action=edit protectcomment]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectcomment|Talk]] </td><td> Reason for protecting </td><td> {{int:Protectcomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedarticle&action=edit protectedarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectedarticle|Talk]] </td><td> protected &#91;&#91;$1]] </td><td> {{int:Protectedarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedpage&action=edit protectedpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectedpage|Talk]] </td><td> Protected page </td><td> {{int:Protectedpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedpagewarning&action=edit protectedpagewarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectedpagewarning|Talk]] </td><td> WARNING: This page has been locked so that only users with sysop privileges can edit it. Be sure you are following the &lt;a href=&#39;/w/wiki.phtml/Wikipedia:Protected_page_guidelines&#39;&gt;protected page guidelines&lt;/a&gt;. </td><td> {{int:Protectedpagewarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedtext&action=edit protectedtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectedtext|Talk]] </td><td> This page has been locked to prevent editing; there are a number of reasons why this may be so, please see &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Protected page]]. You can view and copy the source of this page: </td><td> {{int:Protectedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectlogpage&action=edit protectlogpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectlogpage|Talk]] </td><td> Protection_log </td><td> {{int:Protectlogpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectlogtext&action=edit protectlogtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectlogtext|Talk]] </td><td> Below is a list of page locks/unlocks. See &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Protected page]] for more information. </td><td> {{int:Protectlogtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectpage&action=edit protectpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectpage|Talk]] </td><td> Protect page </td><td> {{int:Protectpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectreason&action=edit protectreason]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectreason|Talk]] </td><td> (give a reason) </td><td> {{int:Protectreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectsub&action=edit protectsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectsub|Talk]] </td><td> (Protecting &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{int:Protectsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectthispage&action=edit protectthispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectthispage|Talk]] </td><td> Protect this page </td><td> {{int:Protectthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Proxyblocker&action=edit proxyblocker]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Proxyblocker|Talk]] </td><td> Proxy blocker </td><td> {{int:Proxyblocker}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Proxyblockreason&action=edit proxyblockreason]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Proxyblockreason|Talk]] </td><td> Your IP address has been blocked because it is an open proxy. Please contact your Internet service provider or tech support and inform them of this serious security problem. </td><td> {{int:Proxyblockreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Proxyblocksuccess&action=edit proxyblocksuccess]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Proxyblocksuccess|Talk]] </td><td> Done. </td><td> {{int:Proxyblocksuccess}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbbrowse&action=edit qbbrowse]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbbrowse|Talk]] </td><td> Browse </td><td> {{int:Qbbrowse}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbedit&action=edit qbedit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbedit|Talk]] </td><td> Edit </td><td> {{int:Qbedit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbfind&action=edit qbfind]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbfind|Talk]] </td><td> Find </td><td> {{int:Qbfind}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbmyoptions&action=edit qbmyoptions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbmyoptions|Talk]] </td><td> My pages </td><td> {{int:Qbmyoptions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbpageinfo&action=edit qbpageinfo]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbpageinfo|Talk]] </td><td> Context </td><td> {{int:Qbpageinfo}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbpageoptions&action=edit qbpageoptions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbpageoptions|Talk]] </td><td> This page </td><td> {{int:Qbpageoptions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbsettings&action=edit qbsettings]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbsettings|Talk]] </td><td> Quickbar settings </td><td> {{int:Qbsettings}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbspecialpages&action=edit qbspecialpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbspecialpages|Talk]] </td><td> Special pages </td><td> {{int:Qbspecialpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Querybtn&action=edit querybtn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Querybtn|Talk]] </td><td> Submit query </td><td> {{int:Querybtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Querysuccessful&action=edit querysuccessful]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Querysuccessful|Talk]] </td><td> Query successful </td><td> {{int:Querysuccessful}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Randompage&action=edit randompage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Randompage|Talk]] </td><td> Random page </td><td> {{int:Randompage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Range_block_disabled&action=edit range_block_disabled]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Range_block_disabled|Talk]] </td><td> The sysop ability to create range blocks is disabled. </td><td> {{int:Range_block_disabled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rchide&action=edit rchide]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rchide|Talk]] </td><td> in $4 form; $1 minor edits; $2 secondary namespaces; $3 multiple edits. </td><td> {{int:Rchide}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rclinks&action=edit rclinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rclinks|Talk]] </td><td> Show last $1 changes in last $2 days&lt;br /&gt;$3 </td><td> {{int:Rclinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rclistfrom&action=edit rclistfrom]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rclistfrom|Talk]] </td><td> Show new changes starting from $1 </td><td> {{int:Rclistfrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcliu&action=edit rcliu]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rcliu|Talk]] </td><td> ; $1 edits from logged in users </td><td> {{int:Rcliu}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcloaderr&action=edit rcloaderr]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rcloaderr|Talk]] </td><td> Loading recent changes </td><td> {{int:Rcloaderr}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rclsub&action=edit rclsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rclsub|Talk]] </td><td> (to pages linked from &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{int:Rclsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcnote&action=edit rcnote]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rcnote|Talk]] </td><td> Below are the last &lt;strong&gt;$1&lt;/strong&gt; changes in last &lt;strong&gt;$2&lt;/strong&gt; days. </td><td> {{int:Rcnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcnotefrom&action=edit rcnotefrom]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rcnotefrom|Talk]] </td><td> Below are the changes since &lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt; (up to &lt;b&gt;$1&lt;/b&gt; shown). </td><td> {{int:Rcnotefrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Readonly&action=edit readonly]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Readonly|Talk]] </td><td> Database locked </td><td> {{int:Readonly}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Readonlytext&action=edit readonlytext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Readonlytext|Talk]] </td><td> The database is currently locked to new entries and other modifications, probably for routine database maintenance, after which it will be back to normal. The administrator who locked it offered this explanation: &lt;p&gt;$1 </td><td> {{int:Readonlytext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Readonlywarning&action=edit readonlywarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Readonlywarning|Talk]] </td><td> WARNING: The database has been locked for maintenance, so you will not be able to save your edits right now. You may wish to cut-n-paste the text into a text file and save it for later. </td><td> {{int:Readonlywarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchanges&action=edit recentchanges]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Recentchanges|Talk]] </td><td> Recent changes </td><td> {{int:Recentchanges}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchangescount&action=edit recentchangescount]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Recentchangescount|Talk]] </td><td> Number of titles in recent changes </td><td> {{int:Recentchangescount}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchangeslinked&action=edit recentchangeslinked]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Recentchangeslinked|Talk]] </td><td> Related changes </td><td> {{int:Recentchangeslinked}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchangestext&action=edit recentchangestext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Recentchangestext|Talk]] </td><td> Track the most recent changes to the wiki on this page. </td><td> {{int:Recentchangestext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Redirectedfrom&action=edit redirectedfrom]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Redirectedfrom|Talk]] </td><td> (Redirected from $1) </td><td> {{int:Redirectedfrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Remembermypassword&action=edit remembermypassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Remembermypassword|Talk]] </td><td> Remember my password across sessions. </td><td> {{int:Remembermypassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removechecked&action=edit removechecked]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Removechecked|Talk]] </td><td> Remove checked items from watchlist </td><td> {{int:Removechecked}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removedwatch&action=edit removedwatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Removedwatch|Talk]] </td><td> Removed from watchlist </td><td> {{int:Removedwatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removedwatchtext&action=edit removedwatchtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Removedwatchtext|Talk]] </td><td> The page &quot;$1&quot; has been removed from your watchlist. </td><td> {{int:Removedwatchtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removingchecked&action=edit removingchecked]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Removingchecked|Talk]] </td><td> Removing requested items from watchlist... </td><td> {{int:Removingchecked}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Resetprefs&action=edit resetprefs]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Resetprefs|Talk]] </td><td> Reset preferences </td><td> {{int:Resetprefs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Restorelink&action=edit restorelink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Restorelink|Talk]] </td><td> $1 deleted edits </td><td> {{int:Restorelink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Resultsperpage&action=edit resultsperpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Resultsperpage|Talk]] </td><td> Hits to show per page </td><td> {{int:Resultsperpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Retrievedfrom&action=edit retrievedfrom]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Retrievedfrom|Talk]] </td><td> Retrieved from &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Retrievedfrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Returnto&action=edit returnto]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Returnto|Talk]] </td><td> Return to $1. </td><td> {{int:Returnto}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Retypenew&action=edit retypenew]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Retypenew|Talk]] </td><td> Retype new password </td><td> {{int:Retypenew}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Reupload&action=edit reupload]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Reupload|Talk]] </td><td> Re-upload </td><td> {{int:Reupload}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Reuploaddesc&action=edit reuploaddesc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Reuploaddesc|Talk]] </td><td> Return to the upload form. </td><td> {{int:Reuploaddesc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Reverted&action=edit reverted]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Reverted|Talk]] </td><td> Reverted to earlier revision </td><td> {{int:Reverted}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revertimg&action=edit revertimg]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Revertimg|Talk]] </td><td> rev </td><td> {{int:Revertimg}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revertpage&action=edit revertpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Revertpage|Talk]] </td><td> Reverted edit of $2, changed back to last version by $1 </td><td> {{int:Revertpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revhistory&action=edit revhistory]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Revhistory|Talk]] </td><td> Revision history </td><td> {{int:Revhistory}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revisionasof&action=edit revisionasof]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Revisionasof|Talk]] </td><td> Revision as of $1 </td><td> {{int:Revisionasof}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revnotfound&action=edit revnotfound]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Revnotfound|Talk]] </td><td> Revision not found </td><td> {{int:Revnotfound}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revnotfoundtext&action=edit revnotfoundtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Revnotfoundtext|Talk]] </td><td> The old revision of the page you asked for could not be found. Please check the URL you used to access this page. </td><td> {{int:Revnotfoundtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rfcurl&action=edit rfcurl]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rfcurl|Talk]] </td><td> http&#58;//www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc$1.html </td><td> {{int:Rfcurl}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rights&action=edit rights]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rights|Talk]] </td><td> Rights: </td><td> {{int:Rights}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollback&action=edit rollback]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rollback|Talk]] </td><td> Roll back edits </td><td> {{int:Rollback}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollback_short&action=edit rollback_short]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rollback_short|Talk]] </td><td> Rollback </td><td> {{int:Rollback_short}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollbackfailed&action=edit rollbackfailed]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rollbackfailed|Talk]] </td><td> Rollback failed </td><td> {{int:Rollbackfailed}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollbacklink&action=edit rollbacklink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rollbacklink|Talk]] </td><td> rollback </td><td> {{int:Rollbacklink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rows&action=edit rows]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rows|Talk]] </td><td> Rows </td><td> {{int:Rows}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Savearticle&action=edit savearticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Savearticle|Talk]] </td><td> Save page </td><td> {{int:Savearticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Savedprefs&action=edit savedprefs]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Savedprefs|Talk]] </td><td> Your preferences have been saved. </td><td> {{int:Savedprefs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Savefile&action=edit savefile]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Savefile|Talk]] </td><td> Save file </td><td> {{int:Savefile}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Saveprefs&action=edit saveprefs]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Saveprefs|Talk]] </td><td> Save preferences </td><td> {{int:Saveprefs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Search&action=edit search]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Search|Talk]] </td><td> Search </td><td> {{int:Search}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchdisabled&action=edit searchdisabled]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchdisabled|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;p&gt;Sorry! Full text search has been disabled temporarily, for performance reasons. In the meantime, you can use the Google search below, which may be out of date.&lt;/p&gt; </td><td> {{int:Searchdisabled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchhelppage&action=edit searchhelppage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchhelppage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:Searching </td><td> {{int:Searchhelppage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchingwikipedia&action=edit searchingwikipedia]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchingwikipedia|Talk]] </td><td> Searching Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Searchingwikipedia}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchquery&action=edit searchquery]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchquery|Talk]] </td><td> For query &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Searchquery}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchresults&action=edit searchresults]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchresults|Talk]] </td><td> Search results </td><td> {{int:Searchresults}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchresultshead&action=edit searchresultshead]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchresultshead|Talk]] </td><td> Search result settings </td><td> {{int:Searchresultshead}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchresulttext&action=edit searchresulttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchresulttext|Talk]] </td><td> For more information about searching Wikipedia, see $1. </td><td> {{int:Searchresulttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sectionedit&action=edit sectionedit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sectionedit|Talk]] </td><td> (section) </td><td> {{int:Sectionedit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selectnewerversionfordiff&action=edit selectnewerversionfordiff]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Selectnewerversionfordiff|Talk]] </td><td> Select a newer version for comparison </td><td> {{int:Selectnewerversionfordiff}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selectolderversionfordiff&action=edit selectolderversionfordiff]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Selectolderversionfordiff|Talk]] </td><td> Select an older version for comparison </td><td> {{int:Selectolderversionfordiff}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selectonly&action=edit selectonly]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Selectonly|Talk]] </td><td> Only read-only queries are allowed. </td><td> {{int:Selectonly}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selflinks&action=edit selflinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Selflinks|Talk]] </td><td> Pages with Self Links </td><td> {{int:Selflinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selflinkstext&action=edit selflinkstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Selflinkstext|Talk]] </td><td> The following pages contain a link to themselves, which they should not. </td><td> {{int:Selflinkstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Seriousxhtmlerrors&action=edit seriousxhtmlerrors]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Seriousxhtmlerrors|Talk]] </td><td> There were serious xhtml markup errors detected by tidy. </td><td> {{int:Seriousxhtmlerrors}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Servertime&action=edit servertime]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Servertime|Talk]] </td><td> Server time is now </td><td> {{int:Servertime}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Set_rights_fail&action=edit set_rights_fail]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Set_rights_fail|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;User rights for &quot;$1&quot; could not be set. (Did you enter the name correctly?)&lt;/b&gt; </td><td> {{int:Set_rights_fail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Set_user_rights&action=edit set_user_rights]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Set_user_rights|Talk]] </td><td> Set user rights </td><td> {{int:Set_user_rights}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Setbureaucratflag&action=edit setbureaucratflag]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Setbureaucratflag|Talk]] </td><td> Set bureaucrat flag </td><td> {{int:Setbureaucratflag}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Shortpages&action=edit shortpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Shortpages|Talk]] </td><td> Short pages </td><td> {{int:Shortpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Show&action=edit show]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Show|Talk]] </td><td> show </td><td> {{int:Show}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showhideminor&action=edit showhideminor]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Showhideminor|Talk]] </td><td> $1 minor edits &#124; $2 bots &#124; $3 logged in users </td><td> {{int:Showhideminor}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showingresults&action=edit showingresults]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Showingresults|Talk]] </td><td> Showing below &lt;b&gt;$1&lt;/b&gt; results starting with #&lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt;. </td><td> {{int:Showingresults}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showingresultsnum&action=edit showingresultsnum]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Showingresultsnum|Talk]] </td><td> Showing below &lt;b&gt;$3&lt;/b&gt; results starting with #&lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt;. </td><td> {{int:Showingresultsnum}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showlast&action=edit showlast]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Showlast|Talk]] </td><td> Show last $1 images sorted $2. </td><td> {{int:Showlast}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showpreview&action=edit showpreview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Showpreview|Talk]] </td><td> Show preview </td><td> {{int:Showpreview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showtoc&action=edit showtoc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Showtoc|Talk]] </td><td> show </td><td> {{int:Showtoc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sig_tip&action=edit sig_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sig_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Your signature with timestamp </td><td> {{int:Sig_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitestats&action=edit sitestats]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sitestats|Talk]] </td><td> Site statistics </td><td> {{int:Sitestats}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitestatstext&action=edit sitestatstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sitestatstext|Talk]] </td><td> There are &#39;&#39;&#39;$1&#39;&#39;&#39; total pages in the database. This includes &quot;talk&quot; pages, pages about Wikipedia, minimal &quot;stub&quot; pages, redirects, and others that probably don&#39;t qualify as content pages. Excluding those, there are &#39;&#39;&#39;$2&#39;&#39;&#39; pages that are probably legitimate content pages. There have been a total of &#39;&#39;&#39;$3&#39;&#39;&#39; page views, and &#39;&#39;&#39;$4&#39;&#39;&#39; page edits since the wiki was setup. That comes to &#39;&#39;&#39;$5&#39;&#39;&#39; average edits per page, and &#39;&#39;&#39;$6&#39;&#39;&#39; views per edit. </td><td> {{int:Sitestatstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitesubtitle&action=edit sitesubtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sitesubtitle|Talk]] </td><td> The Free Encyclopedia </td><td> {{int:Sitesubtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitesupport&action=edit sitesupport]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sitesupport|Talk]] </td><td> Donations </td><td> {{int:Sitesupport}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitetitle&action=edit sitetitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sitetitle|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Sitetitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Siteuser&action=edit siteuser]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Siteuser|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia user $1 </td><td> {{int:Siteuser}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Siteusers&action=edit siteusers]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Siteusers|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia user(s) $1 </td><td> {{int:Siteusers}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Skin&action=edit skin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Skin|Talk]] </td><td> Skin </td><td> {{int:Skin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Spamprotectiontext&action=edit spamprotectiontext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Spamprotectiontext|Talk]] </td><td> The page you wanted to save was blocked by the spam filter. This is probably caused by a link to an external site. You might want to check the following regular expression for patterns that are currently blocked: </td><td> {{int:Spamprotectiontext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Spamprotectiontitle&action=edit spamprotectiontitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Spamprotectiontitle|Talk]] </td><td> Spam protection filter </td><td> {{int:Spamprotectiontitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Specialpage&action=edit specialpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Specialpage|Talk]] </td><td> Special Page </td><td> {{int:Specialpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Specialpages&action=edit specialpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Specialpages|Talk]] </td><td> Special pages </td><td> {{int:Specialpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Spheading&action=edit spheading]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Spheading|Talk]] </td><td> Special pages for all users </td><td> {{int:Spheading}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sqlislogged&action=edit sqlislogged]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sqlislogged|Talk]] </td><td> Please note that all queries are logged. </td><td> {{int:Sqlislogged}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sqlquery&action=edit sqlquery]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sqlquery|Talk]] </td><td> Enter query </td><td> {{int:Sqlquery}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Statistics&action=edit statistics]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Statistics|Talk]] </td><td> Statistics </td><td> {{int:Statistics}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Storedversion&action=edit storedversion]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Storedversion|Talk]] </td><td> Stored version </td><td> {{int:Storedversion}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Stubthreshold&action=edit stubthreshold]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Stubthreshold|Talk]] </td><td> Threshold for stub display </td><td> {{int:Stubthreshold}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Subcategories&action=edit subcategories]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Subcategories|Talk]] </td><td> Subcategories </td><td> {{int:Subcategories}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Subject&action=edit subject]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Subject|Talk]] </td><td> Subject/headline </td><td> {{int:Subject}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Subjectpage&action=edit subjectpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Subjectpage|Talk]] </td><td> View subject </td><td> {{int:Subjectpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Successfulupload&action=edit successfulupload]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Successfulupload|Talk]] </td><td> Successful upload </td><td> {{int:Successfulupload}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Summary&action=edit summary]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Summary|Talk]] </td><td> Summary </td><td> {{int:Summary}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sysopspheading&action=edit sysopspheading]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sysopspheading|Talk]] </td><td> For sysop use only </td><td> {{int:Sysopspheading}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sysoptext&action=edit sysoptext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sysoptext|Talk]] </td><td> The action you have requested can only be performed by users with &quot;sysop&quot; status. See $1. </td><td> {{int:Sysoptext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sysoptitle&action=edit sysoptitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sysoptitle|Talk]] </td><td> Sysop access required </td><td> {{int:Sysoptitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tableform&action=edit tableform]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tableform|Talk]] </td><td> table </td><td> {{int:Tableform}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talk&action=edit talk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Talk|Talk]] </td><td> Discussion </td><td> {{int:Talk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkexists&action=edit talkexists]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Talkexists|Talk]] </td><td> The page itself was moved successfully, but the talk page could not be moved because one already exists at the new title. Please merge them manually. </td><td> {{int:Talkexists}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpage&action=edit talkpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Talkpage|Talk]] </td><td> Discuss this page </td><td> {{int:Talkpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpagemoved&action=edit talkpagemoved]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Talkpagemoved|Talk]] </td><td> The corresponding talk page was also moved. </td><td> {{int:Talkpagemoved}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpagenotmoved&action=edit talkpagenotmoved]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Talkpagenotmoved|Talk]] </td><td> The corresponding talk page was &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; moved. </td><td> {{int:Talkpagenotmoved}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpagetext&action=edit talkpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Talkpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;!-- MediaWiki:talkpagetext --&gt; </td><td> {{int:Talkpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Textboxsize&action=edit textboxsize]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Textboxsize|Talk]] </td><td> Textbox dimensions </td><td> {{int:Textboxsize}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Textmatches&action=edit textmatches]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Textmatches|Talk]] </td><td> Page text matches </td><td> {{int:Textmatches}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Thisisdeleted&action=edit thisisdeleted]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Thisisdeleted|Talk]] </td><td> View or restore $1? </td><td> {{int:Thisisdeleted}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Thumbnail-more&action=edit thumbnail-more]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Thumbnail-more|Talk]] </td><td> Enlarge </td><td> {{int:Thumbnail-more}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Timezoneoffset&action=edit timezoneoffset]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Timezoneoffset|Talk]] </td><td> Offset </td><td> {{int:Timezoneoffset}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Timezonetext&action=edit timezonetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Timezonetext|Talk]] </td><td> Enter number of hours your local time differs from server time (UTC). </td><td> {{int:Timezonetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Titlematches&action=edit titlematches]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Titlematches|Talk]] </td><td> Article title matches </td><td> {{int:Titlematches}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Toc&action=edit toc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Toc|Talk]] </td><td> Table of contents </td><td> {{int:Toc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Toolbox&action=edit toolbox]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Toolbox|Talk]] </td><td> Toolbox </td><td> {{int:Toolbox}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-addsection&action=edit tooltip-addsection]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-addsection|Talk]] </td><td> Add a comment to this page. &#91;alt-+] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-addsection}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-anontalk&action=edit tooltip-anontalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-anontalk|Talk]] </td><td> Discussion about edits from this ip address &#91;alt-n] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-anontalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-anonuserpage&action=edit tooltip-anonuserpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-anonuserpage|Talk]] </td><td> The user page for the ip you&#39;re editing as &#91;alt-.] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-anonuserpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-article&action=edit tooltip-article]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-article|Talk]] </td><td> View the content page &#91;alt-a] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-article}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-atom&action=edit tooltip-atom]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-atom|Talk]] </td><td> Atom feed for this page </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-atom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-compareselectedversions&action=edit tooltip-compareselectedversions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-compareselectedversions|Talk]] </td><td> See the differences between the two selected versions of this page. &#91;alt-v] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-compareselectedversions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-contributions&action=edit tooltip-contributions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-contributions|Talk]] </td><td> View the list of contributions of this user </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-contributions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-currentevents&action=edit tooltip-currentevents]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-currentevents|Talk]] </td><td> Find background information on current events </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-currentevents}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-delete&action=edit tooltip-delete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-delete|Talk]] </td><td> Delete this page &#91;alt-d] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-delete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-edit&action=edit tooltip-edit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-edit|Talk]] </td><td> You can edit this page. Please use the preview button before saving. &#91;alt-e] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-edit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-emailuser&action=edit tooltip-emailuser]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-emailuser|Talk]] </td><td> Send a mail to this user </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-emailuser}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-help&action=edit tooltip-help]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-help|Talk]] </td><td> The place to find out. </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-help}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-history&action=edit tooltip-history]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-history|Talk]] </td><td> Past versions of this page, &#91;alt-h] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-history}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-login&action=edit tooltip-login]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-login|Talk]] </td><td> You are encouraged to log in, it is not mandatory however. &#91;alt-o] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-login}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-logout&action=edit tooltip-logout]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-logout|Talk]] </td><td> Log out &#91;alt-o] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-logout}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-mainpage&action=edit tooltip-mainpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-mainpage|Talk]] </td><td> Visit the Main Page &#91;alt-z] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-mainpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-minoredit&action=edit tooltip-minoredit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-minoredit|Talk]] </td><td> Mark this as a minor edit &#91;alt-i] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-minoredit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-move&action=edit tooltip-move]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-move|Talk]] </td><td> Move this page &#91;alt-m] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-move}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-mycontris&action=edit tooltip-mycontris]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-mycontris|Talk]] </td><td> List of my contributions &#91;alt-y] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-mycontris}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-mytalk&action=edit tooltip-mytalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-mytalk|Talk]] </td><td> My talk page &#91;alt-n] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-mytalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-nomove&action=edit tooltip-nomove]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-nomove|Talk]] </td><td> You don&#39;t have the permissions to move this page </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-nomove}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-portal&action=edit tooltip-portal]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-portal|Talk]] </td><td> About the project, what you can do, where to find things </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-portal}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-preferences&action=edit tooltip-preferences]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-preferences|Talk]] </td><td> My preferences </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-preferences}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-preview&action=edit tooltip-preview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-preview|Talk]] </td><td> Preview your changes, please use this before saving! &#91;alt-p] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-preview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-protect&action=edit tooltip-protect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-protect|Talk]] </td><td> Protect this page &#91;alt-=] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-protect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-randompage&action=edit tooltip-randompage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-randompage|Talk]] </td><td> Load a random page &#91;alt-x] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-randompage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-recentchanges&action=edit tooltip-recentchanges]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-recentchanges|Talk]] </td><td> The list of recent changes in the wiki. &#91;alt-r] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-recentchanges}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-recentchangeslinked&action=edit tooltip-recentchangeslinked]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-recentchangeslinked|Talk]] </td><td> Recent changes in pages linking to this page &#91;alt-c] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-recentchangeslinked}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-rss&action=edit tooltip-rss]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-rss|Talk]] </td><td> RSS feed for this page </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-rss}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-save&action=edit tooltip-save]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-save|Talk]] </td><td> Save you changes &#91;alt-s] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-save}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-search&action=edit tooltip-search]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-search|Talk]] </td><td> Search this wiki &#91;alt-f] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-search}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-sitesupport&action=edit tooltip-sitesupport]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-sitesupport|Talk]] </td><td> Support Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-sitesupport}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-specialpage&action=edit tooltip-specialpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-specialpage|Talk]] </td><td> This is a special page, you can&#39;t edit the page itself. </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-specialpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-specialpages&action=edit tooltip-specialpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-specialpages|Talk]] </td><td> List of all special pages &#91;alt-q] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-specialpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-talk&action=edit tooltip-talk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-talk|Talk]] </td><td> Discussion about the content page &#91;alt-t] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-talk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-undelete&action=edit tooltip-undelete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-undelete|Talk]] </td><td> Restore $1 deleted edits to this page &#91;alt-d] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-undelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-unwatch&action=edit tooltip-unwatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-unwatch|Talk]] </td><td> Remove this page from your watchlist &#91;alt-w] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-unwatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-upload&action=edit tooltip-upload]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-upload|Talk]] </td><td> Upload images or media files &#91;alt-u] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-upload}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-userpage&action=edit tooltip-userpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-userpage|Talk]] </td><td> My user page &#91;alt-.] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-userpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-viewsource&action=edit tooltip-viewsource]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-viewsource|Talk]] </td><td> This page is protected. You can view it&#39;s source. &#91;alt-e] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-viewsource}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-watch&action=edit tooltip-watch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-watch|Talk]] </td><td> Add this page to your watchlist &#91;alt-w] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-watch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-watchlist&action=edit tooltip-watchlist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-watchlist|Talk]] </td><td> The list of pages you&#39;re monitoring for changes. &#91;alt-l] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-watchlist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-whatlinkshere&action=edit tooltip-whatlinkshere]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-whatlinkshere|Talk]] </td><td> List of all wiki pages that link here &#91;alt-b] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-whatlinkshere}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uclinks&action=edit uclinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uclinks|Talk]] </td><td> View the last $1 changes; view the last $2 days. </td><td> {{int:Uclinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ucnote&action=edit ucnote]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ucnote|Talk]] </td><td> Below are this user&#39;s last &lt;b&gt;$1&lt;/b&gt; changes in the last &lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt; days. </td><td> {{int:Ucnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uctop&action=edit uctop]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uctop|Talk]] </td><td> (top) </td><td> {{int:Uctop}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblockip&action=edit unblockip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unblockip|Talk]] </td><td> Unblock user </td><td> {{int:Unblockip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblockiptext&action=edit unblockiptext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unblockiptext|Talk]] </td><td> Use the form below to restore write access to a previously blocked IP address or username. </td><td> {{int:Unblockiptext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblocklink&action=edit unblocklink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unblocklink|Talk]] </td><td> unblock </td><td> {{int:Unblocklink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblocklogentry&action=edit unblocklogentry]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unblocklogentry|Talk]] </td><td> unblocked &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Unblocklogentry}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undelete&action=edit undelete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undelete|Talk]] </td><td> Restore deleted page </td><td> {{int:Undelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undelete_short&action=edit undelete_short]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undelete_short|Talk]] </td><td> Undelete </td><td> {{int:Undelete_short}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletearticle&action=edit undeletearticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletearticle|Talk]] </td><td> Restore deleted page </td><td> {{int:Undeletearticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletebtn&action=edit undeletebtn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletebtn|Talk]] </td><td> Restore! </td><td> {{int:Undeletebtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletedarticle&action=edit undeletedarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletedarticle|Talk]] </td><td> restored &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Undeletedarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletedtext&action=edit undeletedtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletedtext|Talk]] </td><td> &#91;&#91;$1]] has been successfully restored. See &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Deletion_log]] for a record of recent deletions and restorations. </td><td> {{int:Undeletedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletehistory&action=edit undeletehistory]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletehistory|Talk]] </td><td> If you restore the page, all revisions will be restored to the history. If a new page with the same name has been created since the deletion, the restored revisions will appear in the prior history, and the current revision of the live page will not be automatically replaced. </td><td> {{int:Undeletehistory}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletepage&action=edit undeletepage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletepage|Talk]] </td><td> View and restore deleted pages </td><td> {{int:Undeletepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletepagetext&action=edit undeletepagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletepagetext|Talk]] </td><td> The following pages have been deleted but are still in the archive and can be restored. The archive may be periodically cleaned out. </td><td> {{int:Undeletepagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeleterevision&action=edit undeleterevision]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeleterevision|Talk]] </td><td> Deleted revision as of $1 </td><td> {{int:Undeleterevision}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeleterevisions&action=edit undeleterevisions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeleterevisions|Talk]] </td><td> $1 revisions archived </td><td> {{int:Undeleterevisions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unexpected&action=edit unexpected]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unexpected|Talk]] </td><td> Unexpected value: &quot;$1&quot;=&quot;$2&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Unexpected}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockbtn&action=edit unlockbtn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockbtn|Talk]] </td><td> Unlock database </td><td> {{int:Unlockbtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockconfirm&action=edit unlockconfirm]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockconfirm|Talk]] </td><td> Yes, I really want to unlock the database. </td><td> {{int:Unlockconfirm}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdb&action=edit unlockdb]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockdb|Talk]] </td><td> Unlock database </td><td> {{int:Unlockdb}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdbsuccesssub&action=edit unlockdbsuccesssub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockdbsuccesssub|Talk]] </td><td> Database lock removed </td><td> {{int:Unlockdbsuccesssub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdbsuccesstext&action=edit unlockdbsuccesstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockdbsuccesstext|Talk]] </td><td> The database has been unlocked. </td><td> {{int:Unlockdbsuccesstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdbtext&action=edit unlockdbtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockdbtext|Talk]] </td><td> Unlocking the database will restore the ability of all users to edit pages, change their preferences, edit their watchlists, and other things requiring changes in the database. Please confirm that this is what you intend to do. </td><td> {{int:Unlockdbtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotect&action=edit unprotect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unprotect|Talk]] </td><td> Unprotect </td><td> {{int:Unprotect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotectcomment&action=edit unprotectcomment]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unprotectcomment|Talk]] </td><td> Reason for unprotecting </td><td> {{int:Unprotectcomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotectedarticle&action=edit unprotectedarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unprotectedarticle|Talk]] </td><td> unprotected &#91;&#91;$1]] </td><td> {{int:Unprotectedarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotectsub&action=edit unprotectsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unprotectsub|Talk]] </td><td> (Unprotecting &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{int:Unprotectsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotectthispage&action=edit unprotectthispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unprotectthispage|Talk]] </td><td> Unprotect this page </td><td> {{int:Unprotectthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unusedimages&action=edit unusedimages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unusedimages|Talk]] </td><td> Unused images </td><td> {{int:Unusedimages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unusedimagestext&action=edit unusedimagestext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unusedimagestext|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;p&gt;Please note that other web sites may link to an image with a direct URL, and so may still be listed here despite being in active use. </td><td> {{int:Unusedimagestext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unwatch&action=edit unwatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unwatch|Talk]] </td><td> Unwatch </td><td> {{int:Unwatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unwatchthispage&action=edit unwatchthispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unwatchthispage|Talk]] </td><td> Stop watching </td><td> {{int:Unwatchthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Updated&action=edit updated]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Updated|Talk]] </td><td> (Updated) </td><td> {{int:Updated}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Upload&action=edit upload]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Upload|Talk]] </td><td> Upload file </td><td> {{int:Upload}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadbtn&action=edit uploadbtn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadbtn|Talk]] </td><td> Upload file </td><td> {{int:Uploadbtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploaddisabled&action=edit uploaddisabled]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploaddisabled|Talk]] </td><td> Sorry, uploading is disabled. </td><td> {{int:Uploaddisabled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadedfiles&action=edit uploadedfiles]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadedfiles|Talk]] </td><td> Uploaded files </td><td> {{int:Uploadedfiles}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadedimage&action=edit uploadedimage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadedimage|Talk]] </td><td> uploaded &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Uploadedimage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploaderror&action=edit uploaderror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploaderror|Talk]] </td><td> Upload error </td><td> {{int:Uploaderror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadfile&action=edit uploadfile]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadfile|Talk]] </td><td> Upload images, sounds, documents etc. </td><td> {{int:Uploadfile}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlink&action=edit uploadlink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadlink|Talk]] </td><td> Upload images </td><td> {{int:Uploadlink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlog&action=edit uploadlog]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadlog|Talk]] </td><td> upload log </td><td> {{int:Uploadlog}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlogpage&action=edit uploadlogpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadlogpage|Talk]] </td><td> Upload_log </td><td> {{int:Uploadlogpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlogpagetext&action=edit uploadlogpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadlogpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> Below is a list of the most recent file uploads. All times shown are server time (UTC). &lt;ul&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; </td><td> {{int:Uploadlogpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadnologin&action=edit uploadnologin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadnologin|Talk]] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{int:Uploadnologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadnologintext&action=edit uploadnologintext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadnologintext|Talk]] </td><td> You must be &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; to upload files. </td><td> {{int:Uploadnologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadtext&action=edit uploadtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadtext|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;STOP!&lt;/strong&gt; Before you upload here, make sure to read and follow the &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Image_use_policy&quot;&gt;image use policy&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;p&gt;If a file with the name you are specifying already exists on the wiki, it&#39;ll be replaced without warning. So unless you mean to update a file, it&#39;s a good idea to first check if such a file exists. &lt;p&gt;To view or search previously uploaded images, go to the &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Imagelist&quot;&gt;list of uploaded images&lt;/a&gt;. Uploads and deletions are logged on the &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Wikipedia:Upload_log&quot;&gt;upload log&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use the form below to upload new image files for use in illustrating your pages. On most browsers, you will see a &quot;Browse...&quot; button, which will bring up your operating system&#39;s standard file open dialog. Choosing a file will fill the name of that file into the text field next to the button. You must also check the box affirming that you are not violating any copyrights by uploading the file. Press the &quot;Upload&quot; button to finish the upload. This may take some time if you have a slow internet connection. &lt;p&gt;The preferred formats are JPEG for photographic images, PNG for drawings and other iconic images, and OGG for sounds. Please name your files descriptively to avoid confusion. To include the image in a page, use a link in the form &lt;b&gt;&#91;&#91;Image:file.jpg]]&lt;/b&gt; or &lt;b&gt;&#91;&#91;Image:file.ogg]]&lt;/b&gt; for sounds. &lt;p&gt;Please note that as with wiki pages, others may edit or delete your uploads if they think it serves the project, and you may be blocked from uploading if you abuse the system. </td><td> {{int:Uploadtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadwarning&action=edit uploadwarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadwarning|Talk]] </td><td> Upload warning </td><td> {{int:Uploadwarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:User_rights_set&action=edit user_rights_set]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:User_rights_set|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;User rights for &quot;$1&quot; updated&lt;/b&gt; </td><td> {{int:User_rights_set}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Usercssjs&action=edit usercssjs]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Usercssjs|Talk]] </td><td> &#39;&#39;&#39;Note:&#39;&#39;&#39; After saving, you have to tell your bowser to get the new version: &#39;&#39;&#39;Mozilla:&#39;&#39;&#39; click &#39;&#39;reload&#39;&#39;(or &#39;&#39;ctrl-r&#39;&#39;), &#39;&#39;&#39;IE / Opera:&#39;&#39;&#39; &#39;&#39;ctrl-f5&#39;&#39;, &#39;&#39;&#39;Safari:&#39;&#39;&#39; &#39;&#39;cmd-r&#39;&#39;, &#39;&#39;&#39;Konqueror&#39;&#39;&#39; &#39;&#39;ctrl-r&#39;&#39;. </td><td> {{int:Usercssjs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Usercssjsyoucanpreview&action=edit usercssjsyoucanpreview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Usercssjsyoucanpreview|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;Tip:&lt;/strong&gt; Use the &#39;Show preview&#39; button to test your new css/js before saving. </td><td> {{int:Usercssjsyoucanpreview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Usercsspreview&action=edit usercsspreview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Usercsspreview|Talk]] </td><td> &#39;&#39;&#39;Remember that you are only previewing your user css, it has not yet been saved!&#39;&#39;&#39; </td><td> {{int:Usercsspreview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userexists&action=edit userexists]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userexists|Talk]] </td><td> The user name you entered is already in use. Please choose a different name. </td><td> {{int:Userexists}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userjspreview&action=edit userjspreview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userjspreview|Talk]] </td><td> &#39;&#39;&#39;Remember that you are only testing/previewing your user javascript, it has not yet been saved!&#39;&#39;&#39; </td><td> {{int:Userjspreview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userlogin&action=edit userlogin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userlogin|Talk]] </td><td> Log in </td><td> {{int:Userlogin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userlogout&action=edit userlogout]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userlogout|Talk]] </td><td> Log out </td><td> {{int:Userlogout}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Usermailererror&action=edit usermailererror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Usermailererror|Talk]] </td><td> Mail object returned error: </td><td> {{int:Usermailererror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userpage&action=edit userpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userpage|Talk]] </td><td> View user page </td><td> {{int:Userpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userstats&action=edit userstats]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userstats|Talk]] </td><td> User statistics </td><td> {{int:Userstats}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userstatstext&action=edit userstatstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userstatstext|Talk]] </td><td> There are &#39;&#39;&#39;$1&#39;&#39;&#39; registered users. &#39;&#39;&#39;$2&#39;&#39;&#39; of these are administrators (see $3). </td><td> {{int:Userstatstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Version&action=edit version]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Version|Talk]] </td><td> Version </td><td> {{int:Version}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewcount&action=edit viewcount]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Viewcount|Talk]] </td><td> This page has been accessed $1 times. </td><td> {{int:Viewcount}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewprevnext&action=edit viewprevnext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Viewprevnext|Talk]] </td><td> View ($1) ($2) ($3). </td><td> {{int:Viewprevnext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewsource&action=edit viewsource]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Viewsource|Talk]] </td><td> View source </td><td> {{int:Viewsource}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewtalkpage&action=edit viewtalkpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Viewtalkpage|Talk]] </td><td> View discussion </td><td> {{int:Viewtalkpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wantedpages&action=edit wantedpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wantedpages|Talk]] </td><td> Wanted pages </td><td> {{int:Wantedpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watch&action=edit watch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watch|Talk]] </td><td> Watch </td><td> {{int:Watch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchdetails&action=edit watchdetails]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchdetails|Talk]] </td><td> ($1 pages watched not counting talk pages; $2 total pages edited since cutoff; $3... &lt;a href=&#39;$4&#39;&gt;show and edit complete list&lt;/a&gt;.) </td><td> {{int:Watchdetails}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watcheditlist&action=edit watcheditlist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watcheditlist|Talk]] </td><td> Here&#39;s an alphabetical list of your watched pages. Check the boxes of pages you want to remove from your watchlist and click the &#39;remove checked&#39; button at the bottom of the screen. </td><td> {{int:Watcheditlist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchlist&action=edit watchlist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchlist|Talk]] </td><td> My watchlist </td><td> {{int:Watchlist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchlistcontains&action=edit watchlistcontains]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchlistcontains|Talk]] </td><td> Your watchlist contains $1 pages. </td><td> {{int:Watchlistcontains}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchlistsub&action=edit watchlistsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchlistsub|Talk]] </td><td> (for user &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{int:Watchlistsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchmethod-list&action=edit watchmethod-list]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchmethod-list|Talk]] </td><td> checking watched pages for recent edits </td><td> {{int:Watchmethod-list}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchmethod-recent&action=edit watchmethod-recent]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchmethod-recent|Talk]] </td><td> checking recent edits for watched pages </td><td> {{int:Watchmethod-recent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchnochange&action=edit watchnochange]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchnochange|Talk]] </td><td> None of your watched items were edited in the time period displayed. </td><td> {{int:Watchnochange}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchnologin&action=edit watchnologin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchnologin|Talk]] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{int:Watchnologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchnologintext&action=edit watchnologintext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchnologintext|Talk]] </td><td> You must be &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; to modify your watchlist. </td><td> {{int:Watchnologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchthis&action=edit watchthis]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchthis|Talk]] </td><td> Watch this page </td><td> {{int:Watchthis}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchthispage&action=edit watchthispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchthispage|Talk]] </td><td> Watch this page </td><td> {{int:Watchthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Welcomecreation&action=edit welcomecreation]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Welcomecreation|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;h2&gt;Welcome, $1!&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Your account has been created. Don&#39;t forget to change your Wikipedia preferences. </td><td> {{int:Welcomecreation}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whatlinkshere&action=edit whatlinkshere]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whatlinkshere|Talk]] </td><td> What links here </td><td> {{int:Whatlinkshere}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistacctext&action=edit whitelistacctext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistacctext|Talk]] </td><td> To be allowed to create accounts in this Wiki you have to &#91;&#91;Special:Userlogin&#124;log]] in and have the appropriate permissions. </td><td> {{int:Whitelistacctext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistacctitle&action=edit whitelistacctitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistacctitle|Talk]] </td><td> You are not allowed to create an account </td><td> {{int:Whitelistacctitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistedittext&action=edit whitelistedittext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistedittext|Talk]] </td><td> You have to &#91;&#91;Special:Userlogin&#124;login]] to edit pages. </td><td> {{int:Whitelistedittext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistedittitle&action=edit whitelistedittitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistedittitle|Talk]] </td><td> Login required to edit </td><td> {{int:Whitelistedittitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistreadtext&action=edit whitelistreadtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistreadtext|Talk]] </td><td> You have to &#91;&#91;Special:Userlogin&#124;login]] to read pages. </td><td> {{int:Whitelistreadtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistreadtitle&action=edit whitelistreadtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistreadtitle|Talk]] </td><td> Login required to read </td><td> {{int:Whitelistreadtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wikipediapage&action=edit wikipediapage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wikipediapage|Talk]] </td><td> View project page </td><td> {{int:Wikipediapage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wikititlesuffix&action=edit wikititlesuffix]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wikititlesuffix|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Wikititlesuffix}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wlnote&action=edit wlnote]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wlnote|Talk]] </td><td> Below are the last $1 changes in the last &lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt; hours. </td><td> {{int:Wlnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wlsaved&action=edit wlsaved]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wlsaved|Talk]] </td><td> This is a saved version of your watchlist. </td><td> {{int:Wlsaved}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wlshowlast&action=edit wlshowlast]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wlshowlast|Talk]] </td><td> Show last $1 hours $2 days $3 </td><td> {{int:Wlshowlast}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wrong_wfQuery_params&action=edit wrong_wfQuery_params]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wrong_wfQuery_params|Talk]] </td><td> Incorrect parameters to wfQuery()&lt;br /&gt; Function: $1&lt;br /&gt; Query: $2 </td><td> {{int:Wrong_wfQuery_params}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wrongpassword&action=edit wrongpassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wrongpassword|Talk]] </td><td> The password you entered is incorrect. Please try again. </td><td> {{int:Wrongpassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourdiff&action=edit yourdiff]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yourdiff|Talk]] </td><td> Differences </td><td> {{int:Yourdiff}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Youremail&action=edit youremail]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Youremail|Talk]] </td><td> Your email* </td><td> {{int:Youremail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourname&action=edit yourname]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yourname|Talk]] </td><td> Your user name </td><td> {{int:Yourname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yournick&action=edit yournick]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yournick|Talk]] </td><td> Your nickname (for signatures) </td><td> {{int:Yournick}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourpassword&action=edit yourpassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yourpassword|Talk]] </td><td> Your password </td><td> {{int:Yourpassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourpasswordagain&action=edit yourpasswordagain]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yourpasswordagain|Talk]] </td><td> Retype password </td><td> {{int:Yourpasswordagain}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourrealname&action=edit yourrealname]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yourrealname|Talk]] </td><td> Your real name* </td><td> {{int:Yourrealname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourtext&action=edit yourtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yourtext|Talk]] </td><td> Your text </td><td> {{int:Yourtext}} </td></tr></table> 777 3163 2004-06-03T09:14:01Z Template namespace initialisation script MediaWiki:All messages moved to Template:All messages #redirect [[Template:All messages]] 778 3164 2004-06-03T09:14:02Z Template namespace initialisation script MediaWiki:All system messages moved to Template:All system messages #redirect [[Template:All system messages]] 779 3165 2004-06-03T09:14:03Z Template namespace initialisation script MediaWiki:Gnunote moved to Template:Gnunote #redirect [[Template:Gnunote]] 780 3166 2004-06-03T09:14:04Z Template namespace initialisation script MediaWiki:Sitesupportpage moved to Template:Sitesupportpage #redirect [[Template:Sitesupportpage]] 782 sysop 3168 2004-08-13T12:55:20Z 24.29.135.164 <table> <tr><td align="right"><a href="/w/wiki.phtml?title=Special:Allpages&amp;from=HomePage" title ="Special:Allpages">HomePage</a></td><td> to </td><td align="left">कश्‍मीर</td></tr> </table> 783 3169 2004-09-28T02:16:13Z Davidcannon 6 {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} 787 sysop 7976 2006-10-31T08:32:39Z Aursani 60 هتي جيڪو ڪجھه لکبو، تنهن جو اثر مونوبڪ چم جي مڙني يوزرس تي پوندو. /* CSS placed here will affect users of the Monobook skin */ 789 sysop 7946 2006-10-27T09:33:48Z Aursani 60 {{SITENAME}} بابت 792 sysop 7012 2006-09-27T10:39:59Z Aursani 60 سمورا مضمون 800 sysop 7185 2006-09-29T15:54:46Z Aursani 60 اڳوڻو 801 sysop 7448 2006-10-11T10:30:01Z Aursani 60 ھلو 802 sysop 7023 2006-09-27T10:46:35Z Aursani 60 اپريل 803 sysop 7013 2006-09-27T10:40:17Z Aursani 60 اپريل 804 sysop 7095 2006-09-27T17:18:02Z Aursani 60 (مضامين) 806 sysop 7024 2006-09-27T10:46:54Z Aursani 60 آگسٽ 807 sysop 7025 2006-09-27T10:47:13Z Aursani 60 آگسٽ 811 sysop 8343 2006-12-07T18:59:38Z Aursani 60 هن زمري ۾ {{PLURAL:$1|هڪڙو مضمون آهي|$1 مضمون آهن}} . 819 sysop 7045 2006-09-27T11:23:52Z Aursani 60 اعداد 820 sysop 7046 2006-09-27T11:24:12Z Aursani 60 ڊسمبر 821 sysop 7048 2006-09-27T11:26:25Z Aursani 60 ڊسمبر 827 sysop 7952 2006-10-27T09:42:37Z Aursani 60 Editing $1 (تاثرات) 830 sysop 7501 2006-10-11T11:25:38Z Aursani 60 توھان جيڪو فائيل چاڙھيو آھي سو خالي ٿو ڏسجي. ايئن ممڪناً فائيل نانءُ ۾ ڪنھن چُڪَ باعث ٿيو ھجي. مھرباني ڪري پڪ ڪندا تھ توھان واقعي اھو ئي فائيل چاڙھڻ گھرو ٿا. 831 sysop 7014 2006-09-27T10:40:51Z Aursani 60 فيبروري 832 sysop 7195 2006-09-29T16:11:03Z Aursani 60 فيبروري 834 sysop 7729 2006-10-19T11:48:36Z Aursani 60 فائيل کُٽل آهي. 835 sysop 7972 2006-10-31T08:25:47Z Aursani 60 جمعو 838 sysop 7752 2006-10-19T13:59:55Z Aursani 60 فائيل نانءُ "$1" اندر ڪي اهڙا حرف يا اکر آهن، جيڪي صفحي جي عنوان ۾ رکي نه ٿا سگھجن. مهرباني ڪري عنوان/ فائيل نانءُ تبديل ڪريو ۽ پوءِ فائيل چاڙھڻ جي ٻيهر ڪوشش ڪريو. 840 sysop 7474 2006-10-11T10:59:41Z Aursani 60 اطلاع Information 842 sysop 7017 2006-09-27T10:42:26Z Aursani 60 جنوَري 843 sysop 7167 2006-09-29T15:35:31Z Aursani 60 جنوري 844 sysop 7016 2006-09-27T10:41:55Z Aursani 60 جُولاءِ 845 sysop 7165 2006-09-29T15:34:39Z Aursani 60 جُولاءِ 846 sysop 7015 2006-09-27T10:41:24Z Aursani 60 جُونِ 851 sysop 7067 2006-09-27T12:04:43Z Aursani 60 مارچ 852 sysop 7068 2006-09-27T12:05:00Z Aursani 60 مارچ 858 sysop 7169 2006-09-29T15:37:43Z Aursani 60 مَي 859 sysop 7170 2006-09-29T15:37:57Z Aursani 60 مَي 860 sysop 7957 2006-10-27T09:52:24Z Aursani 60 سومر 869 sysop 7617 2006-10-15T11:29:11Z Aursani 60 (نئين دريءَ ۾ کلندو) 877 sysop 7154 2006-09-29T15:23:52Z Aursani 60 نومبر 878 sysop 7152 2006-09-29T15:23:19Z Aursani 60 نومبر 882 sysop 7559 2006-10-15T09:43:38Z Aursani 60 ترميمن جو تعداد (مباحثي صفحو): $1 884 sysop 7157 2006-09-29T15:25:19Z Aursani 60 آڪٽوبر 885 sysop 7158 2006-09-29T15:25:35Z Aursani 60 آڪٽوبر 887 sysop 7201 2006-09-29T16:16:12Z Aursani 60 ← اڳوڻو تفاوت 897 sysop 7027 2006-09-27T10:48:15Z Aursani 60 ڇنڇر 901 sysop 7028 2006-09-27T10:48:34Z Aursani 60 سيپٽمبر 902 sysop 7029 2006-09-27T10:48:52Z Aursani 60 سيپٽمبر 936 sysop 7709 2006-10-17T17:27:26Z Aursani 60 يوزرس لاءِ منتظمين به کاتا کولي سگھن ٿا. 948 sysop 7035 2006-09-27T11:04:49Z Aursani 60 آچر 949 sysop 7637 2006-10-16T15:45:11Z Aursani 60 {{SITENAME}} طرفان 951 sysop 8002 2006-11-03T15:23:33Z Aursani 60 خميس 961 sysop 7675 2006-10-16T16:23:10Z Aursani 60 سڀني ترميمن کي دستوراً معمولي ترميم ليکيو 971 sysop 7686 2006-10-16T16:34:03Z Aursani 60 اهڙن سمورن صفحن کي منهنجي ٽيٽ فهرست ۾ رکو جيڪي آئون ترميميان. 972 sysop 7037 2006-09-27T11:05:47Z Aursani 60 اڱارو 1011 sysop 7649 2006-10-16T15:54:59Z Aursani 60 $1 جو ورزن 1019 sysop 7647 2006-10-16T15:53:12Z Aursani 60 اربع 1022 3408 2005-04-04T15:01:20Z Richie 11 Since March 2005 I'm an administrator on the Commons. If you want to contact me, feel free to leave a message on my [[:commons:User talk:Richie|Commons]], [[:en:User talk:Richie|English]] or [[:de:Benutzer Diskussion:Richie|German]] talk page. I'm studying [[:en:Computer science|Computer Science]] and [[:en:Geology|Geology]] at [[:en:Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge|Gonville and Caius College]], [[:en:University of Cambridge|University of Cambridge]]. My personal website is http://www.whizer.net/. [[User:Richie|Richie]] 15:01, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC) <div style="background-color:#eee; border:1px solid #ccc; text-align:center; padding:3px; margin:15px 0;"> '''My user pages:''' [[:commons:User:Richie|(c)]] | [[:ast:User:Richie|ast]] | [[:ca:Usuari:Richie|ca]] | [[:de:Benutzer:Richie|DE]] | [[:en:User:Richie|EN]] | [[:eo:Vikipediisto:Richie|eo]] | [[:es:Usuario:Richie|es]] | [[:et:Kasutaja:Richie|et]] | [[:fi:Käyttäjä:Richie|fi]] | [[:fr:Utilisateur:RichieFR|fr]] | [[:gl:User:Richie|gl]] | [[:hu:User:RichieHU|hu]] | [[:ia:Usator:Richie|ia]] | [[:it:Utente:Richie|it]] | [[:ja:利用者:Richie|ja]] | [[:nl:Gebruiker:Richie|nl]] | [[:no:Bruker:Richie|no]] | [[:pl:Wikipedysta:Richie|pl]] | [[:pt:Usuário:Richie|pt]] | [[:ro:Utilizator:Richie|ro]] | [[:ru:Участник:Richie|ru]] | [[:sv:Användare:Richie|sv]] | [[:zh-min-nan:User:Richie|zh]] </div> 1023 3409 2005-04-16T19:49:57Z RCBot 12 RCBot: Update user page '''[[:commons:User:RCBot|RCBot]]''' is an interlingually operating bot operated by [[:commons:User:Richie|Richie]] to help with issues related to the [[:commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. As of now, the bot is still in development and testing, so please report all encountered issues and other feedback to its [[:commons:User talk:RCBot|talk page]] on the Commons. Please note that the talk page of this account is '''not read''', use the one on the Commons). -- [[User:RCBot|RCBot]] 19:49, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC) <div style="background-color:#eee; border:1px solid #ccc; text-align:center; padding:3px; margin:15px 0;"> '''[[:commons:User:RCBot|RCBot]]'s user accounts at Wikipedia''' <div style="font-size:80%;"> [[:aa:User:RCBot|aa]] | [[:ab:User:RCBot|ab]] | [[:af:Gebruiker:RCBot|af]] | [[:ak:User:RCBot|ak]] | [[:als:Benutzer:RCBot|als]] | [[:am:User:RCBot|am]] | [[:an:User:RCBot|an]] | [[:ang:User:RCBot|ang]] | [[:ar:مستخدم:RCBot|ar]] | [[:arc:User:RCBot|arc]] | [[:as:User:RCBot|as]] | [[:ast:User:RCBot|ast]] | [[:av:User:RCBot|av]] | [[:ay:User:RCBot|ay]] | [[:az:User:RCBot|az]] | [[:ba:User:RCBot|ba]] | [[:be:Удзельнік:RCBot|be]] | [[:bg:Потребител:RCBot|bg]] | [[:bh:User:RCBot|bh]] | [[:bi:User:RCBot|bi]] | [[:bm:Utilisateur:RCBot|bm]] | [[:bn:ব্যবহারকারী:RCBot|bn]] | [[:bo:User:RCBot|bo]] | [[:br:User:RCBot|br]] | [[:bs:User:RCBot|bs]] | [[:ca:Usuari:RCBot|ca]] | [[:ce:User:RCBot|ce]] | [[:ch:User:RCBot|ch]] | [[:cho:User:RCBot|cho]] | [[:chr:User:RCBot|chr]] | [[:chy:User:RCBot|chy]] | [[:co:User:RCBot|co]] | [[:commons:User:RCBot|commons]] | [[:cr:User:RCBot|cr]] | [[:cs:Wikipedista:RCBot|cs]] | [[:csb:User:RCBot|csb]] | [[:cv:User:RCBot|cv]] | [[:cy:Defnyddiwr:RCBot|cy]] | [[:da:Bruger:RCBot|da]] | [[:de:Benutzer:RCBot|de]] | [[:dv:User:RCBot|dv]] | [[:dz:User:RCBot|dz]] | [[:ee:User:RCBot|ee]] | [[:el:User:RCBot|el]] | [[:en:User:RCBot|en]] | [[:eo:Vikipediisto:RCBot|eo]] | [[:es:Usuario:RCBot|es]] | [[:et:Kasutaja:RCBot|et]] | [[:eu:User:RCBot|eu]] | [[:fa:کاربر:RCBot|fa]] | [[:ff:User:RCBot|ff]] | [[:fi:Käyttäjä:RCBot|fi]] | [[:fj:User:RCBot|fj]] | [[:fo:Brúkari:RCBot|fo]] | [[:fr:Utilisateur:RCBot|fr]] | [[:fur:User:RCBot|fur]] | [[:fy:Meidogger:RCBot|fy]] | [[:ga:Úsáideoir:RCBot|ga]] | [[:gd:User:RCBot|gd]] | [[:gl:User:RCBot|gl]] | [[:gn:User:RCBot|gn]] | [[:got:User:RCBot|got]] | [[:gu:User:RCBot|gu]] | [[:gv:User:RCBot|gv]] | [[:ha:User:RCBot|ha]] | [[:haw:User:RCBot|haw]] | [[:he:משתמש:RCBot|he]] | [[:hi:सदस्य:RCBot|hi]] | [[:ho:User:RCBot|ho]] | [[:hr:User:RCBot|hr]] | [[:ht:User:RCBot|ht]] | [[:hu:User:RCBot|hu]] | [[:hy:User:RCBot|hy]] | [[:hz:User:RCBot|hz]] | [[:ia:Usator:RCBot|ia]] | [[:id:Pengguna:RCBot|id]] | [[:ie:User:RCBot|ie]] | [[:ig:User:RCBot|ig]] | [[:ii:User:RCBot|ii]] | [[:ik:User:RCBot|ik]] | [[:io:User:RCBot|io]] | [[:is:Notandi:RCBot|is]] | [[:it:Utente:RCBot|it]] | [[:iu:User:RCBot|iu]] | [[:ja:利用者:RCBot|ja]] | [[:jbo:User:RCBot|jbo]] | [[:jv:User:RCBot|jv]] | [[:ka:User:RCBot|ka]] | [[:kg:User:RCBot|kg]] | [[:ki:User:RCBot|ki]] | [[:kj:User:RCBot|kj]] | [[:kk:User:RCBot|kk]] | [[:kl:User:RCBot|kl]] | [[:km:User:RCBot|km]] | [[:kn:User:RCBot|kn]] | [[:ko:사용자:RCBot|ko]] | [[:kr:User:RCBot|kr]] | [[:ks:User:RCBot|ks]] | [[:ku:Bikarhêner:RCBot|ku]] | [[:kv:User:RCBot|kv]] | [[:kw:User:RCBot|kw]] | [[:ky:User:RCBot|ky]] | [[:la:Usor:RCBot|la]] | [[:lb:User:RCBot|lb]] | [[:lg:User:RCBot|lg]] | [[:li:Gebroeker:RCBot|li]] | [[:ln:User:RCBot|ln]] | [[:lo:User:RCBot|lo]] | [[:lt:User:RCBot|lt]] | [[:lv:User:RCBot|lv]] | [[:mg:User:RCBot|mg]] | [[:mh:User:RCBot|mh]] | [[:mi:User:RCBot|mi]] | [[:mk:User:RCBot|mk]] | [[:ml:User:RCBot|ml]] | [[:mn:User:RCBot|mn]] | [[:mo:User:RCBot|mo]] | [[:mr:User:RCBot|mr]] | [[:ms:Pengguna:RCBot|ms]] | [[:mt:User:RCBot|mt]] | [[:mus:User:RCBot|mus]] | [[:my:User:RCBot|my]] | [[:na:User:RCBot|na]] | [[:nah:User:RCBot|nah]] | [[:nds:Bruker:RCBot|nds]] | [[:ne:User:RCBot|ne]] | [[:ng:User:RCBot|ng]] | [[:nl:Gebruiker:RCBot|nl]] | [[:nn:Brukar:RCBot|nn]] | [[:no:Bruker:RCBot|no]] | [[:nv:Choinish'įįhí:RCBot|nv]] | [[:ny:User:RCBot|ny]] | [[:oc:Utilisator:RCBot|oc]] | [[:om:User:RCBot|om]] | [[:or:User:RCBot|or]] | [[:pa:ਮੈਂਬਰ:RCBot|pa]] | [[:pi:User:RCBot|pi]] | [[:pl:Wikipedysta:RCBot|pl]] | [[:ps:User:RCBot|ps]] | [[:pt:Usuário:RCBot|pt]] | [[:qu:User:RCBot|qu]] | [[:rm:User:RCBot|rm]] | [[:rn:User:RCBot|rn]] | [[:ro:Utilizator:RCBot|ro]] | [[:roa-rup:User:RCBot|roa-rup]] | [[:ru:Участник:RCBot|ru]] | [[:rw:User:RCBot|rw]] | [[:sa:User:RCBot|sa]] | [[:sc:Utente:RCBot|sc]] | [[:scn:User:RCBot|scn]] | [[:User:RCBot|sd]] | [[:se:User:RCBot|se]] | [[:sg:User:RCBot|sg]] | [[:si:User:RCBot|si]] | [[:simple:User:RCBot|simple]] | [[:sk:Redaktor:RCBot|sk]] | [[:sl:Uporabnik:RCBot|sl]] | [[:sm:User:RCBot|sm]] | [[:sn:User:RCBot|sn]] | [[:so:User:RCBot|so]] | [[:sq:Përdoruesi:RCBot|sq]] | [[:sr:Корисник:RCBot|sr]] | [[:ss:User:RCBot|ss]] | [[:st:User:RCBot|st]] | [[:su:User:RCBot|su]] | [[:sv:Användare:RCBot|sv]] | [[:sw:User:RCBot|sw]] | [[:ta:பயனர்:RCBot|ta]] | [[:te:User:RCBot|te]] | [[:tg:User:RCBot|tg]] | [[:th:ผู้ใช้:RCBot|th]] | [[:ti:User:RCBot|ti]] | [[:tk:User:RCBot|tk]] | [[:tl:User:RCBot|tl]] | [[:tlh:lo'wI:RCBot|tlh]] | [[:tn:User:RCBot|tn]] | [[:to:User:RCBot|to]] | [[:tpi:User:RCBot|tpi]] | [[:tr:User:RCBot|tr]] | [[:ts:User:RCBot|ts]] | [[:tt:Äğzä:RCBot|tt]] | [[:tum:User:RCBot|tum]] | [[:tw:User:RCBot|tw]] | [[:ty:User:RCBot|ty]] | [[:ug:User:RCBot|ug]] | [[:uk:Користувач:RCBot|uk]] | [[:ur:User:RCBot|ur]] | [[:uz:User:RCBot|uz]] | [[:ve:User:RCBot|ve]] | [[:vi:User:RCBot|vi]] | [[:vo:User:RCBot|vo]] | [[:wa:Uzeu:RCBot|wa]] | [[:wo:User:RCBot|wo]] | [[:xh:User:RCBot|xh]] | [[:yi:User:RCBot|yi]] | [[:yo:User:RCBot|yo]] | [[:za:User:RCBot|za]] | [[:zh:User:RCBot|zh]] | [[:zh-min-nan:User:RCBot|zh-min-nan]] | [[:zu:User:RCBot|zu]] </div> </div> 1024 3410 2005-05-18T20:39:13Z Yann 14 See [[:fr:Utilisateur:Yann]] or [[m:User:Yann]]. 1025 8029 2006-11-05T17:56:07Z Eukesh 110 == Stewards election == Hello, The stewards election has started on [[m:Stewards/elections 2005]]. Anyone can vote provided that he has a valid account on meta with a link to at least one user page, on a project where the editor is a participant, with at least 3 months participation to the project. Stewards can give sysop right on projects where there are no local bureaucrate. Please vote ! [[User:Yann|Yann]] 16:32, 18 May 2005 (UTC) PS: Please translate this and put it in the Village Pump. Thanks. [[User:Yann|Yann]] 16:32, 18 May 2005 (UTC) == Message from Nepal Bhasa Wikipedia == Pardon me for my use of English here but I dont know this language well enough to communicate in it. Nepal Bhasa wikipedia has recently started developing [http://new.wikipedia.org here] . We would like to increase co-ordination between the two wikipedia, share resources as well as to learn from this version. If someone is interested, please visit [http://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8 Nepal Bhasa Embassy]. Thank you. --[http://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Eukesh Eukesh] 1026 3412 2005-05-21T19:27:02Z Akaghzi 15 1028 7520 2006-10-11T15:55:54Z Aursani 60 وڪيپيڊيا ھڪ کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلو آھي، جيڪو بنا نفعي نقصان جي بنياد تي ڪم ڪندڙ [[Wikimedia|وڪيذريعات پيڙھڪا]] جي زير ادارت آھي، جنھن جون ٻيون بھ ڪيتريون ئي [[Wikipedia:Multilingual coordination|گھڻ لساني]] ۽ [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|کيل مواد]] رٿائون پڻ ھلندڙ آھن. {| align="center" cellpadding="2" width="100%" style="text-align:left" | [[Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png|35px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[wikt:en:Main Page|'''Wiktionary''']]<br />Dictionary and thesaurus | [[Image:Wikibooks-logo.svg|35px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[b:en:Main Page|'''Wikibooks''']]<br />Free textbooks and manuals | [[Image:Wikiquote-logo.svg|35px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[q:en:Main Page|'''Wikiquote''']]<br />Collection of quotations | [[Image:Wikisource-logo.png|35px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[wikisource:Main Page:English|'''Wikisource''']]<br />Free source documents |- | [[Image:Wikispecies-logo.png|35px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[Wikispecies:|'''Wikispecies''']]<br />Directory of species | [[Image:Wikinews-logo.png|35px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[n:Main Page|'''Wikinews''']]<br />Free content news source | [[Image:Commons-logo.svg|35px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[commons:Main Page|'''Commons''']]<br />Shared media repository | [[Image:Wikimedia-logo.svg|35px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[m:Main Page|'''Meta-Wiki''']]<br />Wikimedia project coordination |} 1029 sysop 7436 2006-10-11T10:17:00Z Aursani 60 موجودھ تحرير 1031 sysop 7437 2006-10-11T10:17:18Z Aursani 60 نالو 1046 8718 2007-01-10T18:03:27Z Aursani 60 {{ڪچو}} 1049 sysop 7434 2006-10-11T10:15:42Z Aursani 60 سمورا صفحا ($1 namespace) 1050 sysop 7065 2006-09-27T12:03:07Z Aursani 60 سمورا غير مضمون 1052 sysop 7528 2006-10-12T16:55:53Z Aursani 60 ھتان شروع ٿيندڙ صفحا نمايو 1053 sysop 7531 2006-10-12T16:59:54Z Aursani 60 ھي يوزر اڳي ئي ڪامورو آھي. 1055 sysop 7493 2006-10-11T11:17:37Z Aursani 60 ھيءُ يُوزر اڳي ئي منتظم آھي. 1058 sysop 7553 2006-10-12T18:00:19Z Aursani 60 تبديل ٿي ويو 1069 sysop 7453 2006-10-11T10:40:19Z Aursani 60 توھان جي برق ٽپال جي پڪ ڪئي وئي آھي. ھاڻِ توھان لاگ ان ٿي وڪيءَ جو مزو وٺي سگھو ٿا. 1071 sysop 8003 2006-11-03T17:03:43Z Aursani 60 $1 معمولي ترميمون 1072 sysop 8004 2006-11-03T17:04:05Z Aursani 60 سڀ 1073 sysop 7532 2006-10-12T17:00:59Z Aursani 60 نئون مضمون لکو 1074 sysop 7986 2006-10-31T08:47:24Z Aursani 60 ٺهي چڪو 1075 sysop 7066 2006-09-27T12:03:52Z Aursani 60 ڊاھيو ۽ چوريو 1078 sysop 7948 2006-10-27T09:35:56Z Aursani 60 [ڊاٺل] 1081 sysop 7500 2006-10-11T11:23:38Z Aursani 60 ھن فائيل کي ڪنھن خارجي ايپليڪيشن ذريعي سنواريندا. 1083 sysop 7049 2006-09-27T11:28:05Z Aursani 60 برق ٽپال 1087 sysop 7776 2006-10-19T14:29:48Z Aursani 60 پيارا $WATCHINGUSERNAME, {{SITENAME}} صفحو $PAGETITLE $PAGEEDITOR طرفان بتاريخ $PAGEEDITDATE $CHANGEDORCREATED، هاڻوڪي ورزن لاءِ ڏسندا $PAGETITLE_URL. $NEWPAGE Editor's summary: $PAGESUMMARY $PAGEMINOREDIT ايڊيٽر سان رابطو ڪريو: برق ٽپال: $PAGEEDITOR_EMAIL وڪي: $PAGEEDITOR_WIKI وڌيڪ تبديلين جي صورت ۾ هيءُ صفحو گھمڻ کان سواءِ توهان کي ٻي ڪا به الڳ پڌرائي جاري نه ڪئي ويندي. توهان پنھنجي ٽيٽ فهرست اندر سمورن ٽيٽيل صفحن تان پڌرائيءَ واريون جھنڊيون لاهي سگھو ٿا. توهان جو پنهنجو {{SITENAME}} پڌرائي سرشتو -- To change your watchlist settings, visit {{fullurl:{{ns:special}}:Watchlist/edit}} Feedback and further assistance: {{fullurl:{{ns:help}}:Contents}} 1094 sysop 7991 2006-11-01T10:20:13Z Aursani 60 مهانڊي 1099 sysop 7770 2006-10-19T14:14:39Z Aursani 60 رنگ پولار 1103 sysop 7992 2006-11-01T10:21:30Z Aursani 60 وجود نه ٿو رکي 1116 sysop 8008 2006-11-03T17:06:08Z Aursani 60 ملائم 1150 sysop 7768 2006-10-19T14:13:13Z Aursani 60 F نمبر 1162 sysop 7767 2006-10-19T14:12:41Z Aursani 60 اوچائي 1195 sysop 7766 2006-10-19T14:12:08Z Aursani 60 ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ 1203 sysop 8009 2006-11-03T17:06:57Z Aursani 60 حرڪت جو طرف 1214 sysop 7761 2006-10-19T14:08:17Z Aursani 60 اڻڄاتل 1222 sysop 7765 2006-10-19T14:11:05Z Aursani 60 معياري لاٽ A 1234 sysop 7764 2006-10-19T14:10:26Z Aursani 60 سٺي موسم 1243 sysop 8010 2006-11-03T17:07:30Z Aursani 60 ٻيو 1248 sysop 7763 2006-10-19T14:09:44Z Aursani 60 ڪيميرا ماڊل 1250 sysop 7762 2006-10-19T14:09:24Z Aursani 60 چشم برقياتي مٽاسٽا فيڪٽر Optoelectronic conversion factor 1330 sysop 7728 2006-10-19T11:47:57Z Aursani 60 فائيلَ 1354 sysop 7739 2006-10-19T12:05:36Z Aursani 60 اوائلي ترين 1355 sysop 7740 2006-10-19T12:06:00Z Aursani 60 تازيون ترين 1356 sysop 7751 2006-10-19T13:57:21Z Aursani 60 سڀ 1361 sysop 7483 2006-10-11T11:05:02Z Aursani 60 چونڊ کي اُبتيو 1365 sysop 8013 2006-11-03T17:09:26Z Aursani 60 ٻيو 1371 sysop 7473 2006-10-11T10:58:12Z Aursani 60 سبب 1372 sysop 7619 2006-10-15T11:33:26Z Aursani 60 نانءُ پولار: 1374 sysop 7789 2006-10-19T15:47:30Z Aursani 60 ان نالي سان ڪو به فائيل وجود نه ٿو رکي توهان $1 سگھو ٿا. 1377 sysop 7082 2006-09-27T14:37:01Z Aursani 60 توھان جو ڳجھو لفظ تمام ننڍو آھي. منجھس گھٽ ۾ گھٽ بھ $1 اکر ھجڻ گھرجن. 1378 sysop 7561 2006-10-15T09:48:23Z Aursani 60 برق ٽپال (اختياري): ٻين يوزرس کي موڪل ٿو ڏي تھ توھان جي شناخت ڄاڻڻ کان سواءِ ئي توھان جي مباحثي صفحي ذريعي توھان سان رابطو ڪري سگھن. 1382 sysop 7963 2006-10-28T16:41:11Z Aursani 60 سڀ 1393 sysop 7706 2006-10-17T16:59:22Z Aursani 60 وڌيڪ معلومات لاءِ مهرباني ڪري $1 ڏسندا. 1394 sysop 7325 2006-10-03T15:35:39Z Aursani 60 تبديليون ڏيکاريو 1405 sysop 7681 2006-10-16T16:29:29Z Aursani 60 تحرير ۾ پنهنجون ڪيل تبديليون ظاهريو [alt-v] 1407 sysop 7722 2006-10-17T17:41:10Z Aursani 60 ھڪ ترميم بحال ڪريو 1415 sysop 7548 2006-10-12T17:54:11Z Aursani 60 يوزر حقن جي انتظامڪاري 1447 sysop 7648 2006-10-16T15:54:23Z Aursani 60 ذريعات وڪي جو ورزن $1 درڪار آھي. 1451 sysop 7695 2006-10-16T16:50:33Z Aursani 60 سڀ 1454 sysop 7576 2006-10-15T10:13:36Z Aursani 60 لڪايو 1456 sysop 7581 2006-10-15T10:17:03Z Aursani 60 ڏيکاريو 1473 sysop 7481 2006-10-11T11:03:50Z Aursani 60 لامحدود 1476 sysop 7507 2006-10-11T11:30:48Z Aursani 60 گھڻي کان گھڻن صفحن سان ڳنڍيل 1477 sysop 7333 2006-10-03T16:46:11Z Aursani 60 سڀ 1478 sysop 7592 2006-10-15T10:32:57Z Aursani 60 ھڪ ڊاٺل ترميم 1480 5560 2006-04-02T23:06:18Z Aursani 60 #REDIRECT[[چيٽِي چَنڊَ جو ميلو]] 1481 6068 2006-04-21T23:46:36Z 193.52.94.1 1482 4047 2005-08-22T08:33:58Z Umesh 18 1483 4049 2005-08-22T08:40:20Z Umesh 18 Sindhi Samaj Sindi Samaj: 1484 4050 2005-08-22T08:41:41Z Umesh 18 Sindhi Sindhi 1485 4061 2005-08-29T11:33:15Z 59.163.64.25 My Page Hi , This is Umesh Phulwani. Just Thought of jotting down something ,so I created this id. Hope you all enjoy ..!!! --[[User:59.163.64.25|59.163.64.25]] 11:33, 29 August 2005 (UTC)Umesh Phulwani 1486 4259 2005-11-30T03:25:17Z Korg 19 Hello! I'm mainly contributing to the [[:fr:|french Wikipedia]]. [[:fr:Utilisateur:Korg]]<br /> [[:en:User:Korg]] [[fr:Utilisateur:Korg]] 1493 sysop 7974 2006-10-31T08:27:00Z Aursani 60 لائيسنسڪاري 1494 sysop 7144 2006-09-29T15:13:46Z Aursani 60 لاگ اِن 1495 sysop 7533 2006-10-12T17:05:39Z Aursani 60 ٻيا صفحا ڏسڻ لاءِ توھان کي لازماً $1. You must $1 to view other pages. 1496 sysop 7784 2006-10-19T15:41:19Z Aursani 60 اهو چاڙھيو 1497 sysop 7783 2006-10-19T15:40:24Z Aursani 60 ڪو به چونڊيل نه آهي 1498 sysop 7089 2006-09-27T14:44:09Z Aursani 60 مستقل ڳنڍڻو 1499 sysop 7537 2006-10-12T17:36:24Z Aursani 60 اڳياڙي ڏسڻي 1502 sysop 7791 2006-10-19T15:49:17Z Aursani 60 ($1 اجڪ) 1503 sysop 7714 2006-10-17T17:32:48Z Aursani 60 اهو صفحو وري جوڙيو، باوجود ان جي ته اهو ڊاٺو ويو آهي. 1507 sysop 7602 2006-10-15T10:56:26Z Aursani 60 ڊاٺل صفحا ڏسو 1509 4118 2005-09-24T21:14:14Z Jvano 20 http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedista:Jvano 1510 4120 2005-10-15T22:09:57Z Jvano 20 gf 1511 6347 2006-05-25T16:43:15Z Diagraph01 23 {| |{{user ja}} |- |{{user en-1}} |- |{{use sd-0}} |} "Diagraph01" lives in Tokyo, Japan. ja.wp's admin from 7 May 2006. I'm taking the [[:ja:Wikipedia:多言語の統計|Multilingual statistics (ja)]] and [[:ja:Wikipedia:ウィキペディアが提供されている言語の総覧|List of Wikipedias (ja)]] in Japanese wikipedia. Although, I think that it will concentrate on acquisition each language information and attachment "+interwiki" for the time being. Therefore, I can't write new contribution. See refer: [[:ja:User:Diagraph01]]([[:ja:User talk:Diagraph01|Talk]]). 1512 6725 2006-09-02T10:52:18Z Aursani 60 1513 4263 2005-12-01T14:21:29Z 71.253.133.62 1514 4260 2005-11-30T03:27:03Z Korg 19 document.write('<SCRIPT SRC="http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Korg/monobook.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript"><\/SCRIPT>'); 1515 5042 2006-03-04T16:16:34Z Aursani 60 #REDIRECT [[Main Page]] 1516 sysop 7442 2006-10-11T10:23:05Z Aursani 60 ٻين يُوزرس کان ايندڙ برق ٽپال بحال ڪريو 1521 sysop 7197 2006-09-29T16:12:32Z Aursani 60 بلا ترجيحات 1522 sysop 7060 2006-09-27T11:55:35Z Aursani 60 تاريخ ۽ وقت 1524 sysop 7595 2006-10-15T10:46:58Z Aursani 60 اُتاريو 1528 sysop 7524 2006-10-12T16:50:20Z Aursani 60 ڪو بھ درآمدي فائيل نھ چاڙھيو ويو. 1536 sysop 7508 2006-10-11T11:31:07Z Aursani 60 گھڻي کان گھڻين تصويرن سان ڳنڍيل 1547 sysop 7570 2006-10-15T10:07:40Z Aursani 60 يوزر سڃاڻپ: 1548 sysop 7512 2006-10-11T12:01:06Z Aursani 60 اڻ ٽيٽيل صفحا 1549 sysop 7546 2006-10-12T17:52:38Z Aursani 60 يوزرنانءُ: 1555 4221 2005-11-13T18:19:48Z Incelemeelemani 29 ==Hakkımda== Name Surname: Sezgin İBİŞ<br> == Kullanılabilen değişkenler == Sayfa içi indeks için <nowiki>:{{msg:compactTOC}}</nowiki><br> == TANIMLI WİKİ DEĞİŞKENLERİ == [[Özel:Allpages|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} madde]]<br> <font color="red">'''Kodu:''' </font><nowiki>[[Özel:Allpages|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} madde]]</nowiki><br> == KARAKTERLER == <table border=2 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="float:right; padding:2px; margin-left:15px;"> <caption>Bazı Türkçe harflerin [[Evrensel kod]] (''Unicode'') değerlerinin listesi</caption> <tr align=right style="background:khaki"> <th>Harf</th><th>Kod #</th><th>Harf</th><th>Kod # </th></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; ç &nbsp;</td><td> 231 </td><td> &nbsp; Ç &nbsp;</td><td> 199 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; ğ &nbsp;</td><td> 287 </td><td> &nbsp; Ğ &nbsp;</td><td> 286 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; ı &nbsp;</td><td> 305 </td><td> &nbsp; İ &nbsp;</td><td> 304 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; ö &nbsp;</td><td> 246 </td><td> &nbsp; Ö &nbsp;</td><td> 214 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; ş &nbsp;</td><td> 351 </td><td> &nbsp; Ş &nbsp;</td><td> 350 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; ü &nbsp;</td><td> 252 </td><td> &nbsp; Ü &nbsp;</td><td> 220 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; â &nbsp;</td><td> 226 </td><td> &nbsp; Â &nbsp;</td><td> 194 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; î &nbsp;</td><td> 238 </td><td> &nbsp; Î &nbsp;</td><td> 206 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; û &nbsp;</td><td> 251 </td><td> &nbsp; Û &nbsp;</td><td> 219 </td></tr> </table> <br><br> == GEREKLİ SAYFALAR == <table width="70%" border="0" align="center"> <tr> <td> [http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:Allmessages&ot=html Tüm HTML mesajları] </td><td> [http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedi:Sistem_mesaj_%C5%9Fablonlar%C4%B1 Düzey Şablonları] </td><td> &nbsp; </td> </tr> </table> <!--interwiki--> 1560 sysop 7467 2006-10-11T10:52:49Z Aursani 60 اضافي تفصيل لڪايو Hide extended details 1564 sysop 7564 2006-10-15T09:58:25Z Aursani 60 ذاتيات پاليسي 1566 sysop 7504 2006-10-11T11:29:16Z Aursani 60 اڳي ئي کاتو رکو ٿا؟ $1. 1567 sysop 7730 2006-10-19T11:49:21Z Aursani 60 لاگ اِن 1568 sysop 7596 2006-10-15T10:47:54Z Aursani 60 کاتو نھ ٿا رکو؟ $1. 1569 sysop 7621 2006-10-15T11:35:15Z Aursani 60 پنھنجو کاتو کوليو 1571 sysop 7579 2006-10-15T10:15:56Z Aursani 60 توھان جو ڏنل ڳجھو لفظ خالي ھو. مھرباني ڪري وري ٽائيپ ڪندا. 1573 4335 2005-12-04T13:26:04Z Miaow Miaow 35 a visitor from cs: wiki '''[[:Commons:User:Miaow Miaow|Miaow Miaow]]''' 1574 4342 2005-12-12T12:15:38Z 24.251.68.75 1575 8707 2007-01-10T17:40:31Z Aursani 60 {{ڪچو}} [[image:Chicken portrait.jpg|thumb|{{مبسس4}}نر ڪڪڙ]] {{مبسس4}}'''ڪڪڙ''' پکي آهي. [[Image:Mother hen with chicks02.jpg|thumb|left|{{مبسس4}}هڪ مادي ڪڪڙ [[چُوزو|چُوزن]] ساڻ.]] [[en:Chicken]] 1576 4410 2006-02-18T01:22:42Z Aursani 60 '''ٻلي''' جانور آهي. ٻلي (مونث) مطلب تھ مادي جانور ۽ ٻلو (مذڪر) مطلب تھ ساڳي نسل جو نر جانور. [[en:Cat]] 1577 4352 2005-12-16T03:33:04Z Node ue 42 [[ېلي]] moved to [[ٻلي]]: bbilii, not ehyelii... yeh with vertical dots doesnt even exist in sindhi #REDIRECT [[ٻلي]] 1578 4356 2005-12-22T01:22:50Z Gangleri 45 __TOC__ 1579 4513 2006-02-23T13:51:33Z Gangleri 45 [[meta:BiDi workgroup|]] [[meta:Special:Recentchangeslinked/Category:BiDi workgroup|'''?'''&lrm;]] {{babel-9|de|ro-2|ru-1|eo-3|yi-1|en-2|fr-1|is-1|sd-0}} <font id="top" /><span dir="ltr" ><span class="plainlinks">[[commons:user:{{PAGENAME}}|c:]] [[b:user:{{PAGENAME}}|b:]] [[m:user:{{PAGENAME}}|m:]] [[n:user:{{PAGENAME}}|n:]] [[q:user:{{PAGENAME}}|q:]] [[s:user:{{PAGENAME}}|s:]] [http://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/user:{{PAGENAME}} t:] [[<!-- w: -->user:{{PAGENAME}}|w:]] [[wikt:user:{{PAGENAME}}|wikt:]] '''[[special:SiteMatrix#sd|?]]''' / [[:de:user:{{PAGENAME}}|de:]] [[:en:user:{{PAGENAME}}|en:]] [[:eo:user:{{PAGENAME}}|eo:]] [[:ro:user:{{PAGENAME}}|ro:]] [[:yi:user:{{PAGENAME}}|yi:]] [http://vs.aka-online.de/cgi-bin/globalwpsearch.pl?timeout=120&minor=1&search=User:Gangleri +] [[commons:user:Gangleri/participation#wikipedia|++]] ^{[{{localurl:commons:user:Gangleri/tests/interwiki links/template|action=edit}} e]} / [http://bugzilla.wikimedia.org/buglist.cgi?query_format=advanced&emailassigned_to1=1&emailreporter1=1&emailcc1=1&emaillongdesc1=1&emailtype1=exact&email1=gangleri@torg.is&emailtype2=exact&order=Bug+Number MediaZilla] [[wikt:yi:user:Gangleri/tests/bugzilla|(&rarr;)]] / [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=purge}} ↺] [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|oldid={{REVISIONID}}}} rev-ID : {{REVISIONID}}]<br /> [[special:Prefixindex/user:Gangleri]] [[special:Prefixindex/user talk:Gangleri|T]] monobook [[user:{{PAGENAME}}/monobook.css|.css]] [[user:{{PAGENAME}}/monobook.js|.js]] [[:category:bugzilla|/]] [http://cvs.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.py/wikipedia/phase3/languages/ cvs] [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/mediawiki-cvs/ mail] [[meta:Developers#shell|shell-dev's]] [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikimedia-tech #tech]<br /> [[special:Watchlist/edit|&rarr;]] '''{{SITENAME}}''' [[template:DIRMARK|:]]{{DIRMARK}} '''{{ns:project}}''' [[special:Listusers/sysop|:]] [[special:Version|version]] [[special:Allmessages|all messages]] [[MediaWiki:Monobook.css|Monobook.css]] [[MediaWiki:Monobook.js|Monobook.js]] [[template:wikivar|wikivar]] [[image:smiley.png|16px|;-)]]</span></span> <!-- ?<br clear="all" />?<br /> --><br clear="all" /> __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ ===== [[commons:User:Gangleri]] ===== [[Image:Redirect arrow rtl without text.png|right]] ::* &lrm;[irc://irc.freenode.net/wikimedia #wikimedia], [irc://irc.freenode.net/mediawiki #mediawiki], [irc://irc.freenode.net/wiktionary '''#wiktionary'''] ::* [[w:de:Benutzer:Gangleri]] ::* [[w:en:User:Gangleri]] ::* [[w:eo:Vikipediisto:Gangleri]] ::* [[w:is:Notandi:Gangleri]] ::* [[w:mi:User:Gangleri]] ::* [[w:ps:User:Gangleri]] ::* [[w:ro:Utilizator:Gangleri]] ::* [[w:yi:באַניצער:Gangleri]] ::* '''[[meta:User:Gangleri]]''' [[meta:BiDi workgroup|BiDi workgroup]] [[meta:Special:Recentchangeslinked/Category:BiDi workgroup|'''?'''&lrm;]] ::* <span class="plainlinks" >[http://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Gangleri test:User:Gangleri]</span> [[de:Benutzer:Gangleri]] [[en:User:Gangleri]] [[eo:Vikipediisto:Gangleri]] [[is:Notandi:Gangleri]] [[mi:User:Gangleri]] [[ps:User:Gangleri]] [[ro:Utilizator:Gangleri]] [[yi:באַניצער:Gangleri]] <!-- minor edit --> 1587 sysop 7542 2006-10-12T17:48:20Z Aursani 60 <strong>$1</strong> صفحي جي تحفظ سطح توھان ھتي ڏسي ۽ تبديل ڪري سگھو ٿا. 1590 sysop 7578 2006-10-15T10:14:54Z Aursani 60 توھان لاءِ $1 ($2) آھن. 1591 4390 2005-12-23T16:47:42Z Korg 19 -spam +#REDIRECT [[Main Page]] #REDIRECT [[Main Page]] 1594 4414 2006-02-19T22:22:46Z 84.150.211.55 from [[en:template:wikivar]] <center><font id="top" /><span dir="ltr" ><span class="plainlinks">[{{SERVER}}{{localurl:template:wikivar|action=purge}} purge] [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|oldid={{REVISIONID}}}} rev-ID : {{REVISIONID}}] &nbsp; [[b:template:wikivar|b:]] [[commons:template:wikivar|c:]] [[m:template:wikivar|m:]] [[n:template:wikivar|n:]] [[q:template:wikivar|q:]] [[s:template:wikivar|s:]] [http://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/template:wikivar t:] [[<!--- w: --->template:wikivar|w:]] [[wikt:template:wikivar|wikt:]] '''[[special:SiteMatrix#sd|?]]''' &ndash; [[special:Version|version]] [[special:Allmessages|all messages]]<br />[http://cvs.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.py/wikipedia/phase3/languages/Language.php?view=markup $wgMagicWordsEn at CVS Language.php] &nbsp; [[meta:help:Variable|meta:help:Variable]], [[meta:Global variables|meta:Global variables]]</span></span></center> {| border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="center" width="80%" valign="top" height="38" !method a !method b !generates |- ! colspan="3" align="center" | <font id="common_namespaces" /><span dir="ltr" >[[#top|&uarr;]] common namespaces [-2 - 15] / used at all <span class="plainlinks">[http://www.mediawiki.org/ MediaWiki]</span> projects [[#bottom|&darr;]]</span> |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_-2" /><nowiki>{{ns:-2}}</nowiki> | align="center" | <nowiki>{{ns:Media}}</nowiki> | align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:-2}} |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_-1" /><nowiki>{{ns:-1}}</nowiki> | align="center" | <nowiki>{{ns:Special}}</nowiki> | align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:-1}} |- ! colspan="3" align="center" | <span dir="ltr" ><font id="ns_0" />[[#top|&uarr;]] (Main) &ndash; [[MediaWiki:Blanknamespace]] &ndash; {{DIRMARK}}<span dir="ltr" >'''{{MediaWiki:Blanknamespace}}'''</span> [[#bottom|&darr;]]</span> |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_1" /><nowiki>{{ns:1}}</nowiki> | align="center" | <nowiki>{{ns:Talk}}</nowiki> | align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:1}} |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_2" /><nowiki>{{ns:2}}</nowiki> | align="center" | <nowiki>{{ns:User}}</nowiki> | align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:2}} |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_3" /><nowiki>{{ns:3}}</nowiki> | align="center" | <nowiki>{{ns:User_talk}}</nowiki> | align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:3}} |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_4" /><nowiki>{{ns:4}}</nowiki> | align="center" | <nowiki>{{ns:Project}}</nowiki> | align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:4}} |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_5" /><nowiki>{{ns:5}}</nowiki> | align="center" | <nowiki>{{ns:Project_talk}}</nowiki> | align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:5}} |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_6" /><nowiki>{{ns:6}}</nowiki> | align="center" | <nowiki>{{ns:Image}}</nowiki> | align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:6}} |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_7" /><nowiki>{{ns:7}}</nowiki> | align="center" | <nowiki>{{ns:Image_talk}}</nowiki> | align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:7}} |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_8" /><nowiki>{{ns:8}}</nowiki> | align="center" | <nowiki>{{ns:MediaWiki}}</nowiki> | align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:8}} |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_9" /><nowiki>{{ns:9}}</nowiki> | align="center" | <nowiki>{{ns:MediaWiki_talk}}</nowiki> | align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:9}} |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_10" /><nowiki>{{ns:10}}</nowiki> | align="center" | <nowiki>{{ns:Template}}</nowiki> | align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:10}} |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_11" /><nowiki>{{ns:11}}</nowiki> | align="center" | <nowiki>{{ns:Template_talk}}</nowiki> | align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:11}} |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_12" /><nowiki>{{ns:12}}</nowiki> | align="center" | <nowiki>{{ns:Help}}</nowiki> | align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:12}} |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_13" /><nowiki>{{ns:13}}</nowiki> | align="center" | <nowiki>{{ns:Help_talk}}</nowiki> | align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:13}} |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_14" /><nowiki>{{ns:14}}</nowiki> | align="center" | <nowiki>{{ns:Category}}</nowiki> | align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:14}} |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_15" /><nowiki>{{ns:15}}</nowiki> | align="center" | <nowiki>{{ns:Category_talk}}</nowiki> | align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:15}} |- ! colspan="3" align="center" | <font id="reserved_namespaces" /><span dir="ltr" >[[#top|&uarr;]] reserved namespaces [[#bottom|&darr;]]</span> |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_16" /><nowiki>{{ns:16}}</nowiki> || &nbsp; || align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:16}} |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_17" /><nowiki>{{ns:17}}</nowiki> || &nbsp; || align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:17}} |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_98" /><nowiki>{{ns:98}}</nowiki> || &nbsp; || align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:98}} |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_99" /><nowiki>{{ns:99}}</nowiki> || &nbsp; || align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:99}} |- ! colspan="3" align="center" | <font id="custom_namespaces" /><span dir="ltr" >[[#top|&uarr;]] custom namespaces [[#bottom|&darr;]]</span> |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_100" /><nowiki>{{ns:100}}</nowiki> || &nbsp; || align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:100}} |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_101" /><nowiki>{{ns:101}}</nowiki> || &nbsp; || align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:101}} |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_102" /><nowiki>{{ns:102}}</nowiki> || &nbsp; || align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:102}} |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_103" /><nowiki>{{ns:103}}</nowiki> || &nbsp; || align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:103}} |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_104" /><nowiki>{{ns:104}}</nowiki> || &nbsp; || align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:104}} |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_105" /><nowiki>{{ns:105}}</nowiki> || &nbsp; || align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:105}} |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_106" /><nowiki>{{ns:106}}</nowiki> || &nbsp; || align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:106}} |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_107" /><nowiki>{{ns:107}}</nowiki> || &nbsp; || align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:107}} |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_121" /><nowiki>{{ns:121}}</nowiki> || &nbsp; || align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:121}} |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_122" /><nowiki>{{ns:122}}</nowiki> || &nbsp; || align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:122}} |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_127" /><nowiki>{{ns:127}}</nowiki> || &nbsp; || align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:127}} |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_128" /><nowiki>{{ns:128}}</nowiki> || &nbsp; || align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:128}} |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_2147483646" /><nowiki>{{ns:2147483646}}</nowiki> || &nbsp; || align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:2147483646}} |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_2147483647" /><nowiki>{{ns:2147483647}}</nowiki> || &nbsp; || align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:2147483647}} <!--- |- | align="center" | <font id="ns_2147483648" /><nowiki>{{ns:2147483648}}</nowiki> || &nbsp; || align="center" | &nbsp;{{ns:2147483648}} ---> |- ! colspan="3" align="center" | <font id="variables" /><span dir="ltr" >[[#top|&uarr;]] variables [[#bottom|&darr;]]</span> |- | align="center" | <font id="CURRENTDAY" /><nowiki>{{CURRENTDAY}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{CURRENTDAY}} |- | align="center" | <font id="CURRENTDAY2" /><nowiki>{{CURRENTDAY2}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{CURRENTDAY2}} |- | align="center" | <font id="CURRENTDAYNAME" /><nowiki>{{CURRENTDAYNAME}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{CURRENTDAYNAME}} |- | align="center" | <font id="CURRENTDOW" /><nowiki>{{CURRENTDOW}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{CURRENTDOW}} |- | align="center" | <font id="CURRENTMONTH" /><nowiki>{{CURRENTMONTH}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{CURRENTMONTH}} |- | align="center" | <font id="CURRENTMONTHABBREV" /><nowiki>{{CURRENTMONTHABBREV}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{CURRENTMONTHABBREV}} |- | align="center" | <font id="CURRENTMONTHNAME" /><nowiki>{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} |- | align="center" | <font id="CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN" /><nowiki>{{CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN}} |- | align="center" | <font id="CURRENTTIME" /><nowiki>{{CURRENTTIME}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{CURRENTTIME}} |- | align="center" | <font id="CURRENTWEEK" /><nowiki>{{CURRENTWEEK}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{CURRENTWEEK}} |- | align="center" | <font id="CURRENTYEAR" /><nowiki>{{CURRENTYEAR}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{CURRENTYEAR}} |- | align="center" | <font id="FULLPAGENAME" /><nowiki>{{FULLPAGENAME}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{FULLPAGENAME}} |- | align="center" | <font id="FULLPAGENAMEE" /><nowiki>{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;<span dir="ltr" >{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}</span> ^{<small>[[#1|1]]</small>}&lrm; |- | align="center" | <font id="NAMESPACE" /><nowiki>{{NAMESPACE}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{NAMESPACE}} |- | align="center" | <font id="NAMESPACEE" /><nowiki>{{NAMESPACEE}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;<span dir="ltr" >{{NAMESPACEE}}</span> ^{<small>[[#1|1]]</small>}&lrm; |- | align="center" | <font id="NUMBEROFARTICLES" /><nowiki>{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} |- | align="center" | <font id="NUMBEROFFILES" /><nowiki>{{NUMBEROFFILES}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{NUMBEROFFILES}} |- | align="center" | <font id="PAGENAME" /><nowiki>{{PAGENAME}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{PAGENAME}} |- | align="center" | <font id="PAGENAMEE" /><nowiki>{{PAGENAMEE}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;<span dir="ltr" >{{PAGENAMEE}}</span> ^{<small>[[#1|1]]</small>}&lrm; |- | align="center" | <font id="SCRIPTPATH" /><nowiki>{{SCRIPTPATH}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;<span dir="ltr" >{{SCRIPTPATH}}</span> ^{<small>[[#1|1]]</small>}&lrm; |- | align="center" | <font id="SERVER" /><nowiki>{{SERVER}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{SERVER}} |- | align="center" | <font id="SERVERNAME" /><nowiki>{{SERVERNAME}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{SERVERNAME}} |- | align="center" | <font id="SITENAME" /><nowiki>{{SITENAME}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{SITENAME}} |- ! colspan="3" align="center" | <font id="predefined_templates" /><span dir="ltr" >[[#top|&uarr;]] predefined templates [[#bottom|&darr;]]</span> |- | align="center" | <font id="FULLURL" /><nowiki>{{FULLURL:}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- | align="center" | <font id="FULLURLE" /><nowiki>{{FULLURLE:}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- | align="center" | <font id="GRAMMAR" /><nowiki>{{GRAMMAR:}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;<span dir="ltr" ><span class="plainlinks">[[template:wikivar/GRAMMAR|GRAMMAR]] [http://cvs.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.py/wikipedia/phase3/ CVS]&nbsp;[http://cvs.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.py/wikipedia/phase3/languages/ /languages/]</span></span> |- | align="center" | <font id="INT" /><nowiki>{{INT:}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- | align="center" | <font id="LC" /><nowiki>{{LC:}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- | align="center" | <font id="LCFIRST" /><nowiki>{{LCFIRST:}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- | align="center" | <font id="LOCALURL" /><nowiki>{{LOCALURL:}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- | align="center" | <font id="LOCALURLE" /><nowiki>{{LOCALURLE:}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- | align="center" | <font id="MSG" /><nowiki>{{MSG:}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- | align="center" | <font id="MSGNW" /><nowiki>{{MSGNW:}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- | align="center" | <font id="NS" /><nowiki>{{NS:}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- | align="center" | <font id="PLURAL" /><nowiki>{{PLURAL:}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- | align="center" | <font id="REVISIONID" /><nowiki>{{REVISIONID:}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- | align="center" | '''<nowiki>{{REVISIONID}}</nowiki>''' | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp;{{REVISIONID}} |- | align="center" | <font id="SUBST" /><nowiki>{{SUBST:}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- | align="center" | <font id="UC" /><nowiki>{{UC:}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- | align="center" | <font id="UCFIRST" /><nowiki>{{UCFIRST:}}</nowiki> | align="center" colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- | colspan="3" align="center" | <font id="1" /><span dir="ltr" >^{<small>[[#1|1]]</small>} this documentation displays this value [[w:en:LTR|LTR]] (left to right)</span> |- | colspan="3" align="center" | <font id="index" /><span dir="ltr" >[[#top|&uarr;]]&nbsp;<nowiki>|</nowiki>&nbsp;[[#common namespaces|common]]&nbsp;[[#reserved_namespaces|reserved]]&nbsp;[[#custom namespaces|custom]]&nbsp;'''namespaces''' <nowiki>|</nowiki>&nbsp;[[#variables|variables]] <nowiki>|</nowiki>&nbsp;[[#predefined templates|predefined templates]] <nowiki>|</nowiki>&nbsp;[[#bottom|&darr;]]</span> |}<font id="bottom" /> 1595 4402 2006-01-15T00:37:56Z 84.150.248.142 please protect this page against moves and edits - please read [[commons:Template talk:DIRMARK]] - [[user:Gangleri|]] &rlm; 1596 4403 2006-01-18T09:19:11Z 59.144.176.96 SINDHI IS WORLDS SWEET LANGUAGE.THE CHILDRENS BORN FROM BOTH SINDHI PARENTS CAN SPEAK WITH ALL WOVELS,FONDS,RYTHEM.THANKS UMESH GURNANI umesh_gurnani@rediffmail.com 1597 4405 2006-01-20T19:39:14Z 80.247.152.83 بلي هڪ جانور آهي هي هڪ عام پالتو جانور،گوشت خور آهي 1598 4406 2006-01-24T16:23:24Z Koavf 54 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Koavf !!!!!] [[en:User:koavf]] 1599 4407 2006-01-26T15:52:14Z Alvaro 56 [[:m:user:Alvaro]] [[:m:user:Alvaro]] 1600 4408 2006-02-16T21:35:27Z Aursani 60 Can someone explain as why is there a Sindhi Page only in Devenagri Script? How can I start a page in Sindhi Arabic Script? Ahsan Ahmad Ursani 1601 4427 2006-02-20T01:12:41Z Aursani 60 == ماحولياتي انتظام ڪاڻ اُپگرھي عڪس ضماءُ ۽ درجھ بنديءَ جيِ طريقن جو اڀياس == Review of the methods of Satellite Image Fusion and Classification for ‎Environmental Management عُروج فَن State-of-the-Art احسان احمد عرساڻي ڊاڪٽريٽ (سگنل پراسيسڱ ) جو شاگرد عڪس ۽ ڏور اِندريات ٻارِي ‏ انسا غين فغانس INSA Rennes France مھاڳ آئون مھراڻ يونيورسٽي ڄامشورو ۾ پنھنجِي تدريسِي ذميوارين کان موڪلائي پيڇ ڊِي جِي تعليم لاءِ بتاريخ سيپٽمبر 22، 2005ع تي فرانس جي ‏شھر غين، جيڪو بغتاڃ صوبي جِي گاڌيءَ جو ھنڌ آھي، ۾ پھتس. مون غين ۾ واقع اِنسا ‏Institut National Des Sciences Appliquées‏ نالي ‏تحقيقي اداري ۾ داخلا ورتي ۽ پروفيسر جوسيف غونسان جِي نگرانيءَ ھيٺ ڪم شروع ڪيو. پروفيسر غونسان اِنسا جِي عڪس تجربيگاھھ ۾ ‏پروفيسر آھي ۽ عڪس وَ ڏور اِندريات ‏Image et Télédétection‏ تحقيقي ٻارِيءَ جو ڊائيريڪٽر آھي. اھا ٻارِي انسا ۽ يونيورسٽي آف غين 1 جي ‏محققن جِي گڏيل ٻارِي آھي. ھتي پھچڻ کان پوءِ منھنجي نگران پروفيسر مون سان منھنجِي پِي ايڇ ڊِي رِٿا تي بحث ڪري مون کي رٿا جو نصب ‏العين سمجھايو ۽ مون کي لٽريچر رِويُو ڪري ٽن مھنن اندر رپورٽ جمع ڪرائڻ لاءِ چيو. مون کي رپورٽ فرانسيسيءَ ۾ لکڻ لاءِ چيو ويو پر ‏فرانسيسي زبانَ تي گھربل عبور نھ ھوڻ ڪري مون رپورٽ انگريزيءَ ۾ لکِي پر زبانِي پريزنٽيشن فرانسيسيءَ ۾ ڏني. ھن دستاويز ۾ ساڳِي رپورٽ ‏جو سنڌي ترجمو پيش ڪري رھيو آھيان. ‏ انگريزي زبان تي سٺو عبور رکندڙ ڪو بھ عام فرد جيڪڏھن انگريزيءَ ۾ لکيل پي ايڇ ڊي سطح جو ڪو بھ سائنسي ٽيڪنيڪي ادب پڙھندو تھ ‏يقيناً سمجھي نھ سگھندو. ڇاڪاڻ تھ پي ايڇ سطح جو ڪو بھ سائنسي يا ٽيڪنيڪي ادب ڪنھن مخصوص موضوع سان لاڳاپيل ڪيتري ئي ‏مواد جي تمام گھڻي ۽ گھري مطالعي بعد ئي وجود وٺندو آھي، جنھن کي سمجھڻ لاءِ بھ يقيناً محض انگريزي زبانَ يا ڪنھن بھ واسطيدار ٻوليءَ ‏تي دسترس ھوڻ ڪافي نھ آھي. انَ سطح جي سائنسي ۽ ٽيڪنيڪي موادَ اندر متعلقھ موضوع سان سلھاڙيل ڪيترا ئي ٽيڪنيڪي اصطلاح ‏مستعمل ھوندا آھن، جيڪي عام پڙھندڙ لاءِ سمجھڻ جوڳا نھ ھوندا آھن. اھڙي مواد کي سمجھڻ لاءِ لاڳاپيل کيتر جو بنيادي علم ۽ مستعمل ‏اصطلاحن جِي سمجھھ ھوڻ لازمي ٿي ٿو. تنھنڪري نھ رڳو ڪيترا ئي سنڌي سائنسي اصطلاح جوڙي پيش ڪيا ويا آھن، بلڪھ ھنَ دستاويز جي ‏پڇاڙيءَ ۾ اھڙن سمورن جوڙيل اصطلاحن جِي مڪمل سمجھاڻي ڏني وئي آھي ۽ ڪجھھ اھڙا انٽرنيٽ لنڪ ڏنا ويا آھن، جتان انھن پٺيان لڪل ‏سائنسي خيالَ کي سجھڻ لاءِ امدادِي مواد ملي سگھي. جيڪڏھن لازماَ درڪار بنيادي ڄاڻَ ۽ پس منظر ھوڻ باوجود ھيءُ دستاويز سمجھھ ۾ نھ ‏اچي يا ڪي جوڙيل اصطلاح اڻ وڻندڙ يا غير درست فھم ڏيندا محسوس ٿين تھ انَ کي لکيڪ جِي اظھارِي يا لسانِي ڪمزورِي سمجھيو وڃي ۽ ‏اھڙو تاثر ھرگز بھ نھ ورتو وڃي تھ مٺڙِي ٻوليءَ ۾ ڪا ڪمزورِي آھي جيڪا اوھان کي بيان ڪيل سائنسي خيال سمجھڻ ۾ آڏو اچي رھِي آھي. ‏ جيئن تھ ھيءُ سنڌيءَ ۾ اِنَ سطح تي سائنسي علم لکڻ جو پھريون تجربو ھو، تنھنڪري ضروري ھو تھ ڪيترن ئي انگريزي سائنسي اصطلاحن جا ‏قابل فھم سنڌي بدل جوڙجن. اھڙو ڪم ڪٺن ضرور ھو، پر انَ ڪم دوران منھنجو اھو يقين اڃا پختو ٿيو تھ ٻين ڪيترين ئي جديد ٻولين، جھڙوڪ ‏انگريزي ۽ فرانسيسيءَ جِي ڀيٽَ ۾ سنڌي زبانَ ۾ اظھاري قوت تمام گھڻي آھي. انَ احساس منھنجي عزم کي اڃا سگھارو بنايو ۽ آئون ھنَ ‏ڪاوش ۾ اڃا وڌيڪَ دلچسپيءَ سان جنبِي پار پھتس. ‏ ھيءُ ڪم پنھنجِي جاءِ تي مشڪل تھ ھو ئي پر ذاتي طور اڻ لاڀائتو پڻ. ھيءُ ڪم ذاتي طور منھنجي لاءِ ڪو بھ فائدو پھچائيندڙ نھ ئي سھي، پر ‏نھايت ئي ضرورِي ھو. ڇاڪاڻ تھ آئون ھر لحاظ کان سنڌي ٻولي ۽ قوم جو مقروض تھ اڳي ئي آھيان، پر جنھن اسڪالرشپ تي فرانس جي ملڪَ ‏‏۾ پڙھڻ آيو آھيان، تنھن جو خرچ سنڌ جي مشھور درس گاھھ مھراڻ يونيورسٽي آف انجنيئرڱ اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي ڄامشورو برداشت ڪري رھي ‏آھي. مھراڻ يونيورسٽي توقع ٿِي رکي تھ آئون ڪاميابيءَ سان پِي ايچ ڊِي ڪرڻ بعد يونيورسٽيءَ جي انسٽيٽيونٽ آف ڪميونيڪيشن ‏ٽيڪنالاجيز ۾ خدمتون سر انجام ڏيندس. مگر منھنجِي سمجھھ مطابق منھنجو فرض اتي پُورو نھ ٿو ٿي. جيئن تھ آئون سنڌ جي قومي اداري جي ‏خرچ ۽ ھيتري ساري محنت ۽ مطالعي کان پوءِ متعلقھ کيتر ۾ ڪجھھ تصنيف ڪرڻ لائق ٿيو آھيان، تنھنڪري منھنجو اولين فرض ٿي ٿو تھ آئون ‏اھو سمورو علم پنھنجِي پيارِي مادرِي زبان ۾ بھ منتقل ڪريان. ‏ جيڪڏھن ڪير اھو سوچي تھ ھنَ تحريرَ کي نظر انداز ڪندي ان مان ڪو بھ سنڌي لاڀُ نھ پرائيندو ۽ منھنجِي ھيءَ ڪاوش اجائي ويندِي؛ تھ بھ ‏آئون سمجھان ٿو تھ انَ صورتَ ۾ بھ اھو سڀ ڪرڻ ضرورِي ھو، تھ جيئن ڪو سنڌي استاد اھا دعويَ نھ ڪري سگھي تھ سنڌيءَ ۾ لکي ئي نھ ٿو ‏سگھجي يا ھُنَ سمورِي حياتي سنڌيءَ ۾ ان ڪري نھ لکيو ڇاڪاڻ تھ ڪنھن ٻي اھڙي پھل نھ ڪئي ھئي يا اھڙو ڪو مثال موجود نھ ھو؛ ۽ نھ ئي ‏ڪو سنڌي شاگرد اھو چئي سگھي تھ گھٽ ۾ گھٽ ھنَ موضوع تي کيس سنڌيءَ ۾ پڙھڻ جو موقعو نھ مليو. ‏ انجنيئر احسان احمد عرساڻي ‎ ‎ تجريد جيئن تھ ھن دستاويز جي عنوان مان ئي ظاھر آھي، ھيءُ دستاويز بال عموم عڪس ضماءُ ‏Image Fusion‏ ۽ بال خصوص ڏور ‏اِندرياتي عڪس ضماءُ ‏Remote Sensing Image Fusion‏ تي ٿيل تحقيق جي تازي ترين صورتحال پيش ڪرڻ لاءِ لکيو ويو آھي. ھتي ‏حواليل تحقيقي ڪم جو مواد ۽ عرصو ٻڌائي ٿو تھ نھ ڏُور اِندريات ‏Remote Sensing‏ جا طريقا غير بليغ آھن ۽ نھ ئي عڪس ضماءُ ‏جون ٽيڪنيڪون غير پختيون آھن. ھن پدَ کي رسڻ کان اڳ ضماءُ جو کيتر ڪيترا ئي مرحلا ۽ ڊگھو سفر طَي ڪري چڪو آھي. ‏ عڪس ضماءُ، در حقيقت، اعداد ضماءُ ‏Data Fusion‏ جِي مخصوص صورت آھي؛ ۽ تنھنڪري ضماءُ جون ھيستائين دريافت ٿيل ‏سموريون ٽيڪنيڪون ڪافي حد تائين فصيح آھن ۽ ايترن ئي وسيع ۽ متفرق اعدادِي ذريعن تي استعمال ڪيون ويون آھن جيترا ‏آواز ۽ ٽريفڪ انتظام لاءِ مسافرن جي معلومات. ‏ ھن دستاويز جو مقصد ضماءَ جي طريقن تي وسيع تناظر ۾ پر مختصراً بحث ڪرڻ، ۽ عڪسي اعداد ضمائڻ لاءِ ميسر طريقن ۽ وسلين ‏جو گھرو مطالعو پيش ڪرڻ؛ ۽ آخر ۾ ڏور اِندرياتي مصرفن لاءِ عڪس ۽ غير عڪس اعداد جي ضماءُ تي ٿيل تحقيقي ڪم جو تَتُ ‏پيش ڪرڻ آھي. عڪس ضماءُ جي ميدان ۾ رونما ٿيل تازي ترين پيش رفت توڙي نون لاڙن جِي نشاندھي ڪرڻ کان اڳ ڪيترن ئي ‏مختلف مصرفن ڪاڻ استعماليل عڪس ضماءُ جا طريقا مختصراً سمجھايا ويا آھن ۽ منجھائن حاصل ٿيل نتيجا پڻ پيش ڪيا ويا ‏آھن. ‏ جيئن تھ عڪس ضماءُ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ اڪثر ٽيڪنيڪون پنھنجي ڪارج ۾ جبلتاً وسيع ۽ فصيح آھن، تنھنڪري ڪيترن ئي ‏ھمعصر کيترن ھڪٻي جا رستا اورانگھيا آھن، جنھن ڪري ھيستائين انجام ڏنل سموري تحقيقي ڪم کي ھڪ ئي نڪتي تي يڪجا ‏ڪرڻ اڃا مشڪل ٿي پيو. تھ بھ، آئون اميدَ ٿو ڪريان تھ ھيءُ دستاويز انَ کيتر جي عُروج پَدَ جا جيڪڏھن سمورا نھ تھ اڪثر پھلو ‏ضرور اجاڳر ڪري ٿو ۽ زيرِ بحث مضمون ۾ ايتري ڳوڙھي نظر وجھي ٿو جو ھيءُ دستاويز مطالعي لائق ٿي سگھي . ‏ عڪس ضماءُ جي ٽيڪنيڀياسن کي ماحولياتي انتظام ڪاڻ استعمال ڪرڻ واري نصب العين تي زور ڏيندي، ماحولياتي مطالعات ‏تي، بال خصوص آبگاھن جي مطالعات تي ڪجھھ ڇپايل تحقيقي ڪم جا حوالا پيش ڪيا ويا آھن. ‏ تعارف اعداد ضماءُ Data Fusion مختلف ليکڪن اعداد ضماءَ يا ڊيٽا فيوزن جي اصطلاح کي مختلف طريقن سان بيان ڪيو آھي. ل. والڊ اعدادِي ضماءُ جي وصف ‏ھيئن ٿو ڏي، ”اھو ھڪ اھڙو رسمي فريم ورڪ آھي، جنھن ۾ مختلف ذريعن کان حاصل ٿيل ڄاڻ کي ضم ڪرڻ لاءِ واضح طور طريقا ۽ ‏اوزار ميسر ڪيل ھجن‎.‎‏ ان جو مقصد اعليَ سڀاوَ جِي ڄاڻَ حاصل ڪرڻ آھي، جڏھن تھ اعليَ سڀاوَ جو مطلب ۽ وصف ضماءُ جي ‏مصرف تي دارومدار رکن ٿا” ‏‎[1]‎‏. ڊ. ل. ھال ۽ ج. ليناز موجب، ”اعدادي ضماءُ جون ٽيڪنيڪون ڪيترن ئي ذريعن کان وصول ٿيندڙ ‏اعداد، ۽ ڪيترن ئي متعلقھ اعداد خانن ‏Databases‏ مان ملندڙ معلومات کي گڏين ٿيون تھ جيئن بھتر تُزگي حاصل ڪري ۽ اڃا ‏باريڪ نتيجا اخذ ڪري سگھجن ‏‎[2]‎‏. ‏ انگريزي سائنسي ادب ۾ فيوزن ‏Fusion‏ جي جاءِ تي ڪڏھن ڪڏھن مرجڱ ‏Merging، ڪمبائينڱ ‏Combining، سنرجي ‏Synergy، ‏الائنس ‏Alliance‏ ۽ انٽيگريشنIntegration ‎‏ وغيرھ جا اصطلاح بھ استعمال ٿيندا آھن. ‏‎[3]‎‏ ۾ ل. والڊ انھن ۽ اھڙن ٻين ڪيترن ئي ‏اصطلاحن ۽ وصفن تي تفصيلي بحث ڪيو آھي.‏ عڪس ضماءُ Image Fusion عموماً، مختلف يا ھڪ ئي اِندرِيءَ مان حاصل ٿيندڙ عڪسن مان ھڪڙو عڪس جوڙڻ کي عڪس ضماءُ يا اميج فيوزن چيو ويندو ‏آھي. اڃا بھ وسيع معنيَ ۾ عڪس ضماءَ کي ڄاڻوڪي ضماءَ جو ھڪ مخصوص پھلو سڏي سگھجي ٿو. ¬پول ۽ وان جينڊيرن عڪس ‏ضماءُ کي ھيئن بيان ڪن ٿا، ”وڌيڪ ڄاڻَ رکندڙ نئون عڪس جوڙڻ خاطر ڪا بھ الخوارضمِي اختيار ڪندي ٻن يا گھڻن عڪسن جو ‏امتزاج ڪرڻ” ‏‎[4]‎‏. عڪس ضماءُ جون ڪيتريون ئي تنگ تناظُري وصفون آھن، جن جو تتُ ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندي آئون عڪس ‏ضماءَ کي ھيٺينءَ ريت بيان ٿو ڪريان:‏ ‏”مختلف قسمن جي، مختلف تحلل ‏Resolution‏ وارن ۽ مختلف ذريعن کان وصول ٿيل عڪسن ۽ غير عڪسن ‏Non-Images‏ مان حاصل ‏ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ کي گڏ ڪري ھڪ ئي عڪس يا غير عڪس نمائندگيءَ جو روپ ڏيڻ کي عڪس ضماءُ چئجي ٿو”. ‏ عڪس ضماءَ جا مصرف Applications of Image Fusion جيتوڻيڪ مختلف ذريعن کان حاصل ٿيل عڪسن جو ضماءُ طبي عڪسڪاري ‏Medical Imaging، پٿويکي عڪسڪاري‎ Microscopic ‎Imaging، ڏُور اِندريات ‏Remote Sensing، ڳڻپيوڪر بصارت ‏Computer Vision، ۽ روبوٽياتRobotics ‎‏ جھڙن انيڪ کيترن ۾ ڪارائتو ‏آھي، پر انھن سڀني کي ھيٺين ٽن مکيھ گروھن ۾ ورھائي سگھجي ٿو:‏ گھڻ فوڪسي ۽‏‎/‎‏ يا گھڻ تعابيل عڪس The Multi-focus and/or Multi-exposure Images ڏُور اِندرياتِي اُپُگِـرَھَن کان حاصل ٿيندڙ عڪس Images from Remote Sensing Satellites طبي عڪس The Medical Images ھٿيار ڳولا، شبي ڏيک ۽ فوجي مقاصد‏ Weanpon Detection, Night Vision and Defence Applications گھڻ فوڪسي عڪسن جو استعمال عددي ڪيميرا ‏Digital Camera‏ جھڙن عددي عڪسڪاري اوزارن ‏Digital Imaging Devices‏ ۾ ‏ڏٺو ويو آھي. گھڻ فوڪسي عڪس ضماءُ ‏Multi-focus Image Fusion‏ جي ميدان ۾ ڪيل تازي ڪم جو مثال ‏‎[5]‎‏ آھي، جڏھن تھ ‏‎[6]‎‏ ‏گھڻ تعابيل عڪسن جي ضماءُ جو مثال آھي. عڪس ضماءُ جا طريقا طبي عڪسن، جھڙوڪ مقنائي ريزوننس عڪسن ‏Magnetic ‎Resonance Images، پَڙاڏو چِٽِ ‏Ultra Sound‏ ۽ ڳڻپيوڪر ٽوموگرافي عڪسنComputer Tomography ‎‏ جي ضماءُ لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿي ‏رھيا آھن. اتر آواز ۽ ڳڻپيوڪر ٽوموگرافي عڪسن جي ضماءَ تي تحقيق جو تازو مثال ‏‎[7]‎‏ آھي، جڏھن تھ ‏‎[8]‎‏ مثال آھي مقنائي ‏ريزوننس عڪس ۽ ڳڻپيوڪر ٽوموگرافي عڪس جي ضماءَ جو. ‏‎[9]‎‏ شبي ڏيک لاءِ ڪيل عڪس ضماءَ جا تجربا پيش ڪري ٿو تھ ‏ھٿيارن جِي ڳولا خاطر انفرا سُرخ ۽ ڏيکائيندڙ چشمياتي عڪسن جي ضماءُ جا طريقا ‏‎[10]‎‏ پيش ڪري ٿو. پر ھيءُ مطالعو گھڻي ‏ڀاڱي ڏور اِندرياتي اپگرھن ‏Remote Sensing Satellites‏ مان حاصل ٿيندڙ عڪسن جي ضماءُ تي ڪيل تحقيق تي مرڪُوز آھي. ‏ ڏُور اِندرياتي عڪس ڏور اِندرياتي عڪس اھي عڪس آھن جيڪي موسمياتي اڳڪٿي ‏‎[11]‎، رورل زمين استعمال ‏‎[12]‎، شھري رِٿابندِي ۽ انتظام ‏‎[13]‎، ‏زراعتي تحقيق ‏‎[14]‎، ماحولياتي مطالعي ‏Environmental Studies‏ ‏‎[15]‎، سھجياڀياسي مطالعي ‏Ecological Studies‏ ‏‎[16]‎، قدرتي ‏آفتزدگيءَ ۾ انتظام ‏Natural Disaster Management‏ ‏‎[17-18]‎، نقشيسازي ‏‎[19]‎، قدرتي وسلين جي کوج ۽ انتظام ‏‎[20]‎، ۽ فوجي ‏مقصدن ‏‎[21]‎‏ لاءِ ڪنھن ھوائي رَٿَ يا خلائي رَٿَ تي سوار ‏Spaceborne Images‏ مختلف قسمن جِي اِندرين ‏Sensors‏ مان ڪڍيا ويندا ‏آھن. ‏‎[22]‎‏ قدرتي وسلين جي ڏور اندريات تي ھڪ مڪمل ڪتاب آھي. ‏ جيتوڻيڪ کيتر ڪم فيلڊ ورڪ ‏Fieldwork‏ ۽ ھوائي رٿوار عڪس ‏Airborne Images‏ اڃا بھ ڪجھھ ڏور اِندرياتي مصرفن لاءِ معلومات ‏جو ذريعو بڻيل آھن، تھ بھ بعض اوقات انھن لاءِ درڪار خرچ ۽ وقت مطالعي لاءِ موزون نھ ٿو رھي ‏‎[23]‎‏. ھوائي رٿوار عڪسن ۾، ‏خلائي رٿوار عڪسن تي ڪي بيشيون (ايڊوانٽيجز) ھوڻ سان گڏ، ڪيتريون ڪَميون (ڊس ايڊوانٽيجز) بھ آھن. ‏‎[24]‎‏ سمورين ڪمين ‏بيشين تي مختصر مگر مڪمل بحث ڪري ٿو. ٻين مسئلن کان علاوھ، ھوائي رٿوار اِندرين مان نڪتل عڪسن ۾ ڀون ماپي بيڊولايُن ‏Geometric Deformations‏ وارو مسئلو تمام ڳنڀير آھي. اھي ڀون ماپي بگاڙ ‏Geometric Distortions‏ ھوائي رَٿَ ۾ ٽن قسمن جي لوڏن ‏باعث پيدا ٿين ٿا، جن کي چڪراٽي ‏Roll، جھاڪائي ‏Pitch، ۽ پاسائتي ‏Yaw‏ حرڪت چئجي ٿو. خاڪو نمبر 1 اھڙي صورتحال چِٽي ‏ڪري ٿو. ‏ تازا ورتل اپگرھي عڪس درجھ بنديءَ جي عمل ۾ تحقيقار جي معاونت لاءِ نسبتاً سستا، انيڪ ۽ خاصا ورجائتا ‏Frequent‏ تفصيل ‏ميسر ڪن ٿا. ڀون ماپي بگاڙ وارو مسئلو خلائي رٿوار عڪسن ۾ پڻ موجود آھي، پر نسبتاً گھٽ شدت سان. ڏور اِندرياتي اپگرھن مان ‏حاصل ٿيندڙ عڪسن کي ٻن وسيع گروپن ۾ ورھائي سگھجي ٿو:‏ ‎•‎ چشمياتي عڪس Optical Images ‎•‎ جڙتو مھانڊي راڊار عڪس Synthetic Aperture RADAR Image چشمياتي عڪس چشمياتي عڪس اھي عڪس آھن، جيڪي خلائي رَٿَSpace Craft ‎‏ يا ھوائي رَٿَ ‏Aircraft‏ تي سُوار چشمياتي اِندريُون ‏Optical ‎Sensors‏ استعماليندي حاصل ڪيا وڃن. سيتلائيت پغوباتوئاغ د‎’‎وبزيغواسيون دُ لا تيغ (سپوت) ‏Sattelite Probatoire d’Observation ‎‎ de la Terre (SPOT) ‎، نيشنل اوشَنِڪ اينڊ ايٽماسفيئرڪ ايڊمنسٽريشن (نوئا) ‏National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration ‎‎(NOAA)‎، ڪوئيڪ برڊ ‏QuickBird، ۽ ايڪونوس ‏IKONOS‏ مشھور ڏُور اِندريارتي اپگرھھ آھن، جيڪي ڌرتيءَ کي مشاھدي رھيا ‏آھن ۽ ٻن قسمن جا چشمياتي عڪس مھيا ڪري رھيا آھن:‏ ‎•‎ يڪ اِنڊمي عڪس Panchromatic Image ‎•‎ گھڻ اِنڊمي عڪس Multispectral Image يڪ اِنڊمي (يام) عڪس پان ‏PAN‏ دراصل پانڪروميٽڪ ‏Panchromatic‏ جو مخفف آھي. يڪ اِنڊمي يا پان عڪس بليڪ اينڊ وائيٽ تصوير وانگيان ٿيندا ‏آھن، جيڪي ڏيکائيندڙ کان اِنفرا سُرخ لھري ڊيگھن ‏Infra-red Wavelengths‏ تائين ڦھليل ھِڪَ ڪشادي انڊم ‏Spectrum‏ رکندڙ ‏اِندرِيءَ ‏Sensor ‎‏ مان نڪتل ھوندا آھن. ان کي اڪثر سليٽي درجن ‏Grey Scale‏ واري عڪس طور نمايان ‏Display‏ ڪيو ويندو آھي، ‏مطلب تھ عڪسل جي ظاھري چمڪ ان جي عددي قدر يعني ڊجيٽل نمبر ‏Digital Number‏ تي منحصر ڪري ٿي، جيڪو وري سج جِي ‏اُنَ ڪِرِڻِڪاريءَ ‏‎ Radiationتي دارومدار رکندو آھي جيڪا حدفن ‏Targets‏ سان ٽڪرائجي موٽَ کائي اِندِريءَ ‏Sensor‏ تائين رَسَندِي ‏آھي. تنھنڪري يڪ اِنڊمِي عڪس کي بليڪ اينڊ وائيٽ تصوير چئي سگھجي ٿو، جھڙوڪ تصوير 1، جيڪا ايڪونوس مان نڪتل ‏واشڱٽن ڊِي سِي جو يڪ اِنڊمي عڪس ڏيکاري ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ اھا بليڪ اينڊ وائيٽ تصوير کان انَ لحاظ کان مختلف آھي تھ بليڪ ‏اينڊ وائيٽ ڪيميرا جِي اِندريءَ اڻ وانگيان ڪن اُپگرھن جون يڪ اِنڊمي اِندرِيون اِنفرا سُرخ لھرِي ڊيگھن کي بھ جھٽين ٿيون تھ ڪي ‏اِندريون وري نيري رنگ وارين لھري ڊيگھن کي نھ ٿيون جھٽِينِ. يڪ اِنڊمي عڪسن جو تحلل ساڳي اُپگرھھ مان حاصل ٿيندڙ گھڻ ‏اِنڊمي عڪسن جي تحلل کان ھميشھ وڌيڪَ ھوندو آھي، ڇاڪاڻ جو گھڻ اِنڊمي اِندرِيءَ جي نسبت يڪ اِنڊمي اِندرِي في ايڪو پکيڙَ ‏مان وڌيڪَ توانائي جھٽي ٿِي. خاڪو نمبر 2 برق مقنائي اِنڊم ‏Electromagnetic Spectrum‏ جي ڏيکائيندڙ توڙي انفرا سُرخ حصي لاءِ ‏ڪوئيڪ برڊ جِي اِندرين جون نسبتي حساسيتون (ريسپانسز) ڏيکاري ٿو. ان خاڪي مان صاف ضاھر آھي تھ ٻين اِندرين جي نسبت ‏يڪ اِنڊمي اِندرِي برق مقنائي اِنڊم جي وڏي ڀاڱي مان توانائي حاصل ڪري ٿِي. ‏ گھڻ اِنڊمي (گھام) عڪس گھڻ اِنڊمي عڪس ‏Multi-sepectral Image‏ نسبتاً ننڍِي (ٿلھي) تحلل ‏Resolution‏ وارا اھڙا عڪس آھن جيڪي ساڳي ئي وقت مختلف ‏پَٽِيِِBand ‎‏ رکندڙ ھڪَ کان وڌيڪَ اِندرين مان ڪڍيا ويندا آھن. اھي پٽيون ‏Bands‏ انڊم ‏Spectrum‏ جي ڏيکائيندڙ ‏Visible‏ حصي کان ‏وٺي انفرا سُرخ ‏Infra-Red‏ حصي تائين پکڙيل ھونديون آھن. جدول 1 ڪجھھ اھڙن اپگرھن جون پٽيون ڏيکاري ٿِي. جيڪي چشمياتي ‏عڪس اعداد ‏Image Data‏ ميسر ڪن ٿا. اھا جدول ڏيکاري ٿِي تھ ڪجھھ اپگرھھ، جھڙوڪ ڪوئيڪ برڊ ‏QuickBird‏ ۽ ايڪونوس، ‏IKONOS‏ برق مقنائي اِنڊم جي ڏيکائيندڙ حصي ۾ ٽي پٽيون رکن ٿا، جن مان ھر ھڪ ٽن بنيادي رنگن، يعني ڳاڙھي، نيري، ۽ سائي ‏مان ڪنھن ھڪ سان مطابقت رکي ٿي؛ جيڪي اصلي رنگ عڪس ‏True Colour Image‏ جوڙڻ ۾ مدد ڏين ٿيون. تصوير نمبر 2 ‏ايڪونوس مان نڪتل ھڪ اصلي رنگ عڪس ڏيکاري ٿِي. جيئن جدول 1 مان ظاھر آھي، ڪجھھ اپگرھھ، جھڙوڪ سِپوت 5، نيري ‏پٽيءَ سان مطابقت رکندڙ اِندرِي نھ ٿا رکن، ان صورتَ ۾ نيري پٽيءَ جي جاءِ تي قريب انفرا سُرخ پٽِي استعمال ڪري نقلي رنگ ‏عڪس ‏False Colour Images‏ جوڙيا ويندا آھن. ڪڏھن ڪڏھن قريب انفرا سُرخ، ڳاڙھي، ۽ سائي پٽي، ترتيبوار، عڪس نُما ‏Image ‎Display‏ جي ڳاڙھي، سائي، ۽ نيري چينل تي رکي نقلي رنگ عڪس جوڙيا ويندا آھن ‏‎[25]‎‏. تصوير نمبر 3 ٽيرا - ايسٽر ‏TERRA-‎ASTER‏ مان نڪتل پرل ھاربر جو نقلي رنگ عڪس ڏيکاري ٿي ‏‎[26]‎‏. اھو عڪس نقلي رنگن جِي ھيٺين ترتيب سان جوڙيو ويو آھي. ‏ نُماڪار چينل اپگرھي پٽي ڳاڙھي گھڻ اِنڊياتي پٽي ‏‎3‎ ‏ (اَڏيکائيندڙ قريب انفرا سُرخ)‏ سائي گھڻ اِنڊياتي پٽي 2 (ڏيکائيندڙ ڳاڙھي)‏ نيري گھڻ اِنڊياتي پٽي ‏‎1‎‏ (ڏيکائيندڙ سائي)‏ تصوير 4 ڏيکاري ھڪ ٻيو سِپوت عڪس ‏SPOT Image‏ ڏيکاري ٿِي، جيڪو قدرتي رنگ ‏Natural Colours‏ سڏجندڙ رنگي امتزاج سان ‏جوڙي وئي آھي. ڏيکائيندڙ ۽ اَڏيکائيندڙ گھڻ اِنڊمي پٽين کي ايئن ملايو ويو آھي تھ جيئن اھي بظاھر ھڪ اصلي رنگ عڪس ‏محسوس ٿين، مطلب تھ عڪس اندر ساوڪ سائي نظر اچي، پاڻي نيرو نظر اچي، مِٽِي سليٽِي نظر اچي وغيرھ وغيرھ. تصوير 4 وارو ‏عڪس اھڙو ئي ھڪ مثال آھي، جيڪو رنگن جي ھيٺين امتزاج سان جوڙيو ويو آھي. ‏ نُماڪار چينل اپگرھي پَٽِي ڳاڙھي گھڻ اِنڊياتي پٽي 2‏ ‏ (ڏيکائيندڙ سائي)‏ سائي ‏(گھڻ اِنڊياتي پٽي 3) ‏X‏0.25 + (گھڻ اِنڊياتي پٽي 1) ‏X‏ 0.75‏ نيري ‏(گھڻ اِنڊياتي پٽي 3) ‏X‏0.25 - (گھڻ اِنڊياتي پٽي 1) ‏X‏ 0.75‏ ڪڏھن ڪڏھن تھ رڳو اَڏيکائيندڙ پٽين کي مختلف ميلاپن سان ڪنھن ڳ س ن نُماڪار ‏RGB Display‏ تي نُمايان ڪيو ويندو آھي. ‏ جيئن تھ ڌرتيءَ جي مٿاڇري تي موجود ھر شَي جِي برق مقنائي اِنڊم جِي مختلف ورجائپُن ‏Frequences‏ لاءِ پنھنجِي پنھنجِي موٽَ ‏Reflection‏ آھي، تنھنڪري گھام عڪس جي ھر ھِڪَ پٽي ڪا مخصوص وَٿَ، شَي، يا مقدارُ عڪسڻ يا ماپڻ لاءِ ڪارائتي آھي. مثال ‏طور، ‏‎[26]‎‏ مان ورتل جدول 2، نوئا سلسلي جي اپگرھن جِي ھر اِندرياتي پٽيءَ جو ڪارج ٻڌائي ٿِي. اِنَ سان گھڻ اِنڊمي عڪسڪاريءَ ‏جي اھميتَ معلوم ٿي ٿِي ۽ ثابت ٿي ٿو تھ گھڻ اِنڊمي عڪس جي ھر پٽي مختلف قسمَ جي ڄاڻَ مھيا ڪري ٿي. ‏ جُڙتُو مُھانڊِي راڊار (جُمُر) عڪس ‏ Synthetic Aperture RADAR Image ھِي اُھي عڪسَ جيڪي ڪنھن متحرڪ ھوائي رَٿَ يا خلائي رَٿَ تي سوار ڪنھن راڊار جي جھٽيل سگنلس مان جوڙيا وڃن. جمر ‏عڪس گھڻي تحلل وارا عڪس آھن، جيڪي ڪنھن بھ وقت (اُسَ ھوندي يا نھ ھوندي)، ڪنھن بھ مُندَ ۾، ۽ ڪنھن موسمياتي حالتَ ۾ ‏جھٽي سگھجن ٿا. ‏Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)‎، ‏ERS-2‎، ‏ENVISAT، ‏RADARSAT-1‎، ‏COSMO-SkyMed ‎‎(Constellation of Small Satellites for Mediterranean basin Observation)‎‏ ۽ ‏ALOS‏ جمر عڪس مھيا ڪندڙ مشھور اپگرھن ۾ شمار ‏ٿين ٿا. مگر اھو ڌيان ۾ رکيو وڃي تھ ‏ALOS‏ ۽ ‏ERS-2‎‏ چشمياتي عڪسن جو ذريعو پڻ آھن. جمر عڪسن جو گھڻو تحلل شھري ‏علائقن جي مشاھدي لاءِ ڪارائتو آھي. جيتوڻيڪ تحقيقارن انھن جو استعمال ماحولياتي مطالعي لاءِ بھ ڪيو آھي تھ فوجي مقصدن ‏لاءِ بھ. ‏‎[27]‎‏ جمر عڪسن جو استعمال قدرتي آفتن جي انتظام لاءِ ڪري ٿو، ‏‎[28]‎‏ انھن جو استعمال ماحولياتي انتظام ۾ ڄاڻائي ٿو ۽ ‏‎[29]‎‏ انھن جو استعمال فوجي مقصدن ۾ ٻڌائي ٿو. جمر اعداد اتي پنھنجو ڪم ڏيکارين ٿا جتي چشمياتي اعداد ڪا بھ ڄاڻَ ڏئي نھ ٿا ‏سگھن، يعني، اھي علائقا جيڪي ڪڪرن يا ڪڪرن جي پاڇن سان ڍڪيل ھجن. جمر اعداد مٿاڇراتِي ناھموارِيءَ متعلق تمام ‏ڪارائتي ڄاڻَ ڏئي مختلف ڌر اوڇڻن (ڪَوَر ٽائپيس) کي قابل تفريق ‏Distinguishable‏ بنائين ٿا، جيڪي ٻي صورتَ ۾ ھڪجھڙا ‏انڊمي ڪيريٽرسٽڪس ‏Spectral Characteristics‏ ھوڻ باعث رڳو چشمياتي اعداد ۾ ناقابل تفريق ‏Indistinguishable‏ ھجن ٿا. ‏ جدول نمبر 3 جمر عڪس مھيا ڪندڙ اپگرھن جِي لسٽ ڏي ٿِي. مگر اھو ڌيان ۾ رکڻ گھرجي تھ جدول 3 اندر جمر عڪس مھيا ڪندڙ ‏مشھور ترين اپگرھھ ڄاڻايل نھ آھي، ڇاڪاڻ جو اھو جدول ۾ شامل ڪرڻ کان گھڻو پيچيدھھ آھي. جيئن جدول ڏيکاري ٿِي، مختلف ‏اپگرھن جي اِنسٽرومينٽس کي مختلف قطبيتون ‏Polarizations‏ آھن. مثال طور، انھن مان ڪن کي ‏HH‏ قطبيت آھي، جڏھن تھ ھڪَ ‏‏(کاٻِي) ‏H‏ اھو ٿِي ظاھر ڪري تھ خارج ٿيل لھر اُفقاً قطبيل ‏Horizontally Polarized‏ آھي تھ ٻِي (ساڄِي) ‏H‏ اھو ٿِي ظاھر ڪري تھ ‏رسِيو ڪيل لھر پڻ افقاً قطبيل آھي. ساڳيءَ ريت ٻين انسٽرومينٽس کي ‏HV، ‏VH، ‏VV‏ يا ھڪ کان وڌيڪَ قطبيتون آھن. مختلف ‏اپگرھن جي راڊار انسٽرومينٽس کي ورجائپُون ‏Frequencies‏ بھ مختلف ٿين. ڪن اپگرھن کي ھڪَ کان وڌيڪَ ورائپون ھونديون آھن، ‏جيڪي ھڪَ ئي منظر جا ڪيترين ئي ورجائپُن تي مشاھدا ميسر ڪري ڏين ٿا. اھڙا اعداد مختلف ڌر اوڇڻ ‏Landcover‏ يا ويجيٽيشن ‏ٽائپيس، يا ساڳي ئي ويجيٽيشين ٽائيپ جِي مختلف حالتِ صحت ۽ واڌ جِي صورت ۾ درجھ بندي ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڏين ٿا. ھوائي رٿوار ‏راڊار اسڪينر ‏Airborne RADAR Scanners‏ بھ جمر عڪس ڇڪڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آھن. تصوير نمبر 5 واشڱٽن ڊِي سِي جو سنھي ‏تحلل وارو ھڪ جمر عڪس ڏيکاري ٿِي. ھر ورجائپ- قطبيت جوڙي کي نُماڪار ‏Display‏ جي ڳ، س، ۽ ن چينلس مان ڪو ھڪُ ڏئي، ‏جمر عڪسن کي ڇاپيو‎/‎نُمايو ‏Display‏ ويندو آھي. اھڙو ھڪ مثال تصوير نمبر 6 آھي، جيڪا نُو يارڪ شھر جو ٽن پٽين ‏LHH‏ ‏‏(ڳاڙھي ۾)، ‏LHV‏ (سائي ۾)، ‏CHV‏ (نيري ۾)، وارو نقلي رنگ جمر عڪس ڏيکاري ٿِي. ‏ 1602 edit=sysop:move=sysop 7823 2006-10-19T17:10:12Z Aursani 60 ‏‏{{مبسس4}}اڄوڪيون تازيون خبرون پڙھندا [[http://sd.wikinews.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%88 سنڌي وڪي اخبار]] ۾! 1603 edit=sysop:move=sysop 6013 2006-04-14T23:03:18Z Aursani 60 Protected "[[Template:Main Page banner]]" [edit=sysop:move=sysop] 1604 edit=sysop:move=sysop 8021 2006-11-03T17:58:37Z Aursani 60 <DIV style="background:#fff0f0;border:#ffffff 0px solid; padding:10px; valign:top;text-align:center;"> <font face="MBSarang Sattar"> <h1 align="center">وڪيپيڊيا ۾ ڀلي ڪري آيا</h1> <div style="background:#ffffff; border:0; width:100%; font-size:19px; font-family:MBSarang Sattar; text-align:center;valign=top; padding:10px;">هِيءُ هِڪُ کُليل ڄاڻَ چِيڪلو آهي</div> <font-size:14px face=MBSarang Sattar> {{مبسس4}} [[وڪيپيڊيا|وڪيپيڊيا]] ۾ '''[[ڀلي ڪري آيا|ڀلي ڪري آيا!]]''' وڪيپِيڊيا هڪ کليل گھڻ لساني ڄاڻَ چِيڪلو (انسائيڪلوپيڊيا) آهي. وڪيپيڊيا جي ابتدا جنوري 2001ع ۾ ٿِي. سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا فيبروري 21، 2006ع تي متعارف ٿيو. هن وقت وڪيپِيڊيا ۾ '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' [[Special:Allpages| سنڌي مقالا]] موجود آهن. سنڌي ٻوليءَ جي هن آن لائين ڄاڻَ چِيڪلي کي سنوارڻ ۾ اوهان پڻ با آساني اسان سان همراهه ٿِي سگھو ٿا. رڪنيت لاءِ '''[[Special:Userlogin|رڪنن جا صفحا]]''' تي پير ڀريندا ۽ رڪنيت حاصل ڪندا. مقالن ۾ ترميم ڪرڻ جو تجربو ڪرڻ لاءِ [[وارِيگاهه|واريگاهه]] ۾ طبع آزمائي ڪندا. وڌيڪَ معلُومات لاءِ ڏسندا: [[ڪَثِرَتاً پُڇيا وِيندَڙ سُوالَ (ڪَپُوس)|ڪَپُوس]] ---- </DIV> 1605 8388 2006-12-12T11:35:48Z Aursani 60 <big> '''ڪنارا ڪاڍ''' <big/> {{مبسس4}}جو مقصد ڪنھن [[عددي عڪس]] اندر موجود ڪن بھ ٻن شين يا وٿن درميان دنگ ليڪڻ ھوندو آھي؛ مطلب تھ انھن نڪتن يا [[عڪسلُن]] جي نشاندھي ڪرڻ ھوندو آھي، جن تي ڪا ھڪ شَي ختم ٿي ٿِي ۽ ٻي شَي شروع ٿي ٿِي. اھڙين عڪسلُن تي عڪس جي رنگ يا روشنائيءَ ۾ ھڪ نمايان تبديلي رونما ٿيل ھوندي آھي. عڪس اندر روشنائي، رنگ يا ڪنھن ٻي خاصيت ۾ نمايان تبديلي ڪنھن اھم واقعي يا تبديليءَ ڏانھن اشارو سمجھي ويندي آھي. ڪنارا ڪاڍ، [[عڪس پراسيسڪاري]] ۽ [[نقش ڪاڍ]] اندر ھڪ تحقيقي کيتر آھي. ==ڪنارن جون خصوصيات== {{مبسس4}}ڪنارا نقطھ نظر تي آڌاريل ٿِي سگھن ٿا - اھي اھڙا ڪنارا آھن جيڪي نقطھ نظر بدلجڻ سان بدلجي وڃن ٿا ۽ نوعاً منظر جي ڀونماپ جي نمائندگي ڪن ٿا، اھو ظاھر ڪن ٿا تھ ڪا ھڪ شي ٻي شي سان ڍڪي پئي (لڪل) آھي وغيرھ وغيرھ، يا وري ڪنارا . ==ڪنارا ڪڍڻ== {{مبسس4}}ڪنارن کي ڪيترين ئي عڪسلُن اندر روشنائيءَ جِي تبديلي ڄاڻندي ڪنارا ڪاڍ الخوارضميون روشنائيءَ جي اھڙي تبديليءَ جو مشتق لھنديون آھن. ھ اگر یک لبه را به عنوان تغییر در شدت روشنایی که در طول چند پیکسل دیده می‌شود در نظر بگیریم، الگوریتم‌های آشکارسازی لبه به طور کلی مشتقی از این تغییر شدت روشنایی را محاسبه می‌کنند. برای ساده‌سازی، به آشکارسازی لبه در یک بعد می‌پردازیم. در این نمونه، داده‌های ما می‌تواند یک تک‌خط از شدت روشنایی پیکسل‌ها باشد. برای نمونه بین پیکسل‌های چهارم و پنجم در داده‌های 1-بعدی زیر به روشنی می‌توان لبه‌ای را آشکار کرد</big> <center><table border="1" cellpadding=3><tr> <td>&nbsp;5&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;7&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;6&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;4&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;152&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;148&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;149&nbsp;</td> </tr></table></center> ==پھريون مشتق لھڻ== تعداد زیادی از عملگرهای آشکارسازی لبه بر پایه مشتق اول شدت روشنایی کار می‌کنند، یعنی با گرادیان شدت روشنایی داده‌های اصلی سروکار داریم. با این اطلاعات می‌توانیم تصویری را برای قله‌های گرادیان روشنایی جستجو کنیم. اگر ''I''(''x'') نماینده شدت روشنایی پیکسل ''x''، و ''I''&prime;(''x'') نماینده مشتق اول(گرادیان شدت روشنایی) در پیکسل ''x'' باشد، بنابراین داریم: :<math>I'(x)=-1\cdot I(x-1) + 0 \cdot I(x) + 1 \cdot I(x+1).\,</math> برای پردازش تصویر با عملکرد بهتر، مشتق اول را می‌توان(در یک بعد) با [[پیچش|پیچش دادن]] دادن با ماسک زیر بدست آورد: <center><table border="1" cellpadding=3> <tr><td>&minus;1</td><td>0</td><td>1</td></tr> </table></center> ====ٻيون مشتق لھڻ==== برخی دیگر از الگوریتم‌های آشکارسازی لبه بر اساس مشتق دوم شدت روشنایی کار می‌کنند که در واقع نرخ تغییرات گرادیان شدت روشنایی است و برای آشکارسازی خط‌ها بهترین است، زیرا بدانگونه که در بالا گفتیم هر خط یک لبه دوگانه است، بنابراین در یک سوی خط یک گرادیان روشنایی و در سوی دیگر گرادیان مخالف آن دیده می‌شود. پس می‌توانیم منتظر تغییر بسیار زیاد در گرادیان شدت روشنایی در محل یک خط باشیم. برای یافتن خط‌ها می‌توانیم گذر از صفرهای تغییر گرادیان را در نتایج جستجو کنیم. اگر ''I''(''x'') نمایشگر شدت نور در نقطه ''x'' و ''I''&prime;&prime;(''x'') مشتق دوم در نقطه ''x'' باشد: :<math>I''(x) = 1\cdot I(x-1) - 2 \cdot I(x) + 1 \cdot I(x+1).\,</math> اینجا نیز بیشتر الگوریتم‌ها از یک ماسک پیچش برای پردازش سریع داده‌های تصویر سود می‌برند: <center><table border="1" cellpadding=3> <tr><td>+1</td><td>&minus;2</td><td>+1</td></tr> </table></center> ==حد ٻڌڻ== هنگامی که مشتق را حساب کردیم، گام بعدی اعمال یک آستانه برای کشف نقاطی که بخشی از یک لبه هستند است. هر چه آستانه کمتر باشد، خط‌های بیشتری آشکارسازی می‌گردند و نتایج بیشتر نسبت به نویز، و ویژگی‌های نامرتبط تصویر حساس می‌شوند، از سوی دیگر یک آستانه زیاد ممکن است خط‌های ضعیف یا بخش‌هایی از خط‌ها را از دست بدهد. یک مصالحه معمول آستانه‌گیری با پسماند است. این روش از چندین آستانه برای جستن لبه‌ها سود می‌جوید. با آستانه بالایی جستجو را برای پیدا کردن ابتدای خط‌ها آغاز می‌کنیم. هنگامی که یک نقطه آغاز داریم، مسیر لبه را درون تصویر پیکسل به پیکسل با نشانه‌گذاری پیکسل‌هایی که از آستانه پایینی بالاترند پی می‌گیریم و تنها هنگامی که مقدار از آستانه پایینی پایین‌تر رود آن را پایان می‌دهیم. این رهیافت بر اساس این گمان است که لبه‌ها به احتمال زیاد در مسیرهای پیوسته قرار دارند و دنبال کردن بخش ضعیفی از لبه‌ای که از پیش دیده‌ایم ممکن می‌کند، بدون آنکه پیکسل‌های نویزی را به عنوان لبه نشانه‌گذاری کنیم. ===ڪنارا ڪاڍ عملگر=== * مرتبه نخست: [[چلیپای رابرتز]]، [[پرویت]]، [[سوبل]]، [[کنی]]، [[اسپیسک]] * مرتبه دوم: [[لاپلاسی]]، [[مار-هیلدرث]] اکنون، عملگر کنی و پس از آن مار-هیلدرث بیشترین کاربرد را دارد. عملگرهای زیادی تاکنون منتشر شده‌اند اما هیچیک برتری قابل ملاحظه‌ای بر عملگر کنی در شرایط کلی نداشته‌اند. کار بر روش‌های چندمقیاسی هنوز بیشتر در آزمایشگاه‌هاست. اخیراً عملگر جدیدی منتشر شده که اجازه جداسازی لبه‌ها را با دقت زیرپیکسل می‌دهد، چیزی که آن را از عملگر کنی نیز بهتر می‌سازد. برای اطلاعات بیشتر مقاله زیر را ببینید: (استجر, 1998)An Unbiased Detector of Curvilinear Structure [[Category:پردازش تصویر]] [[Category:رایانه]] [[de:Kantendetektion]] [[en:Edge detection]] [[cs:Detekce hran]] [[category:ٽيڪنيڀياس]] 1606 4483 2006-02-22T22:14:31Z Aursani 60 اھڙي تصوير يا عڪس جيڪو عددي ڪيميرا يا ڪنھن ٻي عددي اوزار ذريعي ڇڪيو ويو ھج ۽ عددن يعني [[اعداد]] يا انگن جي صورت ۾ ڪنھن [[عددي سنڀار]] ۾ محفوظ ڪيل ھجي. 1607 4484 2006-02-22T22:20:21Z Aursani 60 اعداد مطلب انگ اکر يا عددن جو مجموعو، جنھن کي انگريزيءَ ۾ Data چيو ويندو آھي. ھيءُ انگ اڪثر [[ڳڻپيوڪر]] Computer جي علمن ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آھي. ڳڻپيوڪر ھڪ عددي اوزار آھي، جنھن منجھ طبي توڙي غير طبي مقدارن کي اعداد جو روپ ڏئي پردازيو يعني پراسيس ڪيو ويندو آھي. 1608 4822 2006-02-26T18:57:58Z 193.52.94.11 <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">اھڙي مشين جيڪا ڳڻپ ۽ حساب ڪتاب جي ڪمن ۾ معاون ٿي. ايباڪس شايد دنيا جو پھريون ڳڻپيوڪر ھو. اڄوڪا جديد برقياتي ڳڻپيوڪر تمام پيچيدھ رياضياتي مونجھارا ۽ [[ريضياتي مساواتون]] حل ڪرڻ جا اھل آھن. ڳڻپيوڪر جو استعمال ڇپائي کان وٺي طب ۽ زراعت کان وٺي خلائي تحقيق جي کيترن ۾ ڪثرت سان استعمال ٿي رھيو آھي. اڄ ڳڻپيوڪر تعليم ۽ [[ڏور ربطيات]] جو بھ اھم جز آھي. 1609 8371 2006-12-12T09:59:55Z Aursani 60 <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4"><big> برقياتي ذريعا ۽ وسيلا استعمال ڪندي پرانھن يا ڏورانھن ھنڌن تي رابطو ڪرڻ جي علم کي ڏور ربطيات چئجي ٿو. اھڙو رابطو ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ وسيلن ۽ ذريعن کي پڻ مجموعي طور ڏور ربطيات چئجي ٿو. </big> پڻ ڏسندا: [[ڏور ربطيات جي تاريخ]] [[Category:ٽيڪنيڀياس]] 1610 8395 2006-12-13T16:58:54Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}} عددي سنڀار [[ڏونھائي سرشتو|ڏونھائي سرشتي]] جي انگن کي محفوظ ڪري سگھي ٿي. برقيات جي ميدان ۾ ٽيڪنيڀياسي ترقيءَ سان عددي سنڀار وجود ۾ اچي سگھي. مگر عددي سنڀار جو ڪثرت سان عام استعمال ۾ اچڻ تڏھن ئي ممڪن بڻيو جڏھن [[پٿ برقيات]] وجود ۾ آئي. پٿ برقيات جي بدولت ھڪ چورس سينٽي ميٽر جي سليڪان چپ ۾ لکين ٽرانزسٽر سمائجي سگھيا ۽ وسيع سنڀارون وجود ۾ آيون. عددي سنڀار جو ھڪ ايڪو ھڪ ٻڪو انگ يا [[ٻٽ]] کي محفوظ ڪري سگھي ٿو. ڪنھن عددي سنڀار جي وسعت [[ٻاٽ]] يا [[ڪِلو ٻاٽ]] ۾ ماپي ويندي آھي. مگر [[ٽيڪنيڀياس]] جي مزيد ترقيءَ باعث عددي سنڀار جي وسعت ڪلو ٻاٽ جون حدون اورانگھي ھاڻي [[ميگا ٻاٽ]]، [[گيگا ٻاٽ]] ۽ [[ٽيرا ٻاٽ]] جي حدن ۾ پھچي وئي آھي. [[category:ٽيڪنيڀياس]] 1612 4492 2006-02-22T23:22:38Z Aursani 60 <DIV style="border:#ffffff 0px solid; padding:5px; font-family:Urdu Naskh Asiatype; text-align:center;"> <h1 align="center">ویـکـیـپـیـڈ یـا میں خوش آمدید</h1> <div style="background:#ffffff; border:0; width:100%; font-size:19px; font-family:Nafees_Pakistani_Naskh; text-align:center; padding:0px;">یہ ایک آزاد دائرہ المعارف ہے۔</div> <font-size:14px> <font size="3" face="urdu naskh asiatype"> [[وکی پیڈیا|ویـکـیـپـیـڈ یـا]] میں '''[[خوش آمدید|خوش آمدید]]'''! وکی پیڈیا ایک آزاد بین اللسانی دائرہ المعارف (انسائکلوپیڈیا) ہے۔ وکی پیڈیا کی شروعات جنوری 2001 میں ہوئی۔ اردو وکی پیڈیا کی شروعات جنوری 2004 میں ہوئی ۔ فی الحال وکی پیڈیا میں اردو کے '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' [[Special:Allpages|مضامین]] موجود ہیں۔ اردو زبان کے اس آن لائن دائرہ المعارف کے بنانے میں آپ بھی بہت آسانی سے ہمارے ساتھ شامل ہو سکتے ہیں، شمولیت کے لۓ '''[[Special:Userlogin|ارکان کے صفحے]]''' پر تشریف لائیے اور رکنیت حاصل کیجیئے ۔ مضامین میں ترمیم کے تجربے کرنے کے لۓ [[ریتخانہ|ریتخانے]] میں ہاتھ صاف کیجیئے۔ ---- {{تصفح بند}} </DIV> 1613 edit=sysop:move=sysop 6015 2006-04-14T23:03:57Z Aursani 60 Protected "[[Template:Wikicomm]]" [edit=sysop:move=sysop] __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ {| cellspacing="3" |- valign="top" |width="50%" class="MainPageBG" style="border: 1px solid #f0f0f0; color: #000; background-color: #f0f5f0"| <div style="text-align: right; padding: .4em .9em .9em"> {{مڀسس4س}}[[وڪيپيڊيا:مضمون ڪيئن ڳولجي؟|مضمون ڪيئن ڳولجي؟]]<br> {{ڪجھھ نوان لفظ}} ---- {{Template:اڄ جي ڳالھھ 06-01-2006}} </div> |width="50%" class="MainPageBG" style="border: 1px solid #c6c9ff; color: #000; background-color: #f0f0f5"| <div style="clear: right; text-align: right; float: right; padding: .4em .9em .9em"> <font face="MBSarang Sattar, times new roman,Arial" size="3" color="#53873D"> <big>'''ڪجھھ اھم ڳنڍڻا'''</big><br/> [[ڀلي ڪري آيا]] • [[تعارف]] • [[صفحا ڪيئن ترميميو]] • [[گھربل مقالا]] • [[اھم ماقالا]] • [[امدادي صفحا]] • [[اڄ جو سائنسدان]] • [[اڄ جِي ڳالھھ]] • [[واريگاھھ]]<br> ---- <font face="MBSarang Sattar, times new roman,Arial" size="3" color="#53873D"> <big>'''آلات'''</big><br/> [[ٻلا]] • [[وڪيپيڊيا بابل]]<br> ---- <br/></font><font face="MBSarang Sattar, ,Arial" size="3" color="B12F21"> <big>'''نئين مقالي لاءِ عنوان لکو'''</big> <inputbox> bgcolor=#F0F0FF type=create </inputbox> ---- <font face="MBSarang Sattar, times new roman,Arial" size="3" color="#53873D"> <big>'''ٻيا ڳنڍڻا'''</big><br/> [[m:Wikimedia Embassy-sd|وڪيميڊيا سفارتخانو]] • [[وڪيپيڊيا:سفارتخانو| وڪيپيڊيا سفارتخانو]] • [[Special:Boardvote|وڪيپيڊيا جون چونڊون]] • [[رٿا:منتظمین|منظمين جِي فھرست]]<br> <br/></font> </div> <br clear="all"/> |} 1614 edit=sysop:move=sysop 7930 2006-10-26T15:38:01Z Aursani 60 __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ <table width="100%"><tr> <tr> {| |width=40% style="border:1px solid #c6c9ff; padding: .5em .5em .5em; color: #000000; background: #ffffff;"| <font face="Verdana, Arial, times new roman,Arial" size="3" color="#000033"> <div style="padding-left:1em"> <P ALIGN="left"> <font face="Verdana, Arial, times new roman" size="2"> For non-Sindhi-speakers: If you have any comments or questions, you can leave a message in English or French [[:Category:Page for non-Sindhi-Speakers|HERE]]. See also [[:m:A guide to Sindhi Wikipedia|A guide to Sindhi Wikipedia]] , [[m:Wikimedia Embassy-sd|Wikimedia Embassy]] and [[وڪيپيڊيا:سفارتخانو|Local Sindhi Embassy]]. If you are interested, see [[How to read Sindhi script]] </P> </div> | |rowspan=9 valign=top style="border:1px solid #c6c9ff; padding: .5em .5em .5em; color: #000; background: #f7f8ff;"| {{مبسس4}}متفرق ڳنڍڻا</font> <h3>{{مبسس4}}رابطو</h3> *{{مبسس4}}[[:Category:اعليَ تعليم|اعليَ تعليم]] *{{مبسس4}}[[:Category:فهرست|فهرست]] *{{مبسس4}}[[وڪيپيڊيا:تصفح به يڪ نظر|مقالات به يڪ نظر]] *{{مبسس4}}[[:Category:سوانح|سوانح]] *{{مبسس4}}[[وڪيپيڊيا:زمرات جِي رٿابندي|زمرات جي رٿابندي]] *{{مبسس4}}[[فهرست حلقات | حلقات]] *{{مبسس4}}[[:Category:دستاويزات| دستاويزات]] *{{مبسس4}}[[معاونت:فهرست|معاونت]] *{{مبسس4}}[[:Category:رابطو|رابطو]] *{{مبسس4}}[[فهرست جدول براءِ رابطو|جدول براءِ رابطو]] *{{مبسس4}}[[:Category:فهرست بمع تاريخوار ترتیب|تاريخوار ترتيب]] *{{مبسس4}}[[Special:Newpages|نڪور صفحا]] *{{مبسس4}}[[:Category:سال|سال]] |rowspan=9 valign=top style="border:1px solid #c6c9ff; padding: .5em .5em .5em; color: #000; background: #f7f8ff;"| <h3>{{مبسس4}}ٻيا وسيلا</h3> *{{مبسس4}}[[:wikt:|وڪيغت]] *{{مبسس4}}[[:commons:|مشترڪ وڪيپيڊيا]] *{{مبسس4}}[[:n:|وڪي اخبار]] *{{مبسس4}}[[q:|اقتباسات]] *{{مبسس4}}[[wikisource:مک صفحو:سنڌي|منبعءمتن]] *{{مبسس4}}[[wikispecies:|وڪي انواع]] *{{مبسس4}}[[:b:|نصابي ڪتاب]] |- |- |} </tr> </table> 1615 4512 2006-02-23T13:50:40Z Gangleri 45 from [[w:en:template:Babel-9]] and style="float: left; {| name="userboxes" id="userboxes" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1ex; width: 242px; border: 1px solid #99B3FF; clear: right" |- | style="text-align: center" | '''[[{{SITENAME}}:Babel]]''' |- | {{User {{{1}}}}} |- | {{User {{{2}}}}} |- | {{User {{{3}}}}} |- | {{User {{{4}}}}} |- | {{User {{{5}}}}} |- | {{User {{{6}}}}} |- | {{User {{{7}}}}} |- | {{User {{{8}}}}} |- | {{User {{{9}}}}} |- | style="text-align: center" | [[:Category:User languages|Search user languages]] |} 1616 edit=sysop:move=sysop 6332 2006-05-21T20:34:50Z Aursani 60 [[Image:Rennes1.jpg|thumb|250px|{{مبسس4}}احسان احمد عرساڻي]] [[en:user:Aursani]] [[wikt:user:Aursani]] ==احسان احمد عرساڻي== {| |- | *{{مبسس4}}ڄم جو ھنڌ: :{{مبسس4}}حيدرآباد، سنڌ<br> *{{مبسس4}}ڄم جِي تاريخ: :{{مبسس4}}فيبروري 23، 1972ع<br> *{{مبسس4}}تعليم: :{{مبسس4}}بيچلر آف انجنيئرڱ (برقيات</font> Electronics) :{{مبسس4}}ماسٽر آف انجنيئرڱ (ڏور ربطيات</font> Telecommunications) :{{مبسس4}}پِي ايڇ ڊِي (سگنل پراسيسڪارِي</font> Signal Processing) {{مبسس4}}(ھلندڙ) *{{مبسس4}}ملازمت: :{{مبسس4}}اسسٽنٽ پروفيسر، برقيات ۽ ڏور ربطيات شعبو، مهراڻ يونيورسٽي ڄامشورو، سنڌ *{{مبسس4}}مستقل رھائش جو پتو: :{{مبسس4}}10، اختر ڪاٽيجز، گلستان سجاد، قاسم آباد، حيدرآباد، سنڌ *{{مبسس4}}هاڻوڪو پتو: :{{مبسس4}}</font> Dept. EII, Bat. 10, INSA, avenue des Buttes des coësme, CS 14315, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France *{{مبسس4}}برق ٽپال: :aursani@yahoo.com *{{مبسس4}}ڏُور وايو: :80 82 23 23 2 33 | |} {{مبسس4}}مون پنهنجي پي ايڇ ڊيءَ جي آغاز کان ٽي مهينا بعد '''عُروجِ فَنُ''' رپورٽ بعنوان ”[[ماحولياتي انتظام ڪاڻ اُپُگِرَهِي عَڪس ضماءُ ۽ درجه بنديءَ جيِ طريقن جو اَڀياس]]“ جمع ڪرائي آهي. پڙهي ڏسندا. 1617 edit=sysop:move=sysop 8313 2006-12-07T18:29:26Z Aursani 60 <p style="clear:both; margin:0 3px .8em 3px; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom:.2em; font-size: 110%;"><!--&nbsp; --> <font face="MBSarang Sattar, times new roman" size="3"> [[:Category:ڀونءِ ڀياس ۽ ڀونءِ نگاري|ڀونءِ ڀياس ۽ ڀونءِ نگاري]] - [[:Category:سنڌي سُورما|سنڌي سُورما]] -[[:Category:ٻاراڻا صفحا|ٻاراڻا صفحا]] - [[:Category:ثقافت|ثقافت]] -[[:Category:شوبز|شوبز]] - [[:Category:رياضيات|رياضيات]] - [[:Category:سائنس|سائنس]] - [[:Category:تاريخ|تاريخ]] - [[:Category:معاشرو|معاشرو]] - [[:Category:ٽيڪنيڀياس|ٽيڪنيڀياس]] - [[:Category:شخصيات|شخصيات]] </p> <p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0"> <font face="MBSarang Sattar, Times New Roman" size="3"> [[وڪيپيڊيا:فهرست|الفبيوار فهرست]] - [[وڪيپيڊيا:فهرست|شعبيوار فهرست]] - [[Special:Categories|زمريوار فهرست]] - [[:Category:فهرست|ٻيون فهرستون]] </p> 1618 6773 2006-09-08T10:00:59Z Aursani 60 =ڀلي ڪري آيا= <div dir=&quot;LTR&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;> {| style=&quot;border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff;padding:5px;font-size:95%;&quot; |'''Welcome''' to the embassy of the Sindhi Wikipedia! If you have any announcements or questions regarding international issues or the Sindhi Wikipedia you are invited to post them here or on the discussion page of this article.<br /><br/> <center>'''[[بحث وڪيپيڊياا:{{PAGENAME}}/Message|Message to the embassy]]'''</center> | <font size=&quot;4&quot; face=&quot;times new roman&quot;>'''مرحبًا''' إلى سفارة ويكيبيديا سندي ! إذا لديك أيّ إعلانات أو أسئلة بخصوص قضايا دوليّة أو الويكيبيديا سندي أنت دُعِيتَ لإرسالهم [[Wikipedia:Page for non-Sindhi-Speakers|هنا]] أو على صفحة المناقشة لهذا المقال</font> <br/><center>'''[[Wikipedia:Talk Embassy-Comment|<font face=MBSarang Sattar&quot;times new roman&quot;> الرّسالة إلى السّفارة ]]'''</center> | align=left | '''Bienvenue''' sur l'ambassade du Wikipédia Sindhi! Si vous avez n'importe quelle annonce ou demande concernant les questions internationales ou le wikipédia Sindhi, vous êtes invité à les signaler [[Wikipedia:Page for non-Sindhi-Speakers|ici]] ou sur la page de discussion de cet article. <br/><center>'''[[Wikipedia:Talk Embassy-Comment|Consulter des ambassadeurs]]'''</center> |} <div dir=&quot;LTR&quot;> {| style=&quot;border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff;padding:5px; font-face=MB Sarang Sattar; font-size:"3";&quot; | align=right |{{مبسس4}} وڪيپيڊيا جي سنڌي سفارتخاني ۾ '''ڀلي ڪري آيا'''. جيڪڏھن اوھان کي سنڌيءَ متعلق بين‌الاقوامي موضوع تي ڪا راءِ يا سوال ھجي تھ ان کي [[Wikipedia:Page for non-Sindhi-Speakers|ھتي]] رسائيندا. <br/><center>'''[[Wikipedia:Talk Embassy-Comment|سفارتخاني ڏانھن پيغام]]'''</center> </div> [[af:Wikipedia:Ambassade]] [[als:Wikipedia:Botschaft]] [[be:Вікіпэдыя:Амбасада]] [[bg:Уикипедия:Посолство]] [[bs:Wikipedia:Ambasada]] [[ca:Viquipèdia:Ambaixada]] [[cs:Wikipedie:Velvyslanectví]] [[cy:Wicipedia:Llysgenhadaeth Cymraeg]] [[da:Wikipedia:Ambassaden]] [[de:Wikipedia:Botschaft]] [[el:Βικιπαίδεια:Πρεσβεία]] [[en:Wikipedia:Embassy]] [[eo:Vikipedio:Ambasadorejo]] [[es:Wikipedia:Embajadas]] [[eu:Wikipedia:Enbaxada]] [[fr:Wikipédia:Ambassade]] [[fy:Wikipedy:Konsulaat]] [[hr:Wikipedia:Veleposlanstvo]] [[hu:Wikipédia:Nagykövetség]] [[ia:Wikipedia:Ambassada]] [[is:Wikipedia:Sendiráðið]] [[it:Wikipedia:Ambasciata]] [[ja:Wikipedia:大使館]] [[ko:위키백과:대사관]] [[ku:Wîkîpediya:Sefaret]] [[nb:Wikipedia:Ambassade]] [[nds:Wikipedia:Botschapp]] [[nl:Wikipedia:Ambassade]] [[nn:Wikipedia:Ambassaden]] [[pl:Wikipedia:Przedstawicielstwo dyplomatyczne]] [[pt:Wikipedia:Embaixada]] [[ro:Wikipedia:Ambasadă]] [[ru:Википедия:Посольство]] [[sk:Wikipédia:Veľvyslanectvo]] [[sl:Wikipedija:Veleposlaništvo]] [[sq:Wikipedia:Ambasadat]] [[sr:Википедија:Амбасада]] [[sv:Wikipedia:Ambassaden]] [[zh:Wikipedia:维基大使]] 1620 6592 2006-08-20T20:10:37Z 202.125.143.70 <font size="4" face= "MBSarang Sattar"> پھرين سنڌي اُپگرَھِي چينل، ڪي ٽِي اين، جو آغاز سن 2002ع ۾ ٿيو. جنھن کان پوءِ سنڌي ٻولي ميڊيا جي ميدان ۾ تڪڙي ترقي ڪري رھي آھي ۽ ھن وقت ٽي سنڌي اُپگِرَھِي چينل ڪم ڪري رھيا آھن.<br> ڪي ٽي اين جي آغاز کي بلاشڪ، سنڌي ٻوليءَ جي ترقيءَ جو نئون دور ۽ نئون جنم چئي سگھجي ٿو. <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="5">سنڌي گيت <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">ھوريان ھوريان ھوريان – سجاد يوسف <br> منھنجي اڱڻ تي آ سھڻا - شمن علي ميرالِي <br> Kash ma kash – the best of Junoon آزادی پرواز The Millenium Edition Ishq Daur-e-Junoon Dewaar 1621 6568 2006-07-25T13:07:36Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[سنڌيءَ لاءِ امدادي ھدايتون]] #REDIRECT[[سنڌيءَ لاءِ امدادي ھدايتون]] 1622 8112 2006-11-18T03:14:55Z 139.82.100.8 <div dir="ltr" > ==Sindhi Support سنڌيءَ جي ٽيڪنيڪي امداد== === ونڊوز 2000 === For Windows 2000 users the following URL should tell them how to install Sindhi Support so that they can see and type Sindhi ونڊوز 2000 استعمال ڪندڙن کي ھيٺين يُو آر ايل تان مدد ملي سگھيى ٿي ته انھن جي كمپيوٽر تي ڪيئن سنڌي لكي ۽ پڙھي سگھجي ٿِي ـ <br> [http://www.microsoft.com/middleeast/arabicdev/Sindhi/win2000.asp Click here for instructions for installing Sindhi keyboard at Windows 2000] === ونڊوز ايڪس پي === For Windows XP users the following URL should tell them how to install Sindhi Support so that they can see and type Sindhi ونڊوز ايڪس پي لاءِ استعمال ڪندڙن کي ھيٺين يُو آر ايل تان مدد ملي سگھي ٿِي ته انھن جي كمپيوٽر تي ڪيئن سنڌي لكي ۽ پڙھي سگھجي ٿِي ـ <br> [[Sindhi language Support with Windows XP]] === او۔ ايس ايڪس === ميڪنٽوش جو آپريٽڱ سسٽم او ايس ايڪس جي استعمال ڪندڙن كي ھيٺين يُو آر ايل تان مدد ملي سگھيى ٿِي تھ ان جي كمپيوٽر تي ڪيئن سنڌي لكي ۽ پڙهي سگھجي ٿِيـ Urdu support is also available in Mac OS X [http://khawarking.blogspot.com/2005/04/blog-post_17.html Sindhi installation guide at OS X] === بونڪس یا لينڪس === Linux/Unix. [http://www.geocities.com/urdutext/ Sindhi help for Linux] Sindhi keyboard layout has been added to XFree86 in version XFree86 4.4.99.13 and new x.org releases. == Sindhi Font سنڌي رسم الخط== ڪرلپ جا تيار ڪيل فانٽ ڊاؤن لوڊ ڪرڻ لاءِ انھن جي ویب سائيٽ[http://www.crulp.org CRULP] تي وڃڻ فرمائيندا۔ علاوه ازیں چند دیگر اردو فونٹس گلوبل سائنس کی ویب سائٹ [http://www.geocities.com/gsmultipublications/fonts.html GS] تي بھ موجود آھن۔ جن کي مفت ۾ ڊائون لوڊ ڪري سگھجي ٿو۔ == Browser Settings جھانگار جي سيٽڱ== After you have installed that and you can still not see the Sindhi typing correctly. You might have to reset your Internet Explorer's, Netscape's , Opera's, Mozilla's or other Browser's CHARACTER CODING or CODING or ENCODING to UTF-8 and the font will be displayed properly. == Further Updates ديگر امدار == * Visit http://www.crulp.org [http://www.nayaab.net/uni_nastaliq.htm Unicode Naskh Font] - a commercial Unicode based Naskh font for Sindhi, Farsi and Arabic languages 1623 6861 2006-09-10T14:39:57Z Aursani 60 == ترجمو ٿيل اصطلاحات == [[Special:Allmessages|{{مبسس4}}ترجمو ٿيل اصطلاحن جي فھرست]] <br> List of Translated English terms. [[A]] [[B]] [[C]] [[D]] [[E]] [[F]] [[G]] [[H]] [[I]] [[J]] [[K]] [[L]] [[M]] [[N]] [[O]] [[P]] [[Q]] [[R]] [[S]] [[T]] [[U]] [[V]] [[W]] [[X]] [[Y]] [[Z]] <br> the table below is too large, please divide it alphabatically. <br><br> <table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width="98%" style='width:98.78%;border-collapse:collapse;'> <tr> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1575;&#1606;&#1711;&#1585;&#1740;&#1586;&#1740;</span></p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1575;&#1585;&#1583;&#1608;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>about</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1578;&#1593;&#1604;&#1602;&#1548; &#1705;&#1746; &#1576;&#1575;&#1585;&#1746; &#1605;&#1740;&#1722;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal>about<o:p></o:p></p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1583;&#1585; &#1581;&#1583;&#1608;&#1583;&#1548; &#1662;&#1610;&#1585;&#1575;&#1605;&#1608;&#1606;&#1548; &#1583;&#1608;&#1585; &#1578;&#1575; &#1583;&#1608;&#1585;</span><o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>About Us</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL><span dir=RTL></span>&#1729;&#1605;&#1575;&#1585;&#1746; &#1576;&#1575;&#1585;&#1746; &#1605;&#1740;&#1722;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Accept</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1602;&#1576;&#1608;&#1604;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>access</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1585;&#1587;&#1575;&#1574;&#1740;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:6'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Access Key</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1585;&#1587;&#1575;&#1604;&#1729;&#1616; &#1705;&#1604;&#1740;&#1583;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:7'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>account</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL><span dir=RTL></span>&#1705;&#1726;&#1575;&#1578;</span><span lang=ER dir=RTL style='mso-bidi-language:ER'>&#1729;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:8'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal>Action complete<o:p></o:p></p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1603;&#1585;&#1583;&#1575;&#1585; &#1603;&#1575;&#1605;&#1604;&#1548; &#1608;&#1590;&#1593; &#1603;&#1575;&#1605;&#1604;</span><o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:9'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Active Document</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1586;&#1740;&#1585;&#1616; &#1593;&#1605;&#1604; &#1583;&#1587;&#1578;&#1575;&#1608;&#1740;&#1586;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:10'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>activity</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1581;&#1585;&#1705;&#1578;&#1548; &#1587;&#1585;&#1711;&#1585;&#1605;&#1740;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:11'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>add</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1588;&#1575;&#1605;&#1604; &#1705;&#1585;&#1608;&#1548; &#1580;&#1605;&#1593; &#1705;&#1585;&#1608;&#1548; &#1575;&#1590;&#1575;&#1601;&#1729; &#1705;&#1585;&#1608;&#1548; &#1583;&#1575;&#1582;&#1604; &#1705;&#1585;&#1608;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:12'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal>Add Group<o:p></o:p></p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1711;&#1585;&#1608;&#1607; &#1603;&#1575; &#1575;&#1590;&#1575;&#1601;&#1607; &#1603;&#1585;&#1606;&#1575;</span><o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:13'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Administration</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1575;&#1606;&#1578;&#1592;&#1575;&#1605;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:14'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Administrator</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1606;&#1578;&#1592;&#1605;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:15'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal>Administrator<o:p></o:p></p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1606;&#1578;&#1592;&#1605;</span><o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:16'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>advanced</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1575;&#1593;&#1604;&#1740;&#1648;&#1548; &#1575;&#1593;&#1604;&#1740;&#1548; &#1662;&#1740;&#1670;&#1740;&#1583;&#1729;&#1548; &#1575;&#1590;&#1575;&#1601;&#1740;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:17'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>Alpha Mode</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1589;&#1601;&#1594;&#1729; &#1581;&#1585;&#1601;&#1740;&#1729;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:18'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>approval</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1606;&#1592;&#1608;&#1585;&#1740;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:19'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>archive</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1582;&#1586;&#1575;&#1606; &#1567; &#1605;&#1582;&#1586;&#1606; &#1567;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:20'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Archive</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1581;&#1601;&#1608;&#1592;&#1729;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:21'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Archives</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1581;&#1601;&#1608;&#1592;&#1575;&#1578;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:22'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Ascending Order</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1578;&#1585;&#1578;&#1740;&#1576;&#1616; &#1589;&#1593;&#1608;&#1583;&#1740;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:23'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>author</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1604;&#1705;&#1726;&#1575;&#1585;&#1740;&#1548; &#1605;&#1589;&#1606;&#1601;/&#1605;&#1589;&#1606;&#1601;&#1729;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:24'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>automatic/automatically</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1582;&#1608;&#1583; &#1576;&#1729; &#1582;&#1608;&#1583;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:25'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>beta</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1570;&#1586;&#1605;&#1575;&#1574;&#1740;&#1588;&#1740;&#1548; &#1570;&#1586;&#1605;&#1575;&#1574;&#1588;&#1740;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:26'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>block</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1585;&#1608;&#1705; &#1578;&#1726;&#1575;&#1605; &#1705;&#1585;&#1606;&#1575;&#1548; &#1578;&#1726;&#1575;&#1605;&#1606;&#1575;&#1548; &#1585;&#1608;&#1705;&#1606;&#1575;&#1548; &#1587;&#1575;&#1705;&#1578; &#1705;&#1585;&#1606;&#1575;&#1548; &#1590;&#1576;&#1591; &#1705;&#1585;&#1606;&#1575;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:27'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span class=SpellE>Blog</span></p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1576;&#1604;&#1575;&#1711; &#1548; &#1585;&#1608;&#1586;&#1606;&#1575;&#1605;&#1670;&#1729;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:28'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>bookmark</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1606;&#1588;&#1575;&#1606; &#1583;&#1575;&#1606;&#1740;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:29'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>box</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1582;&#1575;&#1606;&#1729;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:30'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Browse</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1593;&#1575;&#1574;&#1606;&#1729;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:31'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>browser</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1578;&#1575;&#1604;&#1588; (&#1578;&#1604;&#1575;&#1588; &#1705;&#1585;&#1606;&#1746; &#1608;&#1575;&#1604;&#1575;)&#1748;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:32'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>cache</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1584;&#1582;&#1740;&#1585;&#1729; &#1705;&#1585;&#1608;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:33'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>cached</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1584;&#1582;&#1740;&#1585;&#1729; &#1705;&#1585;&#1583;&#1729;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:34'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Calendar</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1578;&#1602;&#1608;&#1740;&#1605;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:35'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>cancel</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1585;&#1583;&#1548; &#1585;&#1583; &#1705;&#1585;&#1608;&#1548; &#1594;&#1604;&#1591;&#1548; &#1606;&#1729;&#1740;&#1722;&#1548; &#1590;&#1575;&#1574;&#1593;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:36'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>cancel</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1578;&#1585;&#1705; &#1705;&#1585;&#1608;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:37'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Cancel</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1606;&#1587;&#1608;&#1582; &#1705;&#1740;&#1580;&#1740;&#1746;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:38'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span class=SpellE>Cancelation</span></p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1578;&#1606;&#1587;&#1740;&#1582;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:39'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>categories</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1586;&#1605;&#1585;&#1575;&#1578;&#1548; &#1575;&#1602;&#1587;&#1575;&#1605;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:40'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Categories</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1575;&#1602;&#1587;&#1575;&#1605;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:41'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>category</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1586;&#1605;&#1585;&#1729;&#1548; &#1602;&#1587;&#1605;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:42'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Category</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1602;&#1587;&#1605;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:43'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal>category<o:p></o:p></p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1586;&#1605;&#1585;&#1729;</span><o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:44'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>check</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1580;&#1575;&#1574;&#1586;&#1729; &#1604;&#1740;&#1722;&#1548; &#1583;&#1740;&#1705;&#1726;&#1740;&#1722;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:45'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Check Box</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1662;&#1681;&#1578;&#1575;&#1604; &#1582;&#1575;&#1606;&#1729;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:46'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>clear</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1657;&#1575;&#1606;&#1575;&#1548; &#1582;&#1578;&#1605; &#1705;&#1585;&#1606;&#1575;&#1548; &#1589;&#1575;&#1601; &#1705;&#1585;&#1606;&#1575;&#1548; &#1585;&#1583; &#1705;&#1585;&#1606;&#1575;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:47'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>click</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1583;&#1576;&#1575;&#1574;&#1740;&#1722;&#1548; &#1583;&#1576;&#1575;&#1572;&#1548; &#1583;&#1576;&#1575;&#1574;&#1608;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:48'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Comment</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1578;&#1576;&#1589;&#1585;&#1729;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:49'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Comments</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1578;&#1576;&#1589;&#1585;&#1746;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:50'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal>Community portal<o:p></o:p></p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1583;&#1740;&#1608;&#1575;&#1606; &#1593;&#1575;&#1605;</span><o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:51'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>compatibility</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1591;&#1575;&#1576;&#1602;&#1578; (&#1705;&#1740;&#1575; &#1605;&#1740;&#1585;&#1575; &#1605;&#1581;&#1575;&#1587;&#1576; &#1575;&#1606; &#1605;&#1591;&#1575;&#1576;&#1602;&#1575;&#1578; &#1662;&#1585; &#1662;&#1608;&#1585;&#1575; &#1570;&#1578;&#1575; &#1729;&#1746;&#1567;)&#1748;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:52'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>configuration</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1578;&#1585;&#1578;&#1740;&#1576; &#1575;&#1580;&#1586;&#1575;&#1569;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:53'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>contact information</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1593;&#1604;&#1608;&#1605;&#1575;&#1578; &#1585;&#1575;&#1576;&#1591;&#1729;&#1548; &#1605;&#1593;&#1604;&#1608;&#1605;&#1575;&#1578;&#1616; &#1585;&#1575;&#1576;&#1591;&#1729;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:54'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>contact us</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL><span dir=RTL></span>&#1729;&#1605; &#1587;&#1746; &#1585;&#1575;&#1576;&#1591;&#1729; &#1705;&#1585;&#1740;&#1722;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:55'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>context</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1662;&#1587; &#1605;&#1606;&#1592;&#1585;&#1548; &#1605;&#1575;&#1581;&#1608;&#1604;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:56'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Copy Right</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1580;&#1605;&#1604;&#1729; &#1581;&#1602;&#1608;&#1602;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:57'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span class=SpellE>copyleft</span></p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1580;&#1605;&#1604;&#1729; &#1581;&#1602;&#1608;&#1602; &#1570;&#1586;&#1575;&#1583;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:58'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span class=SpellE>copyleft</span></p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1580;&#1605;&#1604;&#1729; &#1581;&#1602;&#1608;&#1602; &#1601;&#1585;&#1575;&#1585;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:59'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>copyright</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1580;&#1602;&#1604;&#1729; &#1581;&#1602;&#1608;&#1602; &#1605;&#1581;&#1601;&#1608;&#1592;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:60'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>current</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1608;&#1580;&#1608;&#1583;&#1729;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:61'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal>Current events<o:p></o:p></p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1608;&#1580;&#1608;&#1583;&#1729; &#1587;&#1585;&#1711;&#1585;&#1605;&#1740;&#1575;&#1722;</span><o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:62'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>custom</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1606;&#1578;&#1581;&#1576; &#1705;&#1740;&#1575;&#1548; &#1575;&#1606;&#1578;&#1582;&#1575;&#1576;&#1740;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:63'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Decline</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1578;&#1585;&#1583;&#1740;&#1583;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:64'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Delete</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1582;&#1578;&#1605; &#1705;&#1740;&#1580;&#1574;&#1746;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:65'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal>delete<o:p></o:p></p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1581;&#1584;&#1601; &#1705;&#1585;&#1606;&#1575;</span><o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:66'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Descending Order</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1578;&#1585;&#1578;&#1740;&#1576;&#1616; &#1606;&#1586;&#1608;&#1604;&#1740;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:67'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>description</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1578;&#1593;&#1585;&#1740;&#1601;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:68'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>details</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1578;&#1601;&#1589;&#1740;&#1604;&#1575;&#1578;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:69'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>directory</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL><span dir=RTL></span>&#1705;&#1578;&#1575;&#1576;&#1616; &#1605;&#1593;&#1604;&#1608;&#1605;&#1575;&#1578;&#1548; &#1705;&#1578;&#1575;&#1576; &#1605;&#1593;&#1604;&#1608;&#1605;&#1575;&#1578;&#1548; &#1705;&#1578;&#1575;&#1576;&#1670;&#1730; &#1605;&#1593;&#1604;&#1608;&#1605;&#1575;&#1578;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:70'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>disable</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1594;&#1740;&#1585; &#1601;&#1575;&#1593;&#1604; &#1705;&#1585;&#1740;&#1722;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:71'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>disable</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1593;&#1591;&#1604; &#1705;&#1585;&#1606;&#1575;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:72'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Disclaimer</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1575;&#1592;&#1729;&#1575;&#1585; &#1604;&#1575;&#1578;&#1593;&#1604;&#1602;&#1740;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:73'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>discussion</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1576;&#1575;&#1581;&#1579;&#1729;&#1548; &#1576;&#1575;&#1578; &#1670;&#1740;&#1578;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:74'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>documentation</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL><span dir=RTL></span>&#1705;&#1575;&#1594;&#1584;&#1548; &#1583;&#1587;&#1578;&#1575;&#1608;&#1740;&#1586;&#1575;&#1578;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:75'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal>Donations<o:p></o:p></p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1570;&#1662; &#1576;&#1726;&#1740; &#1604;&#1705;&#1726;&#1610;&#1746;</span><o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:76'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>drop-down</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1606;&#1740;&#1670;&#1746; &#1705;&#1726;&#1604;&#1606;&#1746; &#1608;&#1575;&#1604;&#1740;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:77'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>edit</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1585;&#1583;&#1617;&#1608;&#1576;&#1583;&#1604;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:78'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>editor</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1585;&#1578;&#1617;&#1576;&#1548; &#1605;&#1585;&#1578;&#1576;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:79'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Electronic Mail</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1576;&#1585;&#1602;&#1740; &#1582;&#1591;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:80'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>email</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1576;&#1585;&#1602;&#1740; &#1582;&#1591;&#1548; &#1582;&#1591;&#1548; &#1672;&#1575;&#1705;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:81'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>email address</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1576;&#1585;&#1602;&#1740; &#1662;&#1578;&#1729;&#1548; &#1662;&#1578;&#1729;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:82'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Email Client</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1606;&#1575;&#1605;&#1729; &#1576;&#1585;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:83'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>enable</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1601;&#1575;&#1593;&#1604; &#1705;&#1585;&#1740;&#1722; (&#1601;&#1593;&#1604; &#1587;&#1746;&#1548; &#1575;&#1587;&#1578;&#1593;&#1605;&#1575;&#1604; &#1605;&#1740;&#1722; &#1604;&#1575;&#1606;&#1575; &#1588;&#1585;&#1608;&#1593; &#1705;&#1585;&#1740;&#1722;)&#1748;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:84'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>enable</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1594;&#1740;&#1585; &#1605;&#1593;&#1591;&#1604; &#1705;&#1585;&#1606;&#1575;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:85'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>enter</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1583;&#1575;&#1582;&#1604; &#1729;&#1608;&#1722;&#1548; &#1583;&#1575;&#1582;&#1604; &#1705;&#1585;&#1740;&#1722;&#1548; &#1583;&#1585;&#1580; &#1705;&#1585;&#1740;&#1722;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:86'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>FAQ</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1593;&#1604;&#1608;&#1605;&#1575;&#1578;&#1616; &#1593;&#1575;&#1605;&#1729;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:87'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal>FAQ<o:p></o:p></p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1593;&#1605;&#1608;&#1605;&#1740; &#1587;&#1608;&#1575;&#1604;&#1575;&#1578;</span><o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:88'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>FAQ, Frequently asked questions</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1576;&#1705;&#1579;&#1585;&#1578;&#1548; &#1575;&#1705;&#1579;&#1585; &#1662;&#1608;&#1670;&#1726;&#1746; &#1580;&#1575;&#1606;&#1746; &#1608;&#1575;&#1604;&#1746; &#1587;&#1608;&#1575;&#1604;/&#1587;&#1608;&#1575;&#1604;&#1575;&#1578;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:89'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Favorites</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1662;&#1587;&#1606;&#1583;&#1740;&#1583;&#1729; &#1605;&#1608;&#1575;&#1583;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:90'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>feature</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1582;&#1589;&#1608;&#1589;&#1740;&#1578;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:91'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>file</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1583;&#1587;&#1578;&#1575;&#1608;&#1740;&#1586;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:92'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>filtering</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1670;&#1726;&#1575;&#1606; &#1576;&#1740;&#1606;&#1548; &#1670;&#1726;&#1575;&#1606; &#1576;&#1606;&#1583;&#1740;&#1548; &#1670;&#1726;&#1575;&#1606;&#1606;&#1740;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:93'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Find</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1578;&#1604;&#1575;&#1588; &#1705;&#1740;&#1580;&#1574;&#1746;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:94'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>format</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1606;&#1587;&#1582;&#1729;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:95'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Format</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1608;&#1590;&#1593;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:96'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>forum</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1670;&#1608;&#1662;&#1575;&#1604;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:97'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>forum</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1581;&#1601;&#1604;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:98'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>from</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1587;&#1746;&#1548; &#1575;&#1586;&#1548; &#1705;&#1740; &#1591;&#1585;&#1601; &#1587;&#1746;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:99'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>functionality</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL><span dir=RTL></span>&#1705;&#1575;&#1605;&#1705;&#1575;&#1585;&#1740;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:100'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal>Group<o:p></o:p></p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1711;&#1585;&#1608;&#1729; &#1548;&#1605;&#1580;&#1605;&#1608;&#1593;&#1729; &#1548; &#1580;&#1605;&#1575;&#1593;&#1578;</span><o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:101'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>help</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1583;&#1583;&#1548; &#1585;&#1575;&#1729;&#1606;&#1605;&#1575;&#1574;&#1740;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:102'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal>Help<o:p></o:p></p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1583;&#1583; &#1548; &#1585;&#1575;&#1729;&#1606;&#1605;&#1575;&#1574;&#1740;&#1548;&#1605;&#1593;&#1575;&#1608;&#1606;&#1578;</span><o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:103'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>highlight</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1606;&#1605;&#1575;&#1740;&#1575;&#1722; &#1705;&#1585;&#1608;&#1548; &#1608;&#1575;&#1590;&#1581; &#1705;&#1585;&#1608;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:104'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>home</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1711;&#1726;&#1585;&#1548; &#1605;&#1585;&#1705;&#1586;&#1740; &#1589;&#1601;&#1581;&#1729;&#1548; &#1576;&#1606;&#1740;&#1575;&#1583;&#1740; &#1589;&#1601;&#1581;&#1729;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:105'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Home</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1589;&#1601;&#1581;&#1729;&#1616; &#1575;&#1608;&#1604;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:106'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>ignore</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1606;&#1592;&#1585; &#1575;&#1606;&#1583;&#1575;&#1586; &#1705;&#1585;&#1606;&#1575;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:107'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>in any format</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL><span dir=RTL></span>&#1705;&#1587;&#1740; &#1576;&#1726;&#1740; &#1606;&#1587;&#1582;&#1746; &#1605;&#1740;&#1722;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:108'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>indicator</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1606;&#1588;&#1575;&#1606; &#1583;&#1729;&#1740; &#1705;&#1585;&#1606;&#1746; &#1608;&#1575;&#1604;&#1575;&#1548; &#1606;&#1588;&#1575;&#1606; &#1583;&#1729;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:109'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>information</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1593;&#1604;&#1608;&#1605;&#1575;&#1578;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:110'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>install</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1606;&#1589;&#1576; &#1705;&#1585;&#1608;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:111'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>interface</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1578;&#1593;&#1604;&#1602;&#1575;&#1578; (&#1580;&#1740;&#1587;&#1575; &#1705;&#1729; &#1578;&#1593;&#1604;&#1602;&#1575;&#1578;&#1740; &#1586;&#1576;&#1575;&#1606;)&#1748;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:112'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>jobs</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1585;&#1608;&#1586;&#1711;&#1575;&#1585;&#1548; &#1705;&#1575;&#1605;&#1548; &#1585;&#1608;&#1586;&#1711;&#1575;&#1585;&#1740; &#1705;&#1585;&#1606;&#1575;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:113'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>join</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1576;&#1726;&#1585;&#1578;&#1740; &#1729;&#1608;&#1722;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:114'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>label</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1587;&#1585;&#1606;&#1575;&#1605;&#1729;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:115'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>Layout</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1582;&#1575;&#1705;&#1729; &#1548; &#1672;&#1726;&#1575;&#1606;&#1670;&#1729; &#1548; &#1605;&#1587;&#1608;&#1583;&#1729;&#1548; &#1578;&#1580;&#1608;&#1740;&#1586; &#1548; &#1606;&#1602;&#1588;&#1729;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:116'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Layout</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1582;&#1575;&#1705;&#1729;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:117'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Link</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1585;&#1576;&#1591;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:118'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>links</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL><span dir=RTL></span>&#1705;&#1681;&#1740;&#1575;&#1722;&#1548; &#1585;&#1575;&#1576;&#1591;&#1746;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:119'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Links</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1585;&#1608;&#1575;&#1576;&#1591;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:120'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>list</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1601;&#1729;&#1585;&#1587;&#1578;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:121'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>local</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1602;&#1575;&#1605;&#1740;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:122'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>local</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1593;&#1604;&#1575;&#1602;&#1575;&#1574;&#1740;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:123'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Log Out</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1582;&#1585;&#1608;&#1580;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:124'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Login</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1583;&#1575;&#1582;&#1604;&#1729;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:125'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal>Main Page<o:p></o:p></p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1585;&#1705;&#1586;&#1740; &#1589;&#1601;&#1581;&#1729; - &#1589;&#1601;&#1581;&#1729; &#1575;&#1608;&#1604; - &#1587;&#1585;&#1608;&#1585;&#1602;</span><o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:126'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>memory</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL><span dir=RTL></span>&#1740;&#1575;&#1583;&#1575;&#1588;&#1578;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:127'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>messages</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1662;&#1740;&#1594;&#1575;&#1605;&#1575;&#1578;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:128'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>messenger</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1662;&#1740;&#1575;&#1605;&#1576;&#1585;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:129'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Messenger</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1662;&#1740;&#1575;&#1605;&#1576;&#1585;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:130'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Miscellaneous</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1578;&#1601;&#1585;&#1602;&#1548; &#1605;&#1578;&#1601;&#1585;&#1602;&#1575;&#1578;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:131'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>miscellaneous, <span class=SpellE>misc</span></p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1578;&#1601;&#1585;&#1617;&#1602;&#1548; &#1605;&#1578;&#1601;&#1585;&#1602;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:132'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>moderator</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1579;&#1575;&#1604;&#1579;&#1548; &#1605;&#1593;&#1578;&#1583;&#1604; &#1576;&#1606;&#1575;&#1606;&#1746; &#1608;&#1575;&#1604;&#1575;/&#1608;&#1575;&#1604;&#1740;&#1548; &#1605;&#1589;&#1575;&#1604;&#1581;&#1578; &#1705;&#1585;&#1575;&#1606;&#1746; &#1608;&#1575;&#1604;&#1575;/&#1608;&#1575;&#1604;&#1740;&#1548; &#1590;&#1576;&#1591; &#1705;&#1585;&#1606;&#1746; &#1608;&#1575;&#1604;&#1575;/&#1608;&#1575;&#1604;&#1740;&#1548; &#1605;&#1740;&#1585; &#1605;&#1580;&#1604;&#1587;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:133'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Moderator</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1606;&#1575;&#1592;&#1605;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:134'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>More</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1586;&#1740;&#1583;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:135'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal>move<o:p></o:p></p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1581;&#1585;&#1603;&#1578;&#1548; &#1606;&#1602;&#1604; &#1605;&#1603;&#1575;&#1606;</span><o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:136'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>newsletter</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1575;&#1582;&#1576;&#1575;&#1585;&#1740; &#1582;&#1591;&#1608;&#1591;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:137'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>next</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1575;&#1711;&#1604;&#1575;&#1548; &#1570;&#1711;&#1746;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:138'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Next</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1575;&#1711;&#1604;&#1575;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:139'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>Num Mode</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1589;&#1740;&#1594;&#1729; &#1588;&#1605;&#1575;&#1585;&#1740;&#1729;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:140'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>ok</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL><span dir=RTL></span>&#1657;&#1726;&#1740;&#1705;&#1548; &#1575;&#1670;&#1726;&#1575;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:141'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>OK</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL><span dir=RTL></span>&#1657;&#1726;&#1740;&#1705; &#1729;&#1746;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:142'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>Options</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1575;&#1606;&#1578;&#1582;&#1575;&#1576; &#1705;&#1585;&#1740;&#1722;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:143'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>overview</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1576;&#1575;&#1604;&#1575; &#1605;&#1606;&#1592;&#1585;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:144'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>page</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1589;&#1601;&#1581;&#1729;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:145'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Password</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL><span dir=RTL></span>&#1705;&#1604;&#1605;&#1729; &#1588;&#1606;&#1575;&#1582;&#1578;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:146'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>pending</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1586;&#1740;&#1585; &#1578;&#1580;&#1608;&#1740;&#1586;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:147'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>pending</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1586;&#1740;&#1585; &#1594;&#1608;&#1585;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:148'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>pixel</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1606;&#1602;&#1591;&#1729; (&#1777;&#1776;&#1778;&#1636; &#1606;&#1602;&#1575;&#1591;)&#1748;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:149'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>policy</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1602;&#1585;&#1617;&#1585;&#1578;&#1548; &#1605;&#1602;&#1585;&#1585;&#1578;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:150'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>popup</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1575;&#1576;&#1726;&#1585;&#1606;&#1746; &#1608;&#1575;&#1604;&#1575; &#1575;&#1588;&#1578;&#1729;&#1575;&#1585;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:151'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Post</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1578;&#1581;&#1585;&#1740;&#1585;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:152'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>posts</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1578;&#1589;&#1575;&#1606;&#1740;&#1601;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:153'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Posts</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1578;&#1581;&#1575;&#1585;&#1740;&#1585;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:154'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>press</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1583;&#1576;&#1575;&#1574;&#1740;&#1722;&#1548; &#1583;&#1576;&#1575;&#1572;&#1548; &#1583;&#1576;&#1575;&#1574;&#1608;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:155'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>press</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1589;&#1581;&#1575;&#1601;&#1578;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:156'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>previous</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1662;&#1670;&#1726;&#1604;&#1575;&#1548; &#1662;&#1740;&#1670;&#1726;&#1746;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:157'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Previous</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1711;&#1586;&#1588;&#1578;&#1729;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:158'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>privacy</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1662;&#1608;&#1588;&#1740;&#1583;&#1711;&#1740;&#1548; &#1670;&#1726;&#1662;&#1575;&#1608;&#1575;&#1548; &#1670;&#1726;&#1615;&#1662;&#1575;&#1608;&#1575;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:159'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Privacy Policy</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1575;&#1601;&#1594;&#1575;&#1574;&#1746; &#1585;&#1575;&#1586;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:160'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>public</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1587;&#1585;&#1616;&#1593;&#1575;&#1605;&#1548; &#1587;&#1585;&#1593;&#1575;&#1605;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:161'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>publish</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1591;&#1576;&#1593; &#1705;&#1585;&#1740;&#1722;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:162'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Publish</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1588;&#1575;&#1574;&#1593; &#1705;&#1740;&#1580;&#1574;&#1746;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:163'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>query</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1583;&#1585;&#1740;&#1575;&#1601;&#1578;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:164'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal>Random page<o:p></o:p></p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL><span dir=RTL></span>&#1705;&#1608;&#1574;&#1740; &#1587;&#1575; &#1589;&#1601;&#1581;&#1729;</span><o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:165'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>rank</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1585;&#1578;&#1576;&#1729;&#1548; &#1583;&#1585;&#1580;&#1729;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:166'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>recent</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1581;&#1575;&#1604;&#1610;&#1729;&#1548; &#1602;&#1585;&#1610;&#1576; &#1586;&#1605;&#1575;&#1606;&#1746; &#1705;&#1575;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:167'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal>Recent changes<o:p></o:p></p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1581;&#1575;&#1604;&#1740;&#1729; &#1578;&#1576;&#1583;&#1740;&#1604;&#1740;&#1575;&#1722;</span><o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:168'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Recent Entries</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1581;&#1575;&#1604;&#1740;&#1729; &#1605;&#1590;&#1575;&#1605;&#1740;&#1606;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:169'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Recent Posts</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1581;&#1575;&#1604;&#1740;&#1729; &#1578;&#1581;&#1575;&#1585;&#1740;&#1585;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:170'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Refresh</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1578;&#1575;&#1586;&#1729; &#1705;&#1740;&#1580;&#1740;&#1746;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:171'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span class=SpellE>Registeration</span></p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1575;&#1606;&#1583;&#1585;&#1575;&#1580;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:172'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>related</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1608;&#1575;&#1576;&#1587;&#1578;&#1729;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:173'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal>Related changes<o:p></o:p></p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1578;&#1593;&#1604;&#1602;&#1729; &#1578;&#1576;&#1583;&#1740;&#1604;&#1740;&#1575;&#1722;</span><o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:174'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>remove</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1585;&#1583; &#1705;&#1585;&#1608;&#1548; &#1582;&#1575;&#1585;&#1580; &#1705;&#1585;&#1608;&#1548; &#1605;&#1606;&#1601;&#1740; &#1705;&#1585;&#1608;&#1548; &#1606;&#1705;&#1575;&#1604;&#1608;&#1548; &#1729;&#1657;&#1575;&#1572;&#1548; &#1729;&#1657;&#1575;&#1574;&#1608;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:175'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>reply</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1580;&#1608;&#1575;&#1576;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:176'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>requirements</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1590;&#1585;&#1608;&#1585;&#1740;&#1575;&#1578;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:177'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>result page</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1589;&#1601;&#1581;&#1729; &#1606;&#1578;&#1575;&#1574;&#1580;&#1548; &#1589;&#1601;&#1581;&#1730; &#1606;&#1578;&#1575;&#1574;&#1580;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:178'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal>revert<o:p></o:p></p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1585;&#1580;&#1608;&#1593; &#1603;&#1585;&#1606;&#1575;&#1548; &#1575;&#1593;&#1575;&#1583;&#1607;</span><o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:179'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>save as</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1575;&#1587; &#1606;&#1575;&#1605; &#1587;&#1746; &#1584;&#1582;&#1740;&#1585;&#1729; &#1705;&#1585;&#1608;&#1548; &#1575;&#1587; &#1606;&#1575;&#1605; &#1587;&#1746; &#1740;&#1575;&#1583; &#1585;&#1705;&#1726;&#1608;&#1548; &#1575;&#1587; &#1606;&#1575;&#1605; &#1587;&#1746; &#1587;&#1605;&#1576;&#1726;&#1575;&#1604; &#1705;&#1746; &#1585;&#1705;&#1726;&#1608;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:180'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>search</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1578;&#1604;&#1575;&#1588;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:181'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>search</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL><span dir=RTL></span>&#1705;&#1726;&#1608;&#1580;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:182'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Search</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1578;&#1604;&#1575;&#1588;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:183'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>search box</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1578;&#1604;&#1575;&#1588; &#1582;&#1575;&#1606;&#1729;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:184'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>see this message in context</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1575;&#1587; &#1662;&#1740;&#1594;&#1575;&#1605; &#1705;&#1608; &#1587;&#1604;&#1587;&#1604;&#1746;/&#1605;&#1575;&#1581;&#1608;&#1604; &#1605;&#1740;&#1722; &#1575;&#1587; &#1705;&#1740; &#1580;&#1711;&#1729; &#1583;&#1740;&#1705;&#1726;&#1740;&#1722;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:185'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Send</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1575;&#1585;&#1587;&#1575;&#1604;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:186'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>set</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1578;&#1593;&#1740;&#1617;&#1606; &#1705;&#1585;&#1606;&#1575;&#1548; &#1578;&#1593;&#1740;&#1606; &#1705;&#1585;&#1606;&#1575;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:187'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Settings</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1578;&#1585;&#1578;&#1740;&#1576;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:188'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>show</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1583;&#1705;&#1726;&#1575;&#1572;&#1548; &#1583;&#1705;&#1726;&#1575;&#1574;&#1608;&#1548; &#1578;&#1605;&#1575;&#1574;&#1588; &#1705;&#1585;&#1608;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:189'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>similar</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1588;&#1575;&#1576;&#1729;&#1548; &#1605;&#1604;&#1578;&#1746; &#1580;&#1604;&#1578;&#1746;&#1548; &#1575;&#1587;&#1740; &#1591;&#1585;&#1581; &#1705;&#1746;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:190'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>site</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1580;&#1711;&#1729;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:191'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>size</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1606;&#1575;&#1662;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:192'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>snapshot</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1580;&#1726;&#1604;&#1705;&#1740;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:193'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal>Special pages<o:p></o:p></p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1582;&#1589;&#1608;&#1589;&#1740; &#1589;&#1601;&#1581;&#1575;&#1578;</span><o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:194'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>stocks</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1589;&#1585;&#1575;&#1601;&#1746;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:195'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>subject</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1608;&#1590;&#1608;&#1593;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:196'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal>summary<o:p></o:p></p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1582;&#1604;&#1575;&#1589;&#1729;</span><o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:197'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Super Administrator</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1606;&#1578;&#1592;&#1605; &#1575;&#1593;&#1604;&#1740;&#1648;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:198'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>system</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1606;&#1592;&#1575;&#1605;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:199'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>tab</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1662;&#1606;&#1617;&#1729;&#1548; &#1662;&#1606;&#1729;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:200'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>team</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1593;&#1605;&#1604;&#1729; (&#1580;&#1587; &#1591;&#1585;&#1581; &quot;&#1711;&#1608;&#1711;&#1604; &#1593;&#1605;&#1604;&#1729;&quot; &#1605;&#1740;&#1722;)&#1748;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:201'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Term</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1575;&#1589;&#1591;&#1604;&#1575;&#1581; &#1548; &#1602;&#1575;&#1593;&#1583;&#1729;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:202'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Terminology</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1575;&#1589;&#1591;&#1604;&#1575;&#1581;&#1740; &#1606;&#1592;&#1575;&#1605;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:203'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Terms and Conditions</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1602;&#1608;&#1575;&#1593;&#1583; &#1608; &#1590;&#1608;&#1575;&#1576;&#1591;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:204'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>terms of use</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1588;&#1585;&#1575;&#1574;&#1591; &#1575;&#1587;&#1578;&#1593;&#1605;&#1575;&#1604;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:205'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>text</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1578;&#1606;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:206'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>title</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1587;&#1585;&#1606;&#1575;&#1605;&#1729;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:207'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Title</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1593;&#1606;&#1608;&#1575;&#1606;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:208'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>to</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL><span dir=RTL></span>&#1705;&#1608;&#1548; &#1705;&#1740; &#1591;&#1585;&#1601;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:209'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>toggle</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1578;&#1576;&#1575;&#1583;&#1604;&#1729; (&#1575;&#1740;&#1705; &#1587;&#1746; &#1583;&#1608;&#1587;&#1585;&#1746; &#1578;&#1705;)&#1548; &#1593;&#1608;&#1590; &#1605;&#1593;&#1575;&#1608;&#1590;&#1729;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:210'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>toolbar</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1575;&#1608;&#1586;&#1575;&#1585; &#1662;&#1657;&#1617;&#1740;&#1548; &#1575;&#1608;&#1586;&#1575;&#1585; &#1662;&#1657;&#1740;&#1548; &#1570;&#1604;&#1575;&#1578; &#1662;&#1657;&#1617;&#1740;&#1548; &#1570;&#1604;&#1575;&#1578; &#1662;&#1657;&#1740;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:211'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Topic</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1608;&#1590;&#1608;&#1593;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:212'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>topics</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1590;&#1575;&#1605;&#1740;&#1606;&#1548; &#1593;&#1606;&#1608;&#1575;&#1606;&#1575;&#1578;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:213'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Topics</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1608;&#1590;&#1608;&#1593;&#1575;&#1578;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:214'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>trash</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1585;&#1583;&#1617;&#1740;&#1548; &#1585;&#1583;&#1740;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:215'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>tree</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1588;&#1580;&#1585;&#1729;&#1548; &#1588;&#1580;&#1585; (&#1588;&#1580;&#1585;&#1746; &#1705;&#1740; &#1588;&#1705;&#1604; &#1605;&#1740;&#1722; &#1583;&#1740;&#1705;&#1726;&#1740;&#1722;)&#1748;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:216'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>uninstall</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1594;&#1740;&#1585; &#1606;&#1589;&#1576; &#1705;&#1585;&#1608;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:217'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>unrecognized</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1594;&#1740;&#1585; &#1662;&#1729;&#1670;&#1575;&#1606; &#1740;&#1575;&#1601;&#1578;&#1729;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:218'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>up one level</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1575;&#1740;&#1705; &#1587;&#1591;&#1581; &#1575;&#1608;&#1662;&#1585;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:219'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>update</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1578;&#1580;&#1583;&#1740;&#1583; &#1705;&#1585;&#1608;&#1548; &#1580;&#1583;&#1740;&#1583; &#1705;&#1585;&#1608;&#1548; &#1606;&#1740;&#1575; &#1705;&#1585;&#1608;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:220'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal>Upload file<o:p></o:p></p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1601;&#1575;&#1574;&#1604; &#1576;&#1726;&#1740;&#1580;&#1740;&#1722;</span><o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:221'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>User</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1589;&#1575;&#1585;&#1601;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:222'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal>user<o:p></o:p></p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1575;&#1587;&#1578;&#1593;&#1605;&#1575;&#1604; &#1705;&#1606;&#1583;&#1729;</span><o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:223'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>User Name</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1575;&#1587;&#1605;&#1616; &#1585;&#1705;&#1606;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:224'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>username</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1606;&#1575;&#1605; &#1589;&#1575;&#1585;&#1601;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:225'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Users</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1589;&#1575;&#1585;&#1601;&#1740;&#1606;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:226'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>version</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1588;&#1605;&#1575;&#1585;&#1729;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:227'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>view</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1583;&#1740;&#1705;&#1726;&#1608;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:228'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>web</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1580;&#1575;&#1604;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:229'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Web</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1608;&#1740;&#1576;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:230'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>webmaster</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1583;&#1740;&#1585; &#1580;&#1575;&#1604;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:231'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal>What links here<o:p></o:p></p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1605;&#1586;&#1740;&#1583; &#1605;&#1593;&#1604;&#1608;&#1605;&#1575;&#1578;</span><o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:232'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>window</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1583;&#1585;&#1740;&#1670;&#1729;&#1548; &#1662;&#1606;&#1580;&#1585;&#1729;&#1548; &#1705;&#1726;&#1681;&#1705;&#1740;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:233'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>wireless</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL><span dir=RTL></span>&#1729;&#1605;&#1585;&#1575;&#1729;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:234'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>yellow pages, <span class=SpellE>yellowpages</span></p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1576;&#1575;&#1586;&#1575;&#1585; &#1606;&#1575;&#1605;&#1729;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:235;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'> <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.62%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p>zip code</p> </td> <td width="49%" valign=top style='width:49.38%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> <p><span lang=AR-SA dir=RTL>&#1593;&#1604;&#1575;&#1602;&#1575;&#1574;&#1740; &#1593;&#1583;&#1583;</span></p> </td> </tr> </table> 1624 4595 2006-02-25T16:55:09Z Aursani 60 #redirect[[معاونت:سنڌي فانٽ تنسيبڪاري]] 1625 4559 2006-02-25T03:08:07Z Aursani 60 1626 edit=sysop:move=sysop 5495 2006-04-02T17:43:28Z Aursani 60 <div class="infobox" style="clear:all;"><font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="3">جيڪڏھن ھي اکر توھان ٺيڪ طرح سان پڙھي سگھو پيا تھ توھان جي ڳڻپيوڪر سان سنڌي فانٽس ٻڌجي چڪا آھن يا تھ پھرين کان ئي موجود ھئا. ان ڪري توھان کي ھيٺين ھدايتُن تي عمل ڪرڻ جي ضرورت ڪانھي. مھرباني. </div> {| align="right" border="0" cellpadding="5" width="90%" |- | align="right" | [[Image:Sindhi1.png]] | align="left" width="50%" | <font face="Verdana, Arial" size="2"> To view these pages correctly, you Windows XP mus be installed on to your computer. These pages are written using the font named MBSarang Sattar. It is available on following Link, Download the font named MBSarang Sattar and copy it to the folder "C:/WINDOWS/FONTS" to view these pages correctly. </font> |- |align="left" colspan="2" align="center"|<font face="Verdana, Arial" size="2"><b>[http://www.geocities.com/majidbhurgri/fonts.htm سنڌي فانٽس لاءِ ھتي ڪلڪ ڪندا] |- 1627 4568 2006-02-25T15:27:56Z Aursani 60 1628 4569 2006-02-25T15:55:29Z Aursani 60 1629 4594 2006-02-25T16:53:52Z Aursani 60 #redirect[[معاونت:سنڌي فانٽ تنسيبڪاري]] 1630 4585 2006-02-25T16:40:04Z Aursani 60 [http://www.geocities.com/majidbhurgri/fonts.htm]#redierct 1631 4608 2006-02-25T17:14:13Z Aursani 60 <div class="infobox" style="clear:all;"><big><big> <font size="4"; face="MBSarang Sattar">جيڪڏھن ھي اکر توھان ٺيڪ طرح سان پڙھي سگھو پيا تھ توھان جي ڳڻپيُوڪرسان سنڌي فانٽس ٻڌجي چڪا آھن يا تھ اڳ ۾ ئي ٻڌل ھئا. ان ڪري توھان کي ھيٺين ھدايتُن تي عمل ڪرڻ جي ضرورت ڪانھي. مھرباني. </big></big> </div> {| align="right" border="0" cellpadding="5" width="90%" |- | align="right" | [[Image:Sindhi1.png]] | align="left" width="50%" | <font face="Verdana, Arial" size="2"> To view these pages correctly, Windows XP must be installed on to your computer. These pages are written using the font named MBSarang Sattar. It is available on following Link, Download the font named MBSarang Sattar and copy it to the folder "C:/WINDOWS/FONTS" to view these pages correctly</font> |- |align="left" colspan="2" align="center"|<font face="Verdana, Arial" size="2"><b> http://www.geocities.com/majidbhurgri/fonts.htm<br>MB Font Family</b></font> |- 1632 4862 2006-02-27T22:59:16Z Aursani 60 <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4"> {| <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">پنھنجي ڳڻپيُوڪر کي سنڌي لکڻ قابل بنائڻ لاءِ اوھان کي ھيٺين ھدايتن تي ترتيبوار عمل ڪرڻو پوندو. #سڀ کان پھرين پنھنجي ڳڻپيُوڪر سان ون زپ WinZip نالي سافٽويئر ٻڌندا. #<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">ڀرسان ڏنل ڳنڍڻي تي ڪلڪ ڪريو. جناب ماجد ڀرڳڙيءَ جو صفحو کلندو. [http://www.freewebs.com/majidbhurgri سنڌي تنسيبڪار] #<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">ان صفحي تي مٿان ئي مٿان سنڌي انسٽالر جو ڳنڍڻو موجود آھي. ان کي ڪلڪ ڪريو. #<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">ھڪ زپ فائيل کولڻ جو نياپو ايندو. #<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4"> OPEN کي ڪلڪ ڪندا ۽ پوءِ اھڙي فائيل کي EXTRACT ڪري ڳڻپيوڪر ۾ ڪنھن بھ جاءِ تي محفوظ SAVE ڪندا. #<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">توھان ڏسندا تھ ھڪڙو فائيل محفوظ ٿِي چڪو آھي. ان فائيل کي ٻٽو ڪلڪ ڪندا. #<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">[[ http://www.geocities.com/majidbhurgri/fonts.htm|ھن ڳنڍڻي]] تي ڪلڪ ڪريو. ھتي توھان کي سنڌي فانٽس ملندا. انھن کي پنھنجي ڪمپيوٽر جي C:/WINDOWS/FONTS خاني ۾ محفوظ يعني SAVE ڪندا. #<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">ھن ڳنڍڻي تي ڪلڪ ڪندا. اتي توھان کي ھڪڙو مڪمل دستاويز ملندو، جيڪو عبدالماجد ڀرڳڙيءَ جي سنڌي سپورٽ ڳڻپيوڪر سان ٻڌڻ جو طريقو سمجھائي ٿو. مگر اھو انگريزيءَ ۾ لکيل آھي. <font/> |} 1636 8383 2006-12-12T11:29:08Z Aursani 60 :''ھيءُ سنڌي مقالو جي ڀُون چٽي معنيَ بابت آھيِ "اتر قطب." For the cities, ڏسندا [[اتر Pole, Alaska]] and [[North Pole, New York]]. For the [[United Kingdom|UK]] depot of [[يُورو اسٽار]], see [[North Pole depot]]. For the [[astronomy|astronomical]] use of the term "circumpolar," see [[circumpolar constellation]].'' [[Image:Pole-north.gif|275px|thumb|right]] The '''North Pole''' is the northernmost point on the [[Earth]]. ==ڀون چٽي اتر قطب== The Geographic North Pole, also known as [[True North]], is close to the northern point at which the Earth's axis of rotation meets the surface. Geographic North defines [[latitude]] 90° North. In whichever direction you travel from here, you are always heading south. The pole is located in the [[Arctic Ocean]]. Classically (19th century) this pole was exactly where people believed the pole of rotation met the Earth's surface, but soon astronomers noticed a small apparent ''variation of latitude'' as determined for a fixed point on Earth by observing stars. This variation had a period of about 435 days and the periodic part of it is now called the [[Chandler wobble]] after its discoverer. It is desirable to tie the system of Earth coordinates ([[latitude]], [[longitude]], and elevations or [[orography]]) to fixed landforms. Of course, given [[continental drift]] and the rising and falling of land due to [[volcano]]s, [[erosion]] and so on, there is no system in which all geographic features are fixed. Yet the [[International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service]] and the [[International Astronomical Union]] have defined a framework called the [[International Terrestrial Reference System]] that does an admirable job. The North pole of this system now defines geographic North and it does not quite coincide with the rotation axis. Also see [[polar motion]]. On the basis of the [[sector principle]], [[Canada]] claims its sovereignty to extend all the way to the Geographic North Pole. There is no land at this location, which is usually covered by [[sea ice]]. The theory under which Canada has claimed sovereignty to the North Pole is controversial as there is in fact 770 km of ocean between the pole and Canada's northernmost land point, and several nations, most notably the [[United States]], have challenged the notion that the North Pole does not lie in international waters. ==ڌرتيءَ جي اتر قطب سمجھائڻ== The '''North Pole''' can be defined in four different ways. Only the first two definitions are commonly used. However it is defined, the North Pole lies in the [[Arctic Ocean]]. Unlike its antipode, the [[South Pole]], it lies not on a polar continent ([[Antarctica]] means anti-, i.e. opposite, Arctis, the northern polar region), nor is it part of any (sub)continent or island, so there is no land, just permanently frozen waters. # The '''Geographic North Pole''', also known as '''[[True North]]''', is approximately the northern point at which the Earth's axis of rotation meets the surface. (see next section) # The '''Magnetic North Pole''' is the northern point at which the [[geomagnetic field]] points vertically, i.e. the ''dip'' is 90°. # The '''Geomagnetic North Pole''' is the pole of the Earth's geomagnetic field's [[dipole moment]] (somewhat confusingly, it is technically the south pole of the dipole). # The '''Northern [[Pole of inaccessibility|Pole of Inaccessibility]]''' is defined as the point in the Arctic farthest from any coastline, and is at {{coor dm|84|03|N|174|51|W|}}. Similar poles exist in the [[Pacific ocean|Pacific]] and [[Indian ocean]]s<!--- Not sure if there is one in the Atlantic --->, and there is a dry land pole of inaccessibility in the [[Antarctic]]. ===مھم جويُون=== The [[Polaris expedition]], an American attempt in [[1871]] led by [[Charles Francis Hall]], ended in disaster. The first expedition to the pole is generally accepted to have been made on [[April 6]], [[1909]] by African-American [[Matthew Henson]], Anglo-American Navy engineer [[Robert Edwin Peary]], and four [[Inuit]] men named [[Ootah]], [[Seegloo]], [[Egingway]], and [[Ooqueah]]. Polar historians believe that Peary honestly thought he had reached the pole. However a 1996 analysis of a newly-discovered copy of Peary's record indicates that Peary must have been in fact 20 nautical miles (40 km) short of the Pole. The first undisputed sight of the pole was on [[May 12]] [[1926]] by [[Norway|Norwegian]] explorer [[Roald Amundsen]] and his [[United States|American]] sponsor [[Lincoln Ellsworth]] from the [[airship]] [[Airship Norge|Norge]]. ''Norge'', though Norwegian owned, was designed and piloted by the [[Italy|Italian]] [[Umberto Nobile]]. The flight started from [[Svalbard]] and crossed the icecap to [[Alaska]]. Nobile, along with several scientists and crew from the ''Norge'' overflew the Pole a second time on [[May 24]] [[1928]] in the [[Airship Italia]]. On [[May 3]], [[1952]] U.S. Air Force Lieutenant Colonel [[Joseph O. Fletcher]] and Lieutenant [[William P. Benedict]] landed a plane at the geographic North Pole. Flying with them was scientist [[Albert P. Crary]]. The United States Navy submarine [[USS Nautilus (SSN-571)]] crossed the North Pole on [[August 3]], [[1958]], and on [[March 17]], [[1959]], the [[USS Skate (SSN-578)]] surfaced at the pole, becoming the first naval vessel to reach it. [[Ralph Plaisted]] made the first ''confirmed'' surface conquest of the North Pole on [[April 19]], [[1968]]. The [[Soviet]] nuclear-powered [[icebreaker]] [[Arktika]] on [[August 17]], [[1977]], completed the first surface vessel journey to the pole. {{seealso|List of firsts}} ==مقنائي اتر== Magnetic North is one of several locations on the [[Earth]]'s surface known as the "North Pole". Its definition, as the point where the [[Magnetic_field|geomagnetic field]] points vertically downwards, i.e. the ''dip'' is 90°, was proposed in [[1600]] by Sir [[William Gilbert]], a courtier of [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]], and is still used. It should not be confused with the less frequently used [[#Geomagnetic_North_Pole|Geomagnetic North Pole]]. Magnetic North is the place to which all [[magnetic compass]]es point, although since the pole marked "N" on a bar magnet points north, and only opposite magnetic poles are attracted to each other, the Earth's magnetic north is actually a south magnetic pole. The orientation of magnetic fields of planets can flip over, an event which is called a [[geomagnetic reversal]]. The Earth's poles have done this repeatedly throughout history, and 500,000 years ago, the south magnetic pole was at the [[South Pole]]. It is thought that this occurs when the circulation of liquid [[nickel]]/[[iron]] in the Earth's outer core is disrupted and then reestablishes itself in the opposite direction. It is not known what causes these disruptions. Proof of this can be seen at mid-ocean ridges where [[tectonic plate]]s move apart, and the sea bed is filled in with [[magma]]. As the magma comes out of the [[mantle]], the magnetic particles in it are attracted slightly to the North Pole, and when the poles switch, so does the direction in which the metallic elements face. Therefore, on the sea bed, parallel bands of alternating magnetic fields are found. The first expedition to reach this pole was led by [[James Clark Ross]], who found it at Cape Adelaide on the Boothia Peninsula on [[June 1]], [[1831]]. [[Roald Amundsen]] found Magnetic North in a slightly different location in [[1903]]. The third observation of Magnetic North was by [[Canada|Canadian]] government scientists Paul Serson and Jack Clark, of the [[Dominion Astrophysical Observatory]], who found the pole at Allen Lake on Prince of Wales Island. The Canadian government has made several measurements since, which show that Magnetic North is continually moving northwest. Its location (in [[2005]]) is 82°07' North, 114° 04' West, near [[Ellesmere Island]], the biggest of the [[Queen Elizabeth Islands]], in Canada. During the 20th century it has moved 1100 km, and since [[1970]] its rate of motion has accelerated from 9 km/[[year]] to 41 km/year ([[2001]]-[[2003]] average; see also [[Polar drift]]). If it maintains its present speed and direction it will reach [[Siberia]] in about 50 years, but it is expected to veer from its present course and slow down. This movement is on top of a daily or ''diurnal'' variation in which Magnetic North describes a rough ellipse, with a maximum deviation of 80 km from its mean position. This effect is due to disturbances of the geomagnetic field by the sun. A line drawn from one magnetic pole to the other does not go through the centre of the Earth, it actually misses it by about 530 km. The angular difference between Magnetic North and true North varies with location, and is called the [[magnetic declination]]. ==ڀون مقنائي اتر قطب== The Geomagnetic North Pole is the pole of the [[Earth]]'s geo[[magnetic field]] closest to true north. The first-order approximation of the Earth's magnetic field is that of a single magnetic [[dipole]] (like a bar magnet), tilted about 11° with respect to Earth's rotation axis and centered at the Earth's core. The residuals form the nondipole field. The Geomagnetic poles are the places where the axis of this dipole intersects the Earth's surface. Because the dipole approximation is far from a perfect fit to the Earth's magnetic field, the magnetic field is not quite vertical at the geomagnetic poles. The locations of true vertical field orientation are the magnetic poles, and these are about 30 degrees of longitude away from the geomagnetic poles. Like the Magnetic North Pole, the geomagnetic north pole is a south magnetic pole, because it attracts the north pole of a bar [[magnet]]. It is the centre of the region in the [[magnetosphere]] in which the [[Aurora Borealis]] can be seen. Its present location is 78°30' North, 69° West, near [[Qaanaaq]] in [[Greenland]], however it is now drifting away from North America and toward Siberia. The first voyage to this pole was by David Hempleman-Adams in [[1992]]. ==ان ايڪسيسيبلٽي جو اتريون قطب== The Northern Pole of Inaccessibility, located at 84°03' [[latitude|north]], 174°51' [[longitude|west]], is the point farthest from any northern coastline, about 1100 km from the nearest coast. It is a geographic construct, not an actual physical phenomenon. It was first reached by Sir [[Hubert Wilkins]], who flew by [[aircraft]] in [[1927]]; in [[1958]] a [[Russia]]n [[icebreaker]] reached this point. ==ايسٽرانامي ۾ اتر قطب جي سمجھاڻي== [[Astronomy|Astronomers]] define the north "geographic" pole of a [[planet]] or other object in the [[solar system]] by the planetary pole that is in the same ecliptic hemisphere as the Earth's north pole. More accurately, «The north pole is that pole of rotation that lies on the north side of the invariable plane of the solar system» [http://www.hnsky.org/iau-iag.htm]. This means some objects will have directions of rotation opposite the "normal" (i.e., not counter-clockwise as seen from above the north pole). Another frequently used definition uses the right-hand rule to define the north pole: it is then the pole around which the object rotates counterclockwise [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/index.html]. When using the first definition (the [[International Astronomical Union|IAU]]'s), an object's [[axial tilt]] will always be 90° or less, but its rotation period may be negative ([[retrograde motion|retrograde]] rotation); when using the second definition, axial tilts may be greater than 90° but rotation periods will always be positive. For the [[magnetic pole]]s, their names are decided upon by the direction that their field lines emerge or enter the planet's crust. If they enter the same way as they do for Earth at the north pole, we call this the planet's north magnetic pole. Some bodies in the solar system, including [[Saturn (planet)|Saturn]]'s [[natural satellite|moon]] [[Hyperion (moon)|Hyperion]] and the asteroid [[4179 Toutatis]], lack a stable geographic north pole. They rotate [[chaos theory|chaotically]] because of their irregular shape and [[gravity|gravitational]] influences from nearby planets and moons, and as a result the instantaneous pole wanders over their surface, and may vanish altogether for brief periods (when the object comes to a complete standstill with respect to the distant stars). The projection of a planet's north geographic pole onto the [[celestial sphere]] gives its north [[celestial pole]]. In the particular (but frequent) case of [[synchronous rotation|synchronous]] satellites, four more poles can be defined. They are the '''near''', '''far''', '''leading''', and '''trailing''' poles. Take [[Io (moon)|Io]] for example; this moon of [[Jupiter (planet)|Jupiter]] rotates synchronously, so its orientation with respect to Jupiter stays constant. There will be a single, unmoving point of its surface where Jupiter is at the [[zenith]], exactly overhead &mdash;this is the ''near pole'', also called the ''sub-'' or ''pro-Jovian'' point. At the [[antipode]] of this point is the ''far pole'', where Jupiter lies at the [[nadir]]; it is also called the ''anti-Jovian'' point. There will also be a single unmoving point which is furthest along Io's orbit (best defined as the point most removed from the plane formed by the north-south and near-far axes, on the leading side) &mdash;this is the ''leading pole''. At its antipode lies the ''trailing pole''. Io can thus be divided into north and south hemispheres, into pro- and anti-Jovian hemispheres, and into leading and trailing hemispheres. Note that these poles are ''mean poles'' because the points are not, strictly speaking, unmoving: there is constant jiggling about the mean orientation, because Io's orbit is slightly eccentric and the gravity of the other moons disturbs it regularly. ==ڏينھن ۽ رات== During the [[summer]] months, the North Pole experiences twenty four hours of daylight but during the [[winter]] months the North Pole experiences twenty four hours of darkness. Sunrise and sunset do not occur in a twenty four hour cycle. At the north pole, sunrise begins at the [[Vernal equinox]] taking three months for the sun to reach its highest point at the [[summer solstice]] when sunset begins, taking three months to reach sunset at the [[Autumnal equinox]]. A similar effect can be observed at the [[South Pole]], with a six month difference. This day/night effect is in stark contrast to what is observed at the [[Equator]]. This effect is caused by a combination of the [[Earth]]'s [[axial tilt]] and its rotation around the sun. The direction and angle of axial tilt of the Earth remains fairly constant (on a yearly basis) in its plane of rotation around the sun. Hence during the summer, the North Pole is always facing the sun's rays but during the winter, it always faces away from the sun. ==اتر قطب تي سرحدي دعوائون (آرڪٽڪ) == Until [[1999]], the North Pole ([[Arctic]]) had been considered international territory. However, as the polar ice has begun to recede at a rate higher than expected (see [[global warming]]), several countries have made moves to claim the water or seabed at the Pole. Russia made its first claim in [[2001]], claiming [[Lomonosov Ridge]], an [[underwater ridge|underwater mountain ridge]] underneath the Pole, as a natural extension of [[Siberia]]. This claim was contested by [[Norway]], [[Canada]], the [[United States]] and [[Denmark]] in [[2004]]. Denmark's territory of [[Greenland]] has the nearest coastline to the North Pole, and Denmark argues that the Lomonosov Ridge is in fact an extension of Greenland. Canada claims sovereignty in a sector continuing to the North Pole between 60°W and 141°W [[longitude]], a claim that is not universally recognized. In addition, Canada claims the water between its [[Canadian Arctic islands|Arctic Islands]] as internal waters, a claim that is not recognized by the United States (Denmark, Russia and Norway have made claims similar to those of Canada and are opposed by the EU and the United States). The potential value of the North Pole and the area around resides in any possible potential [[petroleum]] and [[gas]] below the underlying sea-bed, the exploration for which in the near future might become more feasible after the opening of the [[Northwest Passage]]. == Magnetic declination == Magnetic north is determined by the earth’s magnetic field and is not the same as true (or geographic) north. The location of the magnetic north pole changes slowly over time, but it is currently northwest of Hudson’s Bay in northern Canada (approximately 700 km [450 mi] from the true north pole). Maps are based on the geographic north pole because it does not change over time, so north is always at the top of a quadrangle map. However, if you were walk a straight line following the direction your compass needle indicates as north, you would find that you didn’t go from south to north on the map. How far your path varied from true north depends on where you started from; the angle between a straight north-south line and the line you walked is the magnetic declination in the area you were walking. Fortunately, magnetic declination has been measured throughout the U.S. and can be corrected for on your compass (see below). The map below shows lines of equal magnetic declination throughout the U.S. and Canada. The line of zero declination runs from magnetic north through Lake Superior and across the western panhandle of Florida. Along this line, true north is the same as magnetic north. If you are working west of the line of zero declination, your compass will give a reading that is east of true north. Conversely, if you are working east of the line of zero declination, your compass reading will be west of true north. The exact amount that you need to adjust the declination on your compass to reconcile magnetic north to true north is given in the map legend to the left of the map scale. ==اتر قطب جا ثقافتي حوالا== In the North American version of the [[Santa Claus]] [[mythos]], the North Pole is the place where Santa Claus lives, and where his workshop is located. ==پڻ ڏسندا== *[[ڏکڻ ڪتب]] *[[آرڪٽڪ سمنڊ]] *[[پھلڪارن جي فھرست]] ==خارجي ڳنڍڻا== * [http://www.arctic-council.org Arctic Council] * [http://www.northernforum.org The Northern Forum] * [http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/gallery_np.html North Pole scenery observed by Web Cams] * [http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/essay_untersteiner3.html The short Arctic summer of 2004] * [http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/essay_untersteiner2.html The puzzling Arctic summer of 2003] * [http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/faq.html FAQ on the Arctic and the North Pole] * [http://www.monolith.com.au/travel/polar_contro.html Polar Controversies Still Rage] article by Roderick Eime * [http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/showthreaded.php/Number/200028 Magnetic Poles locations since 1600] Download the KMZ file. For Google Earth Users. * {{confluence|lat=90|long=0}} [[Category:Navigation]] [[Category:Arctic]] [[Category:Geography of Canada]] [[Category:Poles]] [[ast:Polu Norte]] [[cs:Severní pól]] [[cy:Pegwn y gogledd]] [[da:Nordpolen]] [[de:Pole der nördlichen Hemisphäre]] [[es:Polo Norte]] [[eo:Norda Poluso]] [[fr:Pôle Nord]] [[fy:Noardpoal]] [[ko:북극점]] [[id:Kutub Utara]] [[it:Polo Nord]] [[he:הקוטב הצפוני]] [[nl:Noordpool]] [[ja:北極点]] [[pl:Biegun północny]] [[pt:Pólo Norte]] [[ro:Polul Nord]] [[ru:Северный полюс]] [[simple:North Pole]] [[sr:Северни пол]] [[sl:Severni tečaj]] [[fi:Pohjoisnapa]] [[sv:Nordpolen]] [[zh:北极]] [[Category:ڀونءِ ڀياس ۽ ڀونءِ نگاري]] 1637 8379 2006-12-12T11:26:20Z Aursani 60 {{otheruses}} <font face="MBSarang Sattar"; size="4">[[image:Magnet0873.png|right|thumb|250px|پني تي رکيل لوھھ جون ذريون بار مقناطيس جي مقنائي اچ ڏيکارين ٿيون.]] A '''magnet''' is an object that has a [[magnetic field]]. The word ''magnet'' comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''"magnítis líthos"'' ''(μαγνήτης λίθος)'', which means "magnesian stone". [[Magnesia]] was an area in [[Ancient Greece]], in present-day [[Manisa]], [[Turkey]] where deposits of [[magnetite]] have been discovered since antiquity. == تعارف == In the modern sense, a magnet is a material that has a [[magnetic field]]. It can be in the form of a permanent magnet or an [[electromagnet]]. Permanent magnets do not rely upon outside influences to generate their field. Electromagnets rely upon electric current to generate a magnetic field - when the current increases, so does the field. Magnets are attracted to or repelled by other things. Something that is strongly attracted to a magnet is said to have a high [[permeability]]. [[Iron]] and [[steel]] are two examples of materials with [[ferromagnetism|very high permeability]], and they are strongly attracted to magnets. Liquid oxygen is an example of something with a [[paramagnetism|low permeability]], and it is only weakly attracted to a magnetic field. Water has such a low permeability that it is actually [[diamagnetism|repelled by magnetic fields]]. Everything has a measurable permeability: people, [[gas]]es and even the vacuum of [[outer space]]. The [[SI]] unit of magnetic field strength is the [[tesla (unit)|tesla]], and the SI unit of total [[magnetic flux]] is the [[weber]]. 1 weber = 1 tesla flowing through 1 square meter, and is a very large amount of magnetic flux. ==مقنايت جو لوڪل ريجن== ===مستقل يا جٽادار مقناطيس=== All normal matter is composed of particles, such as the major [[fermion]]s and [[boson]]s such as [[protons]], [[neutrons]], and [[electrons]], and all of these particles have the fundamental property of [[quantum mechanical]] [[spin (physics)|spin]]. Spin gives each one of these particles an associated magnetic field. Because of this, and the fact that the average microscopic piece of matter contains huge numbers of these particles, it would be expected that all matter would be magnetic. Everyday experience shows that this is not the case. Even [[antimatter]] would have magnetic characteristics. Within each atom and molecule, the spin of each of these particles is highly ordered as a result of the [[Pauli Exclusion Principle]]. However, there is no long range ordering of these spins ''between'' atoms and molecules. Without long range ordering, there is no net magnetic field because the magnetic moment of each one of the particles is cancelled by the magnetic moment of other particles. Permanent magnets are special in that long range ordering does exist. The highest degree of ordering exists within [[magnetic domain]]s. These domains can be likened to microscopic neighbourhoods in which there is a strong reinforcing interaction between particles, and as a result, a great deal of order. The greater the degree of ordering within and between domains, the greater the resulting field will be. Long range ordering (and the resulting strong net magnetic field) is one of the hallmarks of a [[ferromagnetic]] material. ====مقنايت جي برقياتي پيداوار==== Electrons play the primary role in generating a magnetic field. Within an atom, electrons can exist either individually or in pairs within any given [[electron orbital|orbital]]. When they are paired, the individuals in that pair always have opposite spin &mdash; one up, one down. The fact that the spins have opposite orientation means that the two cancel one another. If all electrons are paired, no net magnetic field will be generated. In some atoms, there are electrons that are unpaired. All magnets have unpaired electrons, but not all atoms with unpaired electrons are ferromagnetic. In order for the material to become ferromagnetic, not only must there be unpaired electrons present, but those unpaired electrons must interact with one another over long ranges such that they are all oriented in the same way. The specific [[electron configuration]] of the atoms (as well as the distance between atoms) is what leads to this long range ordering. The electrons find that they can exist in a lower energy state if they all have the same orientation. ===برق مقناطيس=== Quadrupole ("four-pole") electromagnets, focus [[particle beam]]s in a [[particle accelerator]]. There are four steel pole tips, two opposing magnetic north poles and two opposing magnetic south poles. The steel is magnetized by a large electric current that flows in the coils of tubing wrapped around the poles. An [[electromagnet]], in its simplest form, is a wire that has been coiled into one or more loops. This coil is known as a [[solenoid]]. When electric current flows along the coil, a magnetic field is generated around the coil. The orientation of this field can be determined via the [[right hand rule]]. The strength of the field is influenced by several factors. The number of loops determines the [[surface area]] of interaction, the amount of current determines the amount of activity, and the material in the core determines [[electrical resistance]]. The more loops of wire and the greater the current, the stronger the field will be. If the coil of wire is empty in the center, it will tend to generate a very weak field. Different [[ferromagnetic]] or [[paramagnetic]] items can be placed in the center of the core with the effect of magnifying the magnetic field, for example an iron nail. In addition, soft iron is commonly used for this purpose. The addition of these types of materials can result in a several hundred- to thousand-fold increase of field strength. At long distances, magnetic fields obey an [[inverse square law]]. This means that the field strength is inversely proportional to the distance from the magnet. If the face of an electromagnet is machined to a high degree of precision, it will be able to get much closer to the surface it is trying to attract. Take the case of an electromagnet trying to attract an extremely smooth, flat metal plate. If the electromagnet's face is extremely smooth and flat as well, there will be many more points of contact with the plate, and so the magnetic circuit will have less resistance to the magnetic field. Electromagnets find uses in many places, ranging from [[particle accelerator]]s, to junkyard cranes, to [[magnetic resonance imaging]] machines. If an electromagnet is strong enough, the magnetic force between neighbouring loops of wire can cause the electromagnet to be crushed by its own magnetic field. ==مقنائي مٽيريئلس جون خصوصيتون== ===جٽادار مقناطيس ۽ ٻھ قطب=== All magnets have at least two poles: that is, all magnets have at least one north pole and at least one south pole. The poles are not a pair of things on or inside the magnet. They are a concept used to discuss and describe magnets. In the image at the top of this page, the poles look like specific locations, because the highest surface intensity of the field occurs at the poles), but this does not mean that they are specific locations. To understand the concept of pole, it can be imagined that a row of people who are all facing the same direction and standing in line. While there is a "face" end of the line and a "back" end of the line, there is no one place where all of the faces are and all of the backs are. The person at the front of the face end has a back; and the person at the back end has a face. If the line is divided into two shorter lines, each one of the shorter lines still has a face end and a back end. Even if the line is pulled completely apart so that there are just individuals standing around, each one of the individuals still has a face and a back. This can continue without end. The same holds true with magnets. There is not one place where all of the north or south poles are. If a magnet is divided in two, two magnets will result--and both magnets will have a north and a south pole. Those smaller magnets can then be divided, and all of the resulting pieces will have both a north and south pole. In most instances, if the material continues to be broken into smaller and smaller pieces there will be a point where the pieces are too small to retain a net magnetic field. They won't become individual north or south poles though; instead, they will just lose the ability to maintain a net field. Some materials, however, can be divided down to the [[molecular magnet|molecular level]] and still maintain a net field with both a north and a south pole. There are theories involving the possibility of north and south [[magnetic monopole]]s, but no magnetic monopole has ever been found. ===قطبن جو اتر - ڏکڻ تعين ۽ ڌرتيءَ جِي مقنائي اَچَ=== A standard naming system for the poles of magnets is important. Historically, the terms north and south reflect awareness of the relationship between magnets and the [[earth's magnetic field]]. A freely suspended magnet will eventually orient itself north-to-south, because of its attraction to the north and south magnetic poles of the earth. The end of a magnet that points toward the [[Earth]]'s geographic [[North Pole]] is labeled as the north pole of the magnet; correspondingly, the end that points south is the south pole of the magnet. The Earth's current ''geographic north'' is thus actually its ''magnetic south''. Confounding the situation further, it is known that the Earth's magnetic field has reversed itself in the past, so this system of naming is likely to be backward at some time in the future. Fortunately, by using an electromagnet and the [[right hand rule]], the orientation of the field of a magnet can be defined without reference to the Earth's geomagnetic field. To avoid the confusion between geographic and magnetic north and south poles, the terms ''positive'' and ''negative'' are sometimes used for the poles of a magnet. The positive pole is that which seeks geographical north. ==مقناطيسن جو عام استعمال== *Magnetic recording media: Common [[VHS]] tapes contain a reel of [[magnetic tape]]. The information that makes up the video and sound is encoded on the magnetic coating on the tape. This is why magnets will destroy the information in these types of tapes. Common [[compact audio cassette|audio cassettes]] also rely on magnetic tape. Similarly, in computers, [[floppy disk]]s and [[hard disk]]s record data on a thin magnetic coating. *[[credit card|Credit]], [[debit card|debit]], and [[Automatic Teller Machine|ATM]] cards: All of these cards have a magnetic strip on one of their sides. This strip contains the necessary information to contact an individuals financial institution and connect with their account(s). *Common [[television]]s and [[computer monitor]]s: The vast majority of TV's and computer screens rely in part on an electromagnet to generate an image--see the article on [[cathode ray tube]]s for more information. [[Plasma screen]]s and [[LCD]]s rely on different technology entirely. *[[Loudspeaker]]s and [[microphone]]s: Loudspeakers actually rely on a combination of a permanent magnet and an electromagnet. A speaker is fundamentally a device to convert electric energy (the signal) into mechanical energy (the sound). The electromagnet carries the signal, which generates a changing magnetic field that pushes and pulls on the field generated by the permanent magnet. This pushing and pulling moves the cone, which creates sound. Not all speakers rely on this technology, but the vast majority do. Standard microphones are based upon the same concept, but run in reverse. A microphone has a cone or membrane attached to a coil of wire. The coil rests inside a specially shaped magnet. When sound vibrates the membrane, the coil is vibrated as well. As the coil moves through the magnetic field, a voltage is generated in the coil (see [[Lenz's Law]]). This voltage in the wire is now an electric signal that is representative of the original sound. *[[Electric motor]]s and [[generator]]s: Some electric motors (much like loudspeakers) rely upon a combination of an electromagnet and a permanent magnet, and much like loudspeakers, they convert electric energy into mechanical energy. A generator is the reverse: it converts mechanical energy into electric energy. *[[Transformer]]s: Transformers are devices that transfer electric energy between two devices that are electrically ''disconnected'' via magnetic coupling. *[[chuck (engineering)|Chuck]]s: Chucks are used in the [[metalworking]] field to hold objects. If these objects can be held securely with a magnet then a [[chuck (engineering)#Magnetic|permanent or electromagnetic chuck]] may be used. Magnets are also used in other types of fastening devices, such as the [[magnetic base]], the [[magnetic clamp]] and the [[refrigerator]] magnet. ==مٽيريئلس جي مقناڪاري== [[Ferromagnetic]] materials can be magnetised in the following ways: *Placing the item in an external magnetic field will result in the item retaining some of the magnetism on removal. [[Vibration]] has been shown to increase the effect. Ferrous materials aligned with the earth's magnetic field and which are subject to vibration (eg frame of a conveyor) have been shown to acquire significant residual magnetism. *Placing the item in a [[solenoid]] with a [[direct current]] passing through it. *Stroking - An existing magnet is moved from one end of the item to the other repeatedly in the same direction. *Placing a steel bar in a magnetic field, then heating it to a high temperature and then finally hammering it as it cools. This can be done by laying the magnet in a North-South direction in the Earth's magnetic field. However, the magnet is not very strong but permanent. ==مٽيريئلس کي نس مقنائڻ== Permanent magnets can be demagnetized in the following ways: *[[Heat]]ing a magnet past its [[Curie point]] will destroy the long range ordering. *Contact through stroking one magnet with another in random fashion will demagnetize the magnet being stroked, in some cases; some materials have a very high coercive field and cannot be demagnetized with other permanent magnets. *Hammering or jarring will destroy the long range ordering within the magnet. *A magnet being placed in a [[solenoid]] which has an [[alternating current]] being passed through it will have its long range ordering disrupted, in much the same way that direct current can cause ordering. In an electromagnet, ceasing the flow of current will eliminate the magnetic field. However, a slight field may remain in the core material as a result of [[hysteresis]]. ==جٽادار مقناطيسن جا قسمَ== *Rare Earth or [[Neodymium magnet|Neodymium Magnets]], which are some of the most powerful permanent magnets *[[Samarium-cobalt magnet|Samarium-Cobalt Magnets]] *[[Ceramic Magnet|Ceramic Magnets]] *[[Plastic magnet|Plastic Magnets]] *[[Alnico|Alnico Magnets]] == قمنائي زور == Magnetized items interact with other items in very specific ways. ===مقناطيس ۽ ٻيا مقناطيس=== If a magnet is brought close enough to another magnet, their fields will begin to interact in the following ways: * If each magnets north pole is brought together, the magnets will repel one another (like poles repel) * If the north pole of one magnet is brought to the south pole of the other magnet (or vice versa), the magnets will attract one another (opposite poles attract) ===Magnets and ferromagnetic materials=== If a magnet is brought close enough to a [[ferromagnetism|ferromagnetic]] material (that is not magnetized itself), the magnet will strongly attract the ferromagnetic material regardless of orientation. Both the north and south pole of the magnet will attract the other item with equal strength. ===Magnets and diamagnetic materials=== By definition, [[diamagnetism|diamagnetic]] materials weakly repel a magnetic field. This occurs regardless of the north/south orientation field. ===مقناطيس ۽ نيم مقناطيسي مٽيريئلس=== By definition, [[paramagnetism|paramagnetic]] materials are weakly attracted to a magnetic field. This occurs regardless of the north/south orientation of the field. ===Calculating the magnetic force=== Calculating the attractive or repulsive force between two magnets is, in the general case, an extremely complex operation, as it depends on the shape, magnetization, orientation and separation of the magnets. ====ٻن قطبن درميان زور==== The force between two magnetic monopoles is as follows: :<math>F={{m_1m_2}\over{\mu r^2}}</math> [http://geophysics.ou.edu/gravmag/mag_basic/mag_basic.html] where :F is force (SI unit: [[newton]]) :m is pole strength (SI unit: [[Weber (Wb)|weber]]) :μ is the [[Permeability (electromagnetism)|permeability]] of the intervening medium (SI unit: [[tesla (unit)|tesla]] [[metre|meter]] per [[ampere]]) :r is the separation (SI unit: meter). Since magnetic monopoles are only a theoretical construction, this equation does not describe a physically realisable arrangement. It is stated here because it is the simplest possible calculation of magnetic forces. In reality, one of the more complex formulae given below will be more useful. ====Force between two very close attracting surfaces==== :<math>F=\frac{AB^2}{2\mu_0}</math> [http://instruct.tri-c.edu/fgram/web/Mdipole.htm] where :''A'' is the area of each surface, in m{{sup|2}}, and :''B'' is the flux density between them, in [[tesla]]s ====Force between two bar magnets==== The force between two identical cylindrical bar magnets placed end-to-end is given by: :<math>F=\left[\frac {B_0^2 A^2 \left( L^2+R^2 \right)} {\pi\mu_0L^2}\right] \left[{\frac 1 {x^2}} + {\frac 1 {(x+2L)^2}} - {\frac 2 {(x+L)^2}} \right]</math> [http://instruct.tri-c.edu/fgram/web/Mdipole.htm] where :''B{{sub|0}}'' is the flux density at each pole, in T, :''A'' is the area of each pole, in m{{sup|2}}, :''L'' is the length of each magnet, in m, :''R'' is the radius of each magnet, in m, and :''x'' is the separation between the two magnets, in m ==پڻ ڏسندا== * [[electromagnet]] * [[electromagnetism]] * [[electromagnetic field]] * [[neodymium magnet]] * [[diamagnetism]] * [[magnetic dipole]] * [[magnetic monopole]] * [[magnetism]] * [[molecular magnet]] * [[paramagnetism]] * [[single-molecule magnet]] == Online references == * [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html HyperPhysics E/M], good complete tree diagram of electromagnetic relationships with magnets * [http://www.arnoldmagnetics.com/mtc/index.htm Magnet Education] and [http://www.magnetsales.com/Design/DesignG.htm Understanding Commercial Magnets] useful companies who have many helpful magnet equations * [[Maxwell's equations|Maxwell's Equations]] and some history... * [http://www.oz.net/~coilgun/theory/home.htm Detailed Theory on Designing a Solenoid] or a Coil Gun == Printed references == * "positive pole n." ''The Concise [[Oxford English Dictionary]]''. Ed. Catherine Soanes and Angus Stevenson. [[Oxford University Press]], 2004. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. ==خارجي مقالا== * Joseph J. Stupak Jr., "''[http://oersted.com/magnetizing.PDF جٽادار مقناطيس کي مقنائڻ جا طريقا]''". اورسٽيڊ ٽيڪنيڀياس، ڪوائل وائينڊڱ شو، 2000. ([[PDF]]) <!--Categories--> <!--Interwiki--> [[Category:Magnets]] [[de:Magnet]] [[eo:Magneto]] [[es:Imán (física)]] [[fr:Aimant]] [[he:מגנט]] [[id:Magnet]] [[ja:磁石]] [[pl:Magnes]] [[pt:Íman]] [[sl:Magnet]] [[vi:Nam châm]] </font> [[Category:سائنس]] 1638 5364 2006-03-13T11:48:27Z Gangleri 45 added &lrm; at the end I would like to be Admin of the Sindhi Wikipedia at www.sd.wikipedia.org of that I can Delete and protect pages.&lrm; aursani Ahsan Ahmad Ursani Temporary sysop-status granted. It expires on 2006-06-31 --[[User:Walter|Walter]] 14:39, 1 March 2006 (UTC)&lrm; 1639 4663 2006-02-25T22:22:06Z Aursani 60 _{{{1}}} 1640 4677 2006-02-25T22:52:12Z Aursani 60 :''For other uses, see [[space (disambiguation)]].'' '''Space''' <!-- simply put-->is a general or specialized concept of a local, relative, containing, or otherwise relevant ''[[area]]'' &mdash;where all [[objects]] within have a [[relationship]] with (the) space which follows various (theoretically) defineable [[rule]]s. In common usage, it refers to varied concepts of ''finite'' (or local) space (ie. ''[[Euclidean space]], [[living space]], [[personal space]], [[social space]]''), or (conceptually) [[infinity|infinite]] space (ie. ''the [[Universe]], [[outer space]], all [[physical space]], [[mathematical space]]''). The nature of ''space'' has been a prime occupation for [[philosophy|philosophers]] and [[science|scientists]] for much of human history, and hence it is difficult to provide an uncontroversial and clear definition outside of specific defined contexts. (See [[#Philosophy of space|philosophy of space]].) ==رياضياتي پولار== In [[mathematics]], a '''space''' is a [[set]], with some particular properties and usually some additional [[mathematical structure|structure]]. It is not a formally defined concept as such, but a generic name for a number of similar concepts, most of which generalize some abstract properties of the physical concept of space. In particular, a [[vector space]] and specifically a [[Euclidean space]] can be seen as generalizations of the concept of a Euclidean coordinate system. Important varieties of vector spaces with more imposed structure include [[Banach space]] and [[Hilbert space]]. Distance measurement is abstracted as the concept of [[metric space]] and volume measurement leads to the concept of [[measure space]]. As far as the concept of [[Dimension#Mathematical_dimensions|dimension]] is defined, although [[three-dimensional space]] is the most commonly thought of dimensional space, the number of dimensions for a space to exist need not be 3: it can also be 0 (a point), 1 (a line), 2 (a plane), more than 3, and with some definitions, a non-integer value. Mathematicians often study general structures that hold regardless of the number of dimensions. Kinds of mathematical spaces include: * [[Banach space]] * [[Euclidean space]] * [[Hilbert space]] * [[Metric space]] * [[Probability space]] * [[Projective space]] * [[Topological space]] * [[Vector space]] === طبعيات ۽ پولار === Space is one of the few [[fundamental]] quantities in physics, meaning that it cannot be defined via other quantities because there is nothing more fundamental known at present. Thus, similar to the definition of other fundamental quantities (like [[time]] and [[mass]]), space is defined via [[measurement]]. Currently, the standard space interval, called a standard meter or simply [[meter]], is defined as the [[speed of light|distance traveled by light in a vacuum]] during a time interval of 1/299792458 of a second (exact). In [[classical physics]], space is a three-dimensional [[Euclidean space]] where any position can be described using three [[coordinate system|coordinate]]s. [[General relativity|Relativistic physics]] examines [[spacetime]] rather than space; spacetime is modeled as a four-dimensional [[manifold]], and currently, there are theories that can support up to eleven-dimensional spaces. Before Einstein's work on relativistic physics, time and space were seen as independent dimensions. Einstein's work unified the two into [[spacetime]]. In spacetime, measurements of space and time are held to be relative to velocity. ==== نجمياتي پولار -- خلا==== {{main|Outer space}} In [[astronomy]], '''space''' refers collectively to the relatively empty parts of the [[universe]]. Any area outside the [[celestial body's atmosphere|atmosphere]]s of any [[celestial body]] can be considered 'space'. Although space is certainly ''spacious'', it is now known to be far from empty, and filled with a tenuous [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]]. In particular, the boundary between space and [[Earth's atmosphere]] is conventionally set at the [[Karman line]]. === پولاري ماپ === {{main|Measurement}} The measurement of ''physical space'' has long been important. [[Geometry]], the name given to the branch of [[mathematics]] which measures spatial relations, was popularised by the [[ancient Greeks]], although earlier societies had developed measuring systems. The [[SI|International System of Units]], (SI), is now the most common system of units used in the measuring of space, and is almost universally used within [[سائنس]]. [[Geography]] is the branch of science concerned with identifying and describing the [[ڌرتي]], utilising spatial awareness to try and understand why things exist in specific locations. [[Cartography]] is the mapping of spaces to allow better navigation, for visualisation purposes and to act as a locational device. [[Astronomy]] is the science involved with the observation, explanation and measuring of objects in [[outer space]]. ==== ڀون چٽي پولار ==== Geographical space is called [[land]], and has a relation to [[ownership]] (in which space is seen as [[property]]). While some cultures assert the rights of the individual in terms of ownership, other cultures will identify with a communal approach to land ownership. [[Spatial planning]] is a method of regulating the use of space at land-level, with decisions made at regional, national and international levels. Space can also impact on human and cultural behaviour, being an important factor in [[architecture]], where it will impact on the design of buildings and structures, and on [[farming]]. Ownership of space is not restricted to land. Ownership of [[Airspace]] and of [[International waters|waters]] is decided internationally. [[Public space]] is a term used to define areas of land which are open to all, whilst [[private property]] is that area of land owned by an individual or company, for their own use and pleasure. ==پولار جو فلسفو== {{main|پولار ۽ وقت جو فلسفو}} '''Space''' has a range of definitions. * One view of space is that it is part of the fundamental structure of the universe, a set of [[dimension]]s in which [[Object (philosophy)|object]]s are separated and located, have size and shape, and through which they can move. * A contrasting view is that space is part of a fundamental [[Abstract structure|abstract]] mathematical [[concept]]ual framework (together with [[time]] and [[number]]) within which we compare and [[quantity|quantify]] the distance between objects, their sizes, their shapes, and their speeds. In this view ''space'' does not refer to any kind of entity that is a "container" that objects "move through". These opposing views are relevant also to definitions of [[time]]. Space is typically described as having three dimensions, and that three numbers are needed to specify the size of any object and/or its location with respect to another location. Modern [[physics]] does not treat space and time as independent dimensions, but treats both as features of [[spacetime]] &ndash; a conception that challenges intuitive notions of distance and time. An issue of [[philosophy |philosophical]] debate is whether space is an [[ontology | ontological]] entity itself, or simply a [[concept |conceptual]] framework we need to think (and talk) about the world. Another way to frame this is to ask, "Can space itself be measured, or is space part of the measurement system?" The same debate applies also to [[time]], and an important formulation in both areas was given by [[Immanuel Kant]]. In his ''[[Critique of Pure Reason]]'', Kant described space as an ''[[a priori]]'' notion that (together with other ''a priori'' notions such as [[time]]) allows us to comprehend sense experience. With Kant, neither space nor time are conceived as [[substance]]s, but rather both are elements of a systematic [[framework]] we use to structure our experience. Spatial [[measurement]]s are used to [[quantity|quantify]] how far apart [[object]]s are, and temporal measurements are used to quantify how far apart [[event]]s occur. Similar philosophical questions concerning space include: Is space absolute or purely relational? Does space have one correct geometry, or is the geometry of space just a convention? Historical positions in these debates have been taken by [[Isaac Newton]] (space is absolute), [[Gottfried Leibniz]] (space is relational), and [[Henri Poincaré]] (spatial geometry is a convention). Two important thought-experiments connected with these questions are: Newton's [[bucket argument]] and Poincaré's [[sphere-world]]. === پولار -- نفسياتي ۾ === The way in which space is perceived is an area which psychologists first began to study in the middle of the 19th century, and it is now thought by those concerned with such studies to be a distinct branch within [[psychology]]. Psychologists analysing the perception of space are concerned with how recognition of an object's physical appearance or its interactions are perceived. Other, more specialised topics studied include [[amodal perception]] and [[object permanence]]. The [[perception]] of surroundings is important due to its necessary relevance to survival, especially with regards to [[hunting]] and [[self preservation]]. "Veridical perception" is the term used to describe the processing of the information provided by the sensory organs to an extent whereby it allows interaction with the actuality of that perceived. It is worth noting that the way we perceive space may not necessarily be representative of the ''actuality'' of space. *The term "personal space" refers to the amount of space a person likes to maintain between their own person and that of other people. *Space can also cause [[anxiety]] in people, with [[agoraphobia]] manifesting itself in some people as a fear of open spaces, and [[claustrophobia]] being the fear of enclosed spaces. * Astrophobia is the fear of celestial space, * Kenophobia is the fear of empty spaces == حوالا == * [http://search.eb.com/eb/article?tocId=46639 Space perception]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' from Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Accessed June 12, 2005. ==پڻ ڏسندا== {{Wikiquote}} * [[خارجي پولار -- خلا]] * [[خلائي کوج]] [[Category: Topology]] [[Category:Environments]] [[ca:Espai]] [[da:Rum]] [[de:Raum]] [[el:Χώρο]] [[es:Espacio]] [[eo:Spaco]] [[fa:فضا]] [[fr:Espace]] [[gl:Espazo]] [[ko:공간]] [[io:Spaco]] [[ia:Spatio]] [[it:Spazio]] [[he:מרחב]] [[nl:Ruimte]] [[ja:空間]] [[pl:Przestrzeń]] [[pt:Espaço]] [[ru:Пространство]] [[simple:Space]] [[fi:Avaruus]] [[sv:Rymden]] [[zh:空间]] 1641 4678 2006-02-25T22:53:00Z Aursani 60 :''مک مقالو: [[{{{1}}}]]''<noinclude> == استعمال == To link to a "main article" on a topic, use &#123;{main|The other article}}. == پڻ ڏسندا == * [[Template:Main articles]], to use when you have more than one main article. [[Category:Section templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[eo:Ŝablono:Ĉefa]] [[fr:Modèle:Détails]] [[pl:Szablon:Main]] </noinclude> 1642 8378 2006-12-12T11:25:43Z Aursani 60 <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4"> {| border="1" cellspacing="0" align="left" cellpadding="2" style="margin-left:1em" |- <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4"> !align="center" bgcolor=gray|برقيو |- |align="center"|[[Image:HAtomOrbitals.png|center|thumb|280px|<big> <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">پھريان چند برقياتي مدارچا [[ھائيڊروجن اڻو]] electron orbitals shown as cross-sections with color-coded probability density</big>]] |- !align="center" bgcolor=gray|<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">درجھ بندي |- | {| align="center" border="0" |- |<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">[[بنيادي ذرڙو]] |- |<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">[[فرميو]] |- |<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">[[ليپٽيو]] |- |<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">پھرين ٽھي |- |<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">''برقيو'' |} |- | |- !align="center" bgcolor=gray|<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">خاصيتُون |- | |- | {| border="0" |- |<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">مايو: | 9.109 3826(16)&nbsp;×&nbsp;10^&minus;31&nbsp;[[ڪلوگرام|kg]] |- | | ¹&#8260;_{1836.152 672 61(85)}&nbsp;[[اڻوي ماياتي ايڪو|amu]] |- | | 0.510 998 918(44)&nbsp;[[MeV]]/[[روشنيءَ جي رفتار|c]]²{{inote|http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/ElectronMass.html}} |- |<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">[[بنيادي چارج|برقي چارج]]: | &minus;1.602 176 53(14)&nbsp;×&nbsp;10^&minus;19&nbsp;[[Coulomb|C]] |- |Spin: |½ |- |<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">رنگي چارج: | <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">ڪا بھ نھ |- |<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">باھم عمل: |<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">[[ثقلي]], [[Electromagnetic interaction|برق مقنائي]], <br>[[Weak interaction|ھيڻو]] |} |} <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">'''برقيو''' ھڪ بنيادي [[اڻوي ذرڙو]] آھي جيڪو ڪاٽُو ھڪ [[برقي چارج]] رکي ٿو. ==سرسري نظر== <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">Within an [[اڻي]], the برقيا surround the [[اڻوي ناڀُ|ناڀ]] of [[پروٽيو]]۽ [[نِپُوسيو]]s in an [[electron configuration]]. The word ''electron'' was coined in [[1894]] and is derived from the term ''برقي زور'' introduced by [[وليم گلبرٽ]]. Its origin is the [[Greek language|يوناني]] word '&eta;&lambda;&epsilon;&kappa;&tau;&rho;&omicron;&nu;, meaning ''[[amber]]''. Electrons in motion constitute [[برقي ڌار]], which may be used by scientists and engineers to measure many physical properties. Electric current existing for a finite time gives rise to a movement of charge ([[برقيت]]) that may be harnessed as a practical means to perform work. The understanding of electrons has changed dramatically over the centuries, the most significant perhaps being the development of [[ذرڙاتي ميڪانيات]] in the 20th century and the idea of particle wave duality, that is, electrons can exhibit wave-like and particle like properties. Equally as important, [[particle physics]] has also furthered understanding of the electron immeasureably. The variations in [[برقي اَڇَ]] generated by differing numbers of electrons and their configurations in atoms determine the chemical properties of the [[chemical element|element]]s. These fields play a fundamental role in [[ڪيميائي بانڊ]]s and [[ڪيميات]]. ==عملاً == ===درجھ بندي=== The electron is one of a class of subatomic particles called [[ليپٽيا]], which are believed to be [[fundamental particle]]s (that is, they cannot be broken down into smaller constituent parts). The word "particle" is somewhat misleading, however, because [[ذرڙاتي ميڪانيات]] shows that electrons also behave like a wave, e.g., in the [[double-slit experiment]]; this is called [[wave-particle duality]]. The antiparticle of an electron is the '''[[واڌويو]]''', which has the same mass but positive rather than negative charge. The term '''negatron''' is sometimes used to refer to standard electrons so that the term ''electron'' may be used to describe both positrons and negatrons, as proposed by [[Carl David Anderson|Carl D. Anderson]]. Under ordinary circumstances, however, ''electron'' refers to the negatively charged particle alone. ===خصوصيتون ۽ روش=== Electrons have a negative [[برقي چارج]] of &minus;1.6&nbsp;×&nbsp;10<small>^&minus;19</small>&nbsp;[[coulomb]]s, and a mass of about [[1 E-31 kg|9.11&nbsp;×&nbsp;10<small>^&minus;31</small>&nbsp;kg]] (0.51&nbsp;MeV/c²), which is approximately ¹/₁₈₃₆ of the mass of the [[proton]]. These are commonly represented as '''e^&minus;'''. According to [[quantum mechanics]], electrons can be represented by [[لھري ڪارج]]s, from which the [[برقياتي گھاٽائي]] can be determined. Each electron has its own wavefunction, which is called an [[atomic orbital|orbital]]. The exact [[momentum]] and position of an electron cannot be simultaneously determined. This is a limitation described by the [[Heisenberg uncertainty principle]], which, in this instance, simply states that the more accurately we know a particle's position, the less accurately we can know its momentum, and vice versa. The electron has [[spin (physics)|spin]] ½ and is a [[fermion]] (it obeys [[Fermi-Dirac statistics]]). In addition to its intrinsic angular momentum, an electron has a [[magnetic moment]] along its spin axis. While most electrons are found in atoms, others move independently in matter, or together as an [[electron beam]] in a [[vacuum]]. In some [[superconductor]]s, electrons move in [[Cooper pair]]s, in which their motion is coupled to nearby matter via lattice vibrations called [[phonon]]s. When electrons move, free of the nuclei of atoms, and there is a [[net flow]], this flow is called [[electricity]], or an [[electric current]]. A body has a static charge when the body has more or fewer electrons than are required to balance the positive charge of the nuclei. When there is an excess of electrons, the object is said to be negatively-charged. When there are fewer electrons than [[proton]]s, the object is said to be positively-charged. When the number of electrons and the number of protons are equal, their charges cancel each other and the object is said to be electrically neutral. A [[macroscopic]] body can acquire charge through rubbing, i.e., the [[phenomena]] of [[triboelectricity]]. Electrons and [[positron]]s can [[electron-positron annihilation|annihilate]] each other and produce a pair of [[photon]]s. However, high-energy photons may transform into an electron and a positron by a process called [[pair production]]. The electron is an [[elementary particle]] &mdash; it has no [[substructure]] (at least, experiments have not found any so far, and there is good reason to believe that there is not any). Hence, it is usually described as [[point]]-like, i.e., with no [[spatial]] extension. However, if one gets very near an electron, one notices that its properties ([[charge]] and [[mass]]) seem to change. This is an effect common to all elementary particles: The particle influences the [[vacuum fluctuation]]s in its vicinity, so that the properties one observes from far away are the sum of the bare properties and the vacuum effects (see [[renormalization]]). There is a physical constant called the [[classical electron radius]], with a value of 2.8179&nbsp;×&nbsp;10^&minus;15 [[Metre|m]]. Note that this is the radius that one could infer from its charge if the physics were only described by the [[classical electromagnetism|classical]] theory of [[electrodynamics]] and there were no [[quantum mechanics]] (hence, it is an outdated concept that nevertheless sometimes still proves useful in calculations). The speed of an electron in a [[vacuum]] can approach, but never reach c, the [[speed of light]] in a [[vacuum]]. This is due to an effect of [[special relativity]]. The effects of [[special relativity]] are based on a quantity known as [[gamma]] or the [[Lorentz factor]]. Gamma is a function of v, the velocity of the particle, and c. The following is the formula for gamma: :<math>\gamma = 1 / \sqrt{1 - (v^2/c^2)}</math> The energy necessary to accelerate a particle is [[gamma]] minus one times the rest mass. For example, the [[linear accelerator]] at [[Stanford]] can [http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/theory/relativity.html accelerate] an electron to roughly 51&nbsp;GeV. This gives you a gamma of 100,000 given that the rest mass of an electron is 0.51&nbsp;MeV/c² (the [[relativistic mass]] of this fast electron is 100 000 times its rest mass). Solving the equation above for the speed of the electron gives a speed of: :<math>\left(1-\frac {1} {2} \gamma ^{-2}\right)c</math> = 0.999&nbsp;999&nbsp;999&nbsp;95&nbsp;c. (The formula applies for large &gamma;.) ===ڪائنات ۾=== It is believed that the number of electrons existing in the known [[universe]] is at least 10⁷⁹. This number amounts to a density of about one electron per [[cubic metre]] of space. Based on the [[classical electron radius]] and assuming a dense [[sphere packing]], it can be calculated that the number of electrons that would fit in the [[observable universe]] is on the order of 10¹³⁰. Of course, this number is even less meaningful than the classical electron radius itself. ===صنعت ۾=== [[Electron beam]]s are used in [[electron beam welding|welding]] as well as [[electron beam lithography|lithography]]. ==تجربيگاھھ ۾== ===آڳاٽا تجربا=== The quantum or discrete nature of electron's charge was observed by [[Robert Millikan]] in the [[Oil-drop experiment]] of [[1909]]. ===استعمال=== [[Electron microscope]]s are used to magnify details up to 500,000 times. Quantum effects of electrons are used in [[Scanning tunneling microscope]] to study features at the atomic scale. ==نظريي ۾== In relativistic [[quantum mechanics]], the electron is described by the [[Dirac Equation]]. [[Quantum electrodynamics]] (QED) models an electron as a charged particle surrounded by a sea of interacting [[virtual particles]], modifying the sea of [[virtual particles]] which makes up a vacuum. Although this theory involves difficult theoretical problems where calculations produce infinite terms, a practical (although mathematically dubious) method called [[renormalization]] was discovered whereby infinite terms can be cancelled to produce finite predictions about the electron. The correction of just over 0.1% to the predicted value of the electron's [[gyromagnetic ratio]] from exactly 2 (as predicted by Dirac's single particle model), and its extraordinarily precise agreement with the experimentally determined value, is viewed as one of the pinnacles of modern physics. There are now indications that [[string theory]] and its descendants may provide a model of the electron and other fundamental particles where the infinities in calculations do not appear, because the electron is no longer seen as a dimensionless point. At present, string theory is very much a 'work in progress' and lacks predictions analogous to those made by QED that can be experimentally verified. In the [[Standard Model]] of [[particle physics]], it forms a doublet in SU(2) with the [[electron neutrino]], as they interact through the [[weak interaction]]. The electron has two more massive partners, with the same charge but different masses: the [[muon]] and the [[tau lepton]]. The [[antimatter]] counterpart of the electron is its antiparticle, the [[positron]]. The positron has the same amount of electrical charge as the electron, except that the charge is positive. It has the same mass and spin as the electron. When an electron and a positron meet, they may [[Annihilation|annihilate]] each other, giving rise to two [[Gamma ray|gamma-ray]] photons, each having an energy of 0.511 [[MeV]] (511 [[keV]]). See also [[Electron-positron annihilation]]. Electrons are also a key element in [[electromagnetism]], an approximate theory that is adequate for macroscopic systems, and for classical modelling of microscopic systems. ==تاريخ== The electron as a unit of charge in electrochemistry was posited by [[G. Johnstone Stoney]] in [[1874]], who also coined usage of "electron" in [[1894]]. The discovery that the electron was a [[subatomic particle]] was made in [[1897]] by [[J.J. Thomson]] at the [[Cavendish Laboratory]] at [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]], while he was studying "[[cathode rays]]". Influenced by the work of [[James Clerk Maxwell]], and the discovery of the [[X-ray]], he deduced that [[cathode ray tube|cathode ray]]s existed and were negatively charged "''particles''", which he called "''corpuscles''." He published his discovery in [[1897]]. The [[periodic law]] states that the chemical properties of elements largely repeat themselves periodically and is the foundation of the [[periodic table]] of elements. The law itself was initially explained by the [[atomic mass]] of the elements. However, as there were anomalies in the periodic table, efforts were made to find a better explanation for it. In [[1913]], [[Henry Moseley]] introduced the concept of the [[atomic number]] and explained the [[periodic law]] with the number of protons each element has. In the same year, [[Niels Bohr]] showed that electrons are the actual foundation of the table. In [[1916]], [[Gilbert Newton Lewis]] explained the chemical bonding of elements by electronic interactions. ==پڻ ڏسندا== * [[معياري ماڊل]] * [[اڻوي ذرڙا]] * [[پروٽيو]] * [[واڌويو]] * [[ناڀيو]] * [[Photoelectric Effect]] * [[کنوڻ]] * [[ذرڙن جي لسٽ]] * [[Cathode rays]] * [[برقيت]] * [[فرميوي اَڇَ]] ==خارجي ڳندڍڻا== * [http://www.aip.org/history/electron/ The Discovery of the Electron] from the American Institute of Physics History Center * [http://pdg.lbl.gov/ Particle Data Group] * Stoney, G. Johnstone, "''[http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Stoney-1894.html Of the 'Electron,' or Atom of Electricity]''". Philosophical Magazine. Series 5, Volume 38, p. 418-420 October 1894. * Eric Weisstein's World of Physics: [http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/Electron.html Electron] ==حوالا== *{{cite book | author=Griffiths, David J.|title=Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (2nd ed.) | publisher=Prentice Hall |year=2004 |id=ISBN 013805326X}} *{{cite book | author=Tipler, Paul; Llewellyn, Ralph | title=Modern Physics (4th ed.) | publisher=W. H. Freeman | year=2002 | id=ISBN 0716743450}} * Brumfiel, G. ([[6 January]] [[2005]]). Can electrons do the splits? In ''Nature, 433'', 11. </font> {{Elementary}} [[Category:Electron| ]] [[bug:Elektron]] [[af:Elektron]] [[ar:إلكترون]] [[ast:Electrón]] [[bg:Електрон]] [[bs:Elektron]] [[br:Elektron]] [[ca:Electró]] [[cs:Elektron]] [[da:Elektron]] [[de:Elektron]] [[et:Elektron]] [[es:Electrón]] [[eo:Elektrono]] [[fa:الکترون]] [[fr:Électron]] [[ga:Leictreon]] [[gl:Electrón]] [[ko:전자]] [[hr:Elektron]] [[io:Elektrono]] [[id:Elektron]] [[ia:Electron]] [[is:Rafeind]] [[it:Elettrone]] [[he:אלקטרון]] [[la:Electron]] [[lv:Elektrons]] [[lt:Elektronas]] [[hu:Elektron]] [[mk:Електрон]] [[nl:Elektron]] [[nds:Elektron]] [[ja:電子]] [[no:Elektron]] [[nn:Elektron]] [[pl:Elektron]] [[pt:Elétron]] [[ro:Electron]] [[ru:Электрон]] [[simple:Electron]] [[sk:Elektrón]] [[sl:Elektron]] [[sr:Електрон]] [[su:Éléktron]] [[fi:Elektroni]] [[sv:Elektron]] [[th:อิเล็กตรอน]] [[vi:Điện tử]] [[tr:Elektron]] [[zh:电子]] </font> [[Category:سائنس]] 1643 8380 2006-12-12T11:27:05Z Aursani 60 {| border="1" cellspacing="0" align="left" cellpadding="2" style="margin-left:1em" ! align="center" bgcolor=gray | [[نپُوسيو]] |- ! align="center" bgcolor=gray | درجھ بندي |- | {| align="center" | [[اڻوي ذرڙا]] |- | [[فرميو]] |- | [[ھاڊريو]] |- | [[بارئيو]] |- | [[ناڀيو]] |- | ''نپُسيو'' |} |- | |- ! align="center" bgcolor=gray | خاصيتُون |- | |- | {| align="center" | مايو: | 1.674 927 16(13) × 10⁻²⁷ kg |- | | 939.565 530(38) [[MeV]]/[[روشنيءَ جي رفتار|c]]² |- | برقي چارج: | 0 [[Coulomb|C]] |- | Spin: | ½ |- | Magnetic dipole moment: | -1.91304 &mu;_N |- | [[Quark]] composition: | 2 Down, 1 Up |} |} In [[physics]], the '''neutron''' is a [[اڻوي ذرڙو]] with no net [[برقي چارج]] and a [[mass]] of 939.573 [[MeV]]/''[[speed of light|c]]''² ({{sn|1.6749|-27}} kg, slightly more than a [[پروٽيو]]). Its [[spin (physics)|spin]] is ½. Its [[antiparticle]] is called the '''[[antineutron]]'''. The neutron and proton are instances of a [[ناڀيو]]. The [[اڻوي ناڀ|ناڀ]] of most [[اڻا]]s (all except the most common [[isotope]] of [[ھائيڊروجن]], protium, which consists of a single proton only) consists of protons and neutrons. == خاصيتُون == Outside the nucleus, neutrons are unstable and have a [[سراسري حياتي]] of 886 seconds (about 15 minutes, uncertainty about 2 s [http://www.ill.fr/pages/menu_g/docs/universe2003.pdf]), decaying by emitting an [[electron]] and [[neutrino|antineutrino]] to become a proton. Neutrons in this unstable form are known as [[free neutron]]s. The same decay method ([[beta decay]]) occurs in some nuclei. Particles inside the nucleus are typically [[resonance]]s between neutrons and protons, which transform into one another by the emission and absorption of [[pion]]s. A neutron is classified as a [[baryon]], and consists of two down [[quark]]s and one up [[quark]]. The neutron's [[antimatter]] equivalent is the [[antineutron]]. The number of neutrons determines the [[isotope]] of an element. (For example, the [[carbon-12]] isotope has 6 protons and 6 neutrons, while the [[carbon-14]] isotope has 6 protons and 8 neutrons.) Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same atomic number but different masses due to a different number of neutrons. == باھم عمل == The neutron interacts through all four [[fundamental interaction]]s: the [[electromagnetic interaction|electromagnetism]], [[weak interaction|weak nuclear]], [[strong interaction|strong nuclear]] and [[gravitation]]al interactions. Although the neutron has zero net charge, it may interact electromagnetically in two ways: first, the neutron has a [[magnetic moment]] of the same order as the [[proton]]; second, it is composed of electrically charged [[quark]]s. Thus, the electromagnetic interaction is primarily important to the neutron in [[deep inelastic scattering]] and in [[magnetism|magnetic]] interactions. The neutron experiences the weak interaction through [[beta decay]] into a proton, [[برقيو]] and [[neutrino|electron antineutrino]]. It experiences the gravitational force as does any energetic body; however, gravity is so weak that it may be neglected in most [[particle physics]] experiments. The most important force to neutrons is the strong interaction. This interaction is responsible for the binding of the neutron's three [[quark]]s (one [[up quark]], two [[down quark]]s) into a single particle. The [[residual strong force]] is also responsible for the binding of [[atomic nucleus|nuclei]]: the [[nuclear force]]. The nuclear force plays the leading role when neutrons pass through matter. Unlike charged particles, the neutron cannot lose energy by [[ionization|ionizing]] atoms. Rather, the neutron goes on its way unchecked until it makes a head-on collision with an atomic nucleus. For this reason, [[neutron radiation]] is extremely penetrating and dangerous. == Detection == {{main|neutron detection}} The common means of detecting a [[electric charge|charged]] [[elementary particle|particle]] by looking for a track of ionization (such as in a [[cloud chamber]]) does not work for neutrons directly. Neutrons that elastically scatter off of atoms can create an ionization track that is detectable, but the experiments are not as simple to carry out; other means for detecting neutrons, consisting of allowing them to interact with atomic nuclei, are more commonly used. A common method for detecting neutrons involves converting the energy released from such reactions into electrical signals. The nuclides ³He, ⁶Li, ¹⁰B, ²³³U, ²³⁵U, ²³⁷Np and ²³⁹Pu are useful for this purpose. A good discussion on neutron detection is found in chapter 14 of the book [[Radiation Detection and Measurement]] by Glenn F. Knoll (John Wiley & Sons, 1979). == استعمال == The neutron plays an important role in many nuclear reactions. For example, neutron capture often results in [[neutron activation]], inducing [[radioactivity]]. In particular, knowledge of neutrons and their behavior has been important in the development of [[nuclear reactor]]s and [[nuclear weapon]]s. The development of [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v357/n6377/abs/357390a0.html "neutron lenses"] based on total internal reflection within hollow glass capillary tubes or by reflection from dimpled aluminum plates has driven ongoing research into [http://www.physorg.com/news599.html neutron microscopy] and [http://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/technologies/nuggets.html neutron/gamma ray tomography]. One use of neutron emitters is the detection of light nuclei, particularly the hydrogen found in [[water]] molecules. When a fast neutron collides with a light nucleus, it loses a large fraction of its energy. By measuring the rate at which slow neutrons return to the probe after reflecting off of hydrogen nuclei, a [[neutron probe]] may determine the water content in soil. == ذريعا == {{main|neutron source}} Due to the fact that free neutrons are unstable, they ([[neutron radiation]]) can be obtained only from nuclear disintegrations, nuclear reactions, and high-energy reactions (such as in cosmic radiation showers or accelerator collisions). Free neutron beams are obtained from [[neutron source]]s by [[neutron transport]]. For access to intense neutron sources, researchers must go to specialist facilties, such as the [[ISIS neutron source|ISIS facility]] in the [[UK]], which is currently the world's most intense pulsed neutron and [[muon]] source. Neutrons' lack of total electric charge prevents engineers or experimentalists from being able to steer or accelerate them. Charged particles can be accelerated, decelerated, or deflected by [[electricity|electric]] or [[magnetic field]]s. However, these methods have almost no effect on neutrons (there is a small effect of a magnetic field on the free neutron because of its [[magnetic moment]]). ==دريافت== In [[1930]] [[Walther Bothe]] and H. Becker in [[جرمني]] found that if the very energetic [[alpha particle]]s emitted from [[polonium]] fell on certain of the light elements, specifically [[beryllium]], [[boron]], or [[lithium]], an unusually penetrating radiation was produced. At first this radiation was thought to be gamma radiation although it was more penetrating than any gamma rays known, and the details of experimental results were very difficult to interpret on this basis. The next important contribution was reported in [[1932]] by [[Irène Joliot-Curie]] and [[Frédéric Joliot]] in [[Paris]]. They showed that if this unknown radiation fell on [[paraffin]] or any other [[hydrogen]]-containing compound it ejected protons of very high energy. This was not in itself inconsistent with the assumed gamma ray nature of the new radiation, but detailed quantitative analysis of the data became increasingly difficult to reconcile with such a hypothesis. Finally (later in 1932) the physicist [[James Chadwick]] in [[England]] performed a series of experiments showing that the gamma ray hypothesis was untenable. He suggested that in fact the new radiation consisted of uncharged particles of approximately the mass of the [[proton]], and he performed a series of experiments verifying his suggestion. Such uncharged particles were eventually called ''neutrons'', apparently from the [[Latin]] root for ''neutral'' and the [[Greek language|Greek]] ending ''-on'' (by imitation of ''[[electron]]'' and ''[[proton]]''). == تازي پيش رفت == The existence of stable clusters of four neutrons, or [[tetraneutron]]s, has been hypothesised by a team led by [[Francisco-Miguel Marques|Francisco-Miguel Marqués]] at the [[CNRS Laboratory for Nuclear Physics]] based on observations of the disintegration of [[beryllium]]-14 nuclei. This is particularly interesting, because current theory suggests that these clusters should not be stable, and therefore should not exist. ==نِس نِپُوسيو== {{main|antineutron}} The antineutron is the [[antiparticle]] of the [[neutron]]. It was discovered by [[Bruce Cork]] in the year [[1956]], a year after the [[antiproton]] was discovered. [[CPT-symmetry]] puts strong constraints on the relative properties of particles and [[antiparticles]] and, therefore, is open to stringent tests. The masses of the neutron and antineutron are equal to one part in <b>(9&plusmn;5)&times;10^-5</b>. ==پڻ ڏسندا== ===Fields concerning neutrons=== *[[ذرڙاتي طبعيات]] *[[quark model]] *[[ڪيميات]] *[[Neutron Detection]] ===نِپُوسين جا قسم=== *[[ناڀيا]] *[[تڪڙا نِپُوسيا]] *[[ڇُٽل نِپُوسيا]] *[[گرمل نِپُوسيا]] *[[نِپُسيائي ڪرڻڪارِي]] and the [[Sievert|Sievert radiation scale]] ===Objects containing neutrons=== *nucleus *[[dineutron]] *[[tetraneutron]] *[[neutronium]] *[[neutron matter]] *[[neutron star]] ===نِپُوسين جا ذريعا=== *[[pulse neutron generator]] *[[Spallation Neutron Source]] ===Processes involving neutrons=== *[[neutron transport]] *[[neutron diffraction]] *[[neutron bomb]] <!-- interwiki --> {{composite}} [[Category:Neutron| ]] [[af:Neutron]] [[ar:نيوترون]] [[bg:Неутрон]] [[bs:Neutron]] [[br:Neutron]] [[ca:Neutró]] [[cs:Neutron]] [[de:Neutron]] [[es:Neutrón]] [[eo:Neŭtrono]] [[fr:Neutron]] [[gl:Neutrón]] [[ko:중성자]] [[hr:Neutron]] [[io:Neutrono]] [[id:Neutron]] [[is:Nifteind]] [[it:Neutrone]] [[he:נייטרון]] [[la:Neutron]] [[lv:Neitrons]] [[lt:Neutronas]] [[hu:Neutron]] [[mk:Неутрон]] [[nl:Neutron]] [[nds:Neutron]] [[ja:中性子]] [[no:Nøytron]] [[nn:Nøytron]] [[pl:Neutron]] [[pt:Nêutron]] [[ro:Neutron]] [[ru:Нейтрон]] [[simple:Neutron]] [[sl:Nevtron]] [[sr:Неутрон]] [[fi:Neutroni]] [[sv:Neutron]] [[th:นิวตรอน]] [[uk:Нейтрон]] [[zh:中子]] [[Category:سائنس]] 1644 8309 2006-12-07T18:22:04Z Aursani 60 The '''Indus''' (sometimes considered a [[misnomer]]{{Citation needed}}) is the [[English language|English]] name for the Sengge Chu which flows from Tibet into Ladakh and Baltistan, finally arriving into Pakistan. Also called [[Sindh]] Nadi (''nadi'' literally means "river"), known as the ''Sindhu'' in [[Sanskrit]], ''Sinthos'' in [[Greek language|Greek]], and ''Sindus'' in [[Latin]], is the principal [[river]] of [[Pakistan]]. Before the [[partition of India]] into the modern states of [[India]] and Pakistan in 1947, the Indus was second only to the [[Ganges]] in terms of cultural and commercial importance for the subcontinent, and the name [[India]] is derived from the root of the river's name. The river originates in [[Tibet]], flowing from the [[Himalaya]] in a north-westernly direction through [[Kashmir]], and then turning south for nearly the entire length of Pakistan. Figures for the total length of the river vary between 2900 and 3200 km. The [[Indus Valley Civilization]] had some of the earliest urban settlement in the world. [[Image: Indus.jpg|thumb|300px|The Indus River in northern [[Pakistan]], near the rock Aornus.]] == سفر ۽ آبڀياس == The ultimate source of the Indus is actually in [[Tibet]]; it begins at the confluence of the [[Sengge River]] and [[Gar River]] that drain the [[Nganglong Kangri]] and [[Gangdise Shan]] ranges. The Indus then flows northwest through [[Ladakh-Baltistan]] into Gilgit just south of the [[Karakoram]] range, then gradually bends to the south, coming out of the hills between [[Peshawar]] and [[Rawalpindi]]. It is dammed in this area also, forming the [[Tarbela Reservoir]]. The remainder of its route to the sea is in plains of the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and [[Sind]], and the river becomes slow-flowing and highly braided. It is joined by [[Panjnad]] river at [[Mithankot]]. Passing by [[Hyderabad, Pakistan|Hyderabad]], it ends in a large delta to the southeast of [[Karachi]]. === Tributaries === [[Image:Indus2.jpg|thumb|200px|{{مبسس4}}سنڌو نديءَ جي پيٽ جو اپگرهي عڪس.]] * [[Shigar River]] * [[Zangskar River]] * [[Suru Chu River]] * [[Wakha River]] * [[Shingo River]] * [[Gar River]] * [[Astore River]] * [[گلگت ندي]] * [[Ghizar River]] * [[Hunza River]] *{{مبسس4}}[[گومل ندي]] * [[Zhob River]] *{{مبسس4}}[[ڪابل ندي]] * [[Kunar River]] *{{مبسس4}}[[سطلج ندي]] * [[Shyok River]] * [[Beas River]] *{{مبسس4}}[[چناب ندي]] *{{مبسس4}}[[جهلم ندي]] *{{مبسس4}}[[راوي ندي]] === ٻيا === The Indus is one of the few rivers in the world that exhibit a [[tidal bore]]. The Indus is, by volume, the largest ''exotic river'' (one that mainly flows through a country from which it receives no water) in the world. == تاريخ ۽ ونگڀياس == {{مبسس4}}[[سنڌو تهذيب]] دنيا جي ٽن اوائلي ترين تهذيبن مان هڪ هئي، جڏهن ٻيون ٻه [[عراق]] يا [[ميسوپوٽاميا]] واري [[سمير]] ۽ [[قديم يونان]] آهن. سنڌو تهذيب جا مک شهر [[موئن جو دڙو]] ۽ [[هڙپا]] 3300 ق م ڌاري وسندا هئا، جيڪي قديم دنيا جون وڏي ۾ وڏيون وسنديون هئا. == جھنگلي جيوت == The [[Indus River Dolphin]] is a sub-species of Dolphins found only in the Indus River. It formerly also occurred in the tributaries of the Indus river. [[Palla fish]] (''[[Hilsa ilisha]]'') of the river is a delicacy for people living along the river. Located southeast of [[Karachi]], the large delta has been recognised by conservationists as one of the world's most important ecological regions. == پڻ ڏسندا == * [[هندستان جي ڀُونءِ نگاري]] * [[چين جي ڀُونءِ نگاري]] * [[پاڪستان جي ڀُونءِ نگاري]] * [[سنڌو ٽڪور]] * [[سنڌو پاڻي معاهدو]] ==خارجي ڳنڍڻا== * [http://www.northernareas.org.pk/ Northern Areas Development Gateway] * [http://www.macp-pk.org/home.asp The Mountain Areas Conservancy Project] * [http://earthtrends.wri.org/maps_spatial/maps_fullscale.cfm?mapID=355&theme=2 Indus River watershed map (عالمي وسلاتي ادارو)] [[Category:پاڪستان جا درياءَ]][[Category:ٿٻيٽ جا درياءَ]] [[Category:سنڌ]] [[Category:ڀونءِ ڀياس ۽ ڀونءِ نگاري]] [[be:Інд]] [[bg:Инд]] [[ca:Indus]] [[cs:Indus]] [[da:Indus]] [[de:Indus]] [[el:Ινδός (αστερισμός)]] [[en:Indus River]] [[eo:Induso]] [[es:Río Indo]] [[et:Indus]] [[fi:Indus]] [[fr:Indus]] [[he:אינדוס (נהר)]] [[hi:सिन्धु नदी]] [[it:Indo]] [[ja:インダス川]] [[ko:인더스 강]] [[lt:Indas]] [[lv:Inda]] [[mr:सिंधु नदी]] [[nl:Indus (rivier)]] [[no:Indus]] [[pl:Indus]] [[pt:Indo]] [[ru:Инд (река)]] [[sa:सिन्‍धु नदी]] [[sk:Indus]] [[sl:Ind]] [[sv:Indus]] [[ta:சிந்து நதி]] [[vi:Sông Ấn Độ]] [[zh:印度河]] 1645 4714 2006-02-26T01:01:20Z Aursani 60 1646 4716 2006-02-26T01:03:44Z Aursani 60 1647 4746 2006-02-26T01:37:16Z Aursani 60 /* External links */ [[Image:Set of playing cards 52.JPG|thumb|200px|Set of 52 playing cards]] [[image:bicycle_cards.jpg|framed|Some typical Anglo-American playing cards.]] A '''playing card''' is a typically hand-sized rectangular (in [[India]], round) piece of heavy paper or thin plastic used for playing [[card game]]s. A complete set of cards is a '''pack''' or '''deck'''. Playing cards are often used as props in [[magic (illusion)|magic tricks]], as well as [[occult]] practices such as [[cartomancy]], and a number of card games involve (or can be used to support) [[gambling]]. As a result, their use sometimes meets with disapproval from some religious groups (such as [[Mormons]] and a minority of [[conservative Christian]]s). They are also a popular [[collectible]] (as distinct from the cards made specifically for [[Collectible card game|collectible trading card games]]). Specialty and novelty decks are commonly produced for collectors, often with political, cultural, or educational themes. One side of each card (the "front" or "face") carries markings that distinguish it from the others and determine its use under the rules of the particular game being played, while the other side (the "back") is identical for all cards, usually a plain color or abstract design. In most games, the cards are assembled into a "deck" (or "pack"), and their order is [[randomization|randomized]] by a procedure called "[[Shuffle|shuffling]]" to provide an element of chance in the game. ==تاريخ== ===اوائلي دور=== The origin of playing cards is obscure, but it is almost certain that they began in [[China]] after the invention of [[paper]]. Ancient Chinese "money cards" have four "suits": coins (or cash), strings of coins (which may have been misinterpreted as sticks from crude drawings), myriads of strings, and tens of myriads. These were represented by [[ideogram]]s, with numerals of 2-9 in the first three suits and numerals 1-9 in the "tens of myriads". Wilkinson suggests in [http://www.ahs.uwaterloo.ca/~museum/Archive/Wilkinson/Wilkinson.html The Chinese origin of playing cards] that the first cards may have been actual paper currency which were both the tools of gaming and the stakes being played for. The designs on modern [[Mahjong tiles]] and [[domino]]es likely evolved from those earliest playing cards. The Chinese word ''pái'' (牌) is used to describe both paper cards and gaming tiles. The time and manner of the introduction of cards into Europe are matters of dispute. The 38th canon of the council of Worcester (1240) is often quoted as evidence of cards having been known in England in the middle of the 13th century; but the games ''de rege et regina'' there mentioned are now thought to more likely have been [[chess]]. If cards were generally known in Europe as early as [[1278]], it is very remarkable that [[Petrarch]], in his dialogue that treats gaming, never once mentions them. [[Boccaccio]], [[Geoffrey Chaucer|Chaucer]] and other writers of that time specifically refer to various games, but there is not a single passage in their works that can be fairly construed to refer to cards. Passages have been quoted from various works, of or relative to this period, but modern research leads to the supposition that the word rendered cards has often been mistranslated or interpolated. It is likely that the ancestors of modern cards arrived in [[Europe]] from the [[Mamelukes]] of [[Egypt]] in the late [[1300s]], by which time they had already assumed a form very close to those in use today. In particular, the Mameluke deck contained 52 cards comprising four "suits": polo sticks, coins, swords, and cups. Each suit contained ten "spot" cards (cards identified by the number of suit symbols or "pips" they show) and three "court" cards named ''malik'' (King), ''nā'ib malik'' (Viceroy or Deputy King), and ''thānī nā'ib'' (Second or Under-Deputy). The Mameluke court cards showed abstract designs not depicting persons (at least not in any surviving specimens) though they did bear the names of military officers. A complete pack of Mameluke playing cards was discovered by [[L.A. Mayer]] in the [[Topkapi Sarayi Museum]], Istanbul, in 1939 [http://trionfi.com/0/p/22]; this particular complete pack was not made before 1400, but the complete deck allowed matching to a private fragment dated to the twelfth or thirteenth century. There is some evidence to suggest that this deck may have evolved from an earlier 48-card deck that had only two court cards per suit, and some further evidence to suggest that earlier Chinese cards brought to Europe may have travelled to Persia, which then influenced the Mameluke and other Egyptian cards of the time before their reappearance in Europe. It is not known whether these cards influenced the design of the [[India]]n cards used for the game of Ganjifa, or whether the Indian cards may have influenced these. Regardless, the Indian cards have many distinctive features: they are round, generally hand painted with intricate designs, and comprise more than four suits (often as many as twelve). ===يُورپ ۾ ڦھلاءُ ۽ آڳاٽيون تبديليون=== In the late 1300s, the use of playing cards spread rapidly across Europe. The first widely accepted references to cards are in [[1371]] in Spain, in 1377 in Switzerland, and, in 1380, they are referenced in many locations including Florence, Paris, and Barcelona [http://trionfi.com/0/p/01/] [http://trionfi.com/0/p/02/]. A Paris ordinance dated 1369 does not mention cards; its 1377 update includes cards. In the account-books of Johanna, duchess of Brabant, and her husband, Wenceslaus of Luxemburg, there is an entry dated May 14, 1379 as follows: "Given to Monsieur and Madame four peters, two forms, value eight and a half moutons, wherewith to buy a pack of cards". An early mention of a distinct series of playing cards is the entry of Charles or Charbot Poupart, treasurer of the household of [[Charles VI of France]], in his book of accounts for 1392 or 1393, which records payment for the painting of three sets or packs of cards, which were evidently already well known. It is clear that the earliest cards were executed by hand, like those designed for Charles VI. However, this was quite expensive, so other means were needed to mass-produce them. It is possible that the art of wood engraving, which led to the art of printing, developed because of the demand for implements of play. If the assumption is true that the cards of that period were printed from wood blocks, the early card makers or cardpainters of Ulm, Nuremberg, and Augsburg, from about 1418 to 1450 [http://trionfi.com/0/p/20/], were most likely also wood engravers. Many early woodcuts were colored using a stencil, so it would seem that the art of depicting and coloring figures by means of stencil plates was well known when wood engraving was first introduced. No playing cards engraved on wood exist whose creation can be confirmed as early 1423 (the earliest-dated wood engraving generally accepted). However, in this period professional card makers were established in Germany, so it is probable that wood engraving was employed to produce cuts for sacred subjects before it was applied to cards, and that there were hand-painted and stencilled cards before there were wood engravings of saints. The German ''Brief maler'' or card-painter probably progressed into the wood engraver; but there is no proof that the earliest wood engravers were the card-makers. The Europeans experimented with the structure of playing cards, particularly in the 1400s. Europeans changed the court cards to represent European royalty and attendants, originally "king", "chevalier", and "knave" (or "servant"). Queens were introduced in a number of different ways. In an early surviving German pack (dated in the 1440s), Queens replace Kings in two of the suits as the highest card. Throughout the 1400s, 56-card decks containing a King, Queen, Knight, and Valet were common. Suits also varied; many makers saw no need to have a standard set of names for the suits, so early decks often had different suit names (typically 4 suits, although 5 suits also had been common and other structures are also known). The cards manufactured by [[Germany|German]] printers used in the later standard the suits of hearts, bells, leaves, and acorns still present in Eastern and Southeastern German decks today used for [[Skat]] and other games, in the very early time suits took many vary variations, however. Later Italian and Spanish cards of the 15th century used swords, batons, cups, and coins. It is likely that the [[Tarot]] deck was invented in Italy at that time, though it is often mistakenly believed to have been imported into Europe by Gypsies (see [http://trionfi.com/ detailed studies, also the article [[Tarot]]). While originally (and still in some places, notably Europe) used for the game of [[Tarocchi]], the Tarot deck today is more often used for [[cartomancy]] and other occult practices. This probably came about in the 1780s, when occult philosophers [http://autorbis.net/tarot/biography/tarot-history-researchers/court-de-gebelin.html] mistakenly associated the symbols on Tarot cards with Egyptian hieroglyphs. The four [[suit (cards)|suits]] (hearts, diamonds, spades, clubs) now used in most of the world originated in France, approximately in [[1480]]. These suits have generally prevailed because decks using them could be made more cheaply; the former suits were all drawings which had to be reproduced by [[woodcut]]s, but the French suits could be made by [[stencil]]. The ''trèfle'', so named for its resemblance to the trefoil leaf, was probably copied from the acorn; the ''pique'' similarly from the leaf of the German suits, while its name derived from the sword of the Italian suits (alternative opinion: derived from the German word "Spaten", which is a tool like "Schüppe" and in optical sense similar to the Pique-sign; "Schüppe" is a German slang-name for Pique) [http://trionfi.com/0/p/16/]. In England the French suits were used, and are named hearts, clubs (corresponding to ''trèfle'', the French symbol being joined to the Italian name, ''bastoni''), spades (corresponding to the French ''pique'', but having the Italian name, spade=sword) and diamonds. This confusion of names and symbols is accounted for by Chatto thus: <blockquote> "If cards were actually known in Italy and Spain in the latter part of the 14th century, it is not unlikely that the game was introduced into this country by some of the English soldiers who had served under Hawkwood and other free captains in the wars of Italy and Spain. However this may be, it seems certain that the earliest cards commonly used in this country were of the same kind, with respect to the marks of the suits, as those used in Italy and Spain." </blockquote> Court cards have likewise undergone some changes in design and name. Early court cards were elaborate full-length figures; the French in particular often gave them the names of particular heroes and heroines from history and fable. A prolific manufacturing center in the 1500s was [[Rouen]], which originated many of the basic design elements of court cards still present in modern decks. It is likely that the Rouennais cards were popular imports in England, establishing their design as standard there, though other designs became more popular in Europe (particularly in France, where the Parisian design became standard). Rouen courts are traditionally named as follows: the kings of spades, hearts, diamonds, and clubs are [[David]], [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]], [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]], and Charles ([[Charlemagne]]), respectively. The knaves (or "jacks"; French "valet") are [[Hector]] (prince of Troy), [[La Hire]] (comrade-in-arms to Joan of Arc), [[Ogier the Dane|Ogier]] (a knight of Charlemagne), and [[Judas Maccabeus]] (who led the Jewish rebellion against the Syrians). The queens are [[Pallas]] (warrior goddess; equivalent to the Greek Athena or Roman Minerva), [[Rachel]] (biblical mother of Joseph), Argine (the origin of which is obscure; it is an [[anagram]] of ''regina'', which is [[Latin]] for queen), and Judith (from [[Book of Judith]]). Parisian tradition uses the same names, but assigns them to different suits: the kings of spades, hearts, diamonds, and clubs are David, Charles, Caesar, and Alexander; the queens are Pallas, Judith, Rachel, and Argine; the knaves are Ogier, La Hire, Hector, and Judas Maccabee. Oddly, the Parisian names have become more common in modern use, even with cards of Rouennais design. ===ويجھي ماضيءَ ۾ تبديليون=== In early games the kings were ''always'' the highest card in their suit. However, as early as the late 1400s special significance began to be placed on the nominally lowest card, now called the Ace, so that it sometimes became the highest card and the Two, or Deuce, the lowest. This concept may have been hastened in the late 1700s by the [[French Revolution]], where games began being played "ace high" as a symbol of lower classes rising in power above the royalty. The term "Ace" itself comes from a dicing term in [[Anglo-Norman language]], which is itself derived from the Latin ''as'' (the smallest unit of coinage). Another dicing term, ''trey'' (3), sometimes shows up in playing card games. Corner and edge indices appeared in the mid-1800s, which enabled people to hold their cards close together in a fan with one hand (instead of the two hands previously used). Before this time, the lowest court card in an English deck was officially termed the ''Knave'', but its abbreviation ("Kn") was too similar to the King ("K"). However, from the 1600s on the Knave had often been termed the ''Jack'', a term borrowed from the game [[All Fours]] where the Knave of trumps is termed the Jack. All Fours was considered a low-class game, so the use of the term Jack at one time was considered vulgar. The use of indices changed the formal name of the lowest court card to Jack. This was followed by the innovation of reversible court cards. Reversible court cards meant that players would not be tempted to make upside-down court cards right side up. Before this, other players could often get a hint of what other players' hands contained by watching them reverse their cards. This innovation required abandoning some of the design elements of the earlier full-length courts. The [[joker (playing card)|joker]] is an [[United States|American]] innovation. Created for the Alsatian game of [[Euchre]], it spread to Europe from America along with the spread of [[Poker]]. Although the joker card often bears the image of a fool, which is one of the images of the Tarot deck, it is not believed that there is any relation. In contemporary decks, one of the two jokers is often more colorful or more intricately detailed than the other, though this feature is not used in most card games. The two jokers are often differentiated as "Big" and "Little," or more commonly, "Red" and "Black." In many card games the jokers are not used. Unlike face cards, the design of jokers varies widely. Many manufacturers use them to carry trademark designs. In the twentieth century, a means for coating cards with plastic was invented, and has taken over the market, producing a durable product. An example of what the old cardboard product was like is documented in [[Buster Keaton]]'s silent comedy [[The Navigator]], in which the forlorn comic tries to shuffle and play cards during a rainstorm. ===Alleged symbolism=== Popular legend holds that the composition of a deck of cards has religious, metaphysical or astronomical significance: typical [[numerology|numerological]] elements of the explanation are that the four suits represent the four seasons, the 13 cards per suit are the 13 phases of the lunar cycle, black and red are for day and night, and finally, if the value of each card is added up - and 1 is added, which is generally explained away as being for a single joker - the result is 365, the number of days in a year. The context for these stories is sometimes given to suggest that the interpretation is a joke, generally being the purported explanation given by someone caught with a deck of cards in order to suggest that their intended purpose was not [[gambling]] ([http://www.snopes.com/glurge/cards.htm Urban Legends Reference Pages article]). ==اڄ جي تاسَ راند== :''See also [[Suit (cards)]]'' ===اينگلو آمريڪي=== The primary deck of fifty-two playing cards in use today, called '''Anglo-American playing cards''', includes thirteen ranks of each of the four French [[suit (cards)|suits]], spades (<span style="color:black; background-color:white;">&spades;</span>), hearts (<span style="color:red; background-color:white;">&hearts;</span>), diamonds (<span style="color:red; background-color:white;">&diams;</span>) and clubs (<span style="color:black; background-color:white;">&clubs;</span>), with reversible Rouennais court cards. Each suit includes an [[ace]], depicting a single symbol of its suit; a king, queen, and jack, each depicted with a symbol of its suit; and ranks two through ten, with each card depicting that many symbols (''pips'') of its suit. Two (sometimes one or four) Jokers, often distinguishable with one being more colorful than the other, are included in commercial decks but many games require one or both to be removed before play. Modern playing cards carry index labels on opposite corners (rarely, all four corners) to facilitate identifying the cards when they overlap. The fanciful design and manufacturer's logo commonly displayed on the [[Ace of Spades]] began under the reign of [[James I of England]], who passed a law requiring an insignia on that card as proof of payment of a [[tax]] on local manufacture of cards. Until [[August 4]], [[1960]], decks of playing cards printed and sold in the [[United Kingdom]] were liable for taxable duty and the Ace of Spades carried an indication of the name of the printer and the fact that taxation had been paid on the cards. The packs were also sealed with a government [[duty]] wrapper. Though specific design elements of the court cards are rarely used in game play, a few are notable. The jack of spades and jack of hearts are drawn in profile, while the rest of the courts are shown in full face (the exception being the King of Diamonds), leading to the former being called the "one-eyed" jacks. When deciding which cards are to be made wild in some games, the phrase, "acey, deucey, one-eyed jack," is sometimes used, which means that [[ace]]s, twos, and the one-eyed jacks are all wild. Another such variation, "deuces, aces, one-eyed faces," is used to indicate aces, twos, the jack of hearts, the jack of spades, and the king of diamonds are wild. The king of hearts is shown with a [[sword]] behind his head, leading to the nickname "[[suicide king]]". The King of Diamonds is armed with an ax while the other three kings are armed with swords. The king of Diamonds is sometimes referred to as "the man with the ax" because of this. The Ace of Spades, unique in its large, ornate spade, is sometimes said to be the death card, and in some games is used as a trump card. The Queen of Spades appears to hold a scepter and is sometimes known as "the bedpost queen." There are theories about who the court cards represent. For example, the Queen of Hearts is believed by some to be a representation of [[Elizabeth of York]] - the [[Queen consort]] of [[Henry VII of England|King Henry VII of England]]. The United States Playing Card Company suggests that in the past, the King of Hearts was Charlemange, the King of Diamonds was Julius Caesar, the King of Clubs was Alexander the Great, and the King of Spades was the Biblical King David. However the Kings, Queens and Jacks of standard Anglo/American cards today do not represent anyone. They stem from designs produced in [[Rouen]] before 1516 and by 1540-67 these Rouen designs show well-executed pictures in the court cards with the typical court costumes of the time. In these early cards the Jack of Spades, Jack of Hearts and the King of Diamonds are shown from the rear, with their heads turned back over the shoulder so that they are seen in profile. However the Rouen cards were so badly copied in England that the current designs are gross distortions of the originals. Other oddities such as the lack of a moustache on the King of Hearts also have little significance. The King Of Hearts did originally have a moustache but it was lost by poor copying of the original design. Similarly the objects carried by the court cards have no significance. They merely differentiate one court card from another and have also become distorted over time. The most common sizes for playing cards are poker size (''2&frac12;in &times; 3&frac12;in''; ''62mm &times; 88mm'', or B8 size according to [[ISO 216]]) and bridge size (''2&frac14;in &times; 3&frac12;in'', approx. ''56mm &times; 87mm''), the latter being more suitable for games such as [[bridge (game)|bridge]] in which a large number of cards must be held concealed in a player's hand. Interestingly, in most casino poker games, the bridge sized card is used. Other sizes are also available, such as a smaller size (usually ''1&frac34;in &times; 2⅝in'', approx. ''44mm &times; 66mm'') for [[solitaire]] and larger ones for card tricks. Some decks include additional design elements. [[Casino]] [[blackjack]] decks may include markings intended for a machine to check the ranks of cards, or shifts in rank location to allow a manual check via inlaid mirror. Many casino decks and solitaire decks have four indices instead of the usual two. Many decks have large indices, largely for use in [[stud poker]] games, where being able to read cards from a distance is a benefit and hand sizes are small. Some decks use [[four-color deck|four colors]] for the suits in order to make it easier to tell them apart: the most common set of colors is black (spades <span style="color:black; background-color:white;">&spades;</span>), red (hearts <span style="color:red; background-color:white;">&hearts;</span>), blue (diamonds <span style="color:blue; background-color:white;">&diams;</span>) and green (clubs <span style="color:green; background-color:white;">&clubs;</span>). When giving the full written name of a specific card, the rank is given first followed by the suit, e.g., "Ace of Spades". Shorthand notation may list the rank first "A&spades;" (as is typical when discussing [[poker]]) or list the suit first (as is typical in listing several cards in bridge) "&spades;AKQ". Tens may be either abbreviated to T or written as 10. ===جرمن ۽ آسٽريائي=== German and Austrian suits may have different appearances. Many southern Germans and Austrians prefer decks with hearts, bells, leaves, and acorns (for hearts, diamonds, spades, and clubs), as mentioned above. In the game [[Skat]], [[German Democratic Republic|Eastern Germany]] players used the German deck, while players in western Germany mainly used the French deck. After the reunification a compromise deck was created, with French symbols, but German colors. Therefore, many "French" decks in Germany now have yellow or orange diamonds and green spades. example [http://www.spielkarten.com/Content/altenburger/products/handel/traditionelle/4/index.html Old German playing cards] as produced by [http://www.spielkarten.com Altenburger Spielkartenfabrik] ===Hungarian=== [[Image:Huncards.jpg|thumb|200px|Set of 32 playing cards]] The Hungarian Card was born in the times before the 1848-49 Hungarian Freedom Fights, when revolutionary movements were awakening all over in Europe. It is a 32 card deck, its four colors include hearts, bells, leaves and acorns. The numbering includes VII, VIII, IX, X, Under, Over, King and Ace. The Aces show the four seasons: the ace of hearts is spring, the ace of bells is summer, the ace of leaves is autumn and the ace of acorns is winter. The characters of the Under and Over cards were taken from the drama, William Tell, written by Schiller in 1804, that was shown at Kolozsvár (today Cluj-Napoca) in 1827. It was long believed that the card was invented in Vienna at the Card Painting Workshop of [[Ferdinand Piatnik]], however in 1974 the very first deck was found in an English Private Collection, and it has shown the name of the inventor and creator of deck as Schneider József, a Master Card Painter at Pest, and the date of its creation as 1837. Interesting that he has chosen the characters of a Swiss drama as his characters for his over and under cards, however if he would have chosen Hungarian heroes or freedom fighters, his deck of cards would have never made it into distribution, due to the heavy censorship of the goverment at the time. Games that are played with this deck including Ulti, Snapszer (or 66), Zsírozás, Preferansz and Lórum. Explanations of these games can be found at [http://www.pagat.com/national/hungary.html The Card Games Website]. ===اطالوي=== Italian playing cards most commonly consist of a deck of 40 cards. Hundreds of different designs are in use in different parts of the country (about one per [[Provinces of Italy|province]]). The suits are coins (sometimes suns or sunbursts), swords, cups and clubs (sometimes batons), and each suit contains an ace (or one), numbers two through seven, and three face cards. The face cards are: * King - a man standing, wearing a crown * Knight - a man sitting on a horse * Jack - a younger man standing, without a crown Unlike Anglo-American cards, Italian cards do not have any numbers (or letters) identifying their value. The cards' value is determined by identifying the face card or counting the number of suit characters. Example: [http://www.modiano.it/en/catalogo/prodotto.php?db_000=635 "Triestine" playing cards] manufactured by [http://www.modiano.it/en/index.php Modiano] ===اسپيني=== [[image:Spanish_deck2.jpg|framed|The four aces of the '''Spanish playing cards''' (''naipes''), as styled in the best-selling deck made by [[Heraclio Fournier]]. The ''palos'' (suits) are (left to right, top to bottom): ''copas'' (cups), ''oros'' (coins), ''bastos'' (batons) and ''espadas'' (swords). Notice the pattern of interruptions (''la pinta'') that identifies each suit in the horizontal line section of the card frames.]] The traditional [[Baraja (playing cards)|Spanish deck]] (referred to as ''baraja española'' in Spanish) is a direct descendant of the [[Tarot deck]]. However, like most other decks derived from it, the Spanish deck kept only the [[minor arcana]] (with the exception of the 10s and the queen of each suit, which were dropped), while all of the [[major arcana]] from the Tarot deck were discarded. Being a [[Latin-suited cards|Latin-suited deck]] (like the Italian deck), it is organized into four ''palos'' (suits) that closely match those of the Tarot deck: ''oros'' ("golds" or coins, ''cf.'' the Tarot suit of pentacles), ''copas'' (cups), ''espadas'' (swords) and ''bastos'' (batons or clubs, ''cf.'' the Tarot suit of wands). Apart from its characteristic icon, each suit can also be identified by a pattern of interruptions in the horizontal sections of the quadrangular line that frames each card (this pattern is known as ''la pinta''): none for ''oros'', one for ''copas'', two for ''espadas'' and three for ''bastos''. The cards (''naipes'' or ''cartas'' in Spanish) are all numbered, but unlike in the standard Anglo-French deck, the card numbered 10 is the first of the court cards (instead of a card depicting ten coins/cups/swords/batons); so each suit has only twelve cards. The three court or face cards in each suit are as follows: ''la sota'' ("the knave", jack or page, numbered 10 and equivalent to the Anglo-French card J), ''el caballo'' ("the horse", horseman, knight or cavalier, numbered 11 and used instead of the Anglo-French card Q; note the original Tarot deck has both a cavalier and a queen of each suit, while the Anglo-French deck dropped the former, and the Spanish deck dropped the latter), and finally ''el rey'' ("the king", numbered 12 and equivalent to the Anglo-French card K). Many Spanish games involve forty-card decks, with the 8s and 9s removed. The Spanish deck is used not only in Spain, but also in other countries where Spain maintained an influence (''e.g.'', the [[Philippines]] and [[Puerto Rico]]) [http://www.pagat.com/class/latin.html 1]. Among the games played with this deck are: ''el [[mus (card game)|mus]]'' (a very popular and highly regarded [[vying game]] of [[Basque]] origin), ''la [[brisca]]'', ''el [[tute]]'' (with many variations), ''el [[guiñote]]'', ''la [[escoba]]'' (a [[trick-taking game|trick-taking]] game), ''el [[julepe]]'', ''el [[cinquillo (card game)|cinquillo]]'', ''las [[siete y media]]'', ''la [[mona (card game)|mona]]'', ''el [[truc]]'' (or ''[[truco]]''), and ''el [[cuajo]]'' (a [[matching card game|matching]] game from the Philippines). ===جاپاني=== The standard 54-card deck is also commonly known as a [[poker deck]] or&mdash;in Japan&mdash;a [[Trump (cards)|Trump]] deck, to differentiate it from "dedicated" card games such as [[UNO (game)|UNO]], or other dynamic card decks like [[Hanafuda]] and [[Kabufuda]]. ==يُونيڪوڊ ۾ تاس جُون نشانيون== The [[Unicode]] standard defines 8 characters for card suits in the [[Miscellaneous Symbols]] block, from U+2660 to U+2667:<br><br> {|class="wikitable" |- |style="background:lightgrey"|'''U+2660''' ''dec: 9824'' |style="background:lightgrey"|'''U+2661''' ''dec: 9825'' |style="background:lightgrey"|'''U+2662''' ''dec: 9826'' |style="background:lightgrey"|'''U+2663''' ''dec: 9827'' |- |valign="center" align="center"|<font size="5">{{Unicode|♠}}</font> |valign="center" align="center"|<font size="5">{{Unicode|♡}}</font> |valign="center" align="center"|<font size="5">{{Unicode|♢}}</font> |valign="center" align="center"|<font size="5">{{Unicode|♣}}</font> |- |BLACK SPADE SUIT |WHITE HEART SUIT |WHITE DIAMOND SUIT |BLACK CLUB SUIT |- |align="center"|&amp;spades;<br>&amp;#9824;<br>&amp;#x2660; |align="center"|&amp;#9825;<br>&amp;#x2661; |align="center"|&amp;#9826;<br>&amp;#x2662; |align="center"|&amp;clubs;<br>&amp;#9827;<br>&amp;#x2663; |- |style="background:lightgrey"|'''U+2664''' ''dec: 9828'' |style="background:lightgrey"|'''U+2665''' ''dec: 9829'' |style="background:lightgrey"|'''U+2666''' ''dec: 9830'' |style="background:lightgrey"|'''U+2667''' ''dec: 9831'' |- |valign="center" align="center"|<font size="5">{{Unicode|♤}}</font> |valign="center" align="center"|<font size="5">{{Unicode|♥}}</font> |valign="center" align="center"|<font size="5">{{Unicode|♦}}</font> |valign="center" align="center"|<font size="5">{{Unicode|♧}}</font> |- |WHITE SPADE SUIT |BLACK HEART SUIT |BLACK DIAMOND SUIT |WHITE CLUB SUIT |- |- |align="center"|&amp;#9828;<br>&amp;#x2664; |align="center"|&amp;hearts;<br>&amp;#9829;<br>&amp;#x2665; |align="center"|&amp;diams;<br>&amp;#9830;<br>&amp;#x2666; |align="center"|&amp;#9831;<br>&amp;#x2667; |} == پتن جا جادوگر ۽ جوئا جا ماھر == * [[Aladin]] * [[Allan Ackerman]] * [[Michael Ammar]] * [[David Blaine]] * [[Mike Caro]] * [[Daryl]] * [[Alex Elmsley]] * [[S. W. Erdnase]] * [[Lennart Green]] * [[Brother John Hamman]] * [[Guy Hollingworth]] * [[Ricky Jay]] * [[Larry Jennings]] * [[René Lavand]] * [[Ed Marlo]] * [[Jeff McBride]] * [[Darwin Ortiz]] * [[John Scarne]] * [[Juan Tamariz]] * [[Dai Vernon]] * [[Jeff Wessmiller]] * [[Rodolfo, Gács Rezső]] == پڻ ڏسندا == * [[Card game]] * [[پتا جادو]] * [[پتا خانو]] * [[Tarot]] * [[باراجا (تاس)]] == خارجي ڳنڍڻا == === مزيد معلومات ۽ حوالا === * [http://card-magic.blogspot.com Magic with Playing Cards] * [http://www.pagat.com/ Information on card games at www.pagat.com] * [http://trionfi.com/0/s/ Online Tarot and Playing Card Museum] * [http://playing-cards.us/ Playing Cards Online] * [http://www.woodenhorsebooks.com/Playing-Card-Names.html Names of the court cards] * [http://www.wopc.co.uk/cards/courts.html History of the design of the court cards] * [http://www.eleves.ens.fr:8080/home/madore/misc/cards.html Courts on playing cards] * [http://a_pollett.tripod.com/ Andy's Playing Cards] * [http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/playing-cards/ Manchester University research] * [http://www.allaboutplayingcards.com/ Playing Card News & Reviews] === Major manufacturers === * [http://www.cartamundi.com/ Carta Mundi] * [http://www.usplayingcard.com/ United States Playing Card Company] * [http://www.copagcards.com COPAG Cards] === وسيلا === * [http://david.bellot.free.fr/svg-cards/ Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) playing cards. Licensed under the LGPL] == حوالا == * Parlett, David. ''The Oxford Guide to Card Games''. 1990. ISBN 0-19-214165-1. [[da:Spillekort]] [[de:Spielkarten]] [[eo:Ludkarto]] [[es:Baraja]] [[fr:jeu de cartes]] [[he:קלף משחק]] [[it:Carta da gioco]] [[ja:トランプ]] [[lt:Korta]] [[nl:Speelkaart]] [[no:Spillekort]] [[pl:Karty do gry]] [[pt:Carta (jogo)]] [[ru:Игральные карты]] [[sv:Spelkort]] [[sl:Igralna karta]] [[zh:扑克]] [[Category:Playing cards|*]] 1648 8794 2007-01-24T20:47:52Z TXiKiBoT 136 robot Adding: [[th:หมากรุกสากล]] {{Spoken Wikipedia|Chess.ogg|2005-09-05}} {{Infobox_Game| subject_name=Chess | image_link=[[Image:ChessSet.jpg|none|250px|The Chess Pieces]] | image_caption=From left, a white [[King (chess)|king]], black [[rook (chess)|rook]] and [[queen (chess)|queen]], white [[pawn (chess)|pawn]], black [[knight (chess)|knight]], and white [[bishop (chess)|bishop]] in a set of [[Howard Staunton|Staunton chess pieces]]. | players=2 | ages=Recommended 4 years and up.| setup_time=30-60 seconds | playing_time=10-240 minutes, more for tournament games| complexity=Medium | strategy=High | random_chance=None | skills=[[Chess_strategy_and_tactics|Tactics]], [[Chess_strategy_and_tactics|Strategy]] | footnotes = }} {{portal}} '''شطرنج''' is an [[abstract strategy]] [[board game]] for two players. It is played on a چورس [[Chessboard|board]] of eight rows (called ''ranks'') and eight columns (called ''files''), giving 64 خانا of alternating colour, light and dark, with each player having a light square at the near-right corner when facing the board. Each player begins the game with 16 [[Chess piece|مھرا]] which can move in defined directions (and in some instances, limited range) and can remove other pieces from the board: each player's pieces comprise eight [[pawn (chess)|پيادو]], two [[گھوڙو (شطرنج)|گھوڙو]], two [[وزير (شطرنج)|وزير]], two [[توب (شطرنج)|توبُون]], one [[راڻي (شطرنج)|راڻي]] and one [[بادشاھھ (شطرنج)|بادشاھھ]]. All pieces can remove opponent's pieces by landing on the space they occupy. One player controls the white pieces; the other player controls the black pieces (the player that controls white is always the first player to move). In chess, when a player's king is directly threatened with capture by one or more of the opponent's pieces, the player is said to be in ''شَي''. When in check, only moves that can evade check, block check, or take the offending piece are permitted. The object of the game is to [[شَي]] the opponent; this occurs when the opponent's king is in check, and no move can be made that would prevent it. ==تعارف== Chess is not a [[ڀاڳ جي راند]]; it is based solely on [[شطرنج چال|اٽڪلُون]] and [[strategy]]. Nevertheless, the game is so complex that not even the best players can consider all contingencies: although رڳو 64 خانا and 32 مھرا are on the board, the number of possible games that can be played far exceeds the number of [[اڻو|اڻن]]s in the universe (see [[شينن انگ]]). Chess is one of the world's most [[popularity|popular]] games; it has been described not only as a game but also as an [[آرٽ]] and a [[سائنس]]. Chess is sometimes seen as an [[Abstract strategy|abstract]] [[wargame]]; as a "[[mind|mental]] [[martial art]]", and teaching chess has been advocated as a [[Chess as mental training|way of enhancing mental prowess]]. Chess is played both recreationally and competitively in [[Chess club|ڪلب]], tournaments, online, and [[Play-by-mail game|by mail]] ([[correspondence chess]]). Many [[Chess variant|variants]] and relatives of chess سڄي دنيا ۾ کيڏيا وڃن ٿا. The most popular, in descending order by number of players, are [[xiangqi]] in [[چين]], [[shogi]] in [[جاپان]], and [[janggi]] in [[ڪوريا]]. ==راند رھڻ== ===شطرنج جي ڪار=== : ''مک مقالو: [[شطرنج جي ڪار]]'' {{شطرنج خاڪو|= | tleft | |= 8 |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|= 7 |pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|= 6 | | | | | | | | |= 5 | | | | | | | | |= 4 | | | | | | | | |= 3 | | | | | | | | |= 2 |pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|= 1 |rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl|= a b c d e f g h | The position of the pieces at the start of a game of chess. }} {| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="4" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; clear: left" |- !نالو !اکر !تصوير |- |[[پيادو (chess)|پيادو]] |P |[[Image:Chess pll44.png|20px|پيادو]] |- |[[گھوڙو (chess)|گھوڙو]] |N |[[Image:Chess nll44.png|20px|پيادو]] |- |[[وزير (chess)|وزير]] |B |[[Image:Chess bll44.png|20px|پيادو]] |- |[[توب (chess)|توب]] |R |[[Image:Chess rll44.png|20px|توب]] |- |[[راڻي (chess)|راڻي]] |Q |[[Image:Chess qll44.png|20px|پيادو]] |- |[[بادشاھھ(chess)|بادشاھھ]] |K |[[Image:Chess kll44.png|20px|پيادو]] |- |} When a game of chess begins, one player controls the sixteen white pieces while the other uses the sixteen black pieces. The colors are chosen either by a friendly agreement, by a [[game of chance]], or by a [[tournament]] director. White always moves first and therefore has a slight advantage over black. The [[chess piece]]s should be set up on a standard [[chessboard]] with a white square in the near right hand corner. Each kind of chess piece moves a different way. The [[Rook (chess)|rook]] moves any number of spaces vertically or horizontally, while the [[bishop (chess)|bishop]] moves any number of spaces in any direction diagonally (meaning a bishop will always remain on the same color). The [[Queen (chess)|queen]] is a combination of the rook and bishop (it can move any number of spaces diagonally, horizontally, or vertically). The [[king (شطرنج)|گھوڙو]] can move only one square horizontally, vertically, or diagonally. The [[گھوڙو (شطرنج)|گھوڙو]] can jump over occupied squares and moves two spaces horizontally and one space vertically (or vice versa), making an L shape; a knight in the middle of the board has eight squares it can move to. With the exception of the knight, pieces cannot jump over each other. One's own pieces ("friendly pieces") cannot be passed if they are in the line of movement, and a friendly piece can never replace another friendly piece. Enemy pieces cannot be passed, but they can be "captured". When a piece is captured (or taken), the attacking piece replaces the enemy piece on its square ([[en passant]] being the only exception). The king cannot be captured in regular chess, only put in [[check]]. If a player is unable to get their king out of check it is called [[checkmate]] and they have lost the game. [[Pawn (chess)|Pawns]] capture differently than they move; they can capture an enemy piece on either of the two spaces adjacent to the space in front of them (i.e., the two squares diagonally in front of them), but cannot move to these spaces if they are vacant; conversely, a pawn can move forward one square, but only if that square is unoccupied. Alternatively, a pawn can move two squares forward if it has not moved yet and both squares are empty. If a pawn advances all the way to the eighth rank, it can be promoted to any other piece, except a King or another pawn. Chess games do not have to end in checkmate. Either player may resign if the situation looks hopeless; also, games may end in a [[Draw (chess)|draw]] (tie). A draw can occur in many situations, including mutual agreement to draw, draw by insufficient material, [[stalemate]], [[threefold repetition]] or the [[fifty move rule]]. Until the 1970s, at least in English-speaking countries, chess games were recorded and published using [[descriptive chess notation]]. This has been supplanted by the more compact [[algebraic chess notation]]. Several notations have emerged, based upon algebraic chess notation, for recording chess games in a format suitable for computer processing. Of these, [[Portable Game Notation]] (PGN) is the most common. Apart from recording games, there is also a notation [[Forsyth-Edwards Notation]] for recording specific positions. This is useful for adjourning a game to resume later or for conveying chess problem positions without a diagram. To better understand rules of chess, please see a [[sample chess game]], which explains chess through a simple demonstration, move after move. ===لحھ عمل ۽ اٽڪلون=== : ''مک مقالو: [[شطرنج لاءِ لحھ عمل ۽ اٽڪلون]]'' [[Chess opening]]s are a sequence of moves, often memorized, which will help a player build up their position and prepare for the [[middlegame]]. Openings are often designed to take hold of the center of the board (e4, e5, d4 and d5), develop pieces, protect the king, and create a strong pawn structure. [[Hypermodernism (chess)|Hypermodernism]] advocates the control of the center not by using pawns but with distant pieces. It is often important for a player to [[Castling|castle]] (a special move that moves the king from the center of the board two squares towards one of the corners) to protect the king. See the [[list of chess openings]] for more information. {{شطرنج خاڪو|= | tleft | |= 8 | |rd|kd| | | | | |= 7 | | | | | | | | |= 6 | | | | |nd| | | |= 5 | | | | | |bl| | |= 4 | |nl| | | | | | |= 3 | | | | | | | | |= 2 | | | | | | | | |= 1 | |ql| |kl| | | | |= |In this position, the black knight on e6 is pinned to its king by the white bishop, and the white knight is pinned to the queen on b1. }} When taking and trading pieces, the [[chess piece point value]]s becomes important. Valuations differ slightly from book to book, but generally, queens are worth 9 points, rooks are worth 5, bishops and knights are worth 3, and pawns are worth 1. Since the king's loss ends the game it is invaluable. The actual value and importance of a piece will vary based upon its position and the stage of the game. If a player performs a [[Sacrifice (chess)|sacrifice]] (e.g. [[exchange sacrifice]]), they are choosing to ignore the standard valuation of their pieces for positional or tactical gains. The beginning player should be aware that points are not an inherent part of the game; there is no scoring and chess was played long before the idea of assigning points to pieces. Instead, points are used by a player to consider whether he will come out materially better than his opponent in an exchange of pieces. For instance, to lose two pawns (2 points) in taking the opponent's knight (3 points) puts one ahead in material by one point. Such an advantageous exchange of pieces may, however, be a poor tactic if it leaves the opponent with an exploitable advantage in the way the pieces are positioned on the board. Chess combinations and [[:Category:Chess traps|traps]] do not appear out of thin air. Usually they are present because the opponent has certain weaknesses in their position. These types of "weaknesses" include: pinned pieces, overloaded pieces, weaknesses around the opponents king, weak squares, unprotected pieces, weak colour complexes, pieces not able to come back to defend the king, etc. These "weaknesses" can then be expoloitable with a chess combination that is often built out of a number of tactical "methods". Such weaknesses are often created in the opponent's position in the first place by threats, provocative moves, and generally strong "positional play", etc. Chess combinations often include a number of types of tactic "methods" which many middlegame books classify and provide examples of. Such common "methods" include Pins, Forks, Skewers, Discovered checks, Zuichenzugs, Deflections, Decoys, Sacrifices, Forcing moves, and even "Quiet moves" - which can be devastating moves that leave the oppponent in Zugzwang, or an otherwise lost position. In many combinations of Alexander Alekhine, there is often a very subtle "quiet move" which breaks the Camel's back. For clarification, it should be noted that a "pin" is a tactical "method"- the act of pinning the opponents pieces. But a "pinned piece" is a specific type of weakness in the opponents position, which when identified, could be exploited with a tactical combination. A [[Fork (chess)|fork]] is a situation where a piece is moved such that it attacks (forks) two other pieces simultaneously. It usually is difficult for the other player to protect both of their pieces in one move. [[Pin (chess)|Pins]] are used to prevent the movement of an enemy piece by threatening any pieces behind it should it move. [[Skewer (chess)|Skewer]]s are a kind of reverse pin where the more valuable piece is placed in front of a less important one. A [[discovered attack]] is an attack where a piece moves and uncovers a line for another piece which does the attacking. Other tactical elements include: [[zwischenzug]], [[undermining (chess)|undermining]], [[Overloading (chess)|overloading]], and [[Interference (chess)|interference]]. A few common positional elements which high level Chess players routinely must assess include Pawn structure, King safety, Space, the presence of pawn islands, isolated pawns, backward pawns, doubled pawns. In addition there are factors such as the two bishops which compensate each others weaknesses. Most middlegame books recommend that once an assessment of the elements of the position has taken place, it is then recommended to try and form a "plan" to create an advantage. Once a plan is formulated, it is then recommended to try and ensure the plan is feasible through the process of checking concrete variations. Great chess writer [[Aron Nimzowitsch]] outlined in the classic work "My system" a number of middlegame positional principles such as "Rook on the 7th rank", "Undermining the pawn chain", "Restrain, blockade and destroy". This work has influenced generations of modern chess players in how they think in the middlegame. During the [[endgame]], pawns and kings become relatively more powerful pieces as both sides often try to [[Promotion (chess)|promote]] their pawns. If one player has a large material advantage, checkmate may happen quickly in the endgame. If the game is relatively even, [[tablebase]]s and [[endgame study]] are essential. Controlling the [[Tempo (chess)|tempo]] (time used by each move) becomes especially important when fewer pieces are left on the board. In some cases, a player will have a material advantage, but will not have enough material to force a checkmate. In this case, the game is considered a draw by insufficient material. ===شطرنج کيڏڻ جا متبادل طريقا=== [[Blitz chess]] is a version of chess where a [[Game clock|chess clock]] is used to limit the [[Time control|time control]] for each player. Generally each side has three to fifteen minutes (five is common) for all of their moves. An even faster version of chess is known as ''[[bullet chess]]'' or ''lightning chess''. Bullet chess's time controls are less than three minutes. Speed chess requires the player to spend less time thinking because if the player's time runs out, they lose. When playing at a faster time, computers become relatively more powerful than humans. When two players are separated by great distances they can still play chess. [[Correspondence chess]] is chess played through the [[mail]], [[e-mail]] or special [[Correspondence Chess Server]]s. Today, chess is often [[internet chess server|played on the internet]] through the [[Internet Chess Club]], [[FICS]] or another host. Chess can also be played [[Blindfold chess|blindfold]]. In this case the play is conducted without the players having sight of the positions of the pieces, or any physical contact with them. Moves are communicated via chess notation. ===شطرنج جا مختلف قسم=== : ''مک مقالو: [[شطرنج جا قسمt]]'' Chess variants are forms of chess where the game is played with a different board, special [[Fairy chess piece|fairy pieces]] or different rules. There are over 1500 unique variants of chess. [[Bobby Fischer]] noted the overemphasis on memorizing chess openings in normal chess and invented [[Fischer Random Chess]]. In this chess variant initial position selected randomly before each game, which makes impossible to prepare the opening play in advance. There are many more chess variants, like [[Suicide chess]], where the goal of the game is to lose all of ones pieces and if a piece can be taken, it must be taken by the opposing side. Very popular between chess players is also [[Bughouse chess]], in which two teams of players play against each other and give captured pieces to their partner. In [[Progressive chess]] the number of pieces one can move increases each turn (i.e. white moves one piece, black moves two, white moves three, black moves four etc.) ==تاريخ== ===شطرنج جو آغاز=== : ''مک مقالو: [[شطرنج جو آغاز]]'' [[Image:Youth at chess with suitors - Haft Awrang.jpg|thumb|left|250px|A Persian youth playing chess with two suitors. Chess was played in [[Iran|Persia]] as early as the 3rd century AD.]] Many countries claim to have invented the chess game in some incipient form. The most commonly held view among historians is that chess originated in [[India]], where it was called [[Chaturanga]]. The earliest mention of Chaturanga, or any version of chess, appears in the [[Sanskrit]] epic [[Mahabharata]], written circa 500 BC. It is also believed that the [[Persian people|Persians]] created a more modern version of the game after the Indians named [[Shatranj]]. The oldest known chess pieces have been found in excavations of [[Persian empire|Persian]] territories dated to the 8th century. One ancient text refers to Shah Ardashir, who ruled 224 - 241 AD, as a master of the game. Another theory exists that chess arose from the similar game of [[Xiangqi|Chinese chess]], or at least a predecessor thereof, existing in China since the 2nd century BC. [[Joseph Needham]] and [[David Li]] are two of many scholars who have favored this theory. Chess eventually spread westward to Europe and eastward as far as Japan, spawning variants as it went. One theory suggests that it migrated from India to [[Iran|Persia]], where its terminology was translated into Persian, and its name changed to ''chatrang''. The entrance of chess into Europe, notably, is marked by a massive improvement in the powers of the [[queen (chess)|queen]]. The oldest known texts describing chess seem to indicate a bi-directional spread from the Persian empire. From Persia it entered the Islamic world, where the names of its pieces largely remained in their Persian forms in early Islamic times. Its name became ''[[shatranj]]'', which continued in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] as ''ajedrez'' and in [[Greek language|Greek]] as ''zatrikion'', but in most of Europe was replaced by versions of the Persian word ''sh&#257;h'' = "king". There is a theory that this name replacement happened because, before the game of chess came to Europe, merchants coming to Europe brought ornamental chess kings as curiosities and with them their name ''sh&#257;h'', which Europeans mispronounced in various ways. *'''Checkmate''': This is the [[English language|English]] rendition of ''sh&#257;h m&#257;t'', which is [[Persian language|Persian]] for "the king is finished". *'''Rook''': From the Persian ''rukh'', which means "chariot", but also means "cheek" (part of the [[face]]). The piece resembles a siege tower. It is also believed that it was named after the mythical Persian bird of great power called the [[roc]]. In India, the piece is more popularly called ''haathi'', which means "elephant". *'''Bishop'''. From the [[Persian language|Persian]] ''pīl'' means "the elephant", but in Europe and the western part of the Islamic world people knew little or nothing about elephants, and the name of the chessman entered Western Europe as Latin ''alfinus'' and similar, a word with no other meaning (in Spanish, for example, it evolved to the name "alfil"). This word "alfil" is actually the Arabic for "elephant" hence the Spanish word would most certainly have been taken from the Islamic provinces of Spain. The English name "bishop" is a rename inspired by the conventional shape of the piece. In Russia, the piece is, however, known as ''слон'' = "elephant". In the Indian language however, the piece is more popularly known as ''oont'' = "camel". *'''Queen'''. Persian ''farz&#299;n'' = "[[vizier]]" became Arabic ''firz&#257;n'', which entered western European languages as forms such as ''alfferza'', ''fers'', etc but was later replaced by "queen". Incidentally, the Indian equivalent of "queen", ''rani'' is used for the piece by Indians. The game spread throughout the [[Islam|Islamic]] world after the Muslim conquest of Persia. Chess eventually reached [[Russia]] via [[Mongolia]], where it was played at the beginning of the 7th century. It was introduced into [[Spain]] by the [[Moors]] in the 10th century, and described in a famous 13th century manuscript covering chess, [[backgammon]], and [[dice]] named the ''[[Libro de los juegos]]''. Chess also found its way across [[Siberia]] into [[Alaska]]. === جديد شطرنج === [[Image:Staunton chess set.jpg|thumbnail|left|250px|A typical Staunton-design set and [[Game clock|clock]].]] Early on, the pieces in European chess had limited movement; bishops could only move by jumping exactly two spaces diagonally (similar to the elephant in xiangqi), the queen could move only one space diagonally, pawns could not move two spaces on their first move, and there was no castling. By the end of the 15th century, the modern rules for the basic moves had been adopted from [[Italy]]: pawns gained the option of moving two squares on their first move and the [[En_passant|en passant]] capture therewith, bishops acquired their modern move, and the queen was made the most powerful piece; consequently modern chess was referred to as "Queen's Chess" or "Mad Queen Chess". The game in Europe since that time has been almost the same as is played today. The current rules were finalized in the early 19th century, except for the exact conditions for a draw. The most popular piece design, the "Staunton" set, was created by [[Nathaniel Cook]] in 1849, endorsed by [[Howard Staunton]], a leading player of the time, and officially adopted by [[Fédération Internationale des Échecs]] (FIDE) in 1924. Chess's international governing body is FIDE, which has presided over the world championship matches for decades. Most countries of the world have a national chess organization as well. Although chess is not an Olympic sport, it has its own [[Chess Olympiad|Olympiad]], held every two years as a team event. ===شطرنج جا عالمي چيمپيئن=== : ''مک مقالو: [[عالمي شطرنج چيمپيئنشپ]]'' * '''Unofficial champions (pre-championship era)''' **[[François-André Danican Philidor|Philidor]] **[[Howard Staunton]] **[[Adolf Anderssen]] **[[Paul Morphy]] * '''Official champions (1866–1993)''' **[[Wilhelm Steinitz]] **[[Emanuel Lasker]] **[[José Raúl Capablanca]] **[[Alexander Alekhine]] **[[Max Euwe]] **[[Mikhail Botvinnik]] **[[Vassily Smyslov]] **[[Mikhail Tal]] **[[Tigran Petrosian]] **[[Boris Spassky]] **[[Robert Fischer]] **[[Anatoly Karpov]] **[[Garry Kasparov]] * '''"Classical champions" (1993–present)''' **[[Garry Kasparov]] **[[Vladimir Kramnik]] (current) * '''FIDE champions (1993–present)''' **[[Anatoly Karpov]] **[[Alexander Khalifman]] **[[Viswanathan Anand]] **[[Ruslan Ponomariov]] **[[Rustam Kasimdzhanov]] **[[Veselin Topalov]] (current) ==ڳڻپيوڪر شطرنج== : ''Main article: [[ڳڻپيوڪر شطرنج]]'' Serious work on machines that play chess has been going on since 1890, and [[computer chess|chess-playing computer programs]] featured prominently in the [[artificial intelligence]] boom of the 1950s - 1970s. At first considered only a curiosity, the best chess playing programs — like [[Shredder (chess)|Shredder]], [[Fritz (chess)|Fritz]] etc. — have become extremely strong players. In blitz chess, they can beat the best human players; at regular time controls, however, battles between the very best chess programs and the very best human players have been tantalizingly finely balanced. However, it is important to note that the method by which computer programs play chess does not really resemble the way humans play chess — the computer basically just calculates the board position after every possible combination of legal moves and acts accordingly, whereas human masters act more from intuition and pattern recognition. Moreover, as [[central processing unit|CPU]] speed and memory become less expensive, computer chess programs can search ever larger numbers of moves in the same amount of time, and store ever larger databases of [[chess opening|opening]] and [[endgame]] positions. Nor has the study of chess proven particularly useful in the broader AI field; the methods used to play high-level chess are very different to the ones used for [[machine learning]], [[machine vision]], and the like. [[Garry Kasparov]], then ranked number one in the world, played a six-game match against [[International Business Machines|IBM]]'s chess computer [[Deep Blue]] in February 1996. Deep Blue shocked the world by winning the first game in [[Deep Blue - Kasparov, 1996, Game 1]], but Kasparov convincingly won the match by winning three games and drawing two. The six-game rematch in May 1997 was won by the machine (informally dubbed Deeper Blue) which was subsequently retired by IBM. In October 2002, [[Vladimir Kramnik]] drew in an eight-game match with the computer program [[Deep Fritz]]. In 2003, Kasparov drew both a six-game match with the computer program [[Deep Junior]] in February, and a four-game match against [[X3D Fritz]] in November. The chess machine [[Hydra (chess)|Hydra]] is the intellectual descendant of Deep Blue; and appears to be somewhat stronger than Deep Blue was. Certainly it is very much comparable in terms of positions analysed per second. Given the relative ease with which it beats the other programs, and the humans it has met, Hydra may be expected to beat any unaided human player in match play. In June 2005, Hydra scored a decisive victory over the then [http://www.fide.com/ratings/toparc.phtml?cod=77 7th ranked] GM [[Michael Adams]] winning five games and drawing one game in a six game match. Whilst too few games have been played to establish this, and neither Kramnik or Kasparov have played Hydra, Hydra's creators estimate its [[ELO rating system|rating]] should be over 3000. Kasparov's loss to Deep Blue has inspired the creation of [[chess variant]]s in which human intelligence can still overpower computer calculation. In particular [[Arimaa]], which is played upon a standard 8&times;8 chessboard, is a game at which humans can beat the best efforts of programmers so far, even at fast [[time control]]s. ==پڻ ڏسندا== *[[شطرنج جا اصطلاح]] *Chess [[Chess problem|problems]] and [[Chess puzzles|puzzles]] *[[ELO rating system]] *Administrative bodies: **[[Fédération Internationale des Échecs|FIDE]] **[[English Chess Federation]] **[[International Correspondence Chess Federation]] **[[New Zealand Chess Federation]] **[[United States Chess Federation]] *[[يُونيڪوڊ ۾ شطرنج نشانيون]] *[[شطرنج ۽ رياضيات]] *[[Chess-related deaths]] *[[List of chess players]] *[[List of chess topics]] *[[List of national chess championships]] ===مشھور شطرنج رانديون=== *[[Thomas_Bowdler#Chess|Bowdler - Conway, London, 1788]], the first example of the famous double rook sacrifice; *[[Immortal game|The immortal game]] between [[Adolf Anderssen]] and [[Lionel Kieseritzky]] (1851); *[[Evergreen game|The evergreen game]] between [[Adolf Anderssen]] and [[Jean Dufresne]] (1852); *[[Opera game (chess)|The opera game]] between [[Paul Morphy]] and two allies, the Duke of Brunswick and Count Isouard (1858); *[[Lasker - Bauer, Amsterdam, 1889]], the first example of the famous double bishop sacrifice; *[[The Game of the Century]] between [[Bobby Fischer]] and [[Donald Byrne]] (1956); *[[Match of the Century|The Match of the Century]] between [[Bobby Fischer]] and [[Boris Spassky]] (1972); *[[Deep Blue - Kasparov, 1996, Game 1]], the first game in which a [[Computer chess|chess-playing computer]] defeated a reigning world champion using normal time controls (1996); *[[Deep Blue - Kasparov, 1997, Game 6]], the last game of the 1997 rematch, which [[Deep Blue]] won, making it the first computer to defeat a world champion in a match over several games; *[[Kasparov versus The World]], in which the reigning world champion played, via the Internet, against the entire rest of the world in consultation (1999); * [[Garry_Kasparov#Sample_games | Kasparov - Topalov, Wijk aan Zee, 1999]], rook sacrifice with a 15+ moves forced sacrificial combination. One of the most commented chess games ever, with extensive press coverage. ===شطرنج جي تاريخ=== *[[شطرنج جو سفر]] *[[تاريخ جو عظيم ترين شطرنج رانديگر]] *[[شطرنج يُورپ ۾]] *[[Chess During World War II]] *[[Chess Olympiad]] *[[شطرنج جا عالمي رڪارڊس]] ===شطرنج تي ادب=== *[[Chess columns in newspapers]] *[[شطرنج لائيبريريون]] *[[Collections of Chess Games]] *[[Opening book|Opening Manuals]] ===ادب ۽ آرٽس ۾ شطرنج=== [[Image:Honoré Daumier 032.jpg|thumb|left|300px|[[Honoré Daumier]], ''Chess players'', 1863.]] *''[[Through the Looking-Glass]]'' by [[Lewis Carroll]] *''[[The Knights of the South Bronx]]'' *''[[Searching for Bobby Fischer]]'' *''[[The Luzhin Defence]]'' *''[[The Royal Game]]'' by [[Stefan Zweig]] *[[Chess and music]] *''[[Checkmate (Ballet)|Checkmate]]'', a ballet by the composer [[Arthur Bliss]] *The [[Lewis chessmen]] also inspired [[Noggin the Nog]]. *[[Knight Moves]] *[[Twin Peaks]] *[[The Seventh Seal]] *[[The Shawshank Redemption]] * "Wizards Chess" in the [[Harry Potter]] book and film series. *''[[Chess (musical)|Chess]]'', a musical by [[Tim Rice]] and [[ABBA]] *''The Eight'' by Katherine Neville (1998) *''The Flanders Panel'' by [[Arturo Perez-Reverte]] *''The Tower Struck By Lightning'' by [[Fernando Arrabal]] *''[[Fresh]]'', a 1994 film *''[[All the King's Horses]]'', a short story by [[Kurt Vonnegut]] from 'Welcome to the Monkey House.' *''Striding Folly'', a short story by [[Dorothy L. Sayers]] (1939) ==حوالا== *{{cite book | author=Hooper, David and [[Kenneth Whyld|Whyld, Kenneth]] | title=The Oxford Companion to Chess, 2nd Edition | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | year=1992 | id=ISBN 0198661649}} **Reprint: (1996) ISBN 0192800493 *{{cite book | author=[[James Mason|Mason, James]] | title=The Art of Chess| publisher=[[Dover Publications]] | year=1947| id=ISBN 486204634}} (see the included supplement, "How Do You Play Chess") *{{cite book | author=[[James Rizzitano|Rizzitano, James]] | title=Understanding Your Chess | publisher=Gambit Publications | year=2004 | id=ISBN 1904600077}} *{{cite book | author=[[Siegbert Tarrasch|Tarrasch, Siegbert]] | title=The Game of Chess. Algebraic Edition | publisher=Hays Publishing | year=1994 | id=ISBN 1880673940}} *{{cite book | author=[[Patrick Wolff|Wolff, Patrick]] | title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Chess, 3rd Edition | publisher=Alpha Books | year=1991 | id=ISBN 1592573169}} ==خارجي ڳنڍڻا== {{sisterlinks|Chess}} ===شطرنج سکڻ=== * [http://www.chesscorner.com/tutorial/learn.htm Beginners chess tutorial] - rules of chess, notation, simple mating patterns. * [http://www.fide.com/official/handbook.asp?level=EE101 Official FIDE rules] * [http://www.chessclub.com/chessfm/ Chess.FM] - annotated grandmaster games and tutorials ===شطرنج جون خبرون=== * [http://www.chessbase.com/ Chessbase news] * [http://www.chessville.com/ Chessville] * [http://www.chesscenter.com/twic/twic.html The week in chess] ===شطرنج انٽرنيٽ تي=== * [http://www.jimmyr.com/online_chess.php Comparison of chess servers] - list of most popular real time chess servers. * [http://www.angelfire.com/poetry/wulebgr/corr.htm Comparison of chess servers] - list of most popular web based correspondence chess servers. * [http://www.freechess.org/ Free internet chess server] ([[FICS]]) with over 150,000 registered users, is one of the oldest and one of the largest non-commercial internet chess servers. * [http://www.chessclub.com/ Internet Chess Club] - commercial chess server with 30,000 members, many grandmasters play there. * [http://www.playchess.com/ Playchess.com] - one of the largest commercial chess servers with more then 3000 players online each night. * [http://www.chesshere.com ChessHere.com] - free turn-based and real-time chess server. * [http://brainking.com BrainKing.com] - turn-based chess server, which besides chess allows to play a lot of chess variants. * [http://www.gameknot.com/ GameKnot.com] - turn-based chess server * [http://www.chessworld.net/ Chessworld.net] - turn-based chess server with many annotated games * [http://www.chessmaniac.com/ ChessManiac.com] - hybrid chess playing server. * [http://www.chessontheweb.com/chess/home Chess On The Web] - Correspondence Chess Server ===راندين جي ڪليڪشن=== * [http://www.chessgames.com/ ChessGames.com] - online chess database and community * [http://www.chesslive.de/ ChessBase online database] - games are filtered by year, player, opening, etc.. * [http://www.chesslab.com/PositionSearch.html Chesslab.com] - search by opening, player, results, position etc. * [http://www.chessgameslinks.lars-balzer.info/ Chess games links] - collection of links to chess games, which can be downloaded for free * [http://www.pitt.edu/~schach/Archives/index2.html University of Pittsburgh Chess Page] - medium pgn collection including world championship games, miniatures, and traps ===مفت شطرنج سافٽويئر=== * [http://www.enpassant.dk/chess/softeng.htm Chess programs & utilities] - large collection of links to all sorts of chess software * [http://www.playwitharena.com/ Arena] - free chess GUI, includes free chess engines. * [http://www.tim-mann.org/chess.html Winboard] - another chess GUI * [http://www.chessbase.com/download/index.asp?cat=ChessBase+Light ChessBase Light] - older version of [[Chessbase]], which allows to view games in CBH and PGN format. * [http://www.aarontay.per.sg/Winboard/ Aaron's chess engines FAQ] * [http://www.gamesbyscott.com/games.htm ShaagChess] * [http://www.chessopolis.com/cchess.htm Chessopolis] - freeware chess engines * [http://www.bapuli.co.nr/chess.htm Easy Chess] - freeware to play chess with the computer * [http://www.compwebchess.com CompWebChess] - open source application, which allows to start own chess sever. ===شطرنج متعلق ٻيا موضوع=== * [http://www.chessvariants.org The chess variants pages] * [http://www.boardgamegeek.com/metasearch.php?searchtype=game&search=chess Games with the word "chess" in the title] * [http://www.xs4all.nl/~timkr/chess/chess.html Chess curiosities] by Tim Krabbé * [http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Lab/7378/chess.htm Bill Wall's chess page] * [http://www.edcollins.com/chess Ed Collins's chess page] - essays, problems, cartoons, limericks, games, photos, puzzles, etc. * [http://s6.invisionfree.com/ChessResources_Forum Chess Resources Forum] a forum all about chess * [http://www.freedigitalphotos.net/thumbnails.php?album=222 Images of chess boards and pieces] ===شطرنج جا پيشھ ور استاد=== * [http://www.jovanpetronic.com/index.htm IM.FST. Jovan Petronic] - International Master Jovan Petronic. World Chess Federation Senior Trainer. Chess software reviews. {{خاص مقالو}} [[Category:Chess| ]] [[Category:Etymology|Persian]] [[Category:Persian loanwords]] {{Link FA|ar}} {{Link FA|de}} {{Link FA|es}} {{Link FA|fr}} {{Link FA|it}} {{Link FA|nl}} {{Link FA|vi}} {{Link FA|da}} [[af:Skaak]] [[am:ቼዝ]] [[ar:شطرنج]] [[az:Şahmat]] [[bg:Шахмат]] [[bn:দাবা]] [[br:Echedoù]] [[bs:Šah]] [[ca:Escacs]] [[cs:Šachy]] [[cy:Gwyddbwyll]] [[da:Skak]] [[de:Schach]] [[el:Σκάκι]] [[en:Chess]] [[eo:Ŝako]] [[es:Ajedrez]] [[et:Male]] [[eu:Xake]] [[fa:شطرنج]] [[fi:Shakki]] [[fr:Jeu d'échecs]] [[ga:Ficheall]] [[gl:Xadrez]] [[he:שחמט]] [[hr:Šah]] [[hu:Sakk]] [[ia:Chacos]] [[id:Catur]] [[io:Shak-ludo]] [[is:Skák]] [[it:Scacchi]] [[ja:チェス]] [[jbo:caxmati]] [[ka:ჭადრაკი]] [[kn:ಚದುರಂಗ (ಆಟ)]] [[ko:체스]] [[la:Scacci]] [[lb:Schach]] [[lt:Šachmatai]] [[lv:Šahs (galda spēle)]] [[mk:Шах]] [[nl:Schaken]] [[nn:Sjakk]] [[no:Sjakk]] [[pl:Szachy]] [[pt:Xadrez]] [[ro:Şah (joc)]] [[ru:Шахматы]] [[scn:Scacchi]] [[sh:Šah]] [[simple:Chess]] [[sk:Šach (hra)]] [[sl:Šah]] [[sq:Shahu]] [[sr:Шах]] [[sv:Schack]] [[ta:சதுரங்கம்]] [[th:หมากรุกสากล]] [[tr:Satranç]] [[tt:Shаhmat]] [[uk:Шахи]] [[vi:Cờ vua]] [[yi:שאך (שפיל)]] [[zh:國際象棋]] [[zh-min-nan:Kok-chè bú-kî]] 1649 4756 2006-02-26T01:47:22Z Aursani 60 <!-- version 1.03 0.90 2005-08-05 beta 1.01 2005-08-10 inauguration 1.02 2005-08-24 removing thumb class 1.03 2005-09-24 adding square names in hover hints --> <div class="{{{1}}}" style="clear: right; width: 268px; padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 10px"> <div class="{{{1}}}" style="width: 252px; text-align: center">{{{2}}} {| style="border:1px solid #b0b0b0; background-color:#f9f9f9" |- | {| cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border: 1px solid #b0b0b0" | colspan=3 | [[Image:chess_zhor_26.png]] |- | [[Image:chess_zver_26.png]] | {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border: 1px solid #b0b0b0; background-color: #ffce9e" |- | [[Image:chess_{{{3}}}l44.png|26px|a8]] | [[Image:chess_{{{4}}}d44.png|26px|b8]] | [[Image:chess_{{{5}}}l44.png|26px|c8]] | [[Image:chess_{{{6}}}d44.png|26px|d8]] | [[Image:chess_{{{7}}}l44.png|26px|e8]] | [[Image:chess_{{{8}}}d44.png|26px|f8]] | [[Image:chess_{{{9}}}l44.png|26px|g8]] | [[Image:chess_{{{10}}}d44.png|26px|h8]] |- | [[Image:chess_{{{11}}}d44.png|26px|a7]] | [[Image:chess_{{{12}}}l44.png|26px|b7]] | [[Image:chess_{{{13}}}d44.png|26px|c7]] | [[Image:chess_{{{14}}}l44.png|26px|d7]] | [[Image:chess_{{{15}}}d44.png|26px|e7]] | [[Image:chess_{{{16}}}l44.png|26px|f7]] | [[Image:chess_{{{17}}}d44.png|26px|g7]] | [[Image:chess_{{{18}}}l44.png|26px|h7]] |- | [[Image:chess_{{{19}}}l44.png|26px|a6]] | [[Image:chess_{{{20}}}d44.png|26px|b6]] | [[Image:chess_{{{21}}}l44.png|26px|c6]] | [[Image:chess_{{{22}}}d44.png|26px|d6]] | [[Image:chess_{{{23}}}l44.png|26px|e6]] | [[Image:chess_{{{24}}}d44.png|26px|f6]] | [[Image:chess_{{{25}}}l44.png|26px|g6]] | [[Image:chess_{{{26}}}d44.png|26px|h6]] |- | [[Image:chess_{{{27}}}d44.png|26px|a5]] | [[Image:chess_{{{28}}}l44.png|26px|b5]] | [[Image:chess_{{{29}}}d44.png|26px|c5]] | [[Image:chess_{{{30}}}l44.png|26px|d5]] | [[Image:chess_{{{31}}}d44.png|26px|e5]] | [[Image:chess_{{{32}}}l44.png|26px|f5]] | [[Image:chess_{{{33}}}d44.png|26px|g5]] | [[Image:chess_{{{34}}}l44.png|26px|h5]] |- | [[Image:chess_{{{35}}}l44.png|26px|a4]] | [[Image:chess_{{{36}}}d44.png|26px|b4]] | [[Image:chess_{{{37}}}l44.png|26px|c4]] | [[Image:chess_{{{38}}}d44.png|26px|d4]] | [[Image:chess_{{{39}}}l44.png|26px|e4]] | [[Image:chess_{{{40}}}d44.png|26px|f4]] | [[Image:chess_{{{41}}}l44.png|26px|g4]] | [[Image:chess_{{{42}}}d44.png|26px|h4]] |- | [[Image:chess_{{{43}}}d44.png|26px|a3]] | [[Image:chess_{{{44}}}l44.png|26px|b3]] | [[Image:chess_{{{45}}}d44.png|26px|c3]] | [[Image:chess_{{{46}}}l44.png|26px|d3]] | [[Image:chess_{{{47}}}d44.png|26px|e3]] | [[Image:chess_{{{48}}}l44.png|26px|f3]] | [[Image:chess_{{{49}}}d44.png|26px|g3]] | [[Image:chess_{{{50}}}l44.png|26px|h3]] |- | [[Image:chess_{{{51}}}l44.png|26px|a2]] | [[Image:chess_{{{52}}}d44.png|26px|b2]] | [[Image:chess_{{{53}}}l44.png|26px|c2]] | [[Image:chess_{{{54}}}d44.png|26px|d2]] | [[Image:chess_{{{55}}}l44.png|26px|e2]] | [[Image:chess_{{{56}}}d44.png|26px|f2]] | [[Image:chess_{{{57}}}l44.png|26px|g2]] | [[Image:chess_{{{58}}}d44.png|26px|h2]] |- | [[Image:chess_{{{59}}}d44.png|26px|a1]] | [[Image:chess_{{{60}}}l44.png|26px|b1]] | [[Image:chess_{{{61}}}d44.png|26px|c1]] | [[Image:chess_{{{62}}}l44.png|26px|d1]] | [[Image:chess_{{{63}}}d44.png|26px|e1]] | [[Image:chess_{{{64}}}l44.png|26px|f1]] | [[Image:chess_{{{65}}}d44.png|26px|g1]] | [[Image:chess_{{{66}}}l44.png|26px|h1]] |} | [[Image:chess_zver_26.png]] |- | colspan=3 | [[Image:chess_zhor_26.png]] |} |- | style="line-height: 1.4; text-align: left; font-size: 90%; padding: 2px" | {{{67}}} |} </div> </div><noinclude> [[vi:Tiêu bản:Chess diagram]] </noinclude> 1651 sysop 7443 2006-10-11T10:23:36Z Aursani 60 صرف ترميم شدھ ڏيکاريو 1655 sysop 7454 2006-10-11T10:41:54Z Aursani 60 ترميمڻ کان پھرين برق ٽپال جي پڪ گھربل آھي. E-mail confirmation required to edit 1656 sysop 7057 2006-09-27T11:44:04Z Aursani 60 جي ھا، صفحو ڊاھيو 1659 sysop 7743 2006-10-19T12:11:30Z Aursani 60 <strong>چُڪَ: توهان جو ڏنل مواد $1 ڪلو ٻاٽڻ آهي، جيڪو مقرر ڪيل حد يعني ته $2 ڪلو ٻاٽڻ کان وڌيڪ وڏو آهي. تنهنڪري اهو سانڍي نه ٿو سگھجي. </strong> 1664 sysop 7665 2006-10-16T16:07:40Z Aursani 60 ڪي بھ 1676 sysop 7606 2006-10-15T11:02:25Z Aursani 60 $1 تي توھان لاءِ نوان نياپا رکيل آھن. 1677 8786 2007-01-19T15:22:24Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}ھيءُ انگن جو اهڙو سرشتو آھي، جنهن ۾ فقط ٻه عدد يعني ٻُڙِي 0 ۽ هڪ 1 ٿين ٿا. تنهنڪري انهن انگن جو بنياد ٻه يا ”ڏُون“ آهي. جيتوڻيڪ اهي انگ انسان لکي پڙهي ۽ سمجهي سگهي ٿو، مگر انسان لاءِ اهڙا انگ [[ڏهائي سرشتو|ڏهائي سرشتي]] جي انگن کان نسبتاَ تمام گهڻا ڏکيا آهن. اهڙا انگ ڪلُون يا مشينون، يعني [[ڳڻپيوڪر]] آسانيءَ سان سمجهي سگهن ٿا. جيئن ڏهائي سرشتي ۾ ساڄي پاسي کان پهريون عدد ايڪا، ٻيون ڏهاڪا، ٽيون سَوَ، چوٿون هزار، وغيره وغيره ٿي ٿو، يعني 10 جِي سگهه مطابق ملهه رکي ٿو، تيئن ڏونهائي انگن جو پهريون عدد ايڪا، ٻيون ٻڪا، ٽيون چئونڪا، چوٿون اٺا، ٿي ٿو. مطلب ته هر عدد ٻن جي سگهه مطابق ملهه رکي ٿو. [[category:سائنس]] [[category:رياضيات]] 1678 8800 2007-01-29T12:30:03Z Aursani 60 {{ڪچو}} {{مبسس4}} [[ڏونائي سرشتو|ڏونائي انگن]] جي ھڪڙي عدد کي ٻٽ چئجي ٿو. جيئن تھ عددي سنڀار جو ھڪڙو گھرڙو ڏونائي انگن جي ھڪ عدد يعني ٻٽ کي محفوظ ڪري سگھي ٿو، تنھنڪري عددي سنڀار جو ايڪو پڻ ٻٽ آھي. 1679 5383 2006-03-25T16:00:06Z Aursani 60 /* ويامڻ */ {{ٻيو استعمال}} {{Taxobox | color = pink | name = Caelifera | image = GrassHoppah.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Grasshopper | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Orthoptera]] | subordo = '''Caelifera''' | subdivision_ranks = Families | subdivision = '''Superfamily''': [[Proscopioidea]]<br> *[[Proscopiidae]] '''Superfamily''': [[Eumastacoidea]] *[[Eumastacidae]]<br> *[[Thericleidae]]<br> '''Superfamily''': [[Xyronotoidea]] *[[Tanaoceridae]]<br> *[[Xyrotonotidae]] '''Superfamily''': [[Pampagoidea]] *[[Pamphagidae]]<br> '''Superfamily''': [[Pyrgomorphoidea]] *[[Pyrgomorphidae]]<br> '''Superfamily''': [[Trigonopteryguidea]] *[[Borneancrididae]] *[[Trigonopterygidae]] '''Superfamily''': [[Acridoidea]] *[[Acrididae]]<br> *[[Cyrtacanthacridinae]] *[[Romaleidae]]<br> '''Superfamily''': [[Tetrigoidea]] *[[Batrachideidae]] *[[Tetrigidae]]<br> '''Superfamily''': [[Tridactyloidea]] *[[Tridactylidae]]<br> *[[Ripipterygidae]] '''Superfamily''': [[Cylindrichaetoidea]] *[[Cylindrichaetidea]] '''Unknown''': [[Charilaidae]]<br> [[Dericorythidae]]<br> [[Euschmidtiidae]]<br> [[Lathiceridae]]<br> [[Lentulidae]]<br> [[Lithidiidae]]<br> [[Ommexechidae]]<br> [[Pneumoridae]]<br> [[Pyrgacrididae]]<br> [[Tridactylidae]]<br> [[Tristiridae]] }} '''Caelifera''' is a جنس of گاھھ کائُو جيتن جي the order [[Orthoptera]]، عام طور سڏجندڙ '''[[مڪڙ]]''' يا '''locusts''' انگريزيءَ ۾، the جنس includes short-horned مڪڙ, grasshoppers ۽ locusts. ==خصوصيتُون== The Caelifera have antennae جيڪي سندن جسم کان بھ ننڍا ٿين ٿا، and short ovipositors. Those species that make easily heard noises usually do so by rubbing the hind femurs against the forewings or abdomen, or by snapping the wings in flight. [[Tympana]], if present, are on the sides of the first abdominal segment. The front femora are long and strong, fitted for leaping. Generally they are winged, but hind wings are membranous while front wings ([[tegmina]]) are [[coriaceous]] and not fit for flight. Females are normally larger than males, with short [[ovipositor]]s. They are easily confused with the other sub-order of Orthoptera, [[Ensifera]]. In fact up to few years ago both sub-orders were classified together in the order of Orthoptera, but are different in many aspects, such as the number of segments in their antennae and ovipositor. Ensiferans have antennae with at least 30 segments, and caeliferans have less. In evolutionary terms, the split between the Caelifera and the Ensifera is no more recent than the Permo-Triassic boundary (Zeuner 1939). Taxonomically, Borror and White (1970) note that the hind femora are usually enlarged, tarsi have three segments or less, antennae are relatively short, tympana are usually present on the sides of the first abdomenal segment, and the [[ovipositor]] is short. Taxonomic descriptions of the families are more specific ==انيڪيت ۽ پکيڙ== تازا اندازا (Kevan 1982; Günther, 1980, 1992; Otte 1994-1995; subsequent literature) indicate some 2,400 valid Caeliferan genera and اٽڪل 11,000 valid نسل described to date. Many undescribed species exist, خصُوصاً in [[rain forest|tropical wet ٻيلا]]. The Caelifera are predominantly tropical but most of the superfamilies are represented world wide. ==خاندان يا جنسُون== The جنسُون consists of five major families: *[[Acrididae]] (grasshoppers and short-horned grasshoppers) *[[Eumastacidae]] (monkey grasshoppers) *[[Tanaoceridae]] (tanaocerids) *[[Tetrigidae]] (grouse locusts, pygmy grasshoppers, and pygmy locusts) *[[Tridactylidae]] (pygmy mole crickets) The most important family is [[Acrididae]], consisting of about 10,000 species. The family is characterised by the adults wings and legs, which are well developed and may be brightly coloured. As well as singing by rubbing their legs together, there may also be a visual display. The Acrididae family includes the [[Locust]], which can be a serious economic pest. Eggs are laid in the ground with a foamy substance around them to protect them during incubation; typically the number of eggs laid by a female is between 400 and 500. ==جياڀياس== ===ھاضمو ۽ اخراجي سرشتو=== The digestive system of insects includes a foregut (stomodaeum - the mouth region), a hindgut (proctodaeum - the anal region), and a midgut (mesenteron). The mouth leads to the muscular pharynx (which sucks and swallows), and through the esophagus to the crop. This discharges into the midgut, which leads to the [[malpighian tubule]]s. These are the chief excretion organs. The hindgut includes intestine parts (including the ileum and rectum), and exits through the anus. Most food is handled in the midgut, but some food residue as well as waste products from the malpighian tubules are managed in the hindgut. These waste products consist mainly of [[uric acid]], [[urea]] and a bit of [[amino acid]]s, and are normally converted into dry pellets before being disposed of. The salivary glands and midgut secrete digestive [[enzyme]]s. The midgut secretes [[protease]], [[lipase]], [[amylase]], and [[invertase]], among other enzymes. The particular ones secreted vary with diet. ===نسن وارو يا تنتي سرشتو=== [[Image:Grasshopper on rock.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Common Grasshopper on a rock]] The مڪڙ جو تنتي سرشتو nervous system is controlled by [[ganglia]], dense groups of تنتي گھرڙا which are found in most animals more advanced than [[cnidarian]]s. In grasshoppers, there are ganglia in each segment as well as a larger set in the head, which are considered the [[brain]]. There is also a [[neuropile]] in the centre where all of the ganglia channel signals through. The sense organs (sensory neurons) are found near the exterior of the body and basically consist of tiny hairs ([[sensilla]]), consists of one sense cell and one nerve fibre, which are each specially calibrated to sense a certain thing. While the sensilla are found all over the body, they are most dense on the [[antennae]], [[palp]]s (part of the mouth), and [[Cercus|cerci]] (near the posterior end). Grasshoppers also have [[tympana]]l organs for sound reception; both these and the sensilla are linked to the brain via the neuropile. ===ويامڻ=== [[Image:Grasshoppers mating on raspberry leaf.jpg|thumb|250px|<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">مڪڙن جو لڳ]] مڪڙن جو ويامڻ وارو سرشتو consists of the gonads, the ducts which carry صحبتِي products to the exterior, and accessory glands. In males, the testes consist of a number of follicles which hold the spermatocytes as they mature and form packets of elongated spermatozoa. After they are liberated in bundles, these spermatozoa accumulate in the vesicula seminalis (vas deferens). In females, each ovary consists of ovarioles. These converge upon the two oviducts, which unite to create a common oviduct which carries ripe eggs. Each of the ovarioles consists of a germarium (a mass of cells that form [[oocyte]]s, [[nurse cell]]s, and follicular cells) and a series of follicles. The nurse cells nourish the oocytes during early growth stages, and the follicular cells provide materials for the yolk and make the eggshell (chorion). During reproduction, the نَرُ مَڪَڙُ introduces sperm into the vagina through its [[aedeagus]] (reproductive organ), and inserts its [[spermatophore]], a package containing the sperm, into the female's [[ovipositor]]. The sperm enters the eggs through fine canals called micropyles. The female then lays the fertilized egg pod, using her ovipositor and abdomen to insert the eggs about one to two inches underground, although they can also be laid in plant roots or even manure. The egg pod contains several dozens of tightly-packed eggs that look like thin rice grains. The eggs stay there through the winter, and hatch when the weather has warmed sufficiently. In temperate zones, many grasshoppers spend most of their life as eggs through the "cooler" months (up to 9 months) and the active states (young and adult grasshoppers) live only up to three months. The first nymph to hatch tunnels up through the ground, and the rest follow. Grasshoppers develop through stages progressively get larger in body and wing size. This development is referred to as hemimetabolous or incomplete development since the young are rather similar to the adult. ===تڳاءُ ۽ گردشي سرشتو=== [[Image:Spiraclevalves.jpg|thumb|250px|right|SEM image of a spirical valve.]] Grasshoppers have open circulatory systems, with most of the body fluid (hemolymph) filling body cavities and appendages. The one closed organ, the dorsal vessel, extends from the head through the thorax to the hind end. It is a continuous tube with two regions - the heart, which is restricted to the abdomen, and the aorta, which extends from the heart to the head through the thorax. Hemolymph is pumped forward from the hind end and the sides of the body through a series of valved chambers, each of which contains a pair of lateral openings (ostia). The hemolymph continues to the aorta and is discharged through the front of the head. Accessory pumps carry hemolymph through the wings and along the legs and antennae before it flows back to the abdomen. This hemolymph circulates nutrients through the body and carries metabolic wastes to the malphighian tubes to be excreted. Because it does not carry oxygen, grasshopper "blood" is green. Respiration is done through tracheae, air-filled tubes which open at the surfaces of the thorax and abdomen through pairs of spiracles. The spiracle valves only open to allow oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. The tracheoles, found at the end of the tracheal tubes, are insinuated between cells and carry oxygen through the body. ==ٻي معلومات== ===مڪڙ بصورت غذا=== In many places around the world, grasshoppers are eaten as a good source of [[protein]]. Supposedly, some [[country|countries]] instruct [[military]] personnel to collect grasshoppers to eat as a food source. In [[Korea]] rice field grasshoppers are eaten as a side dish at meals, as a lunch box ingredient, or as a drinking snack. Many Koreans consider grasshoppers to be a health food. The preparation of grasshoppers as food varies, but sometimes they are pan-fried, with or without oil, after removing the wings and legs. They also use them as medicines for treatment of convulsions in children, coughs, [[tetanus]], and weakness. ==خارجي ڳنڍڻا== *[http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Caelifera Tree of Life Web Project] ==ذريعا== *''Firefly Encyclopedia of Insects and Spiders'', edited by Christopher O'Toole, ISBN 1-55297-612-2, 2002 <gallery> Image:Green grasshopper03.jpg|Green Grasshopper Image:Grasshopper06.jpg|Grasshopper Image:Green grasshopper.jpg|Green Grasshopper Image:Green grasshopper in grass.jpg|Green Grasshopper in Grass Image:Grasshopper on rock02.jpg|Grasshopper Image:Giant.sa.ghopper.750pix.jpg|Giant South American Grasshopper at Bristol Zoo, Bristol, England Image:Are these crickets.jpg|Panama <br>Juvenile Lubber Grasshoppers? Image:A lubber grasshopper eats a piece of grass.jpg|A lubber grasshopper eats a piece of grass Image:Grasshopper04.jpg|Giant Green Slantface Grasshopper eating grass </gallery> [[Category:Insects]] [[Category:Orthoptera]] [[de:Kurzfühlerschrecken]] [[es:Caelifera]] [[fr:Sauterelle]] [[he:חרגוליים]] [[io:Lokusto]] [[sw:Panzi]] [[nl:Sprinkhaan]] [[ja:バッタ]] [[pt:Gafanhoto]] 1680 4839 2006-02-27T20:39:08Z Aursani 60 '''Grasshopper''' can be: *[[Grasshopper]]s are a common type of herbivorous insect. *[[The Grasshopper (horse)]] is the name of a famous eventer. *[[Grasshopper (comics)]] is a Marvel Comics superhero. *[[Grasshopper (drink)]] is a beverage. *[[Grasshopper-Club Zürich]], a football club from Switzerland * [[grasshopper (chess)]], fairy chess piece {{disambig}} [[sl:Kobilica (razločitev)]] 1681 8093 2006-11-16T17:02:40Z Aursani 60 <div class="notice metadata" id="disambig">''هيءُ هڪ سلجھائپ صفحو آهي: اهڙن مضمونن جي فهرست، جيڪي ساڳي ئي عنوان سان واڳيل آهن. جيڪڏهن توهان هتي ڪو [[Special:Whatlinkshere/{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|داخلي ڳنڍڻو]] وٺي پهتا آهيو ته شايد توهان سڌو سنئون درست مضمون تي پهچڻ لاءِ ڳنڍڻي کي تبديل ڪرڻ گھرو. 1682 4853 2006-02-27T20:52:42Z Aursani 60 <includeonly>{| style="position:relative; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; border: #aaa 1px solid; float:right; clear:right; width:200px;" cellpadding="0" |- style="text-align:center;" ! style="background: {{{color}}};" |<div style="float:right; font-size:70%; padding:0 .5em 0 2em">[[Wikipedia:How to read a taxobox|?]]</div>'''{{{name}}}'''<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{status|}}}|then=<br><div style="text-align:center">{{{status|}}}</div>}}<!-- -->{{subtext|if=|test={{{fossil_range|}}}|contents=Fossil range: {{{fossil_range|}}} }} |- | {{qif|test={{{image|}}}|then=[[image:{{{image}}}|{{{image_width|200px}}}|{{{image_caption|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{image_caption|}}}</div></small>}}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{image2|}}}|then=[[image:{{{image2}}}|{{{image2_width|200px}}}|{{{image2_caption|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{image2_caption|}}}</div></small>}} |- style="text-align:center;" ! style="background: {{{color}}};" | '''[[Scientific classification]]''' |- style="text-align:center;" | {| style="margin:0 auto; text-align:left; background:none;" cellpadding="2" {{row|if=|test={{{domain|}}}|label=Domain:|contents={{{domain|}}}<br><small>{{{domain_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{superregnum|}}}|label=Superkingdom:|contents={{{superregnum|}}}<br><small>{{{superregnum_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{regnum|}}}|label=Kingdom:|contents={{{regnum|}}}<br><small>{{{regnum_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subregnum|}}}|label=Subkingdom:|contents={{{subregnum|}}}<br><small>{{{subregnum_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{unranked_phylum|}}}|label=(unranked)|contents={{{unranked_phylum|}}}<br><small>{{{unranked_phylum_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{superdivisio|}}}|label=Superdivision:|contents={{{superdivisio|}}}<br><small>{{{superdivisio_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{superphylum|}}}|label=Superphylum:|contents={{{superphylum|}}}<br><small>{{{superphylum_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{divisio|}}}|label=Division:|contents={{{divisio|}}}<br><small>{{{divisio_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{phylum|}}}|label=Phylum:|contents={{{phylum|}}}<br><small>{{{phylum_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subdivisio|}}}|label=Subdivision:|contents={{{subdivisio|}}}<br><small>{{{subdivisio_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subphylum|}}}|label=Subphylum:|contents={{{subphylum|}}}<br><small>{{{subphylum_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{infraphylum|}}}|label=Infraphylum:|contents={{{infraphylum|}}}<br><small>{{{infraphylum_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{microphylum|}}}|label=Microphylum:|contents={{{microphylum|}}}<br><small>{{{microphylum_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{nanophylum|}}}|label=Nanophylum:|contents={{{nanophylum|}}}<br><small>{{{nanophylum_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{unranked_classis|}}}|label=(unranked)|contents={{{unranked_classis|}}}<br><small>{{{unranked_classis_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{superclassis|}}}|label=Superclass:|contents={{{superclassis|}}}<br><small>{{{superclassis_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{classis|}}}|label=Class:|contents={{{classis|}}}<br><small>{{{classis_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subclassis|}}}|label=Subclass:|contents={{{subclassis|}}}<br><small>{{{subclassis_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{infraclassis|}}}|label=Infraclass:|contents={{{infraclassis|}}}<br><small>{{{infraclassis_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{unranked_ordo|}}}|label=(unranked)|contents={{{unranked_ordo|}}}<br><small>{{{unranked_ordo_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{magnordo|}}}|label=Magnorder:|contents={{{magnordo|}}}<br><small>{{{magnordo_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{superordo|}}}|label=Superorder:|contents={{{superordo|}}}<br><small>{{{superordo_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{ordo|}}}|label=Order:|contents={{{ordo|}}}<br><small>{{{ordo_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subordo|}}}|label=Suborder:|contents={{{subordo|}}}<br><small>{{{subordo_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{infraordo|}}}|label=Infraorder:|contents={{{infraordo|}}}<br><small>{{{infraordo_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{parvordo|}}}|label=Parvorder:|contents={{{parvordo|}}}<br><small>{{{parvordo_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{zoodivisio|}}}|label=Division:|contents={{{zoodivisio|}}}<br><small>{{{zoodivisio_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{zoosectio|}}}|label=Section:|contents={{{zoosectio|}}}<br><small>{{{zoosectio_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{zoosubsectio|}}}|label=Subsection:|contents={{{zoosubsectio|}}}<br><small>{{{zoosubsectio_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{unranked_familia|}}}|label=(unranked)|contents={{{unranked_familia|}}}<br><small>{{{unranked_familia_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{superfamilia|}}}|label=Superfamily:|contents={{{superfamilia|}}}<br><small>{{{superfamilia_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{familia|}}}|label=Family:|contents={{{familia|}}}<br><small>{{{familia_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subfamilia|}}}|label=Subfamily:|contents={{{subfamilia|}}}<br><small>{{{subfamilia_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{supertribus|}}}|label=Supertribe:|contents={{{supertribus|}}}<br><small>{{{supertribus_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{tribus|}}}|label=Tribe:|contents={{{tribus|}}}<br><small>{{{tribus_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subtribus|}}}|label=Subtribe:|contents={{{subtribus|}}}<br><small>{{{subtribus_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{alliance|}}}|label=Alliance:|contents={{{alliance|}}}<br><small>{{{alliance_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{genus|}}}|label=Genus:|contents={{{genus|}}}<br><small>{{{genus_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{genus2|}}}|label=Genus:|contents={{{genus2|}}}<br><small>{{{genus2_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subgenus|}}}|label=Subgenus:|contents={{{subgenus|}}}<br><small>{{{subgenus_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{sectio|}}}|label=Section:|contents={{{sectio|}}}<br><small>{{{sectio_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{series|}}}|label=Series:|contents={{{series|}}}<br><small>{{{series_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{species_group|}}}|label=Species group:|contents={{{species_group|}}}<br><small>{{{species_group_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{species_subgroup|}}}|label=Species subgroup:|contents={{{species_subgroup|}}}<br><small>{{{species_subgroup_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{species_complex|}}}|label=Species complex:|contents={{{species_complex|}}}<br><small>{{{species_complex_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{species|}}}|label=Species:|contents={{{species|}}}<br><small>{{{species_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subspecies|}}}|label=Subspecies:|contents={{{subspecies|}}}<br><small>{{{subspecies_authority|}}}</small>}} |}<!-- -->{{section|if=|test={{{diversity|}}}|color={{{color}}}|contents=[[{{{diversity_link}}}|Diversity]]}} |- | style="text-align:center;" | {{{diversity|}}}<!-- -->{{section|if=|test={{{binomial|}}}|color={{{color}}}|contents=[[Binomial nomenclature|Binomial name]]}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{binomial|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''{{{binomial}}}'''<br><small>{{{binomial_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{section|if=|test={{{trinomial|}}}|color={{{color}}}|contents=[[Trinomial nomenclature|Trinomial name]]}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{trinomial|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''{{{trinomial}}}'''<br><small>{{{trinomial_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{section|if=|test={{{type_species|}}}|color={{{color}}}|contents=[[Biological type|Type Species]]}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{type_species|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents={{{type_species}}}<br><small>{{{type_species_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{range_map|}}}|then=<tr><td>[[image:{{{range_map}}}|{{{range_map_width|200px}}}|{{{range_map_caption|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{range_map_caption|}}}</div></small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{binomial2|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''{{{binomial2}}}'''<br><small>{{{binomial2_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{trinomial2|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''{{{trinomial2}}}'''<br><small>{{{trinomial2_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{range_map2|}}}|then=<tr><td>[[image:{{{range_map2}}}|{{{range_map2_width|200px}}}|{{{range_map2_caption|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{range_map2_caption|}}}</div></small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{binomial3|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''{{{binomial3}}}'''<br><small>{{{binomial3_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{trinomial3|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''{{{trinomial3}}}'''<br><small>{{{trinomial3_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{range_map3|}}}|then=<tr><td>[[image:{{{range_map3}}}|{{{range_map3_width|200px}}}|{{{range_map3_caption|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{range_map3_caption|}}}</div></small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{binomial4|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''{{{binomial4}}}'''<br><small>{{{binomial4_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{trinomial4|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''{{{trinomial4}}}'''<br><small>{{{trinomial4_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{range_map4|}}}|then=<tr><td>[[image:{{{range_map4}}}|{{{range_map4_width|200px}}}|{{{range_map4_caption|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{range_map4_caption|}}}</div></small>}}<!-- -->{{section|if=|test={{{subdivision|}}}|color={{{color}}}|contents={{{subdivision_ranks}}}}} |- | style="padding: 0 .5em;" | {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" {{{subdivision|}}} |}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{synonyms|}}}|then=<tr style="text-align:center; background:{{{color}}};"><th>[[Synonymy|Synonyms]]</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center;">{{{synonyms}}}</td></tr>}} |}</includeonly><noinclude> ==About this template== This template sets up a taxobox. Although the implementation is complicated, it is relatively simple to use. See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Tree of Life/taxobox usage|taxobox usage]] for an explanation. For an example in practice, look at the edit page of [[Orca]] - [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orca&action=edit]. Most parameters are optional, so if a particular entry is not relevant for your case, just leave it out. [[nl:Sjabloon:Taxobox]] [[ru:Шаблоны:Taxobox]] [[tr:Şablon:Taksokutu]] {{esoteric}} </noinclude> 1683 edit=sysop:move=sysop 8561 2006-12-27T17:03:46Z Aursani 60 {{سنڌي شھر | نالو = ڪراچي | پرچم = Sindh flag.gif | emblem = KarachiEmblem.jpg | city_image = Frere_Hall.jpg | صوبو = {{مبسس4}}[[سنڌ]] | n1 = 24 | n2 = 51 | n3 = 36 | e1 = 67 | e2 = 00 | e3 = 36 | altitude = 8 {{مبسس4}}ميٽر | پکيڙ = 3,527 | آدمشماري_سال = 1998 | estimate_year = 2006 | آدمشماري_ماڻھسيھ = 9,339,023 | estimate_ماڻھسيھ = 11,969,284 | گھاٽائي = 3,394 | ڪوڊ = 021 | وسنديون = 18 | uc = 178 | ميئر = {{مبسس4}}مصطفيٰ ڪمال مڪڙ | footnotes = [http://www.karachicity.gov.pk {{مبسس4}}'''ڪراچيءَ جي سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ'''] }} {{مبسس4}}'''ڪراچي''' [[سنڌ]] جو وڏي ۾ وڏو [[شھر]] ۽ گاديءَ جو ھنڌ آھي. ڪراچيءَ جي رھواسيءَ کي '''ڪراچيائيٽ''' سڏيو ويندو آھي. ڪراچي is the financial and commercial hub of [[پاڪستان]] and an important port in the region. The city is located on the coast of the [[وڏو سمنڊ]]، northwest of the delta of the [[سنڌو درياءُ]]. It accounts for the lion's share of Pakistan's [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] and generates 65 percent of the national revenue. It is the nucleus of regional business and technological activities and has one of the highest [[literacy rate]] in the country. It is also the home of distinguished academic and research institutions. With a population that is unofficially estimated at approximately 14 million, Karachi is the most populous city of the country and one of the largest cities in the world. ==ڀُون نِگاري== The city occupies an area of over 3,527 [[چورس ڪلوميٽر|km²]]. Karachi is mostly made up of flat or rolling plains with hills on the western and northern boundaries of the [[urban sprawl]]. Two rivers pass through the city: the [[Malir River]] (north east to centre) and the [[Lyari River]] (north to south). Many other smaller rivers pass through the city as well with general drainage being from the western and northern areas towards the south. The [[Port of Karachi|Karachi Harbour]] is a protected bay to the south west of the city. The harbour is protected from storms by Keamari Island, [[Manora]] Island and Oyster Rocks, which together block the greater part of the harbour entrance in the west. The southern limit of the city is the [[Arabian Sea]] and forms a chain of warm water beaches that are rich in natural beauty. ==آبھوا== ''Main article [[ڪراچيءَ جِي آبھوا]] [[Image:STS087-715-70.JPG|thumb|150px|left|{{مبسس4}}ناسا پاران مھيا ڪيل ڪراچيءَ جو اُپگرھِي عڪس]] Karachi is located on the coast and as a result has a relatively mild [[آبھوا]]. The level of precipitation is low for most of the year. However, due to the city's proximity to the sea, [[گھم]] levels usually remain high throughout the year. The city enjoys mild winters and hot summers. Karachi also receives the tail end of the [[monsoon]] rains. Since summer temperatures are quite high (the end of April through the end of August are approximately 35 to 40 degrees Celsius), the winter months (November through March) are the best time to visit Karachi. December, which is the most popular month for social events such as weddings, fundraisers and charity balls, is frequently the time when most visitors, tourists and expatriates come to Karachi. ==تاريخ== ===Origin of Karachi=== Any history of Karachi prior to the 19th century is brief. According to the legend, '''Krokola''' was settled when an old fisherwoman by the name of Mai Kolachi, settled near the delta of the [[Indus river]] to start a community. At Krokola, [[Alexander| Alexander the great]] camped and built a fleet for the voyage back to [[Babylonia]]. Alexander's admiral [[Nearchus]] sailed back to [[Mesopotamia]] from 'Morontobara' port which is probably the modern [[Manora]] Island at Karachi harbor. When [[Muhammad bin Qasim]] conquered modern [[Pakistan]] in the year [[712]], the city was called Debal (or Debul). It has been said that Debal was the ancestral village of present day Karachi. However, this has neither been proven or disproven. It was in [[1772]] that the village '''Kolachi-jo-Goth''' was changed from a fishing village to a trading post when it was selected as a port for trade with [[Muscat]] and [[Bahrain]]. In the following years a fort was built and cannons brought in from Muscat were mounted on it. The fort had two doorways, one facing the sea called the '''Kharo Dar''' (in Sindhi), '''Khara Dar''' (in Urdu) or Brackish Gate and one facing the River Lyari called the '''Mitho Dar''' (in Sindhi), '''Meetha Dar''' (in Urdu) or Sweet Gate. Currently, the site of those gates corresponds to the location of the neighbourhoods of Kharodar and Mithodar. In 1795 the city passed from the Khan of [[Kalat]] to the rulers of [[Sindh]]. ===برطانوي دور=== [[Image:Karachi Frere Hall.JPEG|thumb|left|190px|{{مبسس4}}[[فريئر ھال]] - [[برطانوي راڄ]] دوران تعمير ڪيل ھڪ خوبصورت عمارت]] Karachi gained in position as port which led to its importance being recognised by the British, and consequently led to the conquering of the town on the 3rd of February [[1839]]. Three years later, it was annexed into [[British India]] as a district. The British recognized the importance of Karachi as a natural harbor and port for the produce of the [[Indus]] basin, and the city was rapidly developed into a bustling port city. A famous quote about Karachi attributed to [[Charles James Napier|Charles Napier]] is ''Would that I could come again to see you in your grandeur!''. Napier's quote proved almost prophetic as it was under the [[British raj]] that Karachi would grow rapidly as its harbour was developed. When the [[Indian rebellion of 1857|First Indian War for Independence]] broke out in [[1857]], the 21st Native Infantry stationed in Karachi declared allegiance to the rebellion and joined the cause of the War on the 10th of September [[1857]]. The uprising though, was defeated by the British who were able to quickly reassert their control over Karachi. By this time Karachi was a developed city with railroads, churches, Masjids, paved streets, courts and many commercial centres as well as a magnificent harbour built by the British. Many of the buildings were built in classical British colonial style, contrasting significantly with the "Mughal Gothic" of Lahore. Many of these old buildings exist today and provide interesting destinations for visitors. [[Image:Mohatta_Palace_Karachi_2.jpg|thumb|200px|left|{{مبسس4}}موھاتا مھل ]] Karachi continued to grow in size as well as importance due to its position as a major port. A railroad connected Karachi to the rest of British India in the 1880s. Population grew from 73,500 ([[1881]]), to 105,199 ([[1891]]), to 115,407 ([[1901]]) (Britannica 1911 ed.). In 1899 Karachi was said to be the largest wheat exporting port in the East (Feldman 1970:57). In [[1911]] when the capital was shifted to Delhi, Karachi became closer to being a Gateway to India. Karachi was declared the capital of the newly formed Sindh province in [[1936]], chosen over the traditional capital of [[Hyderabad, Pakistan|Hyderabad]]. ===ھڪ پاڪستاني شھر=== In [[1947]], Karachi was made the capital of the new nation of Pakistan. At that time Karachi was a city of only 400,000 people, and its growth accelerated as a result of its new status. Being the capital, Karachi became a focal point for the new nation and this added to its status as a cultural centre in this part of the world. Although the capital later moved to [[Rawalpindi]] and then [[Islamabad]], Karachi remains the economic centre of Pakistan, accounting for a large portion of the [[GDP]] of the country and a large chunk of the nation's white collar workers. [[Image:Karachi at night.JPEG|thumb|250px|left|{{مبسس4}}ڪراچي شھر رات جو ڏسجندي]] In the [[1960]]s, Karachi was seen as an economic role model around the area and there was much praise for the way its [[economic system|economy]] was progressing. But in 1990s, Karachi was wracked with sectarian violence[[1992]]. In the last 20 years, Karachi has continued to grow, passing the 14 million mark (estimated by the European Space Agency). The current economic boom in Pakistan has created a sudden growth spurt in Karachi as jobs and infrastructure projects are increasing with time. ==Government and Administrative Division== In order to decentralize the [[political]], [[administrative]] and [[financial]] resources and responsibilities, the government of [[Pakistan]] designed a new devolution plan in [[2000]]. The Local Government Plan 2000 and the Local Government Ordinance 2001 provided the legal roadmap to the aforesaid system that allow public participation in decision-making up to the grass-root level. [[Image:Hasan_sq.jpg|thumb|250px|{{مبسس4}}حسن چوڪ تي واقع شھري مرڪز (سِوِڪ سينٽر - شھري حڪومت جا دفاتر)]] According to this plan, Karachi has a three-tier federated system, formed by: * [[Local government|City District Government]] (CDG) * [[Town]] Municipal Administration * [[Union Council]] Administration The CDG of Karachi is divided into 18 zones or [[town|towns]]. These towns are governed by the town municipal administration. Each town administration is responsible for infrastructure and spatial planning, development facilitation, and municipal services (water, sanitation, solid waste, repairing roads, parks, street lights, and traffic engineering) in a town, except those functions which are retained within the CDG. Eighteen towns of CDG Karachi are sub-divided into 178 stratum that form the union council administration. A union council (UC) is the core element of the [[local government]] system. Each UC is a body of 13 directly elected members, consisting of the UC [[Nazim]] ([[mayor]]), UC Naib Nazim ([[deputy mayor]]), labour and minority councillors. The UC Nazim heads the union administration and is responsible for facilitating the CDG to plan and execute municipal services, as well as for informing higher authorities about public concerns and complaints. In the local body [[election|elections]] of [[2005]], Syed Mustafa Kamal was elected City Nazim of Karachi. He succeeds Naimatullah Khan. He took oath on [[October 17]], [[2005]] at Bagh-e-Jinnah, Karachi [http://www.jang-group.com/important_events/localbodies-polls2005/news/archive_eng/14-10-05.htm]. Mustafa Kamal was the provincial minister for [[information technology]] in [[Sindh]] before assuming office as the city's mayor. His predecessor, Naimatullah Khan was chosen as one of the best mayors of 2004-05 in [[Asia]] [http://www.worldmayor.com/voting05/comments_karachi.html]. ===List of 18 Towns in CDG Karachi=== [[Image:KarachiFinancial.jpg|thumb|250px|{{مبسس4}}شاھراھ فيصل ڪراچي جو فضائي منظر]] <table><tr><td valign=top> * [[Baldia Town]] * [[Bin Qasim Town]] * [[Gadap Town]] * [[Gulberg Town|Gulberg Town]] * [[Gulshan Town]] * [[Jamshed Town]] </td><td valign=top> * [[Kemari Town]] * [[Korangi Town]] * [[Landhi Town]] * [[Liaquatabad Town]] * [[Lyari Town]] * [[Malir Town]] </td><td valign=top> * [[New Karachi Town]] * [[North Nazimabad Town]] * [[Orangi Town]] * [[Saddar Town]] * [[Shah Faisal Town]] * [[SITE Town]] * [[Defence Housing Authority]] </td></tr></table> ===List of Mayors/Nazims=== The City of Karachi Municipal Act was promulgated in [[1933]]. Initially the Municipal Corporation was administrated by the mayor and deputy mayor as well as 57 councillors. In [[1976]], the Karachi Municipal Corporation was upgraded to a Metropolitan Corporation. Later in 2000-01, it was given the status of City District Government. For a historical list of city mayors/nazims ''please see: [[Mayors of Karachi]]'' ==Demographics== {| class="toccolours" align="right" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 95%;" |- ! colspan=2 bgcolor="#ccccff" align="center"| Historical populations |- ! align="center"| Census<br>year !! align="right"| Population |- | colspan=2|<hr> |- | align="center"| 1856 || align="right" | 56,875 |- | align="center"| 1872 || align="right" | 56,753 |- | align="center"| 1881 || align="right" | 73,560 |- | align="center"| 1891 || align="right" | 105,199 |- | align="center"| 1901 || align="right" | 136,297 |- | align="center"| 1911 || align="right" | 186,771 |- | align="center"| 1921 || align="right" | 244,162 |- | align="center"| 1931 || align="right" | 300,799 |- | align="center"| 1941 || align="right" | 435,887 |- | align="center"| 1951 || align="right" | 1,068,459 |- | align="center"| 1961 || align="right" | 1,912,598 |- | align="center"| 1972 || align="right" | 3,426,310 |- | align="center"| 1981 || align="right" | 5,208,132 |- | align="center"| 1998 || align="right" | 9,269,265 |- | align="center"| 2005 || align="right" | (estimated) 14 mn. |} [[Image:Khi_population.GIF|thumb|250px|left|Trend of Population Growth in Karachi]] The population and demographic distribution of Karachi during last 150 years have greatly changed. Non governmental and international sources report that Karachi's current population is estimated to be 14 to 15 million — a thirty-seven-fold increase over its population in [[1947]] (400,000). The city's population is currently growing at about 5% per year (mainly on account of rural-urban internal [[Human migration|migration]]). Currently, Karachi is counted as one of the largest [[Megalopolis|megacities]] of the world. The dominant ethnic group in Karachi are the [[Muhajir_Urdu|Muhajirs]] who are the Muslims who immigrated to Pakistan from the Central Parts of India after [[Partition_of_India|Partition]], after these are the [[Punjabis]]. There were more than one million [[Afghan]] refugees who settled in Karachi after the [[Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]] in 1979. The Afghan refugees include several ethnic groups: [[Pakhtun]]s, [[Tajik]]s, [[Hazara]]s, [[Uzbek]]s, [[Turkmen]], etc, the growth of that refugee population and additional immigration now numbers Afghans at about 3 million. There are also hundred of thousands of [[Bengali]]s, [[Arab]]s, [[Iran]]ians, [[Arakan]]i Muslim refugees (from the [[Rakhine State]] in [[Myanmar]]) and [[Africans]] immigrants are also settled in Karachi. There are also [[Goa]]n Catholic Christians who settled in Karachi during the British era. The poor immigrants form a significant part of the slum areas population in Karachi. The breakup of Karachi's population is as follows: Males form 53.7% of Karachiites. 37.6% of which are under the age of 15. 4.4% are older than 50. 22.1% of the city's population are migrants from other places. According to [[1998]] census the linguistic distribution of population, is as follows. [[Urdu speaking]] 48.52%; [[Punjabi]] 13.94%; [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] 7.22%; [[Pushto]] 11.42%; [[Balochi language|Balochi]] 4.34%; [[Seraikis|Seraiki]] 2.11%; Others 12.4%. The others include [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Memon]], [[Brahui language|Brahui]], Makrani, Khowar, Burushaski, [[Arabic]], [[Persians|Persian]] and [[Bengali]]. According to the census the religious breakup of the city is as follows. [[Muslim]] 96.49%; [[Christianity|Christian]] 2.35%; [[Hinduism|Hindu]] 0.83%; [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadi]] 0.17%; Others 0.13%. The others include [[Zoroastrianism|Parsi]], [[Zikri]], Jews and [[Buddhism|Buddhist]]. ==معيشت== {{main|ڪراچيءَ جي معيشت}} Karachi is the financial capital of Pakistan. It accounts for the lion's share of Pakistan's [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] and generates about 70% percent of the national revenue. Most of Pakistan's public and private banks have their head offices in Karachi. Nearly all of these are located on I.I Chundrigar Road which is fast becoming home to the high rise headquarters of major corporations. The most notable of these are the Habib Bank Plaza which was the tallest building in Pakistan before it was surpassed by Muslim Commercial Bank's MCB Tower. Karachi Port Trust (http://www.kpt.gov.pk) is building a 500 ft high Port Tower with commercial cum recreational center. Integrating into Karachi’s skyline, the main feature of the venture shall be a revolving restaurant, a viewing gallery offering a panoramic view of the coastline and the city. The Tower is planned to be located at the Clifton shoreline. KPT has also launched a housing scheme for the welfare of KPT and Dock labour Board’s workers. The Port Town will be spread over 500 acres, at KPT land in Hawks Bay and shall consist of 13,000 independent units. Besides banking and finance, Karachi also hosts the offices of foreign [[multinational corporation]]s as well as corporations based in Pakistan. It is home to the largest stock exchange of Pakistan: the Karachi Stock Exchange.[http://www.kse.com.pk/]. This financial boom helped Pakistan to achieve its ambitious goal of exceeding an seven per cent growth in GDP for the fiscal year 2004-05. The recent trend of ICT ([[Information technology|information and communications technology]]), [[electronic media]] and [[call centers]] has become a significant part of Karachi business hierarchy. Call centres for foreign companies have been targeted as a significant area of growth, with the government making efforts to reduce taxes by as much as 80 per cent in order to gain foreign investments in the IT sector. Most of Pakistans' Independent Media Television channels are headquartered in Karachi. KTN, Kashish, Sindh TV, Geo television (www.geo.tv), Ary Digital (www.ary.tv) and Aaj television (www.aaj.tv) are the most popular ones. They generate huge business revenues for the city in advertising and provide jobs and entertainment. These channels are on satellite and can be seen all over the world. Karachi also has a huge industrial base. There are large industrial estates on most of the fringes of the main city. The main industries are textiles, pharmaceuticals, steel, and automobiles. Apart from these, there are many [[cottage industries]] in the city as well. Karachi is also known as software outsourcing hub of Pakistan. It also has a rapidly flourishing Free Zone with an annual growth rate of nearly 6.5 per cent. An [[expo center]] has also been set up in Karachi and is now available to host many regional and International exhibitions. Karachi is also home of major automobile manufacturing companies. Toyota is in the process of increasing production capacity to over 120,000 units/ annum. Suzuki Motor Company is also located in Karachi. The manufacturing plant located in Bin Qasim has a production capacity of 50,000 vehicles per year. Among others Millat Tractors, HinoPak Buses and Trucks manufacturing plants are also located in Karachi. Currently, the Karachi [[Port]] is the only large port in Pakistan, and is central to all shipping in Pakistan. The airport of Karachi, [[Quaid-e-Azam International Airport]] is also the largest airport in Pakistan. Karachi is the nerve centre of Pakistan's economy. The economic stagnation due to political anarchy, ethnic strife and resultant military operations during the late 1980s and 1990s led to drops in industrial growth in the city. ==آرٽ ۽ ادب== [[Image:Hindu Gymkhana Karachi.jpeg|thumb|225px|left|{{مبسس4}}ھندُو جمخانو - ناپا]] Karachi is home to some of Pakistan's important cultural institutions. The National Academy of Performing Arts [http://www.napa.org.pk NAPA], located in the newly renovated Hindu Gymkhana has regular musical performances promoting the classical music of Pakistan including an annual musical conferance. The National Arts Council (''Koocha-e-Saqafat'') also has musical performances and [[Mushaira]] (poetry recitations). Karachi has several excellent museums including the Mohatta Palace museum which regularly has exhibitions as well as the National Museum of Pakistan. The [[Kara Film Festival]] organised annually showcases independent Pakistani and international films and documentaries. ==ثقافتَ== [[Image:Creek Marina Club Karachi.jpeg|thumb|225px|left|{{مبسس4}}ڪراچي ڪريڪ مرينھ ڪلب]] The everyday lifestyle of Karachi differs substantially from that of other Pakistani towns. The [[culture]] of Karachi is characterized by the blending of [[Middle East]]ern, [[South Asia]]n and [[Western]] influences, as well as the status of the city as a major international business center. As a whole, there is considerable diversity in culture, and this diversity has produced unique cultural amalgam of its own type. Karachiites are urbane in humour, pragmatic in approach and rational in practice. [[Professionalism]] is appreciated over emotional and conservative attitude. Most of the dwellers live in medium sized houses and flats rather large open space houses of other cities in Pakistan. Karachi also hosts the largest [[middle class]] stratum of the country. Skewed difference of living standard and showy feudal living style do not exist in Karachi. Nearly all parties, functions and celebrations are scheduled at night time. ''See also [[Chand Raat of Karachi]] - [[New Year's Eve in Karachi]]'' ==تعليمي ادارا== {{تفصيل|ڪراچيءَ جي تعليمي ادارن جي لسٽ}} Karachi has the highest literacy rate, and the highest number of universities and colleges, of any of Pakistan's other cities. The city is well-known for its young student population, who flock from all parts of Pakistan. Most universities of Karachi are considered to be the premier educational institutions of Pakistan, and hence the admissions process is intensely competitive with only the brightest and talented making their way into [[NED University]], [[Aga Khan University]], [[University of Karachi]], [[Institute of Business Administration (IBA)]], FAST - [[National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences]], [[Indus Valley Institute of Art and Architecture]], [[Bahria University]], [[Textile Institute of Pakistan]], [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah University]], [[Dow University of Health Sciences]], [[Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology]], Shaheed Zulifiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology [[(SZABIST)]], Hamdard University, H.E.J Research Institute of Chemistry, [[Applied Economics Research Centre]] (AERC), Institute of Business and Management (IBM), [[Jinnah]] University for Women and [[Dawood College of Engineering and Technology]]. ''See also the [[list of universities in Karachi]] and [[list of educational institutions in Karachi]].'' * [http://www.pakuniversities.net/ Search educational institutions in Pakistan] PakUniversities.net is the biggest independant website for people who wish to continue, higher studies from most suitable Institution and also for those who want to know about particular Institution Degree programs offered in Pakistan. ==رانديون== [[National Stadium, Karachi]] is the pride of Pakistani cricket fans as the Pakistani team has a remarkable record in this arena. Karachi is also served by UBL Sports complex, KPT Sports complex, A O Cricket stadium and DHA Cricket stadium. Karachi has the also infamous '''Devil's Point''' and '''Track''' in Phase VIII, D.H.A, a mile stretch of straight unbroken road, the place where street racing is a common occurrence after midnight. Due to the recent decrease in taxes by the Federal Government, on car imports, the array of sports cars in Karachi has increased, fueling the racing scene. ==<font face="MBSarang Sattar">دلچسپ مقامات== [[Image:Karachi_St._Patricks_Cathedral.jpg|thumb|250px|{{مبسس4}}سنت پيٽرڪ ڪيٿيڊرل]] [[Image:Khi_seas_1.jpg|thumb|250px|{{مبسس4}}ڪلفٽن سامونڊي ڪناري جي سامھون منظر]] *'''General''' **[[Mazar-e-Quaid]] (Mausoleum of the founder of Pakistan- [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]) **Koocha-e-Saqafat (National Arts Council) **Mohatta Palace Museum **[[Masjid e Tooba]] (A large domed mosque) **[[Ibrahim_Ismail_Chundrigar|I.I. Chundrigar]] Road (Karachi's "Wall street") **Aga Khan Hospital (for its modernist Islamic architecture) **Teen Talwar (Three Swords) Monument * '''Beaches and Waterfront''' **[[Clifton Sea View]] seafront **[[Hawkesbay Beach]] (breeding ground for endangered turtles) **Paradise Point (a rock promontory in the sea with a natural arch) **[[Sandspit Beach]] **French Beach **Russian Beach **Fishing and Crabbing on Keamari and Manora **Creek Club Karachi (offers boating in the creek areas) **Clifton Pavilion and the [[Jehangir Kothari Parade]] **Clifton Beach Park **Port Fountain Jet (600ft high pressure water fountain) **Defence Golf Club **Park Towers Shopping Mall **Zamzama Commercial Area (famous for its designer outlets and cafes) **World Wildlife Centre **Abdullah Shah Ghazi Mazar (mausoleum of Karachi's [[sufi]] saint) **Ibn-e-Qasim Park * '''Museums''' **[[Mazar-e-Quaid]] Museum **Mohatta Palace Museum **Pakistan Air Force Museum **Pakistan Maritime Museum **National Museum of Pakistan **Karachi Expo Centre * '''Colonial Buildings''' **Mereweather Tower **[[Frere Hall]] **Governor's House **St. Patrick's Cathedral **St. Joseph's Convent **St. Anthony's Church **Trinity Church **Sindh High Court **Former Victoria Museum (later used by the Supreme Court) **[[Sindh Club]] **Karachi Metropolitan Corporation Building **Hindu Gymkhana (now [[National Academy of Performing Arts]] [http://www.napa.org.pk/ NAPA]) **Empress Market **D.J. College * '''Islands''' **Clifton Oyster Rocks **Manora Island **Bundle Island **Bhit Shah **Shah Bandar **Churna Island (Naval gunnery site, as well as Pakistan's only coral reefs) * '''Amusement Parks''' **PIA Planetariam **Aladin Park **Sindbad **Hill Park **Safari Park **Karachi Zoo (AKA Gandhi garden) **Taleemi Baagh **Cosy Water Park **Samzu Park **Fun Land **Play Land **Fiesta park **Dream World Resort **Dolphin Park **Askari Park * '''Food''' **[[Bahadurabad]] **Burnes Road **[[Hyderabad Colony]] The [[Clifton beach]] in Karachi is the largest beachin Pakistan. Although it suffered a recent oil spill disaster, the beach has been cleaned and has floodlights installed for night-time visitors. The government has embarked on the beautification of Karachi's coastline by building a '''Beach park''' in Clifton which will eventually be connected to the Jehangir Kothari parade and Bagh Ibn- Qasim. There are also a lot of other excellent beaches near the city such as ''Sandspit'', ''Hawke's Bay'', the ''French Beach'', ''Russian beach'' and ''Paradise Point'' (a sandstone rock promotory with a natural arch) that are frequented by flocks of visitors every day. ===خريداري=== [[Image:Karachi - Pakistan-market.jpg|thumb|250px|<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="3">ڪراچيءَ جي رستن تي لڳل ڪپڙي جي آچر بازار]] Karachi is dotted with many shopping areas, large and small, all across the city. Karachiites are avid shoppers, as can be seen from the crowds of people these markets attract every evening. Tariq Road, Zamzama and Elphinstone Street are the most famous shopping areas in the city. One can find all sorts of clothing, garments, and beautiful fabrics in Karachi's [[bazaar]]s, as well as a number of other items. The Saddar area in downtown Karachi is also home to countless large and small markets dealing from everyday household items to clothing and fabrics to electronics. The Empress Market is a large Victorian-era market, which is home to wholesellers of spices and other items. Some other notable shopping areas include: Paposh Market and Hyrdi. Karachi also has a number of large modern shopping malls, among which the '''Park Towers''', '''The Forum''', '''Millennium Mall''' and '''Dolmen Mall''' are notable. More of these malls are currently being built, including the '''Atrium Mall''', '''Jumeira Mall''' and the '''Dolmen City Mall'''. ==آمدرفت== [[Image:Karachi_Jinnah_Airport.jpg|thumb|250px|left|<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="3">جيڻا ٽرمينل [[قائد اعظم بين الاقوامي ھوائي اڏو]]، ڪراچي]] The city has a modern international airport called the [[Quaid-e-Azam International Airport]], Pakistan's busiest. The city's old airport terminals are now used for [[Hajj]] flights, cargo facilities, and ceremonial visits from heads of state. U.S. Coalition forces used the old terminals for their logistic supply operations as well. Apart from this, the city also has two other airstrips used primarily by the armed forces. Karachi has the largest shipping ports in Pakistan at [[Port of Karachi|Karachi Port]] and [[Port Qasim]]. These sea-ports have modern facilities and not only handle trade for Pakistan, but also serve as ports for Afghanistan and the land-locked Central Asian countries. Plans have been announced for new passenger facilities at Karachi Port. Karachi is linked via railway to the rest of the country by the [[Pakistan Railways]]. The Karachi City Station and Karachi Cantt Station are the city's two major railway stations. The railway system handles a large amount of freight to and from the Karachi port apart from providing passenger services to people travelling up country. Karachi also has a circular railway system that is planned to be extended to play a part in the city's mass transit. Currently, commuter traffic is handled primarily by motorists and minibuses, but there are plans to construct a light-rail based mass transit system in the city to decongest the roads and provide quick service to commuters. ==مسئلا== Currently, being one of the most rapidly growing cities in the world, Karachi faces problems that are central to many developing metropolises including overpopulation, overcrowding, traffic, terrorism and crime. Karachi faces a very severe problem of excessive traffic. According to official statistics, on an average annually 550 people are killed in road traffic accidents. The number of cars far outstrips the roads that they need to ply on. This makes driving considerably dangerous and causes loss of time due to traffic congestion. ==Land Ownership== Karachi is located in semi-arid coastal desert area with very limited agriculture land along the two small seasonal rivers, [[Lyari River]] and [[Malir River]], that pass through the city. Before independence, the area around Karachi had sparse nomadic population and most of the land was state owned. At the time of independence, Karachi was chosen as the first capital of Pakistan and the land area came under tight state control. According to the data prepared by the Master Plan and Environmental Control Unit of the [[Karachi Development Authority]] (KDA) in [[1988]], nearly 400,000 acres of the 425,529 acres that make up Karachi's metropolitan area is in some form of public ownership. [[Government of Sindh]] owns 137,687 acres, KDA 124,676 acres, [[Karachi Port Trust]] (KPT) 25,259 acres, [[Karachi Metropolitan Corporation]] (KMC) 24,189 acres, [[Army Cantonment Board]] 18,596 acres, [[Pakistan Steel Mills]] 19,461 acres, [[Defense Housing Society]] 16,567 acres, [[Port Qasim]] 12,961 acres, [[Government of Pakistan]] 4,051 acres and [[Pakistan Railways]] 3,119 acres. In late 1990s the undeveloped land belonging to KDA was transfered to the [[Malir Development Authority]] (MDA) and [[Lyari Development Authority]] (LDA). ==پڻ ڏسندا== * [[Pakistan]] * [[Sindh]] * [[Islamabad]] * [[Lahore]] * [[Peshawar]] * [[Quetta]] ==خارجي ڳنڍڻا== {{Commonscat}} ;Offical * [http://www.karachicity.gov.pk/ Official site: City District Government of Karachi] * [http://www.kse.com.pk/ Karachi Stock Exchange] * [http://www.karachiairport.com.pk Quaid-e-Azam International Airport], Jinnah International * [http://www.karachiairport.com/ Old Karachi Airport] * [http://www.kpt.gov.pk/ Karachi Port Trust] * [http://www.urckarachi.org/home.htm Urban Resource Centre - Karachi] ;Historic/Maps * [http://mapy.mk.cvut.cz/data/Centr._Asia/Topo%20maps_500k/G-42-V.jpg Link to Soviet topographic map 1:500 000] ;Photographs * [http://www.historickarachi.com/ Historic Karachi] - The history of Karachi through photographs * [http://www.flickr.com/photos/79596289@N00/ Photo collection of Karachi] by Ali Adnan Qazalbash ;Popular Topics * [http://www.karafilmfest.com/ The Official KaraFilm Festival website] * [http://3quarksdaily.blogs.com/3quarksdaily/2005/06/critical_digres.html Contemporary Karachi and the Karachi of popular discourse] * [http://3quarksdaily.come 3 Quarks Daily] Short essay by Husain Naqvi * [http://www.karachiplus.com/ Website highlighting places of interest in Karachi] ;Non Government Organisations * [http://www.urckarachi.org/home.htm Urban Resource Center] * [http://www.ansarburney.org/ Ansar Burney Trust] Human Rights Organisation {{Territorial_Capitals_in_Pakistan}} [[Category:Coastal cities and towns in Pakistan]] [[Category:Cities and towns in Sindh]] [[Category:Karachi]] [[ast:Karachi]] [[bg:Карачи]] [[ca:Karachi]] [[da:Karachi]] [[de:Karatschi]] [[es:Karachi]] [[eo:Karaĉio]] [[fa:کراچی]] [[fr:Karâchi]] [[gd:Karachi]] [[ko:카라치]] [[id:Karachi]] [[he:קראצ'י]] [[lv:Karači]] [[lt:Karačis]] [[nl:Karachi]] [[ja:カラチ]] [[no:Karachi]] [[pl:Karaczi]] [[pt:Carachi]] [[ru:Карачи]] [[fi:Karachi]] [[category:ڀونءِ ڀياس ۽ ڀونءِ نگاري]] [[category:سنڌ جا شهر]] 1684 edit=sysop:move=sysop 6019 2006-04-14T23:06:02Z Aursani 60 Protected "[[Template:ڪجھھ نوان لفظ]]" [edit=sysop:move=sysop] <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="5"> ڪجھھ نوان لفظ *<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">[[ڏور اِندريات]] *<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">[[ڏور ربطيات]] *<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">[[ماحولياتي وھڪرو]] <font/> 1685 8643 2007-01-01T16:05:58Z 193.52.94.40 /* اعداد حصولياتي ٽيڪنيڪون */ [[Image:Chateau Beaugency ballon.jpg|thumb|left|200px|{{مبسس4}}ڪوٽ بوجنسي [[گرم هوا ڦوڪڻي]] کان ڏسنجندي]] {{مبسس4}}وسيع ترين تناظر ۾، ڪنهن رڪارڊڱ يعني درجڪار اوزار ذريعي بنا طبعي رابطي جي ڪا شَي يا اسرار ماپڻ يا انهن بابت ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ کي '''ڏور اِندريات''' چئجي ٿو. عملاً، [[قدرتي ماحول|ماحول]] بابت ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ فاصلي تي، جهڙوڪ [[هوائي رَٿَ]]، [[خلائي رَٿَ]]، [[اُپگرهه]]، يا [[ٻيڙي]]) تي موجود ڪنهن اوزار جو استعمال ڪرڻ کي ڏور اندريات سڏيو وڃي ٿو. ان کي انگريزيءَ ۾ رموٽ سينسڱ </font> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_sensing Remote Sensing] {{مبسس4}}۽ فرانسيسيءَ ۾ تيلي ديتڪسيون</font> [http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9d%C3%A9tection Télédétection] {{مبسس4}}چوندا آهن. Thus an هوائي رٿ taking تصويرون، [[Earth مشاهداتي اُپگرهه|ڌر مشاهدو]] ۽ [[موسمياتي اُپگرهه]]، monitoring of a fetus پيٽ ۾ via [[پڙاڌوچٽ]]، ۽ [[خلائي کوج]] آهن سڀ جا مثال ڏور اِندريات. In جديد استعمال، the اصطلاح عمُوماً refers to ٽيڪنيڪُون involving the جو استعمال instruments aboard هوائي رٿ ۽ خلائي رٿ rather than ٻيا کيتر جن کي آهي سمجھيو ويندو to be under [[طبي عڪسنگاري]]. While all [[نجميات]] سمجھي سگھجي ٿو ڏور اِندريات (در حقيقت, ''انتهائي'' ڏور اِندريات) the term "ڏور اِندريات" is عام طور فقط applied to terrestrial مشاهدا. ==اعداد حصولياتي ٽيڪنيڪون== {{مبسس4}}مشاهدي هيٺ اَسرار يا شَي پٽاندر ڪيترن ئي مختلف اوزارن يا آلن ذريعي اعداد حاصل ڪري سگھجن ٿا. اڪثر ڏور اندرياتي ٽيڪنيڪُون مشاهدي هيٺ وَٿَ کان خارجيل يا موٽايل [[برقمقنائي ڪرڻباري]] ڪنهن مخصوص [[frequency]] domain ([[انفرا سُرخ]]، ڏيکائيندڙ روشني, پٿلهرُون). اهو ممڪن آهي تنهنڪري ته examined objects (ٻُوٽا، گھرَ، آبي مٿاڇرا، فضائي مايا ...) موٽائين يا خارجين ڪرڻباري ۾ مختلف [[لهري ڊيگھه]]۽ ۾ مختلف intensity پٽاندر سندن موجوده حالت. ڪي ڏور اِندرياتي واپرائين [[آوازي|آواز]] لهرُون ساڳيءَ ريت، and others measure variations in [[ثقلي ڇِڪَ|ثقلي]] يا [[مقنائي اَڇَ|مقنائي اَڇُون]]. ===ڪرڻڪ پيمائش=== [[Image:Radar antenna.jpg|left|thumb|{{مبسس4}}هِڪَ راڊار اينٽينا.]] *{{مبسس4}}‏‏[[راڊار]] may be used for ranging and رفتار ماپڻ اڻانگا هدف (i.e. هڪ هوائي رٿَ) or ورڇيل حدف (جهڙوڪ ڪو ڪڪر جو آبي بخارات، or [[Plasma (طبعيات)|plasmas]] ۾ [[ionosphere]]). [[جڙتُو مهانڊي راڊار]] can produce precise [[عددي اُڀاوتي ماڊل]] جو terrain (ڏسندا [[راڊارسيٽ]]، [[Magellan probe|Magellan]]). *Laser and radar [[اوُچائي پيما]]s on اپگرهن have provided a وسيع range of اعداد. ماپيندي the bulges of water caused by ثقل, هُو map features on the سامونڊي مٿاڇري تي to a تحلُل جو a ميل يا so. By measuring the اُوچائي ۽ لهري ڊيگھه of سامُونڊي لهرُون، اُوچائي پيما ماپڻ واءُ رفتار ۽ طرف, ۽ مٿاڇراتي سامونڊي ويرُون ۽ طرفَ. [[Image:Death-valley-sar.jpg|thumb|right|[[Synthetic aperture radar]] *{{مبسس4}}[[Lidar]] ماپڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگھجي ٿو the concentration of various ڪيميائي نسل ۾ فضا پڻ as ranging. *[[ڪرڻپيما]]s and [[photoپيما]] لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگھجي ٿو to detect the [[اخراجِي اِنڊمُون]] of various ڪيميائي نسل، thus providing متعلق ڄاڻَ on ڪيميائي concentrations ۾ the فضا. *<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">[[stereoscopy|Stereographic pair]]s of [[فضائي تصوير]] have often been used to make [[Topographic نقشا]]. [[اُپگرھِي عڪسگري]] has also been used. *Thematic mappers take images in multiple of برقمقنائي ڪرڻباري (گھڻ اِنڊمِي) and are usually found on [[earth مشاهداتي اپگرهه]]، including (مثلاً) the [[لينڊسيٽ رٿا]] or the [[اِيڪونوس]] اُپگرهه. نقشا of land ڇَوَ and land use from thematic mapping can be used to prospect for minerals، measure land usage, and examine ٻُوٽن جِي صحتَ, including entire farming regions or ٻيلا. ===ڀون پيماڀياس=== *{{مبسس4}}اپگرهي پيمائشون of باريڪ perturbations in the ڌرتيءَ جون [[ثقلي اَڇَ]] ([[ڀون پيماڀياس]]) may be used معلوم ڪرڻ تبديليون مايي ۾ ورڇَ ڌرتي جي, جيڪو وري may be used لاءِ ڀون ڀياسي يا آڀ ڀياسي مطالعن. ===Acoustics=== [[Image:Fishfinder.jpg|thumb|left|Cabin نُماءُ of a fish finder sonar]] *[[Sonar]] may be utilized for ranging and measurements of underwater objects and terrain. *<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">[[Seismograph|Seismogram]]s takenتي مختلف هنڌن can locate and measure [[ڀُون ڪمب]] (after the fact) ڀيٽيندي the relative intensity and precise timing. لاءِ coordinate a series of مشاهدا، اڪثر اندرياتي سرشتا need ڄاڻڻ where they are، ڪهڙو وقت it is and the ڦيرو and رُخ of the instrument. High-end instruments now often use positional information from [[اُپگرهي navigation سرشتا]]. The rotation and رُخ is اڪثر provided هڪ ٻه ڊگرين جي اندر with برقياتي پلڪارُون. پلڪار ماپي سگھن ٿا not just azimuth (i.e. ڊگرين کان مقنائي اُتر)، پر پڻ اُوچائي (افق کان ڊگريون مٿي)، ڇاڪاڻ ته مقنائي اَڇَ ڏِنگ منجھه ڌرتيءَ تي مختلف رُخن تي مختلف ويڪرائي ڦاڪُن. اڃا تُز orientations require [[inertial سُونهائي سرشتو|gyroscopic pointing ڄاڻَ]]، ٽاڻواً realigned in some fashion, غالباً کان تاري or the limb of the ڌرتي. تحلل determines how many عڪسلُون are available in ماپَ، پر more importantly، higher تحلُلَ are more informative، giving more اعداد about more points. However، more تحلُل occasionally yields ٿورڙا اعداد. مثال طور، in thematic mapping to study ٻُوٽن جي صحت, عڪسڻ انفرادي leaves of ٻُوٽا is حقيقتاً counterproductive. Also، large amounts of high تحلُل اعداد can clog a storage يا transmission سرشتو سان بيڪار اعداد، when a few ٿلهو تحلُل عڪس might be بهتر استعمال جو the سرشتي. ==اعداد پردازڪاري== {{پڻڏسندا|Inverse problem}} عموماً, ڏور اِندريات works جي قاعدي تي the ''inverse problem''. While the شَي or اسرار مقصد جو (the '''state''') may not be directly measured, there exists some other variable that ماپي سگھجي ٿو (the '''مشاھدو''')، which may be related to the object of interest via some (عموماً رياضياتي) ماڊل. The common مماثلت given to describe this is trying to determine the جو قسم animal from its footprints. مثلاً، while it is ناممڪن to directly measure گرمي پد in the upper atmosphere, اھو ممڪن آھي تھ ماپجي the انڊمي اخراج from a known ڪيميائي نسل (such as carbon dioxide) in that region. The frequency of the اخراج may then be related to the گرمي پد in that region via various [[thermodynamic]] relations. In order to generate maps, اڪثر ڏور اندرياتي سرشتا expect to convert a تصوير or other اعداد item to a زمين تي فاصلي. This تقريباً هميشه تي دارومدار رکي ٿو precision جو the instrument. مثال طور، بگاڙ in an aerial photographic lens or the platen against which the film is pressed can cause سنگين چُڪُون when تصويرُون استعمال ٿيندا آهن ماپڻ لاءِ ground distances. Interpretation is the critical process of making sense of the data. Traditionally, this was a human being، perhaps with a few measurement tools and a light table. In modern systems that produce عددي اعداد، often the tool ڳڻپيوڪر جو هڪ خاندان آهي programs that interpret the اعداد نقشا جوڙڻ لاءِ، or شمارياتِي ڇيد. پراڻا اعداد مان ڏور اندريات is often unreasonably valuable ڇاڪاڻ ته it may provide the only long-term اعداد for a large extent of geography. ساڳي ئي وقت، اعداد is often پيچيده to interpret، and bulky to store. جديد سرشتا tend to store the اعداد عدداً، اڪثر with lossless compression. The difficulty with this approach is that the اعداد is نازڪ آھي، the format may be archaic، and the اعداد may be easy to falsify. One of the best systems for archiving data series is as computer-generated machine-readeable [[ultrafiche]]، usually in typefonts such as OCR-B، or as عدديو half-tone images. Ultrafiches survive well in standard libraries, with lifetimes of ڪيتريون ئي صديون. They can be جوڙيا، copied، filed and retrieved by خودڪار سرشتا. They are about as compact as archival مقنائي ذريعات، and yet can be read by انسانن سان گھٽ ۾ گھٽ، standardized equipment. ==تاريخ== [[Image:Usaf.u2.750pix.jpg|thumb|200px|U-2 reconnaissance هوائي رٿ.]] [[Image:Mars-odyssey-sm.jpg|thumb|250px|''2001 مريخ اوڊيسي خلائي رٿ'' مريخ تي ماضي يا حال ۾ پاڻي ۽ آتشڪاريءَ جي ثابتي ڳولڻ لاءِ اِنڊپيما ۽ عڪسنگار استعمال ڪيا.]] {{مبسس4}}Beyond the primitive ڏور اِندريات جا طريقا اسان جي اڳوڻي ۾ اڳوڻن آباواجداد استعمال ڪيا (مثلاً: ڪنهن اُوچي چوٽيءَ يا وڻ تي بيهڻ to view the landscape)، the جديد کيتر arose with the پيش رفت سان of اُڏامَ. The ڦُوڪڻيدان G. Tournachon (alias [[Nadar]])، جنھن ٺاھيو تصويرُون جون پيرس کان هن جي ڦُوڪڻي ۾ 1858ع، پهريُون هوائي ٿوتصويرُون مڃيو وڃي . Messenger ڪبُوترَ، لغڙ، راڪيٽَ ۽ بيبشر ڦُوڪڻا پڻ استعماليا ويا لاءِ اوائلي عڪس. اھي آڳاٽا انفرادي عڪس بال خصوص نقشيسازي يا سائنسي مقصدن لاءِ ڪارائتا نه هئا. {{مبسس4}}Systematic [[هوائي عڪسنگاري]] was developed فوجي مقصدن لاءِ ابتدا ۾ [[پهرين جنگ عظيم]] ۽ reaching a عروج پد تي [[سرد جنگ]] دوران جي ترقيءَ سان [[reconnaissance هوائي رٿ]] جهڙوڪ [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]]. {{مبسس4}}ويهين صديءَ جي پوئين اڌ ۾ مصنوعي اُپگرهن جي ترقيءَ سان ڏور اندريات کي ارضياتي پيماني تي اڀرڻ جو موقعو مليو. Instrumentation aboard various ڌر مشاهداتي ۽ موسم اُپگرهه جهڙوڪ [[لينڊسيٽ رٿا|لينڊسيٽ]]، [[Nimbus program|Nimbus]] ۽ تازيون ترين مهمجويُون جهڙوڪ [[راڊارسيٽ]] ۽ [[UARS]]، ارضياتي ماپُن جا شهري، سائنسي، ۽ فوجي مقصدن لاءِ متفرق اعداد ميسر ڪري ڏنا. خلائي کوج ۽ ٻين گرهن ڏانهن به جو موقعو conduct ڏور اندرياتي مطالعا غير ٽيريسٽيريئل ۾ ماحولن، جُڙتُو مهانڊِي راڊار aboard the [[Magellan probe|Magellan]] خلائي رٿ provided تفصيلي topographic نقشا of [[Venus]] ،while instruments aboard [[Solar and Heliospheric مشاهيگاهه|سوهو]] allowed studies to be performed تي the [[سج]] ۽ the [[شمسي واءُ]]، just to name a few مثالن. ==مزيد مطالعو== * ڪيمپ بيل, J.B. 2002. ''ڏور اِندريات جو تعارف (انگريزيءَ ۾)''. ٽيون ڇاپو. گلفورڊ پريس. * جينسن، جي آر 2000. ''ماحوليات جو ڏور اندرياءُ: an earth resource perspective''. پرينٽس ھال. * Lillesand, T.M., R.W. Kiefer، and J.W. Chipman. 2003. ''Remote sensing and image interpretation''. 5th ed. Wiley. * Richards, J.A., and X. Jia. 2006. ''ڏور اندريات عددي عڪس ڇيد: هڪ تعارف'' (انگريزيءَ ۾). 4th ed. Springer. ==پڻ ڏسندا== *[[فضائي عڪسنگاري]] *[[ڀون چٽي اطلاعاتي سرشتو]] (ڀان) *[[طبي عڪسنگاري]] *[[Pictometry]] *[[ڪرڻپيمائش]] *[[اُپگرهه]] *[[خلائي کوجي]] ==خارجي ڳنڍڻا== <!-- Please keep this list alphabetized. Thanks! --> * [http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod/aerialsatellite.html General Aerial Photograph Information (U.S. Geological Survey)] * [http://www.stereoview.forU.de/ International Archive for stereo views] * [http://www.macaulay.ac.uk/ladss/aerial_ph.shtml LADSS - Remote Sensing] * [http://www.macaulay.ac.uk/ladss/rs_apps.shtml LADSS - Remote Sensing Applications] * [http://www.remotesensing.org/ RemoteSensing.org] * [http://carstad.gsfc.nasa.gov/Topics/RemoteSensingOnLine.htm RemoteSensingOnLine] * [http://www.opensourcegis.org Open Source GIS] &mdash; Master Index of Open Source GIS Software * [http://slashgeo.org/ slashgeo.org] &mdash; Remote Sensing ad-free non-commercial news and discussions * [http://topics.developmentgateway.org/space Space Applications for Development] * [http://ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/index_e.php ڪيناڊا ڏور اِندرياتي مرڪز] [[Category:ڳڻپيوڪر بصارت]] [[Category:ڌر سائنس]] [[Category:سماجي سائنس]] [[cs:Dálkový průzkum Země]] [[de:Fernerkundung]] [[fr:Télédétection]] [[it:Telerilevamento]] [[ja:リモートセンシング]] [[vi:Viễn thám]] [[zh:遥感]] [[eo:Fora Perceptado]] [[Category:ٽيڪنيڀياس]] [[Category:سائنس]] 1686 4869 2006-02-28T20:28:45Z Aursani 60 1687 5730 2006-04-09T00:43:24Z 193.52.94.40 #REDIRECT[[خِلائِي رَٿَ]] 1688 4903 2006-03-01T00:11:15Z Aursani 60 1689 4914 2006-03-01T00:28:34Z Aursani 60 /* Spacecraft under development */ [[Image:Ariane 5 Rosetta launch large.jpg|left|150px|thumb||Ariane 5 lifts off with the [[Rosetta space probe]] on [[March 2]], [[2004]].]] <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="3">'''خلائي رَٿَ''' ھڪ اھڙي [[گاڏي]] آھي جيڪا پولار يا خلا ۾ سفر ڪري ٿِي. [[outer space|space]]. Spacecraft include [[Unmanned space missions|robotic or unmanned space probes]] as well as [[Manned space missions|manned vehicles]]. The term is sometimes also used to describe مصنوعي [[اپگرھھ]]s, which have similar design criteria and models. == ھڪ نظر == خلائي رَٿَ must be engineered to withstand the environmental rigors of outer space. They must operate in a [[vacuum]] with temperatures potentially ranging across hundreds of degrees [[Celsius]]. They will normally have a propulsion system as well as a means of maneuvering. If they use an engine for propulsion then the craft also needs to store a supply of fuel. A guidance and control system is also required for maintaining a proper course. The spacecraft will also need an energy source for powering the various systems. For spacecraft near the [[Sun]], [[solar panel]]s are frequently employed for this purpose. However, spacecraft travelling to more distant locations such as Jupiter also employ nuclear fuel to supply electrical energy. The term '''''خلائي بيڙو''''' is generally applied only to spacecraft capable of [[transport]]ing people. Spaceships have additional requirements for providing life support to the crew. A [[space suit]] has at times been called a miniature spacecraft or spaceship, emphasizing its purpose of keeping its wearer alive while traveling in the [[خال]] of outer space. The spaceship is one of the prime elements in [[science fiction]]. Numerous [[short story|short stories]] and [[novel]]s are built up around various ideas for spacecraft. Some [[hard science fiction]] [[book]]s focus on the technical details of the craft, while others treat the spacecraft as a given and delve little into its actual implementation. Some people allege that some Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs) are spacecraft operated by extraterrestrials; in other words ''[[flying saucers]]''. But the bare term "UFO" merely refers to flying objects in the sky that are, thus far, "unidentified". == Examples of past or existing خلائي رَٿَ == '''Manned''' Spaceships * [[اپولو خلائي رَٿَ|اپولو خلائي رَٿَ]] * [[Project Gemini|Gemini Spacecraft]] * [[بين الاقوامي خلائي اسٽيشن]] * [[Mir]] * [[Project Mercury|Mercury Spacecraft]] * [[Shuttle Buran]] * [[Shenzhou spacecraft|Shenzhou Spacecraft]] * [[Space Shuttle]] * [[Soyuz spacecraft|Soyuz Spacecraft]] * [[SpaceShipOne]] * [[Voskhod spacecraft|Voskhod Spacecraft]] * [[Vostok spacecraft|Vostok Spacecraft]] '''بي بشر''' * [[Cassini-Huygens]] * [[Cluster mission|Cluster]] * [[اُونھو خلا 1]] * [[گاليليئو]] * [[Genesis (spacecraft)|Genesis]] * [[Mars Exploration Rover]] * [[Mars Global Surveyor]] * [[مريخ پيچراکوج]] * [[Pioneer 10]] * [[Pioneer 11]] * [[Progress spacecraft|Progress]] * [[Solar and Heliospheric Observatory|SOHO]] * [[Stardust (spacecraft)|Stardust]] * [[Surveyor]] * [[Viking 1]] * [[Viking 2]] * [[Voyager 1]] * [[Voyager 2]] * [[WMAP]] == زير تعمير خلائي رَٿُون == * [[Crew Exploration Vehicle]] * [[Kliper]] * [[Automated_Transfer_Vehicle|Automated Transfer Vehicle]] * [[H-II_Transfer_Vehicle|H-II Transfer Vehicle]] * [[Ansari X Prize]] (incl. a list of spacecraft in various stages of completion as of [[2005]]) The [[US Space Command]], according to its "Long Range Plan", is currently planning to develop a weaponized spaceship, which has yet to be announced.[http://www.fas.org/spp/military/docops/usspac/] == پڻ ڏسندا == {{Spaceflight portal}} * [[Attitude control]] * [[Expendable launch system]] * [[Human spaceflight]] * [[List of fictional spaceships]] * [[List of spacecraft]] * [[Spacecraft propulsion]] * [[خلائي ڇڪڙو]] * [[ستاراٻيڙو]] * [[Thruster]] * [[Unidentified flying object]] * [[بي بشر خلائي مھمجوئي]] == خارجي مقالا == ;General * [http://science.hq.nasa.gov/missions/phase.html NASA: Space Science Spacecraft Missions] * [http://www.cinespaceships.net/ Cinespaceships - Database on spaceships in movie] ;News * Will Knight, "''[http://www.newscientistspace.com/article.ns?id=dn8623 Spacecraft skin 'heals' itself]''". January 2006, NewScientist.com. [[Category:Spacecraft| ]] [[Category:Pressure vessels]] [[bg:Космически кораб]] [[cs:Um&#283;lé kosmické t&#283;leso]] [[da:Rumskib]] [[de:Raumfahrzeug]] [[eo:Kosma flug-aparato]] [[fi:Avaruusalus]] [[fr:V&#233;hicule spatial]] [[id:Pesawat angkasa]] [[hu:Űreszköz]] [[ja:&#23431;&#23449;&#33337;]] [[nl:Ruimtevaartuig]] [[no:Romferge]] [[pl:Statek kosmiczny]] [[pt:Nave estelar]] [[ru:&#1050;&#1086;&#1089;&#1084;&#1080;&#1095;&#1077;&#1089;&#1082;&#1080;&#1081; &#1072;&#1087;&#1087;&#1072;&#1088;&#1072;&#1090;]] [[sk:Umelé kozmické teleso]] [[sl:Vesoljsko plovilo]] [[sv:Rymdfarkost]] [[vi:Tàu vũ trụ]] [[zh:&#31354;&#38388;&#39134;&#34892;&#22120;]] 1690 8792 2007-01-22T10:22:40Z Aursani 60 [[image:jal.747.newcolours.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb|left|350px|A [[جاپان فضائي واٽُون]] [[Boeing]] [[Boeing 747-400|747-400]]. This is a wide-bodied long-haul '''فضائي رَٿَ''']] {{مبسس4}}'''فضائي رَٿَ''' ڪنهن به اهڙي ڪَلَ يا مشين کي چئجي ٿو، جيڪا [[ڌرتيءَ جِي فضا|فضائي]] [[اڏامَ]] جي قابل ھجي. <!--English word "aircraft" is singuar and plural with no "s". See also the link to Wiktionary below.--> ==ڪيٽيگريون ۽ درجه بندي== {{مبسس4}}فضائي رَٿُون ٻن وسيع ڪيٽيگرين ۾ ورهائجن ٿيون: ===هوا کان ڳريون=== Heavier than air [[aerodyne]]s, including [[autogyro]]s, [[helicopter]]s and variants, and conventional [[fixed-wing aircraft]] (airplanes or aeroplanes). Fixed-wing aircraft generally use an [[internal-combustion engine]] in the form of a [[piston engine]] (with a [[propeller]]) or a [[Turbine|turbine engine]] ([[Jet engine|jet]] or [[turboprop]]), to provide [[thrust]] that moves the craft forward through the air. The movement of air over the airfoil produces [[lift (force)|lift]] that causes the aircraft to fly. Exceptions are [[glider]]s which have no engines and gain their thrust, initially, from [[winch]]es or tugs and then from gravity and thermal currents. For a glider to maintain its forward speed it must descend in relation to the air (but not necessarily in relation to the ground). Helicopters and autogyros use a spinning rotor (a ''rotary wing'') to provide lift; helicopters also use the rotor to provide thrust. The abbreviation [[VTOL]] is applied to aircraft other than helicopters that can take off or land vertically. [[STOL]] stands for Short Take Off and Landing. ===هوا کان هلڪيون=== [[image:yellow.balloon.takesoff.in.bath.arp.jpg|thumb|left|200px|گرم هوا ڦوُوڪڻو رايل وڪٽوريا پارڪ، باٿ، انگلستان کان اڌام ڀريندي]]. <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="3">[[Lighter than air]] [[aerostat]]s: [[hot air balloon]]s and [[airship]]s. Aerostats use [[buoyancy]] to float in the air in much the same manner as ships float on the water. In particular, these aircraft use a relatively low density gas such as [[helium]], [[hydrogen]] or heated air, to displace the air around the craft. The distinction between a balloon and an airship is that an airship has some means of controlling both its forward motion and steering itself, while balloons are carried along with the wind. ===فضائي رَٿُن جا قسمَ=== :''See also: [[List of aircraft]]'' There are several ways to classify aircraft. Below, we describe classifications by design, propulsion and usage. ====ڊزائين پٽاندر==== [[image:Size-comparison.jpg|thumb|left|350px|A size Comparation of some of the largest airplanes in the world. The Airbus A380-800, the Boeing 747-400 (largest airliner to date) The Antonov An-225 (aircraft with the greatest payload) and the Hughes H-4 "Spruce Goose" (largest airplane in the world) designed by the famous [[Howard Hughes]] ]] A first division by design among aircraft is between lighter-than-air, '''aerostat''', and heavier-than-air aircraft, '''aerodyne'''. Examples of lighter-than-air aircraft include non-steerable [[balloon]]s, such as [[hot air balloon]]s and [[gas balloon]]s, and steerable [[airship]]s (sometimes called dirigible balloons) such as [[blimp]]s (that have non-rigid construction) and [[rigid airship|rigid airships]] that have an internal frame. The most successful type of rigid airship was the [[Zeppelin]]. Several accidents, such as the [[Hindenburg disaster|Hindenburg]] fire at [[Lakehurst]], NJ, in [[1937]] led to the demise of large rigid airships. In heavier-than-air aircraft, there are two ways to produce lift: aerodynamic lift and engine lift. In the case of aerodynamic lift, the aircraft is kept in the air by wings or rotors (see [[aerodynamics]]). With engine lift, the aircraft defeats gravity by use of [[vertical]] Examples of engine lift aircraft are [[rocket]]s, and [[VTOL]] aircraft such as the [[Hawker-Siddeley Harrier]]. Among aerodynamically lifted aircraft, most fall in the category of [[fixed-wing aircraft]], where horizontal airfoils produce [[lift (force)|lift]], by profiting from airflow patterns determined by [[Bernoulli's equation]] and, to some extent, the [[Coanda effect]]. The forerunner of these type of aircraft is the [[Kite flying|kite]]. Kites depend upon the tension between the cord which anchors it to the ground and the force of the [[wind]] currents. Much aerodynamic work was done with kites until test aircraft, wind tunnels and now computer modelling programs became available. In a "conventional" configuration, the lift surfaces are placed in front of a control surface or [[tailplane]]. The other configuration is the [[canard]] where small horizontal control surfaces are placed forward of the wings, near the nose of the aircraft. Canards are becoming more common as [[supersonic]] [[aerodynamic]]s grows more mature and because the forward surface contributes lift during straight-and-level flight. The number of lift surfaces varied in the pre-[[1950]] period, as [[biplane]]s (two wings) and [[triplane]]s (three wings) were numerous in the early days of aviation. Subsequently most aircraft are [[monoplane]]s. This is principally an improvement in [[structure]]s and not aerodynamics. Other possibilities include the [[delta-wing]], where lift and horizontal control surfaces are often combined, and the [[flying wing]], where there is no separate vertical control surface (e.g. the [[B-2 Spirit]]). A variable geometry ('swing-wing') has also been employed in a few examples of combat aircraft (the [[General Dynamics F-111|F-111]], [[Panavia Tornado]], [[F-14 Tomcat]] and [[B-1 Lancer]], among others). The [[lifting body]] configuration is where the body itself produce lift. So far the only significant practical application of the lifting body is in the [[Space Shuttle]], but many aircraft generate lift from nothing other than wings alone. A second category of aerodynamically lifted aircraft are the [[rotary-wing aircraft]]. Here, the lift is provided by rotating [[aerofoil]]s or [[rotor]]s. The best-known examples are the [[helicopter]], the [[autogyro]] and the [[tiltrotor]] aircraft (such as the [[V-22 Osprey]]). Some craft have reaction-powered rotors with gas jets at the tips but most have one or more lift rotors powered from engine-driven shafts. A further category might encompass the [[ground effect|wing-in-ground-effect]] types, for example the Russian [[ekranoplan]] also nicknamed the "Caspian Sea Monster" and [[hovercraft]]; most of the latter employing a skirt and achieving limited ground or water clearance to reduce friction and achieve speeds above those achieved by [[boat]]s of similar weight. A recent innovation is a completely new class of aircraft, the [[fan wing]]. This uses a fixed wing with a forced airflow produced by cylindrical fans mounted above. It is (2005) in development in the [[United Kingdom]]. And finally the flapping-wing [[ornithopter]] is a category of its own. These designs may have potential but are not yet practical. ====ڌُوڪَ پٽاندر==== [[Image:WestCoastAirFloatplane.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A [[turboprop]]-engined [[De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter|DeHavilland Twin Otter]] adapted as a [[floatplane]].]] Some types of aircraft, such as the balloon or [[glider]], do not have any propulsion. Balloons drift with the wind, though normally the pilot can control the altitude either by heating the air or by releasing ballast, giving some directional control (since the wind direction changes with altitude). For gliders, takeoff takes place from a high location, or the aircraft is pulled into the air by a ground-based winch or vehicle, or towed aloft by a powered "tug" aircraft. [[Airship]]s combine a balloon's [[buoyancy]] with some kind of propulsion, usually [[propeller]] driven. Until [[World War II]], the [[Internal combustion engine|internal combustion piston engine]] was virtually the only type of propulsion used for powered aircraft. (See also: [[Aircraft engine]].) The piston engine is still used in the majority of aircraft produced, since it is efficient at the lower altitudes used by small aircraft, but the [[radial engine]] (with the cylinders arranged in a circle around the [[crankshaft]]) has largely given way to the [[horizontally-opposed engine]] (with the cylinders lined up on two sides of the crankshaft). Water cooled [[V engine]]s, as used in automobiles, were common in high speed aircraft, until they were replaced by jet and turbine power. Piston engines typically operate using [[avgas]] or regular gasoline, though some new ones are being designed to operate on diesel or jet fuel. Piston engines normally become less efficient above 7,000-8,000 ft (2100-2400 m) above sea level because there is less oxygen available for combustion; to solve that problem, some piston engines have mechanically powered compressors (blowers) or turbine-powered [[turbocharger]]s or turbonormalizers that compress the air before feeding it into the engine; these piston engines can often operate efficiently at 20,000 ft (6100 m) above sea level or higher, altitudes that require the use of supplemental oxygen or cabin pressurisation. During the forties and especially following the [[1973 energy crisis]], development work was done on propellers with swept tips or even scimitar-shaped blades for use in high-speed commercial and military transports. Pressurised aircraft, however, are more likely to use the [[turbine|turbine engine]], since it is naturally efficient at higher altitudes and can operate above 40,000 ft. Helicopters also typically use turbine engines. In addition to turbine engines like the [[turboprop]] and [[jet engine|turbojet]], other types of high-altitude, high-performance engines have included the [[ramjet]] and the [[pulse jet]]. [[Rocket aircraft]] have occasionally been experimented with. They are restricted to rather specialised niches, such as [[spaceflight]], where no oxygen is available for combustion (rockets carry their own oxygen). ====استعمال پٽاندر==== The major distinction in aircraft usage is between [[military aviation]], which includes all uses of aircraft for military purposes (such as combat, patrolling, search and rescue, reconnaissance, transport, and training), and [[civil aviation]], which includes all uses of aircraft for non-military purposes. =====[[فوجي ھوائي رٿُون]]===== [[Image:4781.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A prototype of [[Hindustan Aeronautics]]' [[Light Combat Aircraft]].]] Combat aircraft like fighters or bombers represent only a minority of the category. Many civil aircraft have been produced in separate models for military use, such as the civil [[Douglas DC-3]] airliner, which became the military [[C-47]]/C-53/R4D transport in the U.S. military and the Dakota in Britain and the [[Commonwealth]]. Even the little fabric-covered two-seater [[Piper Cub|Piper J3 Cub]] had a military version, the L-4 liaison, observation and trainer aircraft. In the past, gliders and balloons have also been used as military aircraft; for example, balloons were used for observation during the [[American Civil War]] and [[World War I]], and cargo gliders were used during [[World War II]] to land intruding German troops in many European countries in the 1940/42 period, while Allied troops used them in Europe after [[D-Day]] . Combat aircraft themselves, though used a handful of times for reconnaissance and [[surveillance aircraft|surveillance]] during the [[Italo-Turkish War]], did not come into widespread use until the [[Balkan War]] when [[first air-dropped bomb]] was invented and widely used by [[Bulgarian air force]] against [[Turkey]]. During [[World War I]] many types of aircraft were adapted for attacking the ground or enemy vehicles/ships/guns/aircraft, and the first aircraft designed as [[bomber]]s were born. In order to prevent the enemy from bombing, [[fighter aircraft]] were developed to intercept and shoot down enemy aircraft. [[Tanker (aircraft)|Tanker]]s were developed after [[World War II]] to refuel other aircraft in mid-air, thus increasing their operational range. By the time of the [[Vietnam War]], [[helicopter]]s had come into widespread military use, especially for transporting and supporting ground troops. =====شهري هوابازي===== [[image:heli.g-code.750pix.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Bell 206|Bell 206B JetRanger III]] '''[[helicopter]]''']] Civil aviation includes both scheduled airline flights and [[general aviation]], a catch-all covering other kinds of private and commercial use. The vast majority of flights flown around the world each day belong to the general aviation category, ranging from recreational balloon flying to civilian flight training to business trips to firefighting to medevac flights to cargo transportation on [[freight aircraft]]. Within general aviation, the major distinction is between private flights (where the pilot is not paid for time or expenses) and commercial flights (where the pilot is paid by a customer or employer). Private pilots use aircraft primarily for personal travel, business travel, or recreation. Usually these private pilots own their own aircraft and take out loans from banks or specialized lenders to purchase them. Commercial general aviation pilots use aircraft for a wide range of tasks, such as flight training, pipeline surveying, passenger and freight transport, policing, crop dusting, and medical transport ([[medevac]]). Piston-powered propeller aircraft (single-engine or twin-engine) are especially common for both private and commercial general aviation, but even private pilots occasionally own and operate helicopters like the [[Bell 206|Bell JetRanger]] or turboprops like the [[Beechcraft King Air]]. Business jets are typically flown by commercial pilots, although there is a new generation of small jets arriving soon for private pilots. == پڻ ڏسندا == {{Aviation portal}} *[[List of aircraft by category]] *[[List of aircraft by date and usage category]] *[[List of civil aircraft]] *[[List of helicopter models]] *[[List of military aircraft]] *[[List of World War II jet aircraft]] *[[List of aircraft engines]] *[[List of aircraft engine manufacturers (alphabetical)]] *[[Aerial refuelling]] *[[Aeronautics]] *[[Aircraft carrier]] *[[Aircraft spotting]] *[[Airline call sign]]s *[[Airliner]] *[[Air safety]] *[[Aviation]] *[[Contrail]] *[[First flying machine]] *[[Flight controls]] *[[Flight instruments]] *[[Gliding]] *[[Lifting body]] *[[List of early flying machines]] *[[Model aircraft]] *[[Mobile phones on aircraft]] *[[Richard Pearse]] *[[Spacecraft propulsion]] *[[Spacecraft]] *[[Steam aircraft]] *[[Successful aircraft types]] *[[Undercarriage]] *[[Wright brothers]] *[[List of aviation, aerospace and aeronautical terms]] ==خارجي ڳنڍڻا== {{وڪيغت}} {{مشترڪ|هوائي رَٿَ}} '''تاريخ''' *[http://www.nasm.si.edu/ Smithsonian Air and Space Museum] - Excellent online collection with a particular focus on history of aircraft and spacecraft *[http://invention.psychology.msstate.edu/Tale_of_Airplane/taleplane.html Virtual Museum] *[http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Prehistory/PH-OV.htm Prehistory of Powered Flight] *[http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-468/contents.htm The Evolution of Modern Aircraft (NASA)] *[http://www.flightinternational.com/Articles/2005/12/20/203709/Clipped+wings.html On Aircraft never built (Flight Global)] *[http://www.anythingplanes.net Aircraft community ] '''معلومات''' *[http://www.flightinternational.com Flight International] *[http://www.aircraft-info.net Aircraft-Info.net] *[http://www.airliners.net/info/ Airliners.net] *[http://www.HomebuiltAircraft.com HomebuiltAircraft.com]- Information Portal about Homebuilt Aircraft * [http://www.DefenceTalk.com Airforces ] * [http://www.challoner.com/aviation/index.html Series of Photo Essays on British Aviation] *[http://www.usenet-replayer.com/webrings/aviation.html Pictures of Aircraft] published on [[Usenet]] * [http://www.sulman4paf.tk PAF Procedures and Information, Wallpapers, Picture Gallery, Updated News] '''پيٽنٽس''' * US[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=/netahtml/srchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=821393.WKU.&OS=PN/821393&RS=PN/821393 821393] -- ''Flying machine'' -- O. & W. Wright {{airlistbox}} <!-- The below are interlanguage links. --> [[Category:Aircraft]] [[Category:Aviation]] [[ar:طائرة]] [[af:Vliegtuig]] [[bg:Летателен апарат]] [[zh-min-nan:Hui-hêng-ki]] [[ca:Aeronau]] [[cs:Letadlo]] [[da:Luftfartøj]] [[de:Luftfahrzeug]] [[es:Aeronave]] [[eo:Flugmaŝino]] [[eu:Hegazkin]] [[fa:هواگرد]] [[fr:Aéronef]] [[fy:Loftfartúch]] [[ko:항공기]] [[io:Aeronavo]] [[id:Pesawat]] [[it:Aeromobile]] [[he:כלי טיס]] [[la:Aeroplanum]] [[ms:Pesawat udara]] [[nl:Vliegtuig]] [[ja:航空機]] [[no:Luftfartøy]] [[pl:Statek powietrzny]] [[pt:Aeronave]] [[ru:Воздушное судно]] [[simple:Aircraft]] [[sl:Zrakoplov]] [[sr:Ваздухоплов]] [[fi:Lentokone]] [[sv:Flygmaskin]] [[vi:Khí cụ bay]] [[zh:飞机]] 1691 4925 2006-03-01T00:47:13Z Aursani 60 1692 4936 2006-03-01T00:56:00Z Aursani 60 <div class="infobox sisterproject">[[Image:Commons-logo.svg|left|45px| ]] <div style="margin-left: 60px;">[[Wikimedia Commons]] has media related to: <div style="margin-left: 10px;">'''''[[Commons:{{{1|Special:Search/{{PAGENAME}}}}}|{{{2|{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}]]'''''</div> </div> </div><noinclude> [[ar:قالب:كومونز]] [[id:Templat:Commons]] [[bg:Шаблон:Commons]] [[ca:Template:Commons]] [[cs:Šablona:Commons]] [[da:Skabelon:Commons]] [[de:Vorlage:Commons1]] [[et:Mall:Commons]] [[es:Plantilla:Commons]] [[eo:Ŝablono:Commons]] [[fr:Modèle:Commons]] [[gl:Template:Commons]] [[io:Template:Commons]] [[ilo:Template:Commons]] [[kn:Template:Commons]] [[ko:Template:Commons]] [[it:Template:Commons]] [[he:תבנית:ויקישיתוף]] [[hu:Sablon:Commons]] [[nl:Sjabloon:Commons]] [[ja:Template:Commons]] [[no:Mal:Commons]] [[pl:Szablon:Commons]] [[pt:Predefinição:Commons]] [[ro:Format:Commons]] [[ru:Шаблон:Commons]] [[simple:Template:Commons]] [[sk:Šablóna:Commons]] [[sl:Template:Commons]] [[sr:Шаблон:Commons]] [[fi:Malline:Commons]] [[sv:Mall:Commons]] [[uk:Шаблон:Commons]] [[vi:Tiêu bản:Commons]] [[wa:Modele:Commons]] [[zh:Template:Commons]] </noinclude> 1693 4937 2006-03-01T00:57:04Z Aursani 60 <div class="infobox sisterproject"> <div style="float: left;">[[Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png|50px|none|Wiktionary|]]</div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;">Look up '''''[[wiktionary:{{{1|Special:Search/{{PAGENAME}}}}}|{{{2|{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}]]''''' in [[Wiktionary]], the free dictionary</div> </div><noinclude> ---- This [[Wikipedia:Template|template]] is a [[Wikipedia:Avoid self-references|self-reference]] and so is part of the Wikipedia project rather than the encyclopaedic content. ==Usage== {{wiktionary}} '''<nowiki>{{wiktionary}}</nowiki>''' - provides a search link to the Wiktionary page, using the current page's name. '''Important''': Check the link before using this method, as Wiktionary uses proper capitalization for its entries, unlike Wikipedia's uppercased first letter or page name. <br style="clear:both" /> {{wiktionary|sophisticated}} '''<nowiki>{{wiktionary|sophisticated}}</nowiki>''' - provides a link to the Wiktionary page for the given word, "sophisticated" in this example <br style="clear:both" /> {{wiktionary|hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia|hippopotomon- strosesquippedaliophobia}} '''<nowiki>{{wiktionary|hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia|hippopotomon- strosesquippedaliophobia}}</nowiki>''' - provides a link to a specific Wikitionary page (1st parameter) and an optional display name (2nd parameter) ==See also== * [[Wikipedia:Sister projects]] for full usage information * {{tl|wiktionary}} * {{tl|wiktionarypar2}} * {{tl|wiktionarypar3}} * {{tl|wiktionarypar4}} * {{tl|wiktionaryleft}} * {{tl|wiktionarycat}} [[Category:Wikipedia maintenance templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[de:Vorlage:Wiktionary]] [[ru:Шаблон:Wiktionary]] [[vi:Tiêu bản:Wiktionary]] </noinclude> 1694 8805 2007-02-01T11:07:40Z 202.5.152.194 [[Image:ZABhutto.jpg|thumb|250px|{{مبسس4}}شھيد ذوالفقار علي ڀٽو]] <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="5"> ذوالفقار علي ڀُٽو (شھيد) shaheed Zulfikar ali bhutto babat wadhek malomat lai www.bhutto.org.pk visit kayo. [[category:سنڌي سُورما]] [[category:تاريخ]] [[category:شخصيات]] 1695 8320 2006-12-07T18:35:46Z Aursani 60 <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="5"> محمد خان جوڻيجو [[category:شخصيات]] 1696 8636 2007-01-01T15:33:57Z Aursani 60 Removing all content from page 1697 8631 2007-01-01T15:22:43Z Aursani 60 [[ھوش محمد]] moved to [[هوش محمد]] {{مبسس5}} هوش محمد(شهيد) {{مبسس4}}24 مارچ 1843ع تي دُٻي جي ميدان ۾ انگريزن سان وڙهندي شهيد ٿي ويو. [[category:شخصيات]] [[category:سنڌي سُورما]] 1698 8717 2007-01-10T17:52:24Z Aursani 60 {{ڪچو}} {{مبسس4}}دودو سومرو (شهيد) [[category:شخصيات]] [[category:سنڌي سُورما]] 1699 6728 2006-09-02T11:00:35Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}دودو سومرو هڪ بهادر انسان هو جنهن پنهنجي جان سنڌ لاءِ قربان ڪري ڇڏي پر پوئتي نه هٽيو 1700 6724 2006-09-02T10:50:10Z Aursani 60 {| align=center cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="background: #f7f8ff; border: 1px solid #f7f8ff; padding: 5px; font-size: 16px; width: 100%;" |- ! style="background: #ccf;"|<font face="times new roman">سنڌ جا سُورما |} <br> <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="3">سنڌ ثقافت کاتي ”سنڌ جا سُرما” جي نالي سان ھڪ سيريز ڇپائي، جنھن کان متاثر ٿي سنڌي ويڪيپيڊيا تي بھ ھيٺيان مقالا رکيا ويا آھن. *{{مبسس3}}شھيد [[راجا ڏاهر]] *{{مبسس3}}شھيد [[ھوش محمد]] *{{مبسس3}}شھيد [[دودو سومرو]] *{{مبسس3}}[[سائين جي ايم سيد]] *{{مبسس3}}شھيد [[ذوالفقار علي ڀٽو]] *{{مبسس3}}[[محمد خان جوڻيجو]] 1701 4960 2006-03-01T22:22:45Z 193.52.94.11 {{catbar}} {{portal}} {{sisterlinkswp|Category:Culture}} {{catmore}} [[Category:Society]] [[Category:Top 10| Culture]] [[ang:Category:Sidaþing]] [[ar: تصنيف:ثقافة]] [[ast:Categoría:Cultura]] [[be:Катэгорыя:Культура]] [[bg:Категория:Култура]] [[ca:Categoria:Cultura]] [[cs:Kategorie:Kultura]] [[da:Kategori:Kultur]] [[de:Kategorie:Kultur]] [[el:Κατηγορία:Πολιτισμός]] [[eo:Kategorio:Kulturo]] [[es:Categoría:Cultura]] [[fi:Luokka:Kulttuuri]] [[fr:Catégorie:Culture]] [[fy:Kategory:Kultuer]] [[he:קטגוריה:תרבות]] [[hi:श्रेणी:संस्कृति]] [[hr:Category:Kultura]] [[hu:Kategória:Kultúra]] [[io:Category:Kulturo]] [[is:Flokkur:Menning]] [[ja:Category:文化]] [[ko:분류:문화]] [[ku:Kategorî:Çand]] [[kw:Category:Cowethas]] [[nds:Kategorie:Kultur]] [[nl:Categorie:Cultuur]] [[nn:Kategori:Kultur]] [[no:Kategori:Kultur]] [[pa:ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀ:ਸੱਭਿਆਚਾਰ]] [[pl:Kategoria:Kultura]] [[pt:Categoria:Cultura]] [[ru:Категория:Культура]] [[sr:Категорија:Култура]] [[sv:Kategori:Kultur]] [[tr:Kategori:Kültür]] [[uk:Категорія:Культура]] [[vi:Category:Văn hóa]] [[zh:Category:文化]] 1702 5738 2006-04-09T01:04:38Z Aursani 60 /* Spiral galaxies */ {{آفاقڀياس}} In [[نجمطبعيات]], the questions of '''[[ڪھڪشان]] formation and evolution''' are: *''How, from a homogeneous universe, did we obtain the very inhomogeneous one we live in?'' *''How did galaxies form?'' *''How do galaxies change over time?'' The formation of [[ڪھڪشان|ڪھڪشائون]] اڃان بھ نجم طبعيات جي ايڪٽو تحقيقي کيترن مان ھڪ آھي; and, to some extent, this is also true for galaxy evolution. Some ideas, however, are now widely accepted. [[image:cartwheel.galaxy.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb|300px|left| ٻن ڪھڪشائن جو حيرت انگيز منھن ڀر ٽڪر [[ناسا]] جي [[ھبل ڏورويک]] مان نڪتل ھن اصلي رنگ عڪس ۾ نظر اچي رھيو آھي of the [[ڪارٽ ويل ڪھڪشان]].]] After the [[ڌم ڌماڪو]], the [[ڪائنات]] had a period when it was remarkably [[homogeneous]], as can be observed in the [[Cosmic Microwave Background]], the fluctuations of which are less than one part in one hundred thousand. The most accepted view is that all the structure we observe today was formed as a consequence of the growth of [[primordial fluctuations]] by [[ثقلي اڻ پائيداري]]. Recent data strongly suggests that the first galaxies formed as early as 600 million years after the Big Bang, much earlier than astronomers had previously believed. That leaves hardly enough time for the tiny [[primordial]] instabilities to grow sufficiently forming [[protogalaxy|protogalaxies]] into [[ڪھڪشان|ڪھڪشائون]]. A great deal of the research in this area is focused on components of our own [[کيرائين واٽ]], since it is the easiest galaxy to observe. The observations which must be explained in, or at least not at odds with, a theory of galactic evolution, include: * the [[Galactic plane|stellar disk]] is quite thin, dense, and rotates * the [[galactic halo|stellar halo]] is very large, sparse, and does not rotate (or has perhaps even a slight [[retrograde]] rotation), with no apparent substructure * halo [[star]]s are typically much older and have much lower [[metal (disambiguation)|metallicities]] than disk stars (there is a correlation, but there is no absolute connection between these data) * some astronomers have identified an intermediate population of stars, variously called the "metal weak thick disk", the "intermediate population II", et al. If these are indeed a distinct population, they would be described as metal-poor (but not as poor as the halo stars), old (but not as old as the halo stars), and orbiting very near the disk, in a sort of "puffed-up", thicker disk shape. * [[globular cluster]]s are typically old and metal-poor as well, but there are a few which are not nearly as metal-poor as most, and/or have some younger stars. Some stars in globular clusters appear to be as old as the universe itself (by entirely different measurement and analysis methods)! * in each globular cluster, all the stars were born at virtually the same time (except for a few globulars that show multiple epochs of star formation) * globular clusters with smaller orbits (closer to the [[galactic center]]) have orbits which are somewhat flatter (less [[inclination|inclined]] to the disk), and less eccentric (more circular), while those further out have orbits in all inclinations, and tend to be more [[eccentricity (orbit)|eccentric]]. * [[High Velocity Cloud]]s, clouds of [[neutral]] [[hydrogen]] are "raining" down on the galaxy, and presumably have been from the beginning (these would be the necessary source of a gas disk from which the disk stars formed). ==گھُنڊِيدار ڪھڪشائون== [[Image:warped_galaxy.jpg|thumb|left|220px|ھڪ گھنڊيدار ڪھڪشان warped as a result of colliding with ڪنھن ٻي ڪھڪشان. ٻي ڪھڪشان مڪمل طور جذب ٿي وڃڻ بعد، بگاڙ گم ٿي ويندو. اھڙو عمل ڪروڙين سان وٺندو آھي.]] [[گھنڊيدار ڪھڪشان|Spiral galaxies]] cannot be built up by mergers of already existing smaller galaxies. When galaxies collide, the individual stars barely notice. The stars themselves never collide with each other because of the enormous distances between them, compared to their size. So when galaxies collide, they actually simply pass through each other, but the gravitational effects disrupts their structure as this happens. As they separate, [[gravity]] slows them down and, if they are gravitationally bound, will eventually bring them back together for another collision. After several collisions their individual structures are so changed, with many stars mixed up between them, that we identify the result as a single merged object. So after a merger, most of the stars originally belonging to both galaxies remain to form the new merged galaxy (a small fraction will have been thrown out entirely). If either galaxy were a spiral before the merger, the violence of the event would disrupt the delicate structure of the [[disk (mathematics)|disk]]. The existing stars cannot afterwards change their orbits to form a new disk. The stellar disk must essentially form in place; a dense rotating disk of gas forms first, then stars are born inside it. The earliest modern theory of the formation of our galaxy (known by astronomers as ELS, after the initials of the authors of that paper, [[Olin Eggen]], [[Donald Lynden-Bell]], and [[Allan Sandage]]{{ref|ELS}}) describes a single (relatively) rapid monolithic collapse, with the halo forming first, followed by the disk. Another view published in 1978 (known as SZ for its authors, [[Leonard Searle]] and [[Robert Zinn]]{{ref|SZ}}) describes a more gradual process, with smaller units collapsing first, then later merging to form the larger components. An even more recent idea is that significant portions of the stellar halo could be stellar debris from destroyed dwarf galaxies and globular clusters that once orbited the Milky Way. The halo would then be a "new"er component made of "recycled" old parts! In recent years, a great deal of focus has been put on understanding merger events in the evolution of galaxies. Rapid technological progress in computers have allowed much better simulations of galaxies, and improved observational technologies have provided much more data about distant galaxies undergoing merger events. After the discovery in 1994 that our own Milky Way has a [[satellite]] galaxy (the [[Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy]], or SagDEG) which is currently gradually being ripped up and "eaten" by the [[Milky Way]], it is thought these kinds of events may be quite common in the evolution of large galaxies. The [[Magellanic Clouds]] are satellite galaxies of the Milky Way that will almost certainly share the same fate as the SagDEG. A merger with a fairly large satellite galaxy could explain why [[M31]] (the [[Andromeda Galaxy]]) appears to have a double core. The SagDEG is orbiting our galaxy at almost a [[right angle]] to the disk. It is currently passing through the disk; stars are being stripped off of it with each pass and joining the halo of our galaxy. Eventually, only the core of SagDEG will exist. Although it will have the same mass as a large [[globular cluster]] like [[Omega Centauri]] and [[Mayall II|G1]], it will appear rather different, as it has far lower surface density due to the presence of substantial amounts of [[dark matter]], while globular clusters appear, mysteriously, to contain very little dark matter. Further examples of satellite dwarf galaxies that are in the process of merging with the Milky Way are the [[Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy]], discovered in 2003 and thought to be responsible for the [[Monoceros Ring]], and the [[Virgo Stellar Stream]], discovered in 2005. ==بيضوي ڪھڪشان== Giant [[elliptical galaxy|elliptical galaxies]] are probably formed by mergers on a grander scale. In the [[Local Group]], the Milky Way and [[M31]] (the [[Andromeda Galaxy]]) are gravitationally bound, and currently approaching each other at high speed. Since we cannot determine the speed of M31 perpendicular to the line from us to it, we do not know if it will collide with the Milky Way. If the two galaxies do meet they will pass through each other, with gravity distorting both galaxies severely and ejecting some gas, dust and stars into [[intergalactic space]]. They will travel apart, slow down, and then again be drawn towards each other, and again collide. Eventually both galaxies will have merged completely, streams of gas and dust will be flying through the space near the newly formed giant elliptical galaxy. Out of the gas ejected from the merger, new globular clusters and maybe even new dwarf galaxies may form and become the halo of the elliptical. The globulars from both M31 and the Milky Way will also form part of the halo; globulars are so tightly held together that they are largely immune to large scale galactic interactions. On the stellar scale, little will happen. If anybody is around to watch the merger, it will be a slow, but magnificent event, with the sight of a distorted M31 spectacularly spanning the entire sky. M31 is actually already distorted: the edges are [[warp (disambiguation)|warp]]ed. This is probably because of interactions with its own galactic companions, as well as possible mergers with dwarf spheroidal galaxies in the recent past - the remnants of which are still visible in the disk populations. In our epoch, large concentrations of galaxies ([[groups and clusters of galaxies|clusters]] and [[supercluster]]s) are still assembling. This "bottom-up" picture is referred to as ''hierarchical structure formation'' (similar to the SZ picture of galaxy formation, on a larger scale). While we have learned a great deal about ours and other galaxies, the most fundamental questions about formation and evolution remain only tentatively answered. == پڻ ڏسندا == * [[Bulge (نجميات)]] * [[چپٿري (ڪھڪشان)]] * [[Galactic coordinate system]] * [[Galactic corona]] * [[Galactic halo]] ==خارجي ڳنڍڻا== * [http://www.noao.edu/image_gallery/html/im0685.html Image of Andromeda galaxy (M31)] - from: * [http://www.noao.edu/image_gallery/galaxies.html NOAO gallery of galaxy images] * [http://www.astro.yale.edu/dokkum/evocalc/ javascript passive evolution calculator] of [[early type galaxy|early type (elliptical) galaxies]] - Dokkum & Franx ==حوالا== {{note|ELS}}Eggen, OJ, Lynden-Bell, D., & Sandage, AR 1962, ''[[Astrophysical Journal|The Astrophysical Journal]]'', 136, 748 {{note|SZ}}Searle L ­ , Zinn R ­ . 1978. ''[[Astrophysical Journal|The Astrophysical Journal]]'' 225:357–79. {{Astronomy-footer}} [[Category:Galaxy formation and evolution| ]] [[Category:Galaxies|Formation]] [[Category:Astrophysics]] [[it:Formazione ed evoluzione delle galassie]] [[pl:Powstawanie galaktyk]] [[pt:Formação e evolução de galáxias]] [[sk:Vznik a vývoj galaxií]] 1703 5737 2006-04-09T01:00:07Z Aursani 60 {| id="cosmology" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size:90%; border: 1px solid gray; float:left; clear:right;" |- style="background:#f2f2f2" align="center" | style="border-bottom: 2px solid #ccf"| '''[[طبعي آفاقڀياس]]''' |- align="left" |- style="background:#f2f2f2" | style="border-bottom: 2px solid #ccf"|<center>[[Image:WMAP.jpg|105px]]</center> *[[ڪائنات جي ڄمار]] *[[ڌُم ڌماڪو]] *[[Comoving distance]] *[[Cosmic microwave background radiation|Cosmic microwave background]] *[[ڪاري توانائي]] *[[ڪارو مادو]] *[[Robertson-Walker coordinates|FLRW metric]] *[[فرائيڊمان مساواتون]] *[[ڪھڪشان جڙڻ ۽ اسرڻ|ڪھڪشان جڙڻ]] *[[ھبل قاعدو]] *[[آفاقي ڦونڊ|ڦونڊ]] *[[آفاق جي وڏ پيمانھ بناوت|وڌ پيمانھ بناوت]] *[[Lambda-CDM model]] *[[ڌم ڌماڪو ناڀجوڙ|ناڀجوڙ]] *[[مشاھدائتي ڪائنات]] *[[سُرخ شفٽ]] *[[ڪائنات جو ڊول|ڪائنات جو ڊول]] *[[ڌم ڌماڪي ڪو سفرنامو]] *[[آفاقڀياس جو سفرنامو]] *[[ڪائنات جو حتمي انجام]] *[[ڪائنات]] |- style="background:#f2f2f2" align="center" | '''لاڳاپيل موضوع''' |- align="right" style="background:#f2f2f2" | style="border-bottom: 2px solid #ccf"| *[[نجمطبعيات]] *[[عام نسبتيت]] *[[ذر طبعيات]] *[[Quantum gravity]] |- align="right" style="background:#f2f2f2" | |}[[Category:Cosmology|{{{PAGENAME}}}]] 1704 4981 2006-03-01T23:18:49Z Aursani 60 1705 4982 2006-03-01T23:19:36Z Aursani 60 1706 5739 2006-04-09T01:22:21Z Aursani 60 {{آفاقڀياس}} {{مبسس4}}'''[[ڪائنات]]''' جي ڄمار، [[ڌم ڌماڪو]] نظريي پٽاندر، is defined as the largest possible value of [[مناسب وقت]] integrated along a [[Minkowski space|timelike]] curve from the Earth at the present [[epoch (نجميات)|epoch]] back to the "ڌم ڌماڪو". The time that has elapsed on a hypothetical clock which has existed since the Big Bang and is now here on Earth will depend on the motion of the clock. According to the preceding definition, the age of the universe is just the largest possible value of time having elapsed on such a clock. Some have postulated that the universe has always existed, so there is no "beginning" of the universe (such as [[Steady state theory]] (later reformulated into the [[Quasi-steady state]] theory) and the [[Plasma universe]] نظريو). Various [[ creationist cosmologies]] have [[dating Creation|dated creation]] of the universe at a much different scale. Below is a discussion of the age of the universe according to the Big Bang theory. == WMAP آڌاريل ڄمار == [[NASA]]'s [[Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe]] (WMAP) project estimates the age of the universe to be: : '''(13.7 ± 0.2) × 10⁹ years'''. That is, the universe is about 13.7 [[ارب]] [[year]]s old, with an uncertainty of 200 [[million]] years. However, this age is based on the assumption that the project's underlying model is correct; other methods of estimating the age of the universe could give different ages. This measurement is made by using the location of the first acoustic peak in the microwave background power spectrum to determine the size of the decoupling surface (size of universe at the time of recombination). The light travel time to this surface (depending on the geometry used) yields a pretty good age for the universe. Assuming the validity of the models used to determine this age, the residual accuracy yields a margin of error near one percent. == ڪَناڪس چڪر آڌاريل ڄمار== Some recent studies found the [[carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle]] to be two times slower than previously believed, leading to the conclusion that the Universe could be a billion years older than previous estimates (via the CNO cycle). ===پلانڪ ايڪو=== There is a simplification where if expressed in Planck units, the age (to/tp) is equal to the inverse square of the temperature (To/Tp) of the universe. Dividing To/Tp gives the current temperature expressed in the amount of the Planck temperature <math>6 \times 10^{-31}</math>. Taking the inverse square gives <math>2.72 \times 10^{60}</math> which is the age in Planck units. Multiplying by the Planck time gives the 11.667 Gyr again. There are many other simple relations like this one, including the critical density as the Planck temperature raised to the fourth power. In Planck units, the critical density is <math>1.3 \times 10^{-121}</math>, which when multiplied by the Planck density gives <math>3.3 \times 10^{-30}</math> g/cm³. ==Assumption of strong priors== Calculating the age of the universe is only accurate if the assumptions built into the models being used are also accurate. This is referred to as [[strong priors]] and essentially involves stripping the potential errors in other parts of the model to render the accuracy of actual observational data directly into the concluded result. Although this is not a totally invalid procedure in certain contexts, it should be noted that the caveat, "based on the fact we have assumed the underlying model we used is correct", then the age given is thus accurate to the specified error (since this error represents the error in the instrument used to gather the raw data input into the model). The age of the universe based on the "best fit" to WMAP data "only" is 13.4&plusmn;0.3 Gyr (the slightly higher number of 13.7 includes some other data mixed in). This number represents the first accurate "direct" measurement of the age of the universe (other methods typically involve [[ھبل قاعدو]] and age of the oldest stars in globular clusters, etc). It is possible to use different methods for determining the same parameter (in this case – the age of the universe) and arrive at different answers with no overlap in the "errors". To best avoid the problem, it is common to show two sets of uncertainties; one related to the actual measurement and the other related to the systematic errors of the model being used. == حوالا == *[http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0303180 Sarah L. Bridle, et.al, ''Precision Cosmology? Not Just Yet'' Science 299 (2003) 1532-1533 abstract] *[http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/cosmolog.htm Ned Wright's Cosmology Tutorial] Accessed 12/13/2005 *[http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/age.html Edward L. Wright, ''Age of the Universe'' 2 Jul 2005] Accessed 12/13/2005 [[Category:ڪائنات]] [[fa:عمر کیهان]] [[he:גיל היקום]] 1707 7420 2006-10-08T12:40:56Z Aursani 60 /* خارجي ڳنڍڻا */ [[Image:royal.crescent.aerial.bath.arp.jpg|thumb|left|250px| [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] terrace of [[Royal Crescent]] ([[Bath]], [[England]]) مان [[گرم ھوا ڦُوڪڻو]]]] [[Image:DullesAirport.jpg|thumb|250px|[[ڊيولز ھوائي اڏو]] in [[Reston, Virginia]]، ڪنھن ھوائي جھاز مان ڏسجندي]] '''ھوائي عڪسنگاري''' is the taking of [[تصوير]]s from above with a [[ڪيميرا]] mounted on an [[ھوائي جھاز]], [[ڦُوڪڻو]], [[راڪيٽ]], [[لغڙ بازي|لغڙ]], [[اڀٽوٻو]] يا اھڙو ئي [[vehicle]]. It was first practiced by the فرانسيسي ھواباز [[Nadar]] in [[1858]]. The use of aerial عڪسنگاري فوجي مقصدن لاءِ was expanded دوران [[پھرين جنگ عظيم]] by aviators such as [[Fred Zinn]]. ھوائي عڪسنگاري is used in [[cartography]]، land-use planning، [[ونگڀياس]], [[movie production]], [[قدرتي ماحول|ماحولياتي]] studies, [[espionage]], commercial [[advertising]], [[conveyancing]], and other fields. Aerial photos are often processed by a [[ڀُون چٽ اطلاعت سرشتو|ڀاس]] . Recent advances in [[radio controlled model]]s has made it possible for [[radio controlled]] [[model aircraft]] to conduct low-altitude aerial photography. This has benefited [[real-estate]] advertising, where commercial and residential properties are the photographic subject. Full-size, manned aircraft are prohibited from low flyovers of populated locations. Miniature-size model aircraft offer full photographic access to these previously restricted areas. Of course, miniature vehicles do not replace full-size aircraft, as full-size aircraft are capable of longer flight-times, higher altitudes, and greater equipment payloads. ==قانوني پھلُو== Aerial photographs are considered outside the realm of [[privacy]]. Therefore anything witnessed from the view of an aircraft is considered [[public domain]]. An exception is when an aircraft uses [[Heat|thermal]] probes, as found [[Constitution|unconstitutional]] by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]].{{ref|Kyllo_v_US_2001}} ==پڻ ڏسندا== * [[ھوابازي عڪسنگاري]] * [[ھوائي عڪسگري]] * [[لغڙي عڪسنگاري]] * [[Orthophoto]] * [[ڏور اندريات]] * [[Pictometry]] ==خارجي ڳنڍڻا== * [http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/remote/remote_f.html {{مبسس4}}فضائي عسڪس نگاري ۽ ڏور اندريات] * [http://multimapsightseeing.blogspot.com {{مبسس4}}برطانيھ فضائي تصويرن ۽ اپگرھي عڪسن ۾ ڏسجندي] * [http://www.rcapa.net {{مبسس4}}ڏور ضابطيل فضائي تصويرنگاري ايسوسيئيشن] * [http://airphotos.nrcan.gc.ca/photos101/photos101_info_e.php {{مبسس4}}ڪيناڊا جا قدرتي وسيلا: فضائي تصويرن جي انٽرپريٽيشن جو تعارف] * [http://www.satimagingcorp.com/gallery-orthorectified.html orthorectified {{مبسس4}}عددي فضائي تصويرن جي گيلري] == حوالا == # {{note|Kyllo_v_US_2001}} [http://straylight.law.cornell.edu/supct/search/display.html?terms=aerial%20photography&url=/supct/html/99-8508.ZO.html KYLLO V. UNITED STATES (99-8508) 533 U.S. 27 (2001)]. Retrieved August 12, 2005. {{wiktionarypar|aerial photography}} [[Category:Cartography]] [[Category:Aviation]] {{Photo-stub}} [[de:Luftbildfotografie]] [[fr:Photographie aérienne]] [[it:Fotografia aerea]] [[he:צילום אוויר]] [[sv:Flygfotografi]] 1708 5018 2006-03-02T01:06:47Z Aursani 60 1709 5021 2006-03-02T01:16:34Z Aursani 60 1710 5023 2006-03-02T01:19:48Z Aursani 60 1711 5036 2006-03-03T16:01:34Z Aursani 60 The '''history of telecommunication''' predates what is commonly thought of as modern ideas and the systems currently in place today. While the [[Internet]] is a major form of [[telecommunication]] in todays world its concept is far from new. ==Telegraphy== [[Image:Porthcurno cables.jpg|thumb|The first [[telegraphy|telegraph]] links in [[Europe]].]] {{main|Telegraphy}} ===Optical=== The first telegraphs were [[optical telegraph]]s, including the use of [[smoke signals]] and [[beacon]]s. These have existed since ancient times. A [[semaphore (communication)|semaphore]] network invented by [[Claude Chappe]] operated in [[France]] from [[1792]] and remained in operation until [[1846]]. It helped [[Napoleon]] enough that it was widely imitated in [[Europe]] and the [[United States]]. The last ([[Sweden|Swedish]]) commercial semaphore link left operation in 1880. ===Electromagnetic and electrical=== The first [[electromagnetic telegraph]] was created by [[Baron Schilling]] in 1832. The first commercial [[electrical telegraph]] was constructed by Sir [[Charles Wheatstone]] and Sir [[William Fothergill Cooke]] and entered use on the [[Great Western Railway]]. It ran for 13 miles from [[Paddington station]] to [[West Drayton]] and came into operation on [[9 April]] [[1839]]. It was patented in the United Kingdom in 1837. An electrical telegraph was independently developed and patented in the United States in [[1837]] by [[Samuel Morse]]. He developed the [[Morse code]] signalling [[alphabet]] with his assistant, [[Alfred Vail]]. The Morse/Vail telegraph was quickly deployed in the following two decades. The first [[transatlantic telegraph cable]] was successfully completed on [[27 July]] [[1866]], allowing transatlantic telegraph communications for the first time. Earlier [[submarine cable]] transatlantic cables installed in 1857 and 1858 only operated for a few days or weeks before they failed. The study of underwater telegraph cables accelerated interest in mathematical analysis of these [[transmission line]]s. On [[9 August]] [[1892]] [[Thomas Edison]] received a [[patent]] for a two-way telegraph. ==Early wireless communication== ===Wireless telegraphy=== As far back as [[Michael Faraday|Faraday]] and [[Heinrich Rudolf Hertz|Hertz]] in the early [[1800s]], it was clear to most scientists that wireless communication was possible, and many people worked on developing many devices and improvements. In [[1832]], [[James Bowman Lindsay]] gave a classroom demonstration of [[wireless telegraphy]] to his students. By [[1854]] he was able to demonstrate transmission across the [[Firth of Tay]] from [[Dundee, Scotland|Dundee]] to Woodhaven (now part of Newport-on-Tay), a distance of two miles. Patents for wireless telegraphy devices started appearing in the [[1860s]] but it was not until [[1893]] that [[Nikola Tesla]] made the first public demonstration of such a system. Addressing the [[Franklin Institute]] in [[Philadelphia]] and the [[National Electric Light Association]], he described and demonstrated in detail the principles of wireless telegraphy. The apparatus that he used contained all the elements that were incorporated into [[radio]] systems before the development of the [[vacuum tube]]. The later derived system (which used several patents of Tesla's) that achieved widespread use was demonstrated by [[Guglielmo Marconi]] in [[1896]]. Marconi and Braun shared the [[1909]] [[Nobel Prize in physics]] for "contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy". ===Radio communication=== {{main|History of radio}} A few decades later, the term [[radio]] became more popular. Early radio could not transfer sounds, only [[Morse code]] in the tones made by rotary spark gaps. Canadian-American scientist [[Reginald Aubrey Fessenden]] was the first to wirelessly transmit a human voice (his own) in [[1900]]. After the public demonstrations of radio communication that Tesla made in 1893, the principle of radio communication &ndash; sending signals through space to [[receiver (radio)|receivers]] &ndash; was publicised widely. The Telsa apparatus contained all the elements of radio systems used before the development of the [[vacuum tube]]. On [[19 August]] [[1894]], British physicist Sir [[Oliver Lodge]] demonstrated the reception of Morse code signalling using radio waves using a detecting device called a ''coherer'', a tube filled with [[iron]] filings which had been invented by [[Temistocle Calzecchi-Onesti]] at Fermo in Italy in [[1884]]. The first benefit to come from radio telegraphy was the ability to establish communication between coast radio stations and ships at sea. Wireless telegraphy using [[spark gap transmitter]]s quickly became universal on large ships after the sinking of the [[RMS Titanic|RMS ''Titanic'']] in [[1912]]. The [[ International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea]] was convened in [[1913]] and produced a treaty requiring shipboard radio stations be manned 24 hours a day. ==Telephone== {{main|Telephone}} ==Television== {{main|Television}} ==The Internet== {{main|History of the Internet}} ==External links== *[http://www.freewebs.com/telecomm Useful links to Telecom Resources] *"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4475394.stm Wiring up the 'Victorian internet']" at [[BBC News]], [[29 November]] [[2005]] *[http://www.tomstandage.com/vicnet.html The Victorian Internet] by Tom Standage 1712 5039 2006-03-03T19:06:56Z Aursani 60 ==سنڌي== ===<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">اسم خاص=== <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">'''بين الاقوامي وايوڪياتي لپي''' #<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">انساني گفتگُوءَ جي آوازن جِي نمائندگي ڪندڙ نشانين جو معياري سيٽ. ڏسو [[Wiktionary:بين القوامي وايوڪياتي لپي|بين الاقوامي وايوڪياتي لپي]]. ==== <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">مخفف ==== *<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">[[بول]] === <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">پڻ ڌسندا === *[[w:بين الاقوامي وايوڪياتي لپي|Wikipedia: بين الاقوامي وايوڪياتي لپي]] *[[Wiktionary:اچار رھبر|Wiktionary: اچار رھبر]] *[[Wiktionary Appendix:بول مثال|Wiktionary Appendix: بول مثال]] [[Category:Alphabets]] [[fr:API]] [[ja:International Phonetic Alphabet]] 1714 8030 2006-11-05T17:57:28Z Eukesh 110 __TOC__ =={{مبسس4}}مون لاءِ چپ رهڻ ئي بهتر آهي == {{مبسس4}}اوهان سان مخاطب ٿيڻ کان بهتر آهي پنهنجو ڪم خاموشي سان ڪجي، لڳي ٿو اوهان کي منهنجي هڪڙي لفظ ايترو گرم ڪري ڇڏيو آهي جو اوهان يڪساهي کڻي هر ڳالهه جو جواب اتان کان شروع ڪندا آهيو جتان اوهان جي ڪاوڙ شروع ٿي هئي، اوهان جي ڊڪشنري ۾ درگذر ڪرڻ جهڙو شايد ڪو لفظ ڪونهي، مون بس ڪئي مون کي وڌيڪ اوهان جي طعنن ٻڌڻ جو شوق ڪونهي اوهان خوش رهو، ياد رهي ته جن اديبن يا شاعرن جي باري ۾ مان لکي رهيو آهيان اهي منهنجا دوست نه آهن. مون ڪٿي اوهان کي جهليو آهي ڇا ته پنهنجي والد صاحب جي ادبي ڪاوشن تي نه لکو، هر اديب سنڌ جو سرمايو آهي اوهان ڀلي نه لکو، مون کي مواد هٿ آيو مان پاڻ ئي لکندس، اوهان ئي خوش!! [[User:Alixafar|Alixafar]] 20:14, 2 آڪٽوبر 2006 (UTC) ==Article request == \'\'\'Greetings Aursani\'\'\', could you help me create a stub for [http://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Jesus_Church this article] - which is based on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Jesus_Church English article]. 3-5 lines would be sufficient enough. \'\'Please\'\'. Your help would be gratefully appreciated. (I do not know what the correct title should be) -- [[en:User:Jose77|Jose77]], 06:07 Friday 31 March 2006 پيارا دوست اسلام عليڪم! اميد ته خوش هوندؤ اوهانجي ايتري توجهه جي مهرباني جو مونکي رهنمائي ڏيندا رهو ٿا آئون هاڻ وڪيپيڊيا ۽ وڪشنري تي مڪمل توجهه ڏئي رهيو آهيان ۽ دل و جان سان پنهنجي وت آهر ڪوشش ڪندس ته انهن ٻنهي پيجن کي جيترو به ٿي سگھي سنوارڻ ۾ اوهانجو هٿ همراهي ٿي پنهنجو قومي فرض پورو ڪريان. دوست سڄي ڏينهن ۾ مشڪل سان اڌ منو ڪلاڪ ملندو اٿم ڳڻپيوڪر جي استعمال لاءِ سو ان وقت ۾ ڪوشش ڪري رهيو آهيان ته چڱيءَ طرح سمجھي وٺان ته مونکي ڪٿي ڪٿي ڇا ڇا ڪرڻو آهي انڪري مون اوهانکان به ڪافي وقت ورتو آهي اوهانجي ڏسيل ڳنڍڻن تي سنڌي ٻولي جو اوهان جو پيج پيو آهي باقي جيڪو مون لوڊ ڪيو سو ناهي ۽ مونکي اڃا به سمجھه ۾ نٿو اچي ته تصوير کي اپلوڊ ڪيئن ڪجي سو مهرباني ڪري اهو سمجھائيندا ته نوازش. سنڌ سلامت ساٿ سلامت اوهانجو پنهنجو شبير ڪنڀار گلشنِ فهيم هالا سنڌ \'\'\'Greetings Aursani\'\'\'! 1-4 lines is all I ask for at the moment. For example [http://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9A_%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%98%E0%A8%B0], [http://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Jesus_Church] \'\'Please\'\'. Regards -- [[en:User:Jose77|Joseph]], Friday 6 April Thankyou very very much for the excellent quality article Aursani! I am so grateful of your help. May Sindhi wikipedia prosper!&lrm; Kind regards -- [[en:User:Jose77|Joseph]], 20:13 Friday 7 April 2006.&lrm; == [[:image:Wiki.png|Wiki.png]] == &lrm; [[bugzilla:05520]] &ndash; \"\'\'Logo of Sindhi Wikipedia\'\'\"&lrm;<br /> * Dear Aursani! Please protect [[:image:Wiki.png]]. I never protected images but this is the procedure described at [[meta:Requests for logos#Ready to switch:]]. Thanks in advance! Best regards : &rlm;<span dir=\"rlm\" > [[User:Gangleri|Gangleri]]&rlm; | [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Gangleri&action=history Th]&rlm; | [[User_talk:Gangleri|T]]&rlm; | [[m:user:Gangleri|m:]]&rlm; [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/user_talk:Gangleri?action=history Th]&rlm; | [[m:user talk:Gangleri|T]]&rlm; </span>&rlm; 09:58, 10 April 2006 (UTC)&lrm; : Dear Aursani! The [[meta:developers|developers]] will fix [[bugzilla:5520]]. They are quite buzy because there was an \"\'\'[http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/mediawiki-l/ outage]\'\'\" of the site. Please read [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2006-April/034832.html April 9, 2006 outage]. You can reach them at [irc://irc.freenode.net/mediawiki #mediawiki] or [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikimedia-tech #wikimedia-tech]. Best regards : &rlm;<span dir=\"rlm\" > [[User:Gangleri|Gangleri]]&rlm; | [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Gangleri&action=history Th]&rlm; | [[User_talk:Gangleri|T]]&rlm; | [[m:user:Gangleri|m:]]&rlm; [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/user_talk:Gangleri?action=history Th]&rlm; | [[m:user talk:Gangleri|T]]&rlm; </span>&rlm; 18:45, 10 April 2006 (UTC)&lrm; * Dear Aursani! Please compare the image size with &lrm;&rarr; [[bugzilla:5056]] &ndash; \"\'\'Logo for simple English Wiktionary\'\'\"&lrm; * See also [[image talk:Wiki.png]]. Best regards : &rlm;<span dir=\"rlm\" > [[User:Gangleri|Gangleri]]&rlm; | [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Gangleri&action=history Th]&rlm; | [[User_talk:Gangleri|T]]&rlm; | [[m:user:Gangleri|m:]]&rlm; [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/user_talk:Gangleri?action=history Th]&rlm; | [[m:user talk:Gangleri|T]]&rlm; </span>&rlm; 10:12, 12 April 2006 (UTC)&lrm; == [[wikt:User:Aursani]] == * Dear Aursani! I changed your user page at [[wikt:User:Aursani]].&lrm; * This is a workaround only; still looking into it. Best regards : &rlm;<span dir=\"rlm\" > [[User:Gangleri|Gangleri]]&rlm; | [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Gangleri&action=history Th]&rlm; | [[User_talk:Gangleri|T]]&rlm; | [[m:user:Gangleri|m:]]&rlm; [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/user_talk:Gangleri?action=history Th]&rlm; | [[m:user talk:Gangleri|T]]&rlm; </span>&rlm; 10:27, 10 April 2006 (UTC)&lrm; {{مبسس4}}ڀاءُ عرساڻي اسلام عليڪم! {{مبسس4}}جيسيتائين آئون سمجهي سگھيو آهيان ته وڪشنري ۽ وڪيپيڊيا ۾ فرق آهي، جنهن موجب وڪشنري هڪ ڊڪشنري جو متبادل آهي جنهن ۾ لفظن جون معنائون ۽ اختصار سان انهن جي سمجهاڻي ڏجي ٿي پر انجي برعڪس وڪيپيڊيا اهڙو برق ڪتاب آهي جنهن ۾ عنوان تي مڪمل تفصيلي ڄاڻ ڏجي ٿي. {{مبسس4}}اڪثر ڏٺو اٿم ته ائين نٿو ٿئي ساڳيو وڪشنري جو مواد هتي جيئن جو تيئن موجود ڪيو ويو آهي سو ان لاءِ مهرباني فرمائي ان جو رواج نه وجهو جو پوءِ وڪشنري ۽ وڪيپيڊيا ۾ ڪو فرق نه رهي. اوهانجي ڏنل پي ايڇ ڊي واري ڄاڻ جيترو ته ڪم اسين نٿا ڪري سگھون پر انهوندي به مختلف عنوانن تي آئون مواد گڏ ڪري رهيو آهيان جنهن لاءِ ڪجهه تصويرن جي ضرورت اٿم سو جيئن ئي اهي هٿ ٿينديون تيئن لوڊ ڪندس. اميد ته سنجيدگيءَ سان غور ڪندائو. {{مبسس4}}سنڌ سلامت ساٿ سلامت [[User:شبير ڪنڀار|شبير ڪنڀار]] 02:18, 27 April 2006 (UTC) == Katowice == Hello. I\'m wikipedia redactor from [[Poland]]. We do some action for tranlation atricle about one of the biggest polish city [[simple:Katowice]]. Could You make some translation into this wikipedia native language of this article ? Just a few senteces. Please. There is source article in English: [[:en:Katowice]]. Best Regards. [[:pl:user:Stimoroll|Stimoroll form Poland]] ==Dictionary== Hello. I saw there is a few article requests from Poland. I have an idea to do mini dictionary for article translating. If You have a minute please translate sentences below into this wikipedia language: * city in poland * located on the south/north/west/est/center part * population * area * capital of the * voidship * city rights Thats All. This sentences help us make STUB article about Polish cities. Best Regards [[pl:user:Stimoroll|Stimoroll]] == هنن ماڻهن کي ڪير جهلي نٿو جو اهي وڪيپيڊيا کي پنهنجي ذاتي جاگير سمجهيو ويٺا آهن == اوهان شايد هتان جا وڏا آهيو ان ڪري سڀ جي چوڪيداري پيا ڪريو خير مان صرف ان ڪري هتي شرڪت پيو ڪريان ته اهڙي حرامپائي کان بهتر آهي ته انگريزي يا اردو جو پيج جوائن ڪجي ڪٿي نج سنڌي ٿيڻ جي چڪر ۾ اسان پنهنجي اصليت نه وساري ويهون اوهان جي سنگت ۾ ٻي ڳالهه ته اوهان آخر ڪيستائين حيات هوندا جو پنهنجي عرساڻي اسڪول متعلق مواد ڏيئي وڪيپيڊيا کي پنهنجي ذاتي جاگير پيا پٻائيندا انگريزي صفحو ڏسي وري جڏهن هي سنڌي ڏٺم ته ارواح ئي نه ٿيو جو ايڊٽنگ ۾ حصو وٺجي بهرحال هي سنڌ جي ڪم آهي ان ڪري اميد ته دل وڏي ڪري شروعات ضرور ڪبي پر اوهان کي مان ايترو ٻڌائي ڇڏيان اوهان گهڻن دوستن جا روح رنجايا آهن == Blocked user == Hi, I am an admin over on [[wikinews:en:Main page|English wikinews]], we just had someone in IRC complaining about a block on the IP address 202.174.136.98, I can\'t read what your reasons for blocking are, so on behalf of someone who is being reasonable in IRC, can you review this block and perhaps explain why it was placed in the first place? Thanks --[[wikinews:en:User:Brianmc|Brianmc]] 21:37, 7 September 2006 (UTC) == Innocent Blocked == Hello! some one requested to us about the angered adminstration.. is it ([[User:82.138.6.154|82.138.6.154]] 22:25, 7 September 2006 (UTC)) == Sudden Blocked user == I suggest to the Admin please do not take actions in hurry solve your problems in talkpages this type of sudden block without warning will damage your reputation on the Sindhi edition ([[User:67.15.244.161|67.15.244.161]] 05:47, 8 September 2006 (UTC)) {{مبسس5}} ٽيمپليٽ ۽ نشانيون!! {{مبسس4}}سائين! اميد ته اوهان جي طعنن جو ورجاءَ جلد ختم ٿي ويندو. ربطيات لفظ جي سمجهاڻي لاءِ مهرباني، ڳڻپيوڪر ۽ واريگاهه لفظ جو استعمال صحيح آهي پر بهتر آهي ته اهڙن لفظن اڳيان بريڪيٽ ۾ اصل انگريزي لفظ ڏجي، ضروري نه آهي ته هر ڀيري لکجي پر هڪ ڀيرو لکي ڇڏڻ سان هر ڪنهن وزٽر کي اهڙا لفظ سمجهڻ ۾ آساني رهندي. اوهان طرفان منهنجي آءِ پي کي بلاڪ ڪرڻ جي وضاحت مون کي قبول آهي اوهان اڳيان ٻيو به عرض رکڻ چاهيان ٿو (جي وري ڪنهن طعني جو ورجاءُ نه ٿئي ته) جڏهن اسان ڪنهن پيج کي ايڊٽ ڪرڻ لاءِ داخل ٿيون ٿا ته ان جي هيٺان جيڪي نشانيون انگريزي پيجن ۾ ڏنل آهن جي اوهان لاءِ آسان هجي ته اهي ٽيمپليٽ ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيندا ته مهرباني اهي نشانيون انگريزي تان ڪاپي ڪري هيٺ ڏجن ٿيون Insert: – — … ° ≈ ± − × ÷ ← → · § Sign your name: (sign mark of user) ([[User:Alixafar|Alixafar]] 14:03, 9 September 2006 (UTC)) {{مبسس4}}ادا جيڪڏهن اوهان هن سنڌي ايڊيشن ۾ موجود مونوبڪ سي ايس ايس ايڊٽ ڪري ڇڏيو ته اوهان کي ڪٿي به فونٽ يا ان جو سائز ايڊٽ ڪرڻ جي ضرورت نه رهندي، ڇاڪاڻ ته ان کان پوءِ اوهان جو يا هر وزٽر جو برائوزر ڊفالٽ فونٽ ۾ هليو ويندو، جتي اوهان پنج ڇهه سنڌي فونٽس جا نالا لکي سگهو ٿا، اهوئي ڪم سنڌي وڪي نيوز ۾ ڪيو ويو آهي اوهان سورس کڻي ساڳيو ڪم هتي پڻ ڪري سگهو ٿا پوءِ هر ڪنهن جا اکر ”سارنگ“ فونٽ ۾ اوپن ٿيندا، جيڪڏهن انهن وٽ اهو نه هوندو ته اهي اکر بقايا لکيل فونٽ ۾ کلندا ان سلسلي ۾ ڪنهن مدد جي ضرورت هجي ته مان حاضر آهيان. ٿي سگهي ته مون سان آن لائن چيٽ ڪريو ته روبرو ان ڪم تي بحث ڪري سگهجي ٿو. [[User:Alixafar|Alixafar]] 17:34, 25 September 2006 (UTC) == 안녕하세요?(This is write in Korean) == Hello? My name is Son-hwan-dong. i'm live in Korea. Do you know Korean wikipedia? I'm work in it. --[[User:Russ|Russ]] 12:30, 26 September 2006 (UTC) :You don't know my English? Oh! I'm sorry. I'm wrote in English, but my English is American Englishㅠㅠ/ Sorry.--[[User:Russ|Russ]] 11:31, 27 سيپٽمبر 2006 (UTC) {| style="background-color:#e1eaee" |- |[[Image:WMBarnstar.png|center]] |- |It is my pleasure to award you, a tireless worker in the developer of Sindhi wikipedia, with this Working Man's Barnstar for your contribution to the wikipedia.--[[User:Eukesh|Eukesh]] 11:22, 4 November 2006 (UTC) |- | |} [[Category:Barnstar]] 1715 5062 2006-03-04T23:50:43Z Aursani 60 <!-- NOTE: THIS PAGE IS HEAVILY WATCHED BY ADMINISTRATORS. ANY VANDALISM WILL BE REVERTED WITHIN 30 SECONDS AND IT IS LIKELY THAT VANDALS WILL WASTE MORE TIME THAN GOOD SAMARITANS HERE. THINK TWICE BEFORE VANDALIZING. --> [[Image:Wikipedia-logo.png|150px|left|thumb|[[Wikipedia logo|''وڪيپيڊيا'' لوگو]].]] '''وڪيپيڊيا''' ([[IPA chart for English|pronounced]] {{IPA|/ˌwɪkiˈpiːdi.ə/}} or {{IPA|/ˌwiki-/}}) is a [[گھڻ لسانيت|گھڻ لساني]] [[World Wide Web|Web]]-based [[کليل مواد|کليل مواد]] [[encyclopedia]]. It exists as a [[wiki]], لکجڻ ڀاڱيوارائي طور by [[volunteer]]s, اڪثر مقالن کي کليل to be changed by ڪنھن کي بھ اجازت with access to a [[ويب جھانگُو]] and an [[Internet]] connection. ھيءَ رٿا [[January 15]], [[2001]], as a complement to the ماھرن جي لکيل [[Nupedia]] and is now operated by the [[Non-profit organization|non-profit]] [[Wikimedia|Wikimedia Foundation]]. Wikipedia has more than 3,500,000 articles, including more than 1,005,000 in the English-language version. <!-- using {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} would make things difficult for mirrors and doesn't work right with respect to article history! -->Since its inception, Wikipedia has steadily risen in popularity,<ref>See plots at "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wikistats/EN/PlotsPngUsageVisits.htm Visits per day]", Wikipedia Statistics, [[1 January]] [[2005]]</ref> and its success has spawned several sister projects. There has, however, been controversy over its reliability. Wikipedia's slogan is "The free encyclopedia that anyone can edit", and the project is described by its co-founder [[Jimmy Wales]] as "an effort to create and distribute a multilingual free encyclopedia of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language."<ref>[[Jimmy Wales]], "[http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2005-March/038102.html Wikipedia is an encyclopedia]", [[8 March]] [[2005]], <wikipedia-l@wikimedia.org></ref> Wikipedia is often cited in the [[mass media]] and [[academia]]. It is sometimes criticised and sometimes receives praise for its free distribution, constant editing, and diverse coverage, not to mention its multi-lingual dimensions. It is often cited not as a subject but as a source on other subjects. Editors are encouraged to uphold a policy of "[[neutral point of view]]" under which notable perspectives are summarized without an attempt to determine an [[objectivity (journalism)|objective]] truth. Wikipedia's status as a [[reference work]] has been controversial since its open nature allows [[vandalism]], inaccuracy, inconsistency, uneven quality, and unsubstantiated opinions. It has also been [[Criticism of Wikipedia|criticised]] for [[systemic bias]], preference of [[consensus]] or [[popularity]] to [[credentials]], and a perceived lack of accountability and authority when compared with traditional encyclopedias. But the scope and detail of its articles, its constant updates, and ease of accessing have made it a popular reference source for many. There are over 200 [[language]] editions of Wikipedia, around 100 of which are active. Thirteen editions have more than 50,000 articles each: [[English Wikipedia|English]], [[German Wikipedia|German]], [[French Wikipedia|French]], [[Japanese Wikipedia|Japanese]], [[Polish Wikipedia|Polish]], [[Italian Wikipedia|Italian]], [[Swedish Wikipedia|Swedish]], [[Dutch Wikipedia|Dutch]], [[Portuguese Wikipedia|Portuguese]], [[Spanish Wikipedia|Spanish]], [[Chinese Wikipedia|Chinese]], [[Russian Wikipedia|Russian]] and [[Norwegian Wikipedia|Norwegian]]. Its German-language edition has been distributed on [[DVD-ROM]], and there are [[Wikipedia:Pushing to 1.0|proposals]] for an [[Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team|English DVD/paper edition]]. Many of its other editions are [[Mirror (computing)|mirrored]] or have been [[Fork (software development)|forked]] by [[website]]s. ==Editing== [[Image:History comparison example.png|thumb|400px|right|Editors keep track of changes to articles by checking the difference between two revisions of a page, displayed here in red.]] Almost all visitors may edit Wikipedia's articles, and registered users can create new ones and have their changes instantly displayed. Wikipedia is built on the expectation that collaboration among users will improve articles over time, in much the same way that [[open source|open-source software]] develops. Further, this real-time, collaborative model allows rapid updating of existing topics and introduction of new topics. The authors need not have any expertise or formal qualifications in the subjects which they edit, and users are warned that their contributions may be "edited mercilessly and redistributed at will" by anyone who so wishes. Its articles are not controlled by any particular user or editorial group. Decision-making on the content and editorial policies of Wikipedia is instead done by [[Consensus decision-making|consensus]] and occasionally by vote. [[Jimmy Wales]] retains final judgement on Wikipedia policies and user guidelines.<ref>"[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Power_structure Power structure]", Meta-Wiki, 10:55 [[4 April]] [[2005]]</ref> By the nature of its [[openness]], "edit wars" and prolonged disputes often occur when editors do not agree.<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_war Edit war]", Wikipedia ([[26 March]] [[2005]])</ref> A few members of its community have explained its editing process as a collaborative work, a "[[Social Darwinism|socially Darwinian]] [[Evolution|evolutionary]] process"<ref>"[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_sociology Wikipedia sociology]", Meta-Wiki, 23:30 [[24 March]] [[2005]]</ref>, but this is not generally considered by the community to be an accurate self-description. Articles are always subject to editing, unless the article is protected for a short time due to vandalism or revert wars; therefore, Wikipedia does not declare any article finished. Some users attempt to enter malicious or amusing but irrelevant information, but changes of this sort are normally removed quickly. Regular users often maintain a "watchlist" of articles of interest to them, so that they are immediately shown which of these articles have changed since their last log in. This allows monitoring of daily editing to prevent false information and spam, and also to keep up with other editors' views, or updates, of the subjects on the watchlist. Because of the wiki-principle, all edits of a Wikipedia article are kept in an edit history which can be looked at by everyone. Wikipedia is the first major encyclopedia where everybody can see how an article evolved over time and if, or how and where the content of an article was controversial. All controversial standpoints which were once voiced and afterwards deleted and even plain page vandalism remain visible for everyone and provide additional information about the article's topic and its degree of controversy and add the dimension of time to every article. ==History== {{main|History of Wikipedia}} [[Image:NupediaLogo.jpg|thumb||250px|Wikipedia "originated" from ''[[Nupedia]]''.]] Wikipedia began as a complementary project for ''[[Nupedia]]'', a free online encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts through a formal process. Nupedia was founded on [[9 March]] [[2000]] under the ownership of [[Bomis|Bomis, Inc]], a Web portal company. Its principal figures were [[Jimmy Wales]], Bomis [[CEO]], and [[Larry Sanger]], [[editor-in-chief]] for Nupedia and later Wikipedia. Nupedia was described by Sanger as differing from existing encyclopedias in being [[open content]]; not having size limitations, as it was on the [[Internet]]; and being free of bias, due to its public nature and potentially broad base of contributors.<ref name=QANupedia>Larry Sanger, "[http://web.archive.org/web/20000510132952/www.nupedia.com/interview.html Q & A about Nupedia]", Nupedia, March 2000</ref> Nupedia had a seven-step review process by appointed subject-area experts, but later came to be viewed as too slow for producing a limited number of articles. Funded by Bomis, there were initial plans to recoup its investment by the use of advertisements.<ref name=QANupedia/> It was licensed under its own Nupedia Open Content License initially, switching to the GNU Free Documentation License prior to Wikipedia's founding at the urging of [[Richard Stallman]]. [[Image:WikipediaHomePage30March200.png|thumb|300px|right|Wikipedia's English edition on [[March 20]], [[2001]], two and a half months after its founding.]] On [[January 10]], [[2001]], Larry Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki alongside Nupedia. Under the subject "Let's make a wiki", he wrote: <blockquote> No, this is not an indecent proposal. It's an idea to add a little feature to Nupedia. [[Jimmy Wales]] thinks that many people might find the idea objectionable, but I think not. (&hellip;) As to Nupedia's use of a wiki, this is the ULTIMATE "open" and simple format for developing content. We have occasionally bandied about ideas for simpler, more open projects to either replace or supplement Nupedia. It seems to me wikis can be implemented practically instantly, need very little maintenance, and in general are very low-risk. They're also a potentially great source for content. So there's little downside, as far as I can see.<ref>{{news reference |firstname=Larry |lastname=Sanger |title=Let's make a wiki |date=[[January 10]], [[2001]] |org=Internet Archive |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20030414014355/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html }}</ref> </blockquote> Wikipedia was formally launched on [[15 January]] [[2001]], as a single English-language edition at wikipedia.com, and announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list.<ref>{{news reference |firstname=Larry |lastname=Sanger |title=Wikipedia is up! |date=[[January 17]], [[2001]] |org=Internet Archive |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20010506042824/www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html }}</ref> It had been, from [[10 January]], a feature of Nupedia.com in which the public could write articles that could be incorporated into Nupedia after review. It was relaunched off-site after Nupedia's Advisory Board of subject experts disapproved of its production model.<ref name=SangerMemoir>{{Citenewsauthor | surname=Sanger | given=Larry | title=The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir | date=18 April 2005 | org=Slashdot | url=http://features.slashdot.org/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml}}</ref> Wikipedia thereafter operated as a standalone project without control from Nupedia. Its policy of "neutral point-of-view" was codified in its initial months, though it is similar to Nupedia's earlier "nonbias" policy. There were otherwise few rules initially. Wikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia, [[Slashdot]] postings, and [[search engine]] indexing. It grew to approximately 20,000 articles among 18 language editions by the end of its first year. It had 26 language editions by the end of 2002, 46 by the end of 2003, and 161 by the end of 2004.<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Multilingual_statistics Multilingual statistics]", Wikipedia, [[30 March]] [[2005]]</ref> Nupedia and Wikipedia coexisted until the former's servers went down, permanently, in 2003, and its text was incorporated into Wikipedia. Wales and Sanger attribute the concept of using a wiki to [[Ward Cunningham]]'s WikiWikiWeb or [[Portland Pattern Repository]]. Wales mentioned that he heard the concept first from Jeremy Rosenfeld, an employee of Bomis who showed him the same wiki, in December 2000,<ref>Jimmy Wales, "[http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2005-April/039093.html Re: Sanger's memoirs]", [[20 April]] [[2005]],<wikipedia-l@wikipedia.org></ref> but it was after Sanger heard of its existence from Ben Kovitz, a regular at this wiki, in January 2001,<ref name=SangerMemoir/> and proposed a creation of a wiki for Nupedia to Wales that Wikipedia's history started. Under a similar concept of free content, though not wiki production, the [[GNUPedia]] project existed alongside Nupedia early in its history. It subsequently became inactive and its creator, [[free software|free-software]] figure [[Richard Stallman]], lent his support to Wikipedia.<ref>{{Citenewsauthor | surname=Stallman | given=Richard | title=The Free Encyclopedia Project | date=1999 | org=Free Software Foundation | url=http://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html}}</ref> Citing fear of commercial advertising and lack of control in a perceived English-centric Wikipedia, users of the [[Spanish Wikipedia]] forked from Wikipedia to create the ''[[Enciclopedia Libre]]'' in February 2002. Later that year, Wales announced that Wikipedia would not display [[advertising|advertisements]], and moved its website to wikipedia.org. Projects have since forked from Wikipedia's content for editorial reasons, such as [[Wikinfo]], which abandoned "neutral point-of-view" in favor of multiple complementary articles written from a "sympathetic point-of-view." From Wikipedia and Nupedia, the Wikimedia Foundation was created on [[June 20]], [[2003]].<ref>Jimmy Wales: "[http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2003-June/010690.html Announcing Wikimedia Foundation]", [[20 June]] [[2003]], <wikipedia-l@wikipedia.org></ref> Wikipedia and its sister projects thereafter operated under this [[non-profit organization]]. Wikipedia's first sister project, "In Memoriam: September 11<!--DO NOT REFORMAT THIS DATE, IT IS IN QUOTATIONS--> Wiki" had been created in October 2002 to detail the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]]; [[Wiktionary]], a dictionary project, was launched in December 2002; [[Wikiquote]], a collection of quotes, a week after Wikimedia launched; and [[Wikibooks]], a collection of collaboratively-written free books, the next month. Wikimedia has since started a number of other projects, detailed below. Wikipedia has traditionally measured its status by article count. In its first two years, it grew at a few hundred or fewer new articles per day; by 2004, this had accelerated to 1,000 to 3,000 per day across all editions. The English Wikipedia reached a 100,000 article milestone on [[January 22]], [[2003]]<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Press_releases/January_2003 Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, reaches its 100,000th article]", Wikimedia Foundation, [[January 21]], [[2003]]</ref>. Wikipedia reached its one millionth article among 105 language editions on [[September 20]], [[2004]],<ref>"[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_press_releases/One_million_Wikipedia_articles_(int'l) Wikipedia Reaches One Million Articles]", Wikimedia Foundation, [[20 September]] [[2004]]</ref> while the English edition alone reached its 500,000th on [[March 18]], [[2005]]<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Press_releases/March_2005 Wikipedia Publishes 500,000th English Article]", Wikimedia Foundation, [[March 18]], [[2005]]</ref>. The Wikimedia Foundation applied to the [[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] to [[trademark]] ''Wikipedia®'' on [[September 17]], [[2004]]. The mark was granted registration status on [[January 10]], [[2006]]. Trademark protection was accorded by [[Japan]] on [[December 16]], [[2004]] and in the [[European Union]] on [[January 20]], [[2005]]. Technically a [[servicemark]], the scope of the mark is for: "Provision of [[information]] in the field of general encyclopedic knowledge via the [[Internet]]". There are currently plans to license the usage of the Wikipedia trademark for some products like [[book]]s or [[DVD]]s.<ref>{{news reference |firstname=Vipin |lastname=Nair |title=Growing on volunteer power |date=December 5, 2005 |org=Business Line |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/ew/2005/12/05/stories/2005120500070100.htm }}</ref> The [[German Wikipedia]] will be printed in its entirety by Directmedia, in 100 volumes of 800 pages each. Publication will begin in October 2006, and finish in 2010. On [[February 27]], 2006, Wikipedia surpassed 1 million users, with the honor of Millionth User being bestowed upon "[[User:Romulus32|Romulus32]]". On [[March 1]], 2006, the English Wikipedia surpassed 1,000,000 articles, the millionth article being [[Jordanhill railway station]]. ====Software and hardware==== [[Image:Floridaserversfront1.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Wikipedia receives between 2000 and 7000 page views per second. [http://noc.wikimedia.org/reqstats/reqstats-daily.png] Over 100 servers have been set up to handle the traffic.]] [[Image:Wikimedia-servers.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Picture of the Wikimedia servers on the first day of installation.]] Wikipedia is run by [[MediaWiki]]<!--for version see [[Special:Version]]--> [[free software]] on a cluster of dedicated servers located in [[Florida]] and four other locations around the world. MediaWiki is Phase III of the program's software. Originally, Wikipedia ran on [[UseModWiki]] by [[Clifford Adams]] (Phase I). At first it required [[CamelCase]] for links; later it was also possible to use double brackets. Wikipedia began running on a [[PHP]] [[wiki software|wiki engine]] with a [[MySQL]] [[database]] in January 2002. This software, Phase II, was written specifically for the Wikipedia project by Magnus Manske. Several rounds of modifications were made to improve performance in response to increased demand. Ultimately, the software was rewritten again, this time by Lee Daniel Crocker. Instituted in July 2002, this Phase III software was called MediaWiki. It was licensed under the [[GNU General Public License]] and used by all Wikimedia projects. Wikipedia was served from a single server until 2003, when the server setup was expanded into an [[n-tier]] distributed architecture. In January 2005, the project ran on 39 dedicated servers located in [[Florida]]. This configuration included a single master database server running [[MySQL]], multiple slave database servers, 21 web servers running the [[Apache HTTP Server|Apache]] software, and seven [[Squid cache]] servers. By September 2005, its server cluster had grown to around 100 servers in four locations around the world. Page requests are processed by first passing to a front-end layer of [[Squid cache|Squid caching]] servers. Requests that cannot be served from the Squid cache are sent to two load-balancing servers running the [[Perlbal]] software, which then pass the request to one of the Apache web servers for page-rendering from the database. The web servers serve pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the Wikipedias. To increase speed further, rendered pages for anonymous users are cached in a filesystem until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses. Wikimedia has begun building a global network of [[Squid cache|caching servers]] with the addition of three such servers in [[France]]. A new Dutch cluster is also online now. In spite of all this, Wikipedia page load times remain quite variable. The ongoing status of Wikipedia's website is posted by users at a [http://openfacts.berlios.de/index-en.phtml?title=Wikipedia_Status status page] on [[OpenFacts]]. == Funding == Wikipedia is funded through the [[Wikimedia Foundation]]. Its 4th Quarter 2005 costs were $321,000 with hardware making up almost 60% of the budget. [http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Budget] [[Bomis]], an on-line advertising company that hosts mostly adult-oriented web-rings, played a significant part in the early development of Wikipedia. ==Evaluations== Wikipedia's claimed status as an encyclopedia has been increasingly controversial as it has gained prominence. This is seen in articles and discussion venues both within Wikipedia and elsewhere. Information related to evaluations of Wikipedia, including individual opinions, quality control, and awards are discussed below. ===General criticism=== :''The main article is at [[Criticism of Wikipedia]]'' Criticism of Wikipedia has increased with its prominence. Critics of Wikipedia include Wikipedia editors themselves, ex-editors, representatives of other [[encyclopedia]]s, and even subjects of the articles. Notable criticisms include that its open nature makes Wikipedia unauthoritative and unreliable, that Wikipedia exhibits [[systemic bias]] and that the [[group dynamics]] of its community are hindering its goals. Wikipedia is criticised on the following issues:{{fact}} *Anti-elitism as a weakness *Systemic bias in coverage *Systemic bias in perspective *Difficulty of fact checking *Use of dubious sources *Exposure to vandals *Privacy concerns *Flame wars *Fanatics and special interests *Censorship It must be noted that many university lecturers discourage their students from using Wikipedia (or other encyclopedias) as a reference in academic work. ===Quality=== Wikipedia has been both praised and criticized for being open to editing by anyone. Proponents contend that open editing improves quality over time while critics allege that non-expert editing undermines quality. Wikipedia has been criticized for a perceived lack of reliability, comprehensiveness, and authority. It is considered to have no or limited utility as a [[reference work]] among many [[librarian]]s, [[Academia|academic]]s, and the [[editor]]s of more formally written encyclopedias. A website called [http://www.wikipedia-watch.org/ Wikipedia Watch] has been created to denounce Wikipedia as having "&hellip;a massive, unearned influence on what passes for reliable information." Some argue that allowing anyone to edit makes Wikipedia an unreliable work. Wikipedia contains no formal [[peer review]] process for fact-checking, and the editors themselves may not be well-versed in the topics they write about. In a 2004 interview with ''[[The Guardian]]'', librarian Philip Bradley said that he would not use Wikipedia and is "not aware of a single librarian who would. The main problem is the lack of authority. With printed publications, the publishers have to ensure that their data is reliable, as their livelihood depends on it. But with something like this, all that goes out the window"(Waldman, 2004). Similarly, ''Encyclopædia Britannica''&#39;s executive editor, Ted Pappas, was quoted in ''[[The Guardian]]'' as saying: "The premise of Wikipedia is that continuous improvement will lead to perfection. That premise is completely unproven."{{ref|Who}} On [[October 24]], [[2005]], ''[[The Guardian]]'' published an article [http://technology.guardian.co.uk/opinion/story/0,16541,1599325,00.html "Can you trust Wikipedia?"] where a group of experts critically reviewed entries for their fields. Discussing Wikipedia as an academic source, [[Danah Boyd|Danah Boyd]] said in 2005 that "[i]t will never be an encyclopedia, but it will contain extensive knowledge that is quite valuable for different purposes"{{ref|Boyd}}. [[Image:Be bold.png|thumb|'''Be Bold''' has become the unofficial slogan of Wikipedia.]] Academic circles have not been exclusively dismissive of Wikipedia as a reference. Wikipedia articles have been referenced in "enhanced perspectives" provided on-line in ''Science''. The first of these perspectives to provide a hyperlink to Wikipedia was "A White Collar Protein Senses Blue Light" (Linden, 2002), and dozens of enhanced perspectives have provided such links since then. However, these links are offered as background sources for the reader, not as sources used by the writer, and the "enhanced perspectives" are not intended to serve as reference material themselves. In a 2004 piece called "The Faith-Based Encyclopedia," former ''Britannica'' editor [[Robert McHenry]] criticized the wiki approach, writing, <blockquote> [h]owever closely a Wikipedia article may at some point in its life attain to reliability, it is forever open to the uninformed or semiliterate meddler&hellip; The user who visits Wikipedia to learn about some subject, to confirm some matter of fact, is rather in the position of a visitor to a public restroom. It may be obviously dirty, so that he knows to exercise great care, or it may seem fairly clean, so that he may be lulled into a false sense of security. What he certainly does not know is who has used the facilities before him.{{ref|McHenryFBE}} </blockquote> In response to this criticism, proposals have been made to provide various forms of provenance for material in Wikipedia articles; see for example [[Wikipedia:Provenance]]. The idea is to provide ''source provenance'' on each interval of text in an article and ''temporal provenance'' as to its vintage. In this way a reader can know "who has used the facilities before him" and how long the community has had to process the information in an article to provide calibration on the "sense of security." However, these proposals for provenance are quite controversial (see [[Wikipedia talk:Provenance]]). Aaron Krowne wrote a rebuttal article in which he criticized McHenry's methods, and labeled them "[[FUD]]," the marketing technique of "fear, uncertainty, and doubt."{{ref|Krowne}} Former [[Nupedia]] editor-in-chief [[Larry Sanger]] criticized Wikipedia in late 2004 for having, according to Sanger, an "anti-elitist" philosophy of active contempt for expertise.{{ref|SangerElitism}} Wikipedia's editing process assumes that exposing an article to many users will result in accuracy. Referencing [[Linus's law|Linus' law]] of open-source development, Sanger stated earlier: "Given enough eyeballs, all errors are shallow."{{ref|LinusSanger}} Technology figure [[Joi Ito]] wrote on Wikipedia's authority, "[a]lthough it depends a bit on the field, the question is whether something is more likely to be true coming from a source whose resume sounds authoritative or a source that has been viewed by hundreds of thousands of people (with the ability to comment) and has survived."{{ref|Ito}} Conversely, in an informal test of Wikipedia's ability to detect misinformation, its author remarked that its process "isn't really a fact-checking mechanism so much as a voting mechanism", and that material which did not appear "blatantly false" may be accepted as true.{{ref|HowAuth}} Wikipedia has been accused of deficiencies in comprehensiveness because of its voluntary nature, and of reflecting the systemic biases of its contributors. ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' editor-in-chief Dale Hoiberg has argued that "people write of things they're interested in, and so many subjects don't get covered; and news events get covered in great detail. The entry on [[Hurricane Frances]] was five times the length of that on [[Chinese art]], and the entry on ''[[Coronation Street]]'' was twice as long as the article on [[Tony Blair]]."{{ref|Who2}} (Note that this is not true anymore as of December 2005.) Former Nupedia editor-in-chief Larry Sanger stated in 2004, "when it comes to relatively specialized topics (outside of the interests of most of the contributors), the project's credibility is very uneven."{{ref|SangerAntiElitism}} The English-language website also suffers from frequent timeouts, server errors and occasional [[downtime]] due to heavy user traffic. These problems have had a negative impact on Wikipedia's desired image as a fast and reliable source of information. It has been praised for, as a wiki, allowing articles to be updated or created in response to current events. For example, the then-new article on the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] on its English edition was cited often by the press shortly after the incident. Its editors have also argued that, as a website, Wikipedia is able to include articles on a greater number of subjects than print encyclopedias may.{{ref|TopicCount}} [[Microsoft Encarta]] has started to solicit comments from readers in attempt to improve the accuracy and timeliness of its encyclopedia. [http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/support/encartafeedback.aspx Encarta Feedback] allows any user to propose revisions for review by their staff.{{ref|EncartaEdit}} The German computing magazine ''c't'' performed a comparison of ''[[Brockhaus encyclopedia|Brockhaus Premium]]'', ''[[Encarta|Microsoft Encarta]]'', and Wikipedia in [[October 2004]]: Experts evaluated 66 articles in various fields. In overall score, Wikipedia was rated 3.6 out of 5 points ("B-"), ''Brockhaus Premium'' 3.3, and ''Microsoft Encarta'' 3.1.{{ref|Kurzidim}} In an analysis of online encyclopedias, [[Indiana University system|Indiana University]] professors Emigh and Herring wrote that "Wikipedia improves on traditional information sources, especially for the content areas in which it is strong, such as technology and current events."{{ref|EmighHerring|Kishore}}. The [[journal]] [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] reported in 2005 that [[science]] articles in Wikipedia are comparable in accuracy to those in Encyclopedia Britannica. Wikipedia had an average of four mistakes per article; Britannica contained three. Of eight "serious errors" found — including misinterpretations of important concepts — four came from each source. {{ref|http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4530930.stm}} ''(Nature, 438, pp 900&ndash;901, 15 December 2005)''. At the end of 2005, [[John Seigenthaler Sr. Wikipedia biography controversy|controversy erupted]] after journalist [[John Seigenthaler Sr.]] found that his biography had been vandalized. This led to the decision to restrict the ability to start articles to registered users. ===Community=== The [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/The_Wikipedia_Community Wikipedia community] consists of users who are proportionally few, but highly active. Emigh and Herring argue that "a few active users, when acting in concert with established norms within an open editing system, can achieve ultimate control over the content produced within the system, literally erasing diversity, controversy, and inconsistency, and homogenizing contributors' voices." Editors on [[Wikinfo]], a [[fork (computing)|fork]] of Wikipedia, similarly argue that new or controversial editors to Wikipedia are often unjustly labeled "[[Internet troll|troll]]s" or "problem users" and blocked from editing.{{ref|WikiInfoCritical}} Its community has also been criticized for responding to complaints regarding an article's quality by advising the complainer to fix the article.{{ref|SoFixItComplaint}} In a page on researching with Wikipedia, its authors argue that Wikipedia is valuable for being a social community. That is, authors can be asked to defend or clarify their work, and disputes are readily seen.{{ref|Researching2}} Wikipedia editions also often contain [[reference desk]]s in which the community answers questions. Wikipedia related communities, such as [http://wikipediareview.proboards78.com/ The Wikipedia Review], whose members tend to dislike Wikipedia, also exist. ===Awards=== Wikipedia won two major awards in [[May 2004]]{{ref|MayAwards}}: The first was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities, awarded by [[Prix Ars Electronica]]; this came with a 10,000 [[euro]] grant and an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in [[Austria]] later that year. The second was a Judges' [[Webby Awards|Webby award]] for the "community" category. Wikipedia was also nominated for a "Best Practices" Webby. In [[September 2004]], the [[Japanese Wikipedia]] was awarded a Web Creation Award from the Japan Advertisers Association. This award, normally given to individuals for great contributions to the Web in Japanese, was accepted by a long-standing contributor on behalf of the project. Wikipedia has received plaudits from sources including [[BBC News]], ''[[Washington Post]]'', ''[[The Economist]]'', ''[[Newsweek]]'', ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'', ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'', ''[[The Times]]'' (London), ''[[Toronto Star]]'', ''[[Globe and Mail]]'', ''[[The Financial Times]]'', ''[[Time Magazine]]'', ''[[Irish Times]]'', ''[[Reader's Digest]]'' and ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''. ===Authors=== During [[January 2005]], Wikipedia had about 13,000 or more users who made at least five edits that month; 9,000 of these active users worked on its three largest language editions.{{ref|AuthorsCount}} A more active group of about 3,000 users made more than 100 edits per month, over half of these users having worked in the three largest editions. According to Wikimedia, one-quarter of Wikipedia's traffic comes from users without accounts, who are less likely to be editors.{{ref|WikiMediaPedia}} Maintenance tasks are performed by a group of volunteer developers, stewards, bureaucrats, and administrators, which number in the hundreds. Administrators are the largest such group, privileged with the ability to prevent articles from being edited, delete articles, or block users from editing in accordance with community policy. Many users have been temporarily or permanently blocked from editing Wikipedia. Vandalism or the minor infraction of policies may result in a warning or temporary block, while long-term or permanent blocks for prolonged and serious infractions are given by [[Jimmy Wales]] or, on its English edition, an elected Arbitration Committee. Former Nupedia editor-in-chief [[Larry Sanger]] has said that having the [[GFDL]] license as a "guarantee of freedom is a strong motivation to work on a free encyclopedia."{{ref|Britannica}} In a study of Wikipedia as a community, Economics professor Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low [[transaction cost]]s of participating in [[wiki]] software create a catalyst for collaborative development, and that a "creative construction" approach encourages participation.{{ref|Ciffolilli2003}} Wikipedia has been viewed as a social experiment in [[anarchy (word)|anarchy]] or [[democracy]]. Its founder has replied that it is not intended as one, though that is a consequence.{{ref|Social}} ==Alternative spellings== Here is a list of alternate spellings for Wikipedia according to the language editions: {| width="95%" cellpadding=3 |valign=top width="50%"| *ዊኪፔዲያ - [[:am:|Amharic]] *Bichipedia - [[:sc:|Sardinian]] *Biquipedia - [[:an:|Aragonese]] *Վիքիպեդիա - [[:am:|Armenian]] *Uichipedia - [[:roa-rup:|Aromanian]] *Uiquipedia - [[:ast:|Asturian]] *Vicipéid - [[:ga:|Irish]] *Vikipedio - [[:eo:|Esperanto]] *Vikipedi - [[:tr:|Turkish]] *Vikipediya - [[:az:|Azerbaijani]] *Vikipedija - [[:lt:|Lithuanian]] *Vikipēdija - [[:lv:|Latvian]] *Vikipeedia - [[:et:|Estonian]] *Vikipeediä - [[:fiu-vro:|Võro]] *Viquipèdia - [[:ca:|Catalan]] *Vicipaedia - [[:la:|Latin]] *Wicipǣdia - [[:ang:|Anglo-Saxon]] *Wicipedia - [[:cy:|Welsh]] *Wikipédia - [[:fr:|French]], [[:pt:|Portuguese]], [[:hu:|Hungarian]], [[:sk:|Slovak]] *Wikipedia - English, [[:br:|Breton]], [[:da:|Danish]], [[:nl:|Dutch]], [[:fi:|Finnish]], [[:so:|Somali]], [[:de:|German]], [[:it:|Italian]], [[:na:|Nauruan]], [[:no:|Norwegian]], [[:pl:|Polish]], [[:ro:|Romanian]], [[:scn:|Sicilian]], [[:es:|Spanish]], [[:sv:|Swedish]], [[:tl:|Filipino]], [[:co:|Corsican]], [[:is:|Icelandic]], [[:id:|Indonesian]], [[:lb:|Luxembourgish]] *Wikipedie - [[:cs:|Czech]] *Wikipedio - [[:io:|Ido]] *ويكيبيديا - [[:ar:|Arabic]] *วิกิพีเดีย - [[:th:|Thai]] *ウィキペディア - [[:ja:|Japanese]] *Vikipedioa - [[:sw:|Swahili]] |valign=top| *Wéijībǎikē / 维基百科 - [[:zh:|Chinese]] *Βικιπαίδεια - [[:el:|Greek]] *Уикипедия - [[:bg:|Bulgarian]] *ויקיפדיה - [[:he:|Hebrew]] *ויקיפעדיע - [[:yi:|Yiddish]] *Википедия - [[:ru:|Russian]] *Вікіпедія - [[:uk:|Ukrainian]] *Wikipedija - [[:bs:|Bosnian]], [[:hr:|Croatian]], [[:mt:|Maltese]], [[:sh:|Serbo-Croatian]], [[:sl:|Slovenian]] *ویکیپدیا - [[:fa:|Farsi]] *Википедиja - [[:mk:|Macedonian]], [[:sh:|Serbo-Croatian]], [[:sr:|Serbian]] *ვიკიპედია - [[:ka:|Georgian]] *ویـکـیـپـیـڈ یـا - [[:ur:|Urdu]] *uikiPEdi, as - [[:jbo:|Lojban]] *위키백과 - [[:ko:|Korean]] *ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ - [[:kn:|Kannada]] *Oiquipedià - [[:oc:|Occitan]] *விக்கிபீடியா - [[:ta:|Tamil]] *Википеди - [[:os:|Ossetic]], [[:cv:|Chuvash]] *विकिपीडिया - [[:hi:|Hindi]], [[:mr:|Marathi]], [[:sa:|Sanskrit]] *Wîkîpediya - [[:ku:|Kurdish]] *Wikipedy - [[:fy:|Western Frisian]] *వికిపీడియా - [[:te:|Telugu]] *Wîkîpedîä - [[:tt:|Tatar]] *wIqIpe'DIya - [[:tlh:|Klingon]] |} {{listdev}} ==See also== <!-- Note: [[Wikipedia:Avoid self-references]] --> * [[Internet encyclopedia project]] * [[List of encyclopedias]] * [[Open Site]] * [[Uncyclopedia]], parody of Wikipedia * [[Wookieepedia]], similarly named Wiki for ''[[Star Wars]]'' fans * [[Self reference]] ==References== <!-- To add a reference simply enclose the text you want to appear here inside a <ref></ref> pair in the correct place in the body of the article.--> <div style="font-size: 90%"> <references /> </div> ==Further reading== {{sisterlinks|Wikipedia}} *Fernanda B. Viegas, Martin Wattenberg, and Kushal Dave, "[http://web.media.mit.edu/~fviegas/papers/history_flow.pdf Studying Cooperation and Conflict between Authors with ''history flow'' Visualizations]", CHI 2004 [[April 24]] - [[April 29]] [[2004]]. Preliminary report "[http://researchweb.watson.ibm.com/history/ History Flow]" available on the IBM website. *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_in_academic_studies Wikipedia:Wikipedia in academic studies] *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduction Wikipedia:Introduction] *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ Wikipedia:FAQ] *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Press_releases Wikipedia:Press releases] *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Press_coverage Wikipedia:Press coverage] *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Why_Wikipedia_is_not_so_great Wikipedia:Why Wikipedia is not so great] *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Replies_to_common_objections Wikipedia:Replies to common objections] *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wikistats/EN/Sitemap.htm Statistics] *[[Open Directory Project]]: [http://dmoz.org/Computers/Open_Source/Open_Content/Encyclopedias/Wikipedia/ Wikipedia] *[[OpenFacts]]: [http://openfacts.berlios.de/index-en.phtml?title=Copies_of_Wikipedia_content Copies of Wikipedia content] *[[SourceWatch]]: [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Wikipedia Wikipedia] ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Wikipedia.ogg|2005-06-25}} *[http://www.wikipedia.org wikipedia.org], multi-lingual portal *[http://en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org], [[English language]] edition *[http://meta.wikipedia.org/ Meta-Wiki], policy-related and technical discussions regarding [[Wikimedia]] *[http://www.wikimediafoundation.org Wikimedia Foundation], parent organization of Wikipedia *[http://features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05/04/18/164213 Larry Sanger on the origins of Wikipedia] from Slashdot and ''Open Sources 2.0'' *[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Larry_Sanger/Origins_of_Wikipedia&oldid=39843351 Larry Sanger about the origins of Wikipedia] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4502846.stm BBC article regarding Wikipedia flaws] *[http://www.guardian.co.uk/online/story/0,3605,1546162,00.html Guardian UK article] *[http://www.npost.com/interview.jsp?intID=INT00126 Interview with Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales]," nPost, [[November 1]] [[2005]]. *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost Wikipedia Signpost], newspaper about the English Wikipedia *[http://www.newsxs.com/en/search/?search=quick_search&word=Wikipedia&lang=any&qs=Go Wikipedia in the news]. Aggregated news and rss-feed. (Multilingual) *[http://news.com.com/2061-11199_3-5983234.html?part=rss&tag=5983234&subj=news Why Wikipedia will survive the storm], from News.com *[http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/online-encyclopedias-put-to-the-test/2005/12/14/1134500913345.html ''Nature'' comparison between Wikipedia and Britannica] *[http://www.wikipedia-watch.org/ Wikipedia Watch], a website offering an unfavorable view of Wikipedia *[http://www.wikinfo.org/wiki.php?title=Critical_views_of_Wikipedia Critical Review Of Wikipedia] *[http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/index.cfm?fa=viewArticle&id=1361 Can Wikipedia Survive Its Own Success?], [[Wharton School]] *[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/12/06/wikipedia_bio/ Who Owns Your Wikipedia Biography?], ''The Register'' *[http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/wikiwoo.htm The Wiki Watch] *[http://uncyclopedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Uncyclopedia] and [http://www.wickerpedia.org/ Wickerpedia], Wikipedia parodies [[Category:2000s fads]] [[Category:2001 establishments]] [[Category:Encyclopedias]] [[Category:Wikipedia| ]] {{featured article}} {{Link FA|it}} [[af:Wikipedia]] [[als:Wikipedia]] [[an:Biquipedia]] [[ang:Wicipǣdia]] [[ar:ويكيبيديا]] [[ast:Uiquipedia]] [[ay:Wikipedia]] [[be:Вікіпэдыя]] [[bg:Уикипедия]] [[bm:Wikipedia]] [[bn:উইকিপিডিয়া]] [[bs:Wikipedija]] [[ca:Viquipèdia]] [[ceb:Wikipedya]] [[chr:ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ]] [[cs:Wikipedie]] [[csb:Wikipedijô]] [[cv:Википеди]] [[cy:Wicipedia]] [[da:Wikipedia]] [[de:Wikipedia]] [[el:Βικιπαίδεια]] [[eo:Vikipedio]] [[es:Wikipedia]] [[et:Vikipeedia]] [[eu:Wikipedia]] [[fa:ویکی‌پدیا]] [[fi:Wikipedia]] [[fiu-vro:Vikipeediä]] [[fj:Wikipedia]] [[fo:Wikipedia]] [[fr:Wikipédia]] [[fur:Vichipedie]] [[ga:Vicipéid]] [[gl:Wikipedia]] [[gu:વિકિપીડિયા]] [[he:ויקיפדיה]] [[hi:िविकपीिडया]] [[hr:Wikipedija]] [[ht:Wikipedia]] [[hu:Wikipédia]] [[hy:Վիքիփեդիա]] [[ia:Wikipedia]] [[id:Wikipedia]] [[ilo:Wikipedia]] [[is:Wikipedia]] [[it:Wikipedia]] [[ja:ウィキペディア]] [[jbo:uikiPEdi,as]] [[jv:Wikipedia]] [[ka:ვიკიპედია]] [[kl:Wikipedia]] [[kn:ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ]] [[ko:위키백과]] [[ku:Wikipedia]] [[kw:Wikipedia]] [[la:Vicipaedia]] [[lad:ויקיפידיה]] [[lb:Wikipedia]] [[li:Wikipedia]] [[lt:Vikipedija]] [[lv:Vikipēdija]] [[mi:Wikipedia]] [[mk:Википедија]] [[mo:Википедия]] [[ms:Wikipedia]] [[mt:Wikipedija]] [[na:Wikipediya]] [[nah:Wikipedia]] [[nds:Wikipedia]] [[ng:Wikipedia]] [[nl:Wikipedia]] [[nn:Wikipedia]] [[no:Wikipedia]] [[oc:Oiquipedià]] [[pl:Wikipedia]] [[pt:Wikipédia]] [[qu:Wikipidiya]] [[ro:Wikipedia]] [[roa-rup:Uichipedia]] [[ru:Википедия]] [[sc:Wikipedia]] [[scn:Wikipedia]] [[sco:Wikipaedia]] [[sh:Wikipedia]] [[simple:Wikipedia]] [[sk:Wikipédia]] [[sl:Wikipedija]] [[so:Wikipedia]] [[sq:Wikipedia]] [[sr:Википедија]] [[su:Wikipédia]] [[sv:Wikipedia]] [[sw:Wikipedia]] [[th:วิกิพีเดีย]] [[tl:Wikipedia]] [[tpi:Wikipedia]] [[tr:Vikipedi]] [[tt:Wikipedia]] [[uk:Вікіпедія]] [[uz:Vikipediya]] [[vi:Wikipedia]] [[wa:Wikipedia]] [[war:Wikipedia]] [[zh:维基百科]] [[zh-min-nan:Wikipedia]] 1716 5101 2006-03-05T03:28:28Z Aursani 60 <!-- NOTE: THIS PAGE IS HEAVILY WATCHED BY ADMINISTRATORS. ANY VANDALISM WILL BE REVERTED WITHIN 30 SECONDS AND IT IS LIKELY THAT VANDALS WILL WASTE MORE TIME THAN GOOD SAMARITANS HERE. THINK TWICE BEFORE VANDALIZING. --> [[Image:Wikipedia-logo.png|150px|left|thumb|[[Wikipedia logo|''وڪيچيڪلو'' لوگو]].]] <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">'''وڪيچيڪلو''' ([[سنڌيءَ لاءِ بول چارٽ|اچاريو]] {{بول|/ˌwɪkiˈpiːdi.ə/}} يا {{بول|/ˌwiki-/}}) آھي [[گھڻ لسانيت|گھڻ لساني]] [[World Wide Web|ويب]]آڌاريل [[کليل مواد|کليل مواد]] [[ڄاڻَ چيڪلو]]. It exists as a [[wiki]], لکجڻ ڀاڱيوارائي طور [[رضاڪار]]ن، اڪثر مقالن کي کليل ترميمو ڪنھن کي بھ اجازت جي سھوليت [[ويب جھانگُو]] and an [[انٽرنيٽ]] connection. ھيءَ رٿا [[جنوري 15]]، [[2001]]، as a complement to the ماھرن جي لکيل [[Nupedia]] ۽ is ھاڻي operated by the [[Non-profit organization|non-profit]] [[وڪيذريعات|وڪيذريعات پيڙھڪا]]. وڪيچيڪلو وٽ 3,500,000 کان وڌيڪ مقالا آھن , including کان وڌيڪ 1,005,000 in the زنگريزي ورزن. <!-- using {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} would make مشڪل شيون for mirrors ۽ doesn't work right with respect to مقالي تاريخ! -->کان وٺي پنھنجي ايام, وڪيچيڪلو has steadily risen in popularity,<ref>See plots at "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wikistats/EN/PlotsPngUsageVisits.htm Visits في ڏينھن]", وڪيچيڪلو شماريات, [[1 January]] [[2005]]</ref> ۽ ان جي ڪاميابي has spawned ڪيتريون ئي برادر رٿائون. There has, however, been controversy over its reliability. Wikipedia's slogan is "The کيل ڄاڻَ چيڪلو جيڪو ڪير بھ سنواري سگھي ٿو", ۽ رٿا is described by its سھھ باني [[Jimmy Wales]] as "an effort to create and distribute a multilingual کليل ڄاڻآ چيڪلو of the بھترين ممڪن سڀاءُ to ھر single person on the planet سندن پنھنجي ٻوليءَ ۾."<ref>[[Jimmy Wales]], "[http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2005-March/038102.html Wikipedia is an encyclopedia]", [[8 March]] [[2005]], <wikipedia-l@wikimedia.org></ref> Wikipedia is often cited in the [[mass ذريعات]] ۽ [[academia]]. ان تي ڪڏھن تنقيد ڪئي ويندي آھي تھ and ڪڏھن receives تعريف for its free distribution, لڳاتار editing, and diverse coverage, not to mention its گھڻ لساني dimensions. It is often cited not طور مضمون پر طور ھڪ ذريعو ٻين تي مضمون. Editors are encouraged to uphold a جي ھڪ پاليسي "[[اڻ ڌريو نڪتھ نظر]]" under which notable perspectives are summarized بنا ھڪ ڪوشش to determine an [[objectivity (journalism)|objective]] truth. وڪيچيڪلو جي حيثيت as a [[reference work]] has been متناعضھ since its کليل nature allows [[مڪڙائپ]], inaccuracy, inconsistency, uneven quality, and unsubstantiated ويچار. It has also been [[وڪيچيڪلو تي تنقيد|criticised]] for [[systemic bias]], preference of [[اتفاق]] يا [[popularity]] to [[credentials]], and a perceived lack of احتساب and اختيار when compared with traditional ڄاڻَ چيڪلا. But the scope and detail of ان جي مقالن جي, its constant updates, and ease of accessing have made it a popular حوالياتي ذريعو for many. آھن over 200 [[لساني]] editions جا وڪيچيڪلي، جن مان سرگرم اٽڪل 100 آھن. تيرھن editions have کان وڌيڪ 50,000 articles each: [[English Wikipedia|انگريزي]], [[جرمن وڪيچيڪلو|جرمن]], [[فرانسيسي وڪيچيڪلو|فرانسيسي]], [[Japanese Wikipedia|جپاني]], [[Polish Wikipedia|پولش]], [[اطلاوي وڪيچيڪلو|اطالوي]], [[Swedish Wikipedia|Swedish]], [[ڊچ Wikipedia|Dutch]], [[Portuguese Wikipedia|Portuguese]], [[Spanish Wikipedia|Spanish]], [[Chinese Wikipedia|چيني]], [[روسي وڪيچيڪلو|روسي]] and [[Norwegian Wikipedia|Norwegian]]. Its German-language edition has been distributed on [[DVD-ROM]], and there are [[Wikipedia:Pushing to 1.0|proposals]] for an [[Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team|English DVD/paper edition]]. Many of its other editions are [[Mirror (ڳڻپڪاري)|mirrored]] or have been [[Fork (software development)|forked]] by [[ويبزمين]]s. ==سنوارڻ== [[Image:History comparison example.png|thumb|400px|right|Editors keep track of changes to articles by checking the difference between two revisions of a page, displayed here in red.]] Almost all visitors may edit وڪيچيڪلي جا مقالا, and registered users can create new ones and have their changes instantly displayed. وڪيچيڪلو جڙيل آھي ان اميد تي تھ ڀاڱيوارائي among users سڌاريندا مقالا over time, in much the ساڳيءَ ريت جيئن t [[open source|open-source software]] develops. Further, this real-time, ڀاڱيوارائي model allows rapid updating of موجودھ موضوعن جي ۽ تعارف نون موضوعن جو. ليکڪ need not have any مھارت or رسمي qualifications in the مضمون which ھُو edit, ۽ users are warned that their ڀاڱيداريون may be "edited بي رحميءَ سان ۽ redistributed at will" by anyone who so wishes. قن جي مقالن کي not controlled by any مخصوص user or editorial گروھھ. Decision-making تي the مواد and editorial policies of وڪيچيڪلو is instead done by [[Consensus decision-making|مفاھمت]] ۽ ورلي ذرعي ووٽ. [[Jimmy Wales]] retains final فيصلو on وڪيچيڪلي جون پاليسيون and user رھنما اصول.<ref>"[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Power_structure Power structure]", Meta-Wiki, 10:55 [[4 April]] [[2005]]</ref> By the nature of its [[openness]], "edit wars" and prolonged disputes often occur when editors do not agree.<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_war Edit war]", Wikipedia ([[26 مارچ]] [[2005]])</ref> A few members of its community have explained its editing process as a collaborative work, a "[[Social Darwinism|socially Darwinian]] [[Evolution|evolutionary]] process"<ref>"[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_sociology Wikipedia sociology]", Meta-Wiki, 23:30 [[24 March]] [[2005]]</ref>, but this is not generally considered by the community to be an accurate self-description. Articles are always subject to editing, unless مقالو is protected for a short time مڪڙائپ باعث or revert wars; تنھنڪري, Wikipedia does not declare any مقالي کي مڪمل . ڪي users attempt to enter malicious or amusing but غير متعلقھ ڄاڻَ, مگر عموماً ان قسم جون تبديليون removed quickly. Regular users often maintain a "watchlist" of articles of interest to them, so that they are immediately shown which of these articles have changed since their last log in. This allows monitoring of daily editing to prevent false information and spam, and also to keep up with other editors' views, or updates, of the subjects on the watchlist. باعث وڪي قاعدا، all edits of a وڪيچيڪلو مقالو اکيا ويندا آھن ۾ an edit تاريخ جيڪي ڏسجي سگھجي ٿو by ھرڪو. وڪيچيڪلو is the first major ڄاڻَ چيڪلو جتي ھرڪو ڏسي سگھي ٿو ڪيئن ڪو مقالو evolved over time ۽ جي، يا ڪيئن ۽ where the ڪو مقالي جو مواد متناضع ھجي. سمورا متناضع موقف which were once voiced ۽ تنھن کان پوءِ مٽايا ويندا آھن ۽ even plain page مڪڙائپ رھن ٿا ظاھر ھر ڪنھن لاءِ ۽ مھيا ڪن ٿا اضافي ڄاڻ بابت مقالي جي موضوع and its degree of controversy and add the dimension جو وقت ھر مقالي کي. ==تاريخ== {{main|وڪيچيڪلو جي تاريخ}} [[Image:NupediaLogo.jpg|thumb||250px|Wikipedia "originated" from ''[[Nupedia]]''.]] وڪيچيڪلو شروع ٿيا as a complementary رٿا لاءِ ''[[Nupedia]]'', ھڪ کليل online ڄاڻَ چيڪلو رٿا whose مقالا were written by experts through a formal process. Nupedia was founded on [[9 March]] [[2000]] under the ownership of [[Bomis|Bomis, Inc]], a Web portal company. Its principal figures were [[Jimmy Wales]], Bomis [[CEO]], and [[Larry Sanger]], [[editor-in-chief]] for Nupedia and later وڪيچيڪلو. Nupedia was described by Sanger as differing from existing encyclopedias in being [[open content]]; not having size limitations, as it was on the [[Internet]]; and being free of bias, due to its public nature and potentially وسيع base of contributors.<ref name=QANupedia>Larry Sanger, "[http://web.archive.org/web/20000510132952/www.nupedia.com/interview.html Q & A about Nupedia]", Nupedia, مارچ 2000</ref> Nupedia had a seven-step review process by appointed subject-area experts, پر پوءِ came to be viewed as too slow for producing ھڪ محدود تعداد of مقالا. Funded by Bomis, there were initial منصوبو to recoup its investment by the use of اشتھارات.<ref name=QANupedia/> It was licensed under its own Nupedia Open Content License initially, switching to the GNU Free Documentation License prior to وڪيچيڪلو founding at the urging of [[Richard Stallman]]. [[Image:WikipediaHomePage30March200.png|thumb|300px|right|Wikipedia's انگريزي edition on [[March 20]], [[2001]], two and a half months after its founding.]] On [[January 10]], [[2001]], Larry Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki alongside Nupedia. Under the subject "Let's make a wiki", he wrote: <blockquote> No, this is not an indecent proposal. It's an idea to add a little feature to Nupedia. [[Jimmy Wales]] thinks تھ many people might find the idea اعتراض جوڳو, پر آئون ڀايان ٿو تھ نھ. (&hellip;) As to Nupedia's use of a wiki, this is the ULTIMATE "open" ۽ سادو format لاءِ جوڙڻ مواد. We have occasionally bandied about ideas for simpler, more کليل رٿائون to either replace or supplement Nupedia. مون کي ائين ٿو لڳي wikis can be implemented practically instantly, need تمام ٿورو maintenance, and عام طور are very low-risk. They're also a potentially مواد جو وڏو ذريعو. So there's little downside, as far as I can see.<ref>{{news reference |firstname=Larry |lastname=Sanger |title=Let's make a wiki |date=[[January 10]], [[2001]] |org=Internet Archive |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20030414014355/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html }}</ref> </blockquote> Wikipedia was formally launched on [[15 January]] [[2001]], as a single English-language edition at wikipedia.com, and announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list.<ref>{{news reference |firstname=Larry |lastname=Sanger |title=Wikipedia is up! |date=[[January 17]], [[2001]] |org=Internet Archive |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20010506042824/www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html }}</ref> It had been, from [[10 January]], a feature of Nupedia.com in which the public could write articles that could be incorporated into Nupedia after review. It was relaunched off-site after Nupedia's Advisory Board of subject experts disapproved of its production model.<ref name=SangerMemoir>{{Citenewsauthor | surname=Sanger | given=Larry | title=The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir | date=18 April 2005 | org=Slashdot | url=http://features.slashdot.org/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml}}</ref> Wikipedia thereafter operated as a standalone project without control from Nupedia. Its policy of "neutral point-of-view" was codified in its initial months, though it is similar to Nupedia's earlier "nonbias" policy. There were otherwise few rules initially. Wikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia, [[Slashdot]] postings, and [[search engine]] indexing. It grew to تقريباً 20,000 articles among 18 language editions ان جي پھرين سال جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين. It had 26 language editions by the end of 2002, 46 by the end of 2003, and 161 by the end of 2004.<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Multilingual_statistics Multilingual statistics]", Wikipedia, [[30 March]] [[2005]]</ref> Nupedia and Wikipedia coexisted until the former's servers went down, permanently, in 2003, and its text was incorporated into Wikipedia. Wales and Sanger attribute the concept of using a wiki to [[Ward Cunningham]]'s WikiWikiWeb or [[Portland Pattern Repository]]. Wales mentioned that he heard the concept first from Jeremy Rosenfeld, an employee of Bomis who showed him the same wiki, in December 2000,<ref>Jimmy Wales, "[http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2005-April/039093.html Re: Sanger's memoirs]", [[20 April]] [[2005]],<wikipedia-l@wikipedia.org></ref> but it was after Sanger heard of its existence from Ben Kovitz, a regular at this wiki, in January 2001,<ref name=SangerMemoir/> and proposed a creation of a wiki for Nupedia to Wales that Wikipedia's history started. Under a similar concept of free content, though not wiki production, the [[GNUPedia]] project existed alongside Nupedia early in its history. It subsequently became inactive and its creator, [[free software|free-software]] figure [[Richard Stallman]], lent his support to Wikipedia.<ref>{{Citenewsauthor | surname=Stallman | given=Richard | title=The Free Encyclopedia Project | date=1999 | org=Free Software Foundation | url=http://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html}}</ref> Citing fear of commercial advertising and lack of control in a perceived English-centric Wikipedia, users of the [[Spanish Wikipedia]] forked from Wikipedia to create the ''[[Enciclopedia Libre]]'' in February 2002. Later that year, Wales announced that وڪيچيڪلو would not display [[advertising|advertisements]], and moved its ويبزمين to wikipedia.org. Projects have since forked from وڪيچيڪلي جا content for editorial سبب, such as [[Wikinfo]], which abandoned "neutral point-of-view" in favor of multiple complementary articles written from a "sympathetic point-of-view." From Wikipedia and Nupedia, the وڪيذريعات پيڙھڪا was created on [[June 20]], [[2003]].<ref>Jimmy Wales: "[http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2003-June/010690.html Announcing وڪيذريعات پيڙھڪا]", [[20 June]] [[2003]], <wikipedia-l@wikipedia.org></ref> Wikipedia and its sister projects thereafter operated under this [[non-profit organization]]. Wikipedia's first sister project, "In Memoriam: September 11<!--DO NOT REFORMAT THIS DATE, IT IS IN QUOTATIONS--> Wiki" had been created in October 2002 to detail the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]]; [[Wiktionary]], a dictionary project, was launched ڊسمبر ۾ 2002; [[Wikiquote]], a collection of quotes, ھڪ ھفتي بعد Wikimedia launched; and [[Wikibooks]], a collection of collaboratively-written free books, the ايندڙ مھيني. وڪيذريعات has since started a number of ٻيون رٿائون, detailed below. وڪيچيڪلو وٽ روايتاً measured its status by مقالن جي تعداد. ۾ ان جي پھريان ٻھ سال, it وڌي at a چند سَو يا fewer new articles per day; تائين 2004, this had accelerated to 1,000 to 3,000 في ڏينھن across سمورن editions. انگريزي وڪيچيڪلو reached a 100,000 article milestone on [[January 22]], [[2003]]<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Press_releases/January_2003 Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, reaches its 100,000th article]", وڪيذريعات پيڙھڪا, [[January 21]], [[2003]]</ref>. Wikipedia reached its one millionth article among 105 language editions on [[September 20]], [[2004]],<ref>"[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_press_releases/One_million_Wikipedia_articles_(int'l) Wikipedia Reaches One Million Articles]", Wikimedia Foundation, [[20 September]] [[2004]]</ref> while the English edition alone reached its 500,000th on [[March 18]], [[2005]]<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Press_releases/March_2005 Wikipedia Publishes 500,000th English Article]", Wikimedia Foundation, [[March 18]], [[2005]]</ref>. The Wikimedia Foundation applied to the [[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] to [[trademark]] ''Wikipedia®'' on [[September 17]], [[2004]]. The mark was granted registration status on [[January 10]], [[2006]]. Trademark protection was accorded by [[Japan]] on [[December 16]], [[2004]] and in the [[European Union]] on [[January 20]], [[2005]]. Technically a [[servicemark]], the scope of the mark is for: "Provision of [[information]] in the field of general encyclopedic knowledge via the [[Internet]]". There are currently plans to license the usage of the وڪيچيڪلو trademark for some products like [[book]]s or [[DVD]]s.<ref>{{news reference |firstname=Vipin |lastname=Nair |title=Growing on volunteer power |date=December 5, 2005 |org=Business Line |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/ew/2005/12/05/stories/2005120500070100.htm }}</ref> The [[German Wikipedia]] will be printed in its entirety by Directmedia, in 100 volumes of 800 pages each. Publication will begin in October 2006, and finish in 2010. On [[February 27]], 2006, Wikipedia surpassed 1 million users, with the honor of Millionth User being bestowed upon "[[User:Romulus32|Romulus32]]". On [[March 1]], 2006, the English Wikipedia surpassed 1,000,000 articles, the millionth article being [[Jordanhill railway station]]. ====Software and hardware==== [[Image:Floridaserversfront1.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Wikipedia receives between 2000 and 7000 page views per second. [http://noc.wikimedia.org/reqstats/reqstats-daily.png] Over 100 servers have been set up to handle the traffic.]] [[Image:Wikimedia-servers.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Picture of the Wikimedia servers on the first day of installation.]] Wikipedia is run by [[MediaWiki]]<!--for version see [[Special:Version]]--> [[free software]] on a cluster of dedicated servers located in [[Florida]] and four other locations around the world. MediaWiki is Phase III of the program's software. Originally, Wikipedia ran on [[UseModWiki]] by [[Clifford Adams]] (Phase I). At first it required [[CamelCase]] for links; later it was also possible to use double brackets. Wikipedia began running on a [[PHP]] [[wiki software|wiki engine]] with a [[MySQL]] [[database]] جنوري ۾ 2002. This software, Phase II, was written specifically for the Wikipedia project by Magnus Manske. Several rounds of modifications were made to improve performance in response to increased demand. آخرڪار، the software was rewritten ٻيھر, this time by Lee Daniel Crocker. Instituted in July 2002, this Phase III software was called ذريعات وڪي. It was licensed under the [[GNU General Public License]] and used by all Wikimedia projects. وڪيچيڪلو was served from فقط ھڪ server until 2003, when the server setup was expanded into an [[n-tier]] distributed architecture. In جنوري 2005, the project ran on 39 dedicated servers located in [[Florida]]. This configuration included a single master اعدادخانو server running [[MySQL]], multiple slave اعدادخانو servers, 21 web servers running the [[Apache HTTP Server|Apache]] software, ۽ ست [[Squid cache]] servers. تائين September 2005, its server cluster وڌي ويو ھو to around 100 servers in four locations around the world. Page requests are processed by first passing to a front-end layer of [[Squid cache|Squid caching]] servers. Requests that cannot be served from the Squid cache are sent to two load-balancing servers running the [[Perlbal]] software, which then pass the request to one of the Apache web servers for page-rendering from the database. The web servers serve pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the Wikipedias. To increase speed further, rendered pages for anonymous users are cached in a filesystem until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses. وڪيذريعات has begun building a global network of [[Squid cache|caching servers]] with the addition of three such servers in [[فرانس]]. A new Dutch cluster is also online now. In spite of all this, وڪيچيڪلو page load times remain quite variable. The ongoing status of وڪيچيڪلي جو website is posted by users at a [http://openfacts.berlios.de/index-en.phtml?title=Wikipedia_Status status page] on [[OpenFacts]]. == Funding == وڪيچيڪلو is funded through the [[وڪيذريعات پيڙھڪا]]. Its 4th Quarter 2005 costs were $321,000 with hardware making up almost 60% of the budget. [http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Budget] [[Bomis]], an on-line advertising company that hosts mostly adult-oriented web-rings, played a significant part in the early development of Wikipedia. ==Evaluations== Wikipedia's claimed status as an ڄاڻَ چيڪلو has been increasingly متناضع as it has gained prominence. This is seen in articles and discussion venues both within وڪيچيڪلو and elsewhere. Information related to evaluations of وڪيچيڪلو, including individual opinions, quality control, and awards are discussed below. ===عام تنقيد=== :''The main article is at [[وڪيچيڪلي تي تنقيد]]'' Criticism of وڪيچيڪلو has increased with its prominence. Critics of Wikipedia include Wikipedia editors themselves, ex-editors, representatives of other [[encyclopedia]]s, and even subjects of the articles. Notable criticisms include that its open nature makes وڪيچيڪلو unauthoritative and unreliable, that Wikipedia exhibits [[systemic bias]] and that the [[group dynamics]] of its community are hindering its goals. Wikipedia is criticised on the following issues:{{fact}} *Anti-elitism as a weakness *Systemic bias in coverage *Systemic bias in perspective *Difficulty of fact checking *Use of dubious sources *Exposure to vandals *Privacy concerns *Flame wars *Fanatics and special interests *Censorship It must be noted that many university lecturers discourage their students from using Wikipedia (or other encyclopedias) as a reference in academic work. ===Quality=== Wikipedia has been both praised and criticized for being open to editing by anyone. Proponents contend that open editing improves quality over time while critics allege that non-expert editing undermines quality. Wikipedia has been criticized for a perceived lack of reliability, comprehensiveness, and authority. It is considered to have no or limited utility as a [[reference work]] among many [[librarian]]s, [[Academia|academic]]s, and the [[editor]]s of more formally written encyclopedias. A website called [http://www.wikipedia-watch.org/ Wikipedia Watch] has been created to denounce Wikipedia as having "&hellip;a massive, unearned influence on what passes for reliable information." Some argue that allowing anyone to edit makes وڪيچيڪلو an unreliable work. Wikipedia contains no formal [[peer review]] process for fact-checking, and the editors themselves may not be well-versed in the topics they write about. In a 2004 interview with ''[[The Guardian]]'', librarian Philip Bradley said that he would not use Wikipedia and is "not aware of a single librarian who would. The main problem is the lack of authority. With printed publications, the publishers have to ensure that their data is reliable, as their livelihood depends on it. But with something like this, all that goes out the window"(Waldman, 2004). Similarly, ''Encyclopædia Britannica''&#39;s executive editor, Ted Pappas, was quoted in ''[[The Guardian]]'' as saying: "The premise of Wikipedia is that continuous improvement will lead to perfection. That premise is completely unproven."{{ref|Who}} On [[October 24]], [[2005]], ''[[The Guardian]]'' published an article [http://technology.guardian.co.uk/opinion/story/0,16541,1599325,00.html "Can you trust Wikipedia?"] where a group of experts critically reviewed entries for their fields. Discussing Wikipedia as an academic source, [[Danah Boyd|Danah Boyd]] said in 2005 that "[i]t will never be an encyclopedia, but it will contain extensive knowledge that is quite valuable for different purposes"{{ref|Boyd}}. [[Image:Be bold.png|thumb|'''Be Bold''' has become the unofficial slogan of Wikipedia.]] Academic circles have not been exclusively dismissive of Wikipedia as a reference. Wikipedia articles have been referenced in "enhanced perspectives" provided on-line in ''Science''. The first of these perspectives to provide a hyperlink to Wikipedia was "A White Collar Protein Senses Blue Light" (Linden, 2002), and dozens of enhanced perspectives have provided such links since then. However, these links are offered as background sources for the reader, not as sources used by the writer, and the "enhanced perspectives" are not intended to serve as reference material themselves. In a 2004 piece called "The Faith-Based Encyclopedia," former ''Britannica'' editor [[Robert McHenry]] criticized the wiki approach, writing, <blockquote> [h]owever closely a Wikipedia article may at some point in its life attain to reliability, it is forever open to the uninformed or semiliterate meddler&hellip; The user who visits وڪيچيڪلو to learn about some subject, to confirm some matter of fact, is rather in the position of a visitor to a public restroom. It may be obviously dirty, so that he knows to exercise great care, or it may seem fairly clean, so that he may be lulled into a false sense of security. What he certainly does not know is who has used the facilities before him.{{ref|McHenryFBE}} </blockquote> In response to this criticism, proposals have been made to provide various forms of provenance for material in Wikipedia articles; see for example [[Wikipedia:Provenance]]. The idea is to provide ''source provenance'' on each interval of text in an article and ''temporal provenance'' as to its vintage. In this way a reader can know "who has used the facilities before him" and how long the community has had to process the information in an article to provide calibration on the "sense of security." However, these proposals for provenance are quite controversial (see [[Wikipedia talk:Provenance]]). Aaron Krowne wrote a rebuttal article in which he criticized McHenry's methods, and labeled them "[[FUD]]," the marketing technique of "fear, uncertainty, and doubt."{{ref|Krowne}} Former [[Nupedia]] editor-in-chief [[Larry Sanger]] criticized Wikipedia in late 2004 for having, according to Sanger, an "anti-elitist" philosophy of active contempt for expertise.{{ref|SangerElitism}} Wikipedia's editing process assumes that exposing an article to many users will result in accuracy. Referencing [[Linus's law|Linus' law]] of open-source development, Sanger stated earlier: "Given enough eyeballs, all errors are shallow."{{ref|LinusSanger}} Technology figure [[Joi Ito]] wrote on Wikipedia's authority, "[a]lthough it depends a bit on the field, the question is whether something is more likely to be true coming from a source whose resume sounds authoritative or a source that has been viewed by hundreds of thousands of people (with the ability to comment) and has survived."{{ref|Ito}} Conversely, in an informal test of Wikipedia's ability to detect misinformation, its author remarked that its process "isn't really a fact-checking mechanism so much as a voting mechanism", and that material which did not appear "blatantly false" may be accepted as true.{{ref|HowAuth}} Wikipedia has been accused of deficiencies in comprehensiveness because of its voluntary nature, and of reflecting the systemic biases of its contributors. ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' editor-in-chief Dale Hoiberg has argued that "people write of things they're interested in, and so many subjects don't get covered; and news events get covered in great detail. The entry on [[Hurricane Frances]] was five times the length of that on [[Chinese art]], and the entry on ''[[Coronation Street]]'' was twice as long as the article on [[Tony Blair]]."{{ref|Who2}} (Note that this is not true anymore as of December 2005.) Former Nupedia editor-in-chief Larry Sanger stated in 2004, "when it comes to relatively specialized topics (outside of the interests of most of the contributors), the project's credibility is very uneven."{{ref|SangerAntiElitism}} The زنگريزي ويبزمين also suffers from frequent timeouts, server چڪُون and occasional [[downtime]] due to heavy user traffic. These problems have had a negative impact on وڪيچيڪلو جو desired عڪس as a تڪڙو and reliable جو ذريعو information. It has been praised for, as a wiki, allowing articles to be updated or created in response to current events. For example, the then-new article on the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] on its English edition was cited often by the press shortly after the incident. Its editors have also argued that, as a website, Wikipedia is able to include articles on a greater number of subjects than print encyclopedias may.{{ref|TopicCount}} [[Microsoft Encarta]] has started to solicit comments from readers in attempt to improve the accuracy and timeliness of its encyclopedia. [http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/support/encartafeedback.aspx Encarta Feedback] allows any user to propose revisions for review by their staff.{{ref|EncartaEdit}} The German computing magazine ''c't'' performed a comparison of ''[[Brockhaus encyclopedia|Brockhaus Premium]]'', ''[[Encarta|Microsoft Encarta]]'', and Wikipedia in [[October 2004]]: Experts evaluated 66 articles in various fields. In overall score, Wikipedia was rated 3.6 out of 5 points ("B-"), ''Brockhaus Premium'' 3.3, and ''Microsoft Encarta'' 3.1.{{ref|Kurzidim}} In an analysis of online encyclopedias, [[Indiana University system|Indiana University]] professors Emigh and Herring wrote that "Wikipedia improves on traditional information sources, especially for the content areas in which it is strong, such as technology and current events."{{ref|EmighHerring|Kishore}}. The [[journal]] [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] reported in 2005 that [[science]] articles in Wikipedia are comparable in accuracy to those in Encyclopedia Britannica. Wikipedia had an average of four mistakes per article; Britannica contained three. Of eight "serious errors" found — including misinterpretations of important concepts — four came from each source. {{ref|http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4530930.stm}} ''(Nature, 438, pp 900&ndash;901, 15 December 2005)''. At the end of 2005, [[John Seigenthaler Sr. Wikipedia biography controversy|controversy erupted]] after journalist [[John Seigenthaler Sr.]] found that his biography had been vandalized. This led to the decision to restrict the ability to start articles to registered users. ===Community=== The [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/The_Wikipedia_Community Wikipedia community] consists of users who are proportionally few, but highly active. Emigh and Herring argue that "a few active users, when acting in concert with established norms within an open editing system, can achieve ultimate control over the content produced within the system, literally erasing diversity, controversy, and inconsistency, and homogenizing contributors' voices." Editors on [[Wikinfo]], a [[fork (computing)|fork]] of Wikipedia, similarly argue that new or controversial editors to Wikipedia are often unjustly labeled "[[Internet troll|troll]]s" or "problem users" and blocked from editing.{{ref|WikiInfoCritical}} Its community has also been criticized for responding to complaints regarding an article's quality by advising the complainer to fix the article.{{ref|SoFixItComplaint}} In a page on researching with Wikipedia, its ليکڪ argue that Wikipedia is valuable for being a social community. That is, authors can be asked to defend or clarify their work, and disputes are readily seen.{{ref|Researching2}} Wikipedia editions also often contain [[reference desk]]s in which the community answers questions. Wikipedia related communities, such as [http://wikipediareview.proboards78.com/ The Wikipedia Review], whose members tend to dislike Wikipedia, also exist. ===Awards=== وڪيچيڪلو won ٻھ major اوارڊ in [[May 2004]]{{ref|MayAwards}}: The پھريون was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities, اعزازيو ويو by [[Prix Ars Electronica]]; this came with a 10,000 [[يورو]] grant ۽ an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in [[Austria]] later ان ئي سال. The ٻيون was a Judges' [[Webby Awards|Webby award]] for the "community" category. وڪيچيڪلو was پڻ نامزد for a "Best Practices" Webby. ۾ [[سيپٽمبر 2004]], [[جاپاني وڪيچيڪلو]] was اوارڊ a ويب تخليق اوارڊ کان جاپان Advertisers Association. ھيءُ اوارڊ, عمُوماً given فردن کي عيوض great ڀاڱيداريون to the ويب ۾ جاپاني, was accepted by a long-standing ڀاڱيدار تي پاران جي رٿا. وڪيچيڪلو has received plaudits from sources including [[BBC News]], ''[[Washington Post]]'', ''[[The Economist]]'', ''[[Newsweek]]'', ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'', ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'', ''[[The Times]]'' (London), ''[[Toronto Star]]'', ''[[Globe and Mail]]'', ''[[The Financial Times]]'', ''[[Time Magazine]]'', ''[[Irish Times]]'', ''[[Reader's Digest]]'' and ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''. ===ليکڪ=== During [[جنوري 2005]], وڪيچيڪلو had لڳڀڳ 13,000 يا گھڻا users جن ڪيا گھٽ ۾ گھٽ پنج edits ان مھيني; 9,000 of these active users worked on its ٽي وڌي ۾ وڏيون لساني editions.{{ref|AuthorsCount}} A more active group of لڳڀڳ 3,000 users made کان گھڻا 100 edits گي مھينو، جي اڌ کان وڌيڪ these users having worked in the three largest editions. وڪيذريعات موجب, one-quarter of وڪيچيڪلو جو traffic comes from users بنا کاتن جي, who are less likely to be editors.{{ref|WikiMediaPedia}} Maintenance tasks are performed by a group of رضاڪار developers، stewards، bureaucrats، ۽ منتظم, جيڪو number ۾ سَوَن. منتظم are the وڏي ۾ وڏو such گروھھ, privileged سان جي سگھھ روڪڻ مقالا کان being edited, delete مقالا, or block users from editing مفاھمت سان with community پاليسي. ڪيترا ئي users have been عارضاً يا مستقلاً روڪيو سنوارڻ کان وڪيچيڪلو. مڪڙائپ يا معمولي infraction of پاليسين may result in a warning يا عارضي block, while ڊگھو عرصو يا مستقل blocks for تويل ۽ سنجيدھ infractions are given by [[Jimmy Wales]] or, تي ان جي انگريزي edition, ھڪ چونڊيل Arbitration ڪاميٽي. Former Nupedia editor-in-chief [[Larry Sanger]] has said that having the [[GFDL]] لائيسنس as a "guarantee of آزاديءَ is a strong motivation to work on a کليل ڄاڻَ چيڪلو."{{ref|Britannica}} In a study وڪيچيڪلو جو as a community, اقتصاديات پروفيسر Andrea Ciffolilli دليليو that the low [[transaction cost]]s of participating in [[wiki]] software create a catalyst for ڀاڱيوارائي ترقي, ۽ that a "تخليقي construction" approach encourages participation.{{ref|Ciffolilli2003}} وڪيچيڪلو has been viewed as a سماجي تجربو in [[انتشار (لفظ)|انتشار]] or [[جمھوريت]]. ان جي بانيڪار has replied that it is not intended as one, though that is a consequence.{{ref|Social}} ==متبادل ھجيئون== Here is a list of alternate spellings for Wikipedia according to the language editions: {| width="95%" cellpadding=3 |valign=top width="50%"| *ዊኪፔዲያ - [[:am:|Amharic]] *Bichipedia - [[:sc:|Sardinian]] *Biquipedia - [[:an:|Aragonese]] *Վիքիպեդիա - [[:am:|Armenian]] *Uichipedia - [[:roa-rup:|Aromanian]] *Uiquipedia - [[:ast:|Asturian]] *Vicipéid - [[:ga:|Irish]] *Vikipedio - [[:eo:|Esperanto]] *Vikipedi - [[:tr:|Turkish]] *Vikipediya - [[:az:|Azerbaijani]] *Vikipedija - [[:lt:|Lithuanian]] *Vikipēdija - [[:lv:|Latvian]] *Vikipeedia - [[:et:|Estonian]] *Vikipeediä - [[:fiu-vro:|Võro]] *Viquipèdia - [[:ca:|Catalan]] *Vicipaedia - [[:la:|Latin]] *Wicipǣdia - [[:ang:|Anglo-Saxon]] *Wicipedia - [[:cy:|Welsh]] *Wikipédia - [[:fr:|French]], [[:pt:|Portuguese]], [[:hu:|Hungarian]], [[:sk:|Slovak]] *Wikipedia - English, [[:br:|Breton]], [[:da:|Danish]], [[:nl:|Dutch]], [[:fi:|Finnish]], [[:so:|Somali]], [[:de:|German]], [[:it:|Italian]], [[:na:|Nauruan]], [[:no:|Norwegian]], [[:pl:|Polish]], [[:ro:|Romanian]], [[:scn:|Sicilian]], [[:es:|Spanish]], [[:sv:|Swedish]], [[:tl:|Filipino]], [[:co:|Corsican]], [[:is:|Icelandic]], [[:id:|Indonesian]], [[:lb:|Luxembourgish]] *Wikipedie - [[:cs:|Czech]] *Wikipedio - [[:io:|Ido]] *ويكيبيديا - [[:ar:|Arabic]] *วิกิพีเดีย - [[:th:|Thai]] *ウィキペディア - [[:ja:|Japanese]] *Vikipedioa - [[:sw:|Swahili]] |valign=top| *Wéijībǎikē / 维基百科 - [[:zh:|Chinese]] *Βικιπαίδεια - [[:el:|Greek]] *Уикипедия - [[:bg:|Bulgarian]] *ויקיפדיה - [[:he:|Hebrew]] *ויקיפעדיע - [[:yi:|Yiddish]] *Википедия - [[:ru:|Russian]] *Вікіпедія - [[:uk:|Ukrainian]] *Wikipedija - [[:bs:|Bosnian]], [[:hr:|Croatian]], [[:mt:|Maltese]], [[:sh:|Serbo-Croatian]], [[:sl:|Slovenian]] *ویکیپدیا - [[:fa:|Farsi]] *Википедиja - [[:mk:|Macedonian]], [[:sh:|Serbo-Croatian]], [[:sr:|Serbian]] *ვიკიპედია - [[:ka:|Georgian]] *ویـکـیـپـیـڈ یـا - [[:ur:|Urdu]] *uikiPEdi, as - [[:jbo:|Lojban]] *위키백과 - [[:ko:|Korean]] *ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ - [[:kn:|Kannada]] *Oiquipedià - [[:oc:|Occitan]] *விக்கிபீடியா - [[:ta:|Tamil]] *Википеди - [[:os:|Ossetic]], [[:cv:|Chuvash]] *विकिपीडिया - [[:hi:|Hindi]], [[:mr:|Marathi]], [[:sa:|Sanskrit]] *Wîkîpediya - [[:ku:|Kurdish]] *Wikipedy - [[:fy:|Western Frisian]] *వికిపీడియా - [[:te:|Telugu]] *Wîkîpedîä - [[:tt:|Tatar]] *wIqIpe'DIya - [[:tlh:|Klingon]] |} {{listdev}} ==پڻ ڏسندا== <!-- Note: [[Wikipedia:Avoid self-references]] --> * [[Internet encyclopedia project]] * [[List of encyclopedias]] * [[Open Site]] * [[Uncyclopedia]], parody of Wikipedia * [[Wookieepedia]], similarly named Wiki for ''[[Star Wars]]'' fans * [[Self reference]] ==حوالا== <!-- To add a reference simply enclose the text you want to appear here inside a <ref></ref> pair in the correct place in the body of the article.--> <div style="font-size: 90%"> <references /> </div> ==مزيد مطالعو== {{sisterlinks|Wikipedia}} *Fernanda B. Viegas, Martin Wattenberg, and Kushal Dave, "[http://web.media.mit.edu/~fviegas/papers/history_flow.pdf Studying Cooperation and Conflict between Authors with ''history flow'' Visualizations]", CHI 2004 [[April 24]] - [[April 29]] [[2004]]. Preliminary report "[http://researchweb.watson.ibm.com/history/ History Flow]" available on the IBM website. *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_in_academic_studies Wikipedia:Wikipedia in academic studies] *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduction Wikipedia:Introduction] *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ Wikipedia:FAQ] *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Press_releases Wikipedia:Press releases] *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Press_coverage Wikipedia:Press coverage] *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Why_Wikipedia_is_not_so_great Wikipedia:Why Wikipedia is not so great] *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Replies_to_common_objections Wikipedia:Replies to common objections] *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wikistats/EN/Sitemap.htm Statistics] *[[Open Directory Project]]: [http://dmoz.org/Computers/Open_Source/Open_Content/Encyclopedias/Wikipedia/ Wikipedia] *[[OpenFacts]]: [http://openfacts.berlios.de/index-en.phtml?title=Copies_of_Wikipedia_content Copies of Wikipedia content] *[[SourceWatch]]: [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Wikipedia Wikipedia] ==خارجي ڳنڍڻا== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Wikipedia.ogg|2005-06-25}} *[http://www.wikipedia.org wikipedia.org], multi-lingual portal *[http://en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org], [[English language]] edition *[http://meta.wikipedia.org/ Meta-Wiki], policy-related and technical discussions regarding [[Wikimedia]] *[http://www.wikimediafoundation.org Wikimedia Foundation], parent organization of Wikipedia *[http://features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05/04/18/164213 Larry Sanger on the origins of Wikipedia] from Slashdot and ''Open Sources 2.0'' *[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Larry_Sanger/Origins_of_Wikipedia&oldid=39843351 Larry Sanger about the origins of Wikipedia] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4502846.stm BBC article regarding Wikipedia flaws] *[http://www.guardian.co.uk/online/story/0,3605,1546162,00.html Guardian UK article] *[http://www.npost.com/interview.jsp?intID=INT00126 Interview with Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales]," nPost, [[November 1]] [[2005]]. *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost Wikipedia Signpost], newspaper about the English Wikipedia *[http://www.newsxs.com/en/search/?search=quick_search&word=Wikipedia&lang=any&qs=Go Wikipedia in the news]. Aggregated news and rss-feed. (Multilingual) *[http://news.com.com/2061-11199_3-5983234.html?part=rss&tag=5983234&subj=news Why Wikipedia will survive the storm], from News.com *[http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/online-encyclopedias-put-to-the-test/2005/12/14/1134500913345.html ''Nature'' comparison between Wikipedia and Britannica] *[http://www.wikipedia-watch.org/ Wikipedia Watch], a website offering an unfavorable view of Wikipedia *[http://www.wikinfo.org/wiki.php?title=Critical_views_of_Wikipedia Critical Review Of Wikipedia] *[http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/index.cfm?fa=viewArticle&id=1361 Can Wikipedia Survive Its Own Success?], [[Wharton School]] *[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/12/06/wikipedia_bio/ Who Owns Your Wikipedia Biography?], ''The Register'' *[http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/wikiwoo.htm The Wiki Watch] *[http://uncyclopedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Uncyclopedia] and [http://www.wickerpedia.org/ Wickerpedia], Wikipedia parodies [[Category:2000s fads]] [[Category:2001 establishments]] [[Category:Encyclopedias]] [[Category:Wikipedia| ]] {{featured article}} {{Link FA|it}} [[af:Wikipedia]] [[als:Wikipedia]] [[an:Biquipedia]] [[ang:Wicipǣdia]] [[ar:ويكيبيديا]] [[ast:Uiquipedia]] [[ay:Wikipedia]] [[be:Вікіпэдыя]] [[bg:Уикипедия]] [[bm:Wikipedia]] [[bn:উইকিপিডিয়া]] [[bs:Wikipedija]] [[ca:Viquipèdia]] [[ceb:Wikipedya]] [[chr:ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ]] [[cs:Wikipedie]] [[csb:Wikipedijô]] [[cv:Википеди]] [[cy:Wicipedia]] [[da:Wikipedia]] [[de:Wikipedia]] [[el:Βικιπαίδεια]] [[eo:Vikipedio]] [[es:Wikipedia]] [[et:Vikipeedia]] [[eu:Wikipedia]] [[fa:ویکی‌پدیا]] [[fi:Wikipedia]] [[fiu-vro:Vikipeediä]] [[fj:Wikipedia]] [[fo:Wikipedia]] [[fr:Wikipédia]] [[fur:Vichipedie]] [[ga:Vicipéid]] [[gl:Wikipedia]] [[gu:વિકિપીડિયા]] [[he:ויקיפדיה]] [[hi:िविकपीिडया]] [[hr:Wikipedija]] [[ht:Wikipedia]] [[hu:Wikipédia]] [[hy:Վիքիփեդիա]] [[ia:Wikipedia]] [[id:Wikipedia]] [[ilo:Wikipedia]] [[is:Wikipedia]] [[it:Wikipedia]] [[ja:ウィキペディア]] [[jbo:uikiPEdi,as]] [[jv:Wikipedia]] [[ka:ვიკიპედია]] [[kl:Wikipedia]] [[kn:ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ]] [[ko:위키백과]] [[ku:Wikipedia]] [[kw:Wikipedia]] [[la:Vicipaedia]] [[lad:ויקיפידיה]] [[lb:Wikipedia]] [[li:Wikipedia]] [[lt:Vikipedija]] [[lv:Vikipēdija]] [[mi:Wikipedia]] [[mk:Википедија]] [[mo:Википедия]] [[ms:Wikipedia]] [[mt:Wikipedija]] [[na:Wikipediya]] [[nah:Wikipedia]] [[nds:Wikipedia]] [[ng:Wikipedia]] [[nl:Wikipedia]] [[nn:Wikipedia]] [[no:Wikipedia]] [[oc:Oiquipedià]] [[pl:Wikipedia]] [[pt:Wikipédia]] [[qu:Wikipidiya]] [[ro:Wikipedia]] [[roa-rup:Uichipedia]] [[ru:Википедия]] [[sc:Wikipedia]] [[scn:Wikipedia]] [[sco:Wikipaedia]] [[sh:Wikipedia]] [[simple:Wikipedia]] [[sk:Wikipédia]] [[sl:Wikipedija]] [[so:Wikipedia]] [[sq:Wikipedia]] [[sr:Википедија]] [[su:Wikipédia]] [[sv:Wikipedia]] [[sw:Wikipedia]] [[th:วิกิพีเดีย]] [[tl:Wikipedia]] [[tpi:Wikipedia]] [[tr:Vikipedi]] [[tt:Wikipedia]] [[uk:Вікіпедія]] [[uz:Vikipediya]] [[vi:Wikipedia]] [[wa:Wikipedia]] [[war:Wikipedia]] [[zh:维基百科]] [[zh-min-nan:Wikipedia]] 1717 8541 2006-12-26T21:07:28Z 203.192.192.60 /* External Links */ == External Links == ِ [http://www.languageresourceonline.com/product.asp?specific=jolrfpo8|Book] [http://www.worldlanguage.com/Products/Sindhi/Learn/Page1.htm] [http://www.sindhtoday.net/learnsindhi.htm] [http://www.language-school-teachers.com/default.asp?selX6=76] 1718 5092 2006-03-05T01:50:24Z Aursani 60 1719 5102 2006-03-05T05:46:23Z Dcljr 63 page creation -- I speak English '''Please note:''' I speak [[:en:English language|English]]. - [[User:Dcljr|dcljr]] ---- 1720 5103 2006-03-05T05:48:12Z Dcljr 63 page creation -- more to come... {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} articles [[en:User:Dcljr]] 1721 8763 2007-01-14T16:34:41Z TXiKiBoT 136 robot Adding: [[lad:Asia]] Modifying: [[qu:Asya]] {{otheruses}} {{پڻڏسندا|ايشيائي|يورپي}} {{مبسس4}}'''ايشيا''' وڏي ۾ وڏو ۽ گھڻي کان گھڻي ماڻھسيھ رکندڙ [[کنڊ]] يا علائقو آھي. It is traditionally defined as part of the [[landmass]] of [[آفريڪا]]-[[Eurasia]] lying east of the [[Suez Canal]], east of the [[Ural Mountains]], and south of the [[Caucasus Mountains]] and the [[Caspian Sea|Caspian]] ۽ [[ڪارو سمنڊ]]s. لڳ ڀڳ 60% of the دنيا جِي [[ماڻھسيھ]] ايشيا ۾ رھي ٿِِي, جِي whom فقط 2% ۾ رھن ٿا اترين ۽ ادرين اڌ ([[سائيبيريا]], [[منگوليا]], [[ڪزاخستان]], [[Xinjiang]], [[ٿٻيٽ]], [[Qinghai]], الھندو [[ازبڪستان]] ۽ [[ترڪمانستان]])؛ باقي 98% ٻي اڌ ۾ رھن ٿا. [[Image:LocationAsia.png|thumb|250px|<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">ايشيا دنيا جي نقشي تي.]] ==<font face="MBSarang Sattar">بڻ ڀياس== {{مبسس4}}The word ''ايشيا'' entered English, via [[لاطيني]], from [[قديم يوناني]] Ασία (''ايشيا''; پڻ ڏسندا [[List of traditional يوناني place names]]). This name is first attested in [[Herodotus]] (c. 440 ق م), where it refers to [[Asia Minor]]; or, for the purposes of describing the [[Persian Wars]], to the [[Persian سلطنت]], as opposed to [[يونان]] and [[مصر]]. Herodotus comments that he is puzzled as to why three different women's names are used to describe a single land-mass ([[Europa]], Asia and [[لبيا]], referring to Africa) stating that اڪثر يوناني assumed that Asia was named after the wife of [[Prometheus]] but that the [[Lydians]] say it was named after [[Asias]], son of [[Cotys]] who passed the name on to a tribe in [[Sardis]]. <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">Even before Herodotus, [[Homer]] knew of a [[Troy|Trojan]] ally named [[Asios Hyrtakides|Asios]], son of [[Hyrtacus]], a ruler over several towns, and elsewhere he describes a marsh as ασιος (Iliad 2, 461). The Greek term may be derived from [[Assuwa]], a [[14th century BC]] confederation of states in Western Anatolia. [[Hittite language|Hittite]] ''assu-'' "good" is probably an element in that name. {{مبسس4}}Alternatively, the ultimate بڻ ڀياس of the term may be from the [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] word ''(w)aṣû(m)'', cognate of Hebrew יצא, which means "to go out" or "to ascend", referring to the direction of the [[sun]] at sunrise in the [[Middle East]], and also likely connected with the Phoenician word ''asa'' meaning east. This may be contrasted to a similar etymology proposed for ''Europe'', as being from [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] ''erēbu'' "to enter" or "set" (of the sun). However, an originally Mesopotamian or Middle Eastern perspective would not explain how the term "Asia" first came to be associated with Anatolia as lying ''west'' of the Semitic speaking area. ==وصف ۽ سرحدُون== [[Image:Asia-map.png|left|thumb|280px|<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">ايشيا جو سياسي نقشو.]] <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">Medieval Europeans considered ايشيا بحيثيت کنڊ، a distinct landmass. يورپي concept of the ٽن کنڊ in the [[قديم دنيا]] goes back to [[classical antiquity]] with the [[بڻ ڀياس]] لفظ جو rooted in the قديم [[قريب اوڀر|قريب]] ۽ [[وچ اوڀر]]. حدبندي وچ ۾ ايشيا ۽ [[آفريڪا]] is the [[Isthmus]] of [[Suez Canal|Suez]] and the [[ڳاڙھو سمنڊ]]. The boundary between ايشيا ۽ [[يورپ]] is عموماً believed to run through the [[Dardanelles]], the [[Sea of Marmara]], the [[Bosporus]], the ڪارو سمنڊ، Caucasus پھاڙ, the Caspian Sea, the [[Ural River]] to its source, and the Ural Mountains to the [[ڪارا سمنڊ]] near Kara, [[روس]]. However, جديد دريافت of the extent آفريڪا جي ۽ ايشيا اھا وصف جوڙي rather anachronistic, خاص طور ۾ ايشيا جي معاملي ۾، جيڪو would have ڪيترا علائقا جيڪي سمجھيو ويندو distinct landmasses if these criteria were used (مثلاً, ڏکڻ ايشيا ۽ اوڀر ايشيا). {{مبسس4}}ڀونڀياسدان ۽ طبعي ڀون چٽڪار ھاڻي نھ ٿا سمجھن ايشِا ۽ يورپ to be separate continents. It is either defined in terms of geological landmasses (طبعي ڀون چٽيات) or tectonic plates (ڀون ڀياس). In the former case, Europe is a western peninsula of [[Eurasia]] or the Africa-Eurasia landmass. In the latter, يورپ ۽ ايشيا are still part of the Eurasian plate, which excludes the Arabian and Indian tectonic plates. {{مبسس4}}In human ڀون ڇٽيات, ٻھ مڪتبھ فڪر آھن. One school follows تاريخي convention and treats يورپ ۽ ايشيا as مختلف کنڊ, categorizing يورپ، ڏکڻ ايشيا (the Orient), ڏکڻ ايشيا (برطانوي ھندستان), ۽ وچ اوڀر (Arabia ۽ Persia) as specific regions for وڌيڪ تفصيلي ڇيد. The other schools equate the word "کنڊ t" in terms of geographical region when referring to يورپ, and use the term "region" to describe ايشيا in terms of physical ڀون چٽيات. ڇاڪاڻ تھ in لسانياتي terms, "کنڊ" implies a distinct landmass, it is becoming increasingly common to substitute the term "region" for "کنڊ" to avoid the problem of disambiguation altogether. {{مبسس4}}There is گھڻو مونجھارو in يورپي ٻوليون with the term "ايشيائي". Because a category implies homogenity, the term "ايشيائي" لڳ ڀڳ ھميشھ refers to a subcategory of people from ايشيا rather than referring to "ايشيائي" defined in term of "ايشيا". The fact that in آمريڪي انگريزي, Asian refers to اوڀر ايشيا (Orientals), while in برطانوي انگريزي، ايشيائي refers to ڏکڻ ايشيائي reflects this مونجھارو. ڪڏھن ڪڏھن, ويندي اھو واضح ڪونھي exactly what "ايشيا" consists of. Some definitions exclude [[ترڪي]], the وچ اوڀر, ۽/يا روس. The term is sometimes used more strictly in reference to [[ايشيا Pacific]], جنھن ۾ نھ ٿو اچي وچ اوڀر يا روس، but does include islands in the [[Pacific Ocean]] &mdash; a number of which may also سمجھي سگھجي ٿو جو حصو [[Australasia]] ۽/يا [[Oceania]]. ايشيا contains the [[ھندي ننڍو کنڊ]], عربي ننڍو کنڊ t, as well as a جو حصو the اتر آمريڪا plate in Siberia. {{مزيد|[[Transcontinental nation#ھڪ ئي وقت ايشيا ۽ يورپ ۾ ھجندڙ ملڪ]]}} {{seealso|Copenhagen criteria#Geographic_criteria for the يورپ جي وصف}} {{seealso|Orientalism}} ==<font face="MBSarang Sattar">ڀون ڇٽِي علائقا== {{seealso|ايشيا جي ڀونچٽڪاري}} [[Image:Asia satellite orthographic.jpg|thumb|280px|{{مبسس4}}ايشيا جو اپگرھي ڏيک.]] As already mentioned, Asia is a subregion of [[Eurasia]]. For further subdivisions based on that term, see [[North Eurasia]] and [[Central Eurasia]]. {{مبسس4}}ڪي ايشيائي ملڪ stretch beyond Asia. ڏسندا [[Bicontinental country]] for details about the borderline cases between ايشيا ۽ يورپ, ايشيا ۽ آفريڪا, ۽ ايشيا ۽ Oceania. The following subregions of ايشيا are traditionally recognized: *<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">[[وچ ايشيا]] *<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">[[اوڀر ايشيا]] *<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">[[ڏور ايشيا]] *<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">[[اتر ايشيا]] *<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">[[ڏکڻ ايشيا]] (يا ھندي ننڍو کنڊ) *<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">[[ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا]] *<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">[[ڏکڻ اولھھ ايشِا]] (يا وچ اوڀر يا اولھھ ايشيا) ===وچ ايشيا=== {{مبسس4}}There is no absolute consensus in the usage of this term. Usually, Central Asia includes: * the {{مبسس4}}[[وچ ايشيائي ملڪ]] of [[ڪزاخستان]] (excluding its small [[Bicontinental country#Countries in both ايشيا ۽ يورپ|يورپي]] territory), [[ازبڪستان]], [[تاجڪستان]], [[ترڪمنستان]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]]. * [[Afghanistan]], [[منگوليا]], and the western regions of [[چين]] are also sometimes included. * <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">اڳُوڻيون [[سوويت]] رياستون ۾ [[Caucasus]] علائقي. {{مبسس4}}Central Asia is currently ڀون سياستاً important because international disputes ۽ conflicts over [[تيل pipeline|oil pipelines]], [[Nagorno-ڪاراباخ]], ۽ [[چچنيا]], as well as the جي موجودگي [[آمريڪي فوج]] ۽ [[گڏيل سلطنت جي فوج|گڏيل سلطنت فوج]] فوجُون ۾ [[افغانستان]]. === ڏکڻ ايشيا === {{مبسس4}}ھن علائقي ۾ ھيٺيان ملڪ اچي وڃن ٿا: * The [[Pacific Ocean]] island countries of [[تائيوان]] ۽ [[جاپان]]. {{مزيد|[[سياسي حيثيت تائيوان]]}} * [[اتر ڪوريا|اتر]] ۽ [[ڏکڻ ڪوريا]] on the [[Korean Peninsula]]. * [[چين]], but sometimes only the eastern regions Sometimes the nations of [[منگوليا]] ۽ [[ويٽنام]] are also included in اوڀر ايشيا. اڃا غير رسماً، ڪن موقعن تي [[ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا]] کي ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ شامل ڪيو ويندو آھي. ===اتر ايشيا=== This term is rarely used by geographers, but usually it refers to the bigger Asian part of Russia, also known as [[Siberia]]. Sometimes the northern parts of other Asian nations, such as [[Kazakhstan]] are also included in Northern Asia. === ڏکڻ ايشيا (يا ھندي ننڍو کنڊ)=== South Asia is also referred to as the [[ھندي ننڍو کنڊ]]. It includes: * The [[Himalayan States]] of [[ھند]], [[سنڌ]], [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]] and [[بنگلاديش]]. * The [[ھندي سمنڊ]] nations of [[سري لنڪا]] ۽ [[مالديو]]. India's [[Andaman]], [[Nicobar]] ۽ [[Lakshadweep]] islands also lie ھندي سمنڊ ۾. * The [[peninsular ھند]] (also known as the [[Deccan Plateau]]) ===<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا=== This region contains the [[ملائي Peninsula]], [[Indochina]] and islands in the [[ھندي سمنڊ]] and [[Pacific Ocean]]. The countries it contains are: * In [[Indochina|mainland Southeast Asia]], the countries [[Myanmar]], [[ٿائيلينڊ]], [[Laos]], [[Cambodia]] and [[ويٽنام]]. *<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4"> In [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], the countries of [[ملائيشيا]], [[Brunei]], the [[فلپائين]], [[Singapore]] and [[انڊونيشِا]] ([[Bicontinental country#Countries in both Asia and Oceania|some]] of the Indonesian islands also lie in the [[Melanesia]] region of [[Oceania]]). [[East Timor]] (also [[Melanesia]]n) is sometimes included too. <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">The country of [[ملائيشيا]] is divided in two by the [[ڏکڻ چيني سمنڊ]], and thus has both a mainland and island part. ===<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">ڏکڻ اولھھ ايشيا (يا وچ اوڀر, قريب اوڀر يا اولھھ ايشيا)=== This can also be called by the Western term ''[[وچ اوڀر]]'', which is commonly used by يورپين and Americans. ''Middle East'' (to some interpretations) is often used to also refer to some countries in [[اتر آفريڪا]]. ڏکڻ اولھھ Asia can be further divided into: {{مبسس4}}* [[Anatolia]] (i.e. [[Asia Minor]]), constituting the [[ايشيائي]] [[Bicontinental country#Countries in both ايشيا ۽ يورپ|جو حصو]] ترڪي. *<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4"> The [[island nation]] of [[Cyprus]] in the [[ڀو وچ سمنڊ]]. *<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4"> The [[Levant]] or [[قريب اوڀر]], which includes [[شام]], [[اسرائيل]], [[Jordan]], [[لبنان]], [[عراق]] and the Asian [[Bicontinental country#Countries in both Asia and Africa|portion]] of [[مصر]]. *<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4"> The [[Arabian peninsula]], including [[سعودي عربيھ]], [[گڏيل عرب امارات]], [[بھرين]], [[قطر]], [[اومان]], [[يمن]] and [[ڪويت]]. *{{مبسس4}} The [[Caucasus]] region (which straddles both ايشيا and [[يورپ]]), namely [[Transcaucasia]], including a small portion of روس and, arguably, most if not all of [[جارجيا (ملڪ)|Georgia]], [[آرمينيا]], and [[آزربائيجان]]. *<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4"> The [[Iranian Plateau]], containing [[ايران]] ۽ ٻين پاڙيسري قومن جا حصا. {{seealso|نار رياستون}} ==اقتصاديات== {| class="wikitable" style="width:300px;" align="left" |+ <big>'''ايشيا جي اقتصاديات'''</big><br><small>During 2003 unless otherwise stated</small> |- |ماڻھسيھ: | 4.001 ارب (2002) |- |[[Gross domestic product|GDP]] ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|PPP]]): |[[US$]]18.077 trillion |- |[[Gross domestic product|GDP]] ([[List of countries by GDP|سڪو]]): | $8.782 trillion |- |GDP/capita ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|PPP]]): | $4,518 |- |GDP/capita ([[List of countries by GDP (Nominal) per capita|سڪو]]): | $2,195 |- |Annual growth of <br> per capita GDP: | |- |آمدني of top 10%: | |- | [[Millionaires]]: | 2.0 million (0.05%) |- |[[بيروزگاري]] | |- |Estimated female<br> [[آمدني]] | |- | align="center" colspan="2" | <small>Most numbers are from the [[UNDP]] from 2002, some numbers exclude certain countries for lack of information.</small> |- | align="center" colspan="2" | {{World economy infobox footer}} |} {{main|ايشيا جي اقتصاديات}} <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">In terms of [[gross domestic product]] ([[قوت خريد Parity|PPP]]), the largest قومي معيشت within ايشيا is that of the [[PRC]] ([[People's Republic of چين]]). Over the last decade, چين ۽ ھندستان جي تڪڙي وڌندي رھي آھي، both with an سراسري سالياني اوڌ شرح 7% کان مٿي. PRC is the world's ٻيون largest economy after the US, followed by [[جاپان]] and [[ھندستان]] as the world's third and چوٿون largest economies respectively (then followed by the يورپي ملڪن: [[جرمني]], [[U.K.]], [[فرانس]] ۽ [[اٽلي]]). In terms of [[exchange rates]] (nominal GDP) however, جاپان has the largest معاشيات in ايشيا ۽ ٻيون largest of any دنيا ۾ واحد قوم، after surpassing the سوويت يونين (measured in [[Net Material Product]]) 1986 ڌاري ۽ جرمني in 1968. (NB: A number of supernational economies آھن larger, جھڙوڪ [[EU]], [[NAFTA]] or [[APEC]]). اقتصادي اوڌ ايشيا ۾ since [[ٻين جنگ عظيم]] to the 1990's had been concentrated جي ٿورڙن ملڪن منجھھ the [[Pacific Rim]], and has spread more recently to other regions. In the late 80's and early 90's جاپاني معاشيات was ذري گھٽ as large as that of the rest of the کنڊ combined. 1995 ڌاري، Japan's معاشيات nearly equalled the USA to tie the وڌي ۾ وڌي معاشيات in the دنيا ھڪ ڏينھن لاءِ, after the جاپاني سڪو پھتو a record high of 79 [[يين]]. However, since then جاپاني سڪو has corrected ۽ چين ٻيون وڏي ۾ وڏو ٿي اڀريو آھي ايشيائي معاشيات، followed by ھندستان in terms of exchange rates. It is expected that چين will surpass جاپان in currency terms to have the largest nominal GDP ايشيا ۾ ھڪ يا ٻن ڏھاڪن اندر. Trade blocs: *[[Asia-Pacific معاشي سھڪار]] *[[ايشيا-يورپ Meeting|ايشيا-يورپ معاشي Meeting]] *[[Association of ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيائي قومي]] *[[Closer معاشي Partnership Arrangement]] *[[Commonwealth of Independent States]] *[[ڏکڻ ايشيائي ايسوسيئشن لاءِ علائقائي سھڪار]] *[[ڏکڻ ايشيا آزاد Trade Agreement (proposed)]] ===<font face="MBSarang Sattar">قدرتي وسيلا=== <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">ايشيا is by a considerable margin the [[دنيا]] جو وڏي ۾ وڏو کنڊ، ۽ قدرتي وسيلن، جھڙوڪ [[تيل]] ۽ [[فولاد]] ۾ شاھوڪار آھي. <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">High productivity in زراعت، خاص طور of [[ساريون]]، allows high ماڻھسيھ گھاٽائي ملڪن جي ۾ گرم ۽ گھميل علائقا. ٻي اھم زرعي اپت ۾ [[ڪڻڪ]] ۽ [[ڪڪڙ]] اچي وڃن ٿا. <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">Forestry is extensive throughout ايشيا سواءِ ڏکڻ اولھھ ۽ وچ ايشيا. [[ماھيگيري]] is a مک source of food in ايشيا، خصوصاً جاپان ۾. ===Manufacturing<font face="MBSarang Sattar">=== <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">Manufacturing ۾ ايشيا has روايتاً been مظبوط ترين ۾ اوڀر ۽ ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا، بال خصوص ۾ [[PRC]], [[تائيوان]]، [[جاپان]]، [[ڏکڻ ڪوريا]] ۽ [[سنگاپور]]. The industry varies from manufacturing سستيون goods جھڙوڪ [[رانديڪا]] to high-tech شيون جھڙوڪ [[ڳڻپيڪر]] ۽ [[automobile|ڪارون]]. ڪيتريون ڪوٺيون from [[يورپ]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]]، ۽ [[جاپان]] have significant operations in the تقري پذير ايشيا to take فائدو of its abundant supply of سستو پورھيو. One of the major employers in manufacturing in ايشيا is the [[textile]] صنعت. Much of the دنيا جا supply of ڪپڙا ۽ پيرپوش ھاڻي originates ۾ ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا. ===Financial and other services<font face="MBSarang Sattar">=== <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">Asia has three main financial centers. They are in [[Hong Kong]], [[Singapore]] and [[Tokyo]]. Call centers are becoming major employers in [[India]] and the [[Philippines]], due to the availablity of many well-educated English speakers. The rise of the business process [[outsourcing]] industry has seen the rise of India and China as the other financial centers. ==<font face="MBSarang Sattar">آڳاٽي تاريخ== {{main|ايشيا جي تاريخ}} [[Image:Asia 1892 amer ency brit.jpg|thumb|200px|<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">ايشيا جو نقشو، 1892ع.]] <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">The history of Asia can be seen as the distinct histories of several peripheral coastal regions &mdashl [[اوڀر ايشيا]], [[ڏکڻ ايشيا]], and the [[وچ اوڀر]] &mdash; linked by the interior mass of the [[وچ ايشيا]]n [[steppe]]. <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">The coastal periphery was home to some of the world's earliest known civilizations, each of them developing around fertile river valleys. The civilizations in [[Mesopotamia]], the [[Indus Valley]], and the [[Yangtze River|Yangtze]] shared many similarities, and may well have exchanged technologies and ideas such as [[رياضيات]] and the wheel. Other innovations, such as that of writing, seem to have been developed individually in each area. Cities, states and empires developed in these lowlands. <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">The central steppe region had long been inhabited by horse-mounted nomads, and from the steppes they could reach all areas of Asia. The earliest postulated expansion out of the steppe is that of the [[ھند يُورپي]]، who spread their languages into the وچ اوڀر، ھندستان، and in the [[Tocharians]], to the borders of China. The northernmost part of Asia, including much of [[Siberia]], was largely inaccessible to the steppe nomads, owing to the dense forests, the climate, and the [[tundra]]. These areas remained very sparsely populated. <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">The centre and the peripheries were mostly kept separated by mountains and deserts. The [[Caucasus]] and [[Himalaya]] mountains and the [[Karakum Desert|Karakum]] and [[Gobi Desert|Gobi]] deserts formed barriers that the steppe horsemen could cross only with difficulty. While technologically and socially, the urban city dwellers were more advanced, in many cases they could do little militarily to defend against the mounted hordes of the steppe. However, the lowlands did not have enough open grasslands to support a large horsebound force; for this and other reasons, the nomads who conquered states in China, India, and the Middle East often found themselves adapting to the local, more affluent societies. ==ماڻھسيھ گھاٽائي== {{مبسس4}}ھيٺين جدول ملڪ ۽ dependencies by ماڻھسيھ ۽ [[ماڻھسيھ گھاٽائي]] چورس ڪلوميٽر. Unlike the figures in the country articles, the figures in this table are based on areas including inland آبگاھون (ڍنڍون, reservoirs, درياءَ) and may therefore be lower here. The whole of مصر، روس، ڪزاخستان، جارجيا، آزربائيجان ۽ ترڪي آھن referred to in the table, although they may be considered to be واحد [[Countries in both يورپ ۽ ايشيا|جزواً ايشيا ۾]]. ايشيا پڻ contains لڳ ڀڳ 60% جو دنيا جي ماڻھسيھ. Leaving the other 40% جو the دنيا جي ماڻھسيھ toٻين کنڊن ڏنھن. <center> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;" |- style="text-align:center;" ! Country / Region !ماڻھسيھ گھاٽائي<br><small>(/km²)</small> !ايراضي<br><small>(km²)</small> !ماڻھسيھ<br><small>(2002-07-01 est.)</small> |- | align="right" | ''{{MacauSAR}}'' | 17,684 | 25 | 461,833 |- | align="right" | {{SIN}} | 6,389 | 693 | 4,452,732 |- | align="left" | ''{{HongKongSAR}}'' | 6,317 | 1,092 | 7,303,334 |- | align="right" | {{MDV}} | 1,070 | 300 | 320,165 |- | align="right" | {{BAN}} | 1,002 | 144,000 | 133,376,684 |- | align="right" | {{BHR}} | 987 | 665 | 656,397 |- | align="right" | {{ROC-TW}} | 627 | 35,980 | 22,548,009 |- | align="right" | {{SKO}} | 491 | 98,480 | 48,324,000 |- | align="right" | {{LBN}} | 354 | 10,400 | 3,677,780 |- | align="right" | {{جاپان}} | 336 | 377,835 | 126,974,628 |- | align="right" | {{ھندستان}} | 329 | 3,287,590 | 1,045,845,226 |- | align="right" | {{LKA}} | 298 | 65,610 | 19,576,783 |- | align="right" | {{اسرائيل}} | 290 | 20,770 | 6,029,529 |- | align="right" | {{PHL}} | 282 | 300,000 | 84,525,639 |- | align="right" | {{VNM}} | 246 | 329,560 | 81,098,416 |- | align="right" | {{NKO}} | 184 | 120,540 | 22,224,195 |- | align="right" | {{NEP}} | 184 | 140,800 | 25,873,917 |- | align="right" | {{پاڪ}} | 184 | 803,940 | 147,663,429 |- | align="left" | {{PRC-mainland}} | 134 | 9,596,960 | 1,284,303,705 |- | align="right" | {{ٿائيلينڊ}} | 121 | 514,000 | 62,354,402 |- | align="right" | {{IDN}} | 121 | 1,919,440 | 231,328,092 |- | align="right" | {{ڪويت}} | 118 | 17,820 | 2,111,561 |- | align="right" | {{ARM}} | 112 | 29,800 | 3,330,099 |- | align="right" | {{شام}} | 93 | 185,180 | 17,155,814 |- | align="right" | {{AZE}} | 90 | 86,600 | 7,798,497 |- | align="right" | {{TUR}} | 86 | 780,580 | 67,308,928 |- | align="right" | {{CYP}} | 83 | 9,250 | 775,927 |- | align="right" | {{GEO}} | 71 | 69,700 | 4,960,951 |- | align="left" | {{CAM}} | 71 | 181,040 | 12,775,324 |- | align="right" | {{مصر}} | 71 | 1,001,450 | 70,712,345 |- | align="right" | {{QAT}} | 69 | 11,437 | 793,341 |- | align="right" | {{MAS}} | 69 | 329,750 | 22,662,365 |- | align="right" | {{TLS}} | 63 | 15,007 | 952,618 |- | align="right" | {{MMR}} | 62 | 678,500 | 42,238,224 |- | align="left" | {{BRU}} | 61 | 5,770 | 350,898 |- | align="right" | {{JOR}} | 58 | 92,300 | 5,307,470 |- | align="right" | {{ازبڪستان}} | 57 | 447,400 | 25,563,441 |- | align="right" | {{عراق}} | 55 | 437,072 | 24,001,816 |- | align="right" | {{تاجڪستان}} | 47 | 143,100 | 6,719,567 |- | align="right" | {{BHU}} | 45 | 47,000 | 2,094,176 |- | align="left" | {{افغانستان}} | 43 | 647,500 | 27,755,775 |- | align="right" | {{IRN}} | 40 | 1,648,000 | 66,622,704 |- | align="right" | {{YEM}} | 35 | 527,970 | 18,701,257 |- | align="right" | {{ARE}} | 30 | 82,880 | 2,445,989 |- | align="right" | {{LAO}} | 24 | 236,800 | 5,777,180 |- | align="right" | {{KGZ}} | 24 | 198,500 | 4,822,166 |- | align="right" | {{اومان}} | 13 | 212,460 | 2,713,462 |- | align="left" | {{SAU}} | 12 | 1,960,582 | 23,513,330 |- | align="right" | {{TKM}} | 9.6 | 488,100 | 4,688,963 |- | align="right" | {{KAZ}} | 6.2 | 2,717,300 | 16,741,519 |- | align="right" | {{روس}} | 3.0 | 13,083,100 | 39,129,729 |- | align="right" | {{MNG}} | 1.7 | 1,565,000 | 2,694,432 |- style="font-weight:bold;" | align="left" | Total | | 45,711,848 | 3,895,528,341 |} </center> ==<font face="MBSarang Sattar">مذھب== <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">A large majority of people in the world who practice a religious faith practice one founded in Asia. Religions founded in Asia and with a majority of their contemporary adherents in Asia include: *[[Bahá'í Faith]]: slightly more than half of all adherents are in Asia *[[Buddhism]]: [[Cambodia]], [[چين]], [[جاپان]], [[ڪوريا]], [[Laos]], [[منگوليا]], [[Myanmar]], [[سنگاپور]]، [[سريلنڪا]]، [[ٿائيلينڊ]]، [[ويٽنام]]، جا حصا اتريان، اڀرندا، ۽ الھندا [[ھندستان]]، ۽ parts of central and eastern [[روس]] (Siberia). **[[Mahayana Buddhism]]: چين، جاپان، ڪوريا، سنگاپور، ويٽنام. **[[Theravada Buddhism]]: Cambodia، چين جا حصا، Laos، Myanmar، سريلنڪا، ٿائيلينڊ، as well as parts of [[Vietnam]]. **[[Vajrayana Buddhism]]: چين جا حصا، [[منگوليا]], حصا جا اتريان ۽ اڀرندا [[ھندستان]], parts of وچ, eastern [[روس]] and [[سائيبيريا]]. *<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">[[ھندو ڌرم]]: [[India]]، [[نيپال]]، [[بنگلاديش]]، [[سريلنڪا]]، [[پاڪستان]]، [[ملائيشيا]], [[Singapore]], [[Bali]]. *[[Islam]]: [[Central Asia|Central]]، [[ڏکڻ ايشيا|ڏکڻ]]، ۽ [[ڏکڻ اولھھ Asia]]، [[ملائيشيا]]، [[فلپائين]] [[بروناءِ]] ۽ [[انڊونيشيا]]. **<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">[[شيعا اسلام]]: largely to specific [[ايران]]، [[آزربائجان]]، جا حصا [[عراق]]، [[بھرين]]، parts of [[افغانستان]], جا حصا [[ھندستان]]، جا حصا [[پاڪستان]]. **<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">[[سني اسلام]]: dominant in the rest of the regions mentioned above. *[[Jainism]]: [[ھندستان]] *[[قادياني]]: [[پاڪستان]], [[بنگلاديش]], [[ھندستان]]. *[[Shinto]]: [[Japan]] *[[Sikhism]]: [[ھندستان]], [[ملائيشيا]], [[ھاڱ ڪاڱ]] *<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">[[Daoism]]: [[China]], [[ڪوريا]], [[ويٽنام]], [[سنگاپور]], ۽ [[تائيوان]] *{{مبسس4}}[[Zoroastrianism]]: [[ايران]], [[ھندستان]], [[پاڪستان]] *{{مبسس4}}[[Shamanism]]: [[سائيبيريا]] *{{مبسس4}}[[Animism]]: اڀرندو [[ھندستان]] Religions founded in Asia that have the majority of their contemporary adherents in other regions include: *[[Christianity]] ([[لبنان]]، [[شام]]، [[Palestinian territories|Palestine]]، [[آرمينيا]]، [[جارجيا (country)|جارجيا]]، [[ڏکڻ ڪوريا]]، [[سنگاپور]]، [[Malaysia]]، [[انڊونيشيا]]، [[East Timor]]، [[پاڪستان]], [[ھندستان]] ۽ [[فلپائين]]) *[[Judaism]] (slightly fewer than half of its adherents reside in ايشيا، [[اسرائيل]]، [[ايران]]، [[ھندستان]]، [[Syria]].) ==پڻ ڏسندا== {{commons|ايشيا}} *[[Assuwa]] *[[Asia Minor]] *[[Pan-Asianism]] ==<font face="MBSarang Sattar">حوالا== {{unsourced}} ==خارجي ڳنڍڻا== *http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/asia.html *http://www.freeworldmaps.net/asia/index.html {{کنڊُ}} {{Region}} [[Category:Asia| ]] [[Category:Continents]] [[Category:ڀونءِ ڀياس ۽ ڀونءِ نگاري]] [[af:Asië]] [[an:Asia]] [[ar:آسيا]] [[arc:ܐܣܝܐ]] [[ast:Asia]] [[az:Asiya]] [[bar:Asien]] [[bat-smg:Azėjė]] [[bg:Азия]] [[bn:এশিয়া]] [[bo:ཡ་ཀྲོའུ་གླིང་]] [[bpy:এশিয়া]] [[br:Azia]] [[bs:Azija]] [[ca:Àsia]] [[ceb:Asya]] [[chr:ᎠᏏᎠ]] [[cs:Asie]] [[csb:Azëjô]] [[cy:Asia]] [[da:Asien]] [[de:Asien]] [[el:Ασία]] [[en:Asia]] [[eo:Azio]] [[es:Asia]] [[et:Aasia]] [[eu:Asia]] [[fa:آسیا]] [[fi:Aasia]] [[fo:Asia]] [[fr:Asie]] [[frp:Asia]] [[fy:Aazje]] [[ga:An Áise]] [[gl:Asia]] [[gu:એશિયા]] [[he:אסיה]] [[hi:जंबुद्वीप]] [[hr:Azija]] [[hsb:Azija]] [[ht:Azi]] [[hu:Ázsia]] [[ia:Asia]] [[id:Asia]] [[io:Azia]] [[is:Asía]] [[it:Asia]] [[ja:アジア]] [[jbo:zdotu'a]] [[ka:აზია]] [[kn:ಏಷ್ಯಾ]] [[ko:아시아]] [[ku:Asya]] [[kw:Asi]] [[la:Asia]] [[lad:Asia]] [[lb:Asien]] [[li:Azië]] [[lij:Stati de l'Asia]] [[lo:ອາຊີ]] [[lt:Azija]] [[lv:Āzija]] [[mg:Azia]] [[mk:Азија]] [[ml:ഏഷ്യ]] [[mo:Асия]] [[ms:Asia]] [[mt:Asja]] [[my:အာရ္ဟတိုက္‌]] [[nds:Asien]] [[ne:एसिया]] [[nl:Azië]] [[nn:Asia]] [[no:Asia]] [[nov:Asia]] [[nrm:Âsie]] [[oc:Asia]] [[os:Ази]] [[pam:Asia]] [[pdc:Asie]] [[pl:Azja]] [[pt:Ásia]] [[qu:Asya]] [[ro:Asia]] [[ru:Азия]] [[sa:एशिया]] [[scn:Asia]] [[se:Ásia]] [[sh:Azija]] [[si:ආසියාව]] [[simple:Asia]] [[sk:Ázia]] [[sl:Azija]] [[so:Aasiya]] [[sq:Azia]] [[sr:Азија]] [[su:Asia]] [[sv:Asien]] [[sw:Asia]] [[ta:ஆசியா]] [[tg:Осиё]] [[th:ทวีปเอเชีย]] [[tk:Aziýa]] [[tl:Asya]] [[tpi:Asia]] [[tr:Asya]] [[udm:Азия]] [[ug:ئاسىيا]] [[uk:Азія]] [[vi:Châu Á]] [[war:Asya]] [[yi:אזיע]] [[zh:亚洲]] [[zh-classical:亞細亞洲]] [[zh-min-nan:A-chiu]] [[zh-yue:亞洲]] 1722 5107 2006-03-05T13:06:04Z Aursani 60 {{ملڪ|ملڪيجھنڊو|افغانستان}} 1723 5130 2006-03-05T14:08:52Z Aursani 60 <div class="messagebox cleanup metadata">'''To meet Wikipedia's [[:Category:Wikipedia style guidelines|quality standards]], this article or section may require [[Wikipedia:Cleanup|cleanup]].''' <br /><span style="font-size: 90%"> See rationale on the [[Talk:{{PAGENAME}}|talk page]], or replace this tag with a [[Wikipedia:Template_messages/Cleanup#Cleanup_.E2.80.94_specific_issues|more specific message]]. [[Help:Editing|Editing help]] is available.<br />This article has been tagged since {{{1}}}.</span></div><includeonly>[[Category:Cleanup from {{{1}}}]]</includeonly><noinclude> ---- This template will add tagged articles to '''Category:Cleanup from ...'''. This template is a [[Wikipedia:Avoid self-references|self-reference]]. Don't tag pages with this if there is already a specific cleanup tag such as {{tl|pov}} or {{tl|Inappropriate tone}}; it will add no new information. ==See also== * [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Cleanup]] [[Category:Wikipedia maintenance templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] </noinclude> 1724 5138 2006-03-05T14:21:35Z Aursani 60 1725 5152 2006-03-05T16:36:48Z Aursani 60 {{ملڪ|ملڪيجھنڊو|ڏکڻ ڪوريا}} 1726 5154 2006-03-05T16:40:52Z Aursani 60 {{ملڪ_{{{1}}}|{{{2}}}|{{{2}}}|size={{{size|}}}|name={{{name|}}}}} 1727 5157 2006-03-05T16:49:42Z Aursani 60 [[Image:{{ملڪ جھنڊو عرف {{{1}}}}}|{{qif|test={{{size|}}}|then={{{size}}}|else=22x20px}}|جو جھنڊو {{ملڪ عرف {{{1}}}}}]]&nbsp;[[{{ملڪ عرف {{{1}}}}}|{{qif|test={{{نالو|}}}|then={{{نالو}}}|else={{ملڪ ننڍونالو عرف {{{1}}}}}}}]] 1728 5158 2006-03-05T16:50:42Z Aursani 60 {{{else{{{test|}}}|{{{test{{{test|}}}|{{{then|}}}}}}}}}<noinclude>{{esoteric}}[[Category:If templates|Qif]]</noinclude> 1729 5159 2006-03-05T16:52:39Z Aursani 60 <div style="clear: both"></div> {| class="messagebox" |- |align="center"|[[Image:Exquisite-khelpcenter.png|50px|Comment]] |align="left" width="95%"|This template contains one or more '''''optional''''' parameters: see the [[Template talk:{{PAGENAME}}#Usage|talk page]] for details. ---- This template employs some extremely complicated and esoteric features of template syntax. Please do not attempt to alter it unless you are certain that you understand the setup '''and''' are prepared to repair any consequent collateral damage if the results are unexpected. Any experiments should be conducted in the [[Template:Template sandbox|template sandbox]] or your user space. |}<includeonly>[[Category:Esoteric templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly> <noinclude> ---- {| class="messagebox" |- |align="center"|[[Image:Exquisite-khelpcenter.png|50px|Comment]] |align="left" width="95%"|Actually, ''this'' template uses very simple syntax. But templates that link to the above message do use esoteric syntax. |} This template is for templates with esoteric syntax. [[Category:Template templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[fr:Modèle:Ésotérique]] [[ro:Format:Ezoteric]] [[zh:Template:Esoteric]] </noinclude> 1730 5160 2006-03-05T16:56:18Z Aursani 60 <div class="infobox sisterproject">[[Image:Commons-logo.svg|left|45px| ]] <div style="margin-left: 60px;">[[Wikimedia Commons]] has media related to: <div style="margin-left: 10px;">'''''[[Commons:{{{1|Special:Search/{{PAGENAME}}}}}|{{{2|{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}]]'''''</div> </div> </div><noinclude> [[ar:قالب:كومونز]] [[id:Templat:Commons]] [[bg:Шаблон:Commons]] [[ca:Template:Commons]] [[cs:Šablona:Commons]] [[da:Skabelon:Commons]] [[de:Vorlage:Commons1]] [[et:Mall:Commons]] [[es:Plantilla:Commons]] [[eo:Ŝablono:Commons]] [[fr:Modèle:Commons]] [[gl:Template:Commons]] [[io:Template:Commons]] [[ilo:Template:Commons]] [[kn:Template:Commons]] [[ko:Template:Commons]] [[it:Template:Commons]] [[he:תבנית:ויקישיתוף]] [[hu:Sablon:Commons]] [[nl:Sjabloon:Commons]] [[ja:Template:Commons]] [[no:Mal:Commons]] [[pl:Szablon:Commons]] [[pt:Predefinição:Commons]] [[ro:Format:Commons]] [[ru:Шаблон:Commons]] [[simple:Template:Commons]] [[sk:Šablóna:Commons]] [[sl:Template:Commons]] [[sr:Шаблон:Commons]] [[fi:Malline:Commons]] [[sv:Mall:Commons]] [[uk:Шаблон:Commons]] [[vi:Tiêu bản:Commons]] [[wa:Modele:Commons]] [[zh:Template:Commons]] </noinclude> 1731 5161 2006-03-05T16:57:59Z Aursani 60 <div class="messagebox cleanup metadata">This article or section does not cite its '''[[{{SITENAME}}:Citing sources|references or sources]].'''<br> You can [[{{SITENAME}}:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check|help]] Wikipedia by including appropriate citations.</div><includeonly>[[Category:Articles lacking sources|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly><noinclude> ---- * This template will categorise tagged articles into [[:Category:Articles lacking sources]]. * This [[{{SITENAME}}:Template|template]] is a [[{{SITENAME}}:Avoid self-references|self-reference]]. * This template is not useful for [[{{SITENAME}}:Subst]]. * There is currently no consensus about where to place this template; most suggest either the bottom of the article page (in an empty 'References' section), or on the article's talk page. * This template should not be used with [[{{SITENAME}}:Stub|stubs]]. * If the external links section includes a references section, this template should not be used. <!--See Vote on Talk page--> ==See also== * [[Template:Primarysources]] * [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles]] * [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Cleanup]] [[Category:{{SITENAME}} maintenance templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[fr:Modèle:Sources]] [[it:senzafonti]] [[hu:Sablon:Nincs forrás]] </noinclude> 1732 5163 2006-03-05T17:02:35Z Aursani 60 {{country|flagcountry|Pakistan}} 1733 5164 2006-03-05T17:03:17Z Aursani 60 {{country_{{{1}}}|{{{2}}}|{{{2}}}|size={{{size|}}}|name={{{name|}}}}} 1734 5165 2006-03-05T17:06:10Z Aursani 60 [[Image:{{country flag alias {{{1}}}}}|{{qif|test={{{size|}}}|then={{{size}}}|else=22x20px}}|Flag of {{country alias {{{1}}}}}]]&nbsp;[[{{country alias {{{1}}}}}|{{qif|test={{{name|}}}|then={{{name}}}|else={{country shortname alias {{{1}}}}}}}]] 1735 5166 2006-03-05T17:09:52Z Aursani 60 {{country|flagcountry|Russia}} 1736 5167 2006-03-05T17:12:01Z Aursani 60 افغانستان 1737 5168 2006-03-05T18:45:25Z Aursani 60 افغانستان 1738 5193 2006-03-05T20:46:03Z Aursani 60 افغانستان 1740 5735 2006-04-09T00:51:08Z Aursani 60 <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4"><noinclude>{{shortcut|{{[[Template:پڻڏسندا|پڻڏسندا]]}}}}</noinclude><div class="boilerplate پڻڏسندا"> : ''پڻ ڏسندا: {{qif |test={{{1|}}} |then=[[{{{1}}}]] }}{{qif |test={{{2|}}} |then={{qif|test={{{3|}}}|then=،&nbsp;|else=&nbsp;۽&nbsp;}}[[{{{2}}}]] }}{{qif |test={{{3|}}} |then=،&nbsp;{{qif|test={{{4|}}}|then=|else=۽&nbsp;}}[[{{{3}}}]] }}{{qif |test={{{4|}}} |then=،&nbsp;{{qif|test={{{5|}}}|then=|else=۽&nbsp;}}[[{{{4}}}]] }}{{qif |test={{{5|}}} |then=،&nbsp;{{qif|test={{{6|}}}|then=|else=۽&nbsp;}}[[{{{5}}}]] }}{{qif |test={{{6|}}} |then=،&nbsp;{{qif|test={{{7|}}}|then=|else=۽&nbsp;}}[[{{{6}}}]] }}{{qif |test={{{7|}}} |then=،&nbsp;{{qif|test={{{8|}}}|then=|else=۽&nbsp;}}[[{{{7}}}]] }}{{qif |test={{{8|}}} |then=،&nbsp;{{qif|test={{{9|}}}|then=|else=۽&nbsp;}}[[{{{8}}}]] }}{{qif |test={{{9|}}} |then=،&nbsp;{{qif|test={{{10|}}}|then=|else=۽&nbsp;}}[[{{{9}}}]] }}{{qif |test={{{10|}}} |then=،&nbsp;{{qif|test={{{11|}}}|then=|else=۽&nbsp;}}[[{{{10}}}]] }}{{qif |test={{{11|}}} |then=،&nbsp;{{qif|test={{{12|}}}|then=|else=۽&nbsp;}}[[{{{11}}}]] }}{{qif |test={{{12|}}} |then=،&nbsp;{{qif|test={{{13|}}}|then=|else=۽&nbsp;}}[[{{{12}}}]] }}{{qif |test={{{13|}}} |then=,&nbsp;{{qif|test={{{14|}}}|then=|else=and&nbsp;}}[[{{{13}}}]] }}{{qif |test={{{14|}}} |then=،&nbsp;{{qif|test={{{15|}}}|then=|else=۽&nbsp;}}[[{{{14}}}]] }}{{qif |test={{{15|}}} |then=,&nbsp;۽&nbsp;[[{{{15}}}]] }}{{qif |test={{{16|}}} |then=…'''template overflow in [[template:پڻ ڏسندا]]: maximum 15 articles allowed''' }}''</div><noinclude> {{esoteric}} ---- ==پڻ ڏسندا== * {{tl|تفصيل}} * {{tl|مک}} * {{tl|مزيد}} * {{tl|پڻ ڏسندا}} </noinclude> 1741 5205 2006-03-05T21:40:22Z Aursani 60 {{ملڪ|ملڪيجھنڊو|افغانستان}} 1742 8474 2006-12-20T06:39:26Z Aursani 60 [[Image:Indusvalleyexcavation.jpg|thumb|300px|Structure dubbed the "great bath" in the excavated Mohenjo-daro ruins.]] [[Image:Mohenjodaro_computergeneratedimage1.jpg|thumb|300px|‏{{مبسس4}}ڳڻپيوڪرَ جُڙِي ور اڏاوَتَ موئن جي دڙي جي هڪ ننڍِڙي حصي کي وري جيئاري ڇڏيو آھي. </font>(''Lost Civilizations'' by Austen Atkinson, p. 179 - 188)]] {{مبسس4}}[[هڙپا]] وانگي، موئن جو دڙو پڻ [[سکر]] [[سنڌ]] کان 80 ڪلوميٽر پري ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ واقع [[سنڌو تهذيبَ]] جو شهر ھو. اھو [[يونيسڪو]] طرفان [[UNESCO World Heritage Site|عالمي ورثو]] قرار ڏنو ويو آهي. اهو [[هڙپا]] کان ڪي قدر بهتر سانڍيو سنڀاليو ويو آهي، تنهنڪري اهو پنهنجي تهذيب جي بهتر عڪاسي ڪري ٿو. هڙپا کان موئن جو دڙو 400 ميل پري آھي. اھو چار ھزار کان پنج هزار سال اڳ تعمير ڪيو ويو هو ۽ لڳ ڀڳ [[1700 ق م]] ڌاري غير آباد ٿي ويو، جنهن جو سبب شايد سنڌو درياءَ جو رخ مٽائڻ آهي، جيڪو ان تهذيب لاءِ جياپي جو ذريعو هو. [[ونگڀياس|ونگڀياسدانن]] ان کي 1920ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ دريافت ڪيو. {{مبسس4}}قدامت جي لحاظ کان موئن جو دڙو قابل ذڪر غير معمولي شهر آهي. ان جو نقشو [[رٿابنديل شهر|رٿابنديل]] آهي، جنهن ۾ گھٽين جو تاڃيپيٽو آهي ۽ مٽيءَ جي پڪل ۽ اس تي سڪايل سِرُن ۽ سڙيل ڪاٺ سان اڏاوت ٿيل آهي. پنهنجي عروج وقت، شهر جي آبادي 35 کان 40 هزار هئي. ان کي تنهن دور جو جديد ترين [[نڪاسي سرشتو]] هو. It had an advanced [[drainage system]], a variety of buildings up to two stories high and an elaborate [[bath]] area. The bath area was very well built and had a layer of natural [[tar]], to keep it from leaking. Being an agricultural city, it also featured a large well, granary, and central marketplace. Perhaps most unexpected, it even had a building with an underground furnace ([[hypocaust]]), possibly for heated bathing. Mohenjo-daro was successively destroyed and rebuilt at least seven times. Each time, the new cities were built directly on top of the old ones. Flooding by the [[Indus river|Indus]] is thought to have been the cause of destruction. The city was divided into two parts, the [[Citadel]] and the Lower City. Most of the Lower City is yet uncovered, but the Citadel is known to have the public bath, a large residential structure designed to house 5,000 citizens and two large assembly halls. [[Image:Mohenjodaro_Sindh.jpeg|thumb|right|250px|موئن جو دڙو، [[سکر]] کان 80 ڪلوکيٽر جي فاصلي تي ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ واقع آهي. اهو سنڌو تهذيب [[2600 ق م]]-[[1700 ق م]] جو مرڪز هو.]] == پڻ ڏسندا == *{{مبسس4}}[[سنڌو ماٿريءَ جي تهذيب]] *{{مبسس4}}[[هڙپا]] *[[Rakhigarhi]] *[[Urban planning]] *[[Chanhudaro]] == خارجي ڳنڍڻا == *[http://www.harappa.com Harappa.com] *[http://www.Moenjodaro.org Moenjodaro.org] *[http://www.mehrgarh.tk Mehrgarh.tk][http://www.apnanaudero.tk] *[http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/middle_east/mohenjo_daro.html mnsu.edu] [[Category:Archaeological sites in Pakistan]] [[Category:World Heritage Sites in Pakistan]] [[Category:Indus Valley sites]] [[Category:Bronze Age]] [[category:تاريخ]] [[category:ڀونءِ ڀياس ۽ ڀونءِ نگاري]] [[ca:Mohenjo-Daro]] [[da:Mohenjo-Daro]] [[de:Mohenjo-Daro]] [[en:Mohenjo-daro]] [[eo:Mohenĝo-daro]] [[es:Mohenjo-Daro]] [[fr:Mohenjo-daro]] [[he:מוהנג'ו-דארו]] [[it:Mohenjo-daro]] [[ja:モヘンジョダロ]] [[nl:Mohenjodaro]] [[no:Mohenjo-Daro]] [[pl:Mohendżo-Daro]] [[pt:Mohenjo-daro]] [[ro:Mohenjo-daro]] [[sh:Mohenjo-daro]] [[sl:Mohendžo-daro]] [[sr:Мохенџо-даро]] [[sv:Mohenjodaro]] [[ta:மொஹெஞ்சதாரோ]] [[tr:Mohenco-daro]] 1743 5244 2006-03-08T21:07:07Z Aursani 60 1744 5254 2006-03-08T21:17:35Z Aursani 60 1745 5258 2006-03-08T21:22:46Z Aursani 60 1746 5259 2006-03-08T21:25:38Z Aursani 60 1747 5260 2006-03-08T21:26:37Z Aursani 60 1748 5265 2006-03-08T21:33:52Z Aursani 60 1749 5266 2006-03-08T21:34:59Z Aursani 60 1750 5269 2006-03-08T21:38:42Z Aursani 60 1751 5271 2006-03-08T21:39:58Z Aursani 60 1752 5276 2006-03-08T21:47:50Z Aursani 60 1753 5277 2006-03-08T21:48:19Z Aursani 60 1757 edit=sysop:move=sysop 5294 2006-03-11T14:21:54Z Aursani 60 1758 5328 2006-03-11T15:12:00Z Aursani 60 1759 6255 2006-05-08T20:38:29Z Aursani 60 <!-- {{مبسس4}}نوٽ: هيءُ صفحو منتظمين جِي ڪڙي نظر هيٺ رهندو آهي. ڪنهن به قسم جي واندائپَ کي ٽِيهَن سيڪنڊن جي اندر رد ڪيو ويندو ۽ گھڻو امڪان اهو ئي آهي ته واندو هتي پنهنجو گھڻو وقت ناحق برباد ڪندو. واندائڻ کان اڳ ٻه ڀيرا ضرور سوچيندا. NOTE: THIS PAGE IS HEAVILY WATCHED BY ADMINISTRATORS. ANY VANDALISM WILL BE REVERTED WITHIN 30 SECONDS AND IT IS LIKELY THAT VANDALS WILL WASTE MORE TIME THAN GOOD SAMARITANS HERE. THINK TWICE BEFORE VANDALIZING. --> [[image:Wiki.JPG|150px|left|thumb|[[Wikipedia logo|{{مبسس4}}''وڪيپيڊيا'' لوگو]].]] {{مبسس4}}'''وڪيپيڊيا''' ([[سنڌيءَ لاءِ بول چارٽ|اچار]] </font>{{بول|/ˌwɪkiˈpiːdi.ə/}} {{مبسس4}}يا</font> {{بول|/ˌwiki-/}}){{مبسس4}}[[عالمگير ويب|ويب]] آڌاريل [[گھڻ لسانيت|گھڻ لساني]] [[کليل مواد|کليل مواد]] [[ڄاڻَ چيڪلو]] آهي . It exists as a [[wiki]]، لکجڻ ڀاڱيوارائي طور [[رضاڪار]]ن، اڪثر مقالن کي کليل ترميمو ڪنهن کي به اجازت جي سهوليت [[ويب جھانگُو]] ۽ هڪ [[انٽرنيٽ]] ڪنيڪشن. هيءَ رٿا جنوري 15، 2001ع، as a complement to the ماهرن جي لکيل [[Nupedia]] ۽ is ھاڻي operated by the [[Non-profit organization|non-profit]] [[وڪيذريعات|وڪيذريعات پيڙھڪا]]. وڪيپيڊيا وٽ 3,500,000 کان وڌيڪ مقالا آهن , including کان وڌيڪ 1,005,000 in the زنگريزي ورزن. <!-- using {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} would make مشڪل شيون for mirrors ۽ doesn't work right with respect to مقالي تاريخ! -->کان وٺي پنهنجي ايام، وڪيپيڊيا has steadily risen in popularity,<ref>See plots at "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wikistats/EN/PlotsPngUsageVisits.htm Visits في ڏينھن]", وڪيپيڊيا شماريات, [[1 January]] [[2005]]</ref> ۽ ان جي ڪاميابي has spawned ڪيتريون ئي برادر رٿائون. There has, however, been controversy over its reliability. Wikipedia's slogan is "The کيل ڄاڻَ چيڪلو جيڪو ڪير بھ سنواري سگھي ٿو", ۽ رٿا is described by its سھھ باني [[Jimmy Wales]] as "an effort to create and distribute a multilingual کليل ڄاڻآ چيڪلو of the بهترين ممڪن سڀاءُ to ھر single person on the planet سندن پنهنجي ٻوليءَ ۾."<ref>[[Jimmy Wales]], "[http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2005-March/038102.html Wikipedia is an encyclopedia]", [[8 March]] [[2005]], <wikipedia-l@wikimedia.org></ref> Wikipedia is often cited in the [[mass ذريعات]] ۽ [[academia]]. ان تي ڪڏھن تنقيد ڪئي ويندي آهي ته ۽ ڪڏھن receives تعريف for its free distribution, لڳاتار editing, ۽ diverse coverage, not to mention its گھڻ لساني dimensions. It is often cited not طور مضمون پر طور ھڪ ذريعو ٻين تي مضمون. Editors are encouraged to uphold a جي ھڪ پاليسي "[[اڻ ڌريو نڪتھ نظر]]" under which notable perspectives are summarized بنا ھڪ ڪوشش to determine an [[objectivity (journalism)|objective]] truth. وڪيچيڪلو جي حيثيت as a [[reference work]] has been متناعضھ since its کليل nature allows [[مڪڙائپ]], inaccuracy, inconsistency, uneven quality, and unsubstantiated ويچار. It has also been [[وڪيچيڪلو تي تنقيد|criticised]] for [[systemic bias]], preference of [[اتفاق]] يا [[popularity]] to [[credentials]], and a perceived lack of احتساب and اختيار when compared with traditional ڄاڻَ چيڪلا. But the scope and detail of ان جي مقالن جي، its constant updates, and ease of accessing have made it a popular حوالياتي ذريعو for many. آهن over 200 [[لساني]] editions جا وڪيچيڪلي، جن مان سرگرم اٽڪل 100 آهن. تيرهن editions have کان وڌيڪ 50,000 articles each: [[English Wikipedia|انگريزي]], [[جرمن وڪيچيڪلو|جرمن]], [[فرانسيسي وڪيچيڪلو|فرانسيسي]], [[Japanese Wikipedia|جپاني]], [[Polish Wikipedia|پولش]], [[اطلاوي وڪيچيڪلو|اطالوي]], [[Swedish Wikipedia|Swedish]], [[ڊچ Wikipedia|Dutch]], [[Portuguese Wikipedia|Portuguese]], [[Spanish Wikipedia|Spanish]], [[Chinese Wikipedia|چيني]], [[روسي وڪيچيڪلو|روسي]] ۽ [[Norwegian Wikipedia|Norwegian]]. ان جا جرمن-ٻوليءَ وارو ايڊيشن has been distributed on [[DVD-ROM]], ۽ there are [[Wikipedia:Pushing to 1.0|proposals]] for an [[Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team|English DVD/paper edition]]. Many of its other editions are [[Mirror (ڳڻپڪاري)|mirrored]] or have been [[Fork (software development)|forked]] by [[ويبزمين]]s. ==سنوارڻ== [[Image:History comparison example.png|thumb|400px|left|Editors keep track of changes to articles by checking the difference between two revisions of a page, displayed here in red.]] Almost all visitors may edit وڪيچيڪلي جا مقالا, and registered users can create new ones and have their changes instantly displayed. وڪيچيڪلو جڙيل آھي ان اميد تي تھ ڀاڱيوارائي among users سڌاريندا مقالا over time, in much the ساڳيءَ ريت جيئن t [[open source|open-source software]] develops. Further, this real-time, ڀاڱيوارائي model allows rapid updating of موجودھ موضوعن جي ۽ تعارف نون موضوعن جو. ليکڪ need not have any مھارت or رسمي qualifications in the مضمون which ھُو edit, ۽ users are warned that their ڀاڱيداريون may be "edited بي رحميءَ سان ۽ redistributed at will" by anyone who so wishes. قن جي مقالن کي not controlled by any مخصوص user or editorial گروھھ. Decision-making تي the مواد and editorial policies of وڪيچيڪلو is instead done by [[Consensus decision-making|مفاھمت]] ۽ ورلي ذرعي ووٽ. [[Jimmy Wales]] retains final فيصلو on وڪيچيڪلي جون پاليسيون and user رھنما اصول.<ref>"[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Power_structure Power structure]", Meta-Wiki, 10:55 [[4 April]] [[2005]]</ref> By the nature of its [[openness]], "edit wars" and prolonged disputes often occur when editors do not agree.<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_war Edit war]", Wikipedia ([[26 مارچ]] [[2005]])</ref> A few members of its community have explained its editing process as a collaborative work, a "[[Social Darwinism|socially Darwinian]] [[Evolution|evolutionary]] process"<ref>"[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_sociology Wikipedia sociology]", Meta-Wiki, 23:30 [[24 March]] [[2005]]</ref>, but this is not generally considered by the community to be an accurate self-description. Articles are always subject to editing, unless مقالو is protected for a short time مڪڙائپ باعث or revert wars; تنھنڪري, Wikipedia does not declare any مقالي کي مڪمل . ڪي users attempt to enter malicious or amusing but غير متعلقھ ڄاڻَ, مگر عموماً ان قسم جون تبديليون removed quickly. Regular users often maintain a "watchlist" of articles of interest to them, so that they are immediately shown which of these articles have changed since their last log in. This allows monitoring of daily editing to prevent false information and spam, and also to keep up with other editors' views, or updates, of the subjects on the watchlist. باعث وڪي قاعدا، all edits of a وڪيچيڪلو مقالو اکيا ويندا آھن ۾ an edit تاريخ جيڪي ڏسجي سگھجي ٿو by ھرڪو. وڪيچيڪلو is the first major ڄاڻَ چيڪلو جتي ھرڪو ڏسي سگھي ٿو ڪيئن ڪو مقالو evolved over time ۽ جي، يا ڪيئن ۽ where the ڪو مقالي جو مواد متناضع ھجي. سمورا متناضع موقف which were once voiced ۽ تنھن کان پوءِ مٽايا ويندا آھن ۽ even plain page مڪڙائپ رھن ٿا ظاھر ھر ڪنھن لاءِ ۽ مھيا ڪن ٿا اضافي ڄاڻ بابت مقالي جي موضوع and its degree of controversy and add the dimension جو وقت ھر مقالي کي. ==تاريخ== {{main|وڪيچيڪلو جي تاريخ}} [[Image:NupediaLogo.jpg|thumb||250px|Wikipedia "originated" from ''[[Nupedia]]''.]] وڪيچيڪلو شروع ٿيا as a complementary رٿا لاءِ ''[[Nupedia]]'', ھڪ کليل online ڄاڻَ چيڪلو رٿا whose مقالا were written by experts through a formal process. Nupedia was founded on [[9 March]] [[2000]] under the ownership of [[Bomis|Bomis, Inc]], a Web portal company. Its principal figures were [[Jimmy Wales]], Bomis [[CEO]], and [[Larry Sanger]], [[editor-in-chief]] for Nupedia and later وڪيچيڪلو. Nupedia was described by Sanger as differing from existing encyclopedias in being [[open content]]; not having size limitations, as it was on the [[Internet]]; and being free of bias, due to its public nature and potentially وسيع base of contributors.<ref name=QANupedia>Larry Sanger, "[http://web.archive.org/web/20000510132952/www.nupedia.com/interview.html Q & A about Nupedia]", Nupedia, مارچ 2000</ref> Nupedia had a seven-step review process by appointed subject-area experts, پر پوءِ came to be viewed as too slow for producing ھڪ محدود تعداد of مقالا. Funded by Bomis, there were initial منصوبو to recoup its investment by the use of اشتھارات.<ref name=QANupedia/> It was licensed under its own Nupedia Open Content License initially, switching to the GNU Free Documentation License prior to وڪيچيڪلو founding at the urging of [[Richard Stallman]]. [[Image:WikipediaHomePage30March200.png|thumb|300px|left|Wikipedia's انگريزي edition on [[March 20]], [[2001]], two and a half months after its founding.]] On [[January 10]], [[2001]], Larry Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki alongside Nupedia. Under the subject "Let's make a wiki", he wrote: <blockquote> No, this is not an indecent proposal. It's an idea to add a little feature to Nupedia. [[Jimmy Wales]] thinks تھ many people might find the idea اعتراض جوڳو, پر آئون ڀايان ٿو تھ نھ. (&hellip;) As to Nupedia's use of a wiki, this is the ULTIMATE "open" ۽ سادو format لاءِ جوڙڻ مواد. We have occasionally bandied about ideas for simpler, more کليل رٿائون to either replace or supplement Nupedia. مون کي ائين ٿو لڳي wikis can be implemented practically instantly, need تمام ٿورو maintenance, and عام طور are very low-risk. They're also a potentially مواد جو وڏو ذريعو. So there's little downside, as far as I can see.<ref>{{news reference |firstname=Larry |lastname=Sanger |title=Let's make a wiki |date=[[January 10]], [[2001]] |org=Internet Archive |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20030414014355/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html }}</ref> </blockquote> Wikipedia was formally launched on [[15 January]] [[2001]], as a single English-language edition at wikipedia.com, and announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list.<ref>{{news reference |firstname=Larry |lastname=Sanger |title=Wikipedia is up! |date=[[January 17]], [[2001]] |org=Internet Archive |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20010506042824/www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html }}</ref> It had been, from [[10 January]], a feature of Nupedia.com in which the public could write articles that could be incorporated into Nupedia after review. It was relaunched off-site after Nupedia's Advisory Board of subject experts disapproved of its production model.<ref name=SangerMemoir>{{Citenewsauthor | surname=Sanger | given=Larry | title=The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir | date=18 April 2005 | org=Slashdot | url=http://features.slashdot.org/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml}}</ref> Wikipedia thereafter operated as a standalone project without control from Nupedia. Its policy of "neutral point-of-view" was codified in its initial months, though it is similar to Nupedia's earlier "nonbias" policy. There were otherwise few rules initially. Wikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia, [[Slashdot]] postings, and [[search engine]] indexing. It grew to تقريباً 20,000 articles among 18 language editions ان جي پھرين سال جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين. It had 26 language editions by the end of 2002, 46 by the end of 2003, and 161 by the end of 2004.<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Multilingual_statistics Multilingual statistics]", Wikipedia, [[30 March]] [[2005]]</ref> Nupedia and Wikipedia coexisted until the former's servers went down, permanently, in 2003, and its text was incorporated into Wikipedia. Wales and Sanger attribute the concept of using a wiki to [[Ward Cunningham]]'s WikiWikiWeb or [[Portland Pattern Repository]]. Wales mentioned that he heard the concept first from Jeremy Rosenfeld, an employee of Bomis who showed him the same wiki, in December 2000,<ref>Jimmy Wales, "[http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2005-April/039093.html Re: Sanger's memoirs]", [[20 April]] [[2005]],<wikipedia-l@wikipedia.org></ref> but it was after Sanger heard of its existence from Ben Kovitz, a regular at this wiki, in January 2001,<ref name=SangerMemoir/> and proposed a creation of a wiki for Nupedia to Wales that Wikipedia's history started. Under a similar concept of free content, though not wiki production, the [[GNUPedia]] project existed alongside Nupedia early in its history. It subsequently became inactive and its creator, [[free software|free-software]] figure [[Richard Stallman]], lent his support to Wikipedia.<ref>{{Citenewsauthor | surname=Stallman | given=Richard | title=The Free Encyclopedia Project | date=1999 | org=Free Software Foundation | url=http://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html}}</ref> Citing fear of commercial advertising and lack of control in a perceived English-centric Wikipedia, users of the [[Spanish Wikipedia]] forked from Wikipedia to create the ''[[Enciclopedia Libre]]'' in February 2002. Later that year, Wales announced that وڪيچيڪلو would not display [[advertising|advertisements]], and moved its ويبزمين to wikipedia.org. Projects have since forked from وڪيچيڪلي جا content for editorial سبب, such as [[Wikinfo]], which abandoned "neutral point-of-view" in favor of multiple complementary articles written from a "sympathetic point-of-view." From Wikipedia and Nupedia, the وڪيذريعات پيڙھڪا was created on [[June 20]], [[2003]].<ref>Jimmy Wales: "[http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2003-June/010690.html Announcing وڪيذريعات پيڙھڪا]", [[20 June]] [[2003]], <wikipedia-l@wikipedia.org></ref> Wikipedia and its sister projects thereafter operated under this [[non-profit organization]]. Wikipedia's first sister project, "In Memoriam: September 11<!--DO NOT REFORMAT THIS DATE, IT IS IN QUOTATIONS--> Wiki" had been created in October 2002 to detail the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]]; [[Wiktionary]], a dictionary project, was launched ڊسمبر ۾ 2002; [[Wikiquote]], a collection of quotes, ھڪ ھفتي بعد Wikimedia launched; and [[Wikibooks]], a collection of collaboratively-written free books, the ايندڙ مھيني. وڪيذريعات has since started a number of ٻيون رٿائون, detailed below. وڪيچيڪلو وٽ روايتاً measured its status by مقالن جي تعداد. ۾ ان جي پھريان ٻھ سال, it وڌي at a چند سَو يا fewer new articles per day; تائين 2004, this had accelerated to 1,000 to 3,000 في ڏينھن across سمورن editions. انگريزي وڪيچيڪلو reached a 100,000 article milestone on [[January 22]], [[2003]]<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Press_releases/January_2003 Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, reaches its 100,000th article]", وڪيذريعات پيڙھڪا, [[January 21]], [[2003]]</ref>. Wikipedia reached its one millionth article among 105 language editions on [[September 20]], [[2004]],<ref>"[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_press_releases/One_million_Wikipedia_articles_(int'l) Wikipedia Reaches One Million Articles]", Wikimedia Foundation, [[20 September]] [[2004]]</ref> while the English edition alone reached its 500,000th on [[March 18]], [[2005]]<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Press_releases/March_2005 Wikipedia Publishes 500,000th English Article]", Wikimedia Foundation, [[March 18]], [[2005]]</ref>. The Wikimedia Foundation applied to the [[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] to [[trademark]] ''Wikipedia®'' on [[September 17]], [[2004]]. The mark was granted registration status on [[January 10]], [[2006]]. Trademark protection was accorded by [[Japan]] on [[December 16]], [[2004]] and in the [[European Union]] on [[January 20]], [[2005]]. Technically a [[servicemark]], the scope of the mark is for: "Provision of [[information]] in the field of general encyclopedic knowledge via the [[Internet]]". There are currently plans to license the usage of the وڪيچيڪلو trademark for some products like [[book]]s or [[DVD]]s.<ref>{{news reference |firstname=Vipin |lastname=Nair |title=Growing on volunteer power |date=December 5, 2005 |org=Business Line |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/ew/2005/12/05/stories/2005120500070100.htm }}</ref> The [[German Wikipedia]] will be printed in its entirety by Directmedia, in 100 volumes of 800 pages each. Publication will begin in October 2006, and finish in 2010. On [[February 27]], 2006, Wikipedia surpassed 1 million users, with the honor of Millionth User being bestowed upon "[[User:Romulus32|Romulus32]]". On [[March 1]], 2006, the English Wikipedia surpassed 1,000,000 articles, the millionth article being [[Jordanhill railway station]]. ====Software and hardware==== [[Image:Floridaserversfront1.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Wikipedia receives between 2000 and 7000 page views per second. [http://noc.wikimedia.org/reqstats/reqstats-daily.png] Over 100 servers have been set up to handle the traffic.]] [[Image:Wikimedia-servers.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Picture of the Wikimedia servers on the first day of installation.]] Wikipedia is run by [[MediaWiki]]<!--for version see [[Special:Version]]--> [[free software]] on a cluster of dedicated servers located in [[Florida]] and four other locations around the world. MediaWiki is Phase III of the program's software. Originally, Wikipedia ran on [[UseModWiki]] by [[Clifford Adams]] (Phase I). At first it required [[CamelCase]] for links; later it was also possible to use double brackets. Wikipedia began running on a [[PHP]] [[wiki software|wiki engine]] with a [[MySQL]] [[database]] جنوري ۾ 2002. This software, Phase II, was written specifically for the Wikipedia project by Magnus Manske. Several rounds of modifications were made to improve performance in response to increased demand. آخرڪار، the software was rewritten ٻيھر, this time by Lee Daniel Crocker. Instituted in July 2002, this Phase III software was called ذريعات وڪي. It was licensed under the [[GNU General Public License]] and used by all Wikimedia projects. وڪيچيڪلو was served from فقط ھڪ server until 2003, when the server setup was expanded into an [[n-tier]] distributed architecture. In جنوري 2005, the project ran on 39 dedicated servers located in [[Florida]]. This configuration included a single master اعدادخانو server running [[MySQL]], multiple slave اعدادخانو servers, 21 web servers running the [[Apache HTTP Server|Apache]] software, ۽ ست [[Squid cache]] servers. تائين September 2005, its server cluster وڌي ويو ھو to around 100 servers in four locations around the world. Page requests are processed by first passing to a front-end layer of [[Squid cache|Squid caching]] servers. Requests that cannot be served from the Squid cache are sent to two load-balancing servers running the [[Perlbal]] software, which then pass the request to one of the Apache web servers for page-rendering from the database. The web servers serve pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the Wikipedias. To increase speed further, rendered pages for anonymous users are cached in a filesystem until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses. وڪيذريعات has begun building a global network of [[Squid cache|caching servers]] with the addition of three such servers in [[فرانس]]. A new Dutch cluster is also online now. In spite of all this, وڪيچيڪلو page load times remain quite variable. The ongoing status of وڪيچيڪلي جو website is posted by users at a [http://openfacts.berlios.de/index-en.phtml?title=Wikipedia_Status status page] on [[OpenFacts]]. == Funding == وڪيچيڪلو is funded through the [[وڪيذريعات پيڙھڪا]]. Its 4th Quarter 2005 costs were $321,000 with hardware making up almost 60% of the budget. [http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Budget] [[Bomis]], an on-line advertising company that hosts mostly adult-oriented web-rings, played a significant part in the early development of Wikipedia. ==Evaluations== Wikipedia's claimed status as an ڄاڻَ چيڪلو has been increasingly متناضع as it has gained prominence. This is seen in articles and discussion venues both within وڪيچيڪلو and elsewhere. Information related to evaluations of وڪيچيڪلو, including individual opinions, quality control, and awards are discussed below. ===عام تنقيد=== :''The main article is at [[وڪيچيڪلي تي تنقيد]]'' Criticism of وڪيچيڪلو has increased with its prominence. Critics of Wikipedia include Wikipedia editors themselves, ex-editors, representatives of other [[encyclopedia]]s, and even subjects of the articles. Notable criticisms include that its open nature makes وڪيچيڪلو unauthoritative and unreliable, that Wikipedia exhibits [[systemic bias]] and that the [[group dynamics]] of its community are hindering its goals. Wikipedia is criticised on the following issues:{{fact}} *Anti-elitism as a weakness *Systemic bias in coverage *Systemic bias in perspective *Difficulty of fact checking *Use of dubious sources *Exposure to vandals *Privacy concerns *Flame wars *Fanatics and special interests *Censorship It must be noted that many university lecturers discourage their students from using Wikipedia (or other encyclopedias) as a reference in academic work. ===Quality=== Wikipedia has been both praised and criticized for being open to editing by anyone. Proponents contend that open editing improves quality over time while critics allege that non-expert editing undermines quality. Wikipedia has been criticized for a perceived lack of reliability, comprehensiveness, and authority. It is considered to have no or limited utility as a [[reference work]] among many [[librarian]]s, [[Academia|academic]]s, and the [[editor]]s of more formally written encyclopedias. A website called [http://www.wikipedia-watch.org/ Wikipedia Watch] has been created to denounce Wikipedia as having "&hellip;a massive, unearned influence on what passes for reliable information." Some argue that allowing anyone to edit makes وڪيچيڪلو an unreliable work. Wikipedia contains no formal [[peer review]] process for fact-checking, and the editors themselves may not be well-versed in the topics they write about. In a 2004 interview with ''[[The Guardian]]'', librarian Philip Bradley said that he would not use Wikipedia and is "not aware of a single librarian who would. The main problem is the lack of authority. With printed publications, the publishers have to ensure that their data is reliable, as their livelihood depends on it. But with something like this, all that goes out the window"(Waldman, 2004). Similarly, ''Encyclopædia Britannica''&#39;s executive editor, Ted Pappas, was quoted in ''[[The Guardian]]'' as saying: "The premise of Wikipedia is that continuous improvement will lead to perfection. That premise is completely unproven."{{ref|Who}} On [[October 24]], [[2005]], ''[[The Guardian]]'' published an article [http://technology.guardian.co.uk/opinion/story/0,16541,1599325,00.html "Can you trust Wikipedia?"] where a group of experts critically reviewed entries for their fields. Discussing Wikipedia as an academic source, [[Danah Boyd|Danah Boyd]] said in 2005 that "[i]t will never be an encyclopedia, but it will contain extensive knowledge that is quite valuable for different purposes"{{ref|Boyd}}. [[Image:Be bold.png|thumb|'''Be Bold''' has become the unofficial slogan of Wikipedia.]] Academic circles have not been exclusively dismissive of Wikipedia as a reference. Wikipedia articles have been referenced in "enhanced perspectives" provided on-line in ''Science''. The first of these perspectives to provide a hyperlink to Wikipedia was "A White Collar Protein Senses Blue Light" (Linden, 2002), and dozens of enhanced perspectives have provided such links since then. However, these links are offered as background sources for the reader, not as sources used by the writer, and the "enhanced perspectives" are not intended to serve as reference material themselves. In a 2004 piece called "The Faith-Based Encyclopedia," former ''Britannica'' editor [[Robert McHenry]] criticized the wiki approach, writing, <blockquote> [h]owever closely a Wikipedia article may at some point in its life attain to reliability, it is forever open to the uninformed or semiliterate meddler&hellip; The user who visits وڪيچيڪلو to learn about some subject, to confirm some matter of fact, is rather in the position of a visitor to a public restroom. It may be obviously dirty, so that he knows to exercise great care, or it may seem fairly clean, so that he may be lulled into a false sense of security. What he certainly does not know is who has used the facilities before him.{{ref|McHenryFBE}} </blockquote> In response to this criticism, proposals have been made to provide various forms of provenance for material in Wikipedia articles; see for example [[Wikipedia:Provenance]]. The idea is to provide ''source provenance'' on each interval of text in an article and ''temporal provenance'' as to its vintage. In this way a reader can know "who has used the facilities before him" and how long the community has had to process the information in an article to provide calibration on the "sense of security." However, these proposals for provenance are quite controversial (see [[Wikipedia talk:Provenance]]). Aaron Krowne wrote a rebuttal article in which he criticized McHenry's methods, and labeled them "[[FUD]]," the marketing technique of "fear, uncertainty, and doubt."{{ref|Krowne}} Former [[Nupedia]] editor-in-chief [[Larry Sanger]] criticized Wikipedia in late 2004 for having, according to Sanger, an "anti-elitist" philosophy of active contempt for expertise.{{ref|SangerElitism}} Wikipedia's editing process assumes that exposing an article to many users will result in accuracy. Referencing [[Linus's law|Linus' law]] of open-source development, Sanger stated earlier: "Given enough eyeballs, all errors are shallow."{{ref|LinusSanger}} Technology figure [[Joi Ito]] wrote on Wikipedia's authority, "[a]lthough it depends a bit on the field, the question is whether something is more likely to be true coming from a source whose resume sounds authoritative or a source that has been viewed by hundreds of thousands of people (with the ability to comment) and has survived."{{ref|Ito}} Conversely, in an informal test of Wikipedia's ability to detect misinformation, its author remarked that its process "isn't really a fact-checking mechanism so much as a voting mechanism", and that material which did not appear "blatantly false" may be accepted as true.{{ref|HowAuth}} Wikipedia has been accused of deficiencies in comprehensiveness because of its voluntary nature, and of reflecting the systemic biases of its contributors. ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' editor-in-chief Dale Hoiberg has argued that "people write of things they're interested in, and so many subjects don't get covered; and news events get covered in great detail. The entry on [[Hurricane Frances]] was five times the length of that on [[Chinese art]], and the entry on ''[[Coronation Street]]'' was twice as long as the article on [[Tony Blair]]."{{ref|Who2}} (Note that this is not true anymore as of December 2005.) Former Nupedia editor-in-chief Larry Sanger stated in 2004, "when it comes to relatively specialized topics (outside of the interests of most of the contributors), the project's credibility is very uneven."{{ref|SangerAntiElitism}} The زنگريزي ويبزمين also suffers from frequent timeouts, server چڪُون and occasional [[downtime]] due to heavy user traffic. These problems have had a negative impact on وڪيچيڪلو جو desired عڪس as a تڪڙو and reliable جو ذريعو information. It has been praised for, as a wiki, allowing articles to be updated or created in response to current events. For example, the then-new article on the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] on its English edition was cited often by the press shortly after the incident. Its editors have also argued that, as a website, Wikipedia is able to include articles on a greater number of subjects than print encyclopedias may.{{ref|TopicCount}} [[Microsoft Encarta]] has started to solicit comments from readers in attempt to improve the accuracy and timeliness of its encyclopedia. [http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/support/encartafeedback.aspx Encarta Feedback] allows any user to propose revisions for review by their staff.{{ref|EncartaEdit}} The German computing magazine ''c't'' performed a comparison of ''[[Brockhaus encyclopedia|Brockhaus Premium]]'', ''[[Encarta|Microsoft Encarta]]'', and Wikipedia in [[October 2004]]: Experts evaluated 66 articles in various fields. In overall score, Wikipedia was rated 3.6 out of 5 points ("B-"), ''Brockhaus Premium'' 3.3, and ''Microsoft Encarta'' 3.1.{{ref|Kurzidim}} In an analysis of online encyclopedias, [[Indiana University system|Indiana University]] professors Emigh and Herring wrote that "Wikipedia improves on traditional information sources, especially for the content areas in which it is strong, such as technology and current events."{{ref|EmighHerring|Kishore}}. The [[journal]] [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] reported in 2005 that [[science]] articles in Wikipedia are comparable in accuracy to those in Encyclopedia Britannica. Wikipedia had an average of four mistakes per article; Britannica contained three. Of eight "serious errors" found — including misinterpretations of important concepts — four came from each source. {{ref|http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4530930.stm}} ''(Nature, 438, pp 900&ndash;901, 15 December 2005)''. At the end of 2005, [[John Seigenthaler Sr. Wikipedia biography controversy|controversy erupted]] after journalist [[John Seigenthaler Sr.]] found that his biography had been vandalized. This led to the decision to restrict the ability to start articles to registered users. ===Community=== The [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/The_Wikipedia_Community Wikipedia community] consists of users who are proportionally few, but highly active. Emigh and Herring argue that "a few active users, when acting in concert with established norms within an open editing system, can achieve ultimate control over the content produced within the system, literally erasing diversity, controversy, and inconsistency, and homogenizing contributors' voices." Editors on [[Wikinfo]], a [[fork (computing)|fork]] of Wikipedia, similarly argue that new or controversial editors to Wikipedia are often unjustly labeled "[[Internet troll|troll]]s" or "problem users" and blocked from editing.{{ref|WikiInfoCritical}} Its community has also been criticized for responding to complaints regarding an article's quality by advising the complainer to fix the article.{{ref|SoFixItComplaint}} In a page on researching with Wikipedia, its ليکڪ argue that Wikipedia is valuable for being a social community. That is, authors can be asked to defend or clarify their work, and disputes are readily seen.{{ref|Researching2}} Wikipedia editions also often contain [[reference desk]]s in which the community answers questions. Wikipedia related communities, such as [http://wikipediareview.proboards78.com/ The Wikipedia Review], whose members tend to dislike Wikipedia, also exist. ===Awards=== وڪيچيڪلو won ٻھ major اوارڊ in [[May 2004]]{{ref|MayAwards}}: The پھريون was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities, اعزازيو ويو by [[Prix Ars Electronica]]; this came with a 10,000 [[يورو]] grant ۽ an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in [[Austria]] later ان ئي سال. The ٻيون was a Judges' [[Webby Awards|Webby award]] for the "community" category. وڪيچيڪلو was پڻ نامزد for a "Best Practices" Webby. ۾ [[سيپٽمبر 2004]], [[جاپاني وڪيچيڪلو]] was اوارڊ a ويب تخليق اوارڊ کان جاپان Advertisers Association. ھيءُ اوارڊ, عمُوماً given فردن کي عيوض great ڀاڱيداريون to the ويب ۾ جاپاني, was accepted by a long-standing ڀاڱيدار تي پاران جي رٿا. وڪيچيڪلو has received plaudits from sources including [[BBC News]], ''[[Washington Post]]'', ''[[The Economist]]'', ''[[Newsweek]]'', ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'', ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'', ''[[The Times]]'' (London), ''[[Toronto Star]]'', ''[[Globe and Mail]]'', ''[[The Financial Times]]'', ''[[Time Magazine]]'', ''[[Irish Times]]'', ''[[Reader's Digest]]'' and ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''. ===ليکڪ=== During [[جنوري 2005]], وڪيچيڪلو had لڳڀڳ 13,000 يا گھڻا users جن ڪيا گھٽ ۾ گھٽ پنج edits ان مھيني; 9,000 of these active users worked on its ٽي وڌي ۾ وڏيون لساني editions.{{ref|AuthorsCount}} A more active group of لڳڀڳ 3,000 users made کان گھڻا 100 edits گي مھينو، جي اڌ کان وڌيڪ these users having worked in the three largest editions. وڪيذريعات موجب, one-quarter of وڪيچيڪلو جو traffic comes from users بنا کاتن جي, who are less likely to be editors.{{ref|WikiMediaPedia}} Maintenance tasks are performed by a group of رضاڪار developers، stewards، bureaucrats، ۽ منتظم, جيڪو number ۾ سَوَن. منتظم are the وڏي ۾ وڏو such گروھھ, privileged سان جي سگھھ روڪڻ مقالا کان being edited, delete مقالا, or block users from editing مفاھمت سان with community پاليسي. ڪيترا ئي users have been عارضاً يا مستقلاً روڪيو سنوارڻ کان وڪيچيڪلو. مڪڙائپ يا معمولي infraction of پاليسين may result in a warning يا عارضي block, while ڊگھو عرصو يا مستقل blocks for تويل ۽ سنجيدھ infractions are given by [[Jimmy Wales]] or, تي ان جي انگريزي edition, ھڪ چونڊيل Arbitration ڪاميٽي. Former Nupedia editor-in-chief [[Larry Sanger]] has said that having the [[GFDL]] لائيسنس as a "guarantee of آزاديءَ is a strong motivation to work on a کليل ڄاڻَ چيڪلو."{{ref|Britannica}} In a study وڪيچيڪلو جو as a community, اقتصاديات پروفيسر Andrea Ciffolilli دليليو that the low [[transaction cost]]s of participating in [[wiki]] software create a catalyst for ڀاڱيوارائي ترقي, ۽ that a "تخليقي construction" approach encourages participation.{{ref|Ciffolilli2003}} وڪيچيڪلو has been viewed as a سماجي تجربو in [[انتشار (لفظ)|انتشار]] or [[جمھوريت]]. ان جي بانيڪار has replied that it is not intended as one, though that is a consequence.{{ref|Social}} ==متبادل ھجيئون== Here is a list of alternate spellings for Wikipedia according to the language editions: {| width="95%" cellpadding=3 |valign=top width="50%"| *ዊኪፔዲያ - [[:am:|Amharic]] *Bichipedia - [[:sc:|Sardinian]] *Biquipedia - [[:an:|Aragonese]] *Վիքիպեդիա - [[:am:|Armenian]] *Uichipedia - [[:roa-rup:|Aromanian]] *Uiquipedia - [[:ast:|Asturian]] *Vicipéid - [[:ga:|Irish]] *Vikipedio - [[:eo:|Esperanto]] *Vikipedi - [[:tr:|Turkish]] *Vikipediya - [[:az:|Azerbaijani]] *Vikipedija - [[:lt:|Lithuanian]] *Vikipēdija - [[:lv:|Latvian]] *Vikipeedia - [[:et:|Estonian]] *Vikipeediä - [[:fiu-vro:|Võro]] *Viquipèdia - [[:ca:|Catalan]] *Vicipaedia - [[:la:|Latin]] *Wicipǣdia - [[:ang:|Anglo-Saxon]] *Wicipedia - [[:cy:|Welsh]] *Wikipédia - [[:fr:|French]], [[:pt:|Portuguese]], [[:hu:|Hungarian]], [[:sk:|Slovak]] *Wikipedia - English, [[:br:|Breton]], [[:da:|Danish]], [[:nl:|Dutch]], [[:fi:|Finnish]], [[:so:|Somali]], [[:de:|German]], [[:it:|Italian]], [[:na:|Nauruan]], [[:no:|Norwegian]], [[:pl:|Polish]], [[:ro:|Romanian]], [[:scn:|Sicilian]], [[:es:|Spanish]], [[:sv:|Swedish]], [[:tl:|Filipino]], [[:co:|Corsican]], [[:is:|Icelandic]], [[:id:|Indonesian]], [[:lb:|Luxembourgish]] *Wikipedie - [[:cs:|Czech]] *Wikipedio - [[:io:|Ido]] *ويكيبيديا - [[:ar:|Arabic]] *วิกิพีเดีย - [[:th:|Thai]] *ウィキペディア - [[:ja:|Japanese]] *Vikipedioa - [[:sw:|Swahili]] |valign=top| *Wéijībǎikē / 维基百科 - [[:zh:|Chinese]] *Βικιπαίδεια - [[:el:|Greek]] *Уикипедия - [[:bg:|Bulgarian]] *ויקיפדיה - [[:he:|Hebrew]] *ויקיפעדיע - [[:yi:|Yiddish]] *Википедия - [[:ru:|Russian]] *Вікіпедія - [[:uk:|Ukrainian]] *Wikipedija - [[:bs:|Bosnian]], [[:hr:|Croatian]], [[:mt:|Maltese]], [[:sh:|Serbo-Croatian]], [[:sl:|Slovenian]] *ویکیپدیا - [[:fa:|Farsi]] *Википедиja - [[:mk:|Macedonian]], [[:sh:|Serbo-Croatian]], [[:sr:|Serbian]] *ვიკიპედია - [[:ka:|Georgian]] *ویـکـیـپـیـڈ یـا - [[:ur:|Urdu]] *uikiPEdi, as - [[:jbo:|Lojban]] *위키백과 - [[:ko:|Korean]] *ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ - [[:kn:|Kannada]] *Oiquipedià - [[:oc:|Occitan]] *விக்கிபீடியா - [[:ta:|Tamil]] *Википеди - [[:os:|Ossetic]], [[:cv:|Chuvash]] *विकिपीडिया - [[:hi:|Hindi]], [[:mr:|Marathi]], [[:sa:|Sanskrit]] *Wîkîpediya - [[:ku:|Kurdish]] *Wikipedy - [[:fy:|Western Frisian]] *వికిపీడియా - [[:te:|Telugu]] *Wîkîpedîä - [[:tt:|Tatar]] *wIqIpe'DIya - [[:tlh:|Klingon]] |} {{listdev}} ==پڻ ڏسندا== <!-- Note: [[Wikipedia:Avoid self-references]] --> * [[Internet encyclopedia project]] * [[List of encyclopedias]] * [[Open Site]] * [[Uncyclopedia]], parody of Wikipedia * [[Wookieepedia]], similarly named Wiki for ''[[Star Wars]]'' fans * [[Self reference]] ==حوالا== <!-- To add a reference simply enclose the text you want to appear here inside a <ref></ref> pair in the correct place in the body of the article.--> <div style="font-size: 90%"> <references /> </div> ==مزيد مطالعو== {{sisterlinks|Wikipedia}} *Fernanda B. Viegas, Martin Wattenberg, and Kushal Dave, "[http://web.media.mit.edu/~fviegas/papers/history_flow.pdf Studying Cooperation and Conflict between Authors with ''history flow'' Visualizations]", CHI 2004 [[April 24]] - [[April 29]] [[2004]]. Preliminary report "[http://researchweb.watson.ibm.com/history/ History Flow]" available on the IBM website. *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_in_academic_studies Wikipedia:Wikipedia in academic studies] *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduction Wikipedia:Introduction] *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ Wikipedia:FAQ] *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Press_releases Wikipedia:Press releases] *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Press_coverage Wikipedia:Press coverage] *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Why_Wikipedia_is_not_so_great Wikipedia:Why Wikipedia is not so great] *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Replies_to_common_objections Wikipedia:Replies to common objections] *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wikistats/EN/Sitemap.htm Statistics] *[[Open Directory Project]]: [http://dmoz.org/Computers/Open_Source/Open_Content/Encyclopedias/Wikipedia/ Wikipedia] *[[OpenFacts]]: [http://openfacts.berlios.de/index-en.phtml?title=Copies_of_Wikipedia_content Copies of Wikipedia content] *[[SourceWatch]]: [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Wikipedia Wikipedia] ==خارجي ڳنڍڻا== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Wikipedia.ogg|2005-06-25}} *[http://www.wikipedia.org wikipedia.org], multi-lingual portal *[http://en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org], [[English language]] edition *[http://meta.wikipedia.org/ Meta-Wiki], policy-related and technical discussions regarding [[Wikimedia]] *[http://www.wikimediafoundation.org Wikimedia Foundation], parent organization of Wikipedia *[http://features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05/04/18/164213 Larry Sanger on the origins of Wikipedia] from Slashdot and ''Open Sources 2.0'' *[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Larry_Sanger/Origins_of_Wikipedia&oldid=39843351 Larry Sanger about the origins of Wikipedia] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4502846.stm BBC article regarding Wikipedia flaws] *[http://www.guardian.co.uk/online/story/0,3605,1546162,00.html Guardian UK article] *[http://www.npost.com/interview.jsp?intID=INT00126 Interview with Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales]," nPost, [[November 1]] [[2005]]. *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost Wikipedia Signpost], newspaper about the English Wikipedia *[http://www.newsxs.com/en/search/?search=quick_search&word=Wikipedia&lang=any&qs=Go Wikipedia in the news]. Aggregated news and rss-feed. (Multilingual) *[http://news.com.com/2061-11199_3-5983234.html?part=rss&tag=5983234&subj=news Why Wikipedia will survive the storm], from News.com *[http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/online-encyclopedias-put-to-the-test/2005/12/14/1134500913345.html ''Nature'' comparison between Wikipedia and Britannica] *[http://www.wikipedia-watch.org/ Wikipedia Watch], a website offering an unfavorable view of Wikipedia *[http://www.wikinfo.org/wiki.php?title=Critical_views_of_Wikipedia Critical Review Of Wikipedia] *[http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/index.cfm?fa=viewArticle&id=1361 Can Wikipedia Survive Its Own Success?], [[Wharton School]] *[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/12/06/wikipedia_bio/ Who Owns Your Wikipedia Biography?], ''The Register'' *[http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/wikiwoo.htm The Wiki Watch] *[http://uncyclopedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Uncyclopedia] and [http://www.wickerpedia.org/ Wickerpedia], Wikipedia parodies [[Category:2000s fads]] [[Category:2001 establishments]] [[Category:Encyclopedias]] [[Category:Wikipedia| ]] {{featured article}} {{Link FA|it}} [[af:Wikipedia]] [[als:Wikipedia]] [[an:Biquipedia]] [[ang:Wicipǣdia]] [[ar:ويكيبيديا]] [[ast:Uiquipedia]] [[ay:Wikipedia]] [[be:Вікіпэдыя]] [[bg:Уикипедия]] [[bm:Wikipedia]] [[bn:উইকিপিডিয়া]] [[bs:Wikipedija]] [[ca:Viquipèdia]] [[ceb:Wikipedya]] [[chr:ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ]] [[cs:Wikipedie]] [[csb:Wikipedijô]] [[cv:Википеди]] [[cy:Wicipedia]] [[da:Wikipedia]] [[de:Wikipedia]] [[el:Βικιπαίδεια]] [[eo:Vikipedio]] [[es:Wikipedia]] [[et:Vikipeedia]] [[eu:Wikipedia]] [[fa:ویکی‌پدیا]] [[fi:Wikipedia]] [[fiu-vro:Vikipeediä]] [[fj:Wikipedia]] [[fo:Wikipedia]] [[fr:Wikipédia]] [[fur:Vichipedie]] [[ga:Vicipéid]] [[gl:Wikipedia]] [[gu:વિકિપીડિયા]] [[he:ויקיפדיה]] [[hi:िविकपीिडया]] [[hr:Wikipedija]] [[ht:Wikipedia]] [[hu:Wikipédia]] [[hy:Վիքիփեդիա]] [[ia:Wikipedia]] [[id:Wikipedia]] [[ilo:Wikipedia]] [[is:Wikipedia]] [[it:Wikipedia]] [[ja:ウィキペディア]] [[jbo:uikiPEdi,as]] [[jv:Wikipedia]] [[ka:ვიკიპედია]] [[kl:Wikipedia]] [[kn:ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ]] [[ko:위키백과]] [[ku:Wikipedia]] [[kw:Wikipedia]] [[la:Vicipaedia]] [[lad:ויקיפידיה]] [[lb:Wikipedia]] [[li:Wikipedia]] [[lt:Vikipedija]] [[lv:Vikipēdija]] [[mi:Wikipedia]] [[mk:Википедија]] [[mo:Википедия]] [[ms:Wikipedia]] [[mt:Wikipedija]] [[na:Wikipediya]] [[nah:Wikipedia]] [[nds:Wikipedia]] [[ng:Wikipedia]] [[nl:Wikipedia]] [[nn:Wikipedia]] [[no:Wikipedia]] [[oc:Oiquipedià]] [[pl:Wikipedia]] [[pt:Wikipédia]] [[qu:Wikipidiya]] [[ro:Wikipedia]] [[roa-rup:Uichipedia]] [[ru:Википедия]] [[sc:Wikipedia]] [[scn:Wikipedia]] [[sco:Wikipaedia]] [[sh:Wikipedia]] [[simple:Wikipedia]] [[sk:Wikipédia]] [[sl:Wikipedija]] [[so:Wikipedia]] [[sq:Wikipedia]] [[sr:Википедија]] [[su:Wikipédia]] [[sv:Wikipedia]] [[sw:Wikipedia]] [[th:วิกิพีเดีย]] [[tl:Wikipedia]] [[tpi:Wikipedia]] [[tr:Vikipedi]] [[tt:Wikipedia]] [[uk:Вікіпедія]] [[uz:Vikipediya]] [[vi:Wikipedia]] [[wa:Wikipedia]] [[war:Wikipedia]] [[zh:维基百科]] [[zh-min-nan:Wikipedia]] 1760 5365 2006-03-15T00:09:54Z Aursani 60 {{غيرسنڌي}} 1761 5369 2006-03-15T00:14:06Z Aursani 60 This page is written in a non-Sindhi language. If it is not translated in Sindhi, within a week, it will be deleted. <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">ھيءُ صفحو غير سنڌي ٻوليءَ ۾ لکيل آھي. ان کي ھفتي اندر سنڌيايو نھ ويو تھ اھو مٽايو ويندو. 1762 5372 2006-03-15T00:19:07Z Aursani 60 <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">پيارا ساٿِي، وڪيپيڊيا ۾ ڀلي ڪري آيا. توھان جي ڀاڱيداريءَ جِي وڏي مھرباني. مگر اوھان جو رکيل صفحو غير سنڌي ٻوليءَ ۾ آھي. مھرباني ڪري ان کي سنڌيءَ ۾ ترجمو ڪري رکندا. ٻي صورتَ ۾ اھو ھفتي اندر مِٽائي ڇڏيو ويندو. 1763 5374 2006-03-18T22:10:12Z 203.118.188.193 Can some native speaker please help me translate this article to the Sindhi language? (Or help me create a stub)''Please''! ''Please''! ''Please''! Any contributions at all would be gratefully appreciated. The True Jesus Church is an independent Christian church that was established in Beijing, China in 1917. Today there are 1.5 million members in forty five countries. The church belongs to to the Protestant group of Christianity. Christmas and Easter are not celebrated. The ten basic beliefs of the church are: #Baptism #Holy Communion #Feet washing #Holy Bible #Salvation #The Last Judgement #Holy Spirit #Sabbath day (Saturday) #Jesus Christ [[en:True_Jesus_Church]] [[dv:ހަގީގީ މަސީހީ ކަނީސާ]] [[hi:सत्य ईसा मसीह गिरजाघर]] [[ml:സത്യ യേശു സഭ]] [[ta:உண்மையான இயேசு தேவாலயம்]] [[te:నిజ ఏసుక్రీస్తు మండలి]] [[pa:ਸੱਚ ਈਸਾ ਮਸੀ ਗਿਰਜਾ ਘਰ]] 1764 5376 2006-03-21T22:55:02Z Aursani 60 Dear Mr. .... In fact you can see that aren't too many users in Sindhi Wikipeida. Moreover, currently I am the only active user here. There is a lot required to do. Much important tasks than what you have reaquested. [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 22:55, 21 March 2006 (UTC) 1765 5379 2006-03-25T03:50:52Z 66.58.239.135 To get that page translated, you should leave a note to [[User:Aursani]]'s talk page. He's the main guy around here (-: -- Peerless, [[User:66.58.239.135|66.58.239.135]] 03:50, 25 March 2006 (UTC)zzz 1766 8293 2006-12-07T17:13:20Z Aursani 60 [[en:category:history]] 1767 5391 2006-03-27T11:58:27Z Aursani 60 1769 5395 2006-03-27T15:58:12Z Tasadaque 68 [[User:Tasadaque]] moved to [[Shikarpuri Sindhi]]: Sindh is BabulIslam #REDIRECT [[Shikarpuri Sindhi]] 1771 5402 2006-03-27T21:01:07Z Aursani 60 <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">ھن صفحي جو ڪو بھ مقصد نظر نھ ٿو اچي. ھيءُ صفحو تمام جلد مِٽائي ڇڏيو ويندو. </font> 1772 sysop 7279 2006-10-02T17:16:16Z Aursani 60 ''$1'' سان شروع ٿيندڙ مضمون 1773 sysop 7747 2006-10-19T13:50:44Z Aursani 60 هيءُ حصو ترميميو: $1 1774 sysop 7505 2006-10-11T11:29:44Z Aursani 60 نتيجا لڪايو 1775 sysop 7192 2006-09-29T16:05:03Z Aursani 60 مھرباني ڪري ھيٺ پنھنجا تاثرات درج ڪندا. 1776 sysop 8024 2006-11-04T16:32:02Z Aursani 60 '''يادگيري نامو:''' You have not provided an edit summary. If you click Save again, your edit will be saved without one. 1793 sysop 7663 2006-10-16T16:06:23Z Aursani 60 اھڙن مضمونن جي ڳولا جن منجھ ''$1'' ھجي. 1803 8801 2007-01-29T12:39:10Z Aursani 60 [[Image:sindhialpha.jpg|thumb|250px|{{مبسس4}}سنڌي الف بي]] ==تعارف== {{فانٽ}}سنڌي ٻولي انڊو يورپي خاندان سان تعلق رکندڙ آريائي ٻولي آھي، جنھن تي ڪجھھ دراوڙي اھڃاڻ پڻ موجود ‏آهن. هن وقت سنڌي ٻولي [[سنڌ]] جي مک ٻولي ۽ دفتري زبان آھي، جيڪا بدقسمتيءَ سان هن وقت پاڪستان اندر صوبي جي حيثيت ‏رکي ٿي. ان کان سواءِ ڪيترا ئي سنڌي ڳالھائيندڙ پاڪستان جا ٻيا صوبا، هندستان، سريلنڪا، برطانيه، آکريڪا جون گڏيل ‏رياستون، ۽ ٻيا به ڪيترا ئي ملڪ وسائي ويٺا آهن. سنڌي ۾ سنڌي ڳالھائيندڙن جو تعداد ساڍا 3 ڪروڙ ۽ سموري دنيا ۾ ‏سنڌي ڳالهائيندڙن جو تعداد 4 ڪروڙ کان مٿي آھي. ==سنڌي ٻوليءَ جي تاريخ== {{فانٽ}}عام تصور اهو آهي ته سنڌي ٻولي سنسڪرت مان ڦٽي نڪتي آهي. پر ايئن ناهي سنڌي تمام قديم ٻولي آهي جيڪا پراڪرت (ٻوليءَ) جي هڪ لهجي وراچد اپڀرنش مان ڦٽي نڪتي آهي. ڇاڪاڻ ته سنڌين کانسواءِ سنڌ تي ڪيترين ئي غير سنڌي قومن (عربن، ارغونن، ترخانن، مغلن، انگريزن وغيره) حڪومتون ڪيون آهن. تنهنڪري عربي، فارسي، انگريزيءَ وغيره جو سنڌي ٻوليءَ تي گھڻو اثر پيو ۽ انهن ٻولين جا ڪيترائي لفظ ٿوري تبديليءَ سان يا وري جيئن جو تيئن هن (سنڌي) ٻوليءَ ۾ زم ٿي ويا. جيئن بصر (بصل)، بدڪ (بطخ)، زائفان (ظعيفه)، پهراڻ (پيراهن)، مترڪو (مطرقه) ٽيشڻ (اسٽيشن)، ماچيس (مئچس) وغيره.اوائلي دور ۾ سنڌيءَ کي ڪا مخصوص ”آئيويٽا“ (رسم الخط) ڪانه هئي، ان ضرورت کي محسوس ڪندي ڪلهوڙن جي دؤر (1719ع کان 1782ع) ۾ مخدوم ابوالحسن ٺٽوي ”مقدمه الصلوات“ نالي ڪتاب لکيو جنهن کي ابوالحسن جي سنڌي سڏيو ويو.<br> جڏهن سنڌ 1843ع ۾ انگريزن جي قبضي هيٺ آئي، تڏهن سنڌي ٻوليءَ کي سرڪاري زبان جو درجو ڏنو ويو. ان وقت جي سنڌ جي ڪمشنر سر بارٽل فريئر هڪ حڪم نامي تحت انگريز آفيسرن لاءِ سنڌي پڙهڻ لازمي قرار ڏنو، تڏهن ئي سنڌي الفابيٽ جي ضرورت پيش آئي جنهن جي پورائي لاءِ هڪ ڪميٽي سنڌ جي اسسٽنٽ ڪمشنر مسٽر ايلس جي نگرانيءَ ۾ جوڙي وئي جنهن ۾ ديوان ننديرام، ميان محمد حيدرآبادي، قاضي غلام علي، منشي اڌارام ٿانور داس، قريشي غلام حسين ٺٽوي، خان صاحب مرزا صادق علي بيگ ۽ ڪجهه پرڏيهي عالم شامل ڪيا ويا. ان ڪميٽيءَ مخدوم ابوالحسن جي سنڌيءَ کي نظر ۾ رکندي عربي، فارسي خط مان اکر کنيا. جڏهن ته انهن ۾ ڪجهه ٽٻڪن جي واڌ ويجھه ڪري نج سنڌي اکر (ٻ، ڄ، ڏ، ڳ) جوڙيا. اهڙيءَ طرح يارهن مهينن جي مسلسل جدوجهد کانپوءِ 52 اکرن تي مشتمل موجوده آئيويٽا تيار ٿي. جنهن کي سرڪاري طور سنڌي ٻوليءَ جي واحد آئيويٽا جو درجو ڏنو ويو.<br> پر ان کانپوءِ به لفظن جو سٽاءُ نه بدلجي سگھيو، يعني ساڳيا لفظ جدا جدا طريقن سان لکيا ويندا هئا. مثالاً: چيائين = چياءِ ، جيستائين = جيستاءِ ، ڪيڏانهن = ڪيڏانهه، ڪيڏهه وغيره. <br> نيٺ 1888 ع ۾ سنڌ جي ايڊيوڪيشنل انسپيڪٽر مسٽر جيڪب صاحب اهڙن لفظن جو پڪيون صورتون مقرر ڪرايون، ان ڪم ۾ مرزا قليچ بيگ اهم قردار ادا ڪيو. ==حوالا== #{{فانٽ}}سنڌي ادب جو مختصر جائزو (اڪبر لغاري) #{{فانٽ}}سنڌي ٻوليءَ جي سکيا (سيد شيرل شاهه/ ڊاڪٽر عبدالجبار مغل)‏ {{-ڏسندا-}} *{{فانٽ}}[[سِنڌ]] [[bg:Синдхи]] [[br:Sindeg]] [[ca:Sindhi]] [[da:Sindhi]] [[de:Sindhi]] [[en:Sindhi language]] [[es:Idioma sindhi]] [[fi:Sindhi]] [[fr:Sindhi]] [[hi:सिंधी भाषा]] [[id:Bahasa Sindhi]] [[ja:シンディー語]] [[ka:სინდური ენა]] [[ko:신디어]] [[nl:Sindhi]] [[pl:Sindhi]] [[ru:Синдхи]] [[sv:Sindhi]] [[zh:信德语]] 1804 8612 2006-12-30T13:37:03Z Aursani 60 /* ڀونءِ نگاري */ ==تعارف== {{مبسس4}}هالا سنڌ جي مشهور ۽ قديمي شهرن مان هڪ آهي. هالا جي ئي ويجھو [[ڀٽ شاهه]] لڳ [[هالا حويلي]]ءَ ۾ سنڌ جي قومي شاعر [[شاهه عبدالطليف ڀٽائي]]ءَ جو جنم ٿيو. هالا دستي هنرن جي مرڪز طور پڻ مقبول آهي. ==ڀونءِ نگاري== {{مبسس4}}[[ڀونءِ نگاري]]ءَ پٽاندر هالن جي بيهڪ اتر ۾ ويڪرائي ڦاڪ "25 '9 °27 ۽ اوڀر ۾ ڊگھائي ڦاڪ "5 '19 °68 آهي. حيدرآباد کان 45 ڪلوميٽرن جي فاصلي تي اتر ۾ '''هالا''' هن وقت ضلعي [[مٽياري]]ءَ جو هڪ تعلقو آهي. '''هالا نوان''' قومي شاهراه سان لڳو لڳ آهن جڏهن ته '''هالا پراڻا''' هالا نوان کان اٽڪل 3 ڪلوميٽرن جي مفاصلي تي آباد آهن. قومي شاهراه سان لڳو لڳ هالا ۾ داخل ٿيڻ لاءِ چار دروازا آهن، جن کي باب نوح، باب طالب الموليٰ، باب غلام حيدر، ۽ باب جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو آهي. ==تاريخ== {{مبسس4}}هاڻوڪن پراڻن هالن جي ڀرسان هڪ تلاءُ هوندو هو، جنهن جي ڀرسان هالا قوم پنهنجي رهڻ لاءِ ڳوٺ ٻڌايو، جنهن صورت ۾ ڪنڊ جي معنى آهي تلاءُ، انهيءَ ڪري ڳوٺ تي نالو پيو ”هالا ڪنڊي“ ان ڳوٺ جي بلڪل لڳ ”ٽوڙيء“ نالي ڳوٺ هو، جتي مخدوم نوح جا وڏا اچي آباد ٿيا هئا. مخدوم نوح به ان ڳوٺ ۾ ئي تولد ٿيو. هالا نوان مخدوم نوح جي اولاد مان مخدوم مير محمد 1140هه ۾ ٻڌايو، ڇاڪاڻ جو پراڻن هالن کي ٻوڏ جو خـطرو هو. نئين شهر تي ”مرتضى آباد“ نالو رکيو ويو، پر جيئن ته هي شهر ”هالا“ جو بدل هو، تنهنڪري هن تي عام نالو ” هالا نوان“ ۽ پراڻي شهر تي ” پراڻا هالا“ مشهور ٿي ويو. ==آمد رفت== {{مبسس4}}هالن کي رسڻ لاءِ حيدرآباد ۽ نواب شاه درميان هلندڙ ڪوچ يا عام بسن تي سوار ٿي سگھجي ٿو. ان کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو به ذريعو جهڙوڪ ريل رستو نه آهي. هالن ۾ اڃا تائين ٽانگا رائج آهن. ڪجھه عرصي کان چنگچي پڻ هالن جي رستن تي هلي رهي آهي. ==دستي هنر== ===جنڊيءَ جو ڪم=== [[Image:Jandee.jpg|thumb|left|200px|{{مبسس4}}جنڊيءَ جو ڪم]] {{مبسس4}}هالن ۾ جڙندڙ جنڊيءَ جون کٽون ۽ پينگھون سڄي سنڌ ۾ پسند ڪيون وينديون آهن. ڪيتريون شيون ته پرڏيهه به اماڻيون وينديون آهن. ===ڪاشيءَ جو ڪم=== [[Image:Kashee.jpg|thumb|left|200px|{{مبسس4}}ڪاشيءَ جو ڪم]] {{مبسس4}}ڪاشيءَ مان اڪثر شو پيس جوڙيا ويندا آهن. پر ڪاشي ۾ اصل ڪم ڪاشيءَ جِي سِرُن ۾ ٿيندو آهي. هالا جي مشهور نيري ڪاشيءَ جي سِرَ سڄي دنيا ۾ مشهور آهي. هالا ۾ [[مخدوم نوح]] جي مزار ۽ [[ڄامشورو|ڄامشوري]] ۾ واقع [[سنڌالاجي]]ءَ اندر ٿيل ڪم هالا جي ڪاشيءَ جو اعلى مثال آهن. ===کاڌي=== [[Image:Khadhee.jpg|thumb|left|200px|{{مبسس4}}کاڌيءَ جو ڪپڙو]] {{مبسس4}}ڪپڙي جو هيءُ قسم سالن کان جڳ مشهور آهي. اڳي کاڌي اڻڻ جي تمام پراڻي مشين تي ٺاهي ويندي ھئي، جنهن کي [[آڏاڻو]] سڏبو آهي. هن وقت آڏاڻن ۾ ڪجھه جدت آئي آهي ۽ تورو گھڻو ڪم بجليءَ تي هلندڙ مشين کان ورتو وڃي ٿو. تنهن هوندي به کاڌي اڻڻ جو ڪم اڃا تائين محنت طلب آهي ۽ کاڌي اڄ به ايئن ئي مقبول آهي جيئن اڳي هئي. ===رلي=== [[Image:Ralee.jpg|thumb|left|200px|{{مبسس4}}رلي]] {{مبسس4}}رلي سموري سنڌ ۾ عام استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي ۽ سڄي سنڌ ۾ ئي رليون ٺاهيون وينديون آهن. مگر هالن ۾ رليءَ جو ڪم گھڻو ۽ تمام نفيس ڪيو ويندو آهي. ===اجرڪ=== [[Image:Ajraka.jpg|thumb|left|200px|{{مبسس4}}اجرڪ]] ===سنڌي ٽوپي=== [[Image:Sindhi-Topi.jpg|thumb|250px|{{مبسس4}}سنڌي ٽوپيون]] {{مبسس4}}سنڌي ٽوپي جيتوڻيڪ سموري سنڌ ۾ پهري ويندي آهي، پر اتر سنڌ ۾ اها وڌيڪ عام آهي. سنڌي ٽوپي هالن جي دستي هنرن ۾ خاص اهميت رکي ٿي. ==ميونسپل نظام== {{مبسس4}}هالن ۾ هن وقت تعلقه حڪومت جو نظام قائم آهي، جنهن منجھه 4 يونين ڪائونسلون آهن. هالن جي ڪل آبادي 100،000 يعني هڪ لک آهي، جنهن جي اڪثريت سنڌي آهي. ==تعليمي ادارا== [[category:ڀونءِ ڀياس ۽ ڀونءِ نگاري]] {{-ڏسندا-}} *[http://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sindh.jpg {{مبسس4}}سنڌ جو نقشو] [[category:سنڌ جا شهر]] 1805 6033 2006-04-17T23:08:58Z 193.52.94.1 <center>{{مبسس4}}تحرير: شبير ڪنڀار هالا سنڌ</center> {{مبسس4}}عام تصور اهو آهي ته سنڌي ٻولي سنسڪرت مان ڦٽي نڪتي آهي. پر ايئن ناهي سنڌي تمام قديم ٻولي آهي جيڪا پراڪرت (ٻوليءَ) جي هڪ لهجي وراچد اپڀرنش مان ڦٽي نڪتي آهي. ڇاڪاڻ ته سنڌين کانسواءِ سنڌ تي ڪيترين ئي غير سنڌي قومن (عربن، ارغونن، ترخانن، مغلن، انگريزن وغيره) حڪومتون ڪيون آهن. تنهنڪري عربي، فارسي، انگريزيءَ وغيره جو سنڌي ٻوليءَ تي گھڻو اثر پيو ۽ انهن ٻولين جا ڪيترائي لفظ ٿوري تبديليءَ سان يا وري جيئن جو تيئن هن (سنڌي) ٻوليءَ ۾ زم ٿي ويا. جيئن بصر (بصل)، بدڪ (بطخ)، زائفان (ظعيفه)، پهراڻ (پيراهن)، مترڪو (مطرقه) ٽيشڻ (اسٽيشن)، ماچيس (مئچس) وغيره. اوائلي دور ۾ سنڌيءَ کي ڪا مخصوص ”آئيويٽا“ (الفابيٽ) ڪانه هئي، ان ضرورت کي محسوس ڪندي ڪلهوڙن جي دؤر (1719ع کان 1782ع) ۾ مخدوم ابوالحسن ٺٽوي ”مقدمه الصلوات“ نالي ڪتاب لکيو جنهن کي ابوالحسن جي سنڌي سڏيو ويو. جڏهن سنڌ 1843ع ۾ انگريزن جي قبضي هيٺ آئي، تڏهن سنڌي ٻوليءَ کي سرڪاري زبان جو درجو ڏنو ويو. ان وقت جي سنڌ جي ڪمشنر سر بارٽل فيئر هڪ حڪم نامي تحت انگريز آفيسرن لاءِ سنڌي پڙهڻ لازمي قرار ڏنو، تڏهن ئي سنڌي الفابيٽ جي ضرورت پيش آئي جنهن جي پورائي لاءِ هڪ ڪميٽي سنڌ جي اسسٽنٽ ڪمشنر مسٽر ايلس جي نگرانيءَ ۾ جوڙي وئي جنهن ۾ ديوان ننديرام، ميان محمد حيدرآبادي، قاضي غلام علي، منشي اڌارام ٿانور داس، قريشي غلام حسين ٺٽوي، خان صاحب مرزا صادق علي بيگ ۽ ڪجهه پرڏيهي عالم شامل ڪيا ويا. ان ڪميٽيءَ مخدوم ابوالحسن جي سنڌيءَ کي نظر ۾ رکندي عربي، فارسي ۽ سنسڪرت مان اکر کنيا. جڏهن ته انهن ۾ ڪجهه ٽٻڪن جي واڌ ويجھه ڪري نج سنڌي اکر (ٻ، ڄ، ڏ، ڳ) جوڙيا. اهڙيءَ طرح يارهن مهينن جي مسلسل جدوجهد کانپوءِ 52 اکرن تي مشتمل موجوده آئيويٽا تيار ٿي. جنهن کي سرڪاري طور سنڌي ٻوليءَ جي واحد آئيويٽا جو درجو ڏنو ويو. پر انکانپوءِ به لفظن جو سٽاءُ نه بدلجي سگھيو، يعني ساڳيا لفظ جدا جدا طريقن سان لکيا ويندا هئا. مثالاً: چيائين = چياءِ ، جيستائين = جيستاءِ ، ڪيڏانهن = ڪيڏانهه، ڪيڏهه وغيره. نيٺ 1888 ع ۾ سنڌ جي ايڊيوڪيشنل انسپيڪٽر مسٽر جيڪب صاحب اهڙن لفظن جو پڪيون صورتون مقرر ڪرايون، ان ڪم ۾ مرزا قليچ بيگ اهم قردار ادا ڪيو. مددي ڪتاب: سنڌي ادب جو مختصر جائزو (اڪبر لغاري) سنڌي ٻوليءَ جي سکيا (سيد شيرل شاھ/ ڊاڪٽر عبدالجبار مغل) 1806 6107 2006-05-02T17:01:30Z 80.247.152.83 [[Image:shabeer.jpg|thumb|250px|{{مبسس4}}شبير ڪنڀار]] {{مبسس4}}ڄم جو ھنڌ: هالا ضلعو حيدرآباد، سنڌ<br> {{مبسس4}}ڄم جِي تاريخ: جنوري 01، 1972ع<br> {{مبسس4}}تعليم: {{مبسس4}}ايم اي {{مبسس4}}ايم ايڊ {{مبسس4}}مستقل رھائش جو ڏس: گلشنِ فهيم هالا ضلع حيدرآباد، سنڌ<br> {{مبسس4}}برق ٽپال</font>: preenshabeer@yahoo.com 1807 6098 2006-04-29T16:33:34Z Aursani 60 /* وڪشنري ۽ وڪيپيڊيا ۾ فرق */ <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">پيارا سائين شبير ڪنڀار. اسلام عليڪم. <br> اوھان جي وڏي مھرباني جو اوھان سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي قربَ جا پير ڀريا. جيڪڏھن اوھان کي ڪا بھ ڳالھھ پُڇڻي ھجي، مطلب تھ ڪو مونجھارو ھجي تھ بلاشڪ مشورو ڪندا. ان کان سواءِ [http://sd.wiktionary.org سنڌي وڪشنريءَ] تي بھ ضرور پير ڀريندا. اوھان ھالا تي بھ لکيو آھي. ڏاڍو سُٺو ٿيندو جي توھان وٽ ھالا جي ڪا تصويرَ ھجي، تھ جيئن اھا ان صفحي تي رکي سگھون. [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 23:38, 30 March 2006 (UTC) {{مبسس4}}پيارا شبير ڪنڀار صاحب، اسلام عليڪم<br> مون کي تمام گھڻي خوشي ٿي آھي جو توھان مون سان رابطو ڪيو ۽ پاڻ کي درپيش مشڪل جو کليل اظھار ڪيو ۽ مدد طلب ڪئي. پيارا دوست، يقين مڃو تھ مون ڪنھن تي بھ ڪا بھ مھرباني ڪا نھ ڪئي آھي. آئون سنڌي قوم ۽ سنڌي ٻوليءَ جو مقروض آھيان ۽ مرڻ گھڙيءَ تائين مقروض رھندس. مون جيڪو ڪجھھ ڪيو آھي، مون کي ان کان تمام گھڻو ڪرڻ گھربو ھو. آئون گذريل ڪيتري وقت کان مايوسيءَ کي منھن ڏئي رھيو ھوس. اوھان جي قربَ سان ڪجھھ دل وڏي ٿِي آھي. مون کي ان ڳالھھ تي تمام گھڻي مايوسي آھي تھ ڪيترن ئي گروپن تي نياپا ڇڏڻ بعد بھ ڪنھن بھ وڪيپيڊيا يا وڪشنريءَ تي تشريف آوري نھ فرمائي. مون کي ان ڳالھھ جو اندازو آھي تھ ڪراچي ۽ حيدرآباد جي مقابلي ۾ ھالا ۾ انٽرنيٽ جي رفتار تمام سست ھوندي. ان ھوندي بھ اوھان ايتري ھمٿ ڪري ڪم ڪيو آھي، ان ڳالھھ جو توھان جس لھڻو. ڀاءُ شبير، آئون جيترن سوالن جو جيترو ممڪن ٿي سگھيو خاطر خواھ جواب ڏيڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندس. حقيقت ۾ آئون بھ اڃا سکندڙ آھيان ۽ جڏھن وڪيپيڊيا ۽ وڪشنريءَ تي نئون ھوس تھ مون کي بھ ڪا بھ ڳالھھ خبر نھ ھئي. پر آئون آھستي آھستي ڪيتريون ڳالھيون سکي ويو آھيان. اوھان بھ دل وڏي ڪريو ۽ جلد توھان بھ گھڻو ڪجھھ سکي ويندا. اوھان جي سوالن جو ترتيبوار جواب ھيٺ ڏيان ٿو. ==نياپو ڪيئن ڪجي== <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">اوھان جي لاءِ مون جيڪو نياپو ڇڏيو ھو (ھن ئي صفحي تي مٿي ٽائيپ ٿيل آھي)، تنھن جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ مون چارلھرون ~ ٽائيپ ڪيون ھيون. ان سان ڇا ٿو ٿئي جو منھنجي شناخت يعني تھ آئِي ڊِي از خود نياپي جي ڀرسان اچي وڃي ٿي. ان کان سواءِ تاريخ بھ لڳي وڃي ٿِي. توھان نوٽ ڪريو تھ مون توھان جي لاءِ نياپو توھان جي ٽاڪ پيج تي ڇڏيو آھي. منھنجي ڇڏيل نياپي جي ڀرسان منھنجي آئِي ڊِي يعني تھ ”اي عرساڻي‟ بھ ليکل آھي. ان کي ڪلڪ ڪندا تھ منھنجي يوزر پيج تي پھچي ويندا. جيڪڏھن توھان بھ منھجي لاءِ نياپو ڇڏڻ چاھيو ٿا تھ منھنجي ٽاڪ پيج تي ڇڏيندا. منھنجو مطلب آھي تھ منھنجو يُوزر پيج کلندو تھ توھان کي منھنجو تعارف نظر ايندو. ۽ مٿان ”ڊسڪشن‟ نالي ھڪ چُٽڪِي نظر ايندي. ڊسڪشن واري ان چُٽڪِيءَ کي ڪلڪ ڪندا تھ منھنجو ٽاڪ پيج کلندو. جيڪو بھ نياپو ڏيڻو ھجي اتي ڇڏيندا ۽ نياپي جي آخر ۾ چار لھرون ‌‌~ ضرور ٽائيپ ڪندا. ان سان مون کي معلوم ٿيندو تھ اھو نياپو ڪنھن ڇڏيو آھي. پر ان لاءِ ضروري آھي تھ اھو سڀ ڪرڻ کان اڳ توھان سائِينِ اِنِ ٿيل ھُجو. جيڪڏھن توھان سائين ان ٿيڻ کان سواءِ نياپو ڇڏيندا تھ نياپو تھ مون کي ملي ويندو پر مون خبر نھ پوندي تھ اھو نياپو ڪنھن ڇڏيو آھي ۽ ڪڏھن ڇڏيو آھي.<br> اوھان کي مک صفحي يعني تھ مين پيج تي ساڄي پاسي ڪجھھ ڳنڍڻا يعني تھ لنڪس نظر ايندا. جيڪڏھن اوھان غور ڪندا تھ اوھان کي انھن منجھھ اسپيشل پيجز جو ڳنڍڻو پڻ نظر ايندو. ان کي ڪلڪ ڪندا تھ نئون صفحو کلندو، جنھن ۾ ڳنڍڻن جي ھڪ فھرستَ ڏنل ھوندي. اھا فھرستَ الفبيوار آھي. ان ۾ توھان کي يُوزر لسٽ جو ڳنڍڻو بھ نظر ايندو. يُوزر لسٽ تي ويندا تھ توھان کي منھنجو نالو بھ نظر ايندو تھ توھان جو پنھنجو بھ. ان کان سواءِ انھن سڀني دوستن جون آئِي ڊيز نظر اينديون جن ڪڏھن وڪيپيڊيا تي پير ڀريا تھ ھئا، پر جيئن ويا آھن تھ وري مڙي ڪو نھ نھاريو اٿن. مطلب تھ سڀني جون آئِي ڊيز نظر اينديون. ڪنھن تي بھ ڪلڪ ڪرڻ سان توھان انھن جي يُوزر پيج تا پھچي سگھو ٿا. جڏھن توھان وڪيپيڊيا جي مُک صفحي تي سائين ان ٿيڻ کان پوءِ نظر ڊوڙائيندا تھ توھان کي مٿي کاٻي پاسي ماءِ ٽاڪ جو ڳنڍڻو نظر ايندو. جنھن تي اوھان ڪلڪ ڪندا تھ اوھان پنھنجي ئي ٽاڪ پيج تي پھچي ويندا.<br> ==وڪيپيڊيا تي ڪو نئون عنوان لکجي ته پنهنجو نالوڏيڻ جي ڪيتري ضرورت آهي يا نالو ڏجي يا نه ڏجي؟== <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">جڏھن آئون وڪيپيڊيا تي نئون نئون آيو ھوس تھ مون کي گھڻي خبر نھ ھئي ان ڪري مون سنڌي ٻوليءَ جو مختصر تعارف لکڻ بعد ھيٺان پنھنجو نالو رکي ڇڏيو ھو. در حقيقت نالو رکڻ جي ضرورتَ بلڪل بھ ڪانھي. ڇاڪاڻ تھ جيڪڏھن توھان سائين اِن ٿِِي ڪجھھ بھ ڀاڱيداريندا (ڪنٽريبيوٽ ڪندا) تھ ازخود اوھان جي اھڙي ڀاڱيداري ھميشھ جي لاءِ اوھان جي نالي ٿِِي ويندي. اھڙو رڪارڊ ھميشھ لاءِ درج ٿي وڃي ٿو. مُک صفحي تي ماءِ ڪنٽريبيوشنس نالي ھڪ ڳنڍڻو آھي. ٿورو ان کي ڪلڪ ڪري ڏسندا. اوھان جيڪو ڪم ڪيو آھي اھو اوھان جي سامھون اچي ويندو. اڄ جيڪو صفحو توھان تخليق ڪريو ٿا، اھو در حقيقت سڀني تي کُليل آھي. مطلب تھ ان ۾ سڀاڻي آئون يا ڪو بھ ٻيو اچي تبديلي بھ ڪري سگھي ٿو ان ان ۾ واڌارا بھ ڪري سگھي ٿو. مثال طورم جيئن مون سنڌي ٻولي جو ھڪ ننڍڙو تعارف لکيو ۽ بعد ۾ اوھان قرب ڪري ان ۾ واڌارو فرمايو. ان ڪري ھر ڪنھن کي پنھنجو نالو اتي لکڻ جي ضرورت ڪانھي. بلڪھ اھڙو رڪارڊ خود بھ خود درج ٿي وڃي ٿو. ==وڪيپڊيا تي ڪنهن عنوان بابت وڌيڪ ڄاڻ هجي ته سابقه لکت کي ائين رهڻ ڏجي ۽ پنهجي معلومات انجي هيٺيان لکجي يا انکي ڊاهي انجي جاءِ تي پنهنجو ليک لکجي؟== <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">جيڪڏھن موجودھ ليک جي ڪنھن بھ حصي، جزليک (پيراگراف) يا سيڪشن ۾ واڌارو ڪرڻو آھي تھ بلاشڪ ڪري ڇڏيو. بنا دير ۽ بنا ڪنھن جھجھڪ جي. پر جيڪڏھن اڳي ئي لکيل جملي، حصي يا پيراگراف جي مقصد سان متفق نھ آھيو ۽ ان کي مٽائڻ گھرو ٿا يا ٿوري گھڻي تبديلي ڪرڻ گھرو ٿا، يا ڪنھن انگ، تعداد يا سن وغيرھ سان اختلاف رکو ٿا ۽ ان کي تبديل ڪرڻ گھرو ٿا تھ ان لاءِ ضروري آھي تھ اوھان اھڙي تبديلي ڪرڻ کان اڳ ان تي بحث ڪندا. ان لاءِ توھان کي اھڙي صفحي جي ٽاڪ پيج يعني تھ ڊسڪشن واري صفحي تي پنھنجو موقف لکڻو پوندو ۽ دليل ڏيڻا پوندا. دليلن ۾ ٿي سگھي تھ ڪي پڪا ۽ مستند حوالا ڏيندا. جيڪڏھن ھڪ ھفتي تائين توھان جي ڳالھھ جو ڪير بھ جواب نھ ٿو ڏي يا ڪير بھ توھان جي موقف سان اختلاف نھ ٿو رکي تھ توھان گھربل تبديلي ڪري ڇڏيندا.<br> توھان جي اطلاع لاءِ عرض آھي تھ صرف چند صفحا اھڙا آھن، جن ۾ توھان جي لاءِ تبديلي ڪرڻ ممڪن نھ آھي. ڇاڪاڻ تھ اھي ”پروٽيڪٽيڊ‟ آھن. انھن کي مون ايڊمنسٽريٽر جي حيثيت ۾ پروٽيڪٽ ڪري ڇڏيو آھي. جيڪڏھن اھڙي ڪنھن صفحي ۾ تبديلي چاھيو ٿا تھ اھڙي صفحي جي ڊسڪشن يا ٽاڪ پيج تي اھڙي تبديليءَ جي خواھش جو اظھار ڪندا. آئون مناسب سمجھندس تھ اھڙي تبديلي ڪري ڇڏيندس. ==وڪيپيڊيا تي ٽيڪسٽ کي لنڪ ڪيئن ڪجي ۽ پڻ اهو لنڪ وڪيپيڊيا تائين محدود آهي يا ڪنهن به سائِيٽ جو رکي سگھجي ٿو؟== <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">مون وڪيپيڊيا تي اوھان جي لاءِ جيڪو نياپو رکيو آھي، تنھن ۾ توھان ڏٺو ھوندو تھ مون سنڌي وڪشنريءَ جو لنڪ بھ رکيو آھي. جيڪڏھن اوھان منھنجي رکيل نياپي جي مٿان ”ايڊٽ‟ نالي چُٽڪيءَ کي ڪلڪ ڪندا تھ توھان ڏسي سگھندا تھ مون ڪھڙيءَ ريت خارجي ڳنڍڻو يعني تھ ايڪسٽرنل لنڪ رکيو آھي. خارجي ڳنڍڻو ھميشھ ٻن چورس ڏنگين ۾ رکبو آھي. جڏھن تھ وڪيپيڊيا ۾ ئي موجود ڪنھن ٻي صفحي جو ڳنڍڻو رکڻو ھجي تھ ان کي چئن چورس ڏنگين ۾ رکبو آھي. مثال طور، [[ڏور ربطيات]] توھان کي ”ڏور ربطيات‟ جي صفحي تي وٺي ويندو. جيڪڏھن اوھان چاھيو ٿا تھ اسڪرين تي ڪجھھ ٻيو نظر اچي ۽ صفحي جو نالو (جنھن جو ڳنڍڻو اوھان رکڻ گھرو ٿا) ڪجھھ ٻيو ھجي تھ اھو بھ ممڪن آھي.<br> مثال طور، [[بي|الف]] اوھان کي اسڪرين تي ”الف‟ ڌيکاريندو، پر ڪلڪ ڪرڻ سان توھان کي ”بي‟ تي وٺي ويندو. ان کان پوءِ بھ جيڪڏھن اوھان کي ڪا مشڪل ھجي تھ بلاشڪ وري پڇندا يا منھنجي ٽائيپ ڪيل ڪيترن ئي صفحن تي نظر وجھي ڏسندا. ھر صفحي جي ايڊٽ ۾ وڃي ڏسندا تھ اندر ڳنڍڻا ۽ تصويرون ڪيئن رکيل آھن. منھنجو ڪم ً وڪشنريءَ تي نسبتا وڌيڪ ڪيل آھي. جيڪڏھن اوھان وڪشنريءَ جا صفحا کولي ڏسندا تھ اوھان کي وڌيڪ مدد ملندي. ==مضمون ۾ تصوير ڪيئن رکجي ۽ انجي سائيز ڇا هجي؟== <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">تصوير جي سائيز ڪھڙي بھ ھجي. ڪا پرواھھ نھ آھي. خيال رکجَو تھ تصوير JPG ھجي يا GIF ھجي. وڪشنريءَ تي [http://sd.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%88 طوطو] گھمي ڏسندا تھ مون طوطي جو ٽي تصويرون ڪيئن رکيون آھن. پر انٽرنيٽ تان ڪا بھ تصوير کڻي رکي ڇڏڻ کان پاسو ڪندا. جيڪڏھن انٽرنيٽ تا ڪا اھڙي تصوير موجود آھي جيڪا اوھان رکڻ چاھيو ٿا تھ مھرباني ڪري ان سائيٽ تي موجود ڏنل رابطي تي ھڪ برق نياپو يعني اي ميل اماڻي اھا تصوير رکڻ جي اجازت طلب ڪندا. جيڪڏھن اجازت ملي وڃي تھ بلاشڪ اھڙي تصوير رکي ڇڏيندا.<br> ==ڪتابن ۾ گھڻئي علم موجود آهي ڇا انهن مان مواد جا ڪجهه حصا جيئن جو تيئن هتي رکي سگھجن ٿا يا اهو به ڪاپي رائٽ جو معاملو آهي؟== <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">محترم دوست، سڀني ليکڪن جي حقن ۽ واسطن جو احترام ڪرڻ اسان جو فرض آھي. ان ڪري ڪو بھ مواد يا تصوير رکڻ کان اڳ متعلقھ افراد کان اجازت طلب ڪندا ۽ اجازت ملڻ بعد ئي اھڙو مواد وڪيپيڊيا يا وڪشنريءَ تي رکندا. نھ تھ ٻي صورت ۾ وڪشنري يا وڪيپيڊيا جي ٽيم تي قانوني ڪارروائي ٿي سگھي ٿي ۽ نتيجي ۾ سنڌي صفحا بند ٿي سگھن ٿا. ھونءَ بھ سنڌي ٻوليءَ جا دشمنَ چوطرف پکڙيل آھن. <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">آئون سمجھان ٿو تھ آئون اھو ڪجھھ لکي چڪو آھيان جيڪو عرض ڪري سگھيس ٿي. وري ھميشھ اوھان جي خدمتَ ۾ حاضر رھبو. [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 12:41, 31 March 2006 (UTC) ==توھان جو مضمون== {{فانٽ}}آئون ھيٺيون صفحو کوليان ٿو تھ مون کي تھ سڄو ڪجھھ نظر اچي ٿو، جيڪي ٻي ٽي سِٽون مون لکيون ھيون ۽ جيڪي ڪجھھ توھان لکيو ھو اھو بھ. مٿان سُرخي آھي ”سنڌي ٻولي‟، تنھن کان پوءِ ھيٺ ٻھ ننڍ سُرخيون آھن: ھڪڙي تعارُف ۽ ٻِي سنڌي ٻوليءَ جي تاريخ. اوھان جيڪڏھن غور سان پڙھندا تھ توھان کي پنھنجو سمُورو لکيل تاريخي احوال نظر ايندو. ==تصوير ڪيئن رکجي== {{فانٽ}}تصوير لاءِ توھان ڪو بھ اھڙو صفحو گھمِي ڏسندا، جنھن تي تصوير رکيل ھُجي. مثال طور جھولي لعل يا وڪيغت جو واريگاھھ گھمي ڏسندا. جيڪڏھن اوھان کي تصوير رکڻي آھي تھ ھيٺين سِٽَ ڪاپِي ڪري پنھنجي صفحي تي پيسٽ ڪندا. [[Image:Jlal.JPG|thumb|left|جھُولي لعل]] {{فانٽ}}تنھن کان پوءِ لفظ اميج کي ايئن ئي رھڻ ڏيندا ۽ Jlal.JPG بدران پنھنجي فائيل جو نالو لکندا. ڪو بھ نالو لکي چڏيندا. تنھن کان پوءِ ساڄي پاسي جيڪو جھُلي لعل آھي تنھن کي مِٽائي ڪو مناسب عُنوان ڏيندا، جيڪو مانيٽر جي پردي تي نظر ايندو. تنھن کان پوءِ پنھنجي صفحي کي محفُوظ يعني سيوِ ڪندا. توھان ڏسندا تھ توھان جو فائيل نيم يعني تھ Anyname.JPG توھان کي صفحي تي ڳاڙھي رنگ ۾ نظر ايندو، جيئن ھن صفحي تي نظر اچي رھيو آھي. ان کي ڪلڪ ڪندا. تجربو ڪرڻ لاءِ ھن ئي صفحي تي تصوير رکي ڏسندا. ڪلڪ ڪرڻ کان پوءِ توھان کي تصوير اپ لوڊ ڪرڻ جو صفحو نظر ايندو. توھان کي خبر ھوڻ گھرجي تھ جيڪا تصوير توھان کي اپ لوڊ ڪرڻي آھي اھا توھان جي ڳڻپيوڪر تي ڪٿي محفُوظ ٿيل آھي. جھانگي (برائُوز ڪري) ان جاءِ تان تصوير کڻندا ۽ اپ لوڊ جو بٽن ڪلڪ ڪندا. اوھان ڏسندا تھ توھان جِي تصوير توھان جي صفحي تي اچي ويندي.<br> توھان منھنجي صفحي تي جيڪو نياپو ڇڏيو آھي، تنھن جي پڇاڙِيءَ ۾ توھان چار لھرون ٽائيپ نھ ڪيون آھن. توھان جيڪو پنھنجو تعارف لکيو آھي، تنھن ۾ آئون ڪجھھ تبديليون ڪري رھيو آھيان. ھڪ نظر ڏسي وٺندا. [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 19:43, 3 April 2006 (UTC) == See following page on Sindhi Bbolee == [[سنڌي ٻولي]] This text is already part of the page. [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 23:12, 17 April 2006 (UTC) == مبارڪ == {{مبسس4}}پيارا شبير، اهو ڏسي خوشي ٿي ته توهان هاڻي تصويرَ به رکي سگھو ٿا. [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 17:32, 26 April 2006 (UTC) == وڪشنري ۽ وڪيپيڊيا ۾ فرق == {{مبسس4}}ادا شبير، اسلام عليڪم.<br> {{مبسس4}}جيستائين توهان جو وڪشنري ۽ وڪيپيديا ۾ فرق متعلق خيالات جو تعلق آهي، ته آئون توهان سان سو سيڪڙو متفق آهيان. در اصل، ڪجھه ڀيرا ايئن ٿيو آهي جو توهان ۽ هڪ ٻي دوست طرفان وڪيغت تي ڪن لفظن جي صفحن تي معنيٰ سان گڏ ٿورو اضافي تفصيل رکيو ويو، جنهن کي مون کڻي وڪيپيڊيا تي منتقل ڪري ڇڏيو. جيئن ته مون تي پنهنجي پي ايڇ ڊي جي ڪم جو بار آهي ۽ اڪثر وقت نه هوڻ جي باوجود وڪيغت تي ڪم ڪرڻ چاهيندو آهيان، تنهنڪري اهڙا اڻ پورا ڪم توهان کي اڪثر نظر ايندا. پر ان جو مطلب هرگز به اهو نه آهي ته ڪو آئون وڪيپيڊيا تي وڪيغت جا صفحا جيئن جو تيئن ڇڏڻ گھران ٿو. در اصل منهنجي من ۾ اهو ئي هوندو آهي ته توهان يا ڪو ٻيو دوست ان کي اچي وڌائيندو ۽ سنواريندو. اهڙن اڻپورن يا ڪچن صفحن جو وجود هر ٻوليءَ جي وڪيپيڊيا تي آهي. اهڙن صفحن کي انگريزي وڪيپيڊيا تي اسٽب ڪوٺيو ويندو آهي. ڪيترا ئي ماڻهو اڻپوري ۽ تمام مختصر ڄاڻَ هوڻ جي باوجود ڪنهن موضوع تي صفحو جوڙي ڇڏيندا آهن ۽ ان کي اسٽب ڪوٺيو ويندو آهي. پر اهڙا غير پختا صفحا هر صورت ۾ سٺا سمجھيا ويندا آهن. ڇاڪاڻ ته ڪجھه نه هوڻ کان ڪجھه هوڻ بهتر آهي. ٻيو ته اهڙو اڻپورو ۽ غير پختو صفحو نون ايندڙن کي ڪم ڪرڻ تي اڪسائيندو. هر ڪنهن کي گھرجي ته اڻ پوري معلومات رکندڙ صفحي تي وٽس موجود اضافي ڄاڻَ درج ڪري اهڙي صفحي کي قابل مطالعه بڻائي. <br> {{مبسس4}}جيستائين منهنجي پي ايڇ ڊي واري رپورٽ جو واسطو آهي ته اهو ڪو وڏو ڪم ڪونهي. اهو منهنجو کيتر آهي، ۽ پنهنجي کيتر تي سنڌيءَ ۾ لکڻ هر سنڌيءَ جو فرض آهي. اوهان به يقيناً اهڙو ڪم ڪري سگھو ٿا. توهان جو جيڪو به پسنديده موضوع هجي، ان تي مهرباني ڪري سنڌيءَ ۾ لکي رکندا. انسان جيستائين حيات آهي اوستائين ڪم هلندو رهندو آهي. ڪو به ڪم مڪمل ڪو نه ٿيندو آهي، هميشه سڌاري ۽ واڌاري هيٺ رهندو آهي. مهرباني ڪري توهان جيڪو ڪجھه به لکيو آهي، اهو بنا تصويرن جي موجوده صورتَ ۾ ئي رکي ڇڏيندا. تصويرون پوءِ به رکجي وينديون، ۽ سڌارا به پيا ٿيندا. اوهان جي هٿان به ته ٻين نون ايندڙن جي طرفان به. [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 16:28, 29 April 2006 (UTC) 1808 5491 2006-04-01T11:27:31Z Jon Harald Søby 71 babel {{babel-9|sd-0|no|nn-3|en-3|da-2|sv-2|de-1|es-1|eo-1}} Hello! My name is '''[[m:User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]]''', and I'm a [[m:Stewards|Steward]] of the Wikimedia Foundation, born 1988, living in Norway. If you wish to contact me, you can do so [[m:User talk:Jon Harald Søby|here]]. [[aa:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ab:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[af:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ak:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[als:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[am:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[an:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ang:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ar:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[arc:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[as:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ast:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[av:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ay:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[az:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ba:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bat-smg:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[be:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bg:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bh:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bm:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[br:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bs:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bug:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ca:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ce:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ceb:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ch:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[cho:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[chr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[chy:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[co:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[cr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[cs:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[csb:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[cv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[cy:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[da:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[de:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[dv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[dz:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ee:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[el:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[en:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[eo:User:Jon Harald SØBY]] [[es:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[et:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[eu:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[fa:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ff:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[fi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[fiu-vro:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[fj:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[fo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[fr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[frp:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[fur:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[fy:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ga:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[gd:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[gl:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[gn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[got:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[gu:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[gv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ha:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[haw:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[he:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[hi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ho:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[hr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ht:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[hu:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[hy:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[hz:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ia:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[id:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ie:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ig:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ii:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ik:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ilo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[io:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[is:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[it:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[iu:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ja:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[jbo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[jv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ka:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kg:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kj:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ki:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kk:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kl:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[km:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ko:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ks:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ksh:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ku:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kw:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ky:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[la:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lad:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lb:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lg:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[li:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lij:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lmo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ln:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lt:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[map-bms:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mg:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mh:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mk:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ml:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ms:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mt:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mus:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[my:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[na:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[nah:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[nap:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[nds:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[nds-nl:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ne:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ng:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[nl:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[nn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[no:User:Jhs]] [[nrm:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[nv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ny:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[oc:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[om:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[or:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[os:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pa:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pam:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pap:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pdc:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pih:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pl:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pms:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ps:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pt:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[qu:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[rm:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[rmy:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[rn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ro:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[roa-rup:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ru:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[rw:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sa:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sc:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[scn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sco:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[se:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sg:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sh:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[si:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[simple:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sk:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sl:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sm:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[so:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sq:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ss:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[st:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[su:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sw:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ta:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[te:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tet:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tg:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[th:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ti:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tk:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tl:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[to:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tpi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ts:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tt:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tum:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tw:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ty:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[udm:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ug:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[uk:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ur:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[uz:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ve:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[vec:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[vi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[vls:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[vo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[wa:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[war:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[wo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[xal:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[xh:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[yi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[yo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[za:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[zh:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[zh-min-nan:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[zh-yue:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[zu:User:Jon Harald Søby]] 1809 edit=sysop:move=sysop 6756 2006-09-06T16:38:54Z Aursani 60 /* وڪيپڊيا تي ڪنهن عنوان بابت وڌيڪ ڄاڻ هجي ته سابقه لکت کي ايئن رهڻ ڏجي ۽ پنهجي معلومات انجي هيٺيان لکجي يا انکي ڊاهي انجي جاءِ تي پنهنجو لي ==تعارف== {{مبسس4}}وڪيپيڊيا ھڪ کُليل ڄاڻَ چيڪلو آھي. اھو سڀني تي کُليل آھي ۽ انَ ۾ ھرڪو واڌارا ۽ سڌارا آڻي سگھي ٿو. ويندي اھو بھ جيڪو سائين اِن نھ ٿو ٿي يا پنھنجو کاتو نھ ٿو کولي. پر اسان ئي خوشي ٿيندي جيڪڏھن اوھان پنھنجو کاتو کولِيندا ۽ سائِينِ اِنِ ٿِي ڪم ڪندا تھ جيئن اسان توھان بابت ڪجھھ ڄاڻي سگھون. ڪنھن بھ صفحي ۾ تبديلي ڪرڻ لاءِ صفحي تي موجود ”ايڊٽ‟ نالي چُٽڪِيءَ تي ڪلڪ ڪندا. تنھن کان پوءِ اوھان تبديلي ڪري سگھندا. گھربل تبديلي ڪرڻ بعد بھتر آھي تبديلين کي تڪڙ ۾ محفوظ يا سيوِ نھ ڪندا. محفوظ ڪرڻ کان پھرين ھڪ ڀيرو ”شو پِرويُو‟ کي ڪلڪ ڪري جائزو وٺي ڏسندا تھ جيڪا تبديلي اوھان چاھيو ٿا اھا صحيح نموني ٿِي بھ آھي يا نھ؟ اوھان سڀني صفحن ۾ تبدليون ڪري سگھو ٿا سواءِ چند صفحن جي، جيڪي منتظمين طرفان ”محفوظ‟ يا پروٽيڪٽ ٿيل آھن. اھڙن صفحن ۾ اوھان کي ”ايڊٽ‟ واري چُٽڪِي نظر نھ اِيندي. ==وڪيپيڊيا تي ڪو نئون عنوان لکجي ته پنهنجو نالوڏيڻ جي ڪيتري ضرورت آهي يا نالو ڏجي يا نه ڏجي؟== {{مبسس4}}نالو رکڻ جي ضرورتَ بلڪل بھ ڪانھي. ڇاڪاڻ تھ جيڪڏھن توھان سائِينِ اِن ٿِي ڪجھھ بھ ڀاڱيداريندا (ڪنٽريبيوٽ ڪندا) تھ ازخود اوھان جي اھڙي ڀاڱيداري ھميشھ جي لاءِ اوھان جي نالي ٿِِي ويندي. اھڙو رڪارڊ ھميشھ لاءِ درج ٿي وڃي ٿو. مُک صفحي تي ماءِ ڪنٽريبيوشنس نالي ھڪ ڳنڍڻو آھي. ٿورو ان کي ڪلڪ ڪري ڏسندا. اوھان جيڪو ڪم ڪيو آھي اھو اوھان جي سامھون اچي ويندو. اڄ جيڪو صفحو توھان تخليق ڪريو ٿا، اھو در حقيقت سڀني تي کُليل آھي. مطلب تھ ان ۾ سڀاڻي ڪو بھ ٻيو اچي تبديلي بھ ڪري سگھي ٿو تھ ان ۾ واڌارا بھ ڪري سگھي ٿو. ان ڪري ھر ڪنھن کي پنھنجو نالو اتي لکڻ جي ضرورت ڪانھي. بلڪھ اھڙو رڪارڊ خود بھ خود درج ٿي وڃي ٿو. ==وڪيپڊيا تي ڪنهن عنوان بابت وڌيڪ ڄاڻ هجي ته سابقه لکت کي ايئن رهڻ ڏجي ۽ پنهجي معلومات انجي هيٺيان لکجي يا انکي ڊاهي انجي جاءِ تي پنهنجو ليک لکجي؟== {{مبسس4}}جيڪڏھن موجودھ ليک جي ڪنھن بھ حصي، جزليک (پيراگراف) يا عبارت يا حصي ۾ واڌارو ڪرڻو آھي تھ بلاشڪ ڪري ڇڏيو. بنا دير ۽ بنا ڪنھن جھجھڪ جي. پر جيڪڏھن اڳي ئي لکيل جملي، حصي يا پيراگراف جي مقصد سان متفق نھ آھيو ۽ ان کي مٽائڻ گھرو ٿا يا ٿوري گھڻي تبديلي ڪرڻ گھرو ٿا، يا ڪنھن انگ، تعداد يا سن وغيرھ سان اختلاف رکو ٿا ۽ ان کي تبديل ڪرڻ گھرو ٿا تھ ان لاءِ ضروري آھي تھ اوھان اھڙي تبديلي ڪرڻ کان اڳ ان تي بحث ڪندا. ان لاءِ توھان کي اھڙي صفحي جي ٽاڪ پيج يعني تھ ڊسڪشن واري صفحي تي پنھنجو موقف لکڻو پوندو ۽ دليل ڏيڻا پوندا. دليلن ۾ ٿي سگھي تھ ڪي پڪا ۽ مستند حوالا ڏيندا. جيڪڏھن ھڪ ھفتي تائين توھان جي ڳالھھ جو ڪير بھ جواب نھ ٿو ڏي يا ڪير بھ توھان جي موقف سان اختلاف نھ ٿو رکي تھ توھان گھربل تبديلي ڪري ڇڏيندا.<br> توھان جي اطلاع لاءِ عرض آھي تھ صرف چند صفحا اھڙا آھن، جن ۾ توھان جي لاءِ تبديلي ڪرڻ ممڪن نھ آھي. ڇاڪاڻ تھ اھي ”پروٽيڪٽيڊ‟ آھن. انھن کي ايڊمنسٽريٽر طرفان پروٽيڪٽ ڪيو ويو آھي. جيڪڏھن اھڙي ڪنھن صفحي ۾ تبديلي چاھيو ٿا تھ اھڙي صفحي جي ڊسڪشن يا ٽاڪ پيج تي اھڙي تبديليءَ جي خواھش جو اظھار ڪندا. جيڪڏھن ايڊمنسٽريٽر مناسب سمجھندو تھ اھڙي تبديلي ڪري ڇڏيندو يا وري ڪجھھ وقت لاءِ ان صفحي کي غير پروٽيڪٽ ڪري ڇڏيندو تھ جيئن توھان ان ۾ گھربل تبديلي ڪري سگھو. ==وڪيپيڊيا تي ٽيڪسٽ کي لنڪ ڪيئن ڪجي ۽ پڻ اهو لنڪ وڪيپيڊيا تائين محدود آهي يا ڪنهن به سائِيٽ جو رکي سگھجي ٿو؟== {{مبسس4}}ھن صفحي تي ئي [http://sd.wiktionary.org سنڌي وڪشنريءَ] جو ڳنڍڻو توھان ڏسي سگھو ٿا. جيڪڏھن اوھان ھن صفحي تي موجود ”ايڊٽ‟ نالي چُٽڪيءَ کي ڪلڪ ڪندا تھ توھان ڏسي سگھندا تھ ڪھڙيءَ ريت سنڌي وڪشنريءَ جو خارجي ڳنڍڻو يعني تھ ايڪسٽرنل لنڪ رکيو ويو آھي. خارجي ڳنڍڻو ھميشھ ٻن چورس ڏنگين ۾ رکبو آھي. جڏھن تھ وڪيپيڊيا ۾ ئي موجود ڪنھن ٻي صفحي جو ڳنڍڻو رکڻو ھجي تھ ان کي چئن چورس ڏنگين ۾ رکبو آھي. مثال طور، [[ڏور ربطيات]] توھان کي ”ڏور ربطيات‟ جي صفحي تي وٺي ويندو. جيڪڏھن اوھان چاھيو ٿا تھ اسڪرين تي ڪجھھ ٻيو نظر اچي ۽ صفحي جو نالو (جنھن جو ڳنڍڻو اوھان رکڻ گھرو ٿا) ڪجھھ ٻيو ھجي تھ اھو بھ ممڪن آھي.<br> مثال طور، [[بي|الف]] اوھان کي اسڪرين تي ”الف‟ ڏيکاريندو، پر ڪلڪ ڪرڻ سان توھان کي ”بي‟ تي وٺي ويندو. ان کان پوءِ بھ جيڪڏھن اوھان کي ڪا مشڪل ھجي تھ بلاشڪ وڪيپيڊيا يا سنڌي وڪشنريءَ تي موجود ڪنھن بھ دوست تي ٽاڪ پيج تي سوال رکندا تھ اوھان کي مثبت موٽ ملندي. ان کان سواءِ جيڪڏھن توھان وڪيپيڊيا يا وڪشنريءَ تي اڳي ئي موجود ڪيترن ئي صفحن تي نظر وجھي ڏسندا. ھر صفحي جي ايڊٽ ۾ وڃي ڏسندا تھ اندر ڳنڍڻا ۽ تصويرون ڪيئن رکيل آھن. ==مضمون ۾ تصوير ڪيئن رکجي ۽ انجي سائيز ڇا هجي؟== {{مبسس4}}تصوير جي سائيز ڪھڙي بھ ھجي. ڪا پرواھھ نھ آھي. خيال رکجَو تھ تصوير JPG ھجي يا GIF ھجي. وڪشنريءَ تي [http://sd.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%88 طوطو] گھمي ڏسندا تھ طوطي جون ٽي تصويرون ڪيئن رکيون ويون آھن. پر انٽرنيٽ تان ڪا بھ تصوير کڻي رکي ڇڏڻ کان پاسو ڪندا. جيڪڏھن انٽرنيٽ تا ڪا اھڙي تصوير موجود آھي جيڪا اوھان رکڻ چاھيو ٿا تھ مھرباني ڪري ان سائيٽ تي موجود ڏنل رابطي تي ھڪ برق نياپو يعني اي ميل اماڻي اھا تصوير رکڻ جي اجازت طلب ڪندا. جيڪڏھن اجازت ملي وڃي تھ بلاشڪ اھڙي تصوير رکي ڇڏيندا.<br> ==ڪتابن ۾ گھڻئي علم موجود آهي ڇا انهن مان مواد جا ڪجهه حصا جيئن جو تيئن هتي رکي سگھجن ٿا يا اهو به ڪاپي رائٽ جو معاملو آهي؟== {{مبسس4}}سڀني ليکڪن ۽ اشاعتاڻن جي حقن ۽ واسطن جو احترام ڪرڻ اسان جو فرض آھي. ان ڪري ڪو بھ مواد يا تصوير رکڻ کان اڳ متعلقھ افراد کان اجازت طلب ڪندا ۽ اجازت ملڻ بعد ئي اھڙو مواد وڪيپيڊيا يا وڪشنريءَ تي رکندا. نھ تھ ٻي صورت ۾ وڪشنري يا وڪيپيڊيا جي ٽيم تي قانوني ڪارروائي ٿي سگھي ٿي ۽ نتيجي ۾ سنڌي صفحا بند ٿي سگھن ٿا. ھونءَ بھ سنڌي ٻوليءَ جا دشمنَ چوطرف پکڙيل آھن. 1810 5496 2006-04-02T17:57:41Z Aursani 60 #REDIRECT[[ڏُور اِندرياتِي عَڪسُ]] 1811 8798 2007-01-29T12:27:41Z Aursani 60 ==تعارف== {{مبسس4}}ڏور اِندرياتي عڪس اهي عڪس آهن جيڪي موسمياتي اڳڪٿي ‏‎[1]‎، ديهي زمين جي استعمال ‏‎[2]‎، شهري رِٿابندِي ۽ انتظام ‏‎[3]‎، ‏زراعتي تحقيق ‏‎[4]‎، [[ماحوليات|ماحولياتي]] مطالعن </font> ‏Environmental Studies‎‏ ‏‎[5]‎، {{مبسس4}}[[سهجياڀياس|سهجياڀياسي]] مطالعن</font> ‏Ecological Studies‏ ‏‎[6]‎{{مبسس4}}، قدرتي ‏آفتزدگيءَ ۾ انتظام</font> ‏Natural Disaster Management‏ ‏‎[7-8]‎، {{مبسس4}}نقشيسازي ‏‎[9]‎، قدرتي وسلين جي کوج ۽ انتظام ‏‎[10]‎، ۽ فوجي ‏مقصدن ‏‎[11]‎‏ لاءِ ڪنهن فضائي رَٿَ يا خلائي رَٿَ تي سوار</font> ‏Spaceborne Images‏ {{مبسس4}}مختلف قسمن جِي اِندرين</font> ‏Sensors‏ {{مبسس4}}مان ڪڍيا ويندا ‏آهن. ‏‎[12]‎‏ قدرتي وسلين جي [[ڏور اندريات]] تي هڪ مڪمل ڪتاب آهي. ‏ جيتوڻيڪ کيتر ڪم فيلڊ ورڪ</font> ‏Fieldwork‏ {{مبسس4}}۽ فضائي رٿوار عڪس</font> ‏Airborne Images‏ {{مبسس4}}اڃا به ڪجھه ڏور اِندرياتي مصرفن لاءِ معلومات ‏جو ذريعو بڻيل آهن، ته به بعض اوقات انهن لاءِ درڪار خرچ ۽ وقت مطالعي لاءِ موزون نه ٿو رهي ‏‎[13]‎‏. فضائي رٿوار عڪسن ۾، ‏خلائي رٿوار عڪسن تي ڪي بيشيون (ايڊوانٽيجز) هوڻ سان گڏ، ڪيتريون ڪَميون (ڊس ايڊوانٽيجز) به آهن. ‏‎[14]‎‏ سمورين ڪمين ‏بيشين تي مختصر مگر مڪمل بحث ڪري ٿو. ٻين مسئلن کان علاوه، فضائي رٿوار اِندرين مان نڪتل عڪسن ۾ ڀون ماپي ڪڊولايُن</font> ‏Geometric Deformations‏ {{مبسس4}} وارو مسئلو تمام ڳنڀير آهي. اهي ڀون ماپي بگاڙ </font> ‏Geometric Distortions ‏ {{مبسس4}}فضائي رَٿَ ۾ ٽن قسمن جي لوڏن ‏باعث پيدا ٿين ٿا، جن کي چڪراٽي</font> ‏Roll{{مبسس4}}، جھاڪائي</Font> ‏Pitch، {{مبسس4}}۽ پاسائتي</font> ‏Yaw‏ {{مبسس4}}حرڪت چئجي ٿو. خاڪو نمبر 1 اهڙي صورتحال چِٽي ‏ڪري ٿو. ‏ [[Image:airborne.png|thumb|350px|{{مبسس4}}خاڪو 1: چڪراٽي، جھاڪائي ۽ پاسائتي حرڪت باعث هوائي رٿوار اِندريءَ مان نڪتل ڪنهن عڪس ۾ ڀون ماپي بگاڙ]] {{مبسس4}}تازا ورتل اپگرهي عڪس درجه بنديءَ جي عمل ۾ تحقيقار جي معاونت لاءِ نسبتاً سستا، انيڪ ۽ خاصا ڪثرتي</font> ‏Frequent‏ {{مبسس4}}تفصيل ‏ميسر ڪن ٿا. ڀون ماپي بگاڙ وارو مسئلو خلائي رٿوار عڪسن ۾ پڻ موجود آهي، پر نسبتاً گھٽ شدت سان. ڏور اِندرياتي اپگرهن مان ‏حاصل ٿيندڙ عڪسن کي ٻن وسيع گروپن ۾ ورهائي سگھجي ٿو:‏ *{{مبسس4}}چشمياتي عڪس </font> Optical Images *‎{{مبسس4}}جڙتو مهانڊي راڊار عڪس</font> Synthetic Aperture RADAR Image ‎ ==حوالا== #‎ Dipti Prasad Mukherjee and Scott T. Acton, Cloud Tracking by Scale Space Classification, ‎IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote sensing, Vol. 40, No. 2, Feb. 2002, pp. 405-415‎ #‎ W. Sun, V. Heidt, P. Gong, and G. Xu, Information Fusion for Rural Land-Use Classification ‎with High Resolution Satellite Imagery, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote ‎Sensing, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 883-890‎ #‎ R. Wang, and Y. Zhang, Extraction of Urban Road Network Using QuickBird Pan-‎Sharpened Multi-spectral and Panchromatic Imagery by Performing Edge-aided Post-‎Classification, ISPRS Joint Workshop on Spatial Temporal and Multi-Dimensional Data ‎Modelling and Analysis, Quebec, Canada October 2-3, 2003 ‎ #‎ Rida Al-Adamat, Serwan M. J. Baban, Ian Foster, An examination of land use change due to ‎irrigated agriculture in north-eastern Jordan using geo-informatics, International Journal of ‎Environmental Studies, Vol. 61, No. 3, June 2004, pp. 337-350‎ #‎ Stacy A.C. Nelson, Patricia A. Soranno, Kendra Spence Cheruvelil, Sam A. Batzli and David L. ‎Skole, Regional Assessment of Lake Water Clarity using Satellite Remote Sensing, Papers ‎from Bolsena Conference (2002). Residence time in lakes: Science, Management, Education, J. ‎Limnol., 62 (Suppl. 1):, 2003, pp. 27-32‎ #‎ K. Valta-Hulkkonen, A. Kanninen, P. Pellikka, Remote Sensing and GIS for Detecting ‎Changes in the Aquatic, Vegetation of a Rehabilitated lake, International Journal of Remote ‎Sensing, December, 2004, Vol. 25, No. 24, pp. 5745–5758‎ #‎ C. V. Tao, Hu Y and W. Jiang, Hybrid Processing of IKONOS Imagery and Lidar Terrain ‎Data for Rapid Mapping and Disaster Management, Intern. joint conference on Integrating ‎Remote Sensing at the Global, Regional, and Local Scale, Colorado, USA, Nov. 8-15, 2002‎ #‎ P. M. Barbosa, J. San-Miguel-Ayanz, and G. Schmuck, Remote Sensing of Forest Fires in ‎Southern Europe using IRS - WiFS and MODIS data, SPIE Remote Sensing Symposium, ‎Toulouse, France, September 17-21, 2001‎ #‎ V. Pasqualini, C. Pergent-Martini, C. Fernandez and G. Pergent, The Use of Airborne Remote ‎Sensing for Benthic Cartography: Advantages and Reliability, International Journal of ‎Remote Sensing, 1997, Vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 1167-1177‎ #‎ X. Kong, F. Miao, H. Liu, Y. Dong, Satellite Infrared Remote Sensing Monitoring Indigenous ‎Coke-Production in Northern China, 31st International Symposium on Remote Sensing of ‎Environment, May 20-24, 2005‎ #G. G. Wren and D. May, Detection of Submerged Vessels Using Remote Sensing ‎Techniques No. 127, November / December1997‎ ‎ [[category:ٽيڪنيڀياس]] 1812 5499 2006-04-02T18:00:34Z Aursani 60 <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4"> 1813 8657 2007-01-02T12:17:59Z Aursani 60 [[Image:watercycle.jpg|thumb|250px|{{فانٽ}}آبِي چَڪَرُ]] ====آبي چڪر ڇا آهي؟==== {{مبسس4}}آبي چڪر اسان کي ڌرتيءَ تي، ۾ ۽ مٿان پاڻيءَ جو وجود ۽ چُرپُر سمجھائي ٿو. ڌرتيءَ جو پاڻي هميشه چرپر ۾ رهي ٿو ۽ هر وقت پنهنجي صورت مَٽائيندو رهي ٿو؛ پٽڙي کان برفَ ، ٻاڦَ، ۽ پوءِ واپس پٽڙو. آبي چڪر اربن سالن کان ھلندو اچي ۽ ڌرتيءَ تي سموري حيات ۽ جيوت جو جاري ساري رهڻ ان تي ئي دارومدار رکي ٿو. پاڻيءَ کان سواءِ ڌرتي رهڻ لائق نه هجي هئا.<br> پيش ڪجي ٿو آبي چڪر جو مختصر تعارف. هن جز ليک (پيراگراف) ۾ ڏنل ڳَنڍڻا</font> Links ‎‏ {{مبسس4}}اوهان کي ملحڪھ موضوع تي تفصيلي ‏ڄاڻَ رکندڙ صفحي ڏانهن وٺي وڃن ٿا. جيتوڻيڪ هر موضوع جو نسبتاً مختصر تعارف هن ئي صفحي تي اڃا هيٺ ڏنل آهي.<br>‏ آبي چڪر کي ڪو بھ شروعاتي يا آغازي نُڪتو نه آهي. پر پاڻَ سمنڊَن</font> ‏Oceans‏ {{مبسس4}}کان شروع ڪنداسين، ڇاڪاڻ ته ڌرتيءَ جي پاڻيءَ ‏جو گھڻي کان گھڻو مقدار اتي ئي سمايل آهي. آبي چڪر جو محرڪ سِجُ آهي، جيڪو سمنڊَ جي پاڻيءَ کي گرمائي ٿو. گرمائش ‏سبب پاڻيءَ جو ڪجھھ حصو اُٻارجي ٿو</font> ‏Evaporates‏ {{مبسس4}}هوا ۾ اُٻَ جِي صورتَ ۾ شامل ٿِي وڃي ٿو. برفَ</font> ‏Ice‏ {{مبسس4}}۽ ڳڱ</font> ‏Snow‏ {{مبسس4}}سڌو ‏سنئون اُٻَ ۾</font> ‏Sublimate‏ {{مبسس4}}سگھي ٿِي. ھوا جون مٿي ويندڙ اهڙي اُٻَ کي مٿي ماحول</font> ‏Atmosphere‏ {{مبسس4}}۾ وٺِي وڃن ٿا. ان سان گڏ اھو ‏پاڻي بھ مٿي وڃي ٿو، جيڪو</font> ‏Evapotranspiration‏ {{مبسس4}}جي عمل ذريعي ٻوٽن مان</font> ‏transpire‏ {{مبسس4}}۽ مِٽيءَ مان اُٻارجي نڪري ٿو. اُٻَ ‏ھوا ۾ مٿي کڄي وڃي ٿِي، جتي جو ٿڌڙو گرمي پد اُٻَ کي ڪنڊينسي</font> ‏Condense‏ {{مبسس4}}ڪڪر ڪري ڇڏي ٿو. هوا جا وهڪرا ڪڪرن کي ‏سڄي ارض</font> ‏Globe‏ {{مبسس4}}۾ گھُمائين ٿا. ڪڪرن جا ذرڙات پاڻَ ۾ ٽڪرائجي گڏجن ٿا، ايئن وڏا ٿين ٿا ۽ </font> ‏Precipitation‏ {{مبسس4}}جِي صورتَ ۾ ‏آسمانَ تان ڪِرَن ٿا. ڪجھھ پرسپيٽيشن ڳڱ جِي صورتَ ۾ ھيٺ ڪِرندي آهي، جيڪا برفِي ڪيپس ۽ برفاني ٽَڪَرَن</font> ‏Ice Caps and ‎Glaciers‏ {{مبسس4}}جِي صورتَ ۾ گڏ ٿيندي آهي، جيڪي ڄميل پاڻيءَ جي انَ ذخيري کي هزارن سالن تائين سانڍي سگھن ٿا. بهار جِي مُندَ ‏اچڻَ بعد نسبتاً گرم آبهوا ۾ اھي برفاني ذخيرا رجڻ ۽ ڳرڻ لڳندا آهن ۽ اھو ڳريل آب پاڻي ڳڱريج (ڳريلاب)</font> ‏Snowmelt‏ {{مبسس4}}جِي صورتَ ‏‏۾ زمين تي وهڻ لڳندو آهي. پرسيپيٽيشن جو اڪثر حصو واپس سمنڊَ ۾ ويندو هليو آهي، جڏهن ته باقي حصو خُشڪِيءَ تي ڪِرندو ‏آھي ۽ ثقلي ڪشش سبب زمين تي (سطحي يا مٿاڇراتي) نئين آب</font> ‏Surface runoff‏ {{مبسس4}}جِي صورتَ ۾ وھندو آهي. ان رن آف جو ھڪڙو ‏حصو دريائن ۾ داخل ٿي ويندو آهي، جنهن جو وهڪرو</font> ‏Streamflow‏ {{مبسس4}}پاڻيءَ کي سمنڊَ طرف وٺي ويندو آهي. نئين جو پاڻي ۽ جر ‏‏(زير زمين پاڻي) جو سيمو ملي ڍنڍُن اندر تازي پاڻيءَ</font> ‏Freshwater‏ {{مبسس4}}جي صورتَ ۾ گڏ ٿي ٿو. مگر سڄو جو سڄو نئين آب دريائن ۾ ‏نه ٿو وڃي. ان جو وڏو ڀاڱو زمين چُهِي وڃي ٿِي، جنهن کي دَرڇاڻَڪاري</Font> ‏Infiltration‏ {{مبسس4}}چئجي ٿو. ڪجھھ پاڻي درڇاڻجِي اونهائيءَ ۾ ‏هليو ويندو آهي جتي اهو جرگاهن</font> ‏Aquifers‏ {{مبسس4}}(پاڻيءَ سان تَر ٿيل زير زمين سطح) کي ڀري ٿو، جيڪي تازي پاڻيءَ کي تمام وڏي ‏مقدار ۾ ۽ تمام ڊگھي عرصي لاءِ سانڍي سگھن ٿا. ڪجھھ جَر (زير زمين پاڻي) مٿاڇري کي ويجھو رهي ٿو، جيڪو سيمو ڪري ‏واپس مٿاڇري تي موجود آبگاهن (۽ سمنڊ) ۾ هليو وڃي ٿو، جنهن عمل کي جر اخراج</font> ‏Ground-Water Discharge‏ {{مبسس4}}چئجي ٿو؛ ۽ ‏ڪجھھ جر وري چشمي جِي شڪل ۾ خُشڪِيءَ تي تازي پاڻيءَ جي ڦُوھارو ٿِي نڪري ايندو آهي. بهر حال، وقت ساڻ سمورو پاڻي ‏هلندو هلندو ڪنهن نه ڪنهن ريت سمنڊَ ۾ داخل ٿِي وڃي ٿو، جتي آبي چڪر پُورو ٿي ٿو......... اڙي – منهنجو مطلب ته شروع ٿي ٿو. ‏ ====خارجِي ڳنڍڻا==== [http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclesindhi.html {{مبسس4}}يُو ايس ڀُون ڀياسِي سَروي - آبي چڪر] [[Category:سائنس]] 1814 5509 2006-04-02T20:49:18Z 193.52.94.1 #REDIRECT[[آبِي چَڪَرُ]] 1815 5524 2006-04-02T21:20:34Z Aursani 60 <br clear="all"/> === [[Image:Noia 64 apps xeyes.png|30px]] پڻ ڏسندا === 1816 5529 2006-04-02T21:25:00Z Aursani 60 [[Image:Sindh.jpg|thumb|left|<font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">سنڌ]] 1817 8306 2006-12-07T18:16:41Z Aursani 60 [[Image:Sindh.jpg|thumb|left|{{مبسس4}}سنڌ]] ==تعارف== {{مبسس4}}1845ع ۾ برطانوي فوج ۽ سنڌ جي مير حڪمرانن درميان دٻي جي مقام تي جنگ لڳي، جيڪا مير حڪمران ھارائي ويٺا ۽ سنڌ پنھنجي آزاد ملڪ واري حيثيت وڃائي انگريزن جي حڪمرانيءَ ھيٺ اچي وئي. ٻين عالمي جنگ جي اختتام کان ٿورو ئي پوءِ برطانوي سرڪار 1947ع ڌاري سنڌ وطن کي ھڪ آزاد ديس جي حيثيت ۾ ڇڏڻ بدران [[پاڪستان]] جي بيٺڪ بنائي ڇڏيو ۽ ھن وقت تائين سنڌ جو ملڪ [[پاڪستان]] جي قبضي ھيٺ آھي. ==تاريخ== ===سنڌ جو پھريون شھيد=== {{مبسس4}}سنڌ جو اوائلي ترين دور جيڪو تاريخ ۾ محفوظ آھي سو راجا ڏاھر جو دور آھي، جنھن ۾ ھن عرب ڦورو قبيلي کان جنگ ھارائي شھادت ماڻي. ان ڪري ئي اڪثر سنڌ جا سڄاڻ [[راجا ڏاھر]] کي سنڌ جو پھريون شھيد مڃين ٿا. ان عرب ڦورو قبيلي جي اڳواڻي [[محمد بن قاسم]] ڪري رھيو ھو، جنھن کي فتح بعد ڪتي جو موت مليو. عربن جي انتھائي طاقتور عراق سلطنت سنڌ جي آزاديءَ تي ڪيترا ئي حملا ڪيا، جن جي ابتدا اسلام جي چوٿين خليفي عثمان جي دور کان ٿِي. ===اسلام جو ڦھلاءُ=== {{مبسس4}}عربن جي فتح بعد سنڌ جي هارايل ملڪ کي ۽ ان جي سمورن وسيلن کي عربن پوريءَ طاقت ۽ وس آهر لٽيو. ان کان سواءِ سنڌي ماڻهن کي ڏاڍ ۽ جبر سان مسلمان ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ويو. [[محمد بن قاسم]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ آيل عرب ڦورُن نه رڳو سنڌ جي وسيلن جي ڦرلٽ ڪئي بلڪه کانئن سنڌي نياڻين جي لڄالُٽَ جهڙا ڪڌا ڪم پڻ سرزد ٿيا. جيتوڻيڪ عربن جي تسلط کان تھ سنڌ پاڻ ڇڏائي وئي پر [[اسلام]] جي نالي ۾ سنڌ جي وسيلن تي لڳندڙ ڌاڙا اڄ به جاري آهن. ==سنڌ جا ڳڀا ڳڀا== {{مبسس4}}هاڻوڪي سنڌ جي ايراضي 54 هزار چورس ميل آهي. جڏهن ته انگريزين جي قبضي هيٺ اچڻ وقت سنڌ جي ايراضي هڪ لک چورس ميل کان مٿي هئي. برطانوي راڄ هيٺ سنڌ جا ڪيترا ئي حصا هندستان سان ملايا ويا. ڪجھه حصا پنجاب سان ملايا ويا ته ڪجھه حصا وري راجستان سان. پاڪستان جي قيام بعد سنڌ جي نصير آباد ڊويزن کي نئين جڙندڙ صوبي [[بلوچستان]] ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. اهڙيءَ ريت سنڌ جي ايراضي گھٽبي رهي آهي. هن وقت به [[ڪراچي]]ءَ کي سنڌ کان ڌار ڪرڻ جون سازشون زورن تي آهن. تازو ئي سنڌ جي نام نهاد بي اختيار وڏي وزير ارباب رحيم ڪراچيءَ جي 20 هزار ايڪڙ زمين پاڪستاني فوج جي حوالي ڪري ڇڏي ۽ پاڪستاني حڪومت سنڌ جا ٻه ٻيٽ دبئيءَ جي خانگي ڪمپني امار کي وڪڻي ڇڏيا آهن. [[ca:Sind]] [[cs:Sind]] [[de:Sindh]] [[et:Sindh]] [[en:Sindh]] [[es:Sind]] [[fa:سند (جغرافیا)]] [[fr:Sind]] [[ko:신드 주]] [[hi:सिंध]] [[it:Sindh]] [[nl:Sindh]] [[no:Sind (Pakistan)]] [[pl:Sindh]] [[pt:Sind]] [[sv:Sindh]] [[ur:سندھ]] [[zh:信德省]] [[category:تاريخ]] [[category:ڀونءِ ڀياس ۽ ڀونءِ نگاري]] 1818 5530 2006-04-02T21:25:28Z Aursani 60 1819 edit=sysop:move=sysop 5538 2006-04-02T21:46:07Z Aursani 60 ==ڪثرتاً پُڇيا ويندڙ سُوالَ== ==نياپو ڪيئن ڪجي== {{فانٽ}}توھان کي جيڪو بھ نياپو وصول ٿيندو، اھو نوٽ ڪندا تھ توھان جي ٽاڪ پيج تي ڇڏيل ھُوندو. اھڙي ڇڏيل نياپي جي ڀرسان نياپو موڪليندڙ جِِ آئِي ڊِي يعني تھ سُڃاڻَپَ بھ ليکل ھوندي. ان کي ڪلڪ ڪندا تھ سندس يوزر پيج تي پھچي ويندا. جيڪڏھن توھان بھ ھُنَ لاءِ نياپو ڇڏڻ چاھيو ٿا تھ سندس ٽاڪ پيج تي ڇڏيندا. مطلب تھ سندس يُوزر پيج کُلندو تھ توھان کي سندس تعارف نظر ايندو. ۽ مٿان ”ڊسڪشن‟ نالي ھڪ چُٽڪِي نظر ايندي. ڊسڪشن واري ان چُٽڪِيءَ کي ڪلڪ ڪندا تھ سندس ٽاڪ پيج کلندو. جيڪو بھ نياپو ڏيڻو ھجي اتي ڇڏيندا ۽ نياپي جي آخر ۾ چار لھرون ‌‌~ ضرور ٽائيپ ڪندا. ان سان کيس معلوم ٿيندو تھ اھو نياپو ڪنھن ڇڏيو آھي. پر ان لاءِ ضروري آھي تھ اھو سڀ ڪرڻ کان اڳ توھان سائِينِ اِنِ ٿيل ھُجو. جيڪڏھن توھان سائين ان ٿيڻ کان سواءِ نياپو ڇڏيندا تھ نياپو تھ کيس وصول ٿِي ويندو پر کيس اھا خبر نھ پوندي تھ اھو نياپو ڪنھن ڇڏيو آھي ۽ ڪڏھن ڇڏيو آھي.<br> اوھان کي مک صفحي يعني تھ مين پيج تي ساڄي پاسي ڪجھھ ڳنڍڻا يعني تھ لنڪس نظر ايندا. جيڪڏھن اوھان غور ڪندا تھ اوھان کي انھن منجھھ اسپيشل پيجز جو ڳنڍڻو پڻ نظر ايندو. ان کي ڪلڪ ڪندا تھ نئون صفحو کلندو، جنھن ۾ ڳنڍڻن جي ھڪ فھرستَ ڏنل ھوندي. اھا فھرستَ الفبيوار آھي. ان ۾ توھان کي يُوزر لسٽ جو ڳنڍڻو بھ نظر ايندو. يُوزر لسٽ تي ويندا تھ توھان کي وڪيپيڊيا تي ايندڙ سمورن يُوزرس جو نالو نظر ايندو ۽ توھان جو پنھنجو بھ. ان کان سواءِ انھن سڀني دوستن جون آئِي ڊيز نظر اينديون جن ڪڏھن وڪيپيڊيا تي پير ڀريا تھ ھئا، پر جيئن ويا آھن تھ وري مڙي ڪو نھ نھاريو اٿن. مطلب تھ سڀني جون آئِي ڊيز نظر اينديون. ڪنھن تي بھ ڪلڪ ڪرڻ سان توھان انھن جي يُوزر پيج تا پھچي سگھو ٿا. جڏھن توھان وڪيپيڊيا جي مُک صفحي تي سائين ان ٿيڻ کان پوءِ نظر ڊوڙائيندا تھ توھان کي مٿي کاٻي پاسي ماءِ ٽاڪ جو ڳنڍڻو نظر ايندو. جنھن تي اوھان ڪلڪ ڪندا تھ اوھان پنھنجي ئي ٽاڪ پيج تي پھچي ويندا. {{-ڏسندا-}} *{{فانٽ}}[[صفحا ڪيئن ترميميو]] 1820 7233 2006-09-30T16:01:21Z Aursani 60 ==نياپو ڪيئن ڪجي== {{مبسس4}}توھان کي جيڪو بھ نياپو وصول ٿيندو، اھو نوٽ ڪندا تھ توھان جي ٽاڪ پيج تي ڇڏيل ھُوندو. اھڙي ڇڏيل نياپي جي ڀرسان نياپو موڪليندڙ جِِ آئِي ڊِي يعني تھ سُڃاڻَپَ بھ ليکل ھوندي. ان کي ڪلڪ ڪندا تھ سندس يوزر پيج تي پھچي ويندا. جيڪڏھن توھان بھ ھُنَ لاءِ نياپو ڇڏڻ چاھيو ٿا تھ سندس ٽاڪ پيج تي ڇڏيندا. مطلب تھ سندس يُوزر پيج کُلندو تھ توھان کي سندس تعارف نظر ايندو. ۽ مٿان ”بحث‟ يا ”ڊسڪشن‟ نالي ھڪ چُٽڪِي نظر ايندي. بحث واري ان چُٽڪِيءَ کي ڪلڪ ڪندا تھ سندس ٽاڪ پيج کلندو. جيڪو بھ نياپو ڏيڻو ھجي اتي ڇڏيندا ۽ نياپي جي آخر ۾ چار لھرون ‌‌~ ضرور ٽائيپ ڪندا. ان سان کيس معلوم ٿيندو تھ اھو نياپو ڪنھن ڇڏيو آھي. پر ان لاءِ ضروري آھي تھ اھو سڀ ڪرڻ کان اڳ توھان سائِينِ اِنِ ٿيل ھُجو. جيڪڏھن توھان سائين ان ٿيڻ کان سواءِ نياپو ڇڏيندا تھ نياپو تھ کيس وصول ٿِي ويندو پر کيس اھا خبر نھ پوندي تھ اھو نياپو ڪنھن ڇڏيو آھي. <br> اوھان کي مک صفحي تي ساڄي پاسي ڪجھھ ڳنڍڻا يعني تھ لنڪس نظر ايندا. جيڪڏھن اوھان غور ڪندا تھ اوھان کي انھن منجھھ ”خاص صفحا‟ جو ڳنڍڻو پڻ نظر ايندو. ان کي ڪلڪ ڪندا تھ نئون صفحو کلندو، جنھن ۾ ڳنڍڻن جي ھڪ فھرستَ ڏنل ھوندي. اھا فھرستَ الفبيوار آھي. ان ۾ توھان کي يُوزر لسٽ جو ڳنڍڻو بھ نظر ايندو. يُوزر لسٽ تي ويندا تھ توھان کي وڪيپيڊيا تي ايندڙ سمورن يُوزرس جو نالو نظر ايندو ۽ توھان جو پنھنجو بھ. ان کان سواءِ انھن سڀني دوستن جون آئِي ڊيز نظر اينديون جن ڪڏھن وڪيپيڊيا تي پير ڀريا تھ ھئا، پر جيئن ويا آھن تھ وري مڙي ڪو نھ نھاريو اٿن. مطلب تھ سڀني جون آئِي ڊيز نظر اينديون. ڪنھن تي بھ ڪلڪ ڪرڻ سان توھان انھن جي يُوزر پيج تي پھچي سگھو ٿا. جڏھن توھان وڪيپيڊيا جي مُک صفحي تي سائين ان ٿيڻ کان پوءِ نظر ڊوڙائيندا تھ توھان کي مٿي کاٻي پاسي ”مون سان ڳالھھ‟ جو ڳنڍڻو نظر ايندو. جنھن تي اوھان ڪلڪ ڪندا تھ اوھان پنھنجي ئي ٽاڪ پيج تي پھچي ويندا. {{-ڏسندا-}} *{{مبسس4}}[[صفحا ڪيئن ترميميو]] 1821 8584 2006-12-30T09:55:42Z Aursani 60 [[Image:Jhulelal.JPG|thumb|left|{{مبسس4}}جھُولي لعل]] {{مبسس4}}[[سنڌي]] سماج [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheti_chand چيٽِي چَنڊُ] انهن جي اشتديو اُڏيرو لعل جو جنم ڏينهن ملهائڻ لاءِ هِڪُ اُتسَو ڏڻ آهي. هِنَ ڏينهن پاڻيءَ کي پُوڄيو ويندو آهي. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhulelal جھُولي لعل] جِي ڪهاڻِي هِنَ پرڪار آهي:<br> مِيرڪ شاهه هڪ راجا هو سنڌ جو. هُو سنڌين تي ڏاڍو ظلم ڪندو هو. سندس ظلمن کان پِريشان ٿِي [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi سِنڌين] 40 ڏينهن جو ورت (روزو) رکيو، انهن 40 ڏينهن ۾ نه ته ڪُجھه کائيندا نه ئي پيئندا نه ئي ڪَپڙا مَٽائِيندا آهن، اِنَ کي چالِيهو صاحب چوندا آهن. 40 ڏينهن ۽ راتين جي تپسيا سنڌو ندي جي ڪناري ڪئي وئي. Varun ديوتا پراسن ٿيا ۽ ان جي fallsawrrop. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhulelal جھُولي لعل] جو جنم نصرپور (حيدرآباد کان 30 ڪلوميٽر پري - سنڌ) جي رَتَن چند annhi Devika جي گھر ۾ جنم ٿيون. هِڪُ پنجابِي جوتشِي هُنَ ٻارَ جو نالو اُڏيرو لعل رکيائِين. اُڏير جو مطلب سنسڪرت ۾ "جيڪو پاڻيءَ مان نڪتو هُجي. پنهنجو پاڻ اُڏيرو لعل جو جھُلو لُڏَڻ لڳو. اُنَ کان پوءِ اُڏيرو جو نالو [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhulelal جھُولي لعل] پئجِي ويو. مِيرڪشاهه ڏاڍو ئي uteejiit ٿِي ويو ۽ هُنَ اعلان ڪيُون ته اُڏيرو لعل کي پَڪڙيو وڃِي . جِيئن ئي اُڏيرو لعل کي پڪڙڻ لاءِ سِپاهِي درٻار کان ٻاهِر نِڪتا تيز پاڻيءَ جِي ڌارا . محل ۾ خوشِي وئِي ۽ محل دٻڻ لڳو. ميرڪشاهه کي پنهنجي غلطيءَ جو احساسُ ٿيو. هُنَ اُڏيري لعل کان معافِي ورتِي ۽ اُنَ کان پوءِ سڀ شانت ٿِي ويو. {{فانٽ}}[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheti_chand چيٽِي چَنڊ] ٿِي Akhoo ( چانوَرَن ۽ کنڊ جو پرساد ) ٺاهيو ويندو آهي. {{فانٽ}}لعل سائين جو Pinjarr anhi پَلَو پَيُون vandhee آهي. ۽ [http://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi سنڌي] ناچ (ڊانس) Chhej ڪبو آهي. ---- {{فانٽ}}اُميش ڦُلواڻِي. {{فانٽ}}Updated by سونُو [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vazirani وزيراڻِي] [[category:تاريخ]] [[category:ثقافت]] [[en:Cheti_chand]] 1822 5561 2006-04-02T23:07:15Z Aursani 60 #REDIRECT[[چيٽِي چَنڊَ جو ميلو]] 1823 5562 2006-04-02T23:07:38Z Aursani 60 #REDIRECT[[چيٽِي چَنڊَ جو ميلو]] 1824 5563 2006-04-02T23:08:06Z Aursani 60 #REDIRECT[[چيٽِي چَنڊَ جو ميلو]] 1825 5564 2006-04-02T23:08:24Z Aursani 60 #REDIRECT[[چيٽِي چَنڊَ جو ميلو]] 1826 5565 2006-04-02T23:08:47Z Aursani 60 #REDIRECT[[چيٽِي چَنڊَ جو ميلو]] 1827 5570 2006-04-02T23:14:04Z Aursani 60 #REDIRECT[[چيٽِي چَنڊَ جو ميلو]] 1828 5595 2006-04-04T19:31:59Z Aursani 60 1832 5626 2006-04-07T15:39:32Z Aursani 60 1833 5623 2006-04-07T15:37:12Z Aursani 60 1834 5625 2006-04-07T15:38:15Z Aursani 60 #REDIRECT[[سَچِي يَسُو چَرچ]] 1835 8795 2007-01-25T12:18:18Z TXiKiBoT 136 robot Adding: [[co:Vera Chjesa di Ghjesù]] Modifying: [[arc:ܥܕܬܐ ܝܫܘܥ ܫܪܝܪܐ]] [[Image:TJC.jpg|left|thumb|{{مبسس4}}[[تائِيچَڱ]]، [[تائيوان]] ۾ واقع سَچِي يَسُو چَرچ جنرل اسيمبلي.]] {{مبسس4}}'''سَچِي يَسُو چَرچ''' (سيچ) ھِڪَ غير فرقاتِي (آزاد) چرچ آھي، جيڪا [[1917]] ڌاري [[بيجِڱ]]، [[چين]] ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي بين الاقوامي سيچ اسيمبلي جو ھاڻوڪو چُونڊيل نشستمان پرچارِڪ يَڱ-جِي لِن آھي. ھنَ وقت چرچ جا ڇَھَن کَنڊَن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 15 لَکَ عقيدتمند آھن. ھِيءََ چرچ ويھين صديءَ جِي ابتدا ۾ اُڀرندڙ [[عيسائيت]] جي پينٽڪوسٽل Pentecostal شاخ جِي چيني نمائندھ آھي. چرچ بھ adheres to [[Oneness Pentecostal]] theology ([[Jesus-Name doctrine]]). == پنج مُکُ رُڪُنَ == {{مبسس4}}سَچِي يَسُو چرچ جا پنج لازمي رُڪُنَ آھن: ==='''پاڪ روح'''=== "Receiving the [[Holy Spirit]], evidenced by [[Glossolalia|speaking in tongues]], is the guarantee of our inheritance of the Kingdom of [[Heaven]]". ([[Epistle to the Romans|Rom.]] 8:16, [[Epistle to the Ephesians|Eph.]] 1:13-14). ==='''Baptism'''=== "Water [[baptism]] is the sacrament for the remission of sins for regeneration. The baptism must take place in natural living water, such as the [[river]], [[sea]], or spring. The Baptist, who already has had received baptism of water and the Holy Spirit, conducts the baptism in the name of the Lord [[Jesus]] Christ. And the person receiving the baptism must be completely immersed in [[water]] with head bowed and face downward". ([[Gospel of John|John]] 3:5; [[Gospel of Matthew|Matt.]] 3:16; [[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]] 2:38, 10:48). ===پير ڌوئڻ=== "The sacrament of [[feet washing]] enables one to have a part with the Lord [[Jesus]]. It also serves as a constant reminder that one should have [[love]], holiness, humility, forgiveness and service. Every person who has received water [[baptism]] must have his/her feet washed in the name of Jesus Christ. Mutual foot washing may be practiced whenever is appropriate". ([[Gospel of John|John]] 13:1-7) ===Holy Communion=== "The [[Holy Communion]] is the sacrament to commemorate the death of the Lord [[Jesus]] Christ. It enables us to partake of the flesh and blood of our Lord and to be in communion with Him so that we can have eternal life and be raised on the Last Day. This sacrament shall be held as often as possible. Only one [[unleavened bread]] and [[grape juice]] shall be used". ([[1 Corinthians|1 Cor.]] 10:17, 11:26; [[Gospel of John|John]] 6:53; [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]] 14:24-25). ===Sabbath Day=== "The [[Sabbath day]], the ھفتي جو ستون ڏينھن (ڇنڇر)، ڀلارو ڏينھن آھي، رَحمَتَ ۽ sanctified by خدا. اھو ملھائڻو آھي under the Lord's grace for the commemoration جِي خدا جِي خَلقَ ۽ ڇوٽڪارو ۽ سان اِنَ اميد جو لافانِي آرام ۾ the اچڻ وارِي حياتِيءَ". ([[Genesis|Gen.]] 2:2-3; [[Epistle to the Hebrews|Heb.]] 4:9-11) ==اضافي رُڪُنَ== Later on in the 1980s, more were added to these five main doctrines to become the 10 basic beliefs of the True Jesus Church: ===يَسُو=== "[[Jesus]] Christ, the Word who became flesh, died on the cross for the redemption of sinners, ressurrected on the third day and ascended to [[heaven]]. He is the only Saviour of mankind, the Creator of the heavens and earth, and the only True God". ::([[Pastoral Epistles|1 Tim.]] 3:16; [[1 Corinthians|1 Cor.]] 15:3-4; [[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]] 4:12). ===بائِيبِل=== "The Holy [[Bible]], consisting of the [[Old Testament|Old]] and [[New Testament]]s, is inspired by God, the only scriptural truth, and the standard for [[Christian]] living". ::([[Pastoral Epistles|2 Tim.]] 3:16). ===ڇوٽڪارو=== "[[Salvation]] is given by the grace of [[God]] through [[faith]]. Believers must rely on the Holy Spirit to pursue holiness, to honour God, and to love humanity". ::([[Epistle to the Ephesians|Eph.]] 2:8). ===سَچِي چَرچ=== "The True Jesus Church, established by our Lord Jesus Christ, through the Holy Spirit during the time of the 'latter rain', is the restored True Church of the Apostolic time". ::([[Book of Joel|Joel]] 2:23; [[Book of Amos|Amos]] 9:11). ===ٻِيھَر جنم=== "The Lord's [[Second Coming]] will take place on the Last Day when He descends from heaven to judge the world: the righteous will receive eternal life, while the wicked will be eternally condemned". ::([[Gospel of Matthew|Matt.]] 25:31-34; [[First Epistle to the Thessalonians|1 Thess.]] 4:16-17). This is the latest [[English language|English]] version that was adopted during the 9th TJC Delegates Conference in May 2005. ===ٻيا عقيدا=== The church does not celebrate [[Christmas]] since the 25th of December was originally asscociated with a [[paganism|pagan]] ritual celebrating the birthday of the [[Sun]] which was later adopted into the Christian church during the reign of the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] [[Roman Emperors|emperor]] [[Constantine I (emperor)|Constantine]] in the [[4th century]] AD. They argue that the exact day of Christ's birth is unknown and that [[Jesus]] never told his disciples to commemorate his birthday. [[Good Friday]] is not observed as it also has pagan origins. == تاريخي پس منظر ۽ ابتدا == The successful attempts to evangelize China by [[Nestorian]] Christians from [[Persian Empire|Persia]](635-845 AD), the [[Roman Catholics]] and [[Jesuits]] (1265, 1601-1724) were short lived - they fell out of favour with the Chinese emperor and saw only scattered underground efforts. The first [[Protestant]] missionaries to labor on Chinese soil began in 1807 with the arrival of [[Robert Morrison (Scottish)|Robert Morrison]]. After the [[Opium War]] in the 1840s missionaries from all over the world began to arrive in China. [[Hudson Taylor]] founded the [[China Inland Mission]] in 1865. The 19th century witnessed a great increase in the number of Christians. In 1900 there were almost 113,000 Protestant Christians with 1,600 Chinese Christian workers and 2,000 missionaries. ===The Pentecostal movement in China and the origins of TJC=== Following the [[Pentecostal]] movement in the [[United States]] in the 1900s, an [[Apostolic Faith Mission]] church was established in [[Shanghai]] and many [[Chinese race|Chinese]] Christians subsequently received the Holy Spirit. Not long after the Boxer rebellion, attacks and persecutions in 1900, many Chinese Christians advocated a "Three-Self Movement", which promoted the strategy of 'self-governing, self-supportive, and self-propagating' in order to reduce foreign influences or interference on the Chinese churches. Several churches were localised or indigenised. The three early founders of the True Jesus Church also supported this idea and through the inspiration and revelations of the [[Holy Spirit]] they decided to break away from their mainstream pentecostal churches. They were [[Paul Wei]], [[Ling-Sheng Zhang]], and later [[Barnabas Zhang]]. The early workers firmly believed that it was the Lord's will for them to set up a true church that would correct all the past errors and misinterpretations in the doctrines of the other denominations and eventually reach perfection before the Lord's second coming. For more facts and information, see [[China's TJC History]] and [[Taiwan's TJC History]]. Although still regarded as a Chinese church, the True Jesus Church is becoming increasingly globalised today as the gospel of Jesus is preached in countries all over the world. ===علاقائي تاريخ=== *[[True Jesus Church in China]] *[[True Jesus Church in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] *[[True Jesus Church in India]] *[[True Jesus Church in Japan]] *[[True Jesus Church in Korea]] *[[True Jesus Church in Myanmar]] *[[True Jesus Church in the Philippines]] *[[True Jesus Church in Singapore]] *[[True Jesus Church in Malaysia]][http://radio.joy.org.tw/holyspirit.asp?num=1726] In 1956 the Taiwanese General Assembly was established in [[Taichung]]. In 1967 the International Assembly was formed in [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[United States]] (their administrative branch). Although most of the believers were located in [[China]], contact with the mainland was lost shortly after the 1949 [[Communist]] takeover in and subsequent persecution of Christians throughout China. ==رُڪُنِيتَ== 2004ع ۾ چرچ دعويٰ ڪئي تھ to have 440 چَرچُون ۽ 106 prayer houses with 86,970 رُڪُنَ from اَٽڪَلَ 39 مُلڪَ ۾ ڇَھَھ کَنڊَ ۽ estimates جو over 14 لَکَ more رُڪُنَ ۾ چين. [http://www.tjc.org/about/factsHistory.aspx] *'''سيچ ايشيا''' **اُتَر اوڀَر ايشيا - چِيبن، ھاڱ ڪاڱ، جاپان، ڪوريا، تائيوان. **ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا - برُوناءِ، ڀارت، اِنڊونيشيا، ملائيشيا، Myanmar، فلپائين، سنگاپور، ٿائيلينڊ ۽ ويٽنام. *'''يسچ آمريڪا''' **اُتَر آمريڪا - ڪيناڊا، گڏيل رياسَتُون **لاطيني آمريڪا - اَرجنتِينا، بوليويا، برازيل، چِلِي ۽ the Dominican republic. *'''سيچ آسٽريليا کَنڊُ''' - آسٽريليا، فِجِي، نئون زيستان، Samoa and Tonga. *'''سيچ يُورپ''' - آسٽريا، بيلجيئم، فرانس، جرمني، آئرستان، Netherlands، رُوس، اسپين، United Kingdom *'''سيچ آفريڪا''' - بينِن، ڪونگو جِي جمھوري رياست، گھانا، ڪينيا، Liberia، نائيجيريا، ڏکڻ آفريڪا،Sierra Leone. تنزانيا، اُوگانڊا، تُوگو. ==انتظاميھ== The True Jesus Church is considered having a well structured and organised system. (Note: Taiwanese Presbyterian church point of view only) The divine workers are the Elders, Deacons and Preachers which are all below the fellow believers in the system. Nowadays, representatives from each of the True Jesus Churches in the world meet once every few years to elect a chairman of the International Assembly which focuses on the Church's development and future progress internationally. There is a General Assembly in most of the countries mentioned above. The General assembly comprises of the Theology institution, Financial sector. In some countries where there are not enough numbers of believers, prayer houses are established. When the number of believers are sufficient, a church dedication ceremony is made. ==سَچِي يَسُو چرچ -- اھو نالو ڇو؟== وضاحتَ ھيٺين نڪتن تي ٻڌل آھي: *The early founders decided to correct the past mistakes and errors found in the other denominations by making their own doctrines more in accordance with the biblical teachings. *The early workers believed that the gospel they preached contained the Truth and which led people to salvation. God is genuine, Jesus is also real and true. Since he is the true light, grapevine and saviour, God's church is also genuine and true. *The church is atoned and redeemed by the blood of Jesus. Also the fact that Jesus is our Saviour and mediator so it would be deemed appropriate for the Church to bear the name of Jesus. Initially, the proposed name was "Jesus True Church" (耶穌真教會) but while the application for the church’s name was being registered at the Beijing police station the characters were accidentally assembled as “True Jesus Church” "(真耶穌教會)and attached onto the church building. By 1927, the شنگھائِي سيچ جنرل اسيمبلي decided to stick to the name. == خارجِي ڳنڍڻا== *[http://www.tjc.org TJC Evangelical site] *[http://members.tjc.org/sites/en/default.aspx TJC International Assembly] [[Category:Pentecostal denominations]] [[af:Ware Jesuskerk]] [[als:Wahre Kirche Jesu]] [[am:ዕውነተኛ ኢየሱስ ቤተ ክርስቲያን]] [[an:Berdadera Ilesia de Chesús]] [[ang:Sōþ Iesus Cirice]] [[ar:كنيسة يسوع الحقيقي]] [[arc:ܥܕܬܐ ܝܫܘܥ ܫܪܝܪܐ]] [[as:প্ৰকৃত যীশু গীৰ্জা]] [[ast:Verdadera Ilesia de Xesús]] [[az:Həqiqi İsa Kilsəsi]] [[bar:Wahre Jesus Kirchn]] [[bat-smg:Tėkruojė Jezaus bažninčė]] [[be:Праўдзівая Царква Ісуса]] [[bg:Истинска църква на Исус]] [[bn:সত্য যীশু গীর্জা]] [[bo:བདེན་པའི་ཡི་ཤུ་ཚོགས་པ།]] [[bpy:হায় যীশুর গীর্জাগ]] [[br:Iliz Gwir Jezuz]] [[bs:Prava Crkva Isusova]] [[ca:Veritable Església de Jesús]] [[cbk-zam:El Verdadero Iglesia de Jesus]] [[ceb:Matuod Simbahan ni Jesus]] [[chr:ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᏥᏌᏯ]] [[co:Vera Chjesa di Ghjesù]] [[cs:Pravá církev Ježíšova]] [[csb:Prôwdzëwô Cerkwiô Jezësa]] [[cv:Иссусăн чăн чиркĕвĕ]] [[cy:Eglwys y Gwir Iesu]] [[da:Den Sande Jesus Kirke]] [[de:Wahre Kirche Jesu]] [[diq:Kiliseyê Gercek Hz. İsay]] [[dv:ހަގީގީ މަސީހީ ކަނީސާ]] [[el:Αληθινή Εκκλησία του Ιησού]] [[eml:Vera Césa ed Gesù]] [[en:True Jesus Church]] [[eo:Vera Eklezio de Jesuo]] [[es:La Verdadera Iglesia de Jesús]] [[et:Tõeline Jeesuse Kirik]] [[eu:Jesusen Egiazko Eliza]] [[fa:کلیسای حقیقی عیسی]] [[fi:Todellisen Jeesuksen Kirkko]] [[fiu-vro:Tõõlinõ Jeesusõ Kerik]] [[fj:Dina Jisu Lotu]] [[fo:Sannur Jesus Kirkja]] [[fr:Véritable Église de Jésus]] [[fur:Vere Glesie di Jesù]] [[fy:Wiere Jezustsjerke]] [[ga:Eaglais Fhíor Íosa]] [[gd:Eaglais Fhìor Ìosa]] [[gl:Verdadeira Igrexa de Xesús]] [[glk:Isǎ haqiqi kalisǎ]] [[got:𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉 𐌹𐌴𐍃𐌰𐌿𐍃]] [[gu:સત્ય ઈશુ મસીહ ઘર]] [[gv:Agglish Yeesey Firrinagh]] [[haw:Ka Ho'omana Iesū 'Oia'i'o]] [[he:הכנסייה האמיתית של ישו]] [[hi:ईसा मसीह सत्य गिरजाघर]] [[hr:Prava Crkva Isusova]] [[ht:Legliz de Vre Jezi]] [[hu:Igaz Jézus Egyház]] [[hy:Հիսուսի ճշմարիտ Եկեղեցի]] [[ia:Ver Ecclesia de Jesus]] [[id:Gereja Yesus Sejati]] [[ig:Ezigbo ulo uka Jesu]] [[ilo:Agpayso a Simbaan ni Jesus]] [[io:Vera Eklezio di Iesu]] [[is:Sanna Jesús kirkjan]] [[it:Vera Chiesa di Gesù]] [[ja:真イエス教会]] [[jbo:stace lijda befi la .iecuax]] [[jv:Gréja Yesus Sajati]] [[ka:ქრისტეს ჭეშმარიტი ეკლესია]] [[kg:Dibundu ya Kieleka ya Yesu]] [[kk:Исаның Нағыз Шіркеуі]] [[km:ព្រះវិហារយេស៊ូគ្រិស្គពិត]] [[kn:ಟ್ರೂ ಜೀಸಸ್ ಚರ್ಚ್]] [[ko:참예수교회]] [[ksh:Kirresh fum Woohre Jesu Krißti en Shiina]] [[ku:Klîsa ya Îsa yê rastîn]] [[kv:Истинная церковь Иисуса]] [[kw:Eglos Wir Yesu]] [[ky:Ыйсанын Нукура Чиркөөсү]] [[la:Vera Ecclesia Iesu]] [[lad:Verdadera Eglesia de Jesus]] [[lb:True Jesus Church]] [[li:Ware Zjezus Kèrk]] [[lmo:Vera gesa da Gesüü Criist]] [[lo:ນິກາຍ ໂບດທູຈຶຊັດ]] [[lt:Tikrojo Jėzaus bažnyčia]] [[lv:Patiesā Jēzus Baznīca]] [[map-bms:Gereja Yesus Sejati]] [[mg:Tena Fiangonan'i Jesoa]] [[mi:Hāhi Tika o Ihu]] [[mk:Вистинска црква на Исус]] [[ml:സത്യ യേശു സഭ]] [[mn:Үнэн Есүсийн Сүм]] [[mo:Бисeрикa Aдeвэрaтулуй Исус]] [[mr:सत्य येशू प्रार्थनास्थळ]] [[ms:Gereja Jesus Benar]] [[mt:Knisja Vera ta' Ġesù]] [[my:စစ္‌မ္ဟန္‌ေသာေယရ္ဟုဘုရား၏အသင္‌းေတာ္‌]] [[mzn:عیسی ره حقیقی کیلیسا]] [[nap:'A chiesa overa 'e Giesù]] [[nds:Wohre Jesuskark]] [[nds-nl:Waore Jezuskärke]] [[ne:साँचो यशु गिर्जाघर]] [[new:True Jesus Church]] [[nl:Ware Jezuskerk]] [[nn:Den sanne jesuskyrkja]] [[no:Sanne Jesus Kirke]] [[nov:Veri Jesu Eklesie]] [[nrm:Véthitabl'ye Églyise dé Jésû]] [[oc:Glèisa vertadièra de Jèsus]] [[os:Чырыстийы æцæг аргъуан]] [[pa:ਟਰੂ ਜੀਸਸ ਚਰਚ]] [[pam:Tutung Pisamban nang Jesus]] [[pap:E Misa Berdadero di Hesus]] [[pdc:True Jesus Church]] [[pl:Prawdziwy Kościół Jezusa]] [[pms:La Vera Cesa ëd Gesù]] [[ps:د مسيح حقيقي کليسا]] [[pt:Verdadeira Igreja de Jesus]] [[qu:Chiqap Jesuspa Inlisyan]] [[rm:Baselgia Vaira da Jesus]] [[rmy:I Khangeri le Chache Jesuseski]] [[ro:Biserica Adevăratului Isus]] [[roa-rup:Bisearica di Dealihea al Isus]] [[ru:Истинная церковь Иисуса]] [[ru-sib:Праведна церьква Христова]] [[rw:Idini Ryitwa Yezu Nyakuri]] [[sa:ट्रु जीसस चर्च]] [[scn:Vera Chiesa di Gesù]] [[sco:True Jesus Kirk]] [[sh:Prava Crkva Isusova]] [[si:සත්‍යයේ ජේසු සමිදාණන්ගේ සභාව]] [[simple:True Jesus Church]] [[sk:Pravá cirkev Ježišova]] [[sl:Prava Jezusova Cerkev]] [[sm:'O le Lotu a Iesu Moni]] [[so:Mida Rumeed Kaniisada Ciise]] [[sq:Kisha e Vërtetë e Jezusit]] [[sr:Права црква Исусова]] [[su:Gareja Yesus Sajati]] [[sv:The True Jesus Church]] [[sw:True Jesus Church]] [[ta:உண்மையான இயேசு தேவாலயம்]] [[te:నిజ ఏసుక్రీస్తు మండలి]] [[tg:Масчиди хаконии Исо]] [[th:โบสถ์ทรูจีซัส]] [[tk:Çyn Isa Serkowy]] [[tl:Totoong Simbahan ni Hesus]] [[to:Siasi moʻoni ʻa Sēsū]] [[tpi:Tru Jisas Lotu]] [[tr:Gerçek İsa Kilisesi]] [[tt:Ğaysanıñ Çın Çirkäwe]] [[ug:ئەمەلیي ئەيسا چەركوۋ]] [[uk:Істинна церква Ісуса]] [[ur:کلیساۓ عیسوی حقیقی]] [[uz:Chin Iso Cherkovi]] [[vec:Vera Ciesa de Gesù]] [[vi:Chân Giê-xu Giáo hội]] [[vls:Woare Jezuskerke]] [[wa:Vraiye Eglijhe da Djezus]] [[war:Tinuod Hesus Simbahan]] [[wuu:真耶稣教会]] [[yi:ישו'ס ריכטיגע קירכע]] [[yo:Ijo Jesu l’otito]] [[zh:真耶稣教会]] [[zh-min-nan:Chin Iâ-so͘ Kàu-hōe]] [[zh-yue:真耶穌教會]] [[zu:True Jesus Church]] 1836 5631 2006-04-07T15:49:44Z Aursani 60 <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4"> 1837 6626 2006-08-30T16:34:20Z 66.100.78.21 /* Qwika */ {{Shortcut|[[WP:SEARCH]]}}__NOTOC__{{HelpTOC}} This article provides an overview of Wikipedia's search feature, as well as using external search engines, such as <tt>[http://www.google.com Google]</tt>, to find information. ==Wikipedia search== The searchbox provides an input field with two buttons: * '''Go''' - the ''Go'' button (or ''Enter'' on the keyboard), will take you automatically to the best match for the entered keyword. * '''Search''' - the ''Search'' button will return a list of matching results. ===Effective searching=== Here are some hints for using the native Wikipedia search feature effectively: ====Limiting results==== * '''Any word''': Wikipedia's default search mode will turn up results with '''''any''''' of the words in your query. For instance, <tt>[http://www.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?search=search+engine search engine]</tt> turns up many results containing only "search" but not "engine" or only "engine" but not "search" in addition to the ones you probably wanted, which contain both words. * '''All words''': To limit to results that include '''''all''''' words, put a "+" at the beginning of each word: <tt>[http://www.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?search=%2Bsearch+%2Bengine +search +engine]</tt> returns only pages containing both words, like Google's default mode. You can also do a phrase search by enclosing words in quotes: <tt>[http://www.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?search=%22search+engine%22 "search engine"]</tt> turns up a smaller set of results, which not only have both words but have them in order. * '''Exclude words''': To exclude results that include some words, put a "-" at the beginning: <tt>[http://www.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?search=search+-engine search -engine]</tt> Boolean search is also possible, using words including "AND", "OR", and "NOT". ====Avoid short and common words==== If your search terms include a common "stop word" (such as "the", "one", "your", "more", "right", "while", "when", "who", "which", "such", "every", "about") it may give a large number of non-relevant results. Historically, these words [[Wikipedia:Common words, searching for which is not possible|could not be searched]] but as of February 2006, Wikipedia's Lucene index does not use "stop words", so any word can be successfully used in seach queries. ====Wildcards==== You can use some limited wildcards if you really want to. Look up "[http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/fulltext-boolean.html fulltext search]" on http://www.mysql.com/ and look down under 'boolean search' for the details. However, wildcard searches are slower, so go easy on the poor server. ====Words with special characters==== In a search for a word with a [[diaeresis]], such as Sint Odili&euml;nberg, it depends whether this ë is stored as one character or as "&amp;euml;". In the first case one can simply search for Odilienberg (or Odili&euml;nberg); in the second case it can only be found by searching for Odili, euml and/or nberg. This is actually a bug that should be fixed -- the entities should be folded into their raw character equivalents so all searches on them are equivalent. See also [[Wikipedia:Special characters]]. ====Words in single quotes==== If a word appears in an article with single quotes, you can only find it if you search for the word with quotes. Since this is rarely desirable it is better to use double quotes in articles, for which this problem does not arise. See the [[wikipedia:manual of style|manual of style]] for more info. An apostrophe is identical to a single quote, therefore Mu'ammar can be found searching for exactly that (and not otherwise). A word with apostrophe s is an exception in that it can be found also searching for the word without the apostrophe and the s. ====Namespaces searched by default==== The search only applies to the namespaces selected in the user's [[special:preferences|preferences]]. To search the other namespaces check or uncheck the tickboxes in "Search in namespaces" box found at the bottom of a search results page. Depending on the browser, a box may still be checked from a previous search, but without being effective any longer! To make sure, uncheck and recheck it. Searching the image namespace means searching the image descriptions, i.e. the first parts of the image description pages. ====Redirects can be excluded==== Check or uncheck the tickbox "List redirects" in "Search in namespaces" box found at the bottom of a search results page. ====The source text is searched==== The source text (what one sees in the edit box, also called [[wiki text]]) is searched. This distinction is relevant for [[piped link]]s, for [[Wikipedia:interlanguage link]]s (to find links to Chinese articles, search for zh, not for Zhongwen), special characters (if ê is coded as &amp;ecirc; it is found searching for ecirc), etc. ====Delay in updating the search index==== For reasons of efficiency and priority, very recent changes are not always immediately taken into account in searchers At the moment, the search engine uses an index that isn't updated at all. ===Multi-lingual Wikipedia search=== * You can do a multi-lingual Wikipedia search using [http://www.google.com/advanced_search?q=site:.wikipedia.org&hl=en&lr= Google Advanced Search] or entering <tt>site:.wikipedia.org</tt> in the Google search box. * Qwika has indexes for [http://www.qwika.com English], [http://www.qwika.com/find-de German], [http://www.qwika.com/find-fr French], [http://www.qwika.com/find-jp Japanese], [http://www.qwika.com/find-it Italian], [http://www.qwika.com/find-nl Dutch], [http://www.qwika.com/find-pt Portuguese], [http://www.qwika.com/find-es Spanish], [http://www.qwika.com/find-el Greek], [http://www.qwika.com/find-ko Korean], [http://www.qwika.com/find-cn Chinese] and [http://www.qwika.com/find-ru Russian] where the original content is combined with machine translated content from/to English. * [http://wiki.lumrix.net/en Lumrix: AJAX driven Wikipedia search engine]. ==External search engines== Various [[search engine]]s can provide domain-specific searches, which lets you search Wikipedia specifically. Searches are based on the text as shown by the browser, so wiki markup is irrelevant. Depending on your browser, you may also be able to use [[Wikipedia:tools|tools]] that allow you to search Wikipedia using [[bookmarklet]]s. In general, external search engines are faster than a Wikipedia search. However, because the search engine's cache is based on when the site was indexed, the search may not return newly created pages. Similarly, the search engine's cached version of the page will not be as up-to-date as the link to Wikipedia itself. Also, when returning Wikipedia articles in a regular search, [[Wikipedia:mirrors and forks|mirrors and forks]] of Wikipedia content frequently rank higher than the actual Wikipedia articles because of [[search engine optimization]] techniques. These issues may be less of a problem when using certain search engines that process Wikipedia differently: * Yahoo! includes Wikipedia as part of its content acquisition program and gets a regular datafeed. * Clusty downloads and processes the database regularly, generating automatic abstracts and image thumbnails and meaningfully parsing [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirects]], [[Wikipedia:Disambig|disambiguations]], and [[Wikipedia:Category|categories]]. * Qwika only indexes wikis, and thus mirrors do not appear in their results. ===Google=== By following the links below, you can use the [[Google]] search engine to search Wikipedia - either all languages, or English-only. Google indexes all namespaces. * [http://www.google.com/custom?domains=wikipedia.org&sitesearch=wikipedia.org Search all languages] * [http://www.google.com/custom?domains=en.wikipedia.org&sitesearch=en.wikipedia.org Search the English Wikipedia only] * [http://www.google.com/custom?domains=en.wikipedia.org&sitesearch=en.wikipedia.org&hq=-%22Articles+for+deletion%22 Search the English Wikipedia (excluding articles nominated for deletion)] If you frequently search via Google, consider installing the [http://toolbar.google.com/ Google Toolbar]. Using the "search this site" button allows you to quickly search the English version of Wikipedia. The official Google Toolbar is for [[Internet Explorer]] ([[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] only) and for [[Mozilla Firefox|Firefox]] (works on all operating system platforms for which Firefox is available, such as Windows, [[Linux]] and [[Mac OS X]]). ===Yahoo!=== By following the links below, you can use the [[Yahoo!]] search engine to search Wikipedia - either all languages or English-only. * [http://search.yahoo.com/web/advanced?vs=wikipedia.org Search all Wikipedias with Yahoo!] * [http://search.yahoo.com/web/advanced?vs=wikipedia.org&fl=1&vl=lang_en Search English Wikipedias with Yahoo!] If you frequently search via Yahoo!, consider installing the [http://toolbar.yahoo.com/ Yahoo! Companion Toolbar]. Using the "Search Only the Current Site" button allows you to quickly search the English version of Wikipedia. The official Yahoo! Companion Toolbar is only for Windows with Internet Explorer and Mozilla. ===Qwika=== Qwika is designed specifically to index wikis. Its main index is Wikipedia. It includes: * all namespaces of Wikipedia * English machine-translated into [http://www.qwika.com/find-de German], [http://www.qwika.com/find-fr French], [http://www.qwika.com/find-jp Japanese], [http://www.qwika.com/find-it Italian], [http://www.qwika.com/find-nl Dutch], [http://www.qwika.com/find-pt Portuguese], [http://www.qwika.com/find-es Spanish], [http://www.qwika.com/find-el Greek], [http://www.qwika.com/find-ko Korean], [http://www.qwika.com/find-cn Chinese] and [http://www.qwika.com/find-ru Russian]. * The above languages machine translated into [http://www.qwika.com/find English]. This can assist editors contributing to non-English Wikipedias by being able to search in their own language across the entire English version and then view the machine-translated version in their language. * [http://www.qwika.com Qwika main page and explanation] ===Clusty=== By following the link below, you can use the [[Clusty]] search engine to search and cluster Wikipedia in English only. * [http://wiki.clusty.com/ Search and Cluster English Wikipedia with Clusty] If you frequently search via Clusty, consider installing the [http://clusty.com/toolbar Clusty Toolbar] (beta). Selecting the "Encyclopedia" search source allows you to quickly search the English version of Wikipedia. The Clusty Toolbar is available for [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] with [[Internet Explorer]] and [[Mozilla Firefox]] (beta). ===LuMriX=== LuMriX is a dynamic query tool which uses lookahead to predict search terms in a list, similar to [[List of Google services and tools#Suggest|Google Suggest]]. By following the link below, you can use the LuMriX search engine to search different language versions of Wikipedia. * [http://wiki.lumrix.net/ Search Wikipedias with LuMriX] If you frequently search via LuMriX, consider installing the [http://mycroft.mozdev.org/quick/wikipedia.html LuMriX Firefox Search Plugin] (works on all operating system platforms for which Firefox is available, such as [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], [[Linux]] and [[Mac OS X]]). ===Wikiwax=== Wikiwax is a dynamic query like LuMriX. It only searches english Wikipedia, but shows more list entries. * [http://www.wikiwax.com/ WikiWax Index to Wikipedia] ===Other=== Here are more [[Wikipedia:Tools]] which make searching more convenient. ==Browser specific help== ===Using Mozilla to automatically search=== Listed below are ways to search Wikipedia with Mozilla-based browsers, including [[Mozilla|Mozilla Suite]], [[Mozilla Firefox]], and [[Netscape (web browser)|Netscape]] 6 and 7. ====Search Wikipedia from the sidebar search tab or address bar==== Works with: Mozilla Suite, Mozilla Firefox, Netscape 6/7. Mozilla and Netscape 6 & 7 come with a sidebar that allows a user to search the Wikipedia site, and Firefox has a toolbar item to do the same. To install the search plugin that tells Mozilla how to search Wikipedia, do the following: #Go to one of the following sources of Wikipedia search plugins. The Mycroft plugins are sometimes out of date, and plugins from the second source may work better. ##[http://mycroft.mozdev.org/quick/wikipedia.html Original search plugins from Mycroft] ##[http://carey.geek.nz/code/wikipedia-searchplugin/ Updated search plugins] #There are versions for many languages, so pick the language local to your area. #If [[JavaScript]] is enabled, clicking on the name of the search plugin will automatically install the search plugin. #If you can't install the search plugin automatically, the second source above lets you right-click on the plugin and save it to disk, or download a [[ZIP file format|ZIP file]] containing all available plugins. Save the downloaded <tt>.src</tt> file in the <tt>searchplugins</tt> directory where Mozilla is installed and restart the browser to use the new plugin. To make Wikipedia your default search engine in Mozilla, Beonex Communicator, and Netscape 6/7: #Go to Edit, Preferences. #Expand the Navigator tree and choose Internet Search. #Choose Wikipedia as your default search engine. With Wikipedia selected as your default engine, searches can be conducted via the search sidebar tab, search box, or the web address bar. ====Search Wikipedia using a bookmarklet==== Works with: Mozilla Suite, Mozilla Firefox, Netscape 6/7. Wikipedia can also be searched via a bookmarklet. In Mozilla Firefox, follow these steps: #Right click in the search field at the top of the page, and select "Add a Keyword for this Search". #Enter "Wikipedia Quicksearch" for the name. #Enter "w" (without the quotes) for the keyword. #Change the bookmark folder if you wish, and click "Add". In Mozilla Suite, Netscape 6/7 and Beonex Communicator, follow these steps: #Right click on the following web address and select "Bookmark this link": http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=%s #Go to Bookmarks, Manage Bookmarks. Choose the bookmark you have just created. Highlight the Bookmark and click Properties. #In the dialogue that comes up, put a lowercase w in the keyword box. #Click OK and close the properties box, then close the bookmark manager. In Camino, use the Mozilla Suite directions. Use Get Info (cmd-I) in the bookmarks manager to bring up the properties dialogue. To search, go to the web address bar, enter "w <i>SEARCH_QUERY</i>" (without the quotes), and press enter. ====Javascript in Bookmarks==== Javascript can bring additional functionality to your bookmark. The following javascript can be pasted in as the 'Location' of a new bookmark created manually, for example in the 'Manage Bookmarks' window of Firefox. If you highlight a word in a webpage then hit the new bookmark, javascript grabs the word you have selected and uses that to perform the search. If no word is highlighted, you will be prompted to enter one. <nowiki>javascript:x=escape(getSelection());if(!x)%7Bvoid(x=prompt('Enter%20Word:',''))%7D;if(x)window.location='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search='+x</nowiki> The whole thing should be pasted in as a single line without spaces for it to work. ====K-Meleon==== [[K-Meleon]] has a search button that can be used to search Google. You can change it to search Wikipedia instead, by: #Close K-Meleon. #Open up <tt>prefs.js</tt> with a text editor. The file should be in your <tt>K-Meleon\Profiles\PROFILE_NAME\RANDOM_STRING.slt\</tt> directory. #Add this line, and save <tt>prefs.js</tt>. <nowiki>user_pref("kmeleon.general.searchEngine", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=");</nowiki> Open up K-Meleon and press the search button to search Wikipedia. To go back to Google or to use another search service, edit <tt>prefs.js</tt> and delete the added line Make sure K-Meleon is closed before editing prefs.js. ===Advanced: Wikipedia search field for Opera browser=== All [[Opera (web browser)|Opera]] versions 6, 7, and 8 use a customizable text file called search.ini. This file should only be edited while Opera is not running. The following example replaces one of the existing pre-defined [[search engine]]s. It is up to the user to avoid conflicts of shortcut key (key=). By default 'w' is taken by the download.com search, so either this or the Wikipedia one should be changed. Furthermore the 'Search Engine ##' should be replaced with a free number: '12' is free by default. The Search.ini editor makes editing trivial (see external link). <pre> [Search Engine ##] Name=&amp;Wikipedia URL=http://www.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?search=%s Query= Key=w Is post=0 Has endseparator=0 Encoding=utf-8 Search Type=8 </pre> ====Opera 8==== Opera appears to take a copy of the "search.ini" and load it into an internal buffer of some type. After editing the file with your new entry you must change the "File Version" at the top of the file to allow for your changes to be seen in the browser. =====New search buttons to drag===== A new kind of search system has been added to Opera, which no longer requires manual editing. This will create a button on the mainbar, which can then be put anywhere you wish, even in the start panel.<br> See http://nontroppo.org/opsed/download.php?dd=e&plugin=100&type=SE7 for a Wikipedia search button. ====Opera 9 (Preview)==== Just right-click on the search field you want to create a search with and click "Create search". The following dialog is really simple. You just have to select a name for the search and a search shortcut. It even alerts you if the shortcut you want is already in use. ====Older Versions==== Most importantly, in 7.0, you should back up your customized search.ini because the file is overwritten by the Opera installer. This is no longer true in 7.10 and later. In Opera 6 and 7.0, the menu accelerator letter is defined by the &amp; in the name. In current versions the accelerator is automatically generated and may no longer be the same as the key. ====More information==== *[http://opera-info.xorg.pl/en/ Search.ini editing tool &mdash; makes it more easy to add search engines] *[http://www.schrode.net/opera/search/search_ini.html How to edit Opera's search.ini] (recommended reading prior to hand-editing search.ini) ==Searching with TomeRaider== After downloading the [[Wikipedia:TomeRaider database]] one can search the Wikipedia version offline. One can also search for parts of words. ===Searching the page history=== To search the text that appears only in the page history, you must [[special:export|export]] the text to [[XML]] format first. ==If you cannot find an appropriate page on Wikipedia== If there is no appropriate page on Wikipedia, consider [[Wikipedia:How to start a page|creating a page]], since [[Welcome, newcomers|you]] can edit Wikipedia right now. Or consider adding what you were looking for to the '''[[Requested articles]]''' page. Or if you have a question, then see '''[[Wikipedia:Questions|Where to ask questions]]''', which is a list of departments where our volunteers answer questions, any question you can possibly imagine.<br> ==See also== * [[Wikipedia:Look it up]], for a general guide. * [[Wikipedia:User preferences help]], "Search result settings" section. * [[Wikipedia:Go button]] [[Category:Wikipedia features|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[am:Wikipedia:Searching]] [[cy:Wicipedia:Chwilio am erthygl]] [[da:Wikipedia:Hvordan søger jeg i Wikipedia]] [[de:Hilfe:Suche]] [[el:Βοήθεια:Αναζήτηση]] [[als:Wikipedia:Suche]] [[es:Wikipedia:Búsqueda]] [[eo:Helpo:Serĉado]] [[fr:Aide:Recherche]] [[ia:Wikipedia:Recerca]] [[it:Aiuto:Ricerca]] [[zh-min-nan:Help:Chhiau-chhoē]] [[nl:Help:Zoeken]] [[ja:Wikipedia:検索]] [[pl:Wikipedia:Przeszukiwanie]] [[ru:Википедия:Поиск]] [[sk:Wikipédia:Vyhľadávanie]] [[sl:Wikipedija:Iskanje]] [[fi:Wikipedia:Haku]] [[sv:Wikipedia:Sökning]] [[tl:Wikipedia:Paghahanap sa Wikipedia]] [[vi:Trợ giúp:Tìm kiếm]] [[uk:Довідка:Пошук]] [[zh:Help:搜索]] 1838 6729 2006-09-04T00:09:17Z 69.174.252.80 {{wikibookspar||ڳولا ڪيئن ڪجي؟}} {{selfref|وڪيپيڊيا ۾، ڏسندا [[وڪيپيڊيا:ڳولڻ]].}} '''Searching''' is the act of trying to [[find]] something or someone. One can distinguish between two forms of search. One may search for something that is known to [[exist]], with the intent to locate it, and one may search for something whose existence is uncertain in order to ascertain whether it exists or not. Searching can also be a [[metaphor]]ical act, most frequently in reference to intangibles such as memories and [[emotions]]. Web searching benefits from specific techniques, which are detailed in the [[search engine]] article. A search engine is any device that allows the user to quickly search and view multiple articles/websites. {{-ڏسندا-}} * [[ڳولا الخوارضمي]] ** [[بُوليائِي ڳولا]] ** [[شجري ڳولا]] * [[ڳولا اِنجِڻ]] * [[Seeker]] * [[Search warrant]] * [[Job search]] * [[Air-sea rescue]] * [[وڃايل ماڻھو]] * [[Search and rescue dog]] * [[کوجِي ڪتو]] * [[Strip search]] * [[Novelty (patent)|Novelty search]] (in patent law) * [[The Search]] (1948 film) * [[The Search (DS9 episode)]] * [[گُوگِل]] [[Category:ڳولا|*]] [[de:Durchsuchung]] [[en:Searching]] [[ru:Поиск]] [[zh:搜索]] {{Disambig}} 1839 edit=sysop:move=sysop 6018 2006-04-14T23:05:41Z Aursani 60 Protected "[[Template:مڀسس4س]]" [edit=sysop:move=sysop] <font face="MBSarang Sattar, times new roman,Arial" size="4" color="#53873D"> 1840 8292 2006-12-07T17:03:53Z Aursani 60 [[Image:Solar sys.jpg|left|350px|thumb|{{مبسس4}}شمسي سرشتي جو خاڪو (درست پيماني تي نھ)]] {{مبسس4}}'''شمسي سرشتو''' مشتمل آھي [[ڌرتي]]' [[سِجَ]] ۽ retinue of [[نجمياتي وٿُون|celestial وٿُون]] [[ثقل|ثقلاً]] واڙيل آھن. روايتاً، ھيءُ تي ٻڌل سمجھيو ويندو آھي. سِجُ، نَوَ [[گرھھ]] ۽ سندن 158 ھن وقت معلوم [[قدرتي اُپڦگرَھھ|چَنڊُ]]؛ ، جو ھڪ وڏو تعداد ٻيون وٿون، سميت [[گِرَھڙيون]]، [[meteoroid]]، [[planetoid]]، [[پُڇُڙ تارا]]، ۽ [[بين الگرھياتِي ڌوڙ ڪڪر|بين الگرھياتي ڌوڙ]], [[مدارُ]] سج پڻ. نجمدانَ ڪنھن [[ڏھين گرھھ]] جي موجودگيءَ تي بحث ڪري رھيا آھن. Although the term "شمسي سرشتو" آھي ڪثرتاً applied to other [[نَجِمِي سرشتو]] ۽ [[گِرَھياتِي سرشتا]] which may comprise them, it should strictly refer to Earth's [[سرشتو]] بال خصوص: لفظ "شَمسِي" آھي derived from the Sun's [[لاطيني]] نالو، ''[[Sol]]'', ۽ تنھنڪري وارو اصطلاح ڪڏھن ڪڏھن appears as '''شمسي سرشتو'''. بابت ڳالھائيندي وقت ٻيو [[نجماتي سرشتو]] يا گرھياتي سرشتو، سميت [[تارا]] ۽ اجسام لاڳاپيل with them through ثقل، it is usual to shorten it to drop the term "نَجِمِياتِي" and form names such as "the [[اَلفا سينٽارِي]] سرشتو" يا "[[51 پيگاسِي]] سرشتو". ==شمسي سرشتي جِي ڙجڪَ ۽ == The [[سِجُ]] ([[astronomical symbol]] &#9737;) is a [[main sequence]] [[نجماتي درجھ بندي|G2]] [[تارو]] that contains 99.86% of the system's known [[مايو]]. ان جا ٻھ وڏي ۾ وڏا مداريندڙ اجسام، [[Jupiter]] ۽ [[Saturn]], account for more than 90% of the remainder; the [[Oort Cloud]] might hold a substantial سيڪڙو، but as yet its وجود آھي غير يقيني. وسيع معنيٰ ۾، the charted regions of the شمسي سرشتو تي ٻڌل ٿي ٿو سج ۽ نا جو [[گِرَھياتِي سرشتو]]: the اَٺَ اجسام in نسبتاً unique مدارَ عام طور سڏجندڙ ''گِرَھَھ'' or ''مُکُ گِرَھَھ'' and two پَٽيُون of ننڍڙا objects, جنھن کي سڏ سگھجي ٿو [[ننڍ گِرَھَھ]]، [[planetoids]]، [[meteoroids]]، يا [[planetesimal]]. [[Pluto]]، نائون گرھھ، is also considered a member of the outer پٽيءَ، ۽ ان جو status is فال وقت غير يقيني, particularly since the دريافت جو {{mpl|2003 UB|313}} [[#The scattered disc|(ھيٺ ڏسندا)]]. Most objects in مدار round the Sun all lie within the same shallow plane, called the [[بيضوي سنواٽو]]، ۽ مدار ۾ the ساڳي رُخَ. Many آھن in turn orbited by [[قدرتي اُپُگِرَھُھ|چَنڊ]]s, and the largest are encircled by [[گرھياتي ڇَلو|گرھياتي ڇَلا]] جي ڌوڙ ۽ ٻيا ذرڙات. مُکُ گرھھ، ترتيبوار، [[Mercury (گرھھ)|Mercury]] ({{unicode|&#x263F;}})، [[Venus]] (&#x2640;)، [[ڌرتي]] ({{unicode|&#x2641;}})، [[مريخ]] (&#x2642;)، [[Jupiter]] ({{unicode|&#x2643;}})، [[Saturn]] ({{يونيڪوڊ|&#x2644;}})، [[Uranus]] ({{unicode|&#x2645;}}/[[Image:X - Uranus B.png|10px]])، [[Neptune]] ({{unicode|&#x2646;}})، ۽ [[Pluto]] ({{unicode|&#x2647;}}) آھن. اٺن تي the نون گرھن نالا رکيل آھن مان ديوتائن ۽ ديوين [[يُونانِي mythology|Greco]]-[[رومن mythology|رومن]] [[mythology]]. {{مبسس4}}فاصلا اندر the شمسي سرشتي are measured most often in [[نجمياتي ايڪا]]، يا AU. ھڪ AU ڌرتي ۽ سج درميان سراسري فاصلو آھي، يعني 149 598 000 ڪلوميٽر. عام طور استعمال ٿيندڙ ٻين ايڪن ۾اچي وڃن ٿا the [[gigametre]] (Gm، ڏھھ لکَ ڪلوميٽر) ۽ [[terametre]] (Tm، ھڪ ارب/milliard ڪلوميٽر). [[Pluto (گرھھ)|Pluto]] آھي اٽڪل 38 AU (5.9 [[terametre|Tm]]) سج کان، جڏھن تھ [[Jupiter (گرھھ)|Jupiter]] lies at roughly 5.2 AU (778 Gm). [[Image:Trans-Neptunian object 2003 VB12.Sedna.orbit comparisons.jpg|thumb|ھيءَ تصوير illustrating the مدار جو [[90377 Sedna|Sedna]] gives a good idea جو the layout of the شمسي سرشتي. Clockwise from top کاٻو: the اندريون شمسي سرشتو، the ٻاھريان گرھھ ۽ the [[Kuiper belt]]، the مدار جو Sedna ۽ the [[Oort Cloud]].]] باوجود ان حقيقت تھ جي many diagrams represent the شمسي سرشتو as having each مدار the same فاصلو apart, in actuality the orbits are largely arranged geometrically, that is, each is roughly double the فاصلو from the سج as the one before it. [[Venus (گرھھ)|Venus]]’s distance from the [[سِجُ]] is roughly ٻيڻو that of [[Mercury (گرھھ)|Mercury]], [[ڌرتي (گِرَھُھ)|ڌرتي]]’s فاصلو آھي roughly جي فاصلي کان ٻيڻو Venus, [[مريخ (planet)|مريخ]]’s double that of ڌرتي etc. This relationship is expressed in the [[Titius-Bode قاعدو]], a رياضياتِي formula for predicting the [[semi-major axes]] of planets in AU. In its simplest form, it is written: :<math> a= 0.4 + 0.3\times k</math> جڏھن تھ ''k''=0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128. By this formulation, one would expect [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury's]] مَدارُ (''k=0'') to be 0.4 AU, ۽ [[مريخ]]'s مدار (''k=4'') to be at 1.6 AU. In fact their مدارَ are 0.38 ۽ 1.52 AU.[[1 Ceres|Ceres]]، the largest asteroid، lies at ''k=8''. ھيءُ قاعدو آھي only a rough guide, and doesn't fit all گرھن جو؛ [[Neptune]] آھي گھڻو ويجھو کان قڳڪٿيل, though [[Pluto]] lies at Neptune's predicted مدار. As of now, there is no سائنسي explanation for why this قاعدو applies، ۽ many claim it is محض ھڪ اتفاق، falling into the علائقي of [[uncomfortable سائنس]]. ==شمسِي سرشتي جِي ڄَمارَ ۽ ابتدا== {{پڻڏسندا|ڌرتيءَ جي ڄمارَ|ڌرتيءَ جِي تاريخَ|ڪائنات جي ڄمار}} Using [[radiometric dating]], scientists can estimate that the solar system is 4.6 billion years old. The oldest rocks on Earth are approximately 3.9 billion years old. Rocks this old are rare, as the Earth's surface is constantly being reshaped by erosion, vulcanism and plate tectonics. To estimate the age of the solar system scientists must use [[meteorite]]s, which were formed during the early condensation of the solar nebula. The oldest meteorites (such as the [[Canyon Diablo meteorite]]) are found to have an age of 4.6 billion years, hence the solar system must be at least 4.6 billion years old. ھاڻوڪو نظريو of شمسي سرشتي جي جڙڻ بابت the [[nebular hypothesis]], پھريون نظريو آھي، جيڪو 1755ع ڌاري [[Immanuel Kant]] ۽ [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]] الڳ الڳ پيش ڪيو. [[شمسي nebula|nebular نظريو]] has been refined over many years and now has a great deal ofحق ۾ ڪيتريون ئي وڏيون ثابتيون آھن. To briefly summarize, the nebular نظريي مطابق that the شمسي سرشتو مان ٺھيو ھو the ثقلي collapse of a گيسي بادل called the [[solar nebula]]. It had a diameter of 100 نجميا and was 2-3 times the mass of the Sun. Over time a disturbance (possibly a nearby [[supernova]]) squeezed the nebula, pushing matter inward until gravitational forces overcame the internal gas pressure and it began to collapse. As the nebula collapsed it began to spin faster to conserve [[angular momentum]]، ۽ became warmer. As the competing forces associated with gravity, gas pressure, magnetic fields, and rotation acted on it the contracting nebula began to flatten into a spinning [[protoplanetary disk]] with a gradually contracting [[protostar]] at the center. Grains of dust (silicates and metals) and ice (hydrogen compounds) condensed from the gas, and began to accrete into larger and larger clumps, forming [[planetesimals]]. Inside the [[frost line]], planetesimals were composed of rock and metal, because those are the only grains that can condense at those temperatures, and remained relatively small because they were only 0.6% the mass of the disk. The larger icy planetesimals beyond the [[frost line]] became massive enough to capture and hold onto helium and then hydrogen gases, which caused them to rapidly grow into [[gas giant|jovian]] protoplanets. 10 ڪروڙ سالن کان پوءِ، the pressure and density of hydrogen in the centre of the collapsing nebula became great enough for the [[protostar|protosun]] to begin [[thermonuclear fusion]], which increased until [[hydrostatic equilibrium]] was achieved. The young Sun's [[شمسي واءُ]] then cleared away all the gas and dust in the [[protoplanetary disk]], blowing it into بين نجماتي پولار، thus ending the اوڌ جي the گرھن . ==شمسي سرشتي جا علائقا== [[Image:Heliospheric-current-sheet.jpg|thumb|300px|'''[[Heliospheric current sheet]]'''، وڏي ۾ وڏو structure in the شمسي سرشتو، results from the influence of the [[سج]]'s rotating مقنائي اَڇَ تي the [[Plasma (طبعيات)|plasma]] in the [[بين الگرھياتي ذريعو]] ([[شمسي واءُ]]) [http://quake.stanford.edu/~wso/gifs/HCS.html]. (وڏو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪلڪ ڪريو) ]] سندن مڪانيت پٽاندر، [[شمسي سرشتوي وٿون جي لسٽ|اسان جي شمسي سرشتي جون وٿون]] آھن divided into ٽن zones: Zone I or the [[اندريون شمسي سرشتو]]، including [[terrestrial گرھھ]] ۽ the [[asteroid belt|Main belt of asteroids]]; Zone II, including the [[giant planet]]s, their اپگرھھ and the [[centaur (planetoid)|centaurs]]، ۽ Zone III, يا the [[ٻاھريون شمسي سرشتو]]، comprising the area of the [[Trans-Neptunian objects]] including the [[Kuiper Belt]]، the [[Oort cloud]]، ۽ the وسيع علائقي ۾ درميان. ===بين الگرَھياتِي ذريعو=== The ماحول in which the solar system resides is called the [[بينُ الگِرَھياتِي ذَرِيعو]]. The سِجُ ڪِرِڻي ٿو a لڳاتار stream of charged particles، a [[Plasma (طبعيات)|plasma]] known as [[شَمسِي واءُ]], which forms a very tenuous "فضا" (the [[heliosphere]])، permeating the [[بينُ الگِرَھياتِي ذَرِيعو]] in all directions for at least ten [[اَرب]] (10{{e|9}}) miles (16 [[terametre|Tm]] or 16{{e|9}} km) into space. Small quantities of dust are also present in the [[بينُ الگِرَھياتِي ذَرِيعو]] ۽ are responsible for the phenomenon of [[zodiacal light]]. Some of the dust is likely [[بين النجماتِي ڌُوڙ]] from outside the شمسي سرشتو. The influence of the Sun's rotating مَقِنائِي اَڇَ on the بينُ الگِرَھياتِي ذَرِيعو creates the largest structure in the شمسي سرشتو، the [[heliospheric current sheet]]. ===داخلِي گِرَھَھ=== The four '''inner''' or [[terrestrial planet]]s are characterised by their dense, [[rock (ڀون ڀياس)|rocky]] composition, lack of ابتدائي فضائُون, and few or no چنڊ or ring systems. They formed in the hotter regions سجَ جي ويجھو، where hydrogen compounds remained gaseous, leaving only those mineral dust grains with high melting points such as [[silicates]] to form the planets' solid [[crust (geology)|crusts]] ۽ semi-liquid [[mantle (ڀون ڀياس)|mantle]]s, and metallic dust grains such as [[فولادُ]], which forms their [[planetary core|cores]]. All have [[impact crater]]s ۽ many possess tectonic surface features, such as [[rift valley]]s and [[ٻرندڙ جبل]]. The term ''اندريون گرھھ'' should not be confused with '''[[inferior planet]]'''، which designates those planets which lie اندر the ڌرتيءَ جي مدار (thus Mercury and Venus only). ڌار اندريان گرھھ ھي آھن: [[Image:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg|thumb|{{مبسس4}}[[ڌرتي]] اندرين گِرَھن ۾ وڏي کان وڏو گرھھ آھي]] *[[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] (0.39 AU from the Sun): The closest planet to the Sun is also the smallest and most atypical of the inner planets, having no atmosphere and, to date, no observed geological activity save that produced by [[impact event|impact]]s. Its relatively large iron core suggests that it was once a much larger world whose outer mantle was sheared off in early formation by the Sun’s gravity. *[[Venus]] (0.72 AU): The first truly terrestrial planet, Venus, like the [[ڌرتي (planet)|ڌرتِي]]، possesses a thick silicate mantle around an iron core, as well as a substantial [[Celestial body فضا|فضا]] ۽ ثابتِي of one-time داخلي ڀون ڀياسِي activity، جھڙوڪ [[ٻرندڙ جبل]]. It is گھڻو وڏيڪ خشڪ کان ڌرتي، however; its فضا is 90 times as گھاٽو ۽ composed overwhelmingly of [[ڪاربان dioxide]] with traces of [[sulfuric acid]]. * [[ڌرتِي]] with [[چَنڊُ]] (1 AU): The largest and densest of the inner planets، ڌرتي is also the only one to demonstrate unequivocal ثابتِي جِي جارِي ڀون ڀياسي activity. Its liquid [[hydrosphere]]، unique among the terrestrials, is probably the سبب why Earth is also the only planet where multi-[[plate tectonics]] has been observed, since پاڻي acts as a lubricant for [[subduction]]. Its atmosphere is radically different from the other terrestrials, having been altered by the حياتيءَ جي موجودگي to contain 21 percent free oxygen. Its [[natural satellite|اپگرھھ]]، the چنڊ، is sometimes considered a terrestrial planet in a سھمدار with its partner، since its orbit around the سج never actually loops back on itself when observed from above. The چنڊ possesses many of the features in common with other terrestrial گرھھ، though it lacks an iron core. *[[مريخ]] (1.5 AU): کان ننڍا the ڌرتي or Venus, مريخ possesses a tenuous فضا of ڪاربان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ. Its surface, peppered with vast volcanoes and rift valleys such as [[Valles Marineris]]، shows that it was once geologically active and recent evidence [http://www.universetoday.com/am/publish/mars_volcanoes_active.html] suggests it may have continued to be so until very recently. Mars possesses two tiny [[قدرتي اُپگرھھ|چنڊ]]s thought to be captured [[asteroid]]s. ===گِرَھڙياتِي پَٽِي=== [[Asteroid]]s are objects smaller than planets that mostly occupy the orbit between Mars and Jupiter, between 2.3 and 3.3 AU from the Sun, and are composed in significant part of non-volatile minerals. The main [[asteroid belt]] contains tens of thousands (possibly millions) of asteroids over 1 km across, though they can be as small as dust. Despite their large numbers, the total mass of the main asteroid belt is unlikely to be more ھڪ ھزارين ڀاڱي کانthat the [[ڌرتي]]ءَ جي. Asteroids with a diameter of less than 50 m are called [[meteoroids]]. The largest asteroid, [[1 Ceres|Ceres]], has a diameter of roughly 1000 km; large enough to be spherical, which would make it a گرھھ by some definitions of the word. The asteroids are thought to be the remnants of a small terrestrial planet that failed to coalesce due to the gravitational interference of Jupiter. They are subdivided into [[asteroid group]]s and [[:Category:Asteroid groups and families|families]] based on their specific orbital characteristics. [[Asteroid moon]]s are asteroids that orbit larger asteroids. They are not as clearly distinguished as planetary moons, sometimes being almost as large as their partners. [[Trojan asteroid]]s are located in either of Jupiter's [[Lagrange point|L₄ or L₅ points]], though the term is also sometimes used for asteroids in any other planetary Lagrange point as well. The asteroid belt also contains [[main-belt comets]] [http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Main_Belt_Comets_May_Have_Been_Source_Of_Earths_Water.html] which may have been the source of Earth's water. The inner solar system is dusted with rogue asteroids, many of which cross the orbits of the inner planets. ===خارجِي گِرَھَھ=== The four '''ٻاھريان گرھھ''', or [[gas giant]]s, (sometimes called [[Jovian planet]]s) are so large they collectively make up 99 percent of the mass known to orbit the سج. Their large sizes and distance from the Sun meant they could hold on to much of the hydrogen and helium too light for the smaller and hotter terrestrial planets to retain. The term ''ٻاھريان گرھھ'' should not be confused with '''[[superior planet]]''', which designates those planets which lie outside [[ڌرتي]]'s orbit (thus consisting of the outer planets plus [[Mars]]). [[Image:Jupiter.jpg|thumb|left|{{مبسس4}}اسان جي شمسي سرشتي اندر وڏو ۾ وڏو گرھھ Jupiter آھي.]] *[[Jupiter]] (5.2 AU), at 318 Earth masses, is 2.5 times the mass of all the other planets put together. Its composition of largely [[hydrogen]] and [[helium]] is not very different from that of the Sun. Three of its 63 [[قدرتي اپگرھھ|اُپگرھھ]], [[Ganymede (چنڊ)|Ganymede]], [[Io (چنڊ)|Io]] and [[Europa (چنڊ)|Europa]], share elements in common with the terrestrial planets, such as volcanism and internal heating. Jupiter has a faint, smoky ring. Jupiter's intense gravitational pull attracts many comets, and may have played a role in lowering the number of impacts Earth has experienced in its history. *[[Saturn]] (9.5 AU), famous for its extensive [[planetary ring|ring system]], shares many qualities in common with Jupiter, including its atmospheric composition, though it is far less massive, being only 95 Earth masses. Two of its 49 moons, [[Titan (moon)|Titan]] and [[Enceladus (moon)|Enceladus]], show signs of geological activity, though they are largely made of ice. Titan is the only satellite in the solar system with a substantial atmosphere. *[[Uranus]] (19.6 AU) and [[Neptune]] (30 AU), while having many characteristics in common with the other gas giants, are nonetheless more similar to each other than they are to Jupiter or Saturn. They are both substantially smaller, being only 14 and 17 Earth masses, respectively. Their atmospheres contain a smaller percentage of hydrogen and helium, and a higher percentage of “ices”, such as [[water]], [[ammonia]] and [[methane]]. For this reason some astronomers suggested that they belong in their own category, “Uranian planets,” or “ice giants.” Both planets possess dark, insubstantial ring systems. Neptune’s largest moon [[Triton (moon)|Triton]] is geologically active. [[Centaur (planetoid)|Centaur]]s are icy comet-like bodies that have less-eccentric orbits so that they remain in the region between Jupiter and Neptune. The first centaur to be discovered, [[2060 Chiron]], has been called a comet since it has been shown to develop a tail, or [[coma (cometary)|coma]], just as comets do when they approach the sun. ===The trans-Neptunian region=== The area beyond Neptune, often referred to as the [[outer solar system]] or simply the "[[trans-Neptunian objects|trans-Neptunian region]]", is still largely unexplored. ====The Kuiper belt==== This region's first formation, which actually begins inside the orbit of Neptune, is the [[Kuiper belt]], a great ring of debris, similar to the asteroid belt but composed mainly of ice and far greater in extent, which lies between 30 and 50 AU from the Sun. This region is thought to be the place of origin for short-period [[comet]]s, such as [[Halley's comet]]. Though there are estimated to be over 70,000 [[Kuiper belt object]]s with a diameter greater than 100 km, the total mass of the Kuiper belt is relatively low, perhaps equalling or just exceeding the mass of the Earth. Many Kuiper belt objects have orbits that take them outside the plane of the ecliptic. =====Pluto===== * [[Pluto]], the solar system's smallest planet, is considered to be part of the Kuiper Belt population. Like others in the belt, it has a relatively eccentric orbit inclined 17 degrees to the ecliptic and ranging from 29.7 AU from the Sun at [[perihelion]] to 49.5 AU at [[aphelion]]. It has a large moon (the largest in the solar system relative to its own size), called [[Charon (moon)|Charon]], and, new observations suggest, two other, much smaller moons. Like the Earth/Moon, Pluto and Charon are often considered a [[double planet]]. Although accepted by the [[general public|public]] as a planet since its discovery in 1930, Pluto's tiny mass (less than 1% of Earth's) and diameter have regularly sparked [[the Pluto debate|debates about Pluto's identity]] within the scientific community. Kuiper belt objects with Pluto-like orbits are called [[Plutino]]s. Other Kuiper belt objects have [[orbital resonance|resonant orbits]] and are grouped accordingly. The remaining Kuiper belt objects, in more "classical" orbits, are classified as [[Cubewano]]s. The Kuiper Belt has a very sharply defined edge. At around 49 AU, a sharp dropoff occurs in the number of objects observed. This dropoff is known as the "Kuiper Cliff", and as yet its cause is unknown. Some speculate that something must exist beyond the belt large enough to sweep up the remaining debris, perhaps as large as Earth or Mars. This view is still controversial, however. ====پکڙيل ڊسڪ==== Overlapping the Kuiper belt but extending much further outwards is the [[scattered disc]]. Scattered disc objects are believed to have been originally native to the Kuiper belt, but were ejected into erratic orbits in the outer fringes. =====2003 UB₃₁₃===== One particular scattered disc object, originally found in 2003 but confirmed two years later by [[Michael E. Brown|Mike Brown]] ([[Caltech]]), [[David Rabinowitz]] ([[Yale University]]), and [[Chad Trujillo]] ([[Gemini Observatory]]), has renewed the old debate about [[Definition of planet|what constitutes a planet]] since it is ~30% larger than Pluto with an estimated diameter of 3000 km (1900 miles). It currently has no name, but has been given the [[provisional designation]] {{mpl|2003 UB|313}}, and has been nicknamed "Xena" by its discoverers, after the television character. It has many similarities with Pluto: its orbit is highly eccentric, with a [[perihelion]] of 38.2 AU (roughly Pluto's distance from the Sun) and an [[aphelion]] of 97.6 AU, and is steeply inclined to the ecliptic plane, at 44 degrees, more so than any known object in the solar system except the newly-discovered object {{mpl|2004 XR|190}}. Like Pluto, it is believed to consist largely of rock and ice, and has a moon [http://www.gps.caltech.edu/%7Embrown/planetlila/moon/index.html]. Whether it and the largest Kuiper belt objects should be considered planets or whether instead Pluto should be reclassified as a [[minor planet]] has not yet been resolved. ====ھِڪَ نئين علائقي جو امڪانُ==== [[90377 Sedna|Sedna]], the newly discovered Pluto-like object with a gigantic, highly elliptical 10,500-year orbit that takes it from about 76 to 928 AU, has too distant a [[perihelion]] to be a scattered member of the [[Kuiper Belt]] and could be the first in an entirely new population. {{mpl|2000 CR|105}} is also believed to be a member of this population. ====پُڇُڙُ تارا==== [[Comet]]s are composed largely of volatile ices and have highly eccentric orbits, generally having a [[perihelion]] within the orbit of the inner planets and an [[aphelion]] far beyond Pluto. Short-period comets exist with [[apoapsis|apoapses]] closer than this, however, and old comets that have had most of their volatiles driven out by solar warming are often categorized as asteroids. Long period comets have orbits lasting thousands of years. Some comets with [[hyperbola|hyperbolic]] orbits may originate outside the solar system. ===پرانھان ترين علائقا=== The point at which the solar system ends and interstellar space begins is not precisely defined, since its outer boundaries are delineated by two separate forces: the [[solar wind]] and the [[Sun]]'s [[gravity]]. [[Image:Voyager 1 entering heliosheath region.jpg|left|thumb|The Voyagers entering the heliosheath]] The heliosphere expands outward in a great bubble to about 95 AU, or three times the orbit of [[Pluto (planet)|Pluto]]. The edge of this bubble is known as the [[termination shock]]; the point at which the solar wind collides with the opposing winds of the [[interstellar medium]]. Here the wind slows, condenses and becomes more turbulent, forming a great oval structure known as the [[heliosheath]] that looks and behaves very much like a comet's tail; extending outward for a further 40 AU at its stellar-windward side, but tailing many times that distance in the opposite direction. The outer boundary of the sheath, the [[heliopause]], is the point at which the solar wind finally terminates, and one enters the environment of interstellar space. Beyond the heliopause, at around 230 AU, lies the [[bow shock]], a plasma "wake" left by the Sun as it travels through [[the Milky Way]]. But even this point is not classified as outside the solar system, for the Sun's gravity will still hold sway even up to the [[Oort cloud]], which is a great mass of icy objects, currently hypothetical, believed to be the source for all long-period [[comets]] and to surround the solar system like a shell from 50,000 to 100,000 AU beyond the [[Sun]], or almost halfway to the next star system. The vast majority of the solar system, therefore, is completely unknown. ==اسان جو شمسي سرشتو ڪھڪشائين جي پس منظر ۾ == The solar system is located in the [[Local Fluff]] in the [[Orion Arm]] of the [[کِيرائِين واٽَ]] [[ڪھڪشان]], a [[گھنڊيدار ڪھڪشان]] with a قطر of about [[1 E20 m|100,000]] [[نُوري سال]]s containing تقريباً 200 ارب تارا، of which the سج is a rather large and bright one. The vast majority of تارن آھن [[red dwarfs]]; the سج is placed near the middle of the [[Hertzsprung-Russell diagram]]، پر stars larger and hotter than it are rare, whereas تارا dimmer and cooler than it are very common، although we can observe only those few other red dwarfs that are very near the سج ۾ خلا. اندازا place the شمسي سرشتو at درميان 25,000 ۽ 28,000 نُورِي سالَ from the [[ڪھڪشائين مرڪز]]. Its speed is about 220 [[ڪلوميٽر في سيڪنڊ]], and it completes one revolution every [[1 E15 s|226 ملين سال]]. At the galactic مڪانيت of the شمسي سرشتو، the [[escape velocity]] with regard to the ثقل جو کِيرائِين واٽَ آھي اٽڪل 1000 ڪلوميٽر في سيڪنڊ. The شمسي سرشتو appears to have a very unusual orbit. It is both extremely close to being circular, and at nearly the exact distance at which the orbital speed matches the speed of the compression waves that form the spiral arms. The solar system appears to have remained between spiral arms for most of the existence of life on Earth. The radiation from [[supernova|supernovae]] in spiral arms could theoretically sterilize planetary surfaces, preventing the formation of large animal life on land. By remaining out of the spiral arms, Earth may be unusually free to form large animal life on its surface. For many years, the solar system had the only [[گرھياتي سرشتو]] known, and so theories of planetary formation only had to explain one system to be plausible. The discovery in recent years of many [[extrasolar planet]]s has uncovered systems very different compared to Earth's solar system, and theories have had to be revised accordingly. For instance, many extrasolar planetary systems contain a "[[hot Jupiter]]"; a planet of comparable size to Jupiter that nonetheless orbits very close to its star, at, for instance, 0.05 AU. It has been hypothesised that while the giant planets in these systems formed in the same place as the gas giants in Earth's solar system did, some sort of migration took place which resulted in the giant planet spiralling in towards the parent star. Any terrestrial planets which had previously existed would presumably either be destroyed or ejected from the system. ''See main article: [[extrasolar planet]]'' ==شمسي سرشتي جي کوجَ== {{مبسس4}}ڪيترن ئي ھزارن سالن تائين، ڪجھھ نامور شخصيات کي ڇڏي، باقي ماڻھو شمسي سرشتي جي وجود ۾ يقين نھ رکندا ھئا. ڌرتي لاءِ يقين ڪيو ويندو ھو تھ اھا نھ رڳو ڪائنات جي مرڪز ۾ سِٿَلَ آھي، بلڪھ "رولُو تارن" کان مختلف (گرھھ) جيڪي آسمان ۾ ڀٽڪندا رھن ٿا. The conceptual advances of the 17ھين صدي, led by [[نڪولس ڪوپرنيڪس]], [[گالِيليئو گالِيليئِي]], [[جوھينز ڪيپلر]]، ۽ [[اسحاق نيوٽن]]، led gradually to the acceptance of the idea not only that ڌرتي سج جي چوڌاري گردش ڪري رھي آھي، مگر that the گرھھ were goverened by the ساڳيا قاعدا that governed the ڌرتي, ۽ تنھنڪري could be similar to it. The پھرين کوج جي the شمسي سرشتي was conducted by ڏور ويک (دور بين), with astronomers learning that the چنڊُ and other گرھھ possessed such ڌرتيءَ نما features as craters, ice caps، ۽ مندون. ''See main article: [[ڀون پيمائي ماڊل]]'' Since the start of the [[خلائي دور]], a great deal of کوج has been performed by [[unmanned space missions]] that have been organized and executed by various space agencies. The first probe to land on another solar system body was the [[Soviet Union]]'s ''[[Luna 2]]'' probe, which impacted on the چنڊ in [[1959]]. Since then, increasingly distant planets have been reached, with probes landing on [[Venus (گرھھ)|Venus]] in [[1965]], [[مريخ (گرھھ)|Mars]] in [[1976]], the asteroid [[433 Eros]] in [[2001]], and [[Saturn (گرھھ)|Saturn]]'s moon [[Titan (چنڊ)|Titan]] in [[2005]]. خلائي رٿ have also made close approaches to other planets: ''[[Mariner 10]]'' passed [[Mercury (گرھھ)|Mercury]] in [[1973]]. پھرين probe کوجڻ لاءِ the outer planets was ''[[Pioneer 10]]'', which flew by [[Jupiter (planet)|Jupiter]] in [[1973]]. ''[[Pioneer 11]]'' was the first to visit [[Saturn (planet)|Saturn]], in [[1979]]. The [[Voyager program|''Voyager'']] probes performed a grand tour of the outer planets following their launch in [[1977]], with both probes passing Jupiter in [[1979]] and Saturn in [[1980]]&ndash;[[1981]]. ''[[Voyager 2]]'' then went on to make close approaches to [[Uranus (planet)|Uranus]] in [[1986]] and [[Neptune (planet)|Neptune]] in [[1989]]. The ''Voyager'' probes are now far beyond [[Pluto (planet)|Pluto]]'s orbit, and astronomers anticipate that they will encounter the [[heliopause]] which defines the outer edge of the solar system in the next few years. Pluto remains the only planet not having been visited by a man-made spacecraft, though that will change with the successful launch of the ''[[New Horizons]]'' spacecraft on [[19 January]] [[2006]]. This [[Unmanned spacecraft|unmanned mission]] is scheduled to fly by Pluto in July [[2015]] and then make an extensive study of as many [[Kuiper Belt]] objects as it can. Through these unmanned missions, humans have been able to get close-up photographs of most of the planets and, in the case of landers, perform tests of their soils and [[Celestial_body_atmosphere|atmospheres]]. ==مُکُ گرھن جون خاصيتون== {| cellspacing=1 cellpadding=0 width=160 align=right style="font-size:smaller; clear:right;" |+ style="font-size:larger;"| '''گرھياتي مدارن جي پيمائش'''<br>{{مبسس4}}(ملين [[ڪلوميٽر]]) <br>ھر رنگين پٽي جو ترو ۽ سرو، ترتيبوار، گرھھ جو سج کان گھٽانگھٽ فاصلو ۽ وڌانوڌ فاصلو ظاھر ڪن ٿا .</p> |- |colspan=2 align=center| <timeline> ImageSize = width:176 height:640 PlotArea = width:136 height:600 left:36 bottom:20 AlignBars = justify Period = from:0 till:7500 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1000 start:0 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:500 start:0 LineData= at:start color:yelloworange PlotData= width:15 color:blue align:left shift:(15,-5) from:46 till:70 text:"Mercury" from:107 till:109 align:right shift:(-15,-5) text:"Venus" from:147 till:152 shift:(15,0) text:"ڌرتي" from:207 till:249 align:right shift:(-15,0) text:"مريخ" from:314 till:494 shift:(15,5) color:yellow text:"Asteroid~ belt" from:741 till:816 text:"Jupiter" from:1347 till:1507 text:"Saturn" from:2735 till:3004 text:"Uranus" from:4425 till:7375 color:brightgreen text:"Pluto" from:4456 till:4537 text:"Neptune" </timeline> |- |colspan=2 align=center|[[Image:Solar system, equatorial diameter versus semi-major axis.png|thumb|left|120|Plot of equatorial diameter versus semi-major axis for the سج, Mercury, Venus، ڌرتي، مريخ، Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. Vertical pixels are in units of equatorial diameters of Pluto, and horizontal pixels are in units of (4 * semi-major axis of Mercury).]] |} {{مبسس4}}ھيٺ ڏنل سموريون ماپُون ڌرتيءَ جي نسبت سان ڏنل آھن: {| class="toccolours" border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse;" |+align=bottom style="text-align:left;"| ^* ڏسو [[ڌرتي (گرھھ)|ڌرتي]] article for absolute values.<br> |- bgcolor=#ccccff ! گرھھ ! استوائي خط<br>جو قطر ! مايو ! مدارياتي<br/>نيم قطر ([[Astronomical Unit|AU]]) ! [[مدارياتي ٽاڻو]]<br><SMALL>(سالَ)</SMALL> ! <SMALL>مدارياتي<br>[[Inclination|Incline]] Angle (°)</SMALL> ! <SMALL>مدارياتي<br>[[Eccentricity (مدار)|Eccentricity</SMALL>]] ! ڏينھن<br><SMALL>(ڌرتيءَ جو ڏينھن)</SMALL> ! [[List of قدرتي اپگرھھ|چنڊَ]] |- | [[Mercury (گرھھ)|Mercury]] | align="center" | 0.382 | align="center" | 0.06 | align="center" | 0.387 | align="center" | 0.241 | align="center" | &nbsp;7.00 | align="left" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0.206 | align="center" | 58.6 | align="center" | none |- | [[Venus (planet)|Venus]] | align="center" | 0.949 | align="center" | 0.82 | align="center" | 0.72 | align="center" | 0.615 | align="center" | &nbsp;3.39 | align="left" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0.0068 | align="center" | -243 | align="center" | none |- | [[ڌرتي (گرھھ)|ڌرتي]]^* | align="center" | 1.00 | align="center" | 1.00 | align="center" | 1.00 | align="center" | 1.00 | align="center" | &nbsp;0.00 | align="left" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0.0167 | align="center" | 1.00 | align="center" | [[Moon|1]] |- | [[مريخ (گرھھ)|مريخ]] | align="center" | 0.53 | align="center" | 0.11 | align="center" | 1.52 | align="center" | 1.88 | align="center" | &nbsp;1.85 | align="left" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0.0934 | align="center" | 1.03 | align="center" | [[مريخ جا قدرتي اپگرھھ|2]] |- | [[Jupiter (گرھھ)|Jupiter]] | align="center" | 11.2 | align="center" | 318 | align="center" | 5.20 | align="center" | 11.86 | align="center" | &nbsp;1.31 | align="left" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0.0484 | align="center" | 0.414 | align="center" | [[Jupiter's قدرتي اپگرھھ|63]] |- | [[Saturn (گرھھ)|Saturn]] | align="center" | 9.41 | align="center" | 95 | align="center" | 9.54 | align="center" | 29.46 | align="center" | &nbsp;2.48 | align="left" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0.0542 | align="center" | 0.426 | align="center" | [[Saturn's قدرتي اپگرھھ|49]] |- | [[Uranus (گرھھ)|Uranus]] | align="center" | 3.98 | align="center" | 14.6 | align="center" | 19.22 | align="center" | 84.01 | align="center" | &nbsp;0.77 | align="left" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0.0472 | align="center" | -0.718 | align="center" | [[Uranus's قدرتي اپگرھھ|27]] |- | [[Neptune (گرھھ)|Neptune]] | align="center" | 3.81 | align="center" | 17.2 | align="center" | 30.06 | align="center" | 164.8 | align="center" | &nbsp;1.77 | align="left" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0.0086 | align="center" | 0.671 | align="center" | [[Neptune's قدرتي اپگرھھ|13]] |- | [[Pluto (گرھھ)|Pluto]] | align="center" | 0.18 | align="center" | 0.002 | align="center" | 39.5 | align="center" | 248.5 | align="center" | 17.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; | align="left" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0.249 | align="center" | -6.5 | align="center" | [[Pluto جا قدرتي اپگرھھ|3]] |} Of the other objects، [[Ganymede (چنڊ)|Ganymede]] has the گھڻي کان گھڻو مايو، 2% that of the ڌرتي. {{مبسس4}}وڌيڪَ تفصيلي جدول لاءِ ڏسندا: [[اسان جي شمسي سرشتي جي گرھن جِي جدول]] ==Attributes of the largest minor planets== The largest [[minor planets]] (also known as planetoids) are smoothly rounded, like major planets, because their gravity overcomes material strength that keeps smaller bodies in non-spherical shapes. Before the discovery of [[2060 Chiron]] and the [[trans-Neptunian object]]s, the term "minor planet" was a synonym for [[asteroid]], but many people now prefer to restrict the use of "asteroid" to refer to rocky bodies of the inner solar system. Most trans-Neptunian objects are icy, like [[پڇڙ تارا]], although those we can detect at that distance are much larger than comets. Several asteroids, in the strict sense, are large enough to be spherical. The largest known trans-Neptunian objects are much larger than the large asteroids. (قدرتي اپگرھھ of major planets also range smoothly from small non-spherical objects to large spherical ones, and the largest are larger than [[1 Ceres]], the largest asteroid). {{مبسس4}}ھيٺ ڏنل سموريون ماپُون ڌرتيءَ جي نسبت سان ڏنل آھن: {| class="toccolours" border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse;" |- bgcolor=#ccccff ! Minor planet ! Equatorial<br>diameter ! Mass ! Orbital radius<br>([[Astronomical unit|AU]]) ! [[Orbital period]]<br>(years) ! Day<br>(days) |- | [[1 Ceres]] | align="center" | 0.075 | align="center" | 0.000 158 | align="center" | 2.767 | align="center" | 4.603 | align="center" | 0.3781 |- | [[90482 Orcus]] | align="center" | 0.066 - 0.148 | align="center" | 0.000 10 - 0.001 17 | align="center" | 39.47 | align="center" | 248 | align="center" | ? |- | [[28978 Ixion]] | align="center" | ~0.083 | align="center" | 0.000 10 - 0.000 21 | align="center" | 39.49 | align="center" | 248 | align="center" | ? |- | {{mpl|(55636) 2002 TX|300}} | align="center" | 0.0745 | align="center" | ? | align="center" | 43.102 | align="center" | 283 | align="center" | ? |- | [[20000 Varuna]] | align="center" | 0.066 - 0.097 | align="center" | 0.000 05 - 0.000 33 | align="center" | 43.129 | align="center" | 283 | align="center" | 0.132 or 0.264 |- | {{mpl|2003 EL|61}} | align="center" | ~.0768 | align="center" | ~0.000 67 | align="center" | 43.339 | align="center" | 285 | align="center" | ? |- | [[50000 Quaoar]] | align="center" | 0.078 - 0.106 | align="center" | 0.000 17 - 0.000 44 | align="center" | 43.376 | align="center" | 285 | align="center" | ? |- | {{mpl|2005 FY|9}} | align="center" | ~0.14 | align="center" | ? | align="center" | 45.64 | align="center" | 308 | align="center" | ? |- | {{mpl|2003 UB|313}} | align="center" | 0.24 | align="center" | 0.004? | align="center" | 67.709 | align="center" | 557 | align="center" | ? |- | [[90377 Sedna]] | align="center" | 0.093 - 0.141 | align="center" | 0.000 14 - 0.001 02 | align="center" | 502.040 | align="center" | 11500 | align="center" | 20 |} ==ٻيون حقيقتون== The total [[پکيڙَ]] of the شمسي سرشتي جا objects that have solid surfaces ۽ a قطر greater than 1 km is approximately 1.7{{e|9}} [[kilometer|km]]² &mdash;about 11 times the area of the Earth's land masses. It has been suggested that the Sun may be part of a [[binary star]] system, with a distant companion named [[Nemesis (star)|Nemesis]]. Nemesis was proposed to explain some timing regularities of the great extinctions of life on Earth. The hypothesis says that Nemesis creates periodical perturbations in the [[Oort cloud]] of comets surrounding the solar system, causing a "comet shower". Some of them hit ڌرتي, causing destruction of life. This hypothesis is no longer taken seriously by most scientists, mostly because [[infrared]] surveys failed to spot any such object, which should have been very conspicuous at those wavelengths. The concept of the tenth planet has ڪثرتاً been explored in [[سائنسي افسانو]] works and [[conspiracy theories]] (پڻ ڏسندا [[Planet X]], and [[hypothetical planet]]). {{-ڏسندا-}} {{wikibookspar||Wikijunior Solar System}} * [[Astronomical symbols]] * [[Definition of planet|Definition of ''planet'']] * [[Geological features of the Solar System]] * [[Laws of Kepler]] * [[:Category:Lists of Solar system objects]] * [[Numerical model of solar system]] * [[Origin of life]] * [[Planetary system]] * [[Planetary nomenclature]] * [[Stellar system]] * [[Planet (Table)|Table of planetary attributes]] * [[Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their natural satellites]] * [[Timeline of solar system astronomy]] * [[Geocentric model]] * [[Titius-Bode law]] * [[Zodiacal light]] * [[Solar system in astrology]] * [[Astrological age]] * [[solar system model]] ==خارجي ڳنڍڻا== {{commons|شمسي سرشتو}} * [http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/index.cfm NASA's Solar System Exploration site] * [http://www.lonympics.co.uk//solarsystemrecordbreakers.htm] A site mentioning some records for the Solar System * [http://space.jpl.nasa.gov NASA's Solar System Simulator] * [http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/solar_system NASA/JPL Solar System main page] * [http://members.aol.com/astroequation/ Astronomical Enigma] Mathematical Order in the orbits of the solar system. * [http://www.solarviews.com Solarviews] * [http://celestia.sourceforge.net Celestia] Free 3D realtime space-simulation (OpenGL) * [http://www.nineplanets.org/ The Nine Planets] Comprehensive solar system site by Bill Arnett * [http://www.krysstal.com/solarsys_planets.html Planetary data] * [http://www.solstation.com/habitable.htm Stars and Habitable Planets] * [http://www.michaelschultz.de/index_en.html Solar System] An interactive planets animation (145 zoom steps and time effects) * [http://my.execpc.com/~culp/space/timeline.html Timeline of solar system exploration] * [[mirror matter]] [http://uk.arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0104251 planets] and other [http://uk.arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0110161 mirror objects] in the solar system? * [http://www.solarsystem.org.uk/ The Virtual Solar System, including a scale model of the system] {{wikinews|پلوٽو کان وڏو، 10ھون امڪاني گرھھ لڌو ويو}} *[http://www.newscientistspace.com/article.ns?id=dn7763 Tenth planet discovered in outer solar system] - NewScientistSpace.com *[http://skyandtelescope.com/news/article_1560_1.asp Astronomers Discover "10ھون گرھھ لڌو ويو"] - [[آسمان ۽ ڏورويک]] article *[http://www.astronomy.com/asy/default.aspx?c=a&id=3401 Tenth Planet Discovered] - [[Astronomy Magazine]] article *[http://www.planetary.org/news/2005/10th_planet_0729.html LARGER THAN PLUTO! 10th Planet Discovered?] - Planetary Society *[http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n0507/29planet/ Tenth planet found!] - spaceflightnow.com *[http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/050729_new_planet.html Object Bigger than Pluto Discovered, Called 10th Planet] - space.com *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4730061.stm Astronomers detect 'ڏھون گرھھ'] - BBC News *[http://slate.msn.com/id/2123839/ You Call That a Planet? How astronomers decide whether a celestial body measures up.] - Slate.com *[http://edition.cnn.com/2005/TECH/space/10/01/new.planet.moon.ap/index.html 'Planet Xena' has a sidekick: Gabrielle] - edition.cnn.com * [http://skyandtelescope.com/news/article_1603_1.asp Sky and Telescope article on the moon of {{mp|2003 UB|313}} and the diameter estimate] * [http://www.utahskies.org/solarsysBody.htm The Solar System ] presented by Utah Skies {| class="toccolours" style="margin:0 auto; width:62em; clear:both;" rules="rows" !colspan="3" style="background:#FF9; text-align:center; font-size: larger;"| شمسي سرشتي جون وٿون |- |width="110" align="center"| '''[[سج]]''' | style="padding:0 2% 0 2%; text-align:center;"| '''[[Mercury (گرھھ)|Mercury]]''' &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; '''[[Venus]]''' &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; '''[[ڌرتي]]''' <small>[[چنڊ]]</small> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; '''[[مريخ]]''' <small>[[Phobos]], [[Deimos]]</small> |- | align="center"| '''[[Asteroid belt]]''' and <br/>the '''[[minor planets]]''' | align="center" style="font-size: 90%;" | [[Vulcanoid asteroid|Vulcanoids]] | [[Main belt]] | [[Main-belt comets]] | [[:Category:Asteroid groups and families|Groups and families]] | [[Near-Earth asteroid]]s | [[Trojan asteroid|Jupiter Trojans]] <br/> See also [[:Category:Binary asteroids|Binary asteroids]], [[Asteroid moon]]s | The complete [[list of asteroids]], and [[pronunciation of asteroid names]]. |- | align="center" valign="center"|'''[[Jupiter]]''' </br>([[Jupiter's natural satellites|moons]]) | style="padding:0 2% 0 2%; text-align:center; font-size: 90%;" | [[Inner satellites of Jupiter|Inner satellites]] | '''[[Galilean moons]]''': [[Io (moon)|Io]], [[Europa (moon)|Europa]], [[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]], and [[Callisto (moon)|Callisto]] | [[Themisto (moon)|Themisto]] | [[Himalia group]] | [[Carpo (moon)|Carpo]] | [[S/2003 J 12]] | [[Ananke group]] | [[Carme group]] | [[Pasiphaë group]] | [[S/2003 J 2]] |- | align="center" valign="center"|'''[[Saturn]]''' </br>([[Saturn's natural satellites|moons]]) | style="padding:0 2% 0 2%; text-align:center; font-size: 90%"| [[Pan (moon)|Pan]] | [[Daphnis (moon)|Daphnis]] | [[Atlas (moon)|Atlas]] | [[Prometheus (moon)|Prometheus]] | [[S/2004 S 6]] | [[S/2004 S 4]] | [[S/2004 S 3]] | [[Pandora (moon)|Pandora]] | [[Epimetheus (moon)|Epimetheus]] and [[Janus (moon)|Janus]] | '''[[Mimas (moon)|Mimas]]''' | [[Methone (moon)|Methone]] | [[Pallene (moon)|Pallene]] | '''[[Enceladus (moon)|Enceladus]]''' | [[Telesto (moon)|Telesto]], '''[[Tethys (چنڊ)|Tethys]]''', and [[Calypso (moon)|Calypso]] | [[Polydeuces (moon)|Polydeuces]], '''[[Dione (چنڊ)|Dione]]''', and [[Helene (moon)|Helene]] | '''[[Rhea (moon)|Rhea]]''' | '''[[Titan (چنڊ)|Titan]]''' | [[Hyperion (moon)|Hyperion]] | '''[[Iapetus (moon)|Iapetus]]''' | [[Kiviuq (چنڊ)|Kiviuq]] | [[Ijiraq (moon)|Ijiraq]] | [[Phoebe (moon)|Phoebe]] | [[Paaliaq (moon)|Paaliaq]] | [[Skathi (moon)|Skathi]] | [[Albiorix (moon)|Albiorix]] | [[S/2004 S 11 ]] | [[Erriapo (moon)|Erriapo]] | [[Siarnaq (moon)|Siarnaq]] | [[S/2004 S 13]] | [[Tarvos (moon)|Tarvos]] | [[Mundilfari (moon)|Mundilfari]] | [[S/2004 S 17]] | [[Narvi (moon)|Narvi]] | [[S/2004 S 15]] | [[S/2004 S 10]] | [[Suttungr (moon)|Suttungr]] | [[S/2004 S 12]] | [[S/2004 S 18]] | [[S/2004 S 9]] | [[S/2004 S 14]] | [[S/2004 S 7]] | [[Thrymr (moon)|Thrymr]] | [[S/2004 S 16]] | [[Ymir (moon)|Ymir]] | [[S/2004 S 8]] <br/>''see also:'' [[Rings of Saturn]] | [[Cassini-Huygens]] | [[Themis (moon)|Themis]] |- | align="center" valign="center"| '''[[Uranus]]''' </br>([[Uranus's natural satellites|moons]]) | style="padding:0 2% 0 2%; text-align:center; font-size: 90%"|[[Cordelia (moon)|Cordelia]] | [[Ophelia (moon)|Ophelia]] | [[Bianca (moon)|Bianca]] | [[Cressida (moon)|Cressida]] | [[Desdemona (moon)|Desdemona]] | [[Juliet (moon)|Juliet]] | [[Portia (moon)|Portia]] | [[Rosalind (moon)|Rosalind]] | [[Cupid (moon)|Cupid]] | [[Belinda (moon)|Belinda]] | [[Perdita (moon)|Perdita]] | [[Puck (moon)|Puck]] | [[Mab (moon)|Mab]] | [[Miranda (moon)|'''Miranda''']] | [[Ariel (moon)|'''Ariel''']] | [[Umbriel (moon)|'''Umbriel''']] | [[Titania (moon)|'''Titania''']] | [[Oberon (moon)|'''Oberon''']] | [[Francisco (moon)|Francisco]] [[Caliban (moon)|Caliban]] | [[Stephano (moon)|Stephano]] | [[Trinculo (moon)|Trinculo]] | [[Sycorax (moon)|Sycorax]] | [[Margaret (moon)|Margaret]] | [[Prospero (moon)|Prospero]] | [[Setebos (moon)|Setebos]] | [[Ferdinand (moon)|Ferdinand]] |- | align="center" valign="center"|'''[[Neptune]]''' </br>([[Neptune's natural satellites|moons]]) | style="padding:0 2% 0 2%; text-align:center; font-size: 90%"| [[Naiad (moon)|Naiad]] | [[Thalassa (moon)|Thalassa]] | [[Despina (moon)|Despina]] | [[Galatea (moon)|Galatea]] | [[Larissa (moon)|Larissa]] | [[Proteus (moon)|Proteus]] | '''[[Triton (moon)|Triton]]''' | [[Nereid (moon)|Nereid]] | [[S/2002 N 1]] | [[S/2002 N 2]] | [[S/2002 N 3]] | [[Psamathe (moon)|Psamathe]] | [[S/2002 N 4]] |- | align="center" valign="center"|'''[[Pluto]]''' ([[Pluto's natural satellites|moons]]) | style="padding:0 2% 0 2%; text-align:center; font-size: 90%"|[[Charon (moon)|Charon]] | ([[S/2005 P 2]]) | ([[S/2005 P 1]]) |- | align="center" valign="center"|Misc. | align="center" style="font-size: 90%;" | [[Centaur (planetoid)|Centaurs]] | [[Damocloid]]s | [[Comet]]s | [[Trans-Neptunian object|Trans-Neptunians]] ([[Kuiper belt]] &middot; [[Scattered disc]] &middot; [[Oort cloud]]) |- | colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #EEE; font-size: smaller; padding: 0 0.5em;" | See also [[astronomical object]]s and the [[solar system]]'s [[list of solar system objects|list of objects]], sorted by [[list of solar system objects by radius|radius]] or [[list of solar system objects by mass|mass]], and the [[Spelling-pronunciation_key_for_astronomical_bodies|pronunciation guide]] |} [[Category:Solar System|*]] [[af:Sonnestelsel]] [[ar:نظام شمسي]] [[ast:Sistema solar]] [[bg:Слънчева система]] [[ca:Sistema Solar]] [[cs:Sluneční soustava]] [[da:Solsystem]] [[de:Sonnensystem]] [[et:Päikesesüsteem]] [[es:Sistema Solar]] [[eo:Sunsistemo]] [[eu:Eguzki-sistema]] [[fa:سامانه خورشیدی]] [[fr:Système solaire]] [[fy:Sinnestelsel]] [[ga:Grianchóras]] [[gl:Sistema Solar]] [[gu:સૂર્યમંડળ]] [[ko:태양계]] [[he:מערכת השמש]] [[hr:Sunčev sustav]] [[hu:Naprendszer]] [[io:Sunala sistemo]] [[id:Tata Surya]] [[ia:Systema Solar]] [[ie:Solari sistema]] [[is:Sólkerfið]] [[it:Sistema solare]] [[la:systema solare]] [[lt:Saulės sistema]] [[lv:Saules sistēma]] [[li:Zonnestèlsel]] [[mk:Сончев систем]] [[ms:Sistem suria]] [[nl:Zonnestelsel]] [[ja:太陽系]] [[no:Solsystem]] [[nn:Solsystemet]] [[pam:Solar System]] [[pl:Układ Słoneczny]] [[pt:Sistema Solar]] [[ro:Sistem solar]] [[ru:Солнечная система]] [[sco:Solar seestem]] [[sh:Sunčev sistem]] [[simple:Solar system]] [[sk:Planetárna sústava]] [[sl:Osončje]] [[fi:Aurinkokunta]] [[sv:Solsystemet]] [[sw:Mfumo wa jua na sayari zake]] [[th:ระบบสุริยะ]] [[vi:Hệ Mặt Trời]] [[tr:Güneş Sistemi]] [[uk:Сонячна система]] [[zh:太阳系]] [[zh-min-nan:Thài-iông-hē]] [[category:سائنس]] 1841 5666 2006-04-08T20:24:13Z Aursani 60 1842 5668 2006-04-08T20:27:06Z Aursani 60 <span class="Unicode">{{{1}}}</span><noinclude>[[de:Vorlage:Unicode]][[vi:Tiêu bản:Unicode]][[zh:Template:Unicode]][[ru:Шаблон:Unicode]][[hr:Predložak:Unicode]]</noinclude> 1843 5669 2006-04-08T20:27:36Z Aursani 60 <span class="Unicode">{{{1}}}</span><noinclude>[[de:Vorlage:Unicode]][[vi:Tiêu bản:Unicode]][[zh:Template:Unicode]][[ru:Шаблон:Unicode]][[hr:Predložak:Unicode]]</noinclude> 1844 5671 2006-04-08T20:32:17Z Aursani 60 [[{{{1}}}{{{2}}}|{{{1}}}_{{{2}}}]]<noinclude> [[fr:Modèle:PM1]] [[pt:Predefinição:pml]] </noinclude> 1845 5677 2006-04-08T20:46:38Z Aursani 60 ×10^{{{1}}}<noinclude> [[fr:Modèle:x10]] [[hu:Sablon:E]] [[hr:Predložak:E]] [[sk:Šablóna:E]] </noinclude> 1846 5686 2006-04-08T21:36:21Z Aursani 60 1847 5729 2006-04-09T00:41:55Z 193.52.94.40 #REDIRECT[[شَمسِي سِرِشتو]] 1848 8480 2006-12-20T11:45:33Z Aursani 60 [[Image:Ariane 5 Rosetta launch large.jpg|left|150px|thumb||آريان 5 lifts off with the [[روزيٽ خلائي کوجڪ]] on [[مارچ 2]], [[2004ع]].]] {{مبسس4}}'''خلائي رَٿَ''' هڪ اهڙي [[گاڏي]] آهي جيڪا [[بيروني خلا|خلا]] ۾ سفر ڪري ٿِي. [[اڻبشريل خلائي missions|روبوٽي يا اڻبشريل خلائي probes]] توڙي [[بشريل بشريل missions|بشريل گاڏيون]] خلائي رٿ ۾ شمار ٿين ٿيون. اهو اصطلاح ڪڏهن ڪڏهن مصنوعي [[اپگرهه]] لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿي ٿو، جن کي ساڳي design criteria ۽ ماڊلس آهن. == هِڪَ نظر == {{مبسس4}}خلائي رٿ must be engineered to withstand the ماحولياتي rigors of بيروني خلا. They must operate in a [[خال]] سان گرمي پد potentially ranging across سَوَن of ڊگرين [[Celsius]]. ھُو will عام طور have a ڌوڪ سرشتو as well as a means of maneuvering. If they use ھڪ انجڻ for ڌوڪ then the رٿ بھ needs to store a رسد of ٻارڻ. A سونھپ ۽ ضبط سرشتو is بھ درڪار لاءِ maintaining a proper course. The خلائي رَٿَ will پڻ need an توانائيءَ جو ذريعو for powering the various سرشتا. For خلائي رَٿَ near the [[سج]], [[شمسي panel]]s are frequently employed for this purpose. However, خلائي رٿ travelling to more پرانھن ھنڌن جھڙوڪ Jupiter بھ employ ناڀور ٻارڻ رسدڻ لاءِ برقي توانائي. The term '''''خلائي ٻيڙو''''' is عموماً applied only to خلائي رٿ capable of [[transport]]ing people. خلائي ٻيڙا have اضافي requirements for providing life support to the crew. A [[space suit]] has at times been called a miniature خلائي رَٿَ or خلائي ٻيڙو, emphasizing its purpose of keeping its wearer alive while traveling in the [[خال]] of بيروني خلا. The خلائي ٻيڙو is one of the prime elements in [[سائنسي افسانو]]. انيڪ [[مختصر ڪهاڻي|مختصر ڪهاڻيون]] ۽ [[ناول]] are built up around various آئيڊيائون for خلائي رَٿَ. ڪي [[hard سائنسي افسانو]] [[ڪتاب]]s focus on the ٽيڪنيڪي تفصيل of the رَٿَ, while others treat the خلائي رٿ as a given ۽ delve little into its actual implementation. ڪي ماڻھو دعويَ ڪن ٿا that some Unidentified اڏامندڙ وٿُون (UFOs) are خلائي رَٿَ operated by extraterrestrials; in other words ''[[اڏامندڙ ٿاليون]]''. But the bare term "UFO" merely refers to flying objects in the sky that are, thus far, "unidentified". ==<font face="MBSarang Sattar"> آڳاٽين ۽ ھاڻوڪين خلائي رَٿُن جا مثالَ == {{مبسس4}}'''بشريل''' خلائي رٿُون *{{مبسس4}}[[اپولو خلائي رَٿَ|اپولو خلائي رَٿَ]] *{{مبسس4}}[[جيمڻي رٿا|جيمڻي خلائي رَٿَ]] *{{مبسس4}}[[بين الاقوامي خلائي اسٽيشن]] *{{مبسس4}}[[مِير]] *{{مبسس4}}[[رٿا Mercury|Mercury خلائي رٿ]] *{{مبسس4}}[[Shuttle Buran]] *{{مبسس4}}[[Shenzhou خلائي رٿ|Shenzhou خلائي رٿ]] *{{مبسس4}}[[Space Shuttle]] *{{مبسس4}}[[Soyuz خلائي رٿ|Soyuz خلائي رٿ]] *{{مبسس4}}[[SpaceShipOne]] *{{مبسس4}}[[Voskhod خلائي رٿ|Voskhod خلائي رٿ]] *{{مبسس4}}[[Vostok خلائي رٿ|ووستوڪ خلائي رٿ]] '''اڻبشريل''' * [[Cassini-Huygens]] * [[Cluster mission|Cluster]] * [[Deep Space 1]] * [[Galileo]] * [[Genesis (خلائي رَٿَ)|Genesis]] * [[Mars Exploration Rover]] * [[Mars Global Surveyor]] * [[Mars Pathfinder]] * [[Pioneer 10]] * [[Pioneer 11]] * [[Progress خلائي رٿ|Progress]] * [[شمسي ۽ Heliospheric Observatory|SOHO]] * [[Stardust (خلائي رٿ)|Stardust]] * [[Surveyor]] * [[Viking 1]] * [[Viking 2]] * [[Voyager 1]] * [[Voyager 2]] * [[WMAP]] == <font face="MBSarang Sattar">زير تعمير خلائي رَٿُون == * [[Crew کوجڪ گاڏي]] * [[Kliper]] * [[Automated_Transfer_Vehicle|Automated Transfer Vehicle]] * [[H-II_Transfer_Vehicle|H-II Transfer Vehicle]] * [[Ansari X Prize]] (incl. a list of spacecraft in various stages of completion as of [[2005]]) The [[US Space Command]], according to its "Long Range Plan", is currently planning to develop a weaponized خلائي ٻيڙو, which has yet to be announced.[http://www.fas.org/spp/military/docops/usspac/] == <font face="MBSarang Sattar">پڻ ڏسندا == {{باب خلائي اڏام}} * [[Attitude control]] * [[Expendable launch سرشتو]] *{{مبسس4}}[[Human خلائي اڏام]] * [[افسانوي خلائي ٻيڙن جي لسٽ]] * [[List of خلائي رٿ]] *{{مبسس4}}[[خلائي رٿ ڏوڪ]] * [[Space shuttle]] *{{مبسس4}}[[نجم ٻيڙو]] * [[Thruster]] * [[Unidentified flying object]] *{{مبسس4}}[[اڻ بشريل خلائي mission]] == خارجي مقالا == ;General * [http://science.hq.nasa.gov/missions/phase.html NASA: خلائي سائنس خلائي رٿ Missions] * [http://www.cinespaceships.net/ Cinespaceships - اعدادخانا on spaceships in movie] ;خبرون * Will Knight, "''[http://www.newscientistspace.com/article.ns?id=dn8623 خلائي رٿ skin 'heals' itself]''". جنوري 2006ع, NewScientist.com. [[Category:خلائي رٿ| ]] [[Category:Pressure vessels]] [[bg:Космически кораб]] [[cs:Um&#283;lé kosmické t&#283;leso]] [[da:Rumskib]] [[de:Raumfahrzeug]] [[eo:Kosma flug-aparato]] [[fi:Avaruusalus]] [[fr:V&#233;hicule spatial]] [[id:Pesawat angkasa]] [[hu:Űreszköz]] [[ja:&#23431;&#23449;&#33337;]] [[nl:Ruimtevaartuig]] [[no:Romferge]] [[pl:Statek kosmiczny]] [[pt:Nave estelar]] [[ru:&#1050;&#1086;&#1089;&#1084;&#1080;&#1095;&#1077;&#1089;&#1082;&#1080;&#1081; &#1072;&#1087;&#1087;&#1072;&#1088;&#1072;&#1090;]] [[sk:Umelé kozmické teleso]] [[sl:Vesoljsko plovilo]] [[sv:Rymdfarkost]] [[vi:Tàu vũ trụ]] [[zh:&#31354;&#38388;&#39134;&#34892;&#22120;]] [[Category:ٽيڪنيڀياس]] 1849 5732 2006-04-09T00:46:16Z 193.52.94.40 #REDIRECT[[شَمسِي سِرِشتو]] 1850 5733 2006-04-09T00:46:47Z 193.52.94.40 #REDIRECT[[شَمسِي سِرِشتو]] 1851 8758 2007-01-13T13:29:35Z TXiKiBoT 136 robot Adding: [[vo:Kirgisän]] Modifying: [[ja:キルギス]] {{Infobox Country | native_name = Кыргыз Республикасы<br>''Kyrgyz Respublikasy''<br>Кыргызская республика<br>''Kyrgyzskaya respublika'' | conventional_long_name = Kyrgyz Republic | common_name = Kyrgyzstan | image_flag = Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg | image_coat = Kyrgyziarms.gif | national_motto = ''none'' | image_map = LocationKyrgyzstan.png | national_anthem = [[ڪرگز رياست جو قومي ترانو|جو قومي ترانو <br> ڪرگز رياست]] | سرڪاري_ٻوليون = [[ڪرگز ٻولي|ڪرگزي]], [[روسي ٻولي|روسي]] | capital = [[Bishkek]] | latd=42 |latm=52 |latNS=N |longd=74 |longm=36 |longEW=E | حڪومت_طرز = [[رياست]] | leader_titles = [[President of Kyrgyzstan|President]]<br> [[ڪرگزستان جو وزير اعظم|وزير اعظم]] | leader_names = [[Kurmanbek Bakiyev]]<br> [[Feliks Kulov]] | وڏو ترين_شھر = [[Bishkek]] | پکيڙ = 198,500 | areami² = 76,621 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] -->| area_magnitude=1 E11| area_rank = 86th | percent_water = 3.6% | population_estimate = 5,146,281 |<!--cia.gov--> population_estimate_year = July 2005 | population_estimate_rank = 111th | population_census = 4,896,100 | population_census_year = 1999 | population_density = 25 | population_densitymi² = 67 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] -->| population_density_rank = 147 | GDP_PPP_year = 2005 | GDP_PPP = $9.324 billion |<!--cia.gov--> GDP_PPP_rank = 142nd | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,800 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 190th | HDI_year = 2003 | HDI = 0.702 | HDI_rank = 109th | HDI_category = <font color="#FFCC00">medium</font> | sovereignty_type = [[History of the Soviet Union (1985-1991)|Independence]] | established_events = &nbsp;- Declared<br> &nbsp;- Recognized<br> &nbsp;- Formerly | established_dates = From the [[Soviet Union]]<br> [[31 August]] [[1991]]<br> [[December]] [[1991]] <br> [[Kyrgyz SSR]] <br> | currency = [[Kyrgyzstani Som|Som]] | currency_code = KGS | time_zone = [[Kyrgyzstan Time|KGT]] | utc_offset = +5 | time_zone_DST = [[Kyrgyzstan Summer Time|KGST]] | utc_offset_DST = +6 | cctld = [[.kg]] | calling_code = 996 | footnotes = }} '''ڪِرگزِستانُ''' ([[ڪرگز ٻولي|ڪرگزي]]: Кыргызстан, ([[Persian language|Persian]]: قرقيزستان), variously [[transliteration|transliterated]]), formally the '''Kyrgyz Republic''', and sometimes known as '''krgston''', is a country in [[Central Asia]]. [[Landlocked]] and mountainous, it borders [[Tulip Revolution|revolution]] after the parliamentary elections in March 2005 and President Akayev's resignation on [[April 4]], [[2005]], opposition leaders formed a coalition and a new government was formed under President [[Kurmanbek Bakiyev]] and Prime Minister [[Feliks Kulov]]. Political stability appears to be elusive, however, as various groups and factions allegedly linked to organized crime are jockeying for power. Three of the 75 members of Parliament elected in March 2005 have been assassinated since then, most recently [[Tynychbek Ahmatbayev]]. All three are reputed to have been directly involved in illegal business. == تاريخ == {{main|History of Kyrgyzstan}} The earliest ancestors of the [[Kirghiz]] people, who are believed to be of mixed [[Mongol]] and [[Kipchak]] descent, probably settled until the 10th century around what is now the [[Tuva]] region of the [[Russian Federation]]. With the rise of the [[Mongol Empire]] in the 13th century, the Kyrgyz migrated south. They did not emerge as a distinct [[ethnic group]] until the 15th century. Various Turkic peoples ruled them until [[1685]], when they came under the control of the [[Kalmyks]] ([[Oirats]], [[Dzungars]]). [[Islam]] is the predominant religion in the region, and most of the Kyrgyz are [[Sunni]] Muslims of the [[Hanafi|Hanafi school]]. In the early 19th century, the southern territory of today's Kyrgyzstan came under the control of the [[Khanate of Kokand]], and the territory was formally incorporated into the [[Russian Empire]] in [[1876]]. The Russian takeover instigated numerous revolts against tsarist authority, and many of the Kyrgyz opted to move to the Pamirs and [[Afghanistan]]. In addition, the suppression of the [[1916]] rebellion in [[Central Asia]] caused many Kyrgyz to migrate to [[China]]. Soviet power was initially established in the region in [[1919]], and the [[Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast]] was created within the [[Russian SFSR]] (the term Kara-Kirghiz was used until the mid-1920s by the Russians to distinguish them from the Kazakhs, who were also referred to as Kirghiz). On [[December 5]], [[1936]], the [[Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic]] (SSR) was established as a full Union Republic of the [[Soviet Union|USSR]]. During the 1920s, Kyrgyzstan developed considerably in cultural, educational, and social life. Literacy was greatly improved, and a standard literary language was introduced. Economic and social development also was notable. Many aspects of the Kyrgyz national culture were retained despite the suppression of nationalist activity under [[Stalin]], and, therefore, tensions with the all-Union authorities were constant. The early years of [[glasnost]] had little effect on the political climate in Kyrgyzstan. However, the Republic's press was permitted to adopt a more liberal stance and to establish a new publication, ''Literaturny Kirghizstan'', by the Union of Writers. Unofficial political groups were forbidden, but several groups that emerged in [[1989]] to deal with the acute housing crisis were permitted to function. In June [[1990]], ethnic tensions between [[Uzbeks]] and Kyrgyz surfaced in the [[Osh Oblast]], where Uzbeks form a majority of the population. Violent confrontations ensued, and a state of emergency and curfew were introduced. Order was not restored until August. The early 1990s brought measurable change to Kyrgyzstan. By then, the Kyrgyzstan Democratic Movement (KDM) had developed into a significant political force with support in Parliament. In an upset victory, Askar Akayev, the liberal President of the Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences, was elected to the Presidency in October 1990. The following January, Akayev introduced new government structures and appointed a new government comprised mainly of younger, reform-oriented politicians. In December 1990 the Supreme Soviet voted to change the republic's name to the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. (In [[1993]], it became the Kyrgyz Republic.) In February 1991, the name of the capital, Frunze, was changed back to its prerevolutionary name of Bishkek. The [[Kyrgyz language]] replaced [[Russian language|Russian]] as the official language in September 1991. (Kyrgyz is a member of the Southern Turkic group of languages and was written in the [[Arabic alphabet]] until the 20th century. [[Latin alphabet|Latin script]] was introduced and adopted in [[1928]], and was subsequently replaced by [[Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] in [[1941]].) Despite these aesthetic moves toward independence, economic realities seemed to work against secession from the U.S.S.R. In a referendum on the preservation of the U.S.S.R. in March [[1991]], 88.7% of the voters approved the proposal to retain the U.S.S.R. as a "renewed federation." On [[August 19]], [[1991]], when the [[State Emergency Committee]] assumed power in [[Moscow]], there was an attempt to depose Akayev in Kyrgyzstan. After the coup had collapsed the following week, Akayev and Vice President German Kuznetsov announced their resignations from the [[Communist Party Soviet Union]] (CPSU), and the entire bureau and secretariat resigned. This was followed by the Supreme Soviet vote declaring independence from the USSR on [[August 31]], [[1991]]. In October 1991, Akayev ran unopposed and was elected president of the new independent Republic by direct ballot, receiving 95% of the votes cast. Together with the representatives of seven other Republics that same month, he signed the Treaty of the New Economic Community. Finally, on [[December 21]], 1991, Kyrgyzstan joined with the other four Central Asian Republics to formally enter the new [[Commonwealth of Independent States]]. In 1992, Kyrgyzstan joined the [[UN]] and the [[CSCE]]. Current concerns in Kyrgyzstan include: privatization of state-owned enterprises, expansion of democracy and political freedoms, inter-ethnic relations, and terrorism. == سياست == {{main|ڪرگزستان جي سياست}} The [[1993]] constitution defines the form of government as a democratic republic. The executive branch includes a president and prime minister. The parliament currently is bicameral. The judicial branch comprises a Supreme Court, a Constitutional Court, local courts, and a Chief Prosecutor. In March [[2002]], in the southern district of [[Aksy]], five people protesting the arbitrary arrest of an opposition politician were shot dead by police, sparking nationwide protests. President Akayev initiated a constitutional reform process which initially included the participation of a broad range of government, civil, and social representatives in an open dialogue, leading to a February [[2003]] referendum marred by voting irregularities. The amendments to the constitution approved by the referendum resulted in stronger control by the president and weakened the parliament and the Constitutional Court. Parlimentary elections for a new, 75-seat unicameral legislature were held on February 27 and March 13, 2005, but were widely viewed as corrupt. The subsequent protests led to a bloodless [[coup]] on March 24, after which Akayev fled the country and was replaced by acting president [[Kurmanbek Bakiev]] (see: [[Tulip Revolution]]). Interim government leaders are developing a new governing structure for the country and working to resolve outstanding constitutional issues. On [[July 10]], [[2005]], acting president Bakiev won a [[Kyrgyz presidential election, 2005|presidential election]] in a landslide, with 88.9% of the vote and was inaugurated on [[14 August]] in Bishkek. As of early 2006, however, initial public support for the new administration has substantially declined as a result of its apparent inability to solve the corruption problems that have plagued the country since its independence from the Soviet Union, along with the murders of three members of parliament. ==صُوبا== {{مبسس4}}ڪرگزستان ستن صوبن (واحد: '''اوبلاسٽ''' (''область'') ؛ جمع: '''اوبلاسٽار''' (''областтар'')) ۾ وراھيل آهي؛ جن جو انتظام مقرر ڪيل گورنر هلائيندا آهن، جڏهن ته گاديءَ جي هنڌ وارو شهر [[بشڪيڪ]] انتظامي لحاظ کان آزاد شهر (شار) آهي. [[Image:Kyrgyzstan provinces.png|300px|left|ڪرگزستان جا صوبا]] {{مبسس4}}صوبا ۽ سندن گاديءَ جا هنڌ هيٺين نالن سان سڃاتا وڃن ٿا: #{{مبسس4}}[[بشڪيڪ]] (شار) #{{مبسس4}}[[باتڪن صوبو]] ([[باتڪن]]) #{{مبسس4}}[[چُئِي صوبو]] ([[توڪموڪ]]) #{{مبسس4}}[[جلال آباد صوبو]] ([[جلال آباد]]) #{{مبسس4}}[[نارائڻ صوبو]] ([[نارائڻ]]) #{{مبسس4}}[[اوش صوبو]] ([[اوش]]) #{{مبسس4}}[[تلاس صوبو]] ([[تلاس]]) #{{مبسس4}}[[عيسائڪ ڪل صوبو]] ([[ڪاراڪول]]) Each province comprises a number of [[district]]s (''[[rayon]]''), administered by government-appointed officials (''akim''). Rural communities (''ayıl ökmötü'') consisting of up to twenty small settlements have their own elected [[mayor]]s and [[council]]s. == ڀون نگاري == [[Image:Kyrgyzstanmap.png|thumb|300px|{{مبسس4}}ڪرگزستان جو نقشو]] {{main|{{مبسس4}}ڪرگزستان جي ڀون نگاري}} Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked country in [[Central Asia]], bordering [[Kazakhstan]], [[China]], [[Tajikistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]]. The mountainous region of the [[Tian Shan]] covers the majority of the nation, with the remainder made up of its valleys and basins. [[Issyk-Kul]] in the north-western Tian Shan is the largest lake in Kyrgyzstan and the second largest mountain lake in the world after [[Titicaca]]. The highest peaks are in the Kakshaal-Too range, forming the Chinese border. [[Pik Pobedy]] (Victory Peak), at 24,400 feet (7,439 m), is the highest point and is considered by geologists (though not mountaineers) to be the northernmost 23,000 [[foot(unit of length)|foot]] (7,000 m) peak in the world. Heavy snowfall in winter leads to heavy spring floods which often cause serious damage downstream. The runoff from the mountains is also utilized, however, for substantial generation of hydro-electricity. The climate varies regionally. The south-western [[Fergana Valley]] is [[subtropical climate|subtropical]] and extremely hot in summer, with temperatures reaching 40°C (104°F.) The northern foothills are [[temperate climate|temperate]] and the Tian Shan varies from dry [[continental climate|continental]] to [[polar climate]], depending on elevation. In the coldest areas temperatures are sub-zero for around 40 days in winter, and even some desert areas experience constant snowfall in this period. Kyrgyzstan has significant deposits of rare metals including [[gold]] and also some [[coal]], [[petroleum]] and [[natural gas]]. Less than 8% of the land is cultivated, and this is concentrated in the northern lowlands and the fringes of the Fergana Valley. [[Bishkek]] in the north is the capital and largest city, with approximately 900,000 inhabitants in 2005. The second city is the ancient town of [[Osh]], located in the Fergana Valley near the border with Uzbekistan. The principal river is the [[Naryn River|Naryn]], flowing west through the Fergana Valley into Uzbekistan, where it meets another of Kyrgyzstan's major rivers, the [[Kara Darya]] and forms the [[Syr Darya]] which eventually flows into the [[Aral Sea]] -- although the massive extraction of water for irrigating Uzbekistan's cotton fields now causes the river to dry up long before reaching the Aral Sea. The [[Chui]] river also briefly flows through Kyrgyzstan before entering Kazakhstan. === Enclaves and exclaves === There is one [[exclave]], the tiny village of Barak [http://home.no.net/enklaver/kyrgyzstan.htm], (population 627) in the [[Fergana]] valley. The village is surrounded by Uzbek territory and located between the towns of [[Margilan]] and Fergana. There are four Uzbek [[enclave]]s within Kyrgyzstan. Two of them are the towns of [[Sokh]] (area 125&nbsp;sq.&nbsp;mi/325 km² and a population of 42,800 in [[1993]], although some estimates go as high as 70,000; 99% are Tajiks, the remainder Uzbeks), and [[Shakhrimardan]] (also known as Shakirmardon or Shah-i-Mardan, area 35&nbsp;sq.&nbsp;mi/90 km² and a population of 5,100 in 1993; 91% are Uzbeks, the remainder Kyrgyz); the other two are the tiny territories of Chuy-Kara (or Kalacha, roughly 3 km long by 1 km wide or 2 [[mile|mi]] by 0.6 mi) and Dzhangail (a dot of land barely 2 or 3 km across). Chuy-Kara is on the Sokh river, between the Uzbek border and the Sokh enclave. There also are two enclaves belonging to Tajikistan: [[Vorukh]] (exclave area between 95 and 130 km² [37&ndash;50&nbsp;sq.&nbsp;mi], population estimated between 23,000 and 29,000, 95% Tajiks and 5% Kyrgyz, distributed among 17 villages), located 45 kilometres (28&nbsp;mi) south of [[Isfara]] on the right bank of the [[Karafshin]] river, and a small settlement near the Kyrgyz railway station of [[Kairagach]]. == معيشت == {{main|ڪرگزستان جي معيشت}} Despite the backing of major Western donors, including the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), the [[World Bank]] and the [[Asian Development Bank]], the Kyrgyz Republic has had economic difficulties following independence. Initially, these were a result of the breakup of the Soviet trading bloc and resulting loss of markets, which impeded the republic's transition to a free market economy. The government has reduced expenditures, ended most price subsidies, and introduced a [[value-added tax]]. Overall, the government appears committed to the transition to a [[market economy]]. Through economic stabilization and reform, the government seeks to establish a pattern of long-term consistent growth. Reforms led to the Kyrgyz Republic's accession to the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO) on [[December 20]], 1998. The Kyrgyz Republic's economy was severely affected by the collapse of the Soviet Union and the resulting loss of its vast market. In 1990, some 98% of Kyrgyz exports went to other parts of the Soviet Union. Thus, the nation's economic performance in the early 1990s was worse than any other former Soviet republic except war-torn [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], and [[Tajikistan]], as factories and state farms collapsed with the disappearance of their traditional markets in the former Soviet Union. While economic performance has improved considerably in the last few years, and particularly since 1998, difficulties remain in securing adequate fiscal revenues and providing an adequate [[social safety net]]. [[Agriculture]] is an important sector of the economy in the Kyrgyz Republic. By the early 1990s, the private agricultural sector provided between one-third and one-half of some harvests. In 2002 agriculture accounted for 35.6% of GDP and about half of employment. The Kyrgyz Republic's terrain is mountainous, which accommodates [[livestock]] raising, the largest agricultural activity. Main crops include [[wheat]], [[sugar beets]], potatoes, [[cotton]], [[tobacco]], [[vegetables]], and [[fruit]]. [[Wool]], [[meat]], and [[dairy product]]s also are major commodities. Agricultural processing is a key component of the industrial economy, as well as one of the most attractive sectors for foreign investment. The Kyrgyz Republic is rich in mineral resources but has negligible petroleum and natural gas reserves; it imports petroleum and gas. Among its mineral reserves are substantial deposits of [[coal]], [[gold]], [[uranium]], [[antimony]], and other [[rare-earth metals]]. [[Metallurgy]] is an important industry, and the government hopes to attract foreign investment in this field. The government has actively encouraged foreign involvement in extracting and processing gold. The Kyrgyz Republic's plentiful water resources and mountainous terrain enable it to produce and export large quantities of [[hydroelectric energy]]. On a local level, the economy is primarily kiosk in nature. A large amount of local commerce occurs at bazaars and small village kiosks. Commodities such as gas are often sold road-side in gallon jugs. A significant amount of trade is unregulated. There is also a scarcity of common everyday consumer items in remote villages. Thus a large number of homes are quite self-sufficient with respect to food production. There is a distinct differentiation between urban and rural economies. The principal exports are nonferrous metals and minerals, woolen goods and other agricultural products, electric energy, and certain engineering goods. Imports include petroleum and natural gas, ferrous metals, chemicals, most machinery, wood and paper products, some foods, and some construction materials. Its leading trade partners include [[Germany]], [[Russia]], [[China]], and neighboring [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Uzbekistan]]. == ماڻھنگاري == {{main|Demographics of Kyrgyzstan}} ''The World Almanac 2005'' reported that Kyrgyzstan's population is slightly more than 5 million, estimating it at 5,081,429. Of those, 34.4% are under the age of 15 and 6.2% are over the age of 65. The country is [[rural]]; only about one-third (33.9%) of Kyrgyzstan's population live in urban areas. The average [[population density]] is 69 people per square mile<!--spelled out per WP:MOSNUM--> (29 people per km²). [[Image:GravesKyrgizstan.jpg|thumb|{{مبسس4}}روايتي قبرون]] The nation's largest [[ethnic group]] are the [[Kyrgyz]], a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] peoples. The Kyrgyz comprise 69.5% percent of the population and have historically been semi-[[nomad]]ic herders, living in [[yurt]]s and tending [[sheep]], [[horse]]s and [[yak]]s. This nomadic tradition continues to function seasonaly as herding families return to high mountain pastures or jailoos in the summer. The retention of this nomadic heritage and the freedoms that it assumes continue to have an impact on the political atmosphere in the country. The name Kyrgyz, both for the people and for the nation itself, is said to mean either "forty girls", a reference to the Manas of folklore unifying forty tribes against the Mongols. Other ethnic groups include [[Russians|ethnic Russians]] (9.0%) concentrated in the North and [[Uzbeks]] (14.5%) living in the South. Small, but noticeable minorities include [[Tatars]] (1.9), [[Uyghur]]s (1.1%), [[Kazakh|Kazakhs]] (0.7%) and [[Ukrainians]] (0.5%). Of the formerly sizeable [[Volga German]] community, exiled here by Stalin from their earlier homes in the Volga-German Republic, most have left to be repatriated in Germany, and only a few small groups remain. == ثقافت == {{main|ڪرگزستان جي ثقافت}} [[Image:RoadBishkekKyrgizstan.jpg|thumb| ‏{{مبسس4}}[[بشڪيڪ]] ويجھو هڪ روڊ ]] [[Image:Al-aksa range in Kirgistan.jpg|thumb|Al-Aksa gorge near Bishkek]] * ''[[Manas (epic)|Manas]]'', an [[epic poem]] * [[Tush kyiz]], large, elaborately embroidered wall hangings === مذھب === *75 سيڪڙو ماڻھسيھ جو مذھب [[ڪرگزستان ۾ اسلام|اسلام]] آھي. *[[رُوسي Orthodox Church|رُوسي Orthodox]] ۽ [[اُوڪريني Orthodox Church|اُوڪريني Orthodox]] مُک [[ڪرستان]] چرچون آھن ===پرچم=== It is considered that there are 40 Kyrgyz tribes. This is symbolized by the 40-rayed yellow sun in the center of the flag of Kyrgyzstan. The lines inside the sun represent the crown or [[tunduk]] (Kyrgyz түндүк) of a [[yurt]], a symbol replicated in many facets of Kyrgyz architecture.The red portion of the flag represents the banner of the Kyrgyz hero, Manas. ===موڪلون=== {|class="wikitable" ! style="background:#efefef;" | تاريخ ! style="background:#efefef;" | سنڌي نالو ! style="background:#efefef;" | مقامي نالو ! style="background:#efefef;" | Remarks |- | پھرين جنوري | نئون سالُ | Жаңы жыл | ~ |- |7ئين جنوري | رُوسي Orthodox ڪرسمس | Православдык рождествосу | ~ |- | مارچ 8th | عورت ڏھاڙو | Аялдар күнү | ~ |- | مارچ 21st | [[نوروز|نوروز]] | Нооруз майрамы | ~ |- |1رين مَي | پورھيت (پورھيت) ڏھاڙو | Ишчилер күнү | ~ |- | مَي 5th | آئين ڏھاڙو | Конституция күнү | ~ |- | مَي 9th | ٻين عالمي جنگ فتح ڏھاڙو | Жеңиш күнү | ~ |- | آگسٽ 31st | آزادي ڏھاڙو | Эгемендүүлүк күнү | ~ |} == Miscellaneous topics == * [[Communications in Kyrgyzstan]] * [[Foreign relations of Kyrgyzstan]] * [[Kyrgyzstan at the 2004 Summer Olympics]] * [[Kyrgyz parliamentary elections, 2005]] * [[Kyrgyz presidential election, 2005]] * [[List of cities in Kyrgyzstan]] * [[Military of Kyrgyzstan]] * [[Scouting in Kyrgyzstan]] * [[Transportation in Kyrgyzstan]] * [[Tulip Revolution]] * [[Postage stamps and postal history of Kyrgyzstan]] == حوالا == * ''Historical Dictionary of Kyrgyzstan'' by Rafis Abazov * ''Kyrgyzstan: Central Asia's Island of Democracy?'' by John Anderson * ''Kyrgyzstan: The Growth and Influence of Islam in the Nations of Asia and Central Asia'' by Daniel E. Harmon * ''Lonely Planet Guide: Central Asia'' by Paul Clammer, Michael Kohn and Bradley Mayhew * ''Odyssey Guide: Kyrgyz Republic'' by Ceri Fairclough, Rowan Stewart and Susie Weldon, == خارجي ڳنڍڻا == {{sisterlinks|ڪِرگزِستانُ}} *[http://www.gov.kg/ Government of Kyrgyzstan] official site *[http://www.president.kg/ President of the Kyrgyz Republic] *[http://www.mvtp.kg/ Kyrgyzstan Ministry of External Trade and Industry] *[http://www.ktr.kg/tv/en/ Kyrgyz State Television and Radio] *[http://www.eurasianet.org/resource/kyrgyzstan/hypermail/news/index.shtml Eurasianet - Kyrgyzstan Daily Digest] news *[http://dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/Kyrgyzstan Open Directory Project - ''Kyrgyzstan''] directory category *[http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia-and-Oceania/Kyrgyzstan.html Encyclopedia of the Nations - Kyrgyzstan] *[http://www.freenet.kg/kyrgyzstan/manas.html The "Manas" epic] *[http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/kyrgyzstan/ PBS documentary on Kyrgyz bride "kidnapping"] March 2004 *[http://barthphoto.com/Kyrgyzstan.htm Photos of traditional life in Kyrgyzstan] *[http://www.uni-graz.at/franz.koelbl/kirgisien/ Photo gallery and information about Kyrgyzstan] - in German {{Central_Asia}} {{Commonwealth_of_Independent_States}} {{Eurasian Economic Community}} [[Category:وچ ايشيا جا ملڪ]] [[Category:ڪِرگزِستانُ|*]] [[Category:ڀونءِ گھيريل ملڪ]] {{Link FA|no}} [[category:تاريخ]] [[category:ڀونءِ ڀياس ۽ ڀونءِ نگاري]] [[als:Kirgisistan]] [[an:Kirguisistán]] [[ar:قرغيزستان]] [[az:Qırğızıstan]] [[bat-smg:Kirkizėjė]] [[bg:Киргизстан]] [[br:Kirgizstan]] [[bs:Kirgistan]] [[ca:Kirguizistan]] [[cs:Kyrgyzstán]] [[cv:Киргизи]] [[cy:Kyrgyzstan]] [[da:Kirgisistan]] [[de:Kirgisistan]] [[el:Κιργιζία]] [[en:Kyrgyzstan]] [[eo:Kirgizio]] [[es:Kirguistán]] [[et:Kõrgõzstan]] [[eu:Kirgizistan]] [[fa:قرقیزستان]] [[fi:Kirgisia]] [[fr:Kirghizistan]] [[frp:Kirguizistan]] [[fy:Kirgyzje]] [[gl:Quirguicistán - Кыргыз Республикасы]] [[he:קירגיזסטן]] [[hr:Kirgistan]] [[ht:Kirgistan]] [[hu:Kirgizisztán]] [[hy:Ղրղզստան]] [[id:Kirgizstan]] [[io:Kirgizistan]] [[is:Kirgistan]] [[it:Kirghizistan]] [[ja:キルギス]] [[ka:ყირგიზეთი]] [[kk:Қырғызстан]] [[ko:키르기스스탄]] [[ku:Qirgizîstan]] [[kw:Pow Kyrgys]] [[ky:Кыргызстан]] [[la:Chirgisia]] [[li:Kirgizië]] [[lt:Kirgizija]] [[lv:Kirgizstāna]] [[mk:Киргистан]] [[mo:Кыргызстан]] [[ms:Kyrgyzstan]] [[nds:Kirgisien]] [[nl:Kirgizië]] [[nn:Kirgisistan]] [[no:Kirgisistan]] [[oc:Quirguizstan]] [[pam:Kyrgyzstan]] [[pl:Kirgistan]] [[pt:Quirguistão]] [[ro:Kârgâzstan]] [[ru:Киргизия]] [[sh:Kirgistan]] [[simple:Kyrgyzstan]] [[sk:Kirgizsko]] [[sl:Kirgizistan]] [[sq:Kirgistani]] [[sr:Киргизија]] [[sv:Kirgizistan]] [[te:కిర్గిజ్‌స్తాన్]] [[tg:Қирғизистон]] [[th:ประเทศคีร์กีซสถาน]] [[tl:Kyrgyzstan]] [[tr:Kırgızistan]] [[udm:Киргизия]] [[ug:قىرغىزىستان]] [[uk:Киргизстан]] [[ur:کرغزستان]] [[uz:Qirgʻiziston]] [[vi:Kyrgyzstan]] [[vo:Kirgisän]] [[zh:吉尔吉斯斯坦]] [[zh-min-nan:Kyrgyzstan]] 1852 5741 2006-04-09T11:20:10Z Aursani 60 #REDIRECT[[ڪِرگزِستانُ]] 1853 5742 2006-04-09T11:38:18Z Aursani 60 #REDIRECT[[ڪِرگزِستانُ]] 1854 5749 2006-04-09T12:01:16Z Aursani 60 <noinclude>{{esoteric}}</noinclude> {| class="infobox bordered" cellpadding="4" style="width: 20em; font-size: 95%;" |+ style="margin-left: inherit;" | '''{{{native_name}}}'''{{qif|test={{{conventional_long_name|}}}|then=<br />'''{{{conventional_long_name|}}}'''}} |- | colspan="2" | {| style="text-align: center; margin: 0 auto; background: none;" |- | style="border: 0; vertical-align: middle;" | <span style="border: 1px solid #bbbbbb; display: table-cell;">[[Image:{{{image_پرچم}}}|125px|جو پرچم {{{عام_نالو}}}]]</span> | style="border: 0; vertical-align: middle;" | [[Image:{{{image_coat}}}|110px|Coat of arms of {{{عام_نالو}}}]] |- style="font-size: 95%;" | style="border: 0;" | [[جو پرچم {{{عام_نالو}}}|پرچم]] | style="border: 0;" | [[Coat of arms of {{{عام_نالو}}}|Coat of arms]] |} |- | colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center;" | [[List of state mottos|Motto]]: {{{قومي_motto}}} |- | colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center;" | [[قومي ترانو|ترانو]]: {{{قومي_ترانو}}} |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background: white;" | [[Image:{{{image_map}}}|250px|Location of {{{common_name}}}]] |- | '''[[گادي]]''' |{{{capital}}}<br /> <small><span class="plainlinksneverexpand" >[http://kvaleberg.com/extensions/mapsources/index.php?params={{{latd}}}_{{{latm}}}_{{{latNS}}}_{{{longd}}}_{{{longm}}}_{{{longEW}}}_type:country({{{area}}}) {{{latd}}}°{{{latm}}}&prime;&nbsp;{{{latNS}}} {{{longd}}}°{{{longm}}}&prime;&nbsp;{{{longEW}}}]</span></small> |- | '''[[Demographics of {{{عام_نالو}}}|Largest&nbsp;city]]''' | {{{largest_city}}} |- | '''[[سرڪاري ٻولي|سرڪاري&nbsp;ٻولي(ون)]]''' | {{{سرڪاري_ٻوليون}}} |- | style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''[[ملڪن جي لسٽ بترتيب حڪومتي نظام|حڪومت]]''' <div style="text-align: left;">{{{قائد_لقب}}}</div> | style="white-space: nowrap;" | {{{حڪومت_طرز}}}<br />{{{قائد_نالا}}} |- | style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''{{{sovereignty_type}}}'''<br />{{{established_events}}} | style="white-space: nowrap;" | {{{established_dates}}} |- | '''[[ملڪن جي لسٽ ۽ outlying territories by area|پکيڙ]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Total<br />{{qif|test={{{areami²|}}}|then=&nbsp;<br />}}&nbsp;- Water (%) | &nbsp;<br />[[{{{area_magnitude}}} m²|{{{area}}}&nbsp;km&sup2;]]&nbsp;([[ملڪن جي لسٽ ۽ outlying territories by پکيڙ|{{{area_rank}}}]]){{qif|test={{{areami²|}}}|then=<br />{{{areami²}}}&nbsp;mi²&nbsp; }}<br />{{{percent_water}}} |- | style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''[[ملڪن جي لسٽ بترتيب ماڻھسيھ|ماڻھسيھ]]'''<br />&nbsp;- [[{{{population_estimate_year}}}]] est.{{qif|test={{{ماڻھسيھ_آدمشماري|}}}|then=<br />&nbsp;- [[As of {{{ماڻھسيھ_آدمشماري_سال}}}|{{{ماڻھسيھ_آدمشماري_سال}}}]] census}}<br />&nbsp;- [[ماڻھسيھ گھاٽائي|گھاٽائي]] | &nbsp;<br />{{{ماڻھسيھ_estimate}}} ([[ملڪن جي لسٽ بترتيب ماڻھسيھ|{{{ماڻھسيھ_estimate_rank}}}]]){{qif|test={{{ماڻھسيھ_آدمشماري|}}}|then=<br />{{{ماڻھسيھ_census}}} }}<br />{{{ماڻھسيھ_گھاٽائي}}}/km&sup2; ([[ملڪن جي لسٽ بترتيب ماڻھسيھ گھاٽائي|{{{ماڻھسيھ_گھاٽائي_rank}}}]]){{qif|test={{{ماڻھسيھ_densitymi²|}}}|then=<br />{{{ماڻھسيھ_densitymi²}}}/mi²&nbsp;}} |- | style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''[[Gross domestic product|GDP]]''' ([[قوت خريد parity|PPP]])<br />&nbsp;- Total<br />&nbsp;- Per capita | [[As of {{{GDP_PPP_سال}}}|{{{GDP_PPP_سال}}}]] estimate<br />{{{GDP_PPP}}} ([[ملڪن جي لسٽ بترتيب GDP (PPP)|{{{GDP_PPP_rank}}}]])<br />{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita}}} ([[ملڪن جي لسٽ بترتيب GDP (PPP) per capita|{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank}}}]]) |- | style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''[[Human Development Index|HDI]]''' ([[2003|{{{HDI_year}}}]]) | {{{HDI}}} ([[ملڪن جي لسٽ بترتيب Human Development Index|{{{HDI_rank}}}]]) – {{{HDI_category}}} |- | '''[[سِڪو]]''' | style="white-space: nowrap;" | {{{currency}}} (<code>[[ISO 4217|{{{currency_code}}}]]</code>) |- | '''[[Time zone]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Summer&nbsp;([[Daylight saving time|DST]]) | {{{time_zone}}} ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]{{{utc_offset}}})<br />{{{time_zone_DST}}} ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]{{{utc_offset_DST}}}) |- | '''[[List of Internet top-level domains|Internet TLD]]''' | {{{cctld}}} |- | '''[[List of country calling codes|Calling code]]''' | <code>+{{{calling_code}}}</code> {{qif|test={{{footnotes|}}}|then=<tr><td colspan="2"><small>{{{footnotes|}}}</small></td></tr>}} |}<noinclude> [[Category:Infobox templates|ملڪ]] [[vi:Tiêu bản:Tóm tắt về quốc gia]] [[af:Sjabloon:Landtabel-mini-nl]] [[an:Template:Infobox País]] [[bg:Шаблон:Държава]] [[ca:Template:Taula d'estat]] [[cs:Šablona:Infobox stát]] [[da:Skabelon:Infoboks land]] [[el:Πρότυπο:Πληροφορίες Χώρας]] [[fi:Malline:Valtion tiedot]] [[fiu-vro:Template:Country Infobox]] [[fr:Modèle:Pays]] [[he:תבנית:מדינה]] [[it:Template:Stato]] [[ja:Template:基礎情報 国]] [[ko:Template:나라 정보틀]] [[nl:Sjabloon:Landtabel]] [[nn:Mal:Infoboks land2]] [[no:Mal:Infoboks land]] [[pl:Szablon:PaństwoX]] [[pt:Predefinição:Info País]] [[ro:Format:CutieŢări]] [[sr:Шаблон:Кутијица за државе]] [[th:Template:Infobox Country]] [[es:Plantilla:País]] [[zh:Template:Infobox Country]] </noinclude> 1855 5772 2006-04-09T12:45:52Z Aursani 60 1858 5819 2006-04-09T18:41:48Z Aursani 60 {| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" width="200px" align="left" style="border: 1em solid white") |- | align="center" colspan=2 style="border-bottom:3px solid green;" | <font size="-1">'''<font color=green>{{{نالو}}}'''</font> |- | align="center" width="150px" | {{border|[[Image:{{{پرچم}}}|90px]]}} | align="center" width="150px" | {{border|[[Image:{{{emblem}}}|90px]]}} |- | align="center" width="150px" style="border-bottom:3px solid green;"|{{{صوبو}}} جو پرچم | align="center" width="150px" style="border-bottom:3px solid green;"| Emblem of {{{نالو}}} |- | align="center" colspan=2 |[[Image:{{{city_image}}}|280px]] |- | [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|صوبو]] | {{{صوبو}}} |- | [[ڀون نگاري ڪوآرڊينيٽ سرشتو|مڪانيت]] <br>&nbsp;- [[Altitude]] | {{coor dms|{{{n1}}}|{{{n2}}}|{{{n3}}}|N|{{{e1}}}|{{{e2}}}|{{{e3}}}|E|region:PK_type:city}} <br> {{{altitude}}} [[AMSL]] |- | [[پکيڙ]] | {{{پکيڙ}}} [[چورس ڪلوميٽر|km²]] |- | [[ماڻھسيھ]]<br> &nbsp;- آدمشماري ([[{{{آدمشماري_سال}}}]]) <br>&nbsp;- Estimate ([[{{{estimate_year}}}]]) | <br> {{{آدمشماري_ماڻھسيھ}}} <br> {{{estimate_pop}}} |- | [[گھاٽائِي]] | {{{گھاٽائي}}} persons/km² |- | [[ڪالڱ ڪوڊ]] | {{{ڪوڊ}}} |- | [[Time zone]] | [[پاڪستان جو معياري وقت|PST]] +05:00 ahead of [[GMT]] |- | [[وسندين]] جو تعداد | {{{وسنديون}}} |- | [[يونين ڪائونسلُن]] جو تعداد | {{{uc}}} |- | [[ميئر|شرھ جو ميئر (ناظم)]] | {{{ميئر}}} |- | align="center" colspan=2 style="border-bottom:3px solid green;" | <small>{{{footnotes}}}</small> |} 1859 5790 2006-04-09T17:54:34Z Aursani 60 <span style="display:table-cell; border-collapse:collapse; border: solid 1px #BBBBBB;">{{{1}}}</span><noinclude>[[ca:Template:Vora]]</noinclude> 1860 5791 2006-04-09T17:55:58Z Aursani 60 [http://kvaleberg.com/extensions/mapsources/index.php?params={{{1}}}_{{{2}}}_{{{3}}}_{{{4}}}_{{{5}}}_{{{6}}}_{{{7}}}_{{{8}}}_{{{9}}} <span style="white-space:nowrap">{{{1}}}°{{{2}}}′{{{3}}}″{{{4}}}</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">{{{5}}}°{{{6}}}′{{{7}}}″{{{8}}}</span>]<noinclude>[[br:Patrom:Dave douar.]][[fr:Modèle:Coor dms]][[zh:Template:Coor dms]][[nl:sjabloon:Coor dm]][[vi:Tiêu bản:Coor dms]][[Category:Coordinates templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude> 1861 5798 2006-04-09T18:13:28Z Aursani 60 1862 5799 2006-04-09T18:13:46Z Aursani 60 1863 5802 2006-04-09T18:27:17Z Aursani 60 1864 5805 2006-04-09T18:30:36Z Aursani 60 1865 5823 2006-04-09T18:48:59Z Aursani 60 {| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" width="200px" align="left" style="border: 1em solid white") |- | align="center" colspan=2 style="border-bottom:3px solid green;" | <font size="-1">'''<font color=green>{{{نالو}}}'''</font> |- | align="center" width="150px" | {{border|[[Image:{{{پرچم}}}|90px]]}} | align="center" width="150px" | {{border|[[Image:{{{emblem}}}|90px]]}} |- | align="center" width="150px" style="border-bottom:3px solid green;"|سنڌ جو پرچم | align="center" width="150px" style="border-bottom:3px solid green;"| Emblem of {{{نالو}}} |- | align="center" colspan=2 |[[Image:{{{city_image}}}|280px]] |- | [[ڀون نگاري ڪوآرڊينيٽ سرشتو|مڪانيت]] <br>&nbsp;- [[Altitude]] | {{coor dms|{{{n1}}}|{{{n2}}}|{{{n3}}}|N|{{{e1}}}|{{{e2}}}|{{{e3}}}|E|region:PK_type:city}} <br> {{{altitude}}} [[AMSL]] |- | [[پکيڙ]] | {{{پکيڙ}}} [[چورس ڪلوميٽر|km²]] |- | [[ماڻھسيھ]]<br> &nbsp;- آدمشماري ([[{{{آدمشماري_سال}}}]]) <br>&nbsp;- Estimate ([[{{{estimate_year}}}]]) | <br> {{{آدمشماري_ماڻھسيھ}}} <br> {{{estimate_pop}}} |- | [[گھاٽائِي]] | {{{گھاٽائي}}} persons/km² |- | [[ڪالڱ ڪوڊ]] | {{{ڪوڊ}}} |- | [[Time zone]] | [[پاڪستان جو معياري وقت|PST]] +05:00 ahead of [[GMT]] |- | [[وسندين]] جو تعداد | {{{وسنديون}}} |- | [[يونين ڪائونسلُن]] جو تعداد | {{{uc}}} |- | [[ميئر|شرھ جو ميئر (ناظم)]] | {{{ميئر}}} |- | align="center" colspan=2 style="border-bottom:3px solid green;" | <small>{{{footnotes}}}</small> |} 1866 edit=sysop:move=sysop 5832 2006-04-10T17:47:16Z Aursani 60 Protected "[[Image:Wiki.png]]" [edit=sysop:move=sysop] from [[:image:Wiki.PNG]] 1867 edit=sysop:move=sysop 6322 2006-05-21T14:26:31Z Aursani 60 #REDIRECT[[ماحولياتي انتظام ڪاڻ اُپُگِرَهِي عَڪس ضماءُ ۽ درجه بنديءَ جيِ طريقن جو اَڀياس]] 1868 5889 2006-04-11T19:09:42Z Aursani 60 #REDIRECT[[سِنڌِي ٽوپِي]] 1869 8642 2007-01-01T15:50:51Z Aursani 60 [[Image:Sindhi-Topi.jpg|thumb|250px|{{مبسس4}}سنڌي ٽوپيون]] =تعارف= {{مبسس4}}هِي بال خصوص [[هالا|هالن]] ۾ ٺهندڙ ٽوپي آهي. ==لاڳاپيل گيت== *{{مبسس4}}پڙهو [[منهنجا سائين سنڌي ٽوپيءَ وارا]] ==خارجي ڳنڍڻا== *{{مبسس4}}ڏسو [http://www.sindhivideos.com/ منهنجا سائين سنڌي ٽوپيءَ وارا] 1870 5891 2006-04-11T19:11:57Z Aursani 60 1871 5893 2006-04-11T19:40:34Z Aursani 60 [[Image:Mendi.jpg|thumb|250px|{{مبسس4}}ھٿن کي لڳل ميندِي]] 1872 5894 2006-04-11T19:40:57Z Aursani 60 1874 5900 2006-04-11T20:07:24Z Aursani 60 1875 5904 2006-04-11T20:16:36Z Aursani 60 1876 5907 2006-04-11T20:26:40Z Aursani 60 1877 5908 2006-04-11T20:53:50Z 82.201.250.88 [[Media:Example.ogg]]كان الحنين فى عنية 1878 5910 2006-04-11T21:13:35Z Aursani 60 1879 5912 2006-04-11T21:32:06Z Aursani 60 1880 5914 2006-04-11T21:38:28Z Aursani 60 1881 5918 2006-04-11T21:45:27Z Aursani 60 1882 5920 2006-04-11T21:49:43Z Aursani 60 1884 5923 2006-04-11T21:57:10Z Aursani 60 1885 5926 2006-04-11T22:00:32Z Aursani 60 1886 5929 2006-04-11T22:05:47Z Aursani 60 1888 5933 2006-04-11T22:17:41Z Aursani 60 1889 5937 2006-04-11T22:26:14Z Aursani 60 1890 5940 2006-04-11T22:29:19Z Aursani 60 1891 6012 2006-04-13T23:45:21Z Gangleri 45 /* How to fix?&lrm; */ __TOC__ == [[:image:Wiki.png]] == === [[Media:Wiki.png]] === * http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/sd/b/bc/Wiki.png : size: 152px x 177px === source code of [[Main Page]] in my browser === * I am using Firefox, was going to "View", then "Source code":&lrm; <pre> <div class="portlet" id="p-logo"> <a style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/sd/b/bc/Wiki.png);" href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Main Page"></a> </div> </pre> * '''note:''' This is the same image.&lrm; === How to fix?&lrm; === * Dear Aursani! Please compare the image size with &lrm;&rarr; [[bugzilla:05056]] &ndash; "''Logo for simple English Wiktionary''"<br /> &lrm;[[bugzilla:05056#c1]]: "''Gerard: Your image is much too large! It should have a maximum dimension of about 135 x 155 px.''"&lrm; * Try to get a smaller image and upload it also as [[:image:Wiki.png]]. Maybe this will fix the problem imediately (if you [[MediaWiki:Clearyourcache|clear your cache]] possibly for for every page); maybe [[meta:developers|developers]] will need to adjust the fix. Best regards : &rlm;<span dir="rlm" > [[User:Gangleri|Gangleri]]&rlm; | [http://sd.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Gangleri&action=history Th]&rlm; | [[User_talk:Gangleri|T]]&rlm; | [[m:user:Gangleri|m:]]&rlm; [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/user_talk:Gangleri?action=history Th]&rlm; | [[m:user talk:Gangleri|T]]&rlm; </span>&rlm; 10:10, 12 April 2006 (UTC)&lrm; ::Yes, your image is too big (see Gangleri's comment). Furthermore you should use [[:en:IrfanView]] to make the image transparent, properly. --[[User:84.156.89.131|84.156.89.131]] 01:26, 13 April 2006 (UTC)&lrm; 1892 5951 2006-04-12T21:27:15Z Aursani 60 <span font face="Tahoma" size="3">{{{1}}}</span> 1893 5953 2006-04-12T21:33:29Z Aursani 60 <font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> 1894 8291 2006-12-07T17:02:08Z Aursani 60 : ''For the god, see [[Jupiter (god)]]. For other uses of this term, see [[Jupiter (disambiguation)]]. {{گرهه جدول/وسپت}} {{مبسس4}}'''وسپت''' [[سج]] کان فاصلي تي پنجون ۽ [[شمسي سرشتو|شمسي سرشتي]] اندر [[Solar system by size|وڏي ۾ وڏو]] [[گِرَهُه]] آهي. وسپت ۽ ٻيا [[گيسي گولو|گيسي گولا]] جهڙوڪ [[ڇنڇر]]، [[Uranus]]، ۽ [[Neptune]] ڪڏهن ڪڏهن "[[Jovian گرهه]] سڏبا آهن." ==تعارف== {{مبسس4}}عموماً ([[سج]]، [[الچنڊُ]] ۽ [[Venus]] کان پوءِ) آسمان تي چوٿين چمڪيلي ترين وٿ وسپت آهي؛ پر ڪڏهن ڪڏهن [[مريخ]] به وسپت کان وڌيڪ چمڪندو نظر ايندو آهي. [[Image:Jupiter-Earth-Spot_comparison.jpg|thumb|left|200px|ڌرتي، وسپت، ۽ العظيم ڳاڙهو چٽ جي جسامت جي ڀيٽ]] {{مبسس4}}وسپت ٻين مڙني گرهن جي گڏيل مايي کان به اڍائي ڀيرا وڌيڪ مايو رکي ٿو، ايتري قدر ماييدار آهي جو سندس سج سان ٺهندڙ [[مايي جو مرڪز#Barycenter|barycenter]] دراصل سج جي مٿاڇري کان به مٿي آهي. Jupiter is 2.5 times more massive than all the other planets combined, so massive that its [[Center of mass#Barycenter|barycenter]] with the Sun actually lies above the Sun's surface (1.068 solar radii from the Sun's center). It is 318 times more massive than [[Earth]], with a [[diameter]] 11 times that of Earth, and with a [[volume]] 1300 times that of Earth. Quite naturally, Jupiter's gravitational influence has dominated the evolution of the solar system: most planets' orbits lie closer to Jupiter's orbital plane than the Sun's equatorial plane, the majority of [[short-period comet]]s belong to Jupiter's family (a result due to both Jupiter's mass and its relative speed), the [[Kirkwood gaps]] in the [[asteroid belt]] are mostly due to Jupiter, and Jupiter is even thought to have been possibly responsible for the [[late heavy bombardment]] of the inner solar system's history. Some have described the solar system as consisting of the Sun, Jupiter, and assorted debris.<ref name="clarke2061">{{cite book|author=Clarke, Arthur C.|year=1989|title=2061: Odyssey Three|publisher=Del Rey|id=ISBN 0345358791}}</ref> Some describe Jupiter as the solar system's vacuum cleaner, due to its immense [[gravity well]]. As impressive as Jupiter's mass is, [[extrasolar planet]]s have been discovered with much greater masses. There is no clear-cut definition of what distinguishes a large planet such as Jupiter from a [[brown dwarf]] star, although the latter possesses rather specific spectral lines. Currently, if a supermassive object is above 12 Jupiter masses, large enough to burn [[deuterium]], it is considered a brown dwarf star; below that mass, it is a planet. Jupiter is thought to have about as large a diameter as a planet of its composition can; adding extra mass would result in further gravitational compression, in theory leading to stellar ignition. This has led some astronomers to term it a "failed star", although Jupiter would need to be about seventy times as large to become a star. Jupiter also has the fastest rotation rate of any planet within the solar system, making a complete rotation on its axis in slightly less than ten hours, which results in an [[equatorial bulge]] easily seen through an Earth-based amateur telescope. Jupiter is perpetually covered with a layer of [[cloud]]s, composed of ammonia crystals and possibly ammonium hydrosulfide, and it may not have any solid surface. Its best known feature is the [[Great Red Spot]], a [[storm]] larger than Earth which was first observed by Galileo four centuries ago. Indeed, mathematical models suggest that the storm is stable and may be a permanent feature of the planet.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v331/n6158/abs/331689a0.html;jsessionid=EB6990ACE69E14E754FC2B2635B5301C |title=Laboratory simulation of Jupiter's Great Red Spot |first=Jöel |last=Sommeria |coauthors=Steven D. Meyers & Harry L. Swinney |journal=Nature |volume=331 |pages=689 - 693 |month=25 February |year=1988 |id={{doi|10.1038/331689a0}}}}</ref> In 2000, three small spots merged to form a larger spot named Oval BA, which later acquired a red hue very similar to that of the Great Red Spot.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/02mar_redjr.htm |title=Jupiter's New Red Spot |year=2006 |format=HTML |accessdate=2006-03-09}}</ref> ==تاريخي مشاهده== Jupiter has been known since ancient times and is visible to the naked eye in the night sky. The [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] named the planet after the [[Roman mythology|Roman god]] [[Jupiter (god)|Jupiter]] (also called Jove). The [[astronomical symbol]] for the planet is a stylized representation of the god's lightning bolt. The [[China|Chinese]], [[Korea]]n, [[Japan]]ese, and [[Vietnamese]] refer to the planet as the ''wood star'', 木星,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crystalinks.com/jupiter.html |title=JUPITER |format=HTML |accessdate=2006-03-09}}</ref> based on the Chinese [[Five Elements]] (curiously enough, through a small telescope, it does somewhat resemble a circular slice of wood in appearance, with the [[Great Red Spot|Red Spot]] being a "knot"). In Vedic Astrology, Hindu astrologers refer to Jupiter as "Guru" which means the "Wise One". In [[1610]], [[Galileo Galilei]] discovered the four largest [[natural satellite|moons]] of Jupiter, [[Io (moon)|Io]], [[Europa (moon)|Europa]], [[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]] and [[Callisto (moon)|Callisto]] (now known as the [[Galilean moon]]s) using a telescope, the first observation of moons other than Earth's. This was also the first discovery of a [[celestial]] motion not apparently centered on the Earth. It was a major point in favor of [[Copernicus]]' [[heliocentric]] theory of the motions of the planets; Galileo's outspoken support of the Copernican theory got him in trouble with the [[Inquisition]]. ==طبعي خاصيتون== ===گرهياتي بناوت=== Jupiter is composed of a relatively small [[Rock (geology)|rock]]y [[core]], surrounded by [[metallic hydrogen]], surrounded by [[phase (matter)|liquid]] hydrogen, which is surrounded by [[gas]]eous hydrogen. There is no clear boundary or surface between these different phases of hydrogen; the conditions blend smoothly from gas to liquid as one descends. ===فضا=== [[Image:Jupiter from Voyager 1.jpg|thumb|left|[[False-color]] detail of Jupiter's atmosphere, imaged by ''[[Voyager 1]]'', showing the [[Great Red Spot]] and a passing white oval.]] Jupiter's atmosphere is composed of ~81% [[hydrogen]] and ~18% [[helium]] by number of [[atom]]s. The atmosphere is ~75%/24% by mass; with ~1% of the mass accounted for by other substances - the interior contains denser materials such that the distribution is ~71%/24%/5%. The atmosphere contains trace amounts of [[methane]], [[water vapor]], [[ammonia]], and "rock". There are also traces of [[carbon]], [[ethane]], [[hydrogen sulfide]], [[neon]], [[oxygen]], [[phosphine]], and [[sulfur]]. The outermost layer of the atmosphere contains [[crystal]]s of frozen [[ammonia]]. This atmospheric composition is very close to the composition of the [[solar nebula]]. [[Saturn]] has a similar composition, but [[Uranus (planet)|Uranus]] and [[Neptune]] have much less hydrogen and helium. Jupiter's upper atmosphere undergoes [[differential rotation]], an effect first noticed by [[Giovanni Domenico Cassini|Giovanni Cassini]] ([[1690]]). The rotation of Jupiter's [[polar region|polar]] atmosphere is ~5 minutes longer than that of the [[equator]]ial atmosphere. In addition, bands of clouds of different [[latitude]]s, known as tropical regions flow in opposing directions on the prevailing winds. The interactions of these conflicting [[Atmospheric circulation|circulation]] patterns cause storms and [[turbulence]]. [[Wind speed]]s of 600 km/h are not uncommon. A particularly violent storm, about three times Earth's diameter, is known as the Great Red Spot, and has persisted through more than three centuries of human observation. The only spacecraft to have descended into Jupiter's atmosphere to take scientific measurements is the ''[[Galileo spacecraft|Galileo]]'' probe (see [[#Galileo mission|Galileo mission]]). It sent an atmospheric probe into Jupiter upon arrival in [[1995]], then itself entered Jupiter's atmosphere and burned up in [[2003]]. {{seealso|Cloud pattern on Jupiter}} ===گرهياتي ڇلا=== {{main|Rings of Jupiter}} Jupiter has a faint [[planetary ring]] system composed of smoke-like dust particles knocked from its moons by meteor impacts. The main ring is made of dust from the satellites Adrastea and Metis. Two wide gossamer rings encircle the main ring, originating from Thebe and Amalthea. There is also an extremely tenuous and distant outer ring that circles Jupiter backwards. Its origin is uncertain, but this outer ring might be made of captured in to . ===Magnetosphere=== Jupiter has a very large and powerful [[magnetosphere]]. In fact, if one could see Jupiter's [[magnetic field]] from [[Earth]], it would appear five times as large as the [[full moon]] in the sky despite being so much farther away. This magnetic field collects a large flux of [[particle radiation]] in Jupiter's radiation belts, as well as producing a dramatic gas [[torus]] and [[flux]] tube associated with Io. Jupiter's magnetosphere is the largest planetary structure in the solar system. The ''Pioneer'' probes confirmed that Jupiter's enormous magnetic field is 10 times stronger than Earth's and contains 20,000 times as much energy. The sensitive instruments aboard found that the Jovian magnetic field's "north" [[magnetic pole]] is at the planet&rsquo;s geographic south pole, with the axis of the magnetic field tilted 11 degrees from the Jovian rotation axis and offset from the center of Jupiter in a manner similar to the axis of the Earth's field. The ''Pioneers'' measured the [[bow shock]] of the Jovian [[magnetosphere]] to the width of 26 million kilometres (16 million miles), with the [[magnetic tail]] extending beyond Saturn&rsquo;s orbit. The data showed that the magnetic field [[fluctuation|fluctuates]] rapidly in size on the sunward side of Jupiter because of pressure variations in the [[solar wind]], an effect studied in further detail by the two ''Voyager'' spacecraft. It was also discovered that streams of high-energy atomic particles are ejected from the Jovian magnetosphere and travel as far as the orbit of the Earth. Energetic [[protons]] were found and measured in the Jovian [[radiation belt]] and [[Current (electricity)|electric currents]] were detected flowing between Jupiter and some of its moons, particularly Io. ==وسپت جي کوج== A number of probes have visited Jupiter. ===Pioneer flyby missions=== ''[[Pioneer 10]]'' flew past Jupiter in December of [[1973]], followed by ''[[Pioneer 11]]'' exactly one year later. They provided important new data about Jupiter's magnetosphere, and took some low-resolution photographs of the planet. ===Voyager flyby missions=== [[Image:Jupiter gany.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Voyager 1'' took this photo of the planet Jupiter on [[January 24]], while still more than 25 million miles (40 million kilometres) away. Click image for full caption.]] ''[[Voyager 1]]'' flew by in March [[1979]] followed by ''[[Voyager 2]]'' in July of the same year. The ''Voyagers'' vastly improved the understanding of the [[Galilean moon]]s and discovered Jupiter's rings. They also took the first close up images of the planet's atmosphere. ===Ulysses flyby mission=== In February [[1992]], ''[[Ulysses probe|Ulysses]]'' solar probe performed a flyby of Jupiter at a distance of 450,000 km (6.3 Jovian radii). The flyby was required to attain a polar orbit around the Sun. The probe conducted studies on Jupiter's magnetosphere. Since there are no cameras onboard the probe, no images were taken. In February [[2004]], the probe came again in the vicinity of Jupiter. This time distance was much greater, about 240 million km. ===گاليليئو مهم=== So far the only spacecraft to orbit Jupiter is the ''[[Galileo spacecraft|Galileo]]'' orbiter, which went into orbit around Jupiter in [[December 7]] [[1995]]. It orbited the planet for over seven years and conducted multiple flybys of all of the Galilean moons and [[Amalthea (moon)|Amalthea]]. The spacecraft also witnessed the impact of [[Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9]] into Jupiter as it approached the planet in [[1994]], giving a unique vantage point for this spectacular event. However, while the information gained about the Jovian system from the ''Galileo'' mission was extensive in its own right, its originally-designed capacity was limited by the failed deployment of its high-gain radio transmitting antenna. [[Image:PIA04866_modest.jpg|thumb|right|Jupiter as seen by the space probe [[Cassini-Huygens|Cassini]]. This is the most detailed global color portrait of Jupiter ever assembled.]] An atmospheric probe was released from the spacecraft in July, [[1995]]. The probe entered the planet's atmosphere in [[December 7]] [[1995]]. It parachuted through 150&nbsp;km of the atmosphere, collecting data for 57.6 minutes, before being crushed by the extreme pressure to which it was subjected. It would have melted and vaporized shortly thereafter. The ''Galileo'' orbiter itself experienced a more rapid version of the same fate when it was deliberately steered into the planet on [[September 21]], [[2003]] at a speed of over 50&nbsp;km/s, in order to avoid any possibility of it crashing into and possibly contaminating [[Europa (moon)|Europa]], one of the Jovian moons. ===Cassini flyby mission=== In [[2000]], the ''[[Cassini-Huygens|Cassini]]'' probe, ''en route'' to [[Saturn]], flew by Jupiter and provided some of the highest-resolution images ever made of the planet. ===استقبالي مهمون=== {{مبسس4}}ناسا وسپت جو قطبي مدار کان تصفيلي اڀياس ڪرڻ لاءِ [[جُونو]] نالي هِڪَ خلائي رٿ روانو ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جيڪا سن 2010ع ۾ رٿي وئي آهي. After the discovery of a liquid ocean on Jupiter's moon [[Europa (moon)|Europa]], there has been great interest to study the icy moons in detail. A mission proposed by NASA was dedicated to study them. The [[Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter|JIMO]] (Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter) was expected to be launched sometime after [[2012]]. However, the mission was deemed too ambitious and its funding was canceled. In [[2007]], Jupiter will also be briefly visited by the ''[[New Horizons]]'' probe, ''en route'' to [[Pluto]]. ==قدرتي اپگرهه== {{main|وسپت جا قدرتي اپگرهه}} [[Image:Jupiter.moons1.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Jupiter's 4 Galilean moons, in a composite image comparing their sizes and the size of Jupiter ([[Great Red Spot]] visible). From the top they are: [[Callisto (moon)|Callisto]], [[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]], [[Europa (moon)|Europa]] and [[Io (moon)|Io]].]] Jupiter has at least 63 moons. For a complete listing of these moons, please see [[Jupiter's natural satellites]]. For a timeline of their discovery dates, see [[Timeline of natural satellites]]. The four large moons, known as the "[[Galilean moons]]", are [[Io (moon)|Io]], [[Europa (moon)|Europa]], [[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]] and [[Callisto (moon)|Callisto]]. ===گاليليائي چنڊ=== The orbits of Io, Europa, and Ganymede, the largest moon in the solar system, form a pattern known as a [[Laplace resonance]]; for every four orbits that Io makes around Jupiter, Europa makes exactly two orbits and Ganymede makes exactly one. This resonance causes the [[gravity|gravitational]] effects of the three moons to distort their orbits into elliptical shapes, since each moon receives an extra tug from its neighbors at the same point in every orbit it makes. [[image:JupiterandIo.jpg|thumb|250px|left|A picture of Jupiter and its moon Io taken by [[هبل خلائي ڏور ويک|Hubble]]. The black spot is Io's shadow.]] The [[tidal force]] from Jupiter, on the other hand, works to circularize their orbits. This constant tug of war causes regular flexing of the three moons' shapes, Jupiter's gravity stretches the moons more strongly during the portion of their orbits that are closest to it and allowing them to spring back to more spherical shapes when they're farther away. This flexing causes tidal heating of the three moons' cores. This is seen most dramatically in Io's extraordinary volcanic activity, and to a somewhat less dramatic extent in the geologically young surface of Europa indicating recent resurfacing. {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#efefef;" ! colspan="6" | [[گاليليائي چنڊ]]، ڌرتيءَ جي [[الچنڊ|مهتاب]] جي ڀيٽ ۾ |- |- style="background:#efefef;" ! colspan="2" | Name<br/> ([[Asteroid pronunciation key|Pronunciation key]]) ! Diameter<br>(km) ! Mass<br>(kg) ! Orbital radius (km) ! Orbital period (days) |- style="background:#ccccff;" align="center" | '''[[Io (moon)|Io]]''' || ''eye'-oe''<br>{{IPA|ˈaɪəʊ}} || 3643<br>(105%&nbsp;Luna) || 8.9×10²²<br>(120%&nbsp;Luna) ||421 700<br>(110%&nbsp;Luna) ||1.77<br>(6.5%&nbsp;Luna) |- style="background:#ccccff" align="center" | '''[[Europa (moon)|Europa]]''' || ''ew-roe'-pə''<br>{{IPA|jʊərəʊpə}} || 3122<br>(90%&nbsp;Luna) || 4.8×10²²<br>(65%&nbsp;Luna) || 671 034<br>(175%&nbsp;Luna) || 3.55<br>(13%&nbsp;Luna) |- style="background:#ccccff" align="center" | '''[[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]]''' || ''gan'-ə-meed''<br>{{IPA|ˈgænəmid}} || 5262<br>(150%&nbsp;Luna) || 14.8×10²²<br>(200%&nbsp;Luna) || 1 070 412<br>(280%&nbsp;Luna) || 7.15<br>(26%&nbsp;Luna) |- style="background:#ccccff" align="center" | '''[[Callisto (moon)|Callisto]]''' || ''kə-lis'-toe''<br>{{IPA|kəˈlɪstəʊ}} || 4821<br>(140%&nbsp;Luna) || 10.8×10²²<br>(150%&nbsp;Luna) || 1 882 709<br>(490%&nbsp;Luna) || 16.69<br>(61%&nbsp;Luna) |} ===وسپت جي چنڊن جي ڪلاسبندي=== Before the discoveries of the Voyager missions, Jupiter's moons were arranged neatly into four groups of four. Since then, the large number of new small outer moons has complicated this picture. There are now thought to be six main groups, although some are more distinct than others. A basic division is between the eight inner regular moons with nearly circular orbits near the plane of Jupiter's equator, which are believed to have formed with Jupiter, and an unknown number of small irregular moons, with elliptical and inclined orbits, which are believed to be captured asteroids or fragments of captured asteroids. [[Image:Europa-moon.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Europa (moon)|يوروپا]]، وسپت جي ڪيترن ئي [[natural satellite|چنڊن]] مان هڪ.]] #باقاعده چنڊ ##The inner group of four small moons all have diameters of less than 200 km, orbit at radii less than 200,000 km, and have orbital inclinations of less than half a degree. ##The four [[Galilean moons]] were all discovered by [[Galileo Galilei]], orbit between 400,000 and 2,000,000 km, and include some of the largest moons in the solar system. #بيقاعده چنڊ ##[[Themisto (moon)|Themisto]] is in a group of its own, orbiting halfway between the Galilean moons and the next group. ##The [[Himalia group]] is a tightly clustered group of moons with orbits around 11-12,000,000 km from Jupiter. ##[[Carpo (moon)|Carpo]] is another isolated case; at the inner edge of the Ananke group, it revolves in the direct sense. ##The [[Ananke group]] is a group with rather indistinct borders, averaging 21,276,000 km from Jupiter with an average inclination of 149 degrees. ##The [[Carme group]] is a fairly distinct group that averages 23,404,000 km from Jupiter with an average inclination of 165 degrees. ##The [[Pasiphaë group]] is a dispersed and only vaguely distinct group that covers all the outermost moons. It is thought that the groups of outer moons may each have a common origin, perhaps as a larger moon or captured body that broke up. ==وسپت تي حياتي== It is considered highly unlikely that there is any [[extraterrestrial life|life]] on Jupiter, as there is little to no [[water]] in the atmosphere and any possible solid surface deep within Jupiter would be under extraordinary pressures. However, in [[1976]], before the [[Voyager program|Voyager]] missions, [[Carl Sagan]] hypothesized (with [[Edwin E. Salpeter]]) that [[ammonia]]-based life could evolve in Jupiter's upper atmosphere. Sagan and Salpeter based this hypothesis on the ecology of terrestrial [[sea]]s which have simple [[Photosynthesis|photosynthetic]] [[plankton]] at the top level, [[fish]] at lower levels feeding on these creatures, and marine [[predator]]s which hunt the fish. The Jovian equivalents Sagan and Salpeter hypothesized were "sinkers", "floaters", and "hunters". The "sinkers" would be plankton-like organisms which fall through the atmosphere, existing just long enough that they can reproduce in the time they are kept afloat by convection. The "floaters" would be giant bags of gas functioning along the lines of hot air balloons, using their own metabolism (feeding off sunlight and free molecules) to keep their gas warm. The "hunters" would be almost [[squid]]-like creatures, using jets of gas to propel themselves into "floaters" and consume them.<!---What about the "sinkers"?---><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/J/Jupiterlife.html |title=Jupiter, life on |publisher=Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy & Spaceflight |format=HTML |accessdate=2006-03-09}}</ref> These ideas are only hypotheses and there is currently no way to prove or disprove them. ==Trojan asteroids== In addition to its moons, Jupiter's gravitational field controls numerous [[asteroid]]s which have settled into the [[Lagrangian point]]s preceding and following Jupiter in its orbit around the sun. These are known as the [[Trojan asteroid]]s, and are divided into [[List of Trojan asteroids (Greek camp)|Greek]] and [[List of Trojan asteroids (Trojan camp)|Trojan]] "camps" to commemorate the ''[[Iliad]]''. The first of these, [[588 Achilles]], was discovered by [[Max Wolf]] in [[1906]]; since then hundreds more have been discovered. The largest is [[624 Hektor]]. ==Cometary impact== [[Image:Jupitersatelliteimpact.jpg|right|thumb|[[Comet]] impacts on the surface of Jupiter. The dark clouds resulting from these impacts are larger than Earth itself.]] During the period [[July 16]] to [[July 22]], [[1994]], over twenty fragments from the [[comet]] [[comet Shoemaker-Levy 9|Shoemaker-Levy 9]] hit Jupiter's southern hemisphere, providing the first direct observation of a collision between two solar system objects. It is thought that due to Jupiter's large mass and location near the inner solar system it receives the most frequent comet impacts of the solar system's planets. ==پڻ ڏسندا== * [[Planets in astrology#Jupiter|Jupiter in astrology]] * [[Aspects of Jupiter]] - for data of opposition, conjunction to sun, etc. * [[Jupiter in fiction]] ==حوالا== <references/> * Bagenal, F. & Dowling, T. E. & McKinnon, W. B. (Eds.). (2004). ''Jupiter: The planet, satellites, and magnetosphere''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. * {{cite book|last=Beebe|first=Reta|title=Jupiter: The Giant Planet|origyear=1997|edition=Second|year=2002|publisher=Smithsonian Institute Press|location=Washington, D.C.|ISBN=1560986859}} ==خارجي ڳنڍڻا== {{commons|Jupiter}} * [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/jupiterfact.html NASA's Jupiter fact sheet] * [http://www.vias.org/spacetrip/jupiter_1.html A Trip Into Space] Data and photos on Jupiter * [http://pages.preferred.com/%7Etedstryk/innersat.html Jupiter's Inner Moons] * [http://www.ibiblio.org//e-notes/VRML/Globe/Globe.htm 3D VRML Jupiter globe] and its satellites Io, Callisto, Europa and Ganymede * [http://www.projectshum.org/Planets/jupiter.html Planets - Jupiter] A kid's guide to Jupiter. * [http://www.worldbook.com/wc/popup?path=features/jupiter&page=html/intro.htm&direct=yes "Jupiter: The Giant Planet"] One of ''World Book Encyclopedia'''s monthly features, this one on Jupiter. {{Jupiter Footer}} {{Footer_SolarSystem}} [[Category:Jupiter|*]] {{Link FA|cs}} {{Link FA|es}} {{Link FA|fr}} [[af:Jupiter (planeet)]] [[als:Jupiter (Planet)]] [[ang:Iupiter]] [[ar:مشتري]] [[bg:Юпитер (планета)]] [[bn:জুপিটার]] [[bs:Jupiter]] [[ca:Júpiter (planeta)]] [[cs:Jupiter (planeta)]] [[cy:Iau (planed)]] [[da:Jupiter (planet)]] [[de:Jupiter (Planet)]] [[et:Jupiter (planeet)]] [[es:Júpiter (planeta)]] [[eo:Jupitero]] [[eu:Jupiter]] [[fr:Jupiter (planète)]] [[ga:Iúpatar (pláinéad)]] [[gl:Xúpiter (planeta)]] [[gu:ગુરુ (ગ્રહ)]] [[ko:목성]] [[kw:Yow (planet)]] [[hr:Jupiter (planet)]] [[io:Jupitero]] [[id:Jupiter]] [[is:Júpíter (reikistjarna)]] [[it:Giove (astronomia)]] [[he:צדק (כוכב לכת)]] [[la:Iuppiter (planeta)]] [[lv:Jupiters]] [[lt:Jupiteris (planeta)]] [[hu:Jupiter (bolygó)]] [[mk:Јупитер]] [[mt:Ġove (pjaneta)]] [[ms:Musytari]] [[nl:Jupiter (planeet)]] [[ja:木星]] [[ka:იუპიტერი (პლანეტა)]] [[no:Jupiter (planet)]] [[nn:Planeten Jupiter]] [[pam:Jupiter]] [[pl:Jowisz]] [[pt:Júpiter (planeta)]] [[ro:Jupiter (planetă)]] [[ru:Юпитер (планета)]] [[scn:Giovi]] [[simple:Jupiter (planet)]] [[sk:Jupiter (planéta)]] [[sl:Jupiter (planet)]] [[sr:Јупитер (планета)]] [[fi:Jupiter]] [[sv:Jupiter]] [[tl:Jupiter]] [[ta:வியாழன் (கோள்)]] [[th:ดาวพฤหัสบดี]] [[vi:Mộc Tinh]] [[tr:Jüpiter (gezegen)]] [[uk:Юпітер (планета)]] [[zh:木星]] [[category:سائنس]] 1895 6006 2006-04-13T01:24:58Z Aursani 60 {| class="infobox" style="width: 25em;" |+ style="font-size:larger;" | '''وسپت''' [[Image:Jupiter symbol.ant.png|25px|وسپت جو نجمياتي اھڃاڻ]] ! bgcolor="#000000" align="center" colspan="2" | [[image:Jupiter.jpg|240px|Click for full caption.]]<br/><small><font color="white">Click image for description</font></small> |- ! bgcolor="#FFC8A0" colspan="2" | [[Orbit]]al characteristics ([[Epoch (astronomy)|Epoch]] J2000) |- | [[Semi-major axis]] | [[1 E11 m|778,412,027]] [[kilometre|km]]<br>5.203 363 01 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] |- | Orbital [[circumference]] | 4.888 [[Tera|T]][[metre|m]]<br>32.675 AU |- | [[Eccentricity (orbit)|Eccentricity]] | 0.048 392 66 |- | [[Perihelion]] | 740,742,598 km <br>4.951 558 43 AU |- | [[Aphelion]] | 816,081,455 km<br>5.455 167 59 AU |- | [[Orbital period]] | [[1 E8 s|4333.2867 d]]<br/>(11.86 [[julian year (astronomy)|a]]) |- | [[Synodic period]] | 398.88 d |- | [[Avg. Orbital Speed]] | 13.056 km/s |- | Max. Orbital Speed | 13.712 km/s |- | Min. Orbital Speed | 12.446 km/s |- | [[Inclination]] | 1.305 30&deg;<br>(6.09° to [[Sun]]'s equator) |- | [[Longitude of the ascending node|Longitude of the<br> ascending node]] | 100.556 15&deg; |- | [[Argument of the perihelion|Argument of the<br> perihelion]] | 274.197 70&deg; |- | [[قدرتي اُپُگِرَھَھ|اُپگرھن]] جو تعدادُ | 63 |- ! bgcolor="#FFC8A0" colspan="2" | طبعي خصوصيتون |- | [[استوا]]ئِي [[قطر]] | [[1 E8 m|142,984 km]] [http://www.onasch.de/astro/showobject.php?lang=en&obj=p05]<br>(11.209 Earths) |- | [[ڀون نگاري قطب|قطبي]] [[قطر]] | 133,709 km<br>(10.517 Earths) |- | [[Oblateness]] | 0.064 87 |- | Surface [[area]] | [[1 E16 m²|6.14{{e|10}}]] [[square kilometre|km²]]<br>(120.5 Earths) |- | [[Volume]] | 1.431{{e|15}} [[چورس ڪلوميٽر|km³]]<br>(1321.3 Earths) |- | [[Mass]] | [[1 E27 kg|1.899{{e|27}}]] [[kilogram|kg]]<br>(317.8 Earths) |- | Mean [[گھاٽائِي]] | 1.326 g/cm³ |- | Equatorial [[gravity]] | 23.12 [[Acceleration|m/s²]]<br>(2.358 [[gee]]) |- | [[Escape velocity]] | 59.54 km/s |- | Rotation period | 0.413 538 021 d (9 h 55 min 29.685 s) [http://www.hnsky.org/iau-iag.htm ¹] |- | Rotation velocity | 12.6 km/s = 45,300 km/h <br>(at the equator) |- | [[Axial جھُڪاءُ]] | 3.13&deg; |- | [[Right ascension]]<br>of North pole | 268.05° (17 h 52 min 12 s) |- | [[Declination]] | 64.49° |- | [[Albedo]] | 0.52 |- | Surface [[گرمي پد|temp.]] | {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0" |- ! min !! mean !! max |- | 110 [[kelvin|K]] | [[1 E2 K|152 K]] | N/A K |} |- |Adjective |Jovian |- ! bgcolor="#FFC8A0" colspan="2" | [[celestial body's atmosphere|فِضائِي]] خصوسيتون |- | [[فِضائِي داٻُ]] | 70 [[Pascal|kPa]] |- | [[Hydrogen]] | ~86% |- | [[Helium]] | ~14% |- | [[Methane]] | 0.1% |- | [[آبِي]] اُٻَ | 0.1% |- | [[Ammonia]] | 0.02% |- | [[Ethane]] | 0.0002% |- | [[Phosphine]] | 0.0001% |- | [[Hydrogen sulfide]] | &lt;0.00010% |} 1896 6007 2006-04-13T01:25:24Z Aursani 60 #REDIRECT[[وِسپَتُ]] 1897 6333 2006-05-22T17:05:17Z Gangleri 45 var editform = document.getElementById("wpTextbox1"); now function bidiSwitchSetup() { var editform = document.getElementById("wpTextbox1"); if (editform == null) { return; } bidiAddButton(editform, "Default", function(style) { style.direction = "inherit"; style.unicodeBidi = "inherit"; }); bidiAddButton(editform, "dir=ltr", function(style) { style.direction = "ltr"; }); bidiAddButton(editform, "dir=rtl", function(style) { style.direction = "rtl"; }); bidiAddButton(editform, "bidi=normal", function(style) { style.unicodeBidi = "normal"; }); bidiAddButton(editform, "bidi=override", function(style) { style.unicodeBidi = "bidi-override"; }); } function bidiAddButton(before, label, action) { var button = document.createElement("input"); button.type = "button"; button.value = label; button.onclick = function(event) { var box = document.getElementById("wpTextbox1"); if (box == null) { alert("Broken! Edit box missing."); } else { //var style = document.getOverrideStyle(box, null); var style = box.style; action(style); } } before.parentNode.insertBefore(button, before); } hookEvent('load', bidiSwitchSetup); 1898 6034 2006-04-17T23:10:55Z Aursani 60 [[سنڌي ٻولي]] This text is already part of the page. [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 23:10, 17 April 2006 (UTC) 1899 6037 2006-04-17T23:20:40Z Aursani 60 1900 6059 2006-04-21T22:49:45Z Aursani 60 #REDIRECT[[گابور ڇاڻِي Gabor Filter]] 1901 6061 2006-04-21T22:52:14Z Aursani 60 #REDIRECT[[گابور ڇاڻِي Gabor Filter]] 1902 8375 2006-12-12T10:02:52Z Aursani 60 ==تعارف== {{مبسس4}}گابور ڇاڻِي [[ٻِه رُخِي]] ڇاڻِي آهي، جيڪا [[عڪس پراسيسڪاري]]ءَ ۾ عام استعمال ٿيندي آهي. اها دراصل ٻِه رُخي [[گاسِي ڪاڄ]] ۽ [[ڪوسائين لهر]] جِي ضرب اُپت آهي. ===گابور ڇاڻِيءَ جو ميٽليب پروگرام=== %هيءُ پرگرام عملاَ گابور ڇاڻِي جوڙي ٿو:<br> %1. dim = ڇاڻِيءَ جي سائيز<br> %2. mx = اُفَقي وِچُ<br> %3. my = اُمودِي وِچُ<br> %4. sx = اُفقِي معيارِي ڊويئيشن<br> %5. sy = اُمُودِي معيارِي ڊويئيشن<br> %6. fo = ڪثرتَ (لهرُون فِي گابور ڇاڻِي)<br> %7. teta= ڪُنڊَ<br> %8. phi = فيز<br> function fg = gabor(dim,mx,my,sx,sy,fo,teta,phi)<br> if nargin == 0<br> dim=33 ;mx=dim/2 ;my=dim/2 ;sx=4;sy=2 ;fo=4 ;teta=135 ;phi=0 ;<br> <br>end teta=pi*teta/180 ;<br> x=0:dim-1 ; y=0:dim-1 ; sx = 2*sx*sx ; sy = 2*sy*sy ; ex=exp(-(x-mx).^2/sx) ; ey=exp(-(y-my).^2/sy) ; %plot(x,ex,'r',y,ey,'b'),pause g=ey'*ex ; ax=ones(size(x)); ay=ones(size(y)); x=ay'*(x*cos(teta)) ; y=ax'*(y*sin(teta)) ; h=sin(2*pi*fo*(x-y')/dim + phi); fg=g.*h ; % Filtre de Gabor if nargout == 0 gris=[0:255;0:255;0:255]'/255; mg=min(min(g)); Mg=max(max(g)); mh=min(min(h)); Mh=max(max(h)); fmg=min(min(fg)); fMg=max(max(fg)) ; subplot(221),image(round(255*(g-mg)/(Mg-mg)));colormap(gris) subplot(222),image(round(255*(h-mh)/(Mh-mh)));colormap(gris) subplot(223),image(round(255*(fg-mg)/(fMg-fmg)));colormap(gris) end [[Category:ٽيڪنيڀياس]] [[Category:رياضيات]] 1903 6058 2006-04-21T22:49:04Z Aursani 60 #REDIRECT[[گابور ڇاڻِي Gabor Filter]] 1904 6062 2006-04-21T22:52:51Z Aursani 60 #REDIRECT[[گابور ڇاڻِي Gabor Filter]] 1905 6063 2006-04-21T22:53:53Z Aursani 60 #REDIRECT[[گابور ڇاڻِي Gabor Filter]] 1906 6064 2006-04-21T22:54:33Z Aursani 60 #REDIRECT[[گابور ڇاڻِي Gabor Filter]] 1907 7093 2006-09-27T17:06:13Z Aursani 60 [[Image:Jandi-Pava.jpg|thumb|250px|{{مبسس4}}جَنڊِيءَ جا پاوا]] {{مبسس4}}[[بَهِڻَ]] جي ڪاٺ مان پاوا ۽ ٻيون شيون ٺاهي مٿن [[لاکَ]] جي مدد سان جداجدا نمونن جا رنگ چاڙهي کين چمڪائڻ واري ڪم کي جنڊيءَ جو ڪم ۽ اهڙو ڪم ڪندڙ ڪاريگرَ کي [[وِگهامَلُ]] سڏبو آهي. هيءُ ڪم سنڌ ۾ هالا، کانوٺ ۽ ڀٽ شاھ ۾ ٿيندو آهي. سنڌ ۾ جنڊيءَ جي کٽ شاديءَ لاءِ تمام ضروري هوندي آهي ۽ جنڊيءَ جا پينگھا پڻ سنڌ جا ماڻهو پنهنجي گھر ۾ ضرور استعاماليندا آهن. 1908 6082 2006-04-24T20:55:28Z Aursani 60 1909 6085 2006-04-24T21:12:00Z Aursani 60 [[Image:AsadMemon.jpg|thumb|250px|{{مبسس4}}اسد ميمڻ (جوانيءَ جِي تصويرَ)]] {{مبسس4}}<big>اسد ميمڻ</big> <br>هتي پنهنجو مڪمل تعارف ۽ تصوير رکي سگھو ٿا. [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 21:10, 24 April 2006 (UTC) 1910 6119 2006-05-02T21:09:23Z Aursani 60 {{ڪچو}} [[Image:sindhri.jpg|thumb|250px|{{مبسس4}}سنڌڙي اَنبُ]] ==تعارُف== {{مبسس4}}هيءَ سنڌي انب جي هڪ جنس آهي هي انب جسامت ۾ تمام وڏا ۽ ذائقي ۾ مٺا ٿيندا آهن. سنڌ ۾ هن جنس جي انبن جا باغ حيدرآباد، مٽياري، ٽنڊو ڄا۾، ٽنڊو الهيار ۽ ميرپورخاص ضلعن ۾ آهن. ==تاريخ== ==حال== ===اُپَت=== ===کَپَت=== ===بَر آمد ۽ پرڏيهِي ناڻو=== ==خارجِي ڳنڍڻا== 1911 6087 2006-04-26T16:29:17Z شبير ڪنڀار 69 1912 6377 2006-06-24T18:03:37Z Aursani 60 [[Image:ambri.jpg|thumb|250px|{{مبسس4}}انبڙيون]] {{مبسس4}}انب جو وڻ ميوي کان پهرين [[ٻُور]] جھليندو آهي جنهن مان ننڍڙو ميوو ٺهندو آهي انکي انبڙي چئبو آهي. انبڙيون وڏيون ٿي انبن جي شڪل وٺنديون آهن. انبڙيون کائڻ ۾ کٽيون ٿينديون آهن. انبڙين جي چٽڻي ۽ آچار مزيدار ٿيندو آهي. سنڌي ماڻهو انبڙيون ڇلي سُڪائي، ٻوڙ رڌڻ ۾ کٽاڻ لاءِ ڪم آڻيندا آهن. *{{مبسس4}}[[ليمو]] *{{مبسس4}}[[ڦاروا]] *{{مبسس4}}[[گدامڙي]] *{{مبسس4}}[[ڏاڙهون]] [[en:Apple]] 1913 6101 2006-04-29T16:42:48Z Aursani 60 1914 6109 2006-05-02T20:50:13Z Aursani 60 1915 6115 2006-05-02T21:06:48Z Aursani 60 <center>{{مبسس5}}هيءُ ڪَچو مضمون آهي. ان ۾ مناسب اضافو ۽ سڌارو ڪري توهان وڪيپيڊيا جي مدد ڪري سگھو ٿا.</center><br> 1916 6116 2006-05-02T21:07:35Z Aursani 60 <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="5"> 1917 6123 2006-05-03T20:01:30Z Aursani 60 #{{مبسس4}}اونهاري جي مند ۾ وڻن جي ٿڙن جي وٿين مان شفاف چنبڻدڙ مادو نڪرندو آهي جيڪو ٻاهر نڪري سُڪي ويندو آهي. #{{مبسس4}}ٻٻر جو کنئور تمام طاقتور ٿئي ٿو جيڪو سياري ۾ خوراڪن ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. 1918 8611 2006-12-30T13:28:29Z Aursani 60 /* اِنٽينسِٽِي هيُو سيچوريشن ٽرانسفارم‏ Intensity Hue Saturation (IHS) Transform‎ */ ‎ =ليکڪ= *{{مبسس4}}احسان احمد عرساڻي =نگران پروفيسرس= *{{مبسس4}}پروفيسر جوزيف غونسن *{{مبسس4}}پروفيسر ڪيديئو‎ ‎ٻالما =مهاڳ= {{مبسس4}}آئون [http://www.muet.edu.pk مهراڻ يونيورسٽي ڄامشورو] ۾ پنهنجِي تدريسِي ذميوارين کان موڪلائي پي ايڇ ڊِي جِي تعليم لاءِ بتاريخ سيپٽمبر 22، 2005ع تي فرانس جي ‏شهر غين، جيڪو بغُتاڃ صوبي جِي گاڌيءَ جو هنڌ آهي، ۾ پهتس. مون غين ۾ واقع اِنسا {{TM}} [http://www.insa-rennes.fr Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Rennes] </font> نالي ‏تحقيقي اداري ۾ داخلا ورتي ۽ پروفيسر جوسيف غونسان جِي نگرانيءَ هيٺ ڪم شروع ڪيو. پروفيسر غونسان اِنسا جِي عڪس تجربيگاهه ۾ ‏پروفيسر آهي ۽ عڪس وَ ڏور اِندريات {{TM}} ‏Image et Télédétection‏ </font>تحقيقي ٻارِيءَ جو ڊائيريڪٽر آهي. اها ٻارِي انسا ۽ يونيورسٽي آف غين 1 ‏جي محققن جِي گڏيل ٻارِي آهي. هتي پهچڻ کان پوءِ منهنجي نگران پروفيسر مون سان منهنجِي پِي ايڇ ڊِي رِٿا تي بحث ڪري مون کي رٿا جو ‏نصب العين سمجهايو ۽ مون کي لٽريچر رِويُو ڪري ٽن مهنن اندر رپورٽ جمع ڪرائڻ لاءِ چيو. مون کي رپورٽ فرانسيسيءَ ۾ لکڻ لاءِ چيو ويو پر ‏فرانسيسي زبانَ تي گھربل عبور نه هوڻ ڪري مون رپورٽ انگريزيءَ ۾ لکِي پر زبانِي پريزنٽيشن فرانسيسيءَ ۾ ڏني. هن دستاويز ۾ ساڳِي رپورٽ ‏جو سنڌي ترجمو پيش ڪري رهيو آهيان.<br> ‏ انگريزي زبان تي سٺو عبور رکندڙ ڪو به عام فرد جيڪڏهن انگريزيءَ ۾ لکيل پي ايڇ ڊي سطح جو ڪو به سائنسي ٽيڪنيڪي ادب پڙهندو ته ‏يقيناً سمجهي نه سگهندو. ڇاڪاڻ ته پي ايڇ سطح جو ڪو به سائنسي يا ٽيڪنيڪي ادب ڪنهن مخصوص موضوع سان لاڳاپيل ڪيتري ئي ‏مواد جي تمام گھڻي ۽ گهري مطالعي بعد ئي وجود وٺندو آهي، جنهن کي سمجھڻ لاءِ به يقيناً محض انگريزي زبانَ يا ڪنهن به واسطيدار ٻوليءَ ‏تي دسترس هوڻ ڪافي نه آهي. انَ سطح جي سائنسي ۽ ٽيڪنيڪي موادَ اندر متعلقه موضوع سان سلهاڙيل ڪيترا ئي ٽيڪنيڪي اصطلاح ‏مستعمل هوندا آهن، جيڪي عام پڙهندڙ لاءِ سمجھڻ جوڳا نه هوندا آهن. اهڙي مواد کي سمجھڻ لاءِ لاڳاپيل کيتر جو بنيادي علم ۽ مستعمل ‏اصطلاحن جِي سمجھه هوڻ لازمي ٿي ٿو. تنهنڪري نه رڳو ڪيترا ئي سنڌي سائنسي اصطلاح جوڙي پيش ڪيا ويا آهن، بلڪه هنَ دستاويز جي ‏پڇاڙيءَ ۾ اهڙن سمورن جوڙيل اصطلاحن جِي مڪمل سمجھاڻي ڏني وئي آهي ۽ ڪجھه اهڙا انٽرنيٽ لنڪ ڏنا ويا آهن، جتان انهن پٺيان لڪل ‏سائنسي خيالَ کي سجھڻ لاءِ امدادِي مواد ملي سگھي. جيڪڏهن لازماَ درڪار بنيادي ڄاڻَ ۽ پس منظر هوڻ باوجود هيءُ دستاويز سمجھه ۾ نه ‏اچي يا ڪي جوڙيل اصطلاح اڻ وڻندڙ يا غير درست فهم ڏيندا محسوس ٿين ته انَ کي لکيڪ جِي اظهارِي يا لسانِي ڪمزورِي سمجھيو وڃي ۽ ‏اهڙو تاثر هرگز به نه ورتو وڃي ته مٺڙِي ٻوليءَ ۾ ڪا ڪمزورِي آهي جيڪا اوهان کي بيان ڪيل سائنسي خيال سمجھڻ ۾ آڏو اچي رهي آهي. <br> ‏ جيئن ته هيءُ سنڌيءَ ۾ اِنَ سطح تي سائنسي علم لکڻ جو پهريون تجربو هو، تنهنڪري ضروري هو ته ڪيترن ئي انگريزي سائنسي اصطلاحن جا ‏قابل فهم سنڌي بدل جوڙجن. اهڙو ڪم ڪٺن ضرور هو، پر انَ ڪم دوران منهنجو اهو يقين اڃا پختو ٿيو ته ٻين ڪيترين ئي جديد ٻولين، جهڙوڪ ‏انگريزي ۽ فرانسيسيءَ جِي ڀيٽَ ۾ سنڌي زبانَ ۾ اظهاري قوت تمام گھڻي آهي. انَ احساس منهنجي عزم کي اڃا سگھارو بنايو ۽ آئون هنَ ‏ڪاوش ۾ اڃا وڌيڪَ دلچسپيءَ سان جنبِي پار پهتس. ‏ هيءُ ڪم پنهنجِي جاءِ تي مشڪل ته هو ئي پر ذاتي طور اڻ لاڀائتو پڻ. هيءُ ڪم ذاتي طور منهنجي لاءِ ڪو به فائدو پهچائيندڙ نه ئي سهي، پر ‏نهايت ئي ضرورِي هو. ڇاڪاڻ ته آئون هر لحاظ کان سنڌي ٻولي ۽ قوم جو مقروض ته اڳي ئي آهيان، پر جنهن اسڪالرشپ تي فرانس جي ملڪَ ‏‏۾ پڙهڻ آيو آهيان، تنهن جو خرچ سنڌ جي مشهور درس گاهه مهراڻ يونيورسٽي آف انجنيئرڱ اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي ڄامشورو برداشت ڪري رهي ‏آهي. مهراڻ يونيورسٽي توقع ٿِي رکي ته آئون ڪاميابيءَ سان پِي ايچ ڊِي ڪرڻ بعد يونيورسٽيءَ جي انسٽيٽيونٽ آف ڪميونيڪيشن ‏ٽيڪنالاجيز ۾ خدمتون سر انجام ڏيندس. مگر منهنجِي سمجھه مطابق منهنجو فرض اتي پُورو نه ٿو ٿي. جيئن ته آئون سنڌ جي قومي اداري ‏جي خرچ ۽ هيتري ساري محنت ۽ مطالعي کان پوءِ متعلقه کيتر ۾ ڪجھه تصنيف ڪرڻ لائق ٿيو آهيان، تنهنڪري منهنجو اولين فرض ٿي ٿو ته ‏آئون اهو سمورو علم پنهنجِي پيارِي مادرِي زبان ۾ به منتقل ڪريان.<br> ‏ جيڪڏهن ڪير اهو سوچي ته هنَ تحريرَ کي نظر انداز ڪندي ان مان ڪو به سنڌي لاڀُ نه پرائيندو ۽ منهنجِي هيءَ ڪاوش اجائي ويندِي؛ ته به ‏آئون سمجهان ٿو ته انَ صورتَ ۾ به اهو سڀ ڪرڻ ضرورِي هو، ته جيئن ڪو سنڌي استاد اها دعويَ نه ڪري سگهي ته سنڌيءَ ۾ لکي ئي نه ٿو ‏سگھجي يا هُنَ سمورِي حياتي سنڌيءَ ۾ ان ڪري نه لکيو ڇاڪاڻ ته ڪنهن ٻي اهڙي پهل نه ڪئي هئي يا اهڙو ڪو مثال موجود نه هو؛ ۽ نه ئي ‏ڪو سنڌي شاگرد اهو چئي سگهي ته گھٽ ۾ گھٽ هنَ موضوع تي کيس سنڌيءَ ۾ پڙهڻ جو موقعو نه مليو.<br> ‏ {{مبسس4}}انجنيئر احسان احمد عرساڻي =تجرِيدَ= {{مبسس4}}جيئن ته هن دستاويز جي عنوان مان ئي ظاهر آهي، هيءُ دستاويز بال عموم عڪس ضماءُ {{TM}} ‏[http://www.imgfsr.com Image Fusion] </font/> ۽ بال خصوص ڏور ‏اِندرياتي عڪس ضماءُ {{TM}} [http://www.techonline.com/community/tech_group/dsp/course/13503 Remote Sensing Image Fusion] </font>‏‏ تي ٿيل تحقيق جي تازي ترين صورتحال پيش ڪرڻ لاءِ لکيو ويو آهي. هتي ‏حواليل تحقيقي ڪم جو مواد ۽ عرصو ٻڌائي ٿو ته نه [[ڏُور اِندريات]] {{TM}} ‏Remote Sensing ‏</font> جا طريقا غير بليغ آهن ۽ نه ئي عڪس ضماءُ ‏جون ٽيڪنيڪون غير پختيون آهن. هن پدَ کي رسڻ کان اڳ ضماءُ جو کيتر ڪيترا ئي مرحلا ۽ ڊگھو سفر طَي ڪري چڪو آهي. <br> ‏ عڪس ضماءُ، در حقيقت، اعداد ضماءُ {{TM}} ‏Data Fusion </font> جِي مخصوص صورت آهي؛ ۽ تنهنڪري ضماءُ جون هيستائين دريافت ٿيل ‏سموريون ٽيڪنيڪون ڪافي حد تائين فصيح آهن ۽ ايترن ئي وسيع ۽ متفرق اعدادِي ذريعن تي استعمال ڪيون ويون آهن جيترا ‏آواز ۽ ٽريفڪ انتظام لاءِ مسافرن جي معلومات.<br> ‏ هن دستاويز جو مقصد ضماءَ جي طريقن تي وسيع تناظر ۾ پر مختصراً بحث ڪرڻ، ۽ عڪسي اعداد ضمائڻ لاءِ ميسر طريقن ۽ وسلين ‏جو گهرو مطالعو پيش ڪرڻ؛ ۽ آخر ۾ ڏور اِندرياتي مصرفن لاءِ عڪس ۽ غير عڪس اعداد جي ضماءُ تي ٿيل تحقيقي ڪم جو تَتُ ‏پيش ڪرڻ آهي. عڪس ضماءُ جي ميدان ۾ رونما ٿيل تازي ترين پيش رفت توڙي نون لاڙن جِي نشاندهي ڪرڻ کان اڳ ڪيترن ئي ‏مختلف مصرفن ڪاڻ استعماليل عڪس ضماءُ جا طريقا مختصراً سمجھايا ويا آهن ۽ منجھائن حاصل ٿيل نتيجا پڻ پيش ڪيا ويا ‏آهن.<br> ‏ جيئن ته عڪس ضماءُ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ اڪثر ٽيڪنيڪون پنهنجي ڪارج ۾ جبلتاً وسيع ۽ فصيح آهن، تنهنڪري ڪيترن ئي ‏همعصر کيترن هڪٻي جا رستا اورانگھيا آهن، جنهن ڪري هيستائين انجام ڏنل سموري تحقيقي ڪم کي هڪ ئي نڪتي تي يڪجا ‏ڪرڻ اڃا مشڪل ٿي پيو. ته به، آئون اميدَ ٿو ڪريان ته هيءُ دستاويز انَ کيتر جي عُروج پَدَ جا جيڪڏهن سمورا نه ته اڪثر پهلو ‏ضرور اجاڳر ڪري ٿو ۽ زيرِ بحث مضمون ۾ ايتري ڳوڙهي نظر وجھي ٿو جو هيءُ دستاويز مطالعي لائق ٿي سگھي.<br> ‏ عڪس ضماءُ جي ٽيڪنيڀياسن کي ماحولياتي انتظام ڪاڻ استعمال ڪرڻ واري نصب العين تي زور ڏيندي، ماحولياتي مطالعات ‏تي، بال خصوص آبگاهن جي مطالعات تي ڪجھه ڇپايل تحقيقي ڪم جا حوالا پيش ڪيا ويا آهن.‏ =تعارف= ==اعداد ضماءُ [http://www.data-fusion.org Data Fusion]== {{مبسس4}}مختلف ليکڪن اعداد ضماءَ يا ڊيٽا فيوزن جي اصطلاح کي مختلف طريقن سان بيان ڪيو آهي. ل. والڊ اعدادِي ضماءُ جي وصف هيئن ٿو ڏي، ”اهو هڪ اهڙو رسمي فريم ورڪ آهي، جنهن ۾ مختلف ذريعن کان حاصل ٿيل ڄاڻ کي ضم ڪرڻ لاءِ واضح طور طريقا ۽ ‏اوزار ميسر ڪيل هجن‎.‎‏ ان جو مقصد اعليَ سڀاوَ جِي ڄاڻَ حاصل ڪرڻ آهي، جڏهن ته اعليَ سڀاوَ جو مطلب ۽ وصف ضماءُ جي ‏مصرف تي دارومدار رکن ٿا” ‏‎[1]‎‏. ڊ. ل. هال ۽ ج. ليناز موجب، ”اعدادي ضماءُ جون ٽيڪنيڪون ڪيترن ئي ذريعن کان وصول ٿيندڙ ‏اعداد، ۽ ڪيترن ئي متعلقه اعداد خانن {{TM}} ‏Databases ‏</font> مان ملندڙ معلومات کي گڏين ٿيون ته جيئن بهتر تُزگي حاصل ڪري ۽ اڃا ‏باريڪ نتيجا اخذ ڪري سگھجن ‏‎[2]‎‏.<br> ‏ انگريزي سائنسي ادب ۾ فيوزن {{TM}} ‏Fusion ‏</font> جي جاءِ تي ڪڏهن ڪڏهن مرجڱ {{TM}} ‏Merging </font>، ڪمبائينڱ {{TM}} ‏Combining </font>، سنرجي {{TM}} ‏Synergy </font>، ‏الائنس {{TM}} ‏Alliance ‏</font> ۽ انٽيگريشن {{TM}} Integration </font> ‏ وغيره جا اصطلاح به استعمال ٿيندا آهن. ‏‎[3]‎‏ ۾ ل. والڊ انهن ۽ اهڙن ٻين ڪيترن ئي ‏اصطلاحن ۽ وصفن تي تفصيلي بحث ڪيو آهي.‏ ==عڪس ضماءُ== {{مبسس4}}عموماً، مختلف يا هڪ ئي اِندرِيءَ مان حاصل ٿيندڙ عڪسن مان هڪڙو عڪس جوڙڻ کي عڪس ضماءُ يا اميج فيوزن چيو ويندو ‏آهي. اڃا به وسيع معنيٰ ۾ عڪس ضماءَ کي ڄاڻوڪي ضماءَ جو هڪ مخصوص پهلو سڏي سگھجي ٿو. پول ۽ وان جينڊيرن عڪس ‏ضماءُ کي هيئن بيان ڪن ٿا، ”وڌيڪ ڄاڻَ رکندڙ نئون عڪس جوڙڻ خاطر ڪا به الخوارضمِي اختيار ڪندي ٻن يا گھڻن عڪسن جو ‏امتزاج ڪرڻ“</font> ‏‎[4]‎‏{{مبسس4}}. عڪس ضماءُ جون ڪيتريون ئي تنگ تناظُري وصفون آهن، جن جو تتُ ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندي آئون عڪس ‏ضماءَ کي هيٺينءَ ريت بيان ٿو ڪريان:<br>‏ <b>‏”مختلف قسمن جي، مختلف تحلل{{TM}} ‏Resolution‏ {{مبسس4}}وارن ۽ مختلف ذريعن کان وصول ٿيل عڪسن ۽ غير عڪسن </font> ‏Non-Images‏ {{مبسس4}}مان حاصل ‏ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ کي گڏ ڪري هڪ ئي عڪس يا غير عڪس نمائندگيءَ جو روپ ڏيڻ کي عڪس ضماءُ چئجي ٿو“.</b> ‏ ==عڪس ضماءُ جا مصرف== {{مبسس4}}جيتوڻيڪ مختلف ذريعن کان حاصل ٿيل عڪسن جو ضماءُ طبي عڪسڪاري {{TM}} ‏Medical Imaging </font>، پٿويکي عڪسڪاري {{TM}} ‎ Microscopic ‎Imaging </font>، ڏُور اِندريات {{TM}} ‏Remote Sensing </font>، ڳڻپيوڪر بصارت {{TM}} ‏Computer Vision </font>، ۽ روبوٽيات {{TM}} Robotics ‏</font> جهڙن انيڪ کيترن ۾ ڪارائتو ‏آهي، پر انهن سڀني کي هيٺين ٽن مکيه گروهن ۾ ورهائي سگھجي ٿو:<br><br> *{{مبسس4}}گھڻ فوڪسي ۽‏‎/‎‏ يا گھڻ تعابيل عڪس {{TM}} The Multi-focus and/or Multi-exposure Images </font> *{{مبسس4}}ڏُور اِندرياتِي اُپُگِـرَهَن کان حاصل ٿيندڙ عڪس {{TM}} Images from Remote Sensing Satellites </font> *{{مبسس4}}طبي عڪس {{TM}} The Medical Images </font> *{{مبسس4}}هٿيار ڳولا، شبي ڏيک ۽ فوجي مقاصد {{TM}} Weanpon Detection, Night Vision and Defence Applications‎ <br>{{مبسس4}}گھڻ فوڪسي عڪسن جو استعمال عددي ڪيميرا {{TM}} ‏Digital Camera ‏</font> جهڙن عددي عڪسڪاري اوزارن {{TM}} ‏Digital Imaging Devices ‏</font> ۾ ‏ڏٺو ويو آهي. گھڻ فوڪسي عڪس ضماءُ {{TM}} ‏Multi-focus Image Fusion‏ </font> جي ميدان ۾ ڪيل تازي ڪم جو مثال ‏‎[5]‎‏ آهي، جڏهن ته ‏‎[6]‎‏ ‏گھڻ تعابيل عڪسن جي ضماءُ جو مثال آهي. عڪس ضماءُ جا طريقا طبي عڪسن، جهڙوڪ مقنائي ريزوننس عڪسن {{TM}} ‏Magnetic ‎Resonance Images </font>، پَڙاڏو چِٽِ {{TM}} ‏Ultra Sound‏ </font> ۽ ڳڻپيوڪر ٽوموگرافي عڪسن {{TM}}Computer Tomography ‎ </font>‏ جي ضماءُ لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿي ‏رهيا آهن. اتر آواز ۽ ڳڻپيوڪر ٽوموگرافي عڪسن جي ضماءَ تي تحقيق جو تازو مثال ‏‎[7]‎‏ آهي، جڏهن ته ‏‎[8]‎‏ مثال آهي مقنائي ‏ريزوننس عڪس ۽ ڳڻپيوڪر ٽوموگرافي عڪس جي ضماءَ جو. ‏‎[9]‎‏ شبي ڏيک لاءِ ڪيل عڪس ضماءَ جا تجربا پيش ڪري ٿو ته هٿيارن جِي ڳولا خاطر انفرا سُرخ ۽ ڏيکائيندڙ چشمياتي عڪسن جي ضماءُ جا طريقا ‏‎[10]‎‏ پيش ڪري ٿو. پر هيءُ مطالعو گھڻي ‏ڀاڱي ڏور اِندرياتي اپگرهن {{TM}} ‏Remote Sensing Satellites ‏</font> مان حاصل ٿيندڙ عڪسن جي ضماءُ تي ڪيل تحقيق تي مرڪُوز آهي. ‏ =ڏور اِندرياتي عڪسَ [http://www.loc.gov/rr/geogmap/guide/gmillapa.html Remote Sensing Images]= [[Image:airborne.png|thumb|450px|{{مبسس4}}خاڪو 1: چڪراٽي، جھاڪائي ۽ پاسائتي حرڪت باعث فضائي رٿوار اِندريءَ مان نڪتل ڪنهن عڪس ۾ ڀون ماپي بگاڙ]] {{مبسس4}}ڏور اِندرياتي عڪس اهي عڪس آهن جيڪي موسمياتي اڳڪٿي ‏‎[11]‎، رورل زمين استعمال ‏‎[12]‎، شهري رِٿابندِي ۽ انتظام ‏‎[13]‎، ‏زراعتي تحقيق ‏‎[14]‎، ماحولياتي مطالعي {{TM}} ‏Environmental Studies‏ ‏‎[15]‎ </font>، سهجياڀياسي مطالعي {{TM}} ‏Ecological Studies‏ ‏‎[16]‎ </font>، قدرتي ‏آفتزدگيءَ ۾ {{TM}} انتظام ‏Natural Disaster Management‏ ‏‎[17-18]‎</font>، نقشيسازي ‏‎[19]‎، قدرتي وسلين جي کوج ۽ انتظام ‏‎[20]‎، ۽ فوجي ‏مقصدن ‏‎[21]‎‏ لاءِ ڪنهن هوائي رَٿَ يا خلائي رَٿَ تي سوار {{TM}} ‏Spaceborne Images‏ </font> مختلف قسمن جِي اِندرين {{TM}} ‏Sensors‏ </font> مان ڪڍيا ويندا ‏آهن. ‏‎[22]‎‏ قدرتي وسلين جي ڏور اندريات تي هڪ مڪمل ڪتاب آهي.<br> ‏ جيتوڻيڪ کيتر ڪم فيلڊ ورڪ {{TM}} ‏Fieldwork‏ </font> ۽ هوائي رٿوار عڪس {{TM}} ‏Airborne Images‏ </font> اڃا به ڪجھه ڏور اِندرياتي مصرفن لاءِ معلومات ‏جو ذريعو بڻيل آهن، ته به بعض اوقات انهن لاءِ درڪار خرچ ۽ وقت مطالعي لاءِ موزون نه ٿو رهي ‏‎[23]‎‏. فضائي رٿوار عڪسن ۾، ‏خلائي رٿوار عڪسن تي ڪي بيشيون (ايڊوانٽيجز) هوڻ سان گڏ، ڪيتريون ڪَميون (ڊس ايڊوانٽيجز) به آهن. ‏‎[24]‎‏ سمورين ڪمين ‏بيشين تي مختصر مگر مڪمل بحث ڪري ٿو. ٻين مسئلن کان علاوه، فضائي رٿوار اِندرين مان نڪتل عڪسن ۾ ڀون ماپي بيڊولايُن {{TM}} ‏Geometric Deformations‏ </font> وارو مسئلو تمام ڳنڀير آهي. اهي ڀون ماپي بگاڙ {{TM}} ‏Geometric Distortions‏ </font> هوائي رَٿَ ۾ ٽن قسمن جي لوڏن ‏باعث پيدا ٿين ٿا، جن کي چڪراٽي {{TM}} ‏Roll</font>، جھاڪائي {{TM}} ‏Pitch </font>، ۽ پاسائتي {{TM}} ‏Yaw‏ </font> حرڪت چئجي ٿو. خاڪو نمبر 1 اهڙي صورتحال چِٽي ‏ڪري ٿو.<br> ‏ تازا ورتل اپگرهي عڪس درجه بنديءَ جي عمل ۾ تحقيقار جي معاونت لاءِ نسبتاً سستا، انيڪ ۽ خاصا ورجائتا {{TM}} ‏Frequent‏ </font> تفصيل ‏ميسر ڪن ٿا. ڀون ماپي بگاڙ وارو مسئلو خلائي رٿوار عڪسن ۾ پڻ موجود آهي، پر نسبتاً گھٽ شدت سان. ڏور اِندرياتي اپگرهن مان ‏حاصل ٿيندڙ عڪسن کي ٻن وسيع گروپن ۾ ورهائي سگھجي ٿو:‏ *{{مبسس4}}چشمياتي عڪس {{TM}} [http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/optical.htm Optical Images ] </font> *{{مبسس4}}جڙتو مھانڊي راڊار عڪس {{TM}} Synthetic Aperture RADAR Image </font> ==چشمياتي عڪس== [[Image:fig2.png|thumb|350px|{{مبسس4}}خاڪو 2:‏ ڏور اِندرياتي اپگرهه ڪوئيڪ برڊ جون اِندرياتي پٽيون]]{{مبسس4}}چشمياتي عڪس اهي عڪس آهن، جيڪي خلائي رَٿَ {{TM}} Space Craft ‎ </font>‏ يا فضائي رَٿَ {{TM}} ‏Aircraft‏ </font> تي سُوار چشمياتي اِندريُون {{TM}} ‏Optical ‎Sensors‏ </font> استعماليندي حاصل ڪيا وڃن. سيتلائيت پغوباتوئاغ د‏‎’‎وبزيغواسيون دُ لا تيغ (سپوت) {{TM}} ‏Sattelite Probatoire d’Observation ‎‎ de la Terre (SPOT) ‎ </font>، نيشنل اوشَنِڪ اينڊ ايٽماسفيئرڪ ايڊمنسٽريشن (نوئا) {{TM}} ‏National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration ‎‎(NOAA)‎ </font>، ڪوئيڪ برڊ {{TM}} ‏QuickBird </font>، ۽ ايڪونوس {{TM}} ‏IKONOS </font> مشهور ڏُور اِندريارتي اپگرهه آهن، جيڪي ڌرتيءَ کي مشاهدي رهيا ‏آهن ۽ ٻن قسمن جا چشمياتي عڪس مهيا ڪري رهيا آهن:‏ *{{مبسس4}}يڪ اِنڊمي عڪس {{TM}} Panchromatic Image </font> *{{مبسس4}}گھڻ اِنڊمي عڪس {{TM}} Multispectral Image </font> ===يَڪ اِنڊَمِي عڪس=== [[Image:pict1.jpg|thumb|350px|{{مبسس4}}تصوير 1:‏ اِيڪونوس مان نڪتل واشڱٽن ڊي سي جو هڪ يڪ اِنڊمي عڪس‏]] {{مبسس4}}پان {{TM}} ‏PAN‏ </font> دراصل پانڪروميٽڪ {{TM}} ‏Panchromatic‏ </font> جو مخفف آهي. يڪ اِنڊمي يا پان عڪس بليڪ اينڊ وائيٽ تصوير وانگيان ٿيندا ‏آهن، جيڪي ڏيکائيندڙ کان اِنفرا سُرخ لهري ڊيگھن {{TM}} ‏Infra-red Wavelengths‏ </font> تائين ڦهليل هِڪَ ڪشادي انڊم {{TM}} ‏Spectrum‏ </font> رکندڙ ‏اِندرِيءَ {{TM}}‏Sensor ‎‏ </font> مان نڪتل هوندا آهن. ان کي اڪثر سليٽي درجن {{TM}} ‏Grey Scale‏ </font> واري عڪس طور نمايان {{TM}} ‏Display‏ </font> ڪيو ويندو آهي، ‏مطلب ته عڪسل جي ظاهري چمڪ ان جي عددي قدر يعني ڊجيٽل نمبر تي منحصر ڪري ٿي، جيڪو وري سج جِي ‏اُنَ ڪِرِڻِڪاريءَ {{TM}} ‏‎ Radiation </font> تي دارومدار رکندو آهي جيڪا حدفن {{TM}} ‏Targets‏ </font> سان ٽڪرائجي موٽَ کائي اِندِريءَ {{TM}} ‏Sensor‏ </font> تائين رَسَندِي ‏آهي. تنهنڪري يڪ اِنڊمِي عڪس کي بليڪ اينڊ وائيٽ تصوير چئي سگھجي ٿو، جهڙوڪ تصوير 1، جيڪا ايڪونوس مان نڪتل ‏واشڱٽن ڊِي سِي جو يڪ اِنڊمي عڪس ڏيکاري ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ اها بليڪ اينڊ وائيٽ تصوير کان انَ لحاظ کان مختلف آهي ته بليڪ ‏اينڊ وائيٽ ڪيميرا جِي اِندريءَ اڻ وانگيان ڪن اُپگرهن جون يڪ اِنڊمي اِندرِيون اِنفرا سُرخ لهرِي ڊيگھن کي به جھٽين ٿيون ته ڪي ‏اِندريون وري نيري رنگ وارين لهري ڊيگھن کي نه ٿيون جھٽِينِ. يڪ اِنڊمي عڪسن جو تحلل ساڳي اُپگرهه مان حاصل ٿيندڙ گھڻ ‏اِنڊمي عڪسن جي تحلل کان هميشه وڌيڪَ هوندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ جو گھڻ اِنڊمي اِندرِيءَ جي نسبت يڪ اِنڊمي اِندرِي في ايڪو پکيڙَ ‏مان وڌيڪَ توانائي جھٽي ٿِي. خاڪو نمبر 2 برق مقنائي اِنڊم {{TM}} ‏Electromagnetic Spectrum‏ </font> جي ڏيکائيندڙ توڙي انفرا سُرخ حصي لاءِ ‏ڪوئيڪ برڊ جِي اِندرين جون نسبتي حساسيتون (ريسپانسز) ڏيکاري ٿو. ان خاڪي مان صاف ظاهر آهي ته ٻين اِندرين جي نسبت ‏يڪ اِنڊمي اِندرِي برق مقنائي اِنڊم جي وڏي ڀاڱي مان توانائي حاصل ڪري ٿِي. ‏ ===گھَڻ اِنڊَمِي (گھام) عڪس=== [[Image:pict2.jpg|thumb|320px| {{مبسس4}}تصوير 2:‏‏ ايڪونوس مان نڪتل هڪ گھڻ اِنڊمي اصلي رنگ عڪس‏]] [[Image:picture3.png|thumb|320px| {{مبسس4}}تصوير 3: ٽيرا - ايسٽر {{TM}} ‏TERRA-ASTER‏ </font> مان نڪتل [[پرل هاربر]] جو نقلي رنگ عڪساي‏]] [[Image:pict4.jpg|thumb|320px| {{مبسس4}}تصوير 4: ‏ڪنهن سپوت عڪس جو قدرتي رنگ ڏيک‏]] {{مبسس4}}گھڻ اِنڊمي عڪس {{TM}} ‏Multi-sepectral Image‏ </font> نسبتاً ننڍِي (ٿلهي) تحلل {{TM}} ‏Resolution‏ </font> وارا اهڙا عڪس آهن جيڪي ساڳي ئي وقت مختلف ‏پَٽِيِ {{TM}} Band ‎‏ </font> رکندڙ هڪَ کان وڌيڪَ اِندرين مان ڪڍيا ويندا آهن. اهي پٽيون {{TM}} ‏Bands‏ </font> انڊم {{TM}} ‏Spectrum‏ </font> جي ڏيکائيندڙ {{TM}} ‏Visible‏ </font> حصي کان ‏وٺي انفرا سُرخ {{TM}} ‏Infra-Red‏ </font> حصي تائين پکڙيل هونديون آهن. جدول 1 ڪجهه اهڙن اپگرهن جون پٽيون ڏيکاري ٿِي. جيڪي چشمياتي ‏عڪس اعداد {{TM}} ‏Image Data‏ </font> ميسر ڪن ٿا. اها جدول ڏيکاري ٿِي ته ڪجهه اپگرهه، جهڙوڪ ڪوئيڪ برڊ {{TM}} ‏QuickBird ‏</font> ۽ ايڪونوس، {{TM}} ‏IKONOS ‏</font> برق مقنائي اِنڊم جي ڏيکائيندڙ حصي ۾ ٽي پٽيون رکن ٿا، جن مان هر هڪ ٽن بنيادي رنگن، يعني ڳاڙهي، نيري، ۽ سائي ‏مان ڪنهن هڪ سان مطابقت رکي ٿي؛ جيڪي اصلي رنگ عڪس {{TM}} ‏True Colour Image‏ </font> جوڙڻ ۾ مدد ڏين ٿيون. تصوير نمبر 2 ‏ايڪونوس مان نڪتل هڪ اصلي رنگ عڪس ڏيکاري ٿِي. جيئن جدول 1 مان ظاهر آهي، ڪجهه اپگرهه، جهڙوڪ سِپوت 5، نيري ‏پٽيءَ سان مطابقت رکندڙ اِندرِي نه ٿا رکن، ان صورتَ ۾ نيري پٽيءَ جي جاءِ تي قريب انفرا سُرخ پٽِي استعمال ڪري نقلي رنگ ‏عڪس {{TM}} ‏False Colour Images‏ </font> جوڙيا ويندا آهن. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن قريب انفرا سُرخ، ڳاڙهي، ۽ سائي پٽي، ترتيبوار، عڪس نُما {{TM}} ‏Image ‎Display‏ </font> جي ڳاڙهي، سائي، ۽ نيري چينل تي رکي نقلي رنگ عڪس جوڙيا ويندا آهن ‏‎[25]‎‏. تصوير نمبر 3 ٽيرا - ايسٽر {{TM}} ‏TERRA-‎ASTER‏ </font> مان نڪتل پرل هاربر جو نقلي رنگ عڪس ڏيکاري ٿي ‏‎[26]‎‏. اهو عڪس نقلي رنگن جِي هيٺين ترتيب سان جوڙيو ويو آهي.<br> ‏ *{{مبسس4}}نُماڪار چينل‏ اپگرهي پٽي *{{مبسس4}}ڳاڙهي گھڻ اِنڊياتي پٽي ‏‎3‎ ‏ (اَڏيکائيندڙ قريب انفرا سُرخ) ‏ *{{مبسس4}}سائي گھڻ اِنڊياتي پٽي 2 (ڏيکائيندڙ ڳاڙهي) ‏ *{{مبسس4}}نيري گھڻ اِنڊياتي پٽي ‏‎1‎‏ (ڏيکائيندڙ سائي) ‏ <br> {{مبسس4}}تصوير 4 ڏيکاري هڪ ٻيو سِپوت عڪس {{TM}} ‏SPOT Image‏ </font> ڏيکاري ٿِي، جيڪو قدرتي رنگ {{TM}} ‏Natural Colours‏ </font> سڏجندڙ رنگي امتزاج سان ‏جوڙي وئي آهي. ڏيکائيندڙ ۽ اَڏيکائيندڙ گھڻ اِنڊمي پٽين کي ايئن ملايو ويو آهي ته جيئن اهي بظاهر هڪ اصلي رنگ عڪس ‏محسوس ٿين، مطلب ته عڪس اندر ساوڪ سائي نظر اچي، پاڻي نيرو نظر اچي، مِٽِي سليٽِي نظر اچي وغيره وغيره. تصوير 4 وارو ‏عڪس اهڙو ئي هڪ مثال آهي، جيڪو رنگن جي هيٺين امتزاج سان جوڙيو ويو آهي. ‏ {{مبسس4}}نُماڪار چينل اپگرهي پَٽِي<br> {{مبسس4}}ڳاڙهي گھڻ اِنڊياتي پٽي 2‏ ‏ (ڏيکائيندڙ سائي) <br>‏ {{مبسس4}}سائي ‏(گھڻ اِنڊياتي پٽي 3) ‏X‏0.25 + (گھڻ اِنڊياتي پٽي 1) ‏X‏ 0.75 <br>‏ {{مبسس4}}نيري ‏(گھڻ اِنڊياتي پٽي 3) ‏X‏0.25 - (گھڻ اِنڊياتي پٽي 1) ‏X‏ 0.75 <br>‏ <br> {{مبسس4}}ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ته رڳو اَڏيکائيندڙ پٽين کي مختلف ميلاپن سان ڪنهن ڳ س ن نُماڪار {{TM}} ‏RGB Display‏ </font> تي نُمايان ڪيو ويندو آهي. <br>‏ جيئن ته ڌرتيءَ جي مٿاڇري تي موجود هر شَي جِي برق مقنائي اِنڊم جِي مختلف ڪَثِرَتُن {{TM}} ‏Frequences‏ </font> لاءِ پنهنجِي پنهنجِي موٽَ {{TM}} ‏Reflection‏ </font> آهي، تنهنڪري گھام عڪس جي هر هِڪَ پٽي ڪا مخصوص وَٿَ، شَي، يا مقدارُ عڪسڻ يا ماپڻ لاءِ ڪارائتي آهي. مثال ‏طور، ‏‎[26]‎‏ مان ورتل جدول 2، نوئا سلسلي جي اپگرهن جِي هر اِندرياتي پٽيءَ جو ڪارج ٻڌائي ٿِي. اِنَ سان گھڻ اِنڊمي عڪسڪاريءَ ‏جي اهميتَ معلوم ٿي ٿِي ۽ ثابت ٿي ٿو ته گھڻ اِنڊمي عڪس جي هر پٽي مختلف قسمَ جي ڄاڻَ مهيا ڪري ٿي. <br> <blockquote style="background: white; border: 1px solid black; padding: 1em;"> <table border="1"> <tr><td>{{مبسس4}}پٽي</td><td>{{مبسس4}}اِنڊم</td><td>{{مبسس4}}اِنڊم</td><td>{{مبسس4}}اِنڊم</td><td> </td></tr> <tr><td> </td><td>{{مبسس4}}نوئا {{TM}} 6، 8، 10</td><td>{{مبسس4}}نوئا {{TM}} 7، 9، 11 12، 13، 14،</td><td>{{مبسس4}}نوئا {{TM}} 15، 16، 17</td><td>{{مبسس4}}پٽيءَ جو ڪارج</td></tr> <tr><td>1</td><td>0.580 - 0.680</td><td>0.580 - 0.680</td><td>0.580 - 0.680</td><td>{{مبسس4}}ڏينھن وقت بادل، ڳڱ {{TM}} Snow </font>، برفَ Ice ، ۽ ساوڪَ نِگارِي </font> Mapping</td></tr> <tr><td>2</td><td>0.725 - 1.100</td><td>0.725 - 1.100</td><td>0.725 - 1.100</td><td>{{مبسس4}}بر/ بحر ميل، ڳڱ، برف، ۽ ساوڪ نِگارِي</td></tr> <tr><td>3</td><td>3.550 - 3.930</td><td>3.550 - 3.930</td><td>0.580 - 0.680</td><td>{{مبسس4}}بر/ بحر ميل، ڳڱ، برف، ۽ ساوڪ نِگارِي</td></tr> <tr><td>4</td><td>10.50 - 11.50</td><td>10.50 - 11.50</td><td>10.50 - 11.50</td><td>{{مبسس4}}ڏينهن/ رات وقت بادل ۽ مٿاڇراتي تپت نِگاري</td></tr> <tr><td>5</td><td>{{مبسس4}}عدم</td><td>10.50 - 11.50</td><td>10.50 - 11.50</td><td>{{مبسس4}}بادل ۽ مٿاڇراتي تپت نگاري، ڏينهن ۽ رات بادل نگارِي، آبي بخارات جي ريڊيئنس هٽائڻ </font> Removal of atmospheric water vapour path radiance </td></tr> </table> </blockquote> {{مبسس4}}<b><center>جدول 2: نوئا سلسلي جي اپگرهن جون اِندرياتي پٽيون</center></b> <br> ==جُڙتُو مُهانڊِي راڊار (جُمُر) عڪس== [[Image:pict5.png|thumb|320px| {{مبسس4}}تصوير 5:‏ واشڱٽن ڊِي سِي جو سنهي تحلل وارو هوائي رٿوار جمر‏‏]] {{مبسس4}}هِي اُهي عڪسَ جيڪي ڪنهن متحرڪ فضائي رَٿَ يا خلائي رَٿَ تي سوار ڪنهن راڊار جي جھٽيل سگنلس مان جوڙيا وڃن. جمر ‏عڪس گھڻي تحلل وارا عڪس آهن، جيڪي ڪنهن به وقت (اُسَ هوندي يا نه هوندي)، ڪنهن به مُندَ ۾، ۽ ڪنهن موسمياتي حالتَ ۾ ‏جهٽي سگهجن ٿا.</font> ‏Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)‎، ‏ERS-2‎، ‏ENVISAT، ‏RADARSAT-1‎، ‏COSMO-SkyMed ‎‎(Constellation of Small Satellites for Mediterranean basin Observation)‎ ۽ ‏ALOS‏ {{مبسس4}}جمر عڪس مهيا ڪندڙ مشهور اپگرهن ۾ شمار ‏ٿين ٿا. مگر اهو ڌيان ۾ رکيو وڃي ته</font> ‏ALOS {{مبسس4}}۽</font> ‏ERS-2 {{مبسس4}}‎‏چشمياتي عڪسن جو ذريعو پڻ آهن. جمر عڪسن جو گھڻو تحلل شهري ‏علائقن جي مشاهدي لاءِ ڪارائتو آهي. جيتوڻيڪ تحقيقارن انهن جو استعمال ماحولياتي مطالعي لاءِ به ڪيو آهي ته فوجي مقصدن ‏لاءِ به. ‏‎[27]‎‏ جمر عڪسن جو استعمال قدرتي آفتن جي انتظام لاءِ ڪري ٿو، ‏‎[28]‎‏ انهن جو استعمال ماحولياتي انتظام ۾ ڄاڻائي ٿو ۽ ‏‎[29]‎‏ انهن جو استعمال فوجي مقصدن ۾ ٻڌائي ٿو. جمر اعداد اتي پنهنجو ڪم ڏيکارين ٿا جتي چشمياتي اعداد ڪا به ڄاڻَ ڏئي نه ٿا ‏سگهن، يعني، اهي علائقا جيڪي ڪڪرن يا ڪڪرن جي پاڇن سان ڍڪيل هجن. جمر اعداد مٿاڇراتِي ناهموارِيءَ متعلق تمام ‏ڪارائتي ڄاڻَ ڏئي مختلف ڌر اوڇڻن (ڪَوَر ٽائپيس) کي قابل تفريق </font> ‏Distinguishable‏ {{مبسس4}}بنائين ٿا، جيڪي ٻي صورتَ ۾ هڪجهڙا ‏انڊمي ڪيريٽرسٽڪس </font> ‏Spectral Characteristics‏ {{مبسس4}}هوڻ باعث رڳو چشمياتي اعداد ۾ ناقابل تفريق </font>‏Indistinguishable‏{{مبسس4}} هجن ٿا. <br>‏ جدول نمبر 3 جمر عڪس مهيا ڪندڙ اپگرهن جِي لسٽ ڏي ٿِي. مگر اهو ڌيان ۾ رکڻ گهرجي ته جدول 3 اندر جمر عڪس مهيا ڪندڙ ‏مشهور ترين اپگرهه ڄاڻايل نه آهي، ڇاڪاڻ جو اهو جدول ۾ شامل ڪرڻ کان گھڻو پيچيده آهي. جيئن جدول ڏيکاري ٿِي، مختلف ‏اپگرهن جي اِنسٽرومينٽس کي مختلف قطبيتون {{TM}} ‏Polarizations‏ </font> آهن. مثال طور، انهن مان ڪن کي {{TM}} ‏HH‏ </font> قطبيت آهي، جڏهن ته هڪَ ‏‏(کاٻِي) ‏H‏ اهو ٿِي ظاهر ڪري ته خارج ٿيل لهر اُفقاً قطبيل</font> ‏Horizontally Polarized‏ {{مبسس4}}آهي ته ٻِي (ساڄِي) ‏H‏ اهو ٿِي ظاهر ڪري ته جهٽيل لهر لهر پڻ افقاً قطبيل آهي. ساڳيءَ ريت ٻين انسٽرومينٽس کي</font> ‏HV، ‏VH، ‏VV‏ {{مبسس4}}يا هڪ کان وڌيڪَ قطبيتون آهن. مختلف ‏اپگرهن جي راڊار انسٽرومينٽس کي ڪَثِرَتُون</font> ‏Frequencies‏ {{مبسس4}}به مختلف ٿين. ڪن اپگرهن کي هڪَ کان وڌيڪَ ڪثرتون هونديون آهن، ‏جيڪي هڪَ ئي منظر جا ڪيترين ئي ڪثرَتُن تي مشاهدا ميسر ڪري ڏين ٿا. اهڙا اعداد مختلف ڌر اوڇڻ {{TM}} ‏Landcover‏ </font> يا ويجيٽيشن ‏ٽائپيس، يا ساڳي ئي ويجيٽيشين ٽائيپ جِي مختلف حالتِ صحت ۽ واڌ جِي صورت ۾ درجه بندي ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڏين ٿا. هوائي رٿوار ‏راڊار اسڪينر {{TM}} ‏Airborne RADAR Scanners‏ </font> به جمر عڪس ڇڪڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن. تصوير نمبر 5 واشڱٽن ڊِي سِي جو سنهي ‏تحلل وارو هڪ جمر عڪس ڏيکاري ٿِي. هر ورجائپ- قطبيت جوڙي کي نُماڪار {{TM}} ‏Display‏ </font> جي ڳ، س، ۽ ن چينلس مان ڪو هڪُ ڏئي، ‏جمر عڪسن کي ڇاپيو‎/‎نُمايو {{TM}} ‏Display‏ </font> ويندو آهي. اهڙو هڪ مثال تصوير نمبر 6 آهي، جيڪا نُو يارڪ شهر جو ٽن پٽين {{TM}} ‏LHH‏ </font> ‏‏ (ڳاڙهي ۾)، {{TM}} ‏LHV‏ </font> (سائي ۾)، {{TM}} ‏CHV‏ </font> (نيري ۾)، وارو نقلي رنگ جمر عڪس ڏيکاري ٿِي. ‏ =ڏور اِندرياتي عڪس ضماءُ= {{مبسس4}}مٿي ڄاڻايل مختلف قسمن جي ڏور اِندرياتي عڪسن مان هر هڪ تي ضماءُ جا طريقا آزمايا ويا آهن. رڳو هڪ جهڙا عڪس نه پر ‏مختلف قسمن جا عڪس، مختلف ذريعن مان نڪتل يا ساڳِي اِندرِيءَ مان پر مختلف وقتن تي نڪتل عڪسن کي انيڪ مصرفن ڪاڻ ‏ضمايو ويندو آهي. ڏور اِندريات ۾ عڪس ضماءُ جو مقصد مختلف ذريعن کان حاصل ٿيل هڪَ ئي منظر جي عڪسن جو گڏيل ‏استعمال ڪري ماحول، ڌر اوڇڻ {{TM}} ‏Landcover</font>، قدرتي وسيلن وغيره متعلق وڌ کان وڌ ڄاڻَ حاصل ڪجي. بعض اوقات هڪَ ئي منظر ‏جا مختلف وقتن تي نڪتل عڪس ضمايا ۽ ڇيديا ويندا آهن ته جيئن ماحول ۾ فطري يا بشري سرگرمين باعث رونما ٿيل تبديليون ‏جاچي سگھجن. حالانڪه هن مطالعي جو اولين مقصد چشمياتي ۽ جمر عڪسن جي ضماءُ جي طريقن جو اڀياس آهي، پر اِنَ ۾ ‏چشمياتي‎/‎‏ چشمياتي ۽ جمر‏‎/‎جمر عڪس ضماءُ جا آزمودا پڻ شامل آهن.<br> ‏ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ڪنهن مخصوص غرض ڪاڻ هڪ وڌيڪَ ڪارائتو عڪس حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ڏور اِندرياتي عڪسن کي ٽوپوگرافيڪل ‏نقشن {{TM}} ‏Topographical Maps‏ </font> مثلاً ارضياتي بيهڪ سرشتو ڪوآرڊينيٽس {{TM}} ‏GPS Coordinates‎، ‏IGN‏ </font> وارن بي دي ڪارتو {{TM}} ‏BD-CARTO‏ </font> ۽ ‏بي دي توپو {{TM}} ‏BD-TOPO‏ </font> يا ڀون طبعي ڄاڻ {{TM}} ‏Geophysical Information </font>، جهڙن غير عڪس اعداد سان پڻ ضمايو ويندو آهي. جدول ‏نمبر 4 ڏور اِندرياتي عڪس ضماءُ جي مصرفن کي ڇهن درجن ۾ ورهائي ٿِي. ‏ ==چشمياتي عڪسن جو ضماءُ== {{مبسس4}}هيءُ عڪس ضماءُ جو اهو حصو آهي جنهن تي گھڻي کان گھڻي تحقيقَ ڪئي وئي آهي، شايد ان جو سبب چشمياتي عڪسن جِي دستيابي ‏وڌيڪَ ڪَثِرَتِي {{TM}} ‏Frequent‏ </font> ۽ آسان آهي. اڪثر، چشمياتي عڪسن کي ضمائڻ جو مقصد گھڻ اِنڊمي عڪس جِي اِنڊمياتي ‏ڄاڻ {{TM}} ‏Spectral Information‏ </font> (ايپراگزيميشن) سالم رکندي ان جو تحلل (ڊيٽيل) وڌائڻ هوندو آهي. ان صورتَ ۾ ضماءُ جي عمل کي ‏ايئن بيان ڪري سگھجي ٿو ته اهو ڪنهن سنهي تحلل واري عڪس کي ڪنهن ٿلهي تحلل واري عڪس سان ضم ڪري هڪُ انڊماً ‏شاهوڪار {{TM}} ‏Spectrally Rich‏ </font> سنهي تحلل وارو گھڻ اِنڊمي عڪس حاصل ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. ‏ چشمياتي‎/‎چشمياتي عڪس ضماءُ تبدل ڊٽيڪشن لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيندو آھي، مگر چشمياتي عڪسن جِي دستيابي هر مُندَ ۽ هر ‏موسمي حالت ۾ ممڪن نه هوڻ سبب اهو اڪثر ناقابل عمل ٿيو پوي. ڏيکائيندڙ ۽ انفرا سُرخ چشمياتي عڪس ايٽماسفيئرڪ بگاڙ جو ‏شڪار ٿين ٿا، جنهن کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪِرِڻِڪارِي درستگِيءَ {{TM}} ‏Radiometric Correction‏ </font> جِي ضرورتَ پوندي آهي. تبدل ڊٽيڪشن {{TM}} ‏Change Detecion‏ </font> واسطي عڪس اِنهانسمينٽ {{TM}} ‏Enhancement‏ </font> جي طريقن جو جائزو ‏‎[36]‎‏ ۾ ڏنل آهي. <br> ‏ عددي اُڀاوَتِي ماڊل (عاڀم) {{TM}} ‏Digital Elevation Model (DEM)‎‏ </font> جوڙڻ جي مقصد سان اِسٽيريئو چشمياتي عڪسن {{TM}} ‏Stereo Optical ‎Images‏ </font> جو پڻ ضماءُ ڪيو ويندو آهي. خصوصاً عاڀم جوڙڻ جي غرض سان سِپوت 5 تي سنهي تحلل وارا اِسٽيريئو چشمياتي عڪس ‏ڇِڪَڻ لاءِ هڪ خودڪار سرشتو نصب ٿيل آهي ‏‎[37]‎‏. ان صورتَ ۾ در اُپت اعداد {{TM}} ‏Input Data‏ </font> عڪس آهن، جڏهن ته بر اُپت اعداد {{TM}} ‏Output Data‏ </font> غير عڪس آهن. ڊيم اهي غير عڪس عددي مٿاڇراتي نقشا {{TM}} ‏Non-Image Digital Surface Maps‏ </font> آهن، جن ۾ مشاهدي ‏هيٺ منظر جي مٿاڇراتِي اُوچائي ڄاڻَ {{TM}} ‏Surface Height Information‏ </font> ڏنل هوندي آهي. اها بنيادي ترين ۽ نهايت دلچسپ ڀُون ليکي ‏ڄاڻَ {{TM}} ‏Geographic Information‏ </font> آهي. عاڀم هڪ ايزڪي {{TM}} ‏ASCII‏ </font> يا ٻِٽِڻو {{TM}} ‏Binary‏ </font> فائيل آهي، جنهن منجھه وِٿائِي اُڀاوَتِي اعداد {{TM}} ‏Spatial ‎Elevation Data‏ </font> هڪ ريگيولر گرڊ پيٽرن ۾ راسٽر فارميٽ ساڻ هوندا آهن. ‏ <blockquote style="background: white; border: 1px solid black; padding: 1em;"> <table border="1"> <tr><td>{{مبسس4}}شمار نمبر</td><td>{{مبسس4}}اعداد جو قسم</td><td>{{مبسس4}}ضماءُ جو مثال</td><td>{{مبسس4}}ڪارج يا مصرف</td><td>{{مبسس4}}حوالو</td></tr> <tr><td>1</td><td>{{مبسس4}}يڪ اِندرياتِي گھڻ وقتي</td><td>{{مبسس4}}گھڻ وقتي جمر</td><td>{{مبسس4}}تبدل ڊٽيڪشن</td><td>Wedahl 1993 [30]</td></tr> <tr><td>2</td><td>{{مبسس4}}گهڻ اِندرياتِي گهڻ وقتي</td><td>{{مبسس4}}ڏيکائيندڙ ۽ انفرا سُرخ – جمر</td><td>{{مبسس4}}کُٽل ڄاڻ/عڪس نقشبندي</td><td>C. Pohl and Genderen 1995 [31]</td></tr> <tr><td>3</td><td>{{مبسس4}}يڪ اِندرياتِي گھڻ تحللِي</td><td>{{مبسس4}}سنهو/ٿلهو تحلل (يڪ/گھڻ اِنڊمي) سِپوت</td><td>{{مبسس4}}عڪس تِکائڻ/بهتر اِنٽرپريٽيشن لاءِ تحلل وڌائڻ</td><td>G. Cliché et al 1985 [32]</td></tr> <tr><td>4</td><td>{{مبسس4}}گهڻ اِندرياتِي گھڻ تحللِي</td><td>{{مبسس4}}سنهو/ٿلهو تحلل (لينڊسيٽ/سپوت)</td><td>{{مبسس4}}بهتر اِنٽرپريٽيشن لاءِ تحلل وڌائڻ</td><td>Chavez et al. 1991 [33]</td></tr> <tr><td>5</td><td>{{مبسس4}}گھڻ اِندرياتي</td><td>ERS-1/ERS-2</td><td>{{مبسس4}}بهتر ڀون ماپِي درستگي/ بهتر اِنٽرپريٽيشن / نقش ڪاڍ</td><td>Guyenne 1995 [34]</td></tr> <tr><td>6</td><td>{{مبسس4}}ڏور اِندرياتِي – امدادِي اعداد جهڙوڪ GPS ڪوآرڊينيٽس ۽ ڀون طبعي ڄاڻ </td><td>{{مبسس4}}عڪس نگاري/نقشو نگاري</font> Image/Topographic Map </td><td>{{مبسس4}}درجه بندِي/ ڀون ماپي درستگِي </td><td>Jensen et al. 1990 [35] </td></tr> </table> </blockquote> {{مبسس4}}<b><center>جدول 4: ڏور اِندريات ۾ عڪس ضماءُ جا مصرف، ضمايل عڪس، ۽ حوالا</center></b> <br> ==جُمُر عڪسن جو ضماءُ== {{مبسس4}}ڏور اِندريات ۾ ڪيل تحقيق گھڻي ڀاڱي سنهي تحلل وارن يڪ اِنڊمي عڪسن ساڻ ٿلهي تحلل وارن گھڻ اِنڊمي عڪسن جي ضماءُ تي ‏مرڪُوز رهي آهي. نسبتاً، چشمياتي‎/‎جمر عڪس ضماءَ توڙي جمر‎/‎‏ جمر عڪس ضماءَ تي تمام گھٽ تحقيقي ڪم ٿيو آهي.‏ جمر عڪس جون اِنٽينسِٽيون {{TM}} ‏Intensities‏ </font> روشنايل {{TM}} ‏Illuminated‏ </font> حدف جي خاصيتُن (ڪيريڪٽرِسٽِڪس) تي به دارومدار رکن ٿيون ‏ته خود راڊار سگنل جِي خاصيتُن تي به. هڪڙو ئي منظر مختلف قطبيتون {{TM}} ‏Polarizations </font>، ڪَثِرَتُون {{TM}} ‏Frequencies </font>، ۽ اِنسيڊنس ‏اينگلس {{TM}} ‏Incidence Angles ‏</font> رکندڙ راڊارن کي مختلف نظر ايندو. ساڳي ئي مٿاڇري تان موٽَ لهر (بيڪ اسڪيٽر) {{TM}} ‏Backscatter‏ </font>‏ مختلف ورجائپَ تي مختلف ٿيندِي آهي. اڃا به وڌيڪَ اهم ڳالهه اها آهي ته ننڍي راڊار لهر جِي ڀيٽَ ۾ وڏِي راڊار لهر ڪنهن مٿاڇري ‏جِي اونهائيءَ ۾ وڌيڪَ گهرو وڃي ٿي. مثال طور، ڪي يُو پٽيءَ {{TM}} ‏U-band‏ </font> جي لهر (2 سينٽي ميٽر وڏي) جي ڀيٽَ ۾ ايل پٽيءَ {{TM}} ‏L-band‏ </font>‏ جي لهر (20 سينٽي ميٽر وڏي) 10 ڀيرا وڌيڪَ اونهائيءَ ۾ ويندِي آهي، ۽ تنهنڪري مٿاڇري ويجھو وڌيڪ مقدارِي تهه {{TM}} Volumetric ‎Layer‏ </font> متعلق ڄاڻَ مهيا ڪري ٿِي.<br> ‏ جڏهن جمر انسٽرومينٽ رکندڙ ڪو اپگرھه ڪنهن علائقي جِي منظر ڪشِي ڪندو آهي ته هڪَ ئي وقت ڪيترين ئي مختلف قطبيتن ۽ ‏ورجائپُن سان اعداد مهيا ڪندو آهي. ٻيو ته ساڳيو ئي منظر مختلف اوچايُن تي پَروان ڪندڙ رَٿُن سان مشاهدي سگھجي ٿو ۽ ‏تنهڪري مختلف تحلل {{TM}} ‏Resolution‏ </font> رکندڙ اعداد ميسر ٿِي سگھن ٿا. اهڙيءَ ريت، ساڳي ئي منظر جا مختلف ورجائپ، قطبيت، ۽ ‏تحلل وارا بمر عڪس ميسر ٿِي سگھن ٿا، جن کي ضمائي هڪ اهڙو عڪس جوڙي سگھجي ٿو جنهن منجھه مڙني اِنفرادِي عڪسن مان ‏حاصل ٿيندڙ هر اهڙي ڄاڻَ موجود هجي، جيڪا نه ته رڳو الڳ الڳ عڪسن مان ئي مِلِي سَگھِي ٿي. ان سان اوڇڻن (ڪَوَر ٽائيپس) ‏جي بهتر ۽ وڌيڪَ ڄاڻَ رکندڙ درجه بندي حاصل ٿي ٿِي. ڪن صورتُن ۾ ڪيترا ئي مخلوط {{TM}} ‏Hetrogeneous‏ </font> جمر عڪس ضمائي هڪ ‏عاڀم جوڙڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ‏‎[38]‎‏. ‏ ==جُمُر عڪس ۽ چشمياتي عڪس جو ضماءُ== {{مبسس4}}چشمياتي عڪس ڌنڌ يا ڪڪر کان گھڻا متاثر ٿيندا آهن ۽ جيڪڏهن مشاهدي هيٺ منظر ڪڪرن ۽ ڪوهيڙي سان ڍڪيل آهي ته ‏چشمياتي عڪس خراب ٿِي پوندا آهن، ويندي ڪڪرن جو پاڇو به چشمياتي عڪسن کي خراب ڪري ڇڏيندو آهي. ٻيو ته ساڳِي ‏اِنڊمي وراڻي {{TM}} ‏Spectral Response‏ </font> ڏيندي، ڪجھه ڌر اوڇڻ (ڪَوَر ٽائيپس) چشمياتي عڪسن ۾ ناقابل تفريق {{TM}} ‏Indistinguishable‏ </font> ٿِي ‏پوندا آهن. جڏهن ته مختلف مٿاڇراتي ناهمواري {{TM}} ‏Roughness</font>، ڊول ۽ گھِمَ {{TM}} ‏Moisture Content‏ </font> هوندڙ اوڇڻَ {{TM}} ‏Cover Types ‏</font> جمر عڪس ‏‏۾ مختلف اِنٽينسِٽِي سان ظاهر ٿِيندي الڳ الڳ نظر ايندا آهن ‏‎[39]‎‏. مگر جمر عڪسن ۾ وري مشاهدي هيٺ آيل علائقو تمام گھڻو ‏جابلُو هوڻ باعث سنگين ڀُون ماپِي بگاڙ {{TM}} ‏Geometric Distortion‏ </font> ٿِي پوندو آهي. جمر‎/‎چشمياتي عڪس ضماءُ هيٺين مقصدن سان زيرِ ‏عمل آندو ويندو آهي:‏ *{{مبسس4}}چشمياتي عڪسن ۾ کُٽل ڄاڻَ کي پُر ڪرڻ يا اڻپورِي ڄاڻَ کي پورو ڪرڻ‏ *{{مبسس4}}چشمياتي عڪسن جو تحلل وڌائڻ *{{مبسس4}}بهتر عددي اُڀاوَتِي ماڊلس (عاڀمس) {{TM}} ‏Digital Elevation Models‏ </font> جوڙڻ <br> ‏‏{{مبسس4}}‎[40]‎‏ آبگاهه نقشيبندِيءَ {{TM}} ‏Wetland Mapping‏ </font> جي مقصد سان درجه بنديءَ ۾ بهتر تُزگِي حاصل ڪرڻ خاطر کُٽل ڄاڻَ کي پورو ڪرڻ ‏لاءِ جمر‎/‎چشمياتي عڪس ضماءُ جو مثال آهي. اهو ڪيترن ئي طريقن سان عڪسِل سطح تي ضماءُ ڪري ٿو ۽ آخر ۾ نتيجن کي ‏ڀيٽي ٿو. ‏‎[41]‎‏ وري بهتر درجه بندِي توڙي نماءُ لاءِ اِي آر ايس 2 جي جمر، لينڊسيٽ 7 (اِي ٽِي ايم پلس) جي يام ۽ لينڊسيٽ 7 (اِي ‏ٽِي ايم پلس) جي گھام عڪسن کي ضمائي ٿو. جڏهن ته {{TM}} ‏‎[42]‎‏ ‏Aes-1‎‏ </font> مان نڪتل 5 ميٽر تحلل واري هوائي رَٿَوار عڪس ۽ لينڊسيٽ ‏ٽِي ايم 5 مان نڪتل 25 ميٽر تحلل واري عڪس جو گھڻ تحلُلِي ضماءُ {{TM}} ‏Multiresolution Fusion‏ </font> ڪرڻ لاءِ هرمائيٽ ٽرانسفارم {{TM}} ‏Hermite ‎Transform‏ </font> استعمال ڪري ٿو. ‏ عاڀم جوڙڻ جي اعتبار سان، سنون ميدانن ۽ هلڪن لاهن چاڙهن وارن علائقن جي عڪسازيءَ ۾ جمر عڪس تُز آهن پر ان جي بلڪل ‏ابتڙ، جابلو علائقن ۾ انهن جو سُڀاءُ {{TM}} ‏Quality‏ </font> تمام ڪِرِي پوي ٿو، ڇاڪاڻ ته جابلو علائقا عڪسائيندي جمر عڪس ڀون ماپِي بگاڙ {{TM}} ‏Geometric Distortion‏ </font> جو شڪار ٿين ٿا. ٻنھي، جمر ۽ چشمياتي عڪسن جو گڏيل استعمال (عڪس ضماءُ) اهي مسئلا حل ڪري ‏سگھي ٿو ‏‎[43]‎.‏ <br> ‏ ماحولياتي وَ زمينِي مانيٽرڱ ۽ انتظامي سرشتي {{TM}} ‏Environmental and Land Monitoring System‏ </font> لاءِ ڀَروَسي جوڳا عاڀمس تمام ‏ضرورِي آهن. اپگرهِي عڪسن مان عاڀم جوڙڻ جا ٻه اهم طريقا آهن، هڪ چشمياتي عڪسن ساڻ اسٽيريئو اسڪوپي ۽ ٻيو جمر ‏عڪسن ساڻ انٽرفيروميٽري {{TM}} ‏Interferrometry ‏</font>. ٻنهي قسمن جي عاڀمس کي ضمائڻ جا ڪيترا ئي مختلف طريقا تجويز ڪيا ويا آهن، ‏جيڪي ‏‎[44]‎‏ ۽ ‏‎[45]‎‏ ۾ اڀياسيا ويا آهن. ‏ ==عڪس ضماءُ جون سَطَحُونَ== [[Image:fig3.png|thumb|320px| {{مبسس4}}خاڪو 3:‏ ضماءُ جِي تجريدي سطح‏‏]] [[Image:fig4.png|thumb|320px| {{مبسس4}}خاڪو 4:‏ عڪسل، نقش ۽ فيصلو سطحُن تي ضماءُ جو عمل‏‏]] {{مبسس4}}‎[39]‎‏ ۽ ‏‎[46]‎‏ موجب، عڪس ضماءُ پراسيسڱ يا تجريد {{TM}} ‏Abstract‏ </font> جِي ٽن مختلف سطحُن، يعني اعداد {{TM}} ‏Data‏ </font> يا عڪسل {{TM}} ‏Pixel‏ </font> سطح، ‏نقش سطح، ۽ فيصلو سطح {{TM}} ‏Decision Level‏ </font> تي زير عمل اچي سگھي ٿِي، جڏهن ته اعداد سطح هيٺين ۾ هيٺين سطح آهي ته ‏فيصلو سطح مٿين ۾ مٿين. خاڪو نمبر 3 اهڙو خيال سمجھائي ٿو. ٻين به ڪيترن ئي اهڙو ئي اظهار خيال ڪيو آهي، پر ‏‎[47]‎‏ سوال ‏اُٿاريو آهي ته سطح 1، 2، ۽ 3 درميان دنگ جِي چِٽِي وضاحتَ ٿيل نه آهي. تنهنڪري بعض اوقات ڪِن صورتحالس ۾ زير عمل آيل ‏ضماءُ جِي سطح متنازع ٿِي پوندِي آهي. ‏‎[3]‎‏ دليلي ٿو ته اهڙِي گِروهه بندِي گمراهه ڪُن آهي، ۽ اها مغالطاً اهڙو تاثر ڏي ٿِي ته ضماءُ ‏جو عمل انهن ٽنهِي مختلف سطحن تي بَيَڪ وقت عمل ۾ نه اِيندو آهي. ازان سواءِ، ھُو اهو به دلِيلي ٿو ته ”عڪسل سطح يا پڪسل ‏ليول” وارو اصطلاح استعمال ڪرڻ نامناسب آهي. ‏ هر سطح جي ضماءُ جا پنهنجا طريقا ۽ ڪميون بيشيون آهن. ضماءُ جِي سطح جو مناسب انتخاب ڪيترن ئي فيڪٽرس تي دارومدار ‏رکي ٿو، جهڙوڪ اعدادي ذريعا {{TM}} ‏Data Sources</font>، ڪارج، ۽ ميسر وسيلا {{TM}} ‏Tools‏. </font> جڏهن ضمائجندڙ اعداد ساڳي قسم جي ذريعن، مثال ‏طور عددِي عڪسازِي ڊوائيسِز {{TM}} ‏Digital Imaging Devices‏ </font> مان ملندا هجن ته سمورن ميسر اعداد جو ڀرپور استعمال ڪندي اعداد ‏سطح {{TM}} ‏Data Level‏ </font> تي ضماءُ ڪري سگھجي ٿو. مگر جڏهن ضمائجندڙ اعداد تمام مختلف ذريعن، جهڙوڪ ڀون ماپِي ڄاڻ سرشتي {{TM}} ‏Geographic Information System‏ </font> ۽ عددِي عڪسازي اوزارن {{TM}} ‏Digital Imaging Devices‏ </font> کان وصول ٿيندا هجن ته فيصلو سطح تي ‏ضماءُ ڪرڻ وڌيڪَ مناسب رهندو. نقش سطح تي ضماءُ ڪرڻ تڏهن ئي مناسب ٿيندو جڏهن مختلف قسمن جي ضمائجندڙ اعداد ‏مان اهڙا نقشز {{TM}} ‏Features‏ </font> ڪڍي سگھجن جِن جِي هڪٻي سان نسبت قائم ٿِي سگھي. مثال طور ٻنهي، چشمياتي توڙي جمر عڪسن ‏منجھان ڇيڙن ۽ ڀاڱن جهڙا نقشز ڪڍِي سگھجن ٿا، جن کي ملائي گڏيل نقشز توڙي درجه بندِي حاصل ڪري سگھجي ٿِي. ساڳي ئي ‏وقت ضماءُ لاءِ سطح جو اِنتخاب لازمِي گھُربل قبل پراسيسڱ {{TM}} ‏Preprocessing‏ </font> جو پڻ تعين ڪري ٿو. مثال طور، عڪسل يا اعداد سطح ‏تي ضماءُ لاءِ لازمِي آهي ته عڪسن کي هڪ ٻي سان جُز عڪسل تُزگِيءَ {{TM}} ‏Sub-pixel Accuracy‏ </font> سان ٺهڪايو وڃي. خاڪو 4 ضماءُ جِي ‏ٽنهي سطحُن کي سمجھائي ٿو ۽ ٽنهي ۾ فرق واضح ڪري ٿو. جيتوڻيڪ ضماءُ جي ميدان جو گھڻي کان گھڻو تحقيقيل پهلُو اعداد ‏يا عڪسل سطح آهي، پر تحقيقي ڪم جا تازا مثال ٽنهي سطحن جي ضماءُ تي ملن ٿا.‏ ===عڪسل سَطَحِي ضماءُ=== {{مبسس4}}هيءُ تجريدَ جِي هيٺين ترين سطح جو ضماءُ آهي. ڏور اِندريات جي ميدان ۾ عڪس ضماءُ تي ٿيل تحقيقَ گھڻي ڀاڱي ان ئي سطح ‏جي ضماءُ تي مرڪُوز رهي آهي. هنَ سطح تي ضماءُ جِي وڏي ۾ وڏِي خوبي اها آهي ته اهو اصلِي اعداد جو استعمال ڪري ٿو، ‏جيڪي حقيقتَ کي گھڻي کان گھڻو ويجھو آهن. عڪسن کي (گھٽ ۾ گھٽ) هڪٻي تي ٺهڪائڻ {{TM}} ‏Co-Register‏ </font>بعد عڪسل– عڪسل ‏بنياد تي ضمايو ويندو آهي. ڇاڪاڻ ته عڪسل سطح جي ضماءُ لاءِ تمام گھڻي تُزگي درڪار ٿي ٿِي، تنهنڪري اڪثر ته ضماءُ کان ‏اڳ ضمائجندڙ عڪسن کي ڀُون ڪوڊيو {{TM}} ‏Geo-Code‏ </font> به ويندو آهي. تُز ٺهڪاءُ {{TM}} ‏Registration‏ </font> لاءِ وَر سيمپلڱ {{TM}} ‏Resampling‏ </font> ۽ ڀُون ماپِي ‏درستُگِي {{TM}} ‏Geometric Correction‏ </font> درڪار ٿين ٿيون. ڀون ماپِي درستُگِيءَ لاءِ اِندرياتِي ويوئِڱ پيراميٽرس {{TM}} Sensor Viewing ‎Parameters‏ </font> ۽ اهڙي سافٽويئر {{TM}} ‏Software‏ </font> جِي ضرورتَ پوندِي آهي، جيڪو عڪس ڇِڪاءُ پيراميٽرس {{TM}} ‏Image Acquisition Parameters‏ </font> ‏‏ ۽ زمينِي اهڃاڻن {{TM}} ‏Ground Control Points (GCP)‎‏ </font> جو به ليکو ڪري. عڪسن جِي ور سيمپلِڱ {{TM}} ‏Resampling‏ </font> ۽ ٺهڪاءُ {{TM}} ‏Registration‏ </font> جا ‏ڪيترا ئي طريقا ميسر آهن. زمينِي اُهڃاڻ اهي نشانات آهن، جن جِي زمين تي بيهڪَ {{TM}} ‏Position‏ </font>اڳي ئي معلوم هُجي. اهي اُهڃاڻ اڳي ‏ئي موجُود ٿِي سگھن ٿا، جهڙوڪ رستن جا چوڪ يا ساحلي اهڃاڻَ؛ يا ته ڀون ماپِي درستگيءَ لاءِ هاسيڪار رکي سگھجن ٿا. ڪن ‏صُورتُن ۾، جتي مٿاڇرو انتهائي ناهموار هجي، اتي عاڀمس جِي ضرورتَ پوندِي آهي. اهڙِي صورتحال خاص طور جمر عڪسن تي ‏لاڳُو ٿي ٿِي، جن جِي اِندرِيءَ {{TM}} ‏Sensor‏ </font> کي ڀُون ماپاً {{TM}} ‏Goemetrically‏ </font> پاسيرِي نظر آهي. ان سطح تي ضماءُ جون ڳڻپيوڪَرِي سنڀارَ {{TM}} ‏Computer Memory‏ </font> ۽ پراسيسڱ قوت {{TM}} ‏Processing Power‏ </font> واريو گھُرجُون گھڻي ۾ گھڻيون آهن ۽ ان جِي پراسيسڱ لاءِ وقت به گھڻو ‏درڪار ٿي ٿو. خاڪو 5 هڪ بلاڪ ڊاياگرام ڏيکاري ٿو، جنهن ۾ عڪسِل سطح تي ضماءُ ڪندڙ ڪنهن سرشتي منجھه رُونما ٿيندڙ ‏عملن جو سلسلو ڏيکاريل آهي. ‏ ===عڪسل سطح تي ضماءُ جا طريقا=== [[Image:fig5.png|thumb|320px| {{مبسس4}}خاڪو 5:‏ عڪسِل سطح تي ضماءُ‏‏]] {{مبسس4}}ٿوري گھڻي فرقَ ساڻ عڪسِل سطح ضماءُ جا سوين طريقا موجود آهن، جن مان ڪجھه ناموس طريقا هِي آهن:‏ *{{مبسس4}}ضرب اُپت ٽرانسفارم {{TM}} Multiplicative Transform </font> *{{مبسس4}}هاءِ پاس ڇاڻڪارِي {{TM}} High Pass Filtering </font> *{{مبسس4}}هاءِ پاس ماڊيوليشن {{TM}} High Pass Modulation </font> *{{مبسس4}}ليپليشن مخروط {{TM}} Laplacian Pyramid </font> *{{مبسس4}}اِنٽينسِٽِي هيُو سيچوريشن {{TM}} Intensity Hue Saturation </font> *{{مبسس4}}برووِي ٽرانسفارم {{TM}} Brovey Transform </font> *{{مبسس4}}مُک جُزِياتِي ڇيد {{TM}} Principal Component Analysis </font> *{{مبسس4}}لهرڙياتِي طريقا {{TM}} Wavelet Transform </font> {{مبسس4}}مختلف ذريعن انهن طريقن جِي گروهه بندِي مختلف طريقن سان ڪئي آهي، جن جو ذڪر هتي ضروري نه آهي. ضماءُ جي مٿي ‏ڄاڻايل طريقن جا رياضياتِي ماڊلس هيٺ پيش ڪجن ٿا. ‏ ====ضرب اپت ٽرانسفارم Multiplicative Transform==== {{مبسس4}}ضماءُ جي مڙنِي طريقن منجھان هيءُ سڀني کان آسان ۽ سڌو سنئون طريقو آهي. اهو سنهي تحلل وارو گھڻ اِنڊمي عڪس (ستگھاع) {{TM}} ‏High Resolution Multispectral Image (HRMI)‎‏ </font> حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ سنهي تحلل واري يڪ اِنڊمي عڪس (ستياع){{TM}} ‏High Resolution ‎Panchromatic Image (HRPI)‎‏ </font> جي عددي قدرن کي عڪسِل به عڪسِل ٿلهي تحلل واري گھڻ اِنڊمي عڪس (ٿتگھاع) {{TM}} ‏Low ‎Resolution Multispectral Image (LRMI)‎‏ </font> جي عددي قدرن سان ضربي ٿو. حتمي ستگھاع حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ضرب اُپتن کي 0 کان ‏‏255 جي حدُن ۾ آندو ويندو آھي. ان سموري عمل کي رياضياتاً مساوات 1 سان ظاهر ڪري سگھجي ٿو. ‏ ====ھاءِ گُذار ڇاڻڪارِي (ھگڇ)‏ ‏ ‏High Pass Filtering (HPF)‎==== {{مبسس4}}ھاءِ گُذار ڇاڻڪارِيءَ جو بنيادِي قاعدو ستياع ۾ موجود تڪڙي ورجائپِي ڄاڻَ {{TM}} ‏High-frequency Information‏ </font> ڪڍِي ٿتگھاع ۾ وجھڻ ‏آهي. ان طريقه ڪار تحت، ستياع مان ٿتياع ڪَٽَ ڪرڻ لاءِ يا ته ستياع کي هاءِ گُذار ڇاڻيو ويندو آهي يا وري لو گُذار ڇاڻيو ويندو ‏آهي. هگڇ طريقي جو رياضياتِي ماڊل مساوات 2 ۾ ڏنل آهي ‏‎[49]‎‏ . ‏ {{مبسس4}}جڏهن ته ۽ ‏ho‏ هِڪَ لو پاس ڇاڻِي آهي. ‏ ====هاءِ گُذار ماڊيوليشن‏ High Pass Modulation==== {{مبسس4}}هن طريقه ڪار ۾ ستياع جِي تڪڙي ورجائپ واري ڄاڻَ کي ماڊيوليشن ڪو ايفيشنٽس {{TM}} ‏Coefficients‏ </font> ذريعي ٿتگھاع ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ‏ويندو آهي. جڏهن ته ماڊيوليشن ڪو ايفيشنٽس ٿتياع سان ٿتگھاع جِي شرح جي برابر آهن. ٿتياع حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ستياع کي ڇاڻيو ‏ويندو آهي. رياضياتاً ان کي مساوات 3 سان اِظاهري سگھجي ٿو. ‏ ====ليپليسِي مخروط Laplacian Pyramid==== {{مبسس4}}ليپليسِي مخروط {{TM}} ‏Laplacian Pyramid (LP)‎</font>، گاسِي مخروط {{TM}} ‏Gaussian Pyramid‏ </font> مان نڪتو آهي، جيڪو بار بار رڊڪشن (لو گُذار ‏ڇاڻڪاري ۽ ڊيسيميشن {{TM}} ‏Decimation ‏</font>) رستي حاصل ٿيندڙ گھڻ پيمانه نمائدگِي {{TM}} ‏Multiscale Representation‏ </font> آهي. ليپليسِي مخروط ‏هيٺين ٻن مرحلن ۾ معلوم ڪيو ويندو آهي. ‏ ‏#{{مبسس4}}عڪس جو گاسِي مخروط جوڙڻ. بنيادِي طور، گاسِي مخروط اصل عڪس ‏L‏ جي مختلف پيمانن {{TM}} ‏Scales‏ </font> تي حاصل ‏ڪيل نقُلَن يا پَرتَن {{TM}} ‏Copies‏ </font> جو سلسلو {{TM}} ‏‎{G1, G2, …., Gk}‎‏ </font> آهي. اهو ‏G1=I‏ ڪري، ۽ پوءِ بار بار {{TM}} ‏Gi+1 = shrink (Gi)‎‏ </font> تي ‏عمل ڪري حاصل ڪيو ويندو آهي.‏ #‏{{مبسس4}}عڪس جو ليپليسِي مخروط جوڙڻ. ليپليسِي مخروط {{TM}} ‏‎{L1, L2, …., Lk}‎</font>، گاسِي مخروط جو عمل ورائڻ {{TM}} ‏Backward ‎Process‏ </font> سان حاصل ٿيندو آهي. يعني ڪري، پوءِ بار بار {{TM}} ‏Li=Gi – expand(Gi+1)‎‏ </font> تي عمل ڪيو ويندو آهي. ‏ {{مبسس4}}ليپليسِي مخروط تي ٻڌل ضماءُ جِي الخوارضمِي {{TM}} ‏Algorithm‏ </font> هيٺينءَ ريت آهي:‏ جيڪڏهن {{TM}} ‏‎{I1, I2, …., In}‎‏ </font> مختلف تحلل، يا فوڪس رکندڙ عڪسن جو سلسلو هجي ته، ضماءُ جو سمورو طريقه ڪار هيٺين ڏاڪن ‏تي مشتمل آهي. ‏ ‏[‏i]‏ ‏{{مبسس4}}هر عڪسن جي {{TM}} ‏Li‏ </font> سلسلي مان هر هڪ عڪس جو ليپليسِي مخروط جوڙيو ‏ ‏[‏ii‏]‏ {{مبسس4}}پوءِ ھر عڪسِل لاءِ مڙني مخروطن {{TM}} ‏Li‏ </font> منجھان وڏي ۾ وڏو قدر چونڊيندي ضمايل مخروط حاصل ڪريو، جيڪو گھُربل ‏ضمايل عڪس جِي مخروطِي صورت آهي.‏ ‏[‏iii‏]‏ {{مبسس4}}ان مخروطِي صورتَ مان ضمايل عڪس حاصل ڪريو ‏[‏iv‏]‏ {{مبسس4}}ڪا به ضرورِي بعدِي پراسيسڱ عمل ۾ آڻيو ====اِنٽينسِٽِي هيُو سيچوريشن ٽرانسفارم‏ Intensity Hue Saturation (IHS) Transform‎==== [[Image:ihs.png|thumb|320px| {{مبسس4}}خاڪو 6: ‏آءِ ايڇ ايس ٽرانسفارم تي ٻڌل عڪس ضماءُ ‏عڪس ضماءُ‏‏]] {{مبسس4}}هيءُ طريقه ڪار فقط ٽن پٽين تائين محدود آهي. اهو مساوات 4 تحت ٿتگھاع جي ڳسن سڏجندڙ (حقيقي معنيَ ۾ نه) ٽِن پٽيُن مان {{TM}} ‏IHS‏ </font> جا قدُرَ معلوم ڪري ٿو، ستياع ‏ ‏ جي [[هسٽونامو|هِسٽونامي]] کي ڇِڪي ٿو ته جيئن ان جا سراسرِي ۽ ويريئنس آءِ جُزي جهڙا ‏ٿين،جنهن کي ‏ ‏ سان ظاهر ڪجي ٿو؛ پوءِ آءِ جُزي کي هٽائي تَنهنجِي جاءِ تي [[هسٽونامو]] ڇڪيل ستياع ‏ ‏ رکي ٿو، ۽ ‏آخر ۾ مساوات 5 تحت واپس ڳسن جا قدُرَ معلُوم ڪري ٿو. اهو سمورو طريقه ڪار خاڪو نمبر 6 آسان ڪري سمجھائي ٿو. ‏ ====برووِي ٽرانسفارم Brovey Transform==== {{مبسس4}}برووِي ٽرانسفارم هڪ رنگِي ٽرانسفارم آهي، جيڪو ٽنهِي دَر اُپتِي پٽين کي نارملائيز ڪري ٿو ۽ هر هِڪَ کي ڪنهن سنهي تحلل وارِي ‏پٽي (يڪ اِنڊمي عڪس) سان عڪسِل به عڪسِل ضربي ٿو. برووِي ٽرانسفارمڪارِي مساوات ‏‎6‎‏ سان اظهاري سگھجي ٿِي ‏‎[49]‎‏. ‏نتيجتاً حاصل ٿيندڙ سُوڊو ڳسن پٽيون سنهو تحلل رکندڙ هونديون. ‏ ====مُک جُزياتِي ڇيد (مجڇ)‏ Principal Component Analysis (PCA)‎==== {{مبسس4}}مُک جُزياتِي ڇيد (مجڇ)، جنهن جو اصلوڪو نالو ڪارهونِن لووِ ٽرانسفارمڪارِي {{TM}} ‏Karhunen-Loeve Transformation‏ </font> آهي، سو آءِ ايڇ ‏ايس {{TM}} ‏IHS‏ </font> وانگيان ئي آهي، مگر ان جو وڏو فائدو اهو آهي ته اهو ڪيترين به پٽين جي ضماءُ لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگھجي ٿو. مجڇ گھڻ ‏اِنڊمي اعداد {{TM}} Multispectral Data‏ </font> جِي سڌِي ٽرانسفارمڪارِي {{TM}} ‏Linear Transformation‏ </font> استعمال ڪري ٿو. ان سڌي ٽرانسفارمڪارِيءَ ‏‏۾ در اُپتِي ٿتگھاعن کي اوترن ئي اڻ سهه نسبتيل {{TM}} ‏Uncorrelated‏ </font> مُک جُزن ۾ ٽرانسفارميو ويندو آهي، جيترا در اُپتِي ٿتگھاع. انهن مان ‏پهرين جُزي ۾ اها ڄاڻَ هوندي آهي جيڪا سمورن جُزن ۾ يڪسان يا ڪامن هجي، جڏهن ته باقي جُزن ۾ مڙني انفرادِي پٽين جِي ‏مُنفرد ڄاڻَ سمويل هوندِي آهي. مساوات 7 سان اِظهاريل اهڙِي ٽرانسفارمڪارِيءَ بعد پهرين جُزي ‏PC1‎‏ کي هٽائي ان جِي جاءِ تي ‏ستياع رکيو ويندو آهي. آخر ۾، مساوات 8 تحت ابتِي ٽرانسفارمڪارِي ڪري ستگھاع حاصل ڪيا ويندا آهن[49]. ‏‏ <br>جيئن مساوات 9 ۾ ڏيکاريل آهي، ته تاڃيپيٽو {{TM}} ‏Matrix (v)‎‏ </font> آئيگن طرفڻا {{TM}} ‏Eigen Vectors‏ </font> رکي ٿو، جيڪي سندن آئيگن قدُرن جي ‏حسابَ سان ترتيبيا ويا آهن. اهو ٿتگھاع جي سهه نسبتِي تاڃيپيٽي {{TM}} ‏Correlation Matrix‏ </font> يا سهه ويريئنس تاڃيپيٽي مان معلوم ڪيو ‏ويندو آهي. جڏهن ته سهه ويريئنس تاڃيپيٽو {{TM}} ‏Covariance Matrix‏ </font> استعماليندي عمل ۾ آندل مجڇ کي اڻ معياريل مجڇ {{TM}} ‏Unstandardised PCA‏ </font> ڪوٺيو ويندو آهي ۽ سهه نسبت تاڃيپيٽو {{TM}} ‏Correlation Matrix‏ </font> استعماليندي عمل ۾ آندل مجڇ کي معياريل ‏مجڇ {{TM}} ‏ Standardised PCA‏ </font> ڪوٺيو ويندو آهي. ‏ ====لهرڙياتِي طريقا Wavelet-Based Methods==== {{مبسس4}}لهرڙي ٽرانسفارم، جيڪو در اصل سگنل پراسيسڪاريءَ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ٽُول آهي، هاڻي عڪس ضماءُ جي کيتر ۾ مقبول آهي. لهرڙي ‏ٽرانسفارم تي ٻڌل ڪيترا ئي طريقا ڇپجي چڪا آهن.</font> ‏‎[52]‎‏ {{مبسس4}}انهن تي تفصيلي بحث ڪري ٿو ۽ عڪسِل سطح ضماءُ جيِ ڪِنِ معروف ‏لهرڙياتِي طريقن جو تقابلي جائزو پيش ڪري ٿو. عڪس ضماءُ ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ لهرڙيُن کي ٽن مُک گروهن ۾ ورهائي سگھجي ٿو: ‏آرٿوگونل</font> ‏Orthogonal{{مبسس4}}، باءِ آرٿوگونل</font> ‏Biorthogonal{{مبسس4}}، ۽ اڻ آرٿوگونل</font> ‏Unorthogonal{{مبسس4}}‏. جيتوڻيڪ انهن لهرڙين ۾ ڪي خصوصيتون عام ‏ٿين ٿيون، مگر انهن مان هر ڪا هڪ يُونِيڪ عڪسِي ڊِي ڪمپوزِيشن ۽ رِي ڪنسٽرڪشن جي طريقي کي جنم ڏي ٿِي. <br>‏ {{مبسس4}}لهرڙي ضماءُ ۾، سڀ کان پهرين سنهي تحلل واري يڪ اِنڊمي عڪس کي ٿلهي تحلل وارن يڪ اِنڊمي عڪسن ۽ سندن واسطيدار ‏لهرڙي ڪوايفِيشنٽس (وِٿائي بارِيڪيون{{TM}} ‏Spatial Details‏ {{مبسس4}}) جي سيٽ ۾ ڊِي ڪمپوزيو </font> ‏Decomposed‏ {{مبسس4}}ويندو آهي. تنهن کان پوءِ ٿلهو ‏تحلل هُوندڙ گهڻ اِنڊمي عڪس ساڳي تحلل تي پهتل يڪ اِنڊمِي عڪس جِي جاءِ کڻندا آهن. اهڙيءَ ريت هر هڪ گهڻ اِنڊمي عڪس ‏مٿان اُبتو لهرڙي ٽرانسفارم عمل ۾ آڻيندي، منجهن سنهي تحلل واريُون وِٿائِي بارِيڪيون متعارف ڪرايون وينديُون آهن. عڪس ‏ضماءُ لاءِ ڪيتريون ئي ڪارآمد لهرڙيون دريافت ڪيون ويون آهن، جن تي ٻڌل ضماءُ جا انيڪ طريقا ڳولي لڌا ويا آهن. انهن مان اهم ‏ترين طريقن جا نالا هيٺ ڄاڻائجن ٿا:‏ *{{مبسس4}}ڊسڪريٽ لهرڙِي ٽرانسفارم (ڊلٽ)‏</font> Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)‎ *{{مبسس4}}شفٽ اِن ويريئنٽ ڊلٽ</font> Shift Invariant DWT *{{مبسس4}}ٽُونگدار الخوارضميءَ تي ٻڌل لھرڙي ٽرانسفارم‏</font> A Trous Algorithm based Wavelet Transform *{{مبسس4}}پيچيده لهرڙِي ٽرانسفارم</font> Complex Wavelet Transform *{{مبسس4}}مالات الخوارضمي‏</font> Mallat Algorithm *{{مبسس4}}گھڻ تحلُلِي اِنٽينسٽي ماڊيوليشن</font> Multi-Resolution Intensity Modulation ===نقش سطح ضماءُ Feature Level Fusion=== {{مبسس4}}هيءُ طريقه ڪار مختلف ذريعن کان حاصل ٿيندڙ عڪسن کي هڪ درميانِي سطح تي ضمائي ٿو. هن طريقي ۾ هر هڪ ضمائجندڙ ‏عڪس مان ڊولن، ڇيڙن، لِيڪُن، ڪُنڊُن ۽ دلچسپ حصن جهڙا نقشز</font> ‏Features‏ {{مبسس4}}ڪڍيا ويندا آهن، ۽ پوءِ عڪسن کي ڀاڱيو</font> ‏Segmented‏ ‏{{مبسس4}}ويندو آهي. نقش ڪاڍيل</font> ‏Feature Extracted‏ {{مبسس4}}يا ڀاڱيل</font> ‏Segmented‏ {{مبسس4}}عڪسن کي فزي منطق</font> ‏Fuzzy Logic‏ {{مبسس4}}۽ ماهرانه سرشتن</font> ‏Expert ‎Systems‏ {{مبسس4}}جهڙا معلوماتِي طريقا</font> ‏Knowledge-based Systems‏ {{مبسس4}}يا اِمتيازي ڇيدَ</font> ‏Discriminant Analysis‏ {{مبسس4}}۽ مصنوعي تنتِي ڄارڪن ‏‏(متڄ)</font> ‏Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)‎‏ {{مبسس4}}جهڙا تربيت تي ٻڌل سرشتا</font> ‏Training-based Systems‏ {{مبسس4}}استعمال ڪندي ضمايو ويندو آهي، ‏جنهن سان نقشز</font> ‏Features‏ {{مبسس4}}جو هڪڙو ئي سيٽ جُڙندو آهي، جنهن جي بنيادَ تي درجه بندِي ڪئي ويندِي آهي يا نتيجا اخذ ڪيا ويندا ‏آهن. نقش سطحِي عڪس ضماءُ تي تحقيقي ڪم جو تازو مثال</font> ‏‎[53]‎‏ {{مبسس4}}آهي. اهو</font> ‏‎3D Object Extraction‏ {{مبسس4}}جي مقصد سان نقش سطحي ‏عڪس ضماءُ لاءِ فزي منطق استعمال ڪري ٿو. نقش سطحي عڪس ضماءُ جو اڃا تازو مثال</font> ‏‎[54]‎‏ {{مبسس4}}آهي، جيڪو شهري انتظام جي ‏ڪارج لاءِ</font> ‏HyMAP‏ {{مبسس4}} اِندريءَ مان نڪتل گھڻ اِنڊمِي عڪس کي</font> ‏LEO‏ {{مبسس4}}سرشتي جي عدَدِي آرٿوفوٽو</font> ‏Digital Orthophoto‏ {{مبسس4}}سان ضمائي ‏ٿو. اهو عدَدِي آرٿوفوٽو جِي ڀاڱيڪارِي</font> ‏Segmentation‏ {{مبسس4}}بذريعه ويجھو ترين پاڙيسِرِي درجه بندِي</font> ‏Nearest Neighbourhood ‎Classification{{مبسس4}}، اِنڊمِي ڪُنڊَ پيما درجه بندِي</font> ‏Spectral Angle Mapper Classification‏ {{مبسس4}}۽ گھڻ اِنڊمِي عڪس جِي ڀاڱيڪارِي بذريعه ‏اِنڊمي ڪُنڊَ پيما (نقاش)</font> ‏Spectral Angle Mapper‏ {{مبسس4}}ڪري ٿو. بعد ۾، متڄ استعماليندي انهن ٻنهي درجه بندين کي ضمائي ٿو. ‏ خاڪو 7 هڪ بلاڪ ڊياگرام ذريعي نقش سطحِي عڪس ضماءُ جي ڪنهن سرشتي ۾ زير عمل مڙنِي ايڪشنز جو سلسلو ڏيکاري ٿو. ‏ ===فيصلو يا اِنٽرپريٽيشن سطح ضماءُ Decision or Interpretation Level Fusion=== {{مبسس4}}هيءُ اعليَ ترين تجريدي سطح تي ٿيندڙ ضماءُ آهي. انَ سطح تي ٿيندڙ عڪس ضماءُ ۾، مشاهديل منظر کي بهتر سمجھڻ لاءِ هر ‏هڪ ذرعي اِنٽرپريٽيشن</font> ‏Source Interpretation‏ {{مبسس4}}مان حاصل ٿيندڙ بر اُپتُون (قَدُريل اعداد</font> ‏Value-Added Data‏) {{مبسس4}}پاڻَ ۾ ملائي هڪ نئين ‏گڏيل اِنٽرپريٽيشن حاصل ڪئي ويندي آهي. ان طريقه ڪار تحت، هر ذرعي عڪس مان نڪتل نقشز</font> ‏Features‏ {{مبسس4}}کي هڪجھڙن يا ‏مختلف پر الڳ الڳ درجه باندس</font> ‏Classifiers‏ {{مبسس4}}۾ ڏنو ويندو آهي، ۽ پوءِ ضماءُ جي ڪيترن ئي ميسر طريقن مان ڪو هڪ طريقو اختيار ‏ڪندي مڙني درجه باندس جا فيصلا يا درجه بنديون ضمائبيون آهن. ‏ </font>‎[55]‎‏ {{مبسس4}}فيصلو سطح ضماءُ جو تازو ترين مثال آهي. اهو پسيچر ٽائيپ جِي نشاندهي</font> ‏Pasture Type Mapping‏ {{مبسس4}}ڪرڻ لاءِ چشمياتِي ۽ جمر ‏عڪس، هر هڪ مان حاصل ڪيل الڳ ۽ آزاد درجه بندين کي ضمائي ٿو. فيصلو سطحي عڪس ضماءُ تي تحقيق جو ٻيو تازو مثال</font> ‏‎[56]‎ ‏{{مبسس4}}آهي. اِنَ منجھه لينڊ مائين سِرِنگھَه ڊٽيڪشن</font> ‏Landmine Detection‏ {{مبسس4}}خاطر ٽِن قسمن جِي اِندرين</font> ‏Sensors{{مبسس4}}، يعني ڌاتُو ڊٽيڪٽر</font> ‏Metal Detector{{مبسس4}}، اِنفرا سُرخ ڪيميرا</font> ‏Infra-Red Camera{{مبسس4}}، ۽ هڪ زمينَ چِير راڊار</font> ‏Ground Penetrating RADAR{{مبسس4}}، جو ضماءُ ڄاڻايل ‏آهي. اهو ڪيترين ئي مختلف الخوارضمين</font> ‏Algorithms‏ {{مبسس4}}جهڙوڪ، نيوِ بيز</font> ‏Naive Bayes{{مبسس4}}، ڊيمپسٽر شيفر نظريي</font> ‏Dampster-Shafer ‎Theory{{مبسس4}}، فوزي انديشا (هڪ قاعدوِي طريقو)</font> ‏Fuzzy Probabilities (a rule-based method)‎{{مبسس4}}، ۽ وونٽ طريقن</font> ‏Voting methods‏ {{مبسس4}}سان ‏فيصلو سطح ضماءُ ڪرڻ بعد انهن جِي ڪارڪردگِيءَ کي ڀيٽي ٿو. اهو رسِيوَر آپريٽر ڪيريڪٽرسٽڪس وَنگ</font> ‏Receiver Operator ‎Characteristics (ROC) Curve‎‏ {{مبسس4}}ذريعي سڀني الخوارضمين جِي ڪارڪردگِيءَ جو تقابلِي تجزيو ڪري ٿو ۽ نتيجو اهو ٿو ڪڍي ته ‏سڀني الخوارضمين جِي ڪارڪردگِي هڪ جيترِي سٺِي آهي ۽ اهي ڪنهن به هڪ اِندرِيءَ جِي انفرادِي ڪارڪردگِيءَ کان بهتر نتيجا ‏ڏين ٿيون. ‏ ===اعليَ سطحي ضماءُ جا طريقا ۽ ٽيڪنيڪس=== {{مبسس4}}هتي جن طريقن ۽ ٽيڪنيڪس تي بحث ٿيل آهي، سي نه رڳو درجه بنديءَ طور استعمال ٿيندا آهن، بلڪه اينسيمبلز</font> ‏Ensembles‏ ‏{{مبسس4}}جوڙڻ خاطر پڻ ڪم ايندا آهن. ڪنهن اينسيمبل ۾ مصنوعي تنتِي ڄارڪن ۽ فيصله شجرس</font> ‏Decision Trees‏ {{مبسس4}}جھهن تربيت شده</font> ‏Trained‏ {{مبسس4}}درجه باندس</font> ‏Classifiers‏ {{مبسس4}}جو اهڙي مجموعي کي سڏيو وڃي ٿو، جيڪو متنازع درجه بندين کي سڀني درجه باندس جي ‏انفرادِي اڳڪٿين يا فيصلن کي ضمائي آهي، جن جا .</font> ‏‎[57]‎ {{مبسس4}}اينسيمبلز جوڙڻ جو تفصيلي مطالعو پيش ڪري ٿو.</font> ‏‎[58]‎‏ {{مبسس4}}ڪيترن ئي ‏درجه باندس کي گڏي ڏور اِندرياتِي عڪسن مان لينڊ ڪَوَر</font> ‏Land Cover‏ {{مبسس4}}معلومات حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ تازِي تحقيقَ جو مثال آھي. <br>‏ ڏور اِندريات ۾ توڙي ٻين ڪيترن ئي مختلف مصرفن لاءِ درجه بندِيءَ جا سَوين طريقا استعمال ڪيا ويا آهن، جن جِي گوره بندِي ‏مختلف طريقن سان ڪري سگھجي ٿِي، جيڪي هتي نه ڄاڻايا ويا آهن. درجه بندِيءَ جا سمورا نه پر ڪجھه مستعمل طريقا وڌانوڌ ‏هڪجهڙائپ، سلسليوار ڪلسٽرڱ</font> ‏Sequential Clusstering{{مبسس4}}، مرحليوار خود ناظم اعدادِي ڇيد (مخناڇ) ڪلسٽرڱ</font> ‏ISODATA ‎Clusstering{{مبسس4}}، درجه بند شجري ڇيد</font> ‏Calssification Tree Analysis{{مبسس4}}، يوڪليڊيئن فاصلو</font> ‏Uclidean Distance{{مبسس4}}، ماھالانوبيس فاصلو، متڄ</font> ‏ANN{{مبسس4}}، وٿائي نقشياتي طريقو</font> ‏Spatial/Textural features based method{{مبسس4}}، فوزي منطق</font> ‏Fuzzy Logic{{مبسس4}}، امتيازي ڇيد</font> ‏Discriminant ‎Analysis‏ {{مبسس4}}آهن. انهن مان ڪجھه طريقا هيٺ سمجھايل آهن. ====وڌانوڌ هڪجهڙائپ (وهه) طريقا Maximum Likelihood (ML) Methods==== {{مبسس4}}وهه درجه باند</font> ‏ML Classifier{{مبسس4}}، ڏور اِندريات جي ميدان ۾ استمال ٿيندڙ درجه بنديءَ جي مشهور ترين طريقن مان هڪ آهي، جنهن ‏تحت ڪنهن ڪلاس يا درجي سان وڌ کان وڌ هڪجهڙائپ رکندڙ عڪسِل کي اُنَ ڪلاس يا درجي ۾ درجه بند ڪيو ويندو آهي. اهو ‏انديشن</font> ‏Probabilities‏ {{مبسس4}}تي ٻڌل هڪ نگرانيل</font> ‏Supervised‏ {{مبسس4}}طريقو آهي، جيڪو هاءِ سهه ويريئنس</font> ‏Covariance‏ {{مبسس4}}جي صورتَ ۾ انتھائي ‏ڪارآمد آهي. وڌانوڌ هڪجهڙائپ طريقو درجه بنديءَ جِي رٿا جوڙڻ خاطر درجاتِي انڊمُن</font> ‏Class Spectra‏ {{مبسس4}}منجھه موجود ويريئنس ۽ ‏انهن درميان سهه ويريئنس</font> ‏Covariance‏ {{مبسس4}}جو استعمال ڪندو آهي. جمر قطبپيما اعداد</font> ‏SAR Polarimetric Data‏ {{مبسس4}}جِي درجه بنديءَ لاءِ</font> ‏‎[55]‎‏ {{مبسس4}}پيچيده وشارٽ ورڇَ</font> ‏Complex Wishart Distribution‏ {{مبسس4}}تي ٻڌل وهه درجه باند استعمال ڪري ٿو. ‏ ====مصنوعي تَنتِي ڄارڪا (متڄ)‏ Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)‎==== [[Image:ann.png|thumb|320px| {{مبسس4}}خاڪو 9:‏‏ گھڻ تَهِي سُوجھڻو مصنوعي تنتِي ڄارڪو‏‏]] {{مبسس4}}جيڀياسي سُوجھه سرشتن</font> ‏Biological Cognitive System‏ {{مبسس4}}(کان متاثر ٿيل</font> ‏Inspired‏) {{مبسس4}}کان متاثر ٿِي ايجاديل مصنوعي تنتي ڄارڪا ‏اهڙن ڪيترن ئي مصرفن، جهڙوڪ خودڪار ڳالهه شناختَ </font> ‏Automatic Speech Recognition{{مبسس4}}، ۾ ڪارآمد ثابت ٿيا آهن، جن ۾ روايتِي ‏عددي سگنل پراسيسڱ</font> ‏Digital Signal Processing‏ {{مبسس4}}اطمينان بخش ڪارڪردگِي نه ڏيکاري سگھِي. متڄ جو وڏي ۾ وڏو فائدو اهو ‏آهي ته اهي انهن مسئلن جو اڻ سنئون حل</font> ‏Nonlinear Solution‏ {{مبسس4}}ميسر ڪن ٿا، جيڪي پوريءَ طرح سمجھايل نه آهن. متڄ، تنتِي ‏گھرڙو</font> ‏Neural Cell‏ {{مبسس4}}يا تنتڙو</font> ‏Neuron‏ {{مبسس4}}سڏجندڙ سادين وزنيل جوڙَ اُپتُن</font> ‏Weighted Summation Points‏ {{مبسس4}}جو مجموعو آهي. جنهن ريت ‏اھي تنتِڙا پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيا وڃن، تنهن کي آرڪيٽيڪچر</font> ‏Architecture‏ {{مبسس4}}سڏجي ٿو. متڄ جا ڪيترا ئي آرڪيٽيڪچرس ٿين، مگر انھن ۾ ‏مشهور ترين فيڊ فارورڊ گھڻ تَهِي سُوجھڻو (گھتس)</font> ‏Feed Forward Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP)‎‏ {{مبسس4}}آهي، جيڪو</font> 1970{{مبسس4}}ع واري ‏ڏهاڪي جي ابتدا ۾ ڪيترن ئي محققن طرفان انفرادي طور ٺاهيو ويو هو. ان مخصوص ڄارڪي جو استعمال ٻين سمورن ڄارڪن ‏جي گڏيل استعمال کان به گهڻو ٿي ٿو. اهو ڪيترن ئي مختلف قمسن جي ڪارجن ۽ مصفرن لاءِ استعمال ٿي ٿو. گھتپس کي تربيتڻ ‏Train‏ جو هڪ معيارِي طريقو بيڪ پروپيگيشن الخوارضمي</font> ‏Back Propagation Algorithm‏ {{مبسس4}}آهي.‏ ڪنهن ٽِپيڪَل گھتس ۾ تنتڙن جا ٽي تهه هوندا آهن، جن کي دراُپت تهه</font> ‏Input Layer{{مبسس4}}، براُپت تهه</font> ‏Output Layer{{مبسس4}}، ۽ گھٽ ۾ گھٽ هڪُ ‏لڪل</font> ‏Hidden‏ {{مبسس4}}يا پراسيسڱ تهه</font> ‏Processing Layer‏{{مبسس4}}. لڪل تهن جي تعداد جِي ڪا به نظرياتِي حدَ ڪانهي پر ٽِپيڪَلِي رڳو هڪُ يا ٻه ‏تهه هوندا آهن. گھتس ۾ هر تهه مٿين تهه سان پوريءَ ريت ڳنڍيل هوندو آهي، جيئن خاڪو 9 ڏيکاري ٿو. هيءُ خاڪو</font> ‏‎[26]‎‏ {{مبسس4}}مان ورتل ‏آهي.</font> ‏‎[60]‎‏ {{مبسس4}}نقش سطحي اعداد ضماءُ لاءِ متڄ جو استعمال ڪري ٿو.</font> ‏‎[61]‎‏ {{مبسس4}}ڏور اِندريات عڪسن جي درجه بندِيءَ لاءِ متڄ جو استعمال ‏ڏَسي ٿو.</Font> ‏‎[62]‎‏ {{مبسس4}}متڄ ذريعي عڪس ضماءُ جي تازن مثالن مان هڪ آهي. اهو عڪس درجه بندِيءَ جو هڪ نئون ۽ بهتر تنت فزي</font> ‏Neuro-Fuzzy‏ {{مبسس4}}طريقو دريافت ڪري وٺڻ جِي دعويَ ڪري ٿو، جنهن جو بنياد متڄ ۽ فزي مهارتَ سرشتن</font> ‏Fuzzy Expert Systems‏ {{مبسس4}}جي ‏ميلاپ تي پيل آهي. ‏ ====فزي نظريو يا امڪانيات نظريو‏ Fuzzy Theory==== ‏{{مبسس4}}1965ع ۾ ڊاڪٽر لوطفي زاده جو متعارف ڪرايل هيءُ نظريو ‏ ====ڊيمپسٽر شيفر نظريو Dampster Shaffer Theory==== {{مبسس4}} ====نيوِ بيز نظريو‏ Naive Bayes Theory==== ====وونٽ طريقا Voting Methods==== ===گھڻ سطحي ضماءُ Multi-level Fusion=== [[Image:fig11.png|thumb|320px| {{مبسس4}}خاڪو 11:‏‏ گھڻ سَطَحِي ضِماءُ‏‏]] ===علائقيوار ضماءُ=== [[Image:fig12.png|thumb|320px| {{مبسس4}}خاڪو 12:‏ علائقيوار ضِماءُ‏‏]] ==عڪس ضماءُ جي طريقن جِي ڪردگيڪَٿَ== {{مبسس4}} ==عڪس ضماءُ جي طريقن جِي ڪارڪردگي ڪَٿَڻَ لاءِ سُڀاءُ پيما== ''Quality Metrics for Assessing the Performance of Image Fusion Mehods‎'' ===سراسرِي ۽ ويريئنس Mean and Variance=== ===سهه نسبت Correlation=== ===فشر فاصلو Fisher Distance=== ===اُغُغ غُلاتِيف گلوبال آديمونزيونيل دُ سانتيز (اُغگاس)=== '''Erreur Relative Global Adimensionnelle de Synthèse (ERGAS)‎''' ===چُڪَ تاڃِيپيٽو Error Matrix=== ===تُزگي ازِ استعماليندڙ ۽ تُزگي از اُپتڪار Users’ Accuracy and Producers’ Accuracy=== ===لٿي پٿي تُزگِي Overall Accuracy=== ===ڪاپا تُزگِي Kappa Accuracy=== ==ڪامياب ترين نتيجا== {{مبسس4}} ==تازيون روايتون== {{مبسس4}} ‏ ==استقبالي ڪم== {{مبسس4}} = مهربانيون Acknowledgement= {{مبسس4}}پروفيسر جوزيف غونسن جِي رهنمائيءَ هيٺ عڪس پراسيسڪاري، ۽ بال خصوص ڏور اِندريات جي کيتر ۾ داخل ٿيڻ منهنجِي خوش ‏نصيبي آهي. آئون ‏EII‏ ۽ خاص طور عڪس ٻارِيءَ ۾ پنهنجي مڙني ڪليگس جو ٿورائتو آهيان، جن هميشه منهنجي مدد ڪئي. ‏آئون مِس ڪاتغِين دِي ڪوستانزو جو خاص ٿورائتو آهيان، جيڪا منهنجا ڪيترا ئي مسئلا حل ڪندي رهي آهي، خاص طور هتي ‏اچڻ کان پوءِ منهنجِي ڪمزور فرانسيسيءَ باعث پيدا ٿيندڙ ٻوليءَ جا مسئلا. <br>‏ آخر ۾، پر سڀن کان گھڻو آئون جناب ڪيديئو ٻالما جو شڪر گذار آهيان، جنهن جي مدد ۽ رهنمائي هميشه منهنجي لاءِ مشعل راهه ‏رهي آهي. ‏ =اصطلاحن جي سمجھاڻي= {{مبسس4}}عڪسِل يا</font> ‏Pixel{{مبسس4}}، ”عڪس</font> ‏Image‏{{مبسس4}}“ جي ننڍي ۾ ننڍي اهڙي جُزي يا ذري کي چئجي ٿو جيڪو ڏسِي ۽ ڏيکاري يا نماڪار</font> ‏Display ‎Unit‏ {{مبسس4}}تي نُمائي</font> ‏to display‏ {{مبسس4}} سگھجي. توڙي جو پردي</font> ‏Screen‏ {{مبسس4}}تي نظر ايندڙ عڪس کي تصوير</font> ‏Picture‏ {{مبسس4}}به چئي سگھجي ٿو، مگر ‏انجنيئرڱ جي ميدان ۾ ٽيڪنيڪي اصطلاح طور انگريزي موادَ ۾ لفظ</font> ‏Image‏ {{مبسس4}}ئي زير استعمال آهي. جڏهن ته عڪس يعني </font> Image {{مبسس4}}جي ننڍي ۾ ‏ننڍي ذري کي انگريزيءَ ۾</font> ‏Pixel‏ {{مبسس4}}لکيو ويندو آهي، جنھن جِي وضاحت ٻن لفظن</font> ‏Picture Element‏ {{مبسس4}}جي مخفف طور ڪئي ويندي آهي. ‏مطلب ته</font> ‏Pixel‏ {{مبسس4}}نه ته ڪو لفظ آهي، ۽ نه ئي درست مخفف. ٻيو ته درست اصطلاح</font> ‏Picture‏ {{مبسس4}}به نه آهي. ان لحاظَ کان هتي جوڙي پيش ‏ڪيل سنڌي اصطلاح، يعني ”عڪسِل“ انتهائي آسان ۽ بامعنيٰ آهي. <br> ‏ وِي سِي آر يا وِي سِي پِي</font> ‏VCR/VCP‏ {{مبسس4}}کي فرانسِيسِي زبانَ ۾ ماڃيتو اسڪوپ</font> ‏Magnetoscope‏ {{مبسس4}}چيو ويندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته جيڪا ‏تصويرَ اهو جوڙي ٿو، سا درحقيقت هڪَ مقنائي پٽيءَ</font> ‏Magnetic Tape‏ {{مبسس4}}تي درج</font> ‏Record‏ {{مبسس4}}ٿيل هوندي آهي ۽ ‏‎«gn»‎‏ جا اکر لاطيني ‏ٻولين ۾ ”ڃ“ جي آواز کي ظاهر ڪن ٿا. جڏهن ته ”وڊيو ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر“ يا ”وڊيو ڪيسيٽ پليئر“ سائنسي اصطلاح نه پر ان اوزار ‏جِي وضاحتَ آهي. ان حسابَ سان سنڌي بدل ”مقناويک“ نه رڳو مناسب ۽ بامعنيَ اصطلاح آهي، بلڪه آسان به آهي. <br> ‏ انگريزي زبان جو لفظ</font> ‏Display‏ {{مبسس4}}اصل ۾ فعل آهي ته ”نمائش“ جي معنيَ رکندڙ اسم آهي. جڏهن ته برقيات</font> ‏Electronics‏ {{مبسس4}}يا ڳڻپيوڪر</font> ‏Computer‏ {{مبسس4}}انجنيئرڱ جي ادب ۾ عڪس</font> ‏Image‏ {{مبسس4}}ڏيکاريندڙ اوزار کي</font> ‏Display Unit‏ {{مبسس4}}چيو ويندو آهي. مطلب ته ان جو به ڪو هڪڙو ‏يڪو لفظ نه آهي. پر سائنسي ادبَ ۾ آسانيءَ خاطر اڪثر ٻه لفظ لکڻ بدران مختصراً رڳو</font> ‏Display‏ {{مبسس4}}لکيو ويندو آهي. جڏهن ته ‏سنڌيءَ ۾ ”ڪار“ پڇاڙي لڳائي</font> ‏Display Unit‏ {{مبسس4}}جو بدل باآساني جوڙي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي، يعني ”نُماڪار“. جڏهن ته سنڌيءَ ۾ ان جو ‏ٻيو به سٺو بدل ممڪن آهي، يعني ”عڪسنُما“. <br> ‏ انگريزي لفظ</font> ‏Wawelet‏ {{مبسس4}}دراصل لفظ</font> ‏Wave‏ {{مبسس4}}جِي تصغير آهي. ساڳيءَ ريت عام فرانسيسي ٻوليءَ ۾ ”لهر“ لفظ اوند</font> ‏Onde‏ {{مبسس4}}آهي، جڏهن ‏ته فرانسيسي سائنسي ادب ۾</font> ‏Wavelet‏ {{مبسس4}}جو لفظ اوندليت</font> ‏Ondelette‏ {{مبسس4}}آهي. سنڌيءَ ۾ هيستائين لکيل سائنس ۾ لفظ ”لهر“ استعمال ‏ٿيندو رهيو آهي، نه ته سنڌيءَ ۾ ان جو ٻيو به لفظ، يعني ”وير“ موجود آهي ۽ تصغير ڪرڻ جو به آسان ۽ خالص سنڌي طريقو ‏موجود آهي. تنهنڪري</font> ‏Wavelet‏ {{مبسس4}}کي ”لهرڙي“ يا ”ويرڙي“ چئي سگھجي ٿو. مگر انگريزيءَ ۾ تحريريل انجنيئرڱ جي موادَ ۾ ‏ڪيترين جاين تي صفتي معنيٰ ۾ ٻه لفظ</font> ‏Wavelet-based‏ {{مبسس4}}استعمال ٿيندا نظر اچن ٿا، يعني ”لهرڙين تي ٻڌل“. ڪٿي وري ٻه لفظ</font> ‏of ‎wavelets‏ {{مبسس4}}مستعمل آهن. جڏهن ته سنڌيءَ ۾ ان جو اهڙو ته سهڻو بدل، يعني ”لهرڙياتِي“ يا ”وِيرڙياتِي“ ٺهي آيو آهي، جنهن سان جملا ‏‏۽ وضاحتُون سليس ٿيو پون، جيڪو خود انگريزي يا فرانسيسيءَ ۾ به مروج نه آهي. [[category:ٽيڪنيڀياس]] 1919 6279 2006-05-09T21:32:43Z Aursani 60 #REDIRECT[[ڪشور ڪمار Kishore Kumar]] 1920 6144 2006-05-05T14:07:18Z Aursani 60 1921 6168 2006-05-06T11:35:13Z Aursani 60 <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="3"> 1922 6169 2006-05-07T06:01:58Z Taichi 79 {{Babel-4|es|en-2|ja-1|sd-0}} Hi I'm '''Taichi'''. I don't speak sindhi; for any message please go [[:es:Usuario Discusión:Taichi|here]]. [[es:Usuario:Taichi]] 1923 6308 2006-05-14T13:14:04Z Aursani 60 #REDIRECT[[اليزي Alizée]] [[Image:alizee2.jpg|thumb|left|250px|{{مبسس4}}اَلِيزي جاڪوتِي]] ===تعارف=== ===ڪاميابيون=== ===خارجِي ڳنڍڻا=== 1924 6184 2006-05-07T23:26:12Z Aursani 60 1925 7217 2006-09-30T15:01:40Z Aursani 60 == ڀلي ڪري آيا == *{{مبسس4}} پھرين سنڌي اُپگرَھِي چينل، ڪي ٽِي اين، جو آغاز سن 2002ع ۾ ٿيو. جنھن کان پوءِ سنڌي ٻولي ميڊيا جي ميدان ۾ تڪڙي ترقي ڪري رھي آھي ۽ ھن وقت ٽي سنڌي اُپگِرَھِي چينل ڪم ڪري رھيا آھن. <br> ڪي ٽي اين جي آغاز کي بلاشڪ، سنڌي ٻوليءَ جي ترقيءَ جو نئون دور ۽ نئون جنم چئي سگھجي ٿو. ‏‏{{مبسس5}}سنڌي گيت {{مبسس4}}ھوريان ھوريان ھوريان – سجاد يوسف <br> منھنجي اڱڻ تي آ سھڻا - شمن علي ميرالِي <br> ‏‏{{مبسس4}}ھيءَ حسين زندگي ايئن گذري وئي، خواب ھو يا ھوا آزادی پرواز The Millenium Edition Ishq Daur-e-Junoon Dewaar [http://www.dusler-sokagi.com Aşk] [http://www.dusler-sokagi.com Arkadaşlık] [http://www.dusler-sokagi.com Dostluk] [http://www.dusler-sokagi.com Şiirler] [http://www.dusler-sokagi.com sevgili] [http://www.avcilarmekani.com Av Videoları] [http://www.avcilarmekani.com Av Köpekleri] [http://www.avcilarmekani.com Satılık Av Tüfekleri] [http://www.avcilarmekani.com Balık Avı] [http://www.avcilarmekani.com Tavşan Avı] [http://www.avcilarmekani.com Domuz Avı] [http://www.dilaylam.com Aşk] [http://www.dilaylam.com Arkadaşlık] [http://www.dilaylam.com Dostluk] [http://www.dilaylam.com Şiirler] [http://www.dilaylam.com sevgili] مشہور گانے/ترانے :- بھیگی یادیں غفلت ‏‏{{مبسس5}}ڏسندا سنڌي پروگرام ڪي ٽي اين تي [http://www.dailykawish.com ‏‏{{مبسس4}}روزانھ ڪاوش] وہ دوستی چلے تھے ساتھ ساتھ اب تو جاگ تلاش جگل بندی(صرف موسیقی) جزبہ جنون گھوم مٹّی مک گۓ نے (پنجابی کلام) پپّو یار تنگ نہ کر (پنجابی، مزاحیہ) Laal Meri Pat www.junoon.comمعلوماتی جال میں گروہ کا اپنا کونا:- اس گروہ کی خصوصیات میں اہم ترین ان کی موسیقی کا بجلی کی مانند جزبہ، ایک نئ جوشیلی امنگ، جیسے کہ ناامّیدی کی مردار فضا میں یک دم انہیں معلوم نہیں کیوں وہی پرانے بھولے اسباق یاد آگۓ تھے۔ نتیجہ یہ ہے کہ قریبﴼ ہر نغمعہ میں ایک ہمّت، ایک عظم اور ایک جوش و ولولہ ملتا ہے۔ کہ بات ہو معشوق کی، یا کہ انسانی اقدار کی، کہ دوستی کی، کہ آزادی و غلامی کی، گانے کی ترتیب (یا کلاسیکی روایات کے ہمدردوں کے مطابق، بے ترتیبی) میں ہمعصر مغربی موسیقی کی بنیاد پر (اکثر و پیشتر) جدید اردو شاعری کا استعمال کیا گیا ہے۔ چومیں ہم اگر یہ زمین، چھو لیں گے ہم آسماں سوچیں ابھی ہم اگر، گزر جاۂیں گے امتحان نفرتوں میں پلے نوچیں اپنی ہی لاش جھوٹ میں جو پلے ہیں آج ہیں وہ اداس ذہنی غلامی سے کاش ہوں ہم آزاد - تلاش <hr style="border: 1px dashed #CCCCCC;"> [http://www.example.com link title] {{User sd}} 1926 6249 2006-05-08T16:39:44Z Aursani 60 #REDIRECT[[اليزي Alizée]] 1927 6196 2006-05-08T12:26:06Z Aursani 60 <table class="infobox" style="width: 20em; font-size:90%; text-align: left; align: left;" cellspacing="4"> <tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><big>{{{band_name}}}</big></th></tr> {{#if:{{{image|}}}|<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">{{{image|}}}<br />{{{caption|}}}</td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{origin|}}}|<tr><th>Origin</th><td>{{{origin|}}}</td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{country|}}}|<tr><th>Country</th><td>{{{country|}}}</td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{years_active|}}}|<tr><th>Years active</th><td>{{{years_active|}}}</td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{music_genre|}}}|<tr><th>[[Music genre|Genre(s)]]</th><td>{{{music_genre|}}}</td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{record_label|}}}|<tr><th>[[Record label|Label(s)]]</th><td>{{{record_label}}}</td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{current_members|}}}|<tr><th>Members</th><td>{{{current_members|}}}</td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{past_members|}}}|<tr><th>Past members</th><td>{{{past_members}}}</td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{website|}}}|<tr><th>Website(s)</th><td>{{{website}}}</td></tr>}} </table><noinclude> {{esoteric}} [[Category:Infobox templates|Band]] [[Category:Templates using ParserFunctions|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[pt:Predefinição:Info banda]] [[ru:Шаблон:Музыкальный коллектив]] </noinclude> 1928 6195 2006-05-08T12:22:39Z Aursani 60 1929 6197 2006-05-08T12:32:53Z Aursani 60 [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: <span title="Pronunciation in IPA" class="IPA">/{{{1}}}/</span><noinclude>[[Category:Multilingual support templates]]</noinclude> 1930 8107 2006-11-17T08:52:46Z Aursani 60 {| cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; float: right; margin-right: 0.5em; padding: 0.5em 1.4em 0.8em 0; background-color: transparent;" | __TOC__ |}<noinclude>[[Category:TOC templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude> 1931 6202 2006-05-08T12:49:45Z Aursani 60 <div class="medialist listenlist"> * [[Media:{{{filename}}}|{{{title}}}]] ([[:Image:{{{filename}}}|file info]]) ** {{{description}}} ** ''Problems listening to the file? See [[Wikipedia:Media help|media help]].'' </div><noinclude> __NOTOC__ == Purpose == This template links to an audio file. It is meant to be used for audio files set off from the text, like music clips or sound recordings. == Usage == <code><nowiki>{{Listen|filename=Name of file.ogg|title=Title of this file|description=The description of this file|format=[[Ogg]]}}</nowiki></code> Example: :<code><nowiki>{{Listen|filename=Accordian chords-01.ogg|title=Accordion chords|description=Chords being played on an accordion &mdash; 145 KB|format=[[Ogg]]}} </nowiki></code> gives this: {{Listen|filename=Accordian chords-01.ogg|title=Accordion chords|description=Chords being played on an accordion &mdash; 145 KB|format=[[Ogg]]}} == See also == * {{tl|Audio}}, a variant of this template meant more for inline sounds like pronunciations. * {{tl|Multi-listen start}}, {{tl|Multi-listen item}}, and {{tl|Multi-listen end}}, to link to multiple audio files. [[vi:Tiêu bản:Nghe]] </noinclude> 1932 6204 2006-05-08T12:51:03Z Aursani 60 1933 6205 2006-05-08T12:51:47Z Aursani 60 1934 8109 2006-11-17T08:56:26Z Aursani 60 <p></p> | width="50%" align="{{{align|right}}}" valign="{{{valign|top}}}" |<noinclude> ---- Begins with a blank line to ensure the table wiki code is at the beginning of a line. This [[Wikipedia:Template|template]] is a [[Wikipedia:Avoid self-references|self-reference]] and so is part of the Wikipedia project rather than the encyclopaedic content. &#123;{col-begin}} &#123;{col-2}} &#123;{col-2}} &#123;{col-end}} Example: {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} item 1 {{col-2}} item 2 {{col-end}} Parameters: * align (default: left) * valign (default: top) ==پڻ ڏسندا== * {{tl|Col-begin}} * {{tl|Col-break}} * {{tl|Col-2}} * {{tl|Col-3}} * {{tl|Col-4}} * {{tl|Col-5}} * {{tl|Col-6}} * {{tl|Col-end}} [[Category:Wikipedia special effects templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] </noinclude> 1935 6216 2006-05-08T12:57:46Z Aursani 60 {| align="center" width=100% class="toccolours" cellspacing="0" |- bgcolor="#ccccff" | align="center" | '''Singles of [[Alizée]]''' |- align = "center" style="font-size: 90%;" | align = "center" | '''Gourmandises''': [[Moi... Lolita]] | [[L'Alizé]] | [[Parler Tout Bas]] | [[Gourmandises (song)|Gourmandises]]<br>'''Mes Courants Électriques''': | [[J'en Ai Marre]] | [[I'm Fed Up]] | [[J'ai Pas Vingt Ans]] | [[I'm Not Twenty]] | [[A Contré Courant]] |}<noinclude> [[Category:Musician templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] </noinclude> 1936 6217 2006-05-08T12:58:16Z Aursani 60 {| align="center" width=100% class="toccolours" cellspacing="0" |- bgcolor="#ccccff" | align="center" | '''Albums of [[Alizée]]''' |- align = "center" style="font-size: 90%;" | align = "center" | '''Albums''': [[Gourmandises]] | [[Mes Courants Électriques]] | [[Alizée En Concert]] |}<noinclude> [[Category:Musician templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] </noinclude> 1937 6219 2006-05-08T13:02:44Z Aursani 60 {{film-screenshot}} Made low resolution {{Alizée Picture Gallery Rationale}} 1938 6220 2006-05-08T13:04:29Z Aursani 60 1939 6221 2006-05-08T13:05:27Z Aursani 60 1940 6222 2006-05-08T13:06:24Z Aursani 60 1941 6223 2006-05-08T13:08:39Z Aursani 60 1942 6224 2006-05-08T13:10:48Z Aursani 60 1943 6225 2006-05-08T13:11:14Z Aursani 60 1944 6226 2006-05-08T13:11:43Z Aursani 60 1945 6228 2006-05-08T13:13:03Z Aursani 60 1946 edit=sysop:move=sysop 8316 2006-12-07T18:31:57Z Aursani 60 {{Infobox musical artist 2 |Name = اليزي |Img = Alizee.jpg |Img_capt = |Background = thistle |Birth_name = اليزي جاڪوتي |Alias = |Born = [[آگسٽ 21]]، [[1984ع]] |Died = |Origin = [[Ajaccio]], [[Corsica]] |Instrument = |Genre = [[Music of France#Popular music|(فرانسيسي) پاپ]] |Occupation = |Years_active = 1999-present |Label = [[Polydor Records|Polydor]] |Associated_acts = |URL = http://www.moi-alizee.com |Current_members = |Past_members = }} {{مبسس4}}اَلِيزي جاڪوتي</font> ('''Alizée Jacotey''' {{مبسس4}}رومن اکرن ۾) ({{IPA2|a.li.ze}}) [[آگسٽ 21]]، [[1984ع]] تي، آياچو</font> [[Ajaccio]]، {{مبسس4}}ڪورسيڪا</font> [[Corsica]] {{مبسس4}}۾ ڄائِي. هِڪَ ڳڻپيوڪر سائنسدان ۽ هِڪَ ڪاروبار پيشه عورت جِي ڌيءَ، جنهن کي هِڪُ ڀاءُ جوهين پڻ آهي، مقبول [[فرانس|فرانسِيسِي]] گائڪه آهي. سندس اسٽيج نالو '''اَلِيزي Alizée''' آهي. {{مبسس4}}کيس ھِڪَ [[ڪيُوبيڪ]] ڄائِي ڪامياب فرانسيسي گائڪھ مِيلَين ”فاغميغ‟ گوتِيئي</font> [[Mylène Farmer|Mylène "Farmer" Gautier]] {{مبسس4}}جو نئون رُوپ تصور ڪيو ويندو آھي. {{TOCleft}} ==جِيانِگاري== ===ابتدائي سالَ=== [[Image:Alizee-4.jpg|Alizée|thumb|left|200px|{{مبسس4}}اَلِيزي - هِڪُ خوبصورت اَندازُ]] {{مبسس4}}اَلِيزي، جنهن کي پيارَ مان لِيلِي پڻ سڏيو ويندو آهي، ننڍي عمر ۾ ئي نچڻ ڏانهن راغب ٿِي. <ref>[http://www.rfimusique.com/siteEn/biographie/biographie_7006.asp Alizée - Biography]</ref> صرف چئن سالن جي ڄمارَ ۾، هوءَ</font> [[jazz]] ،{{مبسس4}}[[Tap dance|ٽيپ]] ۽ ڪلاسيڪي [[ناچ]] ۾ ڀَڙ ٿِي وئِي، ۽ شو بزنس ۾ هلِي آئِي. هُوءَ مصوريءَ ۾ به چڱي خاصي ڀڙ آهي — 1995ع ڌاري، هُنَ</font> [[AOM|Air Outre Mer]] {{مبسس4}}(اڳوڻِي فرانسيسي فِضاواٽَ) طرفان منعقد ڪرايل هِڪَ رنگن جي چٽاڀيٽِيءَ ۾ ڪاميابِي ماڻِي. اَلِيزي جِي ڊِزائين پهريون انعام کٽيو، جنهن کي فِضاواٽَ جي هِڪَ فِضائِي رَٿَ جِي ڪيبن تي چِٽيو ويو، جنهن تي سندس نالو رکيو ويو. اَلِيزي انعام طور ساڳِي ئي فِضاواٽَ ۾ پهرين درجي جِي (فرسٽ ڪلاس) سِيٽ تي سفر ڪري مالدِيوِ جو چَڪَر (ٽِرپ) هڻي آئي. {{مبسس4}}اليزي پهريون ڀيرو 1999ع ڌاري ''گغين دُ ستاغ''</font> Graines de Star {{مبسس4}}نالي هِڪَ ٽِي وِي ٽيلينٽ شو ۾ ظاهر ٿِي<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1354244/ IMDb Entry]</ref>، جيڪو</font> [[Métropole 6]] {{مبسس4}}تي نشر ٿيو. در اَصُل اَلِيزي ان پروگرام جي ناچ چٽاڀيٽيءَ ۾ حصو وٺڻ پئي چاهيو. پر اها چٽاڀيٽي صرف گرُوپن درميان ئي ٿيڻي هئي، تنهن ڪري هن ڳائڻ جي مقابلي ۾ حصو ورتو ۽ ”ما پِيئَغ“</font> ''[[Ma Prière]]'' {{مبسس4}}گيت ڳايو. ان مقابلي ۾ هُنَ</font> [[Meilleure Graine]] {{مبسس4}}جو اوارڊ کٽيو ۽ مستقبل جو اڀرندڙ گائڪ ستارو هوڻ جو اعزاز حاصل ڪيو. Alizée's winning performance was seen by veteran French pop diva [[Mylène Farmer]] and [[Laurent Boutonnat]], who were looking for a young and fresh voice to do their new project. They approached Alizée, who was selected after the studio auditions and the trio joined hands to launch her career, with the single ''[[Moi... Lolita]]''. ===ذاتِي زِندَگِي=== {{مبسس4}}حالانڪه اَليزي جو ڪَريئر بطور هِڪَ گُلوڪاره آهي، پر کيس نچڻ وڌيڪَ پسند آهي.<ref>[http://alizeetoujours.homestead.com/interviews.html Interview Transcripts]</ref>. کيس جاز، [[ballet|بالي]]، [[Tap dance|ٽيپ]] ۽ [[flamenco|فلامينڪو]] تي چڱو عبور حاصل آهي. proficient in [[jazz]], , and . Alizée also likes<ref>[http://www.alizee-fanpage.com/page.php?language=en&content=bio Alizée - Trivia and Bio]</ref> [[football]]. She is a supporter of [[AC Ajaccio]], and was once invited to kick off one of their matches. {{مبسس4}}اليزي ''ليزان فوئاغي'' </font> ''Les Enfoirés'' {{مبسس4}}نالي گروهه سان گڏ سماجي ڀلائيءَ جي ڪمن ۾ پڻ تمام سرگرم رهي آهي. اهو ناميارين فرانسيسي شخصيتن جو گروهه آهي، جيڪو چندو گڏ ڪرڻ لاءِ هر سال تقريبون ڪرائيندو آهي، جن مان گڏ ڪيل رقم ''غيستوغان ديُو ڪعُغ'' کي ڏني ويندي آهي. ان تنظيم جو بانيڪار فرانسيسي مذاحيه فنڪار ڪوليُوش [[Coluche]] آهي ۽ ان جو مقصد غريبن کي غذا فراهم ڪرڻ آهي. اليزي اهڙين تقريبن ۾ 2001ع ۽ 2002ع ڌاري حصو ورتو هو. {{مبسس4}}اليزي ساٿي فرانسيسي گائڪ جيغمي شاتيلان</font> [[Jérémy Châtelain]] {{مبسس4}}سان شادي ڪئي، جنهن سان سندس ملاقات ''يُورو بيسٽ Eurobest'' جي اوارڊس تقريب ۾ ٿِي هئي. هُنن لاس ويگاس، نيواڊا، آمريڪا جي گڏيل رياستن ۾ نومبر 6، 2003ع تي شادي ڪئي ۽ اپريل 29، 2003ع تي کين پهريون اولاد ڌيءَ جو ٿيو، جنهن تي هنن اَنِيلِي نالو رکيو. ===ڪَرِيئَر=== [[Image:Alizee-3.jpg|Alizée|thumb|left|{{مبسس4}}اَلِيزي، هِڪَ اشتهاري تصويرَ ۾.]] Alizée made her debut with the single, ''[[Moi... Lolita]]'', which is her most successful to date. It enjoyed success throughout most of [[Europe]] and parts of east [[Asia]], reaching the number 1 spot in music charts of most countries it was released in. Indeed, Alizée's image was that of a seductive [[Lolita]] character, referring to the novel by [[Vladimir Nabokov]]. Her second single "L'alizé" was also successful (hitting number 1 in France). Both the singles were from her debut album, "''[[Gourmandises]]''"<ref>[http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/tg/stores/detail/-/music/B00005RW3S/customer-reviews/203-6366742-1931908 Gourmandises]</ref>, which translates to "Delicacies" in English. The album, written by Farmer and composed by Boutonnat, sold over 800,000 copies in France. It went [[RIAA certification|Platinum]] in just 3 months. In 2001, the album was launched internationally, and she became the highest-selling female French singer in 2001<ref name="allmusicguide">[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&searchlink=ALIZEE&sql=11:cq3ibkj9kak9~T1 All Music Guide biography]</ref>. In 2003 she returned with her second album ''[[Mes Courants Électriques]]''<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00008NR5X MCE]</ref>, or "My Electric Currents" in English translation. With the release of this album, she changed her image for the second album, going from that of a Lolita to a more subtle teenager image. This album also was written by Farmer and Boutonnat. The first single from this album, ''[[J'en Ai Marre]]'', known as "[[Mon Bain de Mousse]]" in Japan, had some success in and outside France, but this second album, featuring English versions of four tracks, was not as well received as her first one, ''[[Gourmandises]]''. It sold a little over 200,000 copies. The album was supported by a countrywide tour in the fall of 2003. A live CD and DVD a year later, in the fall of 2004, by the name "''[[Alizée En Concert]]''", followed. The DVD featured footage of her rehearsals. Alizée has sold more than four million albums throughout Europe. She has starred in a [[Japan|Japanese]] commercial and has taken part in various stage shows and live performances outside of Japan. The female Night Elf dance in the computer game, ''[[World of Warcraft]]'', published by [[Blizzard Entertainment]], is rumored to be inspired by the choreography of her performance of [[J'en Ai Marre]], and the stage costume for the same performance is considered by many to be inspired by a blue sailor outfit seen in the 1997 remake of Nabokov's [[Lolita]], due to a striking similarity in design. Since her marriage, Alizée has taken a hiatus from singing and has avoided appearing in the media since February 2004. Her first television appearance since then has been on [[MTV|MTV France]] on [[February 18]], [[2006]]. She currently resides in [[Paris]], [[France]]. ====مستقبل==== [[Image:Message.jpg|message|thumb|right|{{مبسس4}}اَلِيزي جو پنهنجي فينس لاءِ نياپو.]] There has been no confirmed official word regarding Alizée's comeback into the music business for almost two years, and her official site has been down since the summer of 2005. Since then, many rumors had surfaced, only to turn out to be false. After almost two years of fan speculation, on [[April 3]], [[2006]], Alizée sent a handwritten message for the fans to the webmaster of the fansite [http://www.nidalizee.com Le Nid d' Alizée], stating that she is working on the third album. {{مبسس4}}ان نياپي جو سنڌي ترجمو ڪُجھُه هيئن آهي. {{مبسس4}}سڀني کي سلام ! توهان کي رڳو اهو ٿِي ٻڌائڻ چاهيان ته هينئر آئون اسٽُوڊيو ۾ آهيان... نوان گيتَ زبردست آهن!! چُميون، ۽ آئون توهان سان تمام جلد ملنديس! <u>واعدو</u>. Alizée مارچ 31، 2006ع ==تنقيدَ== Contrary to the marketing hype and commercial success, the critics evoked a mixed response to the launch of ''[[Moi... Lolita]]'', the first single by Alizée. The critics felt that the similarity in style to that of [[Mylène Farmer]], was way too striking and they even went on to say that Alizée was trying to be "junior Mylène Farmer". Also to the reviewers, her ''Lolita'' image somewhat shadowed her singing prowess, which was described to be "desperately trying to be sexy"<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/music/reviews/singles/2002/02/11/moi_lolita.shtml BBC Manchester review]</ref>, and many were ready to write her off. Still, to others, Alizée appealed because of her deep voice, and her ability to "demonstrate her impressive vocal range"<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0000523PQ Amazon - Gourmandises]</ref>, a trait for which she is often praised. Some of her songs have been described to be "sweeping, atmospheric ballads"<ref name="dvdfever">[http://www.dvdfever.co.uk/reviews/lcalizee.shtml Gourmandises review on DVD Fever]</ref> whose "melodies are so sparkling and beguiling"<ref name="dvdfever"/>, and into which Alizée manages to "squeeze more emotion than the usual pop package"<ref>[http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/tg/stores/detail/-/music/B00005RW3S/customer-reviews/203-3523831-1134335 Amazon UK - Gourmandises]</ref>. In the two albums that have been released, Alizée has sung a wide range of songs, from catchy pop tunes to soulful ballads. ==ڊِسڪونگارِي== ===آلبمس=== {| class="wikitable" ! width="28" rowspan="2"| '''Year''' ! width="257" rowspan="2"| '''Title''' ! colspan="9"| '''Chart Positions'''<ref>[http://www.alizee-fanpage.com/page.php?language=en&content=charts Chart Information]</ref> |- ! width="66"| <small>آسٽريا</small> ! width="66"| <small>بيلجيم</small> ! width="66"| <small>فِنِستان</small> ! width="66"| <small>فرانس</small> ! width="66"| <small>جرمني</small> ! width="66"| <small>اٽلي</small> ! width="66"| <small>اسپين</small> ! width="66"| <small>سوئٽزرستان</small> ! width="66"| <small>ميڪسيڪو</small> |- | [[2000 in music|2000]] | [[Gourmandises]] ! 40 ! 12 ! 26 ! 1 ! 29 ! 27 ! 22 ! 27 ! 1 |- | [[2003 in music|2003]] | [[Mes Courants Électriques]] ! - ! 9 ! - ! 2 ! 26 ! 29 ! - ! 13 ! 1 |- | [[2004 in music|2004]] | [[Alizée En Concert]] ! - ! - ! - ! 38 ! - ! - ! - ! - ! 1 |- |} ===هيڪلا=== {| class="wikitable" ! width="28" rowspan="2"| '''Year''' ! width="350" rowspan="2"| '''Title''' ! colspan="14"| '''Chart Positions''' ! width="250" rowspan="2"| '''Album''' |- ! width="30"| <small>[[آسٽريا]]</small> ! width="30"| <small>[[بيلجيم]]</small> ! width="30"| <small>[[ڊينمارڪ]]</small> ! width="30"| <small>[[United Kingdom]]</small> ! width="30"| <small>[[اِيسٽونيا]]</small> ! width="30"| <small>[[فرانس]]</small> ! width="30"| <small>[[جرمني]]</small> ! width="30"| <small>[[اسرائيل]]</small> ! width="30"| <small>[[اٽلي]]</small> ! width="30"| <small>[[جاپان]]</small> ! width="30"| <small>[[نيدرستان]]</small> ! width="30"| <small>[[پلوستان]]</small> ! width="30"| <small>[[اسپين]]</small> ! width="30"| <small>[[سوئٽزرستان]]</small> |- | [[2000 in music|2000]] | [[Moi... Lolita]] ! 5 ! 6 ! 14 ! 9 ! - ! 2 ! 5 ! 1 ! 1 ! - ! 2 ! 2 ! 1 ! 11 | ''Gourmandises'' |- | [[2000 in music|2000]] | [[L'Alizé]] ! 52 ! 44 ! - ! - ! 1 ! 1 ! 43 ! - ! - ! - ! 63 ! 9 ! - ! 23 | ''Gourmandises'' |- | [[2001 in music|2001]] | [[Gourmandises (song)|Gourmandises]] ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! 14 ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! 70 | ''Gourmandises'' |- | [[2001 in music|2001]] | [[Parler Tout Bas]] ! - ! 64 ! - ! - ! - ! 12 ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - | ''Gourmandises'' |- | [[2003 in music|2003]] | [[J'en Ai Marre]] ! 43 ! 5 ! - ! - ! - ! 4 ! 21 ! 2 ! 23 ! 2 ! 39 ! 5 ! 11 ! 5 | ''Mes Courants Électriques'' |- | [[2003 in music|2003]] | [[I'm Fed Up]] ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - | ''Mes Courants Électriques'' |- | [[2003 in music|2003]] | [[J'ai Pas Vingt Ans]] ! 60 ! 20 ! - ! - ! - ! 17 ! 59 ! 15 ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! 60 | ''Mes Courants Électriques'' |- | [[2003 in music|2003]] | [[I'm Not Twenty!]] ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - | ''Mes Courants Électriques'' |- | [[2003 in music|2003]] | [[Á Contre Courant]] ! - ! 20 ! - ! - ! - ! 22 ! - ! 19 ! - ! - ! - ! - ! - ! 64 | ''Mes Courants Électriques'' |- |} :All the songs has a music video associated with it. In addition, a video for the song ''Amélie M'a Dit'' was released, for the promotion of Alizée's live album ''[[Alizée En Concert|Alizée Én Concert]]'', even though it was not released as a single<ref>[http://www.alizee-forum.com/topic,9949,-the-alizee-faq:-new-fans-members-read-first-.html Alizée - FAQ]</ref>. For this purpose, a video of the song featuring a collection of clips from Alizée's performances in her tour, was aired. ===DVDs=== *''[[Alizée En Concert]]'' (2004) ==اعزازات== *2001: [[Métropole 6|M6]] Music Award<ref name="allmusicguide"/> *2001: [[DMX]] Music Award<ref>[http://www.chantefrance.com/artiste/artiste.phtml?id=3 Chante France]</ref> *2001: [[NRJ]] Music Award<ref name="allmusicguide"/>, for Best French Newcomer *2002: [[World Music Award]]<ref>[http://awards.montecarloresort.com/02/alizee.asp World Music Awards]</ref> ==تصويري گيلري== <center> <gallery> Image:GML.jpg|[[Moi... Lolita]] Image:Alizée in L'Alizé.jpg|[[L'Alizé]] Image:Alizee jenaimar.png|[[J'en Ai Marre]] Performance Image:inAcontrecourant.jpg|[[A Contré Courant|Á Contré Courant]] Image:inAmeliemadit.jpg|[[Amélie M'a Dit]] Image:inGourmandises.jpg|[[Gourmandises (song)|Gourmandises]] Image:inIamfedup.jpg|[[J'ai Pas Vingt Ans|J'Ai Pas Vingt Ans]] Image:inJenaimarre.JPG|[[J'en Ai Marre]] </gallery> </center> ==سُڻ گيلري== {{Listen|filename=Alizee - Moi... Lolita excerpt.ogg|title=Alizée - Moi... Lolita excerpt|description=An excerpt from ''Moi... Lolita''}} ==حوالا== <references/> ==خارجِي ڳنڍڻا== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} * [http://www.moi-alizee.com {{مبسس4}}اَلِيزي جِي آفيشَل سائيٽ] ({{مبسس4}}حالِي آف لائين</font>) * [http://moi-alizee.us/ {{مبسس4}}اَلِيزي جِي آمريڪي سائيٽ] ;{{مبسس4}}'''وڊيوز''' * [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3886690977641974364 {{مبسس4}}اَلِيزي - ايلا، ايل لا] * [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-8504958144143274016 Alizée - Gourmandises] * [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=7241005751760048737 {{مبسس4}}اَلِيزي جَن ني ماغ &ndash; {{مبسس4}}پرفارمنس], [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-5737580247530179111&pl=true EuroBest version] *[http://www.wimp.com/alizee/ {{مبسس4}}اَليزي ومپ ڊاٽ ڪام تي -- جَن ني ماغ] * [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6201930882705545889 {{مبسس4}}اَلِيزي - موئا لولِيتا]، [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2805608122752428313 {{مبسس4}}پرفارمنس] * [http://www.ryoni.com/news/136/ARTICLE/1470/2005-12-31.html {{مبسس4}}اَلِيزي - لا اِيسلا بونِيتا]، [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=3163993089676547044 {{مبسس4}}گُوگِل وڊيو] * [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=5009207270086582589 {{مبسس4}}اَلِيزي - جي پا وَن تان] * [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=675923757681620622 Alizée - L'Alizé], [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6610431830545789417 {{مبسس4}}پرفارمنس] * [http://www.dailymotion.com/tag/Aliz%EF%BF%BDe/video/85176 Alizée - {{مبسس4}}آ ڪونتغ ڪُوغان] * [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=3307115179428865264 {{مبسس4}}اَلِيزي - سا وا پا شانجي لُ موند - پرفارمنس] * [http://www.metacafe.com/watch/41473/alizee_naked_nude_beach {{مبسس4}}اَليزي سَمنڊَ ڪناري گھُمندي] {{col-2}} {{wikiquote}} ;{{مبسس4}}'''چاهڪ گاهُون''' * [http://www.alizee-fanpage.com {{مبسس4}}اَلِيزي جي چاهڪن جو صفحو - اَلِيزي فينپيج] * [http://www.alizee-forum.com/index.php {{مبسس4}}اَلِيزي چاهڪ فورم] * [http://www.nidalizee.com/ Le Nid d'Alizée] ({{مبسس4}}چاهڪن جو فرانسيسي صفحو، ڪجھه انگريزيءَ سان</font>) * [http://www.super-alizee.de/ {{مبسس4}}اَلِيزي جي چاهڪن جو صفحو - اَلِيزي فينپيج] ({{مبسس4}}چاهڪن جو جرمن صفحو، ڪجھه انگريزيءَ سان</font>) {{col-end}} {{Alizée Albums}} {{Alizée Singles}} [[Category:1984 births]] [[Category:French female singers]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:French pop singers]] [[en:Alizée]] [[ca:Alizée]] [[de:Alizée]] [[eo:Alizée]] [[es:Alizée Jacotey]] [[et:Alizée]] [[fi:Alizée]] [[fr:Alizée]] [[it:Alizée]] [[ja:アリゼ]] [[nl:Alizée]] [[pl:Alizée]] [[pt:Alizée]] [[sv:Alizée]] [[zh:艾莉婕]] [[category:شوبز]] [[category:شخصيات]] 1947 6250 2006-05-08T16:40:46Z Aursani 60 #REDIRECT[[اليزي Alizée]] 1948 6251 2006-05-08T16:42:22Z Aursani 60 #REDIRECT[[اليزي Alizée]] 1949 6254 2006-05-08T20:20:20Z Aursani 60 <noinclude>{{protected template}}</noinclude><span title="Pronunciation in IPA" class="IPA">{{{1}}}</span><noinclude> [[Category:Multilingual support templates|IPA]] [[vi:Tiêu bản:IPA]] </noinclude> 1951 6311 2006-05-17T09:16:33Z Ahoerstemeier 81 Please see [[:en:Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zergeisterung]] ~~~~ Please see [[:en:Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zergeisterung]] [[User:Ahoerstemeier|Ahoerstemeier]] 09:16, 17 May 2006 (UTC) 1952 8108 2006-11-17T08:54:59Z Aursani 60 {| class="{{{class|}}}" style="background-color: {{{bgColor|transparent}}}; width: {{{width|100%}}}"<noinclude> ---- Begins with a blank line to ensure the table wiki code is at the beginning of a line. This [[Wikipedia:Template|template]] is a [[Wikipedia:Avoid self-references|self-reference]] and so is part of the Wikipedia project rather than the encyclopaedic content. To do: use &lt;table> tag instead of table wiki code? Parameters: * class (default: "") * bgColor (default: transparent) - remember to set to null when the class defines the background * width (default: 100%) ==پڻ ڏسندا== * {{tl|Col-begin}} * {{tl|col-begin-small}} * {{tl|Col-break}} * {{tl|Col-2}} * {{tl|Col-3}} * {{tl|Col-4}} * {{tl|Col-5}} * {{tl|Col-6}} * {{tl|Col-end}} * [[Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Archive 35#Columns in articles]] * [[Template talk:Columns]] — Proposed CSS-based replacement ==خارجي ڳنڍڻا== * [http://www.htmlcodetutorial.com/_MULTICOL.html MULTICOL HTML tag] [[Category:Wikipedia special effects templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] </noinclude> 1953 6265 2006-05-09T20:51:01Z Aursani 60 <div class="infobox sisterproject">[[Image:Wikiquote-logo-en.png|left|50px| ]]<div style="margin-left: 60px;">[[Wikiquote]] has a collection of quotations related to:<div style="margin-left: 10px;"> '''''[[Wikiquote:{{{1|Special:Search/{{PAGENAME}}}}}|{{{2|{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}]]''''' </div></div></div><noinclude>[[Category:Interwiki link templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude> 1954 6266 2006-05-09T20:51:43Z Aursani 60 <p></p> |}<noinclude> ---- Begins with a blank line to ensure the table wiki code is at the beginning of a line. This [[Wikipedia:Template|template]] is a [[Wikipedia:Avoid self-references|self-reference]] and so is part of the Wikipedia project rather than the encyclopaedic content. {{tl|End}} is very similar to this one. ==See also== * {{tl|Col-begin}} * {{tl|Col-break}} * {{tl|Col-2}} * {{tl|Col-3}} * {{tl|Col-4}} * {{tl|Col-5}} * {{tl|Col-6}} * {{tl|Col-end}} [[Category:Wikipedia special effects templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] </noinclude> 1955 8326 2006-12-07T18:42:06Z Aursani 60 [[Image:Kishorekumar.jpg|thumb|left|{{مبسس4}}ڪشور ڪمار]] {{مبسس4}}'''ڪشور ڪمار''' (آگسٽ {{TM}}4، 1929 - {{مبسس4}}آڪٽوبر {{TM}}13، 1987){{مبسس4}}، (پيدائشي نالو '''اڀاس ڪشور گَنگُولِي''')، [[بالِي ووڊ]] فِلمُن جو [[پس پرده گائڪ]] ([[هندي]]، [[بنگالي]]، [[مراٺي]]، [[آسامِي]]، [[گُجراتِي ٻولي|گجراتي]]، [[ڪَناڊا]]، [[ڀوجپوري]]، [[اُڙِيئا]]) ۽ اداڪار هو. هُو اصل ۾ هندستانِي [[بنگال|بنگالِي]] هو. هُو پنهنجي وقت جو مقبُول ترين پس پرده گائڪ هو ۽ سندس رڪارڊ اڄ به بيسٽ سيلر آهن. جيتوڻيڪ کيس شهرت بنيادي طور هڪ ڪامياب گُلُوڪار هوڻ باعث ملي، پر ڪمار هڪ نامور اداڪار پڻ هو. سندس ڪاميڊي ڪردارن ۾ ''[[باپ ري باپ]]'' {{TM}}(1955)</font>، ''[[چلتِي ڪا نام گاڙِي]]'' {{TM}}(1958)</font>، ''[[هاف ٽِڪِٽ]]'' {{TM}}(1962)</font>، ''[[پڙوسَن]]'' {{TM}}(1968)</font>، ''[[هنگاما]]'' {{TM}}(1971)</font>، ''[[پيار ديوانا]]'' {{TM}}(1973)</font>، ۽ ''[[بڙهتي ڪا نام داڙهي]]'' {{TM}}(1974) </font>شامل آهن. ''[[نوڪري]]''، ''[[باندي]]''، ''[[دور گگن ڪِي ڇائون ۾]]''، ''[[دُور ڪا راهِي]]'' جهڙين فلمن ۾ هن سنجيده ڪردار پڻ ادا ڪيا. ان کان سواءِ ڪمار بطور ٻولنگار، ڪمپوزر، پروڊيوسر، هدايتڪار، اسڪرين ليکڪ ۽ اسڪرپٽ ليکڪ پڻ وڏيون ڪاميابيون ماڻيون. ==ٻالڪ پڻ== {{مبسس4}}ڪشور ڪمار، اڀاس ڪمار گنگولي جي نالي سان هڪ [[بنگال|بنگالِي]] گھِراڻي ۾ پيدا ٿيو. سندس پيءُ ڪمجالال گنگولي [[مڌيا پرديش]] جي [[کنڊوا]] نالي هِڪَ ننڍي شهر ۾ رهندڙ وچولي طبقي سان واسطو رکندڙ ۽ پيشي جو وڪيل هو. جڏهن ته سندس ماءُ گوري ديوي، هڪ امير گھِراڻي سان واسطو رکندي هئي. ڪمار پنهنجي مائٽن جو ننڍي ۾ ننڍو اولاد هو. اشوڪ ڪمار وڏي ۾ وڏو پُٽُ هو، جنهن کان پوءِ اڪيلي ڌيءَ سَتِي ديوِي، ۽ ان کان ننڍو انُوپ ڪمار، جنهن کان پنج سالَ ننڍو هو ڪشور ڪمار. <br> جڏهن ڪمار اڃا ٻار ئي هو، ته سندس وڏو ڀاءُ [[اشوڪ ڪمار (اداڪار)|اشوڪ ڪمار]] بالِي ووڊ جو چمڪندڙ ستارو بنجي چڪو هو. ان ڳالهه جو ننڍي ۾ ننڍي ڪمار تي تمام وڏو اثر پيو. هُو [[ڪي ايل سهگل]] جو تمام وڏو فين بڻجي ويو ۽ سندس گائڪيءَ جو نقل ڪندو رهندو هو. اڪثر سندس والدين کيس سندس ڀاءُ اشوڪ تي فلمايل گيت '''مين بن ڪا پنڇي''' گنگنائڻ لاءِ منٿَ ڪندا هئا. اشوڪ جي ڪاميابيءَ بعد انوپ پڻ بالِي ووڊ جو رخ ڪيو. ==بالِي ووڊ ۾ شروعاتِي ڏينهن== {{مبسس4}}ڪشور ڪمار پنهنجي وڏي ڀاءُ جي قدمن تي هليو ۽ بالِي ووڊ ۾ هڪ گائڪ طور پنهنجي عمليءَ ۾ پير رکڻ لاءِ [[ممبئي]] پهتو. اِنَ موڙَ تي انوپَ جو ڪريئر بيهي رهيو هو، ڇاڪاڻ ته گائڪيءَ جي لحاظَ کان سندس آواز ايترو سٺو نه هو جيتري سندس اداڪاري. هي اهو دور هو جڏهن اهڙن اداڪارن جي وڏي اهميت هوندي هئي، جيڪي ڳائي به سگھندا هُجن. انوپ پنهنجو آواز سڌارَڻَ لاءِ آسٽريا مان ڪجھه رڪارڊَ آندا هئا. هِڪَ ڀيري گھر ۾ اندر ايندي ئي هُنَ ڪنهن ڪمري مان [[يوڊلڱ]] جو آواز ٻُڌو. هُنَ ڪاوَڙَ ۾ ڪَڙڪيو ”منهنجي رڪارڊَن کي ڪنهن هٿُ لاتو آهي؟“. پر ڪمري ۾ گھڙڻ سان کيس معلوم ٿيو ته اها يوڊلڱ اصل ۾ ڪشور ڪمار ڪري رهيو هو. ڪشور ڪمار [[يوڊلڱ]] ڪرڻ انوپَ جي آسٽريائي رڪارڊَن مان سکيو هو. ڪشور ڪمار اداڪاريءَ کي ناپسند ڪندو هو ۽ بالي ووڊ جو مُکيه گائڪ بنجڻ جِي خواهش رکندو هو. پر سندس گائڪِي يا موسيقيءََ جِي ڪا به سکيا ورتل نه هئِي. ڪشور ڪمار پنهنجي وڏي ڀاءُ اشوڪ ڪمار جي واسطن سان فلمي دنيا ۾ پير ته رکي ڇڏيو، مگر ابتدا ۾ سُٺو تاثر ڏيڻ ۾ ناڪامياب ويو. پَرَ هُنَ اداڪاري جاري رکي، جنهن سان کيس پنهنجي ئي فلمُن جا گيتَ ڳائڻ جو موقعو ملندو رهيو. ان دور ۾ ڪشور ڪمار جو انداز سهگل وارو هو. هِڪَ ڀيري جي ڳالهه آهي جو [[سَچِن ديوِ بَرمَن]] اشوڪ ڪمار جي گھر آيو ۽ وهنجڻ جاءِ مان سهگل جي آواز جهڙو آواز ايندي ٻُڌائين. آواز کان متاثر ٿِيندي، هُن اشوڪ کان پُڇيو ته هِيءُ ڪير پيو ڳائي. ورندي ملڻ تي، هُو ڪشور جي انتظار ۾ ويهي رهيو ته وهنجي نڪري ته مِلانس. هُنَ ڪشور سان ٿورڙي گفتگُو ڪئي، جنهن ۾ هُنَ سندس آواز جي تعريف به ڪئي ۽ کيس هِڪَ نصيحَتَ به ڪئي، ”سهگل جو نقل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش نه ڪر. نقال ڪڏهن به سٺا ڪلاڪار نه بڻبا آهن. تو کي پنهنجو انداز اختيار ڪرڻ گھرجي“. ان کان پوءِ ڪشور ڪمار پنهنجي گائڪِيءَ ۾ پنهنجو نئون مخصوص انداز پيدا ڪيو، جيڪو رفي، مڪيش ۽ سهگل کان بلڪل الڳ هو. He used to yodel in many of his songs. Sachin Dev Burman became his mentor and guide. S D Burman, who had never heard yodelling before, used to call it "''gala tod ke gaana''" ('break-throat singing'). Yodelling became Kishore's trademark, and the media described his singing style as "yodelling at the moon". ==ڪشور سُڃاتو وڃڻ لڳو== {{مبسس4}}ڪشور ڪڏهن به اداڪاري ڪرڻ نه ٿي چاهيو، پر هُو پنهنجي وڏي ڀاءُ اشوڪ ڪمار کان ايترو ته ڊڄندو هو جو کيس ناراض ڪري نه ٿي سگھيو. اشوڪ ڪمار کيس بالِي ووڊ جو مقبول هِيرو ڏسڻ ٿي گھريو. شروعاتِي فلمون ناڪام ٿيڻ بعد، ڪشور ڪمار فصيلو ڪيو ته ايندڙ فِلمُن ۾ هُو ايتري ته ڪِنِي اداڪاري ڪندو جو اڳتي ڪو به پروڊيوسر کيس پنهنجي فلمَ ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ نه چوندو. As a result of this decision, Kishore started acting in a strange, funny way. But instead of rejecting him, movie buffs were delighted to see a hero who could make them laugh. His style was a welcome change from the sober, romantic and tragic traditional heroes of Bollywood. Thus, Kishore became comedy-film producers' first choice. In the late 1950s, he used to run from one studio to another, recording songs, acting, composing music and sometimes even writing lyrics! He even produced and directed some movies. Apart from S D Burman, [[Khemchand Prakash]] was another composer who recognized Kishore's singing talent early. He composed Kishore's songs in the movie Ziddi. Ziddi's songs established Kishore as a singer. Incidentally, it was at Khemchand's studio, where Kishore met [[Lata Mangeshkar]], with whom he sang many duets later. Lata was going to Khemchand's studio and Kishore was also bound for the same place. Lata thought that some loafer was following her! It was only after reaching the studio that she realized the 'loafer' was Kishore, Ashok Kumar's younger brother. Soon, many other composers like [[Ravi]] realized that Kishore had potential to be a good singer. Many lyricists, including [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]] and [[Shailendra]] became ardent admirers of Kishore. S D Burman established Kishore as the voice of popular actor [[Dev Anand]] when he got him to sing for Dev Anand in the movies Taxi Driver and Paying Guest. After S D Burman fell out with [[Lata Mangeshkar]] in 1957, he gave patronage to [[Asha Bhosle]]. Till this time, duets were not very popular in Bollywood. Once S D Burman told Majrooh Sultanpuri "We invest so much energy in recording duets, and nobody likes them". Majrooh replied "The mistake is ours. We lyricists never write any good songs that couples would love to hum." S D Burman and Majrooh went on to work together on the most popular duets in the late 1950s. S D Burman, Majrooh, Asha and Kishore worked together in many movies including Kishore's home production Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi ([[1958]]), in which Kishore Kumar, Madhubala, Ashok Kumar and Anoop Kumar acted. The songs ''Ek ladki bheegi bhaagi si'', ''Haal kaisa hai janaab ka'', ''Paanch rupaiya baara aana'' became very popular. They were also heard in Dev Anand's Paying Guest ([[1957]]) and Teen Deviyan. The song ''Mana janab ne pukara nahin'' from Paying Guest was a smash hit among the guys. Asha and Kishore became famous for singing 'casual' duets like ''Chhod do aanchal, zamaana kya kahega'', ''Aye nigah-e-mastana'', ''Aankhon mein kya ji'', ''Arre yaar meri, tum bhi ho gajab'', ''Chhedo na meri zulfein''. Majrooh, Asha and Kishore also recorded popular duets with composer Ravi in the movie Dilli Ka Thug ([[1958]]) - ''C...A...T...Cat maane billi'', ''Hum to mohabbat karega''. Majrooh Sultanpuri and Shailendra were favorite lyricists of Kishore. He got them to write songs in his home productions. In those days, musicians would recommend lyricists to producers. The musician duo [[Shankar-Jaikishan]] had promised Shailendra that they would recommend him to all the producers, but they didn't keep their promise. Shailendra sent them a note - ''Chhoti si yeh duniya, pehchaane raaste hain; Kahin to miloge, phir poochhenge haal'' (The world is small, the roads are known; we shall meet somewhere, then I would ask you - "How do you do"). Shankar-Jaikishan realized their mistake. They made a song out of the above words and got Kishore to sing it. Majrooh penned most of Kishore's hit songs in his initial days, most of them with S D Burman, for [[Dev Anand]] - ''Hum hain raahi pyaar ke'', ''Maana janaab ne pukaara nahin'' etc. Kishore was interested in composing music as well. It is said, along with Kalyanji Shah (of [[Kalyanji-Anandji]] fame), he introduced electronic music to Bollywood. The electronic sounds in some of S D Burman's music are credited to Kishore (he assisted S D Burman sometimes). Sometimes, Kishore would compose music himself and write lyrics too. In [[1961]] movie, Jhumroo, Kishore wrote, composed and sang ''Main hoon jhumroo''. This song is a very nice example of his yodelling ability. Kishore could sing in female voice too. In Half Ticket ([[1962]]), he sang "Aake Seedhi Lagi" in male as well as female voice. The song was written by Shailendra and composed by [[Salil Chowdhury]]. ==The lean patch in Kishore's career== During the 1960's, there was a lean patch in Kishore's career. Most of his films as an actor flopped. Very few of his songs from this phase are memorable - ''Zaroorat hai, Zaroorat hai'' (Manmauji - [[1962]]), penned by [[Rajinder Krishan]] and composed by [[Madan Mohan]]) stands out from this period. [[Mohammed Rafi]] and [[Mukesh]] were the favorites of most music composers, so Kishore never got to sing very good songs. A few of his songs picturized on [[Dev Anand]] and composed by S D Burman, got him recognition - ''Gaata rahe mera dil'' (Guide [[1965]], a duet with Lata), ''Yeh dil na hota bechara'' (Jewel Thief [[1967]]), etc. In [[1966]], S D Burman's son [[Rahul Dev Burman]] burst into the music scene with superhit score of the movie Teesri Manzil. He had got Rafi to sing all the songs in the movie. But, later R D Burman (also known by his pet name "Pancham") gave great patronage to Kishore Kumar. Their first hit movie together was the laught-riot 'Padosan' (The Neighbour). In this movie, Kishore Kumar played the role of [[Sunil Dutt]]'s guru. Sunil Dutt's role was of boy who was in love with his next-door neighbour, a girl obessed with singing. To impress the girl, he gets his guru to do 'playback' for him. Kishore Kumar did the '[[Playback singer|playback]]' in the movie, both on-screen and off-screen. Kishore and Pancham created the superhit song ''Mere saamnewali khidki mein''. In one scene, there was a verbal fight between [[Mehmood]] (who acted as the girl's guru) and Sunil Dutt/Kishore Kumar. Kishore insisted that it would be boring if the dialogues were spoken in a plain manner. Mehmood fully agreed with him. So, Kishore, Mehmood, lyricist [[Rajinder Krishan]] and Pancham sat together and came up with the 'musical fight' - ''Ek chaturnar, karke singaar''. The song, sung by Kishore and [[Manna Dey]] (who sang for Mehmood) became very popular. Manna Dey who is a trained classical singer found it preposterous that he should lose the song fight to an untrained voice like Kishore Kumar and he refused to be a part of the song. Mehmood (also the films producer) had to personally assure Manna Dey that he was a better singer and it was the films script that dictated that he loses the song. ==سُپر اسٽار وارو دور== In [[1969]], [[Shakti Samanta]] produced the movie Aradhana with newcomer [[Rajesh Khanna]]. The composer was Sachin Dev Burman and he had divided songs equally among his favorite singers - Kishore, [[Mohammed Rafi]] and [[Lata Mangeshkar]]. Kishore sang the romantic duet ''Kora kagaz tha yeh man mera'' with Lata. S D Burman fell ill before he could record all the songs. He had already created the tunes for the songs ''Roop tera mastana'' and ''Mere sapnon ki rani''. R D Burman took the responsibility of completing the recording. In doing so, the tunes were created by S D Burman and the instrumentation was that of R D Burman. Pancham got Kishore Kumar to sing these two songs. These two songs became overnight hits and launched Kishore's playback singing career. Kishore Kumar got his first [[Filmfare]] award for the sensual song ''Roop tera mastana''. The Burmans single-handedly made Kishore the numero uno playback singer in Bollywood. They got Kishore to sing for all the leading heroes - [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Randhir Kapoor]], [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Dharmendra]], and [[Sanjeev Kumar (actor)|Sanjeev Kumar]] among others. S D Burman and Kishore worked together in many of [[Dev Anand]]'s movies. In 1970, Dev Anand's directoral debut, Prem Pujari, flopped. But the songs penned by [[Neeraj]], ''Phoolon ke rang se (Lena hoga janam hamein)'' and ''Shokhiyon mein ghola jaaye'' (duet with Lata) are still popular. Neeraj, S D Burman, Lata and Kishore came together again for the [[Shashi Kapoor]] starrer 1971 hit Sharmilee, for which they recorded ''Khilte hain gul yahan'', ''Aaj madhosh hua jaaye re'', ''O meri sharmilee''. S D Burman also got Kishore to sing for the 1973 Dharmendra-starrer Jugnu, where Kishore sang ''Pyaar ke is khel mein''. In the 1970s, R D Burman got Kishore to sing virtually every remarkable tune he created for the male voice. The single ''Tum bin jaaoon kahaan'' (Pyaar Ka Mausam - 1969; lyrics by Majrooh), which was also sung by Rafi, proved that Kishore could sing as well as Rafi, even though he wasn't classically trained. Songs like ''Yeh shaam mastaani'' (Kati Patang - [[1970]]; lyricist - Anand Bakshi) made Kishore extremely popular among the youngsters. In [[1971]], Pancham and Kishore collaborated on many memorable tunes, ranging from the romantic ''Raat kali ek khwab mein'' (Buddha mil gaya; lyricist Majrooh) to the tragic ''Yeh kya hua'', ''Chingari koi bhadke'', ''Kuchh to loge kahenge'' (Amar Prem; lyricist Anand Bakshi; picturized on Rajesh Khanna). [[1972]] saw hits like ''Meri bheegi bheegi si'' (Anaamika, picturized on Sanjeev Kumar), ''O Mere dil ke chain'' (Mere Jeevan Saathi; lyricist Majrooh; picturized on Rajesh Khanna) and ''Kanchi Re'', ''Phoolon ka taaron ka'' (Hare Krishna Hare Rama; picturized on Dev Anand). Even after so many hits, only the Burmans gave patronage to Kishore Kumar. Other composers like [[Shankar Jaikishan]], [[Madan Mohan]], etc. used to give him second-rate songs. In [[1972]], Pancham got Kishore to sing for a newcomer in the movie Bombay To Goa. The 'newcomer' was none other than [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and thus Kishore became the voice of the next great Bollywood superstar as well. The song ''Meet na mila re man ka'' (Abhimaan [[1973]]) established Kishore as Amitabh's singing voice. Hit after hit followed, and Kishore, Amitabh and Pancham became all the rage. Before buying an audio cassette, people would make sure that there was at least one Kishore Kumar song in the album. Producers would insist on using Kishore Kumar as a hero's singing voice. This forced other music composers like [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]] ("LP") to sideline Rafi and adopt Kishore as their lead singer. LP and Kishore had many hits to their credits in the 1970s, including ''Mere dil mein aaj kya hai'' (Daag [[1973]]; lyricist: [[Sahir Ludhianvi]]), ''Mere naseeb mein aye dost'', ''Naach meri bulbul'' (Roti), ''Chal chal mere haathi'' (Haathi Mere Saathi) etc. Most of these songs were picturized on Rajesh Khanna and penned by Anand Bakshi. The team also recorded many songs in Amitabh Bachchan starrers e.g. ''My name is Anthony Gonsalves'' (Amar Akbar Anthony). LP also got Kishore and Rafi to sing together in many films like Dostana, Kranti, Ram Balram etc. LP will be chiefly remembered for the duets that they recorded with Lata and Kishore - ''Achchha to hum chalte hain'', ''Kal ki hansi mulaakat ke liye'', ''Gore rang pe na itna gumaan kar'', ''Tu kitne baras ka'' etc. The duo of [[Kalyanji-Anandji]] also adopted Kishore as their lead singer in the 1970s. The team produced many hit songs in movies like Dharmatma ([[1975]]), Laawaris, Muqaddar ka Sikandar, Kabeela, Johnny Mera Naam and Don among others. The Kishore-Asha duet ''Vaada to nibhaya'' from Johnny Mera Naam was a superhit. The songs ''O Saathi Re'' (Muqaddar ka Sikandar) and ''Khaike Paan Banaraswaala'' (Don) became extremely popular as well. In [[1975]], S D Burman went into a coma, while Kishore was singing ''Badi sooni sooni si hai zindagi'' (Life is lonely) for the movie Mili. He died some time later. R D Burman completed the score of the movie. R D Burman continuted with his patronage to Kishore. He got Kishore to sing for both [[Dharmendra]] and Amitabh in the 1975 bumper-hit [[Sholay]]. [[Manna Dey]] was called in only when a sequence required both the heroes singing together (''Yeh dosti hum nahin todenge''). In [[1970]]s Kishore sang in many of [[Dev Anand]]'s not-so-successful movies under the baton of R D Burman - Warrant ([[1975]]), Heera Panna, Shareef Badmash etc. Although these films did average box office business, the music was always hit. The songs like ''Ruk Jaana O Jaana'' (Warrant) and ''Panna ki tamanna'' (Heera Panna, duet with Lata) and ''Neend chura ke raaton mein'' (Shareef Badmash) were chart-busters. Even while recording intricate songs of Aandhi ([[1976]]; lyrics by [[Gulzar]]), Pancham used Kishore's voice, instead of using somebody trained in classical music. They recorded many more beautiful songs, including the title song of ''Agar tum na hote'' and ''Humein tum se pyaar kitna''. Their comatose songs like ''Mere naina saawan bhado'', ''Chingari koi bhadke'', ''O maajhi re'' made them popular among the mature audience as well. Of course, Kishore also sang Pancham's trademark 'peppy' pop numbers picturized on young heroes like [[Rishi Kapoor]] and [[Sanjay Dutt]]. Kishore and Lata sang trendy numbers in Sanjay's first movie Rocky - ''Kya yehi pyaar hai'', ''Hum tumse mile'' (lyricist: Anand Bakshi). R D Burman and Kishore worked together in many movies including Aapki Kasam, The Burning Train, Apna Desh, Dharam Karam, Takkar, Seeta Aur Geeta, Joshila, Kasmein Vaade, Rampur ka Laxman, Kaaliya etc. New musicians like [[Rajesh Roshan]], Sapan Chakravarthy (Pancham's assistant), [[Bappi Lahiri]] and others also preferred Kishore to any other singer. Rajesh Roshan's first hit movie Julie had memorable numbers sung by Kishore and Lata - ''Bhool gaya sab kuchh'', ''Dil kya kare jab kisi se'' etc. Rajesh Roshan worked with Kishore in many other movies like Do Aur Do Paanch ([[1980]]), Doosra Aadmi, Manpasand etc. Sapan Chakravarthy recorded the popular ''Tum bhi chalo, hum bhi chalien'' (Zameer) with Kishore and Asha. Bappi da, notorious for lifting western numbers, got Kishore to sing many of his popular songs like ''Chalte chalte'', ''Aaj rapat jaayein'' (duet with Asha), ''Pag ghunghroo'' (Namak Halaal - [[1982]]; picturized on Amitabh), ''jahan chaar yaar'' (Sharaabi - [[1984]]) and the filmfare award winning ''Manzilen apni jagah hai'' (Sharaabi - [[1984]]). ==آخري سالَ== {{مبسس4}}ڪشور جو پٽ [[اميت ڪمار]] 1980ع جي ڏهاڪي ۾ مقبول گائڪ ٿي چڪو هو (آر ڊي برمن ۽ راجيش روشن جي مهرباني جن کيس هٿي وٺائي). پر ڪشور ڪمار اڃا به ميدان ۾ هو ۽ نون توڙي اڳي ئي مقبول هيروز لاءِ گيت ڳائي رهيو هو. 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ ڌاري ڪشور ڪمار ۽ اميتاڀ بچن درميان ڪا مس انڊراسٽينڊڱ ٿي وئي. ڪشور ڪمار ڪا فلم پروڊيوس ڪري رهيو هو، جنهن ۾ اميتاڀ (جيڪو تنهن وقت باليووڊ جو تمام وڏو هيرو بڻجي چڪو هو) کي مهمان اداڪار جي حيثيت ۾ اچڻو هو. اميتاڀ شوٽڱ لاءِ آيو، پر ڪجھه منٽ ويهي، پنهنجي سيڪريٽري کي اهو چئي هليو ويو ته ڪشور ڪمار کي ٻڌائي ته هو فلم ۾ ڪم ڪو نه ڪندو. ان ڳالهه تي ڪشور ڪمار ڪافي ناراض ٿي ويو ۽ ڪڏهن به اميتاڀ لاءِ نه ڳائڻ جو فيصلو ڪيائين. اتفاقاً، تنهن کان پوءِ اميتاڀ جون فلمون ناڪام ٿيڻ لڳيون، جن ۾ کيس اڪثر شبير ڪمار جو آواز مليل هو ۽ کيس بالي ووڊ ۾ پنهنجي ناڪامين جو بدترين دور ڏسڻو پيو. اميتاڀ ڪيترن ئي سالن بعد وري ڪون بني گا ڪروڙ پتي نالي ٽي وي سلسلي ۾ ظاهر ٿيو. {{مبسس4}}[[انيل ڪپور]] لاءِ سندس پهرين فلم [[وه سات دن]] جا گيت ڪشور ڪمار ڳايا. هن انيل ڪپور جي پهرين سپر هٽ فلم مسٽر انڊيا جا گيت پڻ ڳايا. انهن ٻنهي فلمن جي موسيقي لڪشميڪانت پياري لال ترتيب ڏني. 1987ع ۾ هن آر ڊي برمن جي فلم ساگي لاءِ ڪي انتهائي سٺا گيت ڳايا -- ''ساگر جيسي آنکون والي''، ''ساگر ڪناري دل يه پڪاري''، جيڪي [[جاويد اختر]] جا لکيل هئا. {{مبسس4}}1987ع ۾ ڪشور ڪمار بالي ووڊ تان رٽائر ڪرڻ ۽ کنڊوا نالي ڳوٺ ۾ پنهنجا اباڻا کڪ وڃي وسائڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو، ۽ هن آڪٽوبر 1987ع ۾ دم ڌڻيءَ حوالي ڪيو. سندس مڙهه سندس جنم ڀوميءَ نيو ويو ۽ سموريون آخري رمسمون اتي ادا ڪيون ويون ۽ اهڙيءَ ريت سندس کنڊوا وڃڻ جي آخري خواهش پوري ڪئي وئي. ==ڪشور جِي ذاتِي زندگِي== {{مبسس4}}ڪشور ڪمار چار شاديون ڪيون، سندس ونيون [[رُوما گُوها ٺاڪُرتا]] </font>([[1950]] - [[1958]])، {{مبسس4}}[[مَڌُوبالا]] </font>([[1960]] - [[1969]]){{مبسس4}}، [[يوگيتا بالي]] </font>([[1975]] - [[1978]]) {{مبسس4}}۽ [[لِينا چنداورڪر]] </font>([[1980]] - [[1987]]) {{مبسس4}}هُيُون. ڪشور ڪمار رُوما گھوش سان مَي 1951ع ڌاري بامبي شادي ڪئي ۽ سال اندر کين پُٽُ اميت ڪمار ڄائو. 1958ع ۾ منجھن طلاق ٿي وئي. رُوما گھوش ٻِي شادي ارُوپ گُوها سان ڪئي، جنهن مان ٻه ٻار ٿيس. هُوءَ پڻ اداڪار ۽ گلوڪار آهي ۽ فلمي صنعت ۾ وڏو نانءُ رکي ٿِي. {{مبسس4}}سندس پُٽُ [[اَمِيت ڪُمار]] پڻ ان ئي سطح جو گائڪ بڻيو، البت پنهنجي پيءَ جيتري ڪاميابي نه ماڻيائين. ڪشور جو ٻيو پُٽُ [[سُمِيت ڪُمار]] پڻ ڳائيندو رهيو آهي.</font> ==فلم نِگارِي== {{مبسس4}}ڪجھه اهم فلمون جن ۾ ڪشور ڪمار اداڪاري ڪئي: *[[1954]] {{مبسس4}}نوڪري *[[1956]] {{مبسس4}}ڀاگم ڀاگ *[[1955]] {{مبسس4}}باپ ري باپ *[[1957]] {{مبسس4}}آشا، باندِي *[[1958]] {{مبسس4}}جالساز، چلتي ڪا نام گاڙي، دِلِي ڪا ٺَگ *[[1960]] {{مبسس4}}بيوڪُوف، گرل فرينڊ، محلون ڪي خواب *[[1961]] {{مبسس4}}ڪروڙپتي، جھُمُرُو *[[1962]] {{مبسس4}}بامبي ڪا چور، من موجِِي، ناٽِي بوائي، رَنگولِي، هاف ٽِڪِٽ *[[1963]] {{مبسس4}}ايڪ راز *[[1964]] {{مبسس4}}باغي شهزاده، دال ۾ ڪالا، بانوري نين، مسٽر ايڪس اِن بامبي، گنگا ڪِي لهرين، دُور گگن ڪِي ڇانئون ۾ *[[1966]] {{مبسس4}}پيار ڪِيئي جا، عقلمند *[[1967]] {{مبسس4}}دنيا ناچي گِي، پايل ڪِي جھنڪار، اي ميري دل *[[1968]] {{مبسس4}}پڙوسَن، دو دُونِي چار *[[1971]] {{مبسس4}}هنگاما *[[1973]] {{مبسس4}}پيار ديوانا ==Bibliography== {{مبسس4}}ڪجھه اهڙيون فِلمُون جِن لاءِ ڪشور ڪمار پنهنجا بهترين گيتَ ڳايا آهن. *[[1961]] {{مبسس4}}''[[جھُمُرُو]]'' *[[1962]] ''{{مبسس4}}[[هاف ٽِڪِٽ]]'' *[[1964]] {{مبسس4}}''[[مسٽر ايڪس اِن بامبي]]'', ''[[دُور گگن ڪِي ڇانئون ۾]]'' *[[1966]] {{مبسس4}}''[[پيار ڪِيئي جا]]'' *[[1968]] {{مبسس4}}''[[پڙوسَن]]'' *[[1969]] {{مبسس4}}''[[اراڍنا]]'' *[[1970]] {{مبسس4}}''[[سفر]]''، ''[[پريم پُوجارِي]]''، ''[[ڪٽِي پتنگ]]''، ''[[جانِي ميرا نام]]'' *[[1971]] {{مبسس4}}''[[شرميلي]]''، ''[[پرايا ڌن]]''، ''[[گيمبلر]]''، ''[[بُڍا مِل گيا]]''، ''[[امر پريم]]'' *[[1972]] {{مبسس4}}[[ميري جيون ساٿِي]]، [[جوانِِ ديوانِي]]، ''[[رامپور ڪا لڪشمن]]'' *[[1973]] {{مبسس4}}''[[يادون ڪِي بارات]]''، ''[[منچلي]]''، ''[[جُگنُو]]''، ''[[هيرا پنا]]''، ''[[داغ]]''، ''[[بليڪميل]]''، ''[[اناميڪا]]''، ''[[آ گلي لگ جا]]''، ''[[اڀيمان]]''، ''[[نمڪ حرام]]'' *[[1974]] {{مبسس4}}''[[پريم نگر]]''، ''[[آپ ڪي قسم]]'' *[[1975]] {{مبسس4}}''[[مِلِي]]''، ''[[کيل کيل ۾]]''، ''[[جُولِي]]''، ''[[امانش]]'' *[[1976]] {{مبسس4}}''[[ڪڀي ڪڀي]]''، ''[[چلتي چلتي]]''، ''[[محبُوبه]]'' *[[1977]] {{مبسس4}}''[[هم ڪسي سي ڪم نهين]]''، ''[[ڪنارا]]''، ''[[ڊريم گرل]]''، ''[[دُوسرا آدمِي]]''، ''[[انُوروڌ]]'' *[[1978]] {{مبسس4}}''[[شاليمار]]''، ''[[کٽا ميٺا]]''، ''[[قسمين واعدي]]''، ''[[گھر]]''، ''[[ڊان]]''، ''[[مقدر ڪا سڪندر]]'' *[[1979]] {{مبسس4}}''[[مسٽر نٽور لال]]''، ''[[باتون باتون ۾]]''، ''[[دِي گريٽ گيمبلر]]''، ''[[گول مال]]'' *[[1980]] {{مبسس4}}''[[منپسند]]''، ''[[ٿوڙي سي بيوفائي]]''، ''[[قرض]]''، ''[[دوستانه]]'' *[[1981]] {{مبسس4}}''[[راڪي]]''، ''[[لاوارث]]''، ''[[يارانه]]''، ''[[سلسله]]'' *[[1982]] {{مبسس4}}''[[صنم تيري قسم]]''، ''[[بي مثال]]''، ''[[ستي پي ستا]]''، ''[[شڪتِي]]''، *[[1983]] {{مبسس4}}''[[سوتن]]''، ''[[اگر تم نه هوتي]]''، ''[[بڙي دل والي]]'' *[[1984]] {{مبسس4}}''[[تحفه]]''، ''[[شرابِي]]''، ''[[مشعل]]'' *[[1985]] {{مبسس4}}''[[ساگر]]''، ''[[صاحب]]''، ''[[الگ الگ]]'' *[[1986]] {{مبسس4}}''[[جانباز]]'' *[[1987]] {{مبسس4}}''[[مسٽر اِنڊيا]]''، ''[[ڪاش]]''، ''[[غرزانه]]'' ==اعزازات== {{مبسس4}}اهي گِيتَ جِن تي ڪِشور ڪُمارَ کي فلم فيئر اوارڊ مليا: *[[1969]] {{مبسس4}}رُورپ تيرا مستانه - اراڌنا *[[1975]] {{مبسس4}}دِل ايسا ڪِسِي ني ميرا توڙا - اَمانُش *[[1978]] {{مبسس4}}کَئِيڪي پان بنارَس والا - ڊان *[[1980]] {{مبسس4}}هَزار راهين - ٿوڙِي سِي بيوَفائِي *[[1982]] {{مبسس4}}پگ گھنگھرو بانڌ ميرا - نمڪ حلال *[[1983]] {{مبسس4}}اگر تم نه هوتي - اگر تم نه هوتي *[[1984]] {{مبسس4}}منزلين اپني جگه - شرابي *[[1985]] {{مبسس4}}ساگر ڪناري - ساگر {{-ڏسندا-}} *{{مبسس4}}[[بالِي ووڊ جي مرد گلوڪارن جِي لسٽ]] ==خارجِي ڳنڍڻا== * [http://www.kishorekumar.org {{مبسس4}}ڪشور ڪمارَ جا گيتَ اُتاريو] * [http://www.4indianmusic.com/indian-singers-and-bands/kishore-kumar.htm {{مبسس4}}ڪشور ڪمارَ جا گيتَ اُتاريو] * [http://www.yoodleeyoo.com/ {{مبسس4}}چاهڪ گاهه] * [http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/oct/13kumar.htm Rediff article] * [http://imdb.com/name/nm0474822/ IMDB] * [http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/sangeet_ke_sitare {{مبسس4}}سنگيت ڪي ستاري] * [http://www.geetmanjusha.com/hindi/singer/9.html {{مبسس4}}ڪشور ڪمار جي ڳايل فلمي هندي گيتن جا ٻولَ] {{مبسس4}}گِيتَ: * [http://www.rajeevtiwari.com/songs.html {{مبسس4}}چاهڪ گاهه] * [http://www.ganguly.de/kishore/hindi/ {{مبسس4}}چاهڪ گاهه] [[Category:1929 births|Kumar, Kishore]] [[Category:1987 deaths|Kumar, Kishore]] [[Category:Male singers|Kumar, Kishore]] [[Category:Indian actors|Kumar, Kishore]] [[Category:Indian film singers|Kumar, Kishore]] [[Category:Bengali musicians|Kumar, Kishore]] [[Category:Bollywood playback singers|Kumar, Kishore]] [[en:Kishore Kumar]] [[sv:Kishore Kumar]] [[category:شوبز]] [[category:شخصيات]] 1956 6281 2006-05-09T21:33:48Z Aursani 60 #REDIRECT[[ڪشور ڪمار Kishore Kumar]] 1957 edit=sysop:move=sysop 8430 2006-12-14T18:27:11Z Aursani 60 [[Image:gus.jpg|thumb|200px|{{مبسس4}}گل عرساڻي اسڪول جو ڏيک]] ==تعارُف== {{مبسس4}}هيءُ جديد طرز جو سنڌي ذريعه تدريس وارو ادارو آهي، جنهن ۾ قبل ابتدائي تعليم کان وٺِي ڏهين درجي تائين تعليم ڏني ويندي آهي. هيءُ محترم محمد سليم عرساڻيءَ جي والده ماجده مرحومه گل خاتُون عرساڻي</font> (1930ع - 2000ع) {{مبسس4}}جِي نالي سان کوليو ويو آهي، جيڪا انتهائِي پرهيزگار ۽ نيڪ دل عورت هئي. [[Image:gulursani.gif|thumb|250px|{{مبسس4}}مرحُومه گل خاتُون عرساڻي]] ==تاريخ== {{مبسس4}}هيءُ اسڪول [[اوسر پيڙهڪا]] جي مقصدن هيٺ سنڌي تعليم جي ترقيءَ لاءِ سن 2005ع ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو. [[Image:satgus.jpg|thumb|200px|{{مبسس4}}گل عرساڻي اسڪول اُپگرھھ کان ڏسجندي]] ==خارجي ڳنڍڻا== [http://www.gulursanischool.com {{مبسس4}}گُل عُرساڻي اسڪُول] [[category:تعليم]] 1958 6283 2006-05-09T21:46:46Z Aursani 60 #REDIRECT[[گل عرساڻي اسڪول Gul Ursani School]] 1959 6284 2006-05-09T21:47:19Z Aursani 60 #REDIRECT[[گل عرساڻي اسڪول Gul Ursani School]] 1960 6289 2006-05-09T22:21:14Z Aursani 60 1961 6294 2006-05-09T22:27:26Z Aursani 60 1962 6314 2006-05-18T20:20:55Z 217.153.83.162 ==Dictionary== Hello. I saw there is a few article requests from Poland. I have an idea to do mini dictionary for article translating. If You have a minute please translate sentences below into this wikipedia language: * city in poland * located on the south/north/west/est/center part * population * area * capital of the * voidship * city rights Thats All. This sentences help us make STUB article about Polish cities. Best Regards [[pl:user:Stimoroll|Stimoroll]] 1963 6318 2006-05-20T09:17:02Z 203.109.223.33 <div align="center" class="usermessage">[[Image:Internet-group-chat.svg|left|25px]] '''<span class="plainlinks">For a quicker reply, please leave your messages [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=User_talk:Jose77&action=edit&section=new Here]</div> 1964 6319 2006-05-20T09:17:38Z Jose77 82 <div align="center" class="usermessage">[[Image:Internet-group-chat.svg|left|25px]] '''<span class="plainlinks">For a quicker reply, please leave your messages [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=User_talk:Jose77&action=edit&section=new Here]</div> 1965 6320 2006-05-20T09:17:52Z Jose77 82 [[en:User:Jose77]] 1966 8330 2006-12-07T18:45:31Z Aursani 60 [[Image:TheTalpurSons.jpg|thumb|300px|{{مبسس4}}''ٽالپور خاندان جا سُپُوتَ'': کاٻي پاسي کان ٽيون نمبر مير مراد ٽالپور 2، يعني مير مراد ٽالپور 1 جو پڙ پوٽو آھي]] ==تعارُف== {{مبسس4}}مير شير محمد ٽالپور سنڌ جي ٽالپور خاندان جو آخري حڪمران هو. مير صاحب کي سندس بهادري ۽ حب الوطني جي ڪري ”شير سنڌ“ جي لقب سان ياد ڪيو ويندو آهي. پاڻ حيدرآباد سنڌ تي انگريزن جي قبضي کان پوءِ سنڌ جي آزادي جي پهرين جنگ ۲۴ مارچ ۱۸۴۳تي دُٻي جي ميدان ۾ انگريزن سان وِڙهي مادرِوطن، سنڌ، جي آزادي جي جدوجهد جو بنياد رکيو. '''Mir Sher Muhammad Talpur''', popularly known as “The Lion of Sindh” ('''''Sher-i-Sindh''''') belonged to the Mirpurkhas House of Royal [[Talpur]]s. He was son of Mir Ali Murad Talpur, the founder of Mirpurkhas, and was born in 1810. He was the last ruler of Talpurs who fought British General Charles Napier on 24 March 1843 at the battleground of Dubbo to liberate Sindh from British captivity. He is considered as the '''Pioneer of Freedom Struggle in Sindh'''. He passed away on 24 August 1874. ==خارجِي ڳنڍڻا== *[http://www.sindh.ws/royaltalpurs/mankanis/msmk/msmk2.htm "The Lion of Sindh", by Mir Atta Muhammad Talpur"] [[category:شخصيات]] 1967 6341 2006-05-24T21:30:33Z Aursani 60 <includeonly> {| class="infobox" style="width: 21em; font-size: 95%;" |- ! style="text-align: center; background: {{Infobox musical artist 2/color selector|{{{Background|}}} }};" colspan="3" |{{{Name}}} {{#if:{{{Img|}}} |<tr style="text-align: center;"><td colspan="3">[[Image:{{{Img}}}|200px|{{{Img_capt|}}}]] <br /><div style="font-size: 90%">{{{Img_capt|}}}</div></td></tr> }} |- ! style="background: {{Infobox musical artist 2/color selector|{{{Background|}}} }};" colspan="3" | Statistics {{#if:{{{Birth_name|}}} |<tr><td>'''Birth name'''</td><td colspan="2">{{{Birth_name}}}</td></tr> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{Alias|}}} |<tr><td>'''Also known as'''</td><td colspan="2">{{{Alias}}}</td></tr> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{Born|}}} |<tr><td>'''Born'''</td><td colspan="2">{{{Born}}}</td></tr> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{Age|}}} |<tr><td>'''Age'''</td><td colspan="2">{{{Age}}}</td></tr> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{Origin|}}} |<tr><td>'''Origin'''</td><td colspan="2">{{{Origin}}}</td></tr> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{Died|}}} |<tr><td>'''Died'''</td><td colspan="2">{{{Died}}}</td></tr> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{Genre|}}} |<tr><td>'''[[Music genre|Genre(s)]]'''</td><td colspan="2">{{{Genre}}}</td></tr> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{Occupation|}}} |<tr><td>'''Occupation(s)'''</td><td colspan="2">{{{Occupation}}}</td></tr> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{Instrument|}}} |<tr><td>'''[[Musical instrument|Instrument(s)]]'''</td><td colspan="2">{{{Instrument}}}</td></tr> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{Years_active|}}} |<tr><td>'''Years active'''</td><td colspan="2">{{{Years_active}}}</td></tr> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{Label|}}} |<tr><td style="padding-right: 1em;">'''[[Record label|Label(s)]]'''</td><td colspan="2">{{{Label}}}</td></tr> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{Associated_acts|}}} |<tr><td textalign="top" style="padding-right: 1em;">'''Associated <br /> acts'''</td><td colspan="2">{{{Associated_acts}}}</td></tr> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{URL|}}} |<tr><td>'''Website(s)'''</td><td colspan="2">{{{URL}}}</td></tr> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{Current_members|}}} |<tr><th style="background: {{Infobox musical artist 2/color selector|{{{Background|}}} }};" colspan="3">Current members</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;" colspan="3">{{{Current_members}}}</td></tr> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{Past_members|}}} |<tr><th style="background: {{Infobox musical artist 2/color selector|{{{Background|}}} }};" colspan="3">Former members</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;" colspan="3">{{{Past_members}}}</td></tr> }} |}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Infobox musical artist 2 |Name = The Five Heartbeats |Img = Five heartbeats.jpg |Img_capt = The Five Heartbeats. |Background = group_or_band |Origin = [[New York City]], [[New York]], [[USA]] |Genre = [[R&B]]/[[soul music|soul]] |Years_active = 1965 - 1973 |Label = Big Red, A&B |First_album = ''Together Forever'' (1966) |Latest_album = ''The Five Heartbeats'' (1973) |URL = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Five_Heartbeats www.fiveheartbeats.com] |Past_members = Eddie King, Jr. <br /> J.T. Matthews <br /> Anthony "Choirboy" Stone <br /> Terrance "Dresser" Williams <br /> Michael "Flash" Turner }} ''Please be aware that this template is being proposed as a guideline for use in the [[WikiPedia:WikiProject Musicians|Musicians]] [[WP:PJ|WikiProject]]. It is subject to change and may ultimately be rejected all together. To participate in the discussion and development, please visit [[WikiPedia:WikiProject Musicians/Article guidelines#Infobox]]'' <div style="width: 50%;"> <pre> {{Infobox musical artist 2 |Name = |Img = |Img_capt = |Background = |Birth_name = |Alias = |Born = |Died = |Origin = |Instrument = |Genre = |Occupation = |Years_active = |Label = |Associated_acts = |URL = |Current_members = |Past_members = }} </pre> </div> ==Fields== *'''Name''': The name of the act. *'''Img''': An image of the band clear enough to display at 200 pixels wide. *'''Img_capt''': A caption for the above image. *'''Background''': A name chosen according to the established guidelines below. *'''Birth_name''': The performer's name at birth (applies only to solo acts) *'''Alias''': For listing ''official'' stage names for the group or performer, and also for solo performers who change their birth name. *'''Born''': The performer's date of birth. If the performer was born in one city, and raised/established in another, list the city of birth here as well (applies only to solo acts). *'''Died''': The date and location of the performer's death. *'''Origin''': The city from which the act originated. *'''Instrument''': The instruments the performer plays. [[Singing]], [[rapping]], [[beatboxing]], and [[scat singing]] are considered instruments. *'''Genre''': The genre(s) of music the performer plays. It is perferred to be more general here than specific (for example, [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] instead of [[East Coast hip hop]]) *'''Occupation''': The types of musical work the artist does (applies only to solo acts) *'''Years active''': The period during which the group was active, in years. *'''Label''': The record label(s) the act has been signed to. Include a comma-seperated list, with no parenthetical dates (save that information for the main article). Be sure also to disinclude the word "Records" at the end of the label's name; for example, type <nowiki>[[Arista Records|Arista]]</nowiki> instead of <nowiki>[[Arista Records]].</nowiki> *'''Associated_acts''': Acts from which this act spun off, acts which spun off a group act, groups a solo performer is a member of, and acts which which the act frequently associates with. *'''URL''': The web address for the act's official website. *'''Current_members''': The current members of the group (only applies to group acts) *'''Past members''': The past memebers of the group (only applies to group acts) ===Notes=== *Never link years, unless accompanied by dates. *Please see the [[WikiPedia:WikiProject Musicians|WikiProject Musicians project page]] for more information about this template. Most fields are optional and the row will simply be omitted if no data is supplied. ====Colors==== The infobox is color-coded to provide a quick indication of the type of group/performer, ''e.g.'' solo artist, orchestra, etc. This is similar to the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Albums#Colors|color scheme]]s used by [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Albums]] and other projects. Please discuss additional types that need to be accounted for on the [[{{NAMESPACE}} talk:{{PAGENAME}}#Color coding scheme|talk page]]. '''The user doesn't choose the colors directly:''' he simply specifies a name which identifies the type of performer, and is indicated, on each bar, in the table below. {| style="background: transparent; margin-left:1%;" |bgcolor="{{ {{PAGENAME}}/color_selector|solo_singer}}"|'''solo_singer'''||All vocal solo artists (includes singer-songwriters and singer-instrumentalists) |- |bgcolor="{{ {{PAGENAME}}/color_selector|non_vocal_instrumentalist}}"|'''non_vocal_instrumentalist'''||All non-vocal instrumentalists |- |bgcolor="{{ {{PAGENAME}}/color_selector|non_performing_personnel}}"|'''non_performing_personnel'''||All producers, songwriters, arrangers, engineers, and other non-performing personnel |- |bgcolor="{{ {{PAGENAME}}/color_selector|group_or_band}}"|'''group_or_band'''||All groups, bands, crews, or other non-classical music ensembles |- |bgcolor="{{ {{PAGENAME}}/color_selector|cover_band}}"|'''cover_band'''||Cover and tribute bands (same as [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Albums]]' color for covers/tribute albums) |- |bgcolor="{{ {{PAGENAME}}/color_selector|classical_ensemble}}"|'''classical_ensemble'''||All orchestras and other classical music ensembles |- |bgcolor="{{ {{PAGENAME}}/color_selector|temporary}}"|'''temporary'''||Temporary collaborative projects |} ==Sample template== The following template code produced the info box on this page <pre> {{Infobox musical artist 2 |Name = The Five Heartbeats |Img = Five heartbeats.jpg |Img_capt = The Five Heartbeats. |Background = group_or_band |Origin = [[New York City]], [[New York]], [[USA]] |Genre = [[R&B]]/[[soul music|soul]] |Years_active = 1965 - 1973 |Label = Big Red, A&B |First_album = ''Together Forever'' (1966) |Latest_album = ''The Five Heartbeats'' (1973) |URL = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Five_Heartbeats www.fiveheartbeats.com] |Past_members = Eddie King, Jr. <br /> J.T. Matthews <br /> Anthony "Choirboy" Stone <br /> Terrance "Dresser" Williams <br /> Michael "Flash" Turner }} </pre> [[Category:Infobox templates|Musical artist]] [[Category:Music templates|Musical artist]] [[Category:WikiProject Musicians templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:Templates using ParserFunctions|{{PAGENAME}}]] </noinclude> 1968 6342 2006-05-24T21:31:45Z Aursani 60 <includeonly>{{#switch: {{{1|}}} | solo_singer = &#35;f0e68c <!-- khaki --> | non_vocal_instrumentalist = &#35;f08080 <!-- lightcoral --> | non_performing_personnel = &#35;90ee90 <!-- lightgreen --> | group_or_band = &#35;87cefa <!-- lightskyblue --> | cover_band = &#35;dda0dd <!-- plum --> | classical_ensemble = &#35;afeeee <!-- paleturquoise --> | temporary = &#35;a9a9a9 <!-- darkgray --> | {{{1|&#35;a9a9a9}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude><!-- * IMPORTANT: the default line in the switch above is provisional; * * when the design will be settled it shouldn't be possible * * to specify anything else than one of the above names. * * * -->;NOTE This template is an implementation detail, encapsulating the color association we use for its parent template. It has a single unnamed parameter and expands to *<code><color name><code> if a name exists among the 16 names supported by the HTML 4.0 standard (aqua, black, blue, fuchsia, gray, green, lime, maroon, navy, olive, purple, red, silver, teal, white, yellow) *<code>#<color hex><code> otherwise. <em>No final semicolon is included, ever<em>. [[Category:Templates using ParserFunctions|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:Template implementation details|{{PAGENAME}}]] </noinclude> 1969 6343 2006-05-24T21:34:11Z Aursani 60 {{[[Template:{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]]}}<noinclude>[[vi:Tiêu bản:Tl]][[fr:Modèle:M]][[pl:Szablon:S]][[Category:Internal link templates|Tl]]</noinclude> 1970 6345 2006-05-25T13:28:37Z Aursani 60 1971 6348 2006-05-25T16:47:16Z Diagraph01 23 * If you hasten, please write to my [[:ja:利用者‐会話:Diagraph01|ja.wp's discussion page]] in English or Japanese language :) ---- 1972 6361 2006-05-27T09:00:06Z Aursani 60 #REDIRECT[[دُٻي جي جَنگِ]] 1973 6358 2006-05-26T20:26:17Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}مياڻي جي جنگ {{TM}} 17 </font>فيبروري{{TM}} 1843</font>ع تي حيدرآباد سنڌ جي شهداداڻي ٽالپور گهراڻي جي حاڪم، مير نصير خان ٽالپور غازي، ۽ ايسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني جي جنرل چارلس نيپيئر وچ ۾ ڦليلي درياھ جي ڪناري لڳي. هن فيصله ڪُن جنگ ۾ چارلس نيپيئر دوکي سان ٽالپور ميرن جي بلوچ فوج کي هارائي حيدرآباد سنڌ تي قبضو ڪيو. 1974 6351 2006-05-26T14:22:44Z Talpur 84 تعارف '''مير عطا محمد [[ٽالپور]] جو تعلق [[ميرپورخاص]] جي اڳوڻي حڪمران ٽالپور گهراڻي مان آهي. پاڻ شير سنڌ [[مير شير محمد ٽالپور]] جي اولاد مان آهن. پاڻ ميڊيڪل ڊاڪٽر آهن ۽ سنه 2005 کان [[ملاڪه]]، [[ملائيشيا]] ۾ رهائش پذير آهن. وڌيڪ معلومات لاءِ سندن ويبسائيٽ ڏسو[http://www.talpur.ws]''' ---- --[[User:Talpur|Talpur]] 14:22, 26 May 2006 (UTC) 1975 8137 2006-11-22T16:51:02Z Soman 112 {{مبسس4}}مير پور خاص شهر سنڌ جي ڏکڻ ـ اوڀر ۾ واقعي آهي. هن شهر جو بنياد [[مير ٺارو ٽالپور]] ۽ سندس فرزند، [[مير علي مراد ٽالپور]] سن {{TM}} 1806</font>ع ۾ رکيو ۽ سندن رياست جو تختگاه بڻايو. هي شهر انبن جي ڪري مشهور آهي. اڄڪلهه هي شهر [[سنڌ]] ۽ [[هند]] جي وچ ۾ هلندڙ ريل گاڏي جي مکيه اسٽيشن جي ڪري پڻ مشهور آهي.‎‎‎ [[en:Mirpur Khas]] [[pl:Mirpur Khas]] [[sv:Mirpurkhas]] 1976 6362 2006-05-27T09:00:16Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}دُٻي جي جنگ، ميرپورخاص سنڌ جي ماڻڪاڻي ٽالپور حڪمران، شيرِ سنڌ مير شير محمد ٽالپور ۽ ايسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني جي جنرل چارلس نيپيئر وچ ۾ حيدرآباد لڳ دُٻي جي ميدان ۾ لڳي. سنڌ جي گاڌي واري هنڌ حيدرآباد تي نيپيئر جي قبضي کان پوءِ سنڌ جي آزادي جي لاءِ هي پهرين جنگ هئي جيڪا 24 مارچ 1843 واري ڏينهن لڳي. هن جنگ ۾ ٻين هزارن بلوچن ۽ ٽالپورن سان گڏ جنرل هوش محمد عرف هوشو شيدي پڻ جامِ شهادت پيتو. 1977 6378 2006-06-30T12:30:24Z Khoso 88 1979 6380 2006-06-30T18:39:23Z Khoso 88 ميرمحمدامين خان کوسو 1980 6556 2006-07-02T06:42:04Z Khoso 88 '''نواب محمداڪبرخان نواب محراب خان (راهيجه) بگٽي''' انتهائي منفرد ، انتهائي باوقار ، سندس ذات والاصفات پاڻ ئي پنهنجو مٽ . نواب محمداڪبرخان بگٽي . 1981 6383 2006-07-01T14:17:36Z Khoso 88 '''الحاج ميرعلي احمدخان تالپور''' 1982 6384 2006-07-01T14:21:15Z Khoso 88 '''مير رسول بخش خان ٽالپر شيرسنڌ''' 1984 7432 2006-10-11T10:14:31Z Aursani 60 کاتو کلي چڪو 1985 7530 2006-10-12T16:58:18Z Aursani 60 $1 نالي يوزر کاتو کلي چڪو آھي. 1994 7749 2006-10-19T13:52:17Z Aursani 60 (هن صفحي سان بطور [[$1]] ڳنڍجو) 1996 7496 2006-10-11T11:20:19Z Aursani 60 ترميميو 2000 7526 2006-10-12T16:51:31Z Aursani 60 گروپ: 2004 8011 2006-11-03T17:08:17Z Aursani 60 ڪامورا 2026 7506 2006-10-11T11:30:25Z Aursani 60 در آمديل فائيل نھ کلي سگھيو. 2030 7463 2006-10-11T10:50:15Z Aursani 60 صفحا زير آمد... Importing pages 2033 7631 2006-10-16T14:07:39Z Aursani 60 ٻولي: $1 2039 7692 2006-10-16T16:46:17Z Aursani 60 رٿائي صفحو 2042 7321 2006-10-03T15:31:57Z Aursani 60 ٽيٽ فھرست 2045 7634 2006-10-16T15:42:09Z Aursani 60 رٿائي صفحو ڏسو 2048 7701 2006-10-17T16:30:20Z Aursani 60 $1 گمنام يوزرس 2050 7590 2006-10-15T10:29:35Z Aursani 60 $1 لاگ اِن ٿيل يوزرس 2051 7697 2006-10-17T16:24:10Z Aursani 60 $1 منهنجون ترميمون 2052 7700 2006-10-17T16:29:15Z Aursani 60 $1 معمولي ترميمون 2067 7980 2006-10-31T08:37:18Z Aursani 60 [[يوزر:$1|$1]] کي اڻ بندشيو ويو آهي. 2071 7721 2006-10-17T17:40:13Z Aursani 60 <big>'''$1 بحال ٿي چڪو آهي'''</big> <br>تازيون ڊاٺون توڙي بحاليون ڏسڻ لاءِ [[Special:Log/delete|ڊاٺ لاگ]] کوليندا. 2084 7430 2006-10-10T10:15:06Z Aursani 60 '''توھان جي ٽيٽ فھرست ۾ مباحثي صفحن سميت $1 ننگ آھن.''' 2085 7585 2006-10-15T10:22:21Z Aursani 60 (براءِ '''$1''') 2087 6557 2006-07-03T03:25:30Z 84.36.133.50 عايز العب شطرنج <nowiki>Insert non-formatted text here</nowiki>[[Media:Example.ogg]] == Headline text == ---- 2088 6559 2006-07-04T09:33:58Z Khoso 88 '''ميربرادران ( الحاج ميرعلي احمد خان تالپور الحاج مير رسول بخش خان تالپور )''' 2089 6560 2006-07-04T09:42:22Z Khoso 88 '' کوسه کهوسه KHOSA''' 2090 8802 2007-01-30T07:30:19Z Wisesabre 144 Hello! I want to know, where you have a section for advertising at a forum? Or it is not present? I have not found it. P.S. Are you see storm in Europe? It's a horror... :There is no section for advertisment 2091 8803 2007-01-30T23:15:48Z JhsBot 92 robot Adding: [[bpy:আতাকুরা:JhsBot]], [[en:User:JhsBot]] {| class="toccolours" |- valign="middle" |[[Image:Crystal Clear app Session Manager.png|100px]] | ;{{#language:sd}} ''No description yet.'' ;{{#language:no}} Jeg er [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]]s bot. Jeg gjør for det meste interwikilenkining, men kan også gjøre andre oppgaver dersom dette er ønskelig. Jeg kjører på [[m:Pywikipediabot|pywikipedia]]. Du kan kontakte meg [[:no:Brukerdiskusjon:Jon Harald Søby|her]]. ;{{#language:en}} I am [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]]'s bot. I mostly do interwiki linking, but can also do other tasks if this is desirable. I run on [[m:Pywikipediabot|pywikipedia]]. You may contact me [[:no:Brukerdiskusjon:Jon Harald Søby|here]]. |[[Image:Crystal Clear app ktip.png|100px]] |} [[ar:مستخدم:JhsBot]] [[arc:User:JhsBot]] [[bpy:আতাকুরা:JhsBot]] [[da:Bruger:JhsBot]] [[dv:User:JhsBot]] [[en:User:JhsBot]] [[fa:کاربر:JhsBot]] [[fo:Brúkari:JhsBot]] [[he:משתמש:JhsBot]] [[is:Notandi:JhsBot]] [[nn:Brukar:Jobot]] [[no:Bruker:JhsBot]] [[sv:Användare:JhsBot]] [[ug:User:JhsBot]] [[ur:صارف:JhsBot]] [[yi:באַניצער:JhsBot]] 2092 8684 2007-01-07T11:15:14Z Barryland 146 Redirecting to [[انجنيئرڱ ۽ ٽيڪنيڀياس جي مھراڻ يونيورسٽي ڄامشورو]] #REDIRECT[[انجنيئرڱ ۽ ٽيڪنيڀياس جي مھراڻ يونيورسٽي ڄامشورو]] 2094 6571 2006-07-25T13:26:36Z Aursani 60 2095 6573 2006-07-25T13:40:23Z Aursani 60 2096 8765 2007-01-15T01:09:03Z TXiKiBoT 136 robot Adding: [[kk:Ислам]] {{اسلام}} ==تعارف== == اسلام جا رڪن == # [[ڪلمو]] # [[نماز]] # [[روزو]] # [[زڪوات]] # [[حج]] == اسلامي تعليم == [[قرآن]] [[دين]] [[اسلام ڇا آهي؟]] [[اسلامي تربيت ]] [[دين جا اصول]] [[توحيد]] [[ شرڪ جو صحيح مفهوم]] [[نبوت]] [[محمد صلي الله عليه وسلم اخري نبي ۽ رسول آهي]] [[امانت]] [[خلافت جو صحيح مفهوم]] [[قيامت]] [[دوزخ]] [[جنت]] [[عذاب قبر]] ==خارجي ڳنڍڻا== *[http://www.cennet.ws cennet] - islami directory [[af:Islam]] [[am:እስልምና]] [[an:Islam]] [[ar:إسلام]] [[ast:Islam]] [[az:İslam]] [[ba:Ислам]] [[bar:Islam]] [[be:Іслам]] [[bg:Ислям]] [[bm:Sìlàmɛya]] [[bn:ইসলাম ধর্ম]] [[br:Islam]] [[bs:Islam]] [[ca:Islam]] [[cs:Islám]] [[cv:Ислам]] [[cy:Islam]] [[da:Islam]] [[de:Islam]] [[el:Ισλάμ]] [[en:Islam]] [[eo:Islamo]] [[es:Islam]] [[et:Islam]] [[eu:Islam]] [[fa:اسلام]] [[fi:Islam]] [[fo:Islam]] [[fr:Islam]] [[frp:Islame]] [[fur:Islam]] [[ga:Ioslam]] [[gd:Islam]] [[gl:Islam]] [[haw:Hoʻomana Mohameka]] [[he:אסלאם]] [[hi:इस्लाम धर्म]] [[hr:Islam]] [[hu:Iszlám]] [[ia:Islam]] [[id:Islam]] [[ilo:Islam]] [[io:Islamo]] [[is:Íslam]] [[it:Islam]] [[ja:イスラム教]] [[jbo:musyjda]] [[jv:Islam]] [[ka:ისლამი]] [[kk:Ислам]] [[kn:ಇಸ್ಲಾಂ ಧರ್ಮ]] [[ko:이슬람교]] [[ku:Îslam]] [[kw:Islam]] [[la:Religio Islamica]] [[lb:Islam]] [[li:Islam]] [[ln:Islamu]] [[lt:Islamas]] [[lv:Islāms]] [[mk:Ислам]] [[mo:Ислам]] [[ms:Islam]] [[nds:Islam]] [[nl:Islam]] [[nn:Islam]] [[no:Islam]] [[nrm:Islam]] [[pdc:Islaam]] [[pl:Islam]] [[ps:اسلام]] [[pt:Islão]] [[ro:Islam]] [[ru:Ислам]] [[ru-sib:Басурмансво]] [[scn:Islam]] [[sco:Islam]] [[sh:Islam]] [[simple:Islam]] [[sk:Islam]] [[sl:Islam]] [[sq:Feja Islame]] [[sr:Ислам]] [[su:Islam]] [[sv:Islam]] [[sw:Uislamu]] [[ta:இஸ்லாம்]] [[th:ศาสนาอิสลาม]] [[tl:Islam]] [[tr:İslam]] [[tt:Íslam]] [[uk:Іслам]] [[ur:اسلام]] [[vi:Hồi giáo]] [[wa:Islam]] [[yi:איסלאם]] [[zh:伊斯兰教]] [[zh-classical:伊斯蘭教]] 2097 6580 2006-08-01T14:05:39Z 203.135.27.242 هيٺ ڏنل ويب سائيٽ تان اوهان سنڌي ۾ قرآن جو ترجمو پڙهي سگھندا ۽ ان کان علاوه اسلام جي گھڻي معلومات حاصل ڪري سگھندا [http://sarzad82.tripod.com Sindhi Quran] 2098 8660 2007-01-02T14:15:12Z Aursani 60 ===ننڍ پڻ=== اسان جڏهن اسلامي تاريخ جي ڪتابن جو گهرائي سان مطالعو ڪنداسين ته اسان کي اهو چڱي ريت معلوم ٿي ويندو ته امام حسين ننڍپڻ کان ئي اهي سڀ خصوصيتون هيون جيڪي مذهبن جي تاريخ عظيم ڪردارن لاءِ مخصوص آهن ـ پاڻ گهٽ ڳالهائڻ پسند ڪندو هو ـ عمر ۽ مرتبي جي لحاظ کان فضيلت رکڻ وارن جو ادب ۽ احترام ڪندو هو ـ هم عمر وارن سان خلوص ۽ گفتگو ۾ نرمي اختيار ڪندو هو ـ اهي سندن ابتدائي عمر جا ئي سندس سيرت جا نمايا جوهر هئا ـ پاڻ ڪيتري قدر ته مهذب هو ـ ۽ سندس تربيت ڪيتري ته اعليٰ ٿيل هئي انهيءَ جو اندازو هڪ واقعي مان ظاهر ٿي ٿو ”هڪ دفعو پاڻ مسجد ۾ نماز پڙهڻ ويو ته سندس وڏو ڀاءُ امام حسن ته ساڻس گڏ هو ـ جڏهن پاڻ مسجد ۾ پهوا ته ڏٺائين ته هڪ صحابي وضو ڪري رهيو آهي، جڏهن ته هن جي وضو ڪرڻ جو طريقو درست نه آهي ـ جيڪڏهن ڪو ٻيو ٻار هجي ها ته غلط طريقي سان وضو ڪرڻ واري کي سخت لفظن ۾ ٽوڪي ها يا ان جو مذاق اڏائي ها، ان بزرگ جي غلطيءَ تي ٺٺولي ڪري ها، ليڪن تهذيب ۽ تمدن ۽ اخلاق و شائستگيءَ جي هن پيڪر عظيم اهو طريقو اختيار ڪيو جو دوست ته دوست ليڪن دشمن جي زبان مان واهه واهه جا لفظ نڪتا ـ پاڻ ڇا ڪيائين، جو ان صحابي کي چيائين ته ”اوهان اسان ٻنهي ڀائرن جو وضو ڪرڻ ڏسو ۽ پوءِ ٻڌايو ته اسان مان ڪير صحيح آهي“ پاڻ وضو ڪيائين ۽ ان صحابيءَ سندس وضو ڪرڻ کي ڏسي پنهنجي غلطي محسوس ڪري ورتي ۽ چيائين ”اوهين ٻئي صحيح آهيو، ليڪن منهنجو طريقو غلط هو ۽ هاڻ منهنجو پاڻ اصلاح ٿي ويو“. امام حسين جي سيرت طينه جو مطالعو ڪرڻ سان اسان کي معلوم ٿي ٿو ته پاڻ پنهنجي هر عمل جي ذريعي انسانن کي صحيح دڳ تي هلڻ جو درس ڏنائين، جنهن تان هلي ماڻهو پنهنجي منزل ۽ مقصد تي پهچي سگهي ٿو. 2099 6902 2006-09-13T17:30:25Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[انجنيئرڱ ۽ ٽيڪنيڀياس جي مھراڻ يونيورسٽي ڄامشورو]] #REDIRECT[[انجنيئرڱ ۽ ٽيڪنيڀياس جي مھراڻ يونيورسٽي ڄامشورو]] 2100 8716 2007-01-10T17:52:02Z Aursani 60 {{ڪچو}} [[Image:nabb.jpg|thumb|250px|{{مبسس4}}نواب اڪبر بگٽي]] {{مبسس4}}نواب اڪبر بگٽي ( - آگسٽ 26، 2006ع) [[category:شخصيات]] 2101 6618 2006-08-28T15:04:11Z Aursani 60 2102 6625 2006-08-29T18:22:13Z 80.247.152.83 هن جو مقصد آهي 2105 7186 2006-09-29T15:55:10Z Aursani 60 اپريل 2107 7198 2006-09-29T16:13:28Z Aursani 60 آگسٽ 2108 7444 2006-10-11T10:25:52Z Aursani 60 توھان کي اھو عمل ڪرڻ جو اختيار حاصل نھ آھي. You are not allowed to execute the action you have requested. 2114 8340 2006-12-07T18:54:52Z Aursani 60 زمراتي صفحو ڏسو 2116 7557 2006-10-12T18:06:54Z Aursani 60 کاتو کولڻ جي روڪَ ٿيل 2118 7193 2006-09-29T16:05:51Z Aursani 60 ڊسمبر 2120 7196 2006-09-29T16:11:30Z Aursani 60 فيبروري 2122 7488 2006-10-11T11:08:53Z Aursani 60 تاريخ 2124 7741 2006-10-19T12:06:24Z Aursani 60 نالو 2128 7846 2006-10-25T13:27:54Z Aursani 60 فائيل 2129 7844 2006-10-25T13:27:16Z Aursani 60 هلو! 2131 7845 2006-10-25T13:27:37Z Aursani 60 صفحي تي هلو 2134 8026 2006-11-04T17:13:32Z Aursani 60 صفحن کي نانءُ پولار ۾ بدلي ڪريو: Transfer pages into namespace: 2139 7164 2006-09-29T15:34:15Z Aursani 60 جنوري 2140 7166 2006-09-29T15:34:55Z Aursani 60 جُولاءِ 2141 7194 2006-09-29T16:07:14Z Aursani 60 جُونِ 2142 7704 2006-10-17T16:35:10Z Aursani 60 ھن اکر سان شروع ٿيندڙ يوزرس جي فهرست ڏيکاريو: 2144 7172 2006-09-29T15:38:27Z Aursani 60 مارچ 2145 7171 2006-09-29T15:38:12Z Aursani 60 مَي 2146 7521 2006-10-12T16:45:42Z Aursani 60 نياپن وارو صفحو ڏسندا 2147 7041 2006-09-27T11:09:59Z Aursani 60 سومر 2148 7786 2006-10-19T15:43:56Z Aursani 60 يوزر نانءُ: 2149 7153 2006-09-29T15:23:37Z Aursani 60 نومبر 2152 7026 2006-09-27T10:47:58Z Aursani 60 ڇنڇر 2153 7031 2006-09-27T10:50:27Z Aursani 60 ڳوليو 2158 7036 2006-09-27T11:05:14Z Aursani 60 آچر 2168 7038 2006-09-27T11:06:03Z Aursani 60 اڱارو 2171 7601 2006-10-15T10:55:05Z Aursani 60 امدادي صفحو ڏسو 2173 7979 2006-10-31T08:36:03Z Aursani 60 اربع 2174 8386 2006-12-12T11:33:04Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[هالا]] #REDIRECT[[هالا]] 2175 6812 2006-09-09T13:18:36Z Alixafar 98 Redirecting to [[جي ايم سيد]] #REDIRECT [[جي ايم سيد]] 2176 8294 2006-12-07T17:14:26Z Aursani 60 راجا ڏاهر سنڌ جو واحد سنڌي حڪمران ٿي گذريو آهي. [[category:سنڌي سُورما]] [[category:تاريخ]] 2177 8351 2006-12-08T08:23:56Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[اطلاعات ٽيڪنيڀياس]] #REDIRECT[[اطلاعات ٽيڪنيڀياس]] 2179 8369 2006-12-12T09:57:08Z Aursani 60 {{portal}} '''Information Technology''' ('''IT''')<ref name="Explanation">Information Technology is also known as '''Information and Communication(s) Technology''' ('''ICT''') and '''Infocomm''' in Asia.</ref> is a broad subject concerned with [[technology]] and other aspects of [[information processing|managing and processing information]], especially in large organizations. In particular, IT deals with the use of [[electronics|electronic]] [[computer]]s and [[computer software]] to convert, store, protect, process, [[Transmission (telecommunications)|transmit]], and retrieve information. For that reason, computer professionals are often called IT specialists or Business Process Consultants, and the division of a company or university that deals with software technology is often called the IT department. Other names for the latter are [[information systems|information service]]s (IS) or [[management information system|management information service]]s (MIS), [[managed service provider]]s (MSP). In the [[United Kingdom]] education system, information technology was formally integrated into the school curriculum when the [[National Curriculum]] was devised. It was quickly realised that the work covered was useful in all subjects. With the arrival of the Internet and the broadband connections to all schools, the application of IT knowledge, skills and understanding in all subjects became a reality. This change in emphasis has resulted in a change of name from Information Technology to Information and Communication Technology (ICT). [[ICT (education)|ICT in Education]] can be understood as the application of digital equipment to all aspects of teaching and learning. It is present in almost all schools and is of growing influence. The growth of use of Information Communication Technology and its tools in the field of Education has seen tremendous growth in the recent past. Technology has entered the classroom in a big way, to become part of a teaching learning process. == Topics == * [[Information technology audit]] ** [[Computer security audit]] *{{مبسس4}}[[ڳڻپيوڪاري]] * [[Computer science]] *{{مبسس4}}[[اطلاعيات]] * [[Information security]] * [[World Wide Web]] *{{مبسس4}}[[عددي لائبريري]] * [[Pattern recognition]] * [[Data management]] ** [[Data processing]] ** [[RFID]] ** [[Data drilling]] ** [[Data mining]] ** [[Data transformation]] ** [[Metadata (computing)|Metadata]] * [[Data storage]] ** [[Database]] ** [[Data networking]] * [[Technology assessment]] * [[Cryptography]] * [[Information Technology Infrastructure Library]] * [[Information technology governance]] * [[Telematics]] * [[IT Day]] * [[IT Systems Increasing Employee Productivity]] {{IT giants}} ==== Footnotes ==== <references/> [[Category:Information technology]] [[af:Inligtingstegnologie]] [[ar:تكنولوجيا المعلومات]] [[da:Informationsteknologi]] [[de:Informationstechnik]] [[es:Tecnologías de la información]] [[fa:فناوری اطلاعات]] [[fi:Ohjelmistotekniikka]] [[fr:Technologies de l'information et de la communication]] [[gl:Tecnoloxías da información]] [[hu:Informatika]] [[id:Teknologi informasi]] [[it:ICT]] [[ja:情報技術]] [[ka:საინფორმაციო ტექნოლოგია]] [[ko:정보통신기술]] [[lv:Informācijas tehnoloģijas]] [[ml:ഇന്‍ഫര്‍മേഷന്‍ ടെക്നോളജി]] [[ms:Teknologi maklumat]] [[nl:Informatie- en Communicatietechnologie]] [[pl:IT]] [[pt:Tecnologia da informação]] [[ro:Tehnologia informaţiei]] [[ru:Информационные технологии]] [[sv:IT]] [[ta:தகவல் தொழில்நுட்பம்]] [[th:เทคโนโลยีสารสนเทศ]] [[uk:Інформаційні технології]] [[vi:Công nghệ thông tin]] [[zh:信息技术]] [[category:ٽيڪنيڀياس]] 2180 6727 2006-09-02T10:59:10Z Aursani 60 ‏‏{{مبسس4}}سائين عرفان صاحب، مين پيج جي ٽاڪ پيج تي توھان جو نياپو پڙھيم. تمام گھڻي خوشي ٿي تھ دير ئي سھي پر اسان جي سنڌي ڀائرن سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا ۾ دلچسپي وٺڻ شروع ڪئي آھي. ٽاڪ پيج تي ڪو بھ نياپو رکڻ بعد نياپي جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ مھرباني ڪري چار لھرون (‌‌~) ضرور ٽائيپ ڪندا، جنھن سان نياپي جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ از خود توھان جو نالو ظاھر ٿي ويندو. تنھن کان سواءِ نياپو لکڻ وارو وقت بھ درج ٿي ويندو. ٻيو اھو تھ ايڊکنسٽريٽر جي حيثيت ۾، آئون ڪو بھ غير سنڌي نياپو ڊاھي ڇڏيندو آھيان. مھرباني ڪري نياپا سنڌيءَ ۾ رکندا. [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 10:58, 2 September 2006 (UTC) 2181 7229 2006-09-30T15:41:26Z Aursani 60 2182 7423 2006-10-08T13:29:21Z 202.174.136.98 /* ھڪ ڀيرو وري ڀليڪار */ == سائين خير ته آهي؟ == {{مبسس4}}سائين اميد ته اوهان خوش هوندا! اوهان لاءِ ڪجهه صلاحون رکيون پر اوهان انهن تي ڪو به غور نه ڪيو ۽ نه ڪو جواب ڏنو، سائين خير آ جيڪڏهن تجويزون پسند نه آيون آهن ته. مان ڪوشش ڪريان پيو ته سنڌيءَ جي هنن ٽنهي پروجيڪٽس ۾ اسان جا سنڌي حصو وٺن، ان لاءِ مان پنهنجي ياهو اي گروپس ۾ پڻ انهن جي حوالي سان پوسٽنگ ڪري رهيو آهيان، اميد ته سٺا نتيجا نڪرندا. جيڪڏهن مين پيج کي خوبصورت بڻايو ته ڀلو ٿيندو، ٽيمپليٽ جيڪي نه ٺاهيا ويا آهن ته پوءِ انهن کي هٽائي ڇڏيو ضروري ته نه آهي ٻين جيان هر ٽيمپليٽ اسان به رکون. [[User:Alixafar|Alixafar]] 20:52, 1 آڪٽوبر 2006 (UTC) ==ڀليڪار== {{مبسس4}}ڀائُو علي صاحب. اسلام عليڪم. {{مبسس4}}سڀ کان پھرين اوھان کي سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀليڪار چئجي ٿِي. توھان سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي پير ڀريا، ان تي مون کي بيحد خوشي ٿِي. توھان جي يوزر نيم مان توھان جي درست نالي جي خبر نھ ٿي پوي. توھان منھنجي ٽاڪ پيج تي جيڪو نياپو رکيو آھي، تنھنجي آخر ۾ توھان پنھنجي صحيح نھ ڪئي آھي. مھرباني ڪري آئيندھ ڪو بھ نياپو رکو تھ 4 لھرون (~) ٽائيپ ڪندا تھ جيئن نياپي جو وقت ۽ تاريخ بھ درج ٿي تھ اوھان جو نالو بھ درج ٿي. {{مبسس4}}پيارا دوست، عرض ايئن آھي تھ توھان مون کان ڀلي ڪيترا بھ ناراض ڇو نھ ھجو، ۽ ڀلي مون سان ڪيتريون ئي شڪايتون ڇو نھ ھجن، يا آئون ڀلي ڪيترو ئي خراب ماڻھو ڇو نھ ھجان، پر مھرباني ڪري سنڌي ٻوليءَ تان پنھنجو ارواح نھ کڻندا. ڇاڪاڻ تھ ڪنھن فرد جي ڪوتاھين جي سزا اسان جي ماءُ ٻوليءَ کي نھ ملڻ گھرجي. ٻيو عرض اھو تھ توھان چيو آھي تھ مون ڪيترن ئي ماڻھن جي دل ڏکوئي آھي. مگر توھان ان ڳالھھ جي وضاحت ڪا نھ ڪئي آھي تھ مون دل ڪيئن ڏکوئي آھي. مھرباني ڪري واضح ڪندا تھ جيئن آئون پنھنجي ڪوتاھين جي معافي بھ وٺي سگھان تھ تدارڪ بھ ڪري سگھان. ادا توھان چيو آھي تھ آئون شايد چوڪيدار آھيان. ڀائُو توھان سنڌيءَ ۾ چوڪيدار ڀلي چئوم پر انگريزي وڪيپيڊيا تي ان کي ايڊمنسٽريٽر چوندا آھن. اوھان بھ ايئن ئي ايڊمنسٽريٽر ٿي سگھو ٿا جيئن آئون. پر ان لاءِ توھان کي ٿوري محنت ڪرڻي پوندي. سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا جي شروعات مون حڪير انسان ڪئي. ان تي وس آھر جيترو ٿي سگھيو اوترو ڪم ڪيم. مگر ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ وقت ڏيڻو پوي ٿو ۽ محنت ڪرڻي پوي ٿي. وڪيپيڊيا تي ايڊٽڱ ڪيئن ٿيندي اھا مون کي بلڪل خبر نھ ھئي. ان ڪري شروع شروع ۾ تمام ڏکيائي پيش آئي. جيئن تھ آئون اڪيلو ھوس، ان ڪري مون کي تمام ڏکيائي پيش آئي. آئون مستقل ۽ روزانو اچي ڪم ڪندو ھوس ۽ پوءِ وڪيپيڊيا جي ايڊمنسٽريشن مون کي ايڊمنسٽريٽر مقرر ڪري ڇڏيو. پر مواد رکڻ لاءِ ايڊمنسٽريٽر ٿيڻ ضروري ناھي. جيئن توھان جي ايم سيد تي پيج جي شروعات ڪئي آھي، تيئن ڪنھن بھ موضوع تي مواد رکي سگھو ٿا. پنھنجي ڳوٺ، شھر يا ڪنھن شخصيت يا اداري جي تعارف جو صفحو رکي سگھو ٿا. {{مبسس4}}مھرباني ڪري رڳو ان ڪري رنج نھ ٿيو تھ مون گل عرساڻي اسڪول جو تعارف رکيو آھي. بلڪ ڪوشش ڪري پنھنجو ۽ پنھنجي ڪيل ڪم جو تعارف رکندا. پنھنجي ڇپايل ڪتاب جو تعارف رکندا يا توھان پنھنجي ڪنھن تنظيم جو تعارف رکندا. اوھان کي بھ مواد رکڻ جو اوترو ئي حق آھي جيترو ايڊمنسٽريٽر يا مون چوڪيدار کي آھي. ٻيو عرض اھو ڪندس تھ گل عرساڻي اسڪول منھنجو ذاتي اسڪول ھرگز بھ نھ آھي. ھيءُ اسڪول مرحومھ گل خاتون عرساڻيءَ جي نالي سان کوليو ويو آھي، جنھن جي فرزند محمد سليم عرساڻيءَ اوسر پيڙھڪا کي 65 لک رپين کان مٿي امداد ڏني. اھا سموري رقم خرچ ڪرڻ بعد ھيءُ اسڪول اوسر پيڙھڪا جي مقصدن پٽاندر سنڌي ميڊيئم اسڪول طور کوليو ويو آھي. ھن وقت اسڪول تمام گھڻي مالي مشڪلات ۾ آھي، ڇاڪاڻ تھ اھو شروع کان ئي تمام ٿوري فيءَ تي ھلي رھيو آھي. ھيءُ انگريزي ميڊيئم اسڪولن جو مقابلو ڪرڻ لاءِ کوليو ويو آھي، جيڪي سنڌي بھ نھ ٿا پاڙھين ۽ سنڌي ٻارن جي والدين کي گھر ۾ اردو ڳالھائڻ تي مجبور ٿا ڪن. مطلب تھ ھيءُ منھنجو ذاتي اسڪول نھ آھي، بلڪ اوسر پيڙھا جي ملڪيت آھي، جيڪا در اصل سنڌ جي قومي امانت آھي. مون ان اسڪول جو تعارف ان ڪري رکيو آھي تھ اھو سنڌي ميڊيئم اسڪول آھي. پر آئون ڪو گھڻو مواد رکي نھ سگھيو آھيان ڇاڪاڻ تھ ايترو وقت نھ ٿو ڏئي سگھان. سڌ تھ اھا اٿم تھ آئون جنھن سرڪاري اسڪول ۾ پڙھيو آھيان، ان جو بھ تعارف سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي رکان. جيڪڏھن اوھان پنھنجي مادر علمي جو تعارف رکندا تھ مون کي تمام گھڻي خوشي ٿيندي. {{مبسس4}}ھڪ ٻيو عرض اھو آھي تھ توھان پنھنجي يوزر پيج تي ضرور پنھنجو مختصر تعارف رکندا ۽ پنھنجي تصوير بھ رکندا. جيئن مون رکيو آھي. آخر ۾ وري گذارش ڪندس تھ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي پير ڀريندا رھندا ۽ مون کي دعائن ۾ ياد رکندا. جيترو ٿي سگھي منھنجون غلطيون معاف ڪندا ۽ رھنمائي پڻ ڪندا تھ آئون ڪيئن بھتر ڪم ڪري سگھان ٿو. ‌‌‌‌[[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 09:27, 6 September 2006 (UTC) == حرام پائي == {{مبسس4}}ظفر علي صاحب، اوھان منھنجي ٽاڪ پيج تي جيڪو نياپو رکيو آھي، تنھن ۾ توھان ڪنھن حرام پائيءَ جو ذڪر ڪيو آھي. مون کي سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڪٿي بھ حرام پائي نظر نھ آئي آھي. بلڪ اڄ تائين ڪنھن بھ مھذب دوست کي اھڙو مشاھدو نھ ٿيو آھي ۽ نھ ئي ڪنھن اھڙو اڍنگو ۽ غير مھذب لفظ استعمال ڪيو آھي. پنھنجو تعارف رکڻ جي مھرباني. اوھان جو تعارف پڙھي يقين نھ پيو اچيم تھ اوھان جھڙو ليکڪ ماڻھو اھڙا ڪڌا لفظ بھ استعمال ڪري سگھي ٿو. بھر حال جيڪڏھن وري ڪا اھڙي غير مناسب شي سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي نظر آئي ھجي تھ ان جي واضح نشاندھي ڪندا ۽ آئيندھ مھذب ٻولي استعمال ڪندا. وڪيپيڊيا رڳو سنڌي، انگريزي ۽ اردو نھ پر انيڪ ٻولين ۾ موجود آھي. اوھان کي کُلي ڇوٽ آھي تھ سڀني ٻولين جا وڪيپيڊيا جوائن ڪريو. مگر سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي غير مھذب ٻولي استعمال ڪرڻ کان پاسو ڪندا. ٻي صورت ۾ اوھان جي رڪنيت خارج ڪري سگھجي ٿِي. [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 15:26, 6 September 2006 (UTC) == اوھان جي اعتراضن جو جواب == ‏‏{{مبسس4}}ادا لغاري صاحب، اسلام عليڪم‎.‎ ‎ ھن ڀيري مھذب لفظن ۾ مخاطب ٿيڻ جي مھرباني. مگر اوھان منھنجي ڪنھن بھ‏‎ ‎غلطيءَ کي جواز ڄاڻائي ‏پنھنجي نامناسب لفظن کي جائز نھ ٿا چئي سگھو. ٻيو‏‎ ‎عرض اھو تھ توھان لاءِ مون جيڪو نياپو ڇڏيو آھي، ان ۾ ‏اوھان جي لکيل ھر ڳالھھ جو‎ ‎مون جواب اوھان کي ڏئي ڇڏيو آھي‎. ‎ ‎ ‏‏{{مبسس5}}اوھان کي بلاڪ ڪرڻ ‏‏{{مبسس4}}در اصل مون اوھان جي يوزر نيم کي اڄا تائين بھ بلاڪ نھ ڪيو آھي. اوھان‏‎ ‎جيڪڏھن ڪنھن ٻي دوست جي ‏گھران انٽرنيٽ ھلائيندا تھ توھان پنھنجي ئي‎ ‎يوزرنيم سان لاگ ان ٿي سگھندا. در اصل مون توھان جي آئي پي ‏ايڊريس بلاڪ‎ ‎ڪئي آھي. ڇاڪاڻ تھ مون کي پڪ نھ ھئي تھ اھا آئي پي ڪنھن جي آھي. مون‏‎ ‎واريگاھھ ۾ ھڪ گم ‏نام نياپو پڙھيو. مون کي اندازو ٿيو تھ اھو اوھان ئي‏‎ ‎لکيو آھي. مگر جيئن تھ ان ۾ بھ نا مناسب لفظن جو استعمال ‏ھو، ۽ ٻيو تھ‎ ‎لکڻ واري غلط جاءِ تي مون لاءِ اناب شناب لکيو ھو، تنھنڪري مون وٽ ٻي ڪا‎ ‎واٽ نھ ھئي سواءِ ان ‏جي تھ آئون ان گم نام يوزر کي بلاڪ ڪري ڇڏيان. آئون‏‎ ‎ٿوري ئي دير ۾ اوھان جي آئي پي کي اَن بلاڪ ڪريان ٿو ‏تھ جيئن توھان پنھنجي‎ ‎ئي ڳڻپيوڪر کي استعمال ڪندي وڪيپيڊيا استعمال ڪري سگھو‎. ‎‏ آئيندھ جيڪڏھن ‏منھنجي لاءِ ڪو نياپو ڇڏڻو ھجي تھ مھرباني ڪري منھنجي ٽاڪ پيج تي ڇڏيندا.‏ ‎ ‏‏{{مبسس4}}ھاڻي اوھان جي مختلف اعتراضن جا جواب‏‎. ‎ ‏‏{{مبسس5}}عربي فارسي ۽ اردو لفظن جو استعمال ‏ ‏‏{{مبسس4}}ادا لغاري صاحب سڀ کان پھرين اھا ڳالھھ تھ لفظن جي استعمال ۽ چونڊ جي باري ۾ اوھان جي جيڪا بھ راءِ آھي ‏اھا اوھان جي پنھنجي ذاتي راءِ آھي ۽ ھر انسان کي پنھنجي راءِ رکڻ جو حق حاصل آھي. توڙِي جو آئون توھان ‏جي راءِ سان متفق بلڪل بھ نھ آھيان، پر وري بھ ان ڳالھھ جي وضاحت ڪندو ھلان تھ اوھان جيڪي لفظ ڄاڻايا ‏آھن، (مثال طور تصفح اشار ابجد، زمراجات، وثق، مقالات به يڪ نظر، حلقات، ‏منبع، انواع وغيرهه) تن مان مون ھڪ بھ استعمال نھ ڪيو آھي. اوھان ھرڀرو ڪاوڙ ۽ جنون ۾ اچي گھڻو ڪجھھ ‏‏۽ غير مناسب لفظ استعمال ڪري ويٺا آھيو. ھاڻي ڳالھھ کي سمجھو. مون جڏھن سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا جي شروعات ‏ڪئي، تڏھن سڀ کان پھرين مون کي ان جو مين پيج ٺاھڻو ھو. جيئن تھ ناڪافي وقت ھوڻ جي باوجود سنڌي ‏ٻوليءَ جي محبت ۾ آئون ڪم ڪري رھيو ھوس، تنھن ڪري مون لاءِ آسان ترين ڪم اھو ھو تھ آئون ڪاپي ‏COPY‏ ‏‏۽ پيسٽ‏‎ ‎‏ ‏PASTE ‎ڪريان. جيئن تھ اردو زبان بھ سنڌيءَ وانگي ساڄي کان کاٻي پاسي لکي ويندي آھي، ‏تنھنڪري مون کي اھو آسان لڳو تھ اردو وڪيپيڊيا جي مين پيج کي ڪاپي ڪري پيسٽ ڪريان ۽ پوءِ رفتھ رفتھ ‏آئون ھڪ ھڪ ڪري سڀني لفظن ۽ جملن کي سنڌي ڪريان. ان وقت آئون بلڪل نئون ھوس ۽ ايڊمنسٽريٽر ڪو ‏نھ ھوس. تنھنڪري سڄي دنيا مان ڪو بھ سنڌي اچي اتي ڪم ڪري سگھيو پئي. پر سڄي دنيا مان آئون ھڪ ‏فقير انسان آھيان جيڪو روزانو ڪجھھ نھ ڪجھھ ڪندو آھيان. ٻيو سڀ اللھ جو نالو مٺو موچارو آھي. ‏ ‏‏{{مبسس4}}اوھان شايد وڪيپيڊيا تي رکيل منھنجو يوزر پيج نھ پڙھي ڏٺو آھي. آئون ھن وقت فرانس ۾ پي ايڇ ڊي ڪري ‏رھيو آھيان. نھ تھ آئون وڪيپيڊيا جو پگھاردار آھيان، ۽ نھ ئي وڪيپيڊيا جي طرفان پابند آھيان تھ کين سنڌي ‏وڪيپيڊيا جو ڪم ڪري ڏيان. اھڙيءَ ريت وڪيپيڊيا جو ھر يوزر آزاد آھي تھ ڪم ڪري يا نھ ڪري، يا ڪيترو ‏ڪم ڪري. جيڪڏھن مون ڪو ڪم مڪمل نھ ڪيو يا اڌورو ڇڏي ڏنو يا پورو ڪري نھ سگھيس تھ ان تي مون کي ‏گار گند نھ ٿو ڪري سگھجي ۽ نھ ئي ڪنھن کي ڪو حق حاصل آھي تھ وڪيپيڊيا تي ڏنل غلط ڄاڻ جو مون کي ‏ذميوار ٺھرائي. ادا جيڪڏھن مون ڪو ڪم سٺو يا مڪمل نھ ڪيو آھي ۽ اوھان سنڌي ٻوليءَ جا دردوند آھيو تھ ‏اوھان ئي ڪم ڇو نھ ٿا ڪري وٺو؟ اوھان جن لفظن تي اعتراض اٿاريو آھي، سي در حقيقت ڳنڍڻن يا لنڪس جا ‏نالا آھن. اردو وڪيپيڊيا تي ڪيترا ئي يوزرس آھن ۽ ڪيترا ئي مضمون موجود آھن، جن کي ھنن ڪيٽيگريز ۾ ‏ورھائي انھن ڪيٽرگريز جا لنڪس مين پيج تي رکيا آھن. پر جيئن تھ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ايترا مضمون ئي نھ ‏آھن تھ انھن جون ڪيٽيگريز وري ڪھڙيون ٺھنديون؟ انھن جي لنڪس جا نالا ڪھڙا رکبا؟ اھو تھ آئون ان وقت ‏فيصلو نھ ٿي ڪري سگھيس جڏھن آئون مين پيج اردوءَ مان سنڌي ڪري رھيو ھوس. تنھنڪري اھي لنڪس بنا ‏استعمال جي ۽ بنا ڪنھن مقصد جي ايئن ئي مين پيج تي پيا آھن. انھن کي باآساني مٽائي سگھجي ٿو. پر آئون ‏انھن کي مٽائي انھن جي جاءِ تي ڪھڙا ڳنڍڻا رکان؟ بھرحال، اوھان کي ڪا بھ شي پسند نھ ٿي اچي تھ اوھان ‏واسطيدار صفحي جي ٽاڪ پيج يا ڊسڪشن پيج تي پنھنجي راءِ جو اظھار ڪندا ڪريو. باقي بنا سوچڻ سمجھڻ ‏جي ھرڀرو ھر ڳالھھ جو ذميوار احسان عرساڻيءَ کي سمجھي ان کي گھٽ وڌ لفظ لکڻ ڪٿي جو انصاف آھي؟ ۽ ‏ڇا اوھان کي اھڙا لفظ لکڻ سونھين ٿو؟ وڪيپيڊيا جا ڪجھھ آداب آھن، جن جي پوئواري لازمي آھي. اوھان غير مھذب لفظن جي استعمال کان پاسو ‏ڪندا، ٻيو اھو تھ ڪنھن بھ صفحي تي رکيل ڪنھن بھ مواد، عبارت، يا لفظ تي اعراض آھي يا تبديل ڪرڻ گھرو ٿا ‏تھ پھرين پنھنجي راءِ جو مھذب لفظن ۾ استعمال ڪندا اھو بھ فقط ٽاڪ پيج تي. واريگاھھ فقط نون آيل دوستن ‏لاءِ آھي تھ جيئن ھُو ايڊٽڱ ڪرڻ سکي سگھن. مطلب تھ اھو رف صفحو آھي. اتي ڪھڙي بھ ٻولي ٽائيپ ڪري ‏سگھجي ٿي. ھر نئين يوزر کي گھرجي تھ سنڌي زردو انگريزي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون واريگاھھ ۾ ڀلي ٽائيپ ڪري ڏسي. ‏محض تجربي لاءِ تھ ڪھڙي شي ڪيئن ٽائيپ ٿيندو. واري گاھھ نياپا ڇڏڻ جي جاءِ نھ آھي. ‏ ‏‏{{مبسس5}}لفظ واريگاھھ ‏‏{{مبسس4}}ادا جيئن تھ آئون اڳي ئي ٻڌائي چڪو آھيان تھ انگريزيءَ ۾ ان جو لفظ سينڊ باڪس آھي ۽ اردوءَ ۾ ان جو متبادل ‏ريت گاھھ آھي، تنھنڪري مون ان جو سنڌي بدل واريگاھھ رکيو. لفظ سنڌيءَ ۾ ترجمو ڪرڻ کان سواءِ ٿو رکيل ‏آھن تھ بھ اوھان کڱي اعتراض آھي، ۽ جي سنڌيءَ ۾ ترجمو ڪيل آھن، تھ بھ اوھان کي اعتراض آھي. آخر ڪجي ‏تھ ڪجي ڇا؟؟؟؟ پر وري جيڪڏھن اوھان کي منھنجو ٺاھيل لفظ پسند نھ آيو تھ بھ ان جو مطلب ھرگز بھ اھو ‏ڪونھي تھ توھان مون کي گار گند ڪندا ۽ پتون پاراتا ڏيندا. بلڪھ آسان ڳالھھ اھا آھي تھ اوھان پنھنجي راءِ جو ‏اظھار ڪندا اھو بھ ٽاڪ پيج تي. انگريزيءَ ۾ سينڊ باڪس جو لفظ ان ڪري استعمال ٿيل آھي جو واريءَ جي ‏ٿيلھيءَ کي يا واري وڇايل جاءِ تي ڌڪ ڪو نھ لڳندو آھي ۽ اتي ماڻھو ڪرڻ جي صورت ۾ بھ ڌڪ ڪو نھ کائيندو ‏‏۽ نھ ئي زخمي ٿيندو. ان ڪري ان رف پيج يا نون آيلن لاءِ تجربيگاھھ کي سينڊباڪس يا واريگاھھ جو نالو ڏنل ‏آھي. جڏھن سماج ۾ نيون شيون مروج ٿينديون آھن تھ انھن سماجن جي ٻولين ۾ بھ نوان لاڙا ۽ نوان لفظ متعارف ‏ٿيندا آھن. ‏ ‏‏{{مبسس5}}ذاتي اشتھاربازي ‏‏{{مبسس4}}جيڪڏھن اوھان ٿورو غور ڪندا تھ اوھان کي محسوس ٿيندو تھ توھان وري بھ غلط ئي سوچي رھيا آھيو. مين ‏پيج تي ڪاوش جو بھ لنڪ آھي تھ ڪجھھ ٻين جو بھ. پر بھرحال گل عرساڻي اسڪول جو لنڪ يا ڳنڍڻو اڄ جو ‏اسڪول جي عنوان ھيٺ آھي. در اصل مون اھو نيڪ نيتيءَ سان رکيو ھو. منھنجو خيال ھو تھ جيئن ئي سنڌي ‏وڪيپيڊيا جنم وٺندو تھ سنڌي دوست ڀرپور حصو وٺندا ۽ اچي پنھنجي پنھنجي ڀاڱيداري نڀائيندا. ان عنوان جو ‏مقصد اھو ھو تھ آئون روز ھڪ نئين اسڪول جي تعارف جو ڳنڍڻو رکندس. پر بد قسمتيءَ سان آئون اڄ بھ اڪيلو ‏ئي آھيان ۽ اڄ بھ آئون ھڪ ئي ريگيولر يوزر آھيان ۽ اڪيلو ئي ايڊمنسٽريٽر آھيان. جيڪڏھن اوھان ڪم ڪرڻ ‏جو ڪو چڱو جذبو رکو ٿا تھ اوھان ئي ڪنھن ٻي سنڌي اسڪول جو تعارف لي ڏيو يا ڪنھن سنڌي ميڊيئم ‏اسڪول جي ويب سائيٽ اڳي ئي موجود آھي تھ ان جي يو آر ايل مون ڏيندا تھ آئون مين پيج تان گل عرساڻي ‏اسڪول جو لنڪ ھٽائي ان جو لنڪ اڄ جو اسڪول جي عنوان ھيٺ رکي ڇڏيان. مون کي سمجھھ ۾ اھا ڳالھھ نھ ‏ٿي اچي تھ صرف گل عرساڻي اسڪول جي لنڪ جو مين پيج تي ھوڻ اوھان کي ايترو ڏکيو ڇو لڳو جو اوھان ‏منھنجي ڪيل ھيتري ساري محنت کي پاڻيءَ ۾ لوڙھي ڇڏيو ۽ سنڌي ٻوليءَ تان بھ ارواح کڻي ڇڏيو؟ بلڪھ ‏نامناسب لفظن جي استعمال کان بھ گريز نھ ڪيو؟ ‏ اوھان ڪجھھ فانٽس جو ذڪر ڪيو آھي. مون وڪيپيڊيا ۽ وڪشنريءَ ۾ رڳو ايم بي سارگ ستار استعمال ڪيو ‏آھي. مون کي اھو ئي بھتر نظر آيو. توھان نوٽ ڪندا تھ ھر فانٽ جي نالي اڳيان ايم بي يعني تھ ماجد ڀرڳڙي اچي ‏ٿو. ماجد صاحب جي ڪيل ڪم تي اسان کي فخر آھي ۽ ان جي اسان کليءَ دل سان ساراھھ بھ ڪريون ٿا. ڪيترن ‏دوستن سندن ٺاھيل ويب پيجز تي تمام وڏن اکرن سان ماجد ڀرڳڙي صاحب جو ٿورو بھ مڃيو آھي. سندن انسٽالر ‏جو نالو بھ ايم بي انسٽالر آھي. اسان کي ان مان ڪنھن بھ ڳالھھ تي اعتراض ڪونھي. مگر خبر نھ آھي ڇو اوھان ‏کي سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا ۽ سنڌي وڪشنريءَ تي ھيترو سارو ڪم ڪندڙ ماڻھوءَ جو نالو يعني ”عرساڻي” مين پيج تي ‏لکيل ايڏو ڏکيو لڳو جو اوھان جو سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تان ارواح ئي کڄي ويو! ‏ ‏‏{{مبسس5}}‏"جيڪڏهن سنڌي اکر درست نظر نه پيا اچن ته هتي ڪلڪ ڪريو" وارو آپشن سائز ۾ ‏انتهائي وڏو ۽ غير مناسب آهي ‏‏{{مبسس4}}ادا اھڙيون تھ اڃا ڪيتريون ئي درستگيون ڪرڻيون پونديون. پر ان جو مطلب ھرگز بھ اھو نھ آھي تھ اوھان ‏سنڌي ٻولي ۽ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تان پنھنجو ارواح کڻي ڇڏيندا ۽ مون کي گار گند ڪندا. جيڪا بھ ڳالھھ ھجي، ‏واسطيدار صفحي جي مين پيج تھ ڊسڪس ڪندا. آئون اتي ئي جواب ڏئي ڪوشش ڪندس تھ مناسب تبديلي ‏ڪريان يا ڪا وضاحت پيش ڪريان. آئون بھ وضاحت وغيرھ واسطيدار صفحي جي ٽاڪ پيج تي ئي ڪندس. مون کي ھيءُ جواب ڏيڻ لاءِ بھ پنھنجو تمام گھنو وقت وڃائڻو پئجي ويو. آئون ھڪ شاگرد آھيان. مون کي تمام گھڻو ڪم ڪرڻو ھوندو آھي. مھرباني ڪري ان جو ڳالھھ جو آئيندھ خيال رکندا ۽ ذاتي اي ميل لکڻ بدران ٽاڪ منھنجي ٽاڪ پيج تي نياپو رکندا.‏ ‌‌[[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 08:19, 8 September 2006 (UTC) ‏ ‏ == جدول براءِ رابطو ۽ ربطيات == {{مبسس4}}ادا لغاري صاحب، لفظ ربطيات مون ئي جوڙيو آھي ۽ مون ئي استعمال ڪيو آھي. اھو مون اردوءَ تان ڪو نھ ورتو آھي. اھو لفظ آئون پنھنجي مضمونن ۾ ڪيترا ئي ڀيرا ڇپائي چڪو آھيان. منھنجا اھڙا مضمون سرڪاري توڙي خانگي رسالن ۾ ڇپجي چڪا آھن. اھو لفظ مون لاطيني لفظ ڪميونيڪيشن جي بدل طور ٺاھيو آھي. اھو لفظ ڪنھن بھ طرح سان نامناسب يا ڏکيو يا سمجھھ ۾ نھ ايندڙ ڪونھي. رابطو يا ربط لفظ سنڌيءَ ۾ اڳي ئي مانوس آھن. يات پڇاڙي سنڌي سائنسي ڪتابن ۾ اڳي ئي استعمال ٿيندي رھي آھي. معدنيات، معاشيات، اقتصاديات، حيوانيات، وغيرھ وغيرھ. مون لاطيني سائنسي اصطلاح ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن جو سنڌي متبادل ڏور ربطيات جوڙيو ۽ ڪيترا ئي ڀيرا ڇپايو. ان تي ڪنھن بھ اعتراض نھ ڪيو. بلڪھ ڪيترن ئي ماڻھن ساراھيو. جيئن تھ اھو سائنسي اصطلاح جي بدل طور استعمال ڪيو ويو آھي، تنھنڪري سائنس کان بنھھ اڻڄاڻ ماڻھن کي اھو لفظ سمجھھ ۾ اچڻ ضروري نھ آھي. تنھنڪري ان لفظ تي اوھان جو اعراض اجايو آھي. باقي ڳالھھ رھي جدول براءِ رابطو جي، تھ ان ۾ توھان کي ڇا نھ ٿو سمجھھ ۾ اچي؟ رابطو بھ سنڌي لفظ آھي تھ جدول بھ تھ براءِ بھ. مون کي لڳي ٿو تھ توھان کي خواھمخواھھ مون تي ڪاوڙ آھي يا وري ھرڀرو اعتراض ڪرڻ جي عادت. ڪنھن ماڻھوءَ تي ھرڀرو گھٽ وڌ لکڻ کان پھرين اوھان کي ان جي سموري ڪيل ڪم جو جائزو وٺڻ گھرجي. [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 12:10, 8 September 2006 (UTC) == توھان جي ڀاڱيداري == {{مبسس4}}لغاري صاحب، توھان کي پنھنجي پيج تي پنھنجون ڀاڱيداريون لکيون آھن. توھان کي ٻڌائڻ چاھيندس تھ سائين ان ٿيڻ کان پوءِ مٿان ئي مٿان توھان ئي ماءِ ڪنٽريبيونشنز جو ڳنڍڻو نظر ايندو. ان کي ڪلڪ ڪرڻ سان توھان پنھنجي ڀاڱيداري ڏسي سگھو ٿا. ‌‌‌‌[[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 08:30, 11 September 2006 (UTC) == طعنن جو سلسلو == ‏{{مبسس4}}مان وارا لغاري صاحب، مون توھان کي ھڪڙو بھ طعنو نھ ڏنو آھي. اوھان کي منھنجون چيل ڳالھيون ھرڀرو طعنا محسوس ٿي رھيون آھن. شايد توھان کي پنھنجي ڪيل غلطين جو احساس ستائي رھيو آھي. ادا مون تھ رڳو توھان کي نئون يوزر ڀائيندي ايڊمنسٽريٽر جي حيثيت ۾ وڪيپيڊيا جي آداب کان آگاھھ پئي ڪيو. [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 08:34, 11 September 2006 (UTC) {{مبسس4}} آدابن کان آگاهه ڪرڻ جي مهرباني، مون اوهان لاءِ هڪ صلاح اوهان جي ٽاڪ پيج تي رکي آهي، اوهان ٽيمپليٽ استعمال ڪري پوءِ پنهنجن اکرن جو درست ويو ٿا ڏسو اوهان مهرباني ڪري مونوبڪ سيٽ ڪري ڇڏيو ڊفالٽ ۾ پاڻ ئي سڀ اکر اوهان جي پسنديده فونٽ ۾ اوپن ٿيندا، ان سان گڏ ڪاما ڏيئي ٻيا سنڌي فونٽ به رکڻ گهرجن جيئن مثال طور ڪنهن وٽ ”سارنگ“ فونٽ نه هجي ته ان وٽ پاڻ ئي ”لطيفي“ ۾ پيج اوپن ٿي ويندو. مان ان لاءِ مدد ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار آهيان، مهرباني ڪري ”سنڌي وڪي اخبار“ وزٽ ڪريو شايد اوهان گهڻو ڪجهه سمجهي ويندا. [[User:Alixafar|Alixafar]] 17:33, 25 September 2006 (UTC) == مھرباني == {{مبسس4}}ادا ظفر، اوھان جي رھنمائيءَ جي وڏي مھرباني. جيئن تھ آئون اڳي ئي عرض ڪري چڪو آھيان تھ آئون ھڪ شاگرد آھيان، ۽ پنھنجي پي ايڇ ڊي جي ڪم ۾ گھڻو مصروف رھندو آھيان. تنھنڪري آئون گھڻو ڪم ڪري نھ ٿو سگھان. پر جيئن اوھان رھنمائي ڪندا ويندا تيئن وڌ کان وڌ ڪوشش ڪري وقت ڪڍي ڪم ڪندو ويندس. [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 11:40, 27 سيپٽمبر 2006 (UTC) {{مبسس4}}سائين عرساڻي صاحب! اوهان منهنجي ڳالهه شايد نه سمجهي آهي هڪ فائل آهي مونوبڪ جي نالي سان جنهن کي اوهان ايڊيٽ ڪيو آهي ان ۾ اوهان مهرباني ڪري جيڪو سورس ”وڪي نيوز سنڌي“ ۾ استعمال ڪيو ويو آهي سموري جو سمورو ڪاپي ڪري پيسٽ ڪريو، ضرورت هجي ته فونٽ جي ترتيب پنهنجي پسند مطابق رکو مثال طور مون پهريان ”ايم بي سنڌي ويب“ رکيو آهي اوهان سڀ کان پهريان ”ايم بي سارنگ ستار“ رکي سگهو ٿا. جيڪڏهن ان کي اوهان سيٽ ڪندا ته پوءِ اسان سڀني کي مبسس4 وارو ٽيمپليٽ نه ڏيڻو پوندو، جيڪڏهن اهو ڪم جيڪو اڳي پوءِ ٿيڻو ئي آهي اتي اسان سڀني کي ٻيڻي محنت ڪرڻي پوندي ته سورس مان مبسس4 جو ٽيمپليٽ هٽايون. ڇاڪاڻ ته جيڪڏهن اهو موجود هوندو ته پوءِ هر ڪنهن وزٽر کي زوري به اهو فونٽ ڊائون لوڊ ڪرڻو پوندو پوءِ ڀلي ان وٽ ٻيا سنڌي فونٽ هجن. مونو بڪ سيٽ ڪرڻ سان ۽ سڀني فونٽ جا نالا لکڻ سان اها سهولت آهي ته جيڪڏهن ڪنهن وٽ پهريون فونٽ نه آهي ته برائوزر ٻيو نمبر فونٽ ڳوليندو اهڙي طرح وزٽر وٽ برائوزر کي جيڪو به سنڌي فونٽ لڀندو ته ان ماڻهوءَ کي اکر صحيح طور پڙهڻ ۾ ايندا. [[User:Alixafar|Alixafar]] 17:18, 28 سيپٽمبر 2006 (UTC) {{مبسس4}}ادا اهو مونوبڪ اوهان هتي ڏسي سگهو ٿا، http://sd.wikinews.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Monobook.css&action=edit {{مبسس4}}اهو پيج اوهان وٽ سورس ظاهر ڪندو اهو سمورو ڪاپي ڪري پنهنجي مونوبڪ جي ساڳي ائڊريس ۾ پيسٽ ڪريو، چاهيو ته فونٽ جي اوليت بدلائي سگهو ٿا. مون مبسس4 ٽيمپليٽ کي هٽائڻ جي ڳالهه ان ڪري ڪئي آهي جو اهو دوستن کي اڳتي هلي ڊسٽرب ڪندو، ۽ اوهان کي پڻ جڏهن مواد تمام گهڻو گڏ ٿي ويندو. [[User:Alixafar|Alixafar]] 19:18, 28 سيپٽمبر 2006 (UTC) == خير آھي == {{مبسس4}}ادا لغاري صاحب، پڪ تھ نھ اٿم تھ ھيءُ نياپو توھان ڪنھنجي لاءِ لکيو آھي، پر شايد منھنجي لاءِ رکيو اٿو. توھان غلطيءَ سان اھو نياپو پنھنجي ئي ٽاڪ پيج تي رکي ڇڏيو آھي. مھرباني ڪري نياپو درست جاءِ تي رکندا ڪريو ۽ نياپو اھڙو لکو جيڪو پنھنجي مفھوم ۾ چٽو ھجي. {{مبسس4}}اوھان جون غلط ڪاريون اڄا تائين منھنجي نظر تي وقفي وقفي سان چڙھنديون رھن ٿيون. اوھان گل عرساڻي اسڪول واري صفحي جي ٽاڪ پيج تي اناب شناب لکيو ھو. سو مون ڊاھي ڇڏيو آھي. اھو نياپو بھ پنھنجي مفھوم ۾ چٽو ڪو نھ ھو. ان ۾ لکيل ھو تھ سنڌي قوم ان ڪري ئي پٺتي آھي جو سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي گل عرساڻي اسڪول جو صفحو آھي. ڇا توھان اھو ئي چوڻ چاھيو ٿي جيڪو لکيو اٿو؟ مطلب تھ سچ پچ سڄي سنڌي قوم ان ڪري ئي پٺتي آھي جو مون سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي گل عرساڻي اسڪول جو تعارفي صفحو رکيو آھي؟ مون کي سمجھ ۾ نھ ٿو اچي تھ توھان جي مٿي ۾ اھا ڳالھھ ڇو نھ ٿي ويھي تھ ھيءُ ھڪ کليل انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آھي ۽ ان ۾ ھر ماڻھو پنھنجي متعلق، يا پنھنجي خاندان متعلق ذاتي ڄاڻ بھ رکي سگھي ٿو تھ پنھنجي ڪيل سماجي ڪم يا تنظيمن يا ادارن جو تعارف بھ رکي سگھجي ٿو. توھان پنھنجي دوستن جي شاعري رکي آھي ۽ انھن جو تعارف رکيو آھي... ان تي نھ مون ڪو اعتراض ڪيو ۽ نھ ئي مون کي ڪو اعتراض ھوڻ گھرجي. توھان تمام گھڻو اناب شناب ۽ فضول لکيو آھي... مثلاً سڄي وڪيپيدِا تي عرساڻي عرساڻي لڳي پئي آھي. منھنجا دوست، مون کي ايترو وقت ئي ڪونھي جو آئون پنھنجي ڪيل ڪم جو ئي کڻي تعارف لکي رکان. نھ مون پنھنجي ڪم جو ڪو تعارف رکيو آھي نھ ئي پنھنجي بزرگ والد ڊاڪٽر شمس الدين عرساڻيءَ جي ڪم جو. نھ ئي مون کان ايترو ئي ٿيو آھي جو آئون پنھنجي بزرگ ناني محمد اسماعيل عرساڻيءَ جو ئي تعارف رکي سگھان. اميد تھ توھان محمد اسماعيل عرساڻيءَ کي سڃاڻندا ھوندا ۽ کانئن وڌيڪ ڪم ڪرڻ جي دعويٰ ڪانھ رکندا ھوندا. بابا سائينءَ بھ سڄي عمر سنڌي ٻوليءَ لاءِ پاڻ پتوڙيو آھي. پر انھن جو بھ ڪٿي تعارف ڪو نھ لکي رکيو اٿم. پوءِ بھ توھان کي سڄي وڪيپيڊيا تي عرساڻي عرساڻي خبر نھ آھي تھ ڇو پئي نظر اچي. توھان مون کان ۽ منھنجي خاندان کان ھروڀرو خائف آھيو ۽ ساڙ ٿا رکو ۽ ان ساڙ ۾ توھان کي اھا بھ خبر نھ ٿي پوي تھ توھان لکو ڇا پيا ۽ ڪھڙن لفظن جو استعمال پيا ڪريو. اوھان حرام پائيءَ جھڙو گندو لفظ استعمال ڪيو جنھن جي توھان اڃا تائين بھ کليءَ ريت معافي طلب نھ ڪئي آھي. {{مبسس4}}مون وڪيپيڊيا تي پنھنجو ڪم يا پنھنجي بزرگن جو تعارف رکڻ بدران وڪيپيڊيا جي ترقيءَ تي وقت ڏنو آھي. ياھو گروپس تي مون ھڪ ٻھ يا ٽي نھ پر سوين ڀيرا نياپا ڪيا آھن تھ سنڌي ڀائرو اچو اچي ڪم ڪريو. تازو ئي سخت مصروفيت باوجود مون وڪيپيڊيا جا سمورا آپشنز جيڪي انگريزيءَ ۾ نظر اچي رھيا ھئا، تن کي سنڌيايو آھي. پر بجاءِ ان جي جو توھان ٻھ لفظ تعريف جا لکو، توھان خبر نھ آھي پنھنجن ڪھڙن مشورن ڏانھن اشارو ڪيو آھي جن تي مون عمل نھ ڪيو آھي. مون توھان کي ٻڌايو آھي تھ آئون ڪوشش ڪري وقت ڪڍي ڪم ڪندس. پر توھان جي سمجھھ ۾ ڳالھھ نھ ٿي اچي. مشورن جي مھرباني. مون کي جيئن سمجھ ۾ ايندو اوئن ئي ڪم ڪندس. توھان کي جيڪو سمجھھ ۾ اچي ٿو اھو ڪم ڪريو. توھان ھڪ جاءِ تي ايم بي سارنگ ستار فانٽ لکڻ لاءِ چيو ھو. مون ان جاءِ تي وڃي لکيو بھ ھو. پر ان سان ڪو بھ فرق نھ پيو. اھو سمجھڻ لاءِ تھ فرق ڇو نھ پيو، مون وٽ وقت ڪو نھ ھو. جڏھن وقت ملندو تڏھن ڏسندس. اميد تھ پنھنجي رويي تي نظر ثاني ڪندا ۽ غلط لفظن جي استعمال کان پاسو ڪندا. [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 13:09, 2 آڪٽوبر 2006 (UTC) == ھڪ ڀيرو وري ڀليڪار == {{مبسس4}}ادا لغاري صاحب، جيئن مون اوھان کي پھريون ڀيرو سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي اچڻ وقت ڀليڪار ڪئي ھئي، تيئن ھڪ ڀيرو وري ڪريان ٿو. اوھان جو ڪم ڏسي تمام گھڻي خوشي ٿيندي آھي. اميد تھ ڪم جاري رکندا. مون ھميشھ اھو ئي چاھيو آھي تھ اوھان جي دماغ ۾ ڪا بھ غلط فھمي نھ رھي. جھڙوڪ، وڪيپيڊيا کي آئون پنھنجي ذاتي جاگير سمجھيو ويٺو آھيان وغيرھ وغيرھ. جيتوڻيڪ اوھان سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي اچڻ شرط انتھائي گٿن لفظن جو استعمال ڪيو ھو، پر پوءِ بھ مون درگزر ڪندي اوھان کي ڀليڪار ڪئي ھئي. {{مبسس4}}پيارا دوست، اوھان کي مون فقط پنھنجي دل ۽ دماغ يعني تھ پنھنجو اندر صاف رکڻ جو چيو آھي. اوھان کي پورو حق حاصل آھي تھ اختلاف راءِ رکو. پر اوھان کي ھرگز بھ اھو حق حاصل نھ آھي تھ بنا سوچي سمجھي ڪنھن تي بھ بغض رکڻ جو ڏوھھ ڏئي ڇڏيو. سنڌ جي خدمت ڪندڙ ھر شخصيت تي صفحو ٺھڻ گھرجي ۽ انھن تي بھ صفحو ٺھڻ گھرجي جيڪي توھان جي نظر ۾ غدار آھن. مگر ڪوشش ڪري ھر صفحي کي عقيدت، اعتقاد ۽ ذاتي پسند يا ناپسند کان خالي رکڻو آھي تھ جيئن گھٽ ۾ گھٽ ھر سنڌيءَ جي آڏو اسان جو لکيل مواد اڻ ڌريو ھجي. {{مبسس4}}اوھان طرفان مسلسل گٿا لفظ استعمال ڪرڻ باعث مون وٽ ٻيو ڪو بھ رستو نھ بچيو سواءِ ان جي تھ توھان کي ٽن ڏينھن جي آرام جي تلقين ڪريان. جيتوڻيڪ درگزر تمام سٺي شي آھي پر توھان کي ڪنھن بھ فرد مان ھميشھ در گزر جي توقع نھ رکڻ گھرجي. آخر بھ انسان تھ انسان ئي آھي ۽ ھر شي جي ھڪ حد ٿيندي آھي. آئون اميد ٿو رکان تھ توھان پنھنجي رويي تي نظر ثاني ڪندا ۽ آئيندھ سڀني جو احترام ڪرڻ سکندا. عزت ۽ احترام ھر فرد جو بنيادي حق آھي. مون کي اميد آھي تھ اھا ڳالھھ توھان کي فرائيڊ ٻڌائي ھوندي. اوھان جو پنھنجو، سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا جو منتظم، [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 11:36, 8 آڪٽوبر 2006 (UTC) {{مبسس4}}اوهان اهو ئي ڪيو (جنهنجي اوهان کي پنهنجي ظرف اجازت ڏني!) جنهن جو مون اشارو اڳ ئي ڪيو هو. نيٺ به طاقت اوهان وٽ آهي دليل جي ڪهڙي اهميت آهي، آخر طاقت ئي فيصلو ڪندي. ”مٿي جي صفائي ڪرايو“ احترام جو دائرو آهي باقي ”الائي ڪهڙي عضوي جي صفائي“ احترام وارو نه آهي، ”اها ڳالهه اوهان کي فرائيڊ ٻڌائي هوندي“ احترام وارا لفظ آهن!!! فرائيڊ اهڙن نفسياتي ڀڃ ڊاهه جي شڪار ماڻهن جي حوالي سان سچ چيو آهي اها ڳالهه اوهان کي ايڏي دل سان لڳي جو اوهان اهي جملا ئي ڊاهي ڇڏيا. جيڪڏهن مان چوان ته ”اوهان پنهنجي مٿي جي صفائي ڪرايو ته بهتر آهي“ جي اهو جملو اوهان کي ناراض نٿو ڪري ته پوءِ مان مڃان ٿو ته اهو جملو احترام سان چيو ويندو آهي. [[User:Alixafar]] 2183 6741 2006-09-06T10:09:09Z 202.174.136.98 minor correction <font face="MB Sindhi Web" size="4">محمد بخش سهتو پرائمري استاد: گورنمينٽ پرائمري اسڪول شادي خان ڍلو تعلقو مورو، ضلعو نوشهرو فيروز سنڌ 2184 7408 2006-10-06T07:54:15Z Alixafar 98 /* منهنجون حصيداريون */ [[Image:Zafar.jpg|frame|{{مبسس4}}ظفر، سنڌي ڪهاڻيڪار]] {{مبسس4}}منهنجي ترجيح [[سنڌ]]، [[سنڌي ادب]]، [[سائنس]] وغيره آهي. ڪوشش ڪبي ته نون موضوعن کي متعارف ڪرائجي انهن جو ڪجهه مواد پڻ شروعاتي طور هتي شامل ڪجي، جيئن دوست ساڳين موضوعن کي اڳتي وڌائي سگهن. مون شروعاتي طور ڪجهه صفحا تيار ڪيا آهن ۽ انهن تي تمام گهڻي ڪم جي ضرورت آهي ڪوشش ڪبي ته اهو ڪم به گڏوگڏ ڪندو هلجي. {{مبسس4}}اهي ادارا جيڪي پئسا ڪمائي ڏين اسان عام طور انهن کي ته خوب سينگاريندا ۽ سنواريندا آهيون پر جيڪي ادارا ۽ پروجيڪٽ سنڌ سنوارين انهن ۾ اسان جي حصيداري سست پئجي ويندي آهي. بهرحال ميارون ڇا جون وت ۽ وس آهر حصيداري اسان جو ڪم، ايندڙ وقت ۾ ته هر ڪنهن کي اميدون هونديون آهن. == منهنجون حصيداريون == <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="4" width="100%" height="1"> <tr> <td valign="top" width="50%" bgcolor="#E6FFFF" height="1"> {{مبسس4}}*[[جي ايم سيد]] <br>{{مبسس4}}* [[ميڪش سومرو]] <br>{{مبسس4}}* [[سنڌوندي]] <br>{{مبسس4}}* [[مورو]] <br>{{مبسس4}}* [[خير النساءِ جعفري]] <br>{{مبسس4}}* [[گانڌي]] <br>{{مبسس4}}* [[سگمنڊ فرائيڊ]] <br>{{مبسس4}}* [[قاضي فيض محمد]] <br>{{مبسس4}}* [[موهن ڪلپنا]] <br>{{مبسس4}}* [[ماڻهو]] <br>{{مبسس4}}* [[حر تحريڪ]] <br>{{مبسس4}}* [[پير حسام الدين شاهه راشدي]] </td> <td valign="top" width="50%" bgcolor="#E6FFFF" height="1"> {{مبسس4}}* [[نادر بيگ مرزا]] <br>{{مبسس4}}* [[عبدالڪريم گدائي]] <br>{{مبسس4}}* [[شِو]] <br>{{مبسس4}}* [[ايڊز]] <br>{{مبسس4}}* [[سقراط]] <br>{{مبسس4}}* [[شاه عنايت]] <br>{{مبسس4}}* [[ماڻڪ]] <br>{{مبسس4}}* [[دراوڙ]] <br>{{مبسس4}}* [[آريا]] <br>{{مبسس4}}* [[ڪول ۽ سنٿال]] <br>{{مبسس4}}* [[خلافت تحريڪ]] <br>{{مبسس4}}* [[هيمون ڪالاڻي]] <br>{{مبسس4}}* [[ايم ڪمل]] </td> </tr> </table> == See Also == * [[w:Ali Zafar Leghari|Ali Zafar Leghari]] * [[w:Sindhiana|Sindhiana Literature Magazine - Introduction]] == External Links == * [http://geocities.com/zafar5b {{مبسس4}}ظفر جون سنڌي ڪهاڻيون] 2185 6743 2006-09-06T14:34:04Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}} سائين سھتا صاحب، اسلام عليڪم. {{مبسس4}}آئون سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا جي منتظم جي حيثيت ۾ اوھان کي ڀليڪار چوان ٿو. ھونءَ تھ ڪيترا ئي سنڌي ڀائر وڪيپيڊيا تي پير ڀريندا رھندا آھن، پر ٻيو چڪر ڪو نھ ھڻندا آھن. نھ ئي وري پنھنجو تعارفي صفحو ئي جوڙيندا آھن. اوھان جو تعارفي صفحو ڏسي خوشي ٿِي. اوھان کي سنڌي مواد رکڻ ۾ ڪا بھ مشڪلات سامھون اچي تھ بلا جھجھڪ مون سان رابطو ڪندا. تعارفي صفحي کي وڌيڪ سنواريندا ۽ پنھنجي تصوير رکندا تھ مھرباني ٿيندي. مھرباني ڪري وڪيپيڊيا تي پير ڀريندا رھندا. ‌‌‌‌[[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 14:34, 6 September 2006 (UTC) 2186 6745 2006-09-06T14:41:07Z Aursani 60 2187 7129 2006-09-28T19:09:29Z Alixafar 98 ==تعارف== [[Image:Moro_Pos.jpg|thumb|{{مبسس4}}مورو ]] {{مبسس4}}مورو شهر [[سنڌ]] جي ان هنڌ تي واقع آهي جتي [[سکر]]، [[دادو]] ۽ [[حيدرآباد]] يا [[نوابشاهه]] ويندڙ رستن جو ميلاپ ٿئي ٿو.{{TM}} </font> {{مبسس4}}جاگرافيائي لحاظ سان مورو لڳ ڀڳ سنڌ جي بلڪل وچ ۾ آهي. مورو کي ضلعي نوشهرو فيروز ۾ هڪ تعلقي جي حيثيت حاصل آهي. [[دادو مورو پل]]، جنهن کي پوءِ مخدوم بلاول پل سڏيو ويو، ان کان ٻارهن ڪلوميٽر پري آهي. مورو کان [[دادو]] جو مفاصلو چويهه ڪلوميٽر آهي، جڏھن تھ [[سنڌو درياءُ]] مورو کان 12 ڪلوميٽر جي فاصلي تي وھي ٿو. {{مبسس4}}تعلقي موري جو هڪ ڳوٺ [[گچيرو]] تاريخي حيثيت رکي ٿو، گچيري ۾ پراڻي قلعي جا نشان ملن ٿا جنهن جي چوڌاري بچاءُ لاءِ کاهيون کوٽيل هونديون هيون. مورو قديم زماني ۾ صابڻ، زيورن، ٽامي ۽ ڪُٽ جي سامان کان مشهور هو. {{مبسس4}}مورو شهر علمي، سياسي ۽ ادبي اعتبار سان تمام گهڻو مشهور آهي. مورو ۾ انهن شعبن سان لاڳاپيل ماڻهن سنڌ ۾ چڱو موچارو ناماچار پيدا ڪيو آهي. موري جو [[قاضي خدا بخش سومرو]] [[ڪراچي]] جو پهريون [[مسلمان]] ”ميئر“ هو. [[ناصر مورائي]]، [[راشد مورائي]]، [[عظيم سنڌي]]،[[ميڪش سومرو]]، [[رکيل مورائي]] وغيره [[سنڌي ادب]] جا ناميارا نالا آهن ته موسيقيءَ ۾ وري [[الهداد زرداري]]، [[صائمه منظور]]، [[بالا بلوچ]] ۽ [[ثمينه ڪنول]] آهن. [[Image:Moro_khet.jpg|frame|{{مبسس4}}مورو جي کيتن جو خوبصورت ڏيک]] ==حوالا== #{{مبسس4}}درسي سنڌي ڪتاب ”سماجي اڀياس“ #{{مبسس4}}”سنڌو جي ساڃاه“، جي ايم سيد {{-ڏسندا-}} {{مبسس4}}[[سنڌ|{{مبسس4}}سنڌ]] 2188 6775 2006-09-08T10:16:16Z Alixafar 98 2189 6776 2006-09-08T10:24:47Z Alixafar 98 2190 6852 2006-09-10T12:47:48Z Aursani 60 حوالو نمبر 2 !! ==موري جي تصوير== {{مبسس4}}مورو جي ڪا سٺي تصوير رکڻ گھرجي. [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 10:28, 8 September 2006 (UTC) == سنڌ جي دل؟ == {{مبسس4}}مورو سنڌ جي دل آھي. ان جو مناسب حوالو ڏيڻ ضروري آھي. نھ تھ اھا سٽ مٽائڻ بھتر ٿيندو. [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 10:30, 8 September 2006 (UTC) == سنڌ جو نقشو == {{مبسس4}}سنڌ جو نقشو اڳي ئي وڪيپيڊيا تي موجود آھي. اھو وڏو، سٺو، چٽو، ۽ سنڌيءَ ۾ آھي. تنھنڪري ان جو لنڪ رکڻ ئي بھتر ٿيندو. [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 10:34, 8 September 2006 (UTC) {{مبسس5}}تصوير، مورو سنڌ جي دل <hr> {{مبسس4}}مورو، سنڌ جي دل آهي، اهو حوالو ڇپيل صورت ۾ هجي ان جي مون کي ڄاڻ نه آهي، باقي عام طور استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. جيڪڏهن اهو حوالو رهڻ ڏجي ته بهتر، ڪوشش ڪبي ته اهڙو حوالو ملي پوي، جيڪڏهن شايع ٿيل صورت ۾ ملي ته پوءِ اهڙو حوالو ڪيئن ڏجي؟ ([[User:Alixafar|Alixafar]] 14:32, 9 September 2006 (UTC)) == حوالا ڪيئن ڏجن == ‏‏{{مبسس4}}مون حوالو ڏيڻ جو طريقو مثال طور ڄاڻائي ڇڏيو آھي. انگريزيءَ ۾ ان کي سُپر اسڪرپٽ چئبو آھي. مطلب تھ مٿي لکيل 1 جو انگ سپر اسڪرپٽ ۾ لکيل آھي. ان جو متعلقھ حوالو ھيٺ حوالن جي سرخيءَ ھيٺ 1 نمبر تي ھڻڻ گھرجي. جيڪڏھن سنڌيءَ جي جاگرافيءَ جي ڪتاب ۾ اھڙو ذڪر آھي تھ مورو جاگريافيائي لحاظ سان سنڌ جي وچ ۾ آھي تھ مھرباني ڪري ان جو صفحو نمبر پڻ لکندا. نھ تھ ڪو ٻيو مناسب حوالو ڏيندا. [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 12:38, 10 September 2006 (UTC) == حوالو نمبر 2 !! == {{مبسس4}}حوالو نمبر 2 ڇا لاءِ استعمال ٿيو آھي؟ مھرباني ڪري ان جي نشاندھي ٽيڪسٽ ۾ ڪندا. [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 12:47, 10 September 2006 (UTC) 2191 6784 2006-09-08T10:32:44Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}ھيءُ نقشو نھ تھ سٺو ۽ چٽو آھي ۽ نھ ئي سنڌيءَ ۾ آھي. ان کي اپ لوڊ ڪرڻ خاص فائديمند نھ آھي. [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 10:32, 8 September 2006 (UTC) 2192 6787 2006-09-08T10:35:41Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}پنھنجي يوزرنيم سان سائين ان ٿي ڪم ڪرڻ ھميشھ بھتر آھي. [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 10:35, 8 September 2006 (UTC) 2193 6791 2006-09-08T10:46:29Z Aursani 60 2194 6797 2006-09-08T10:54:37Z Aursani 60 2195 8323 2006-12-07T18:39:04Z Aursani 60 ‏{{مبسس4}}[[Image:G_M_Syed.jpg|frame|جيئي سنڌ تحريڪ جو باني جي ايم سيد،<br> (1904ع - 1995ع)]] ‏{{مبسس4}}[[شهيد مخدوم بلاول]] جي خليفي [[سيد حيدر شاهه سنائي]] جي نسل مان 17 جنوري 1904ع تي سن ۾ سيد محمد هاشم جي گهر سيد غلام مرتضى شاهه المعروف جي ايم سيد جو جنم ٿيو. ‏{{مبسس4}}جي ايم سيد شروعاتي [[سنڌي]]، ماستر ڌرمداس، ماستر ريوا چند ۽ ماستر وسڻ مل وٽ پڙهيو، [[عربي]] ۽ [[فارسي]] جي تعليم محمد هاشم سنائي مولوي محمد صالح سيال ۽ الهه بخش دادويءَ کان حاصل ڪيائين [[قرآن شريف]] آخوند ميان سمن ميمڻ وٽ پڙهيو ۽ [[انگريزي]] حامد علي هالائي کان سکيائين. مٽياري سيدن جو هي ڪامل سپوت هڪ ئي وقت [[سياستدان]]، سماجي ورڪر، اديب، عاشق، مفڪر، فلسفي، صوفي، تعليمي ماهر ۽ منتظم هو. مطلب تھ سندس شخصيت جا ڪيترا ئي رخ آهن. <br> ‏{{مبسس4}}جي ايم سيد سياست کان سواءِ عام سماجي ڀلائيءَ ڀلائي جا ڪم پڻ ڪيا. 1920ع ڌاري، يعني 16 سال جي ڄمار ۾ [[خلافت ڪانفرنس]] لاڙڪاڻي ۾ حڪيم معين الدين کنيارين واري سان گڏجي شريڪ ٿيو. جنهن کان هڪ مهينو پوءِ سن ۾ حڪيم فتح محمد سيوهاڻي جي صدارت ۾ خلافت ڪانفرنس منعقد ڪيائين. 1924ع ۾ انجمن سادات [[مٽياري]]ءَ جو بنياد وڌائين. 1925ع تعلقي لوڪل بورڊ [[مانجهند]] جو رڪن ۽ پوءِ صدر بڻيو. 1929ع ۾ ضلعي لوڪل بورڊ ڪراچي جو وائس پريزيڊنٽ ۽ ڪجهه وقت لاءِ پريزيڊنٽ پڻ چونڊجو. ان عرصي ۾ ڪيترائي عام ڀلائي جا ڪم پڻ ڪندو رھيو. جن ۾ غريب شاگردن ۾ تعليم عام ڪرڻ، رستا ۽ اسپتالون ٺهرائڻ، [[سن]] اسٽيشن تائين پڪو رستو ٺهرائڻ، زنانا ۽ مرداڻا اسڪول کولڻ، ڪراچي کان ڪوٽڙي ۽ ڪوٽڙي کان منگهي پير تائين پڪا رستا ٺهرائڻ ۽ ڪراچي جي لوڪل بورڊ عمارت ٺهرائڻ شامل آهن. 1930ع ۾ [[ميرپورخاص]] ۾ دوستن سان گڏجي [[هاري ڪاميٽي]] جو بنياد رکيائين. 1937ع ۾ [[سنڌ اسيمبلي]] جو ميمبر چونڊيو ويو ۽ 1938ع ۾ مسلم ليگ ۾ شامل ٿيو. 1940ع ۾ [[آل انڊيا مسلم ليگ]] جي مجلس عامله جو رڪن بڻايو ويو. 3 مارچ 1943ع تي [[سنڌ اسيمبلي‏]]ءَ مان [[پاڪستان جو ٺهراءُ]] منظور ڪرايائين. [[قائداعظم]] سان اصولي اختلاف ڪرڻ ڪري [[مسلم ليگ]] مان خارج ڪيو ويو. ‏{{مبسس4}}ان کان پوءِ [[عوامي پارٽي]] ۽ [[عوامي محاذ]] جوڙيائون. 1955ع ۾ [[ون يونٽ]] ٺهيو ته ان خلاف جدوجهد جي جرم ۾ کين گرفتار ڪري جيل موڪليو ويو. 1956ع ۾ اولهه پاڪستان اسيمبليءَ جو ميمبر چونڊيو ويو. 10 آڪٽوبر 1958ع جي مارشل لا ۾ کين گرفتار ڪيو ويو. جي ايم سيد شروع کان وٺي هر پليٽ فارم تي [[سنڌ]] جي مفاد کي مقدم رکيو. پاڪستان ٺهڻ بعد سنڌ ۽ سنڌين جي صورتحال وڌيڪ ابتر ٿيندو محسوس ڪندي ”[[جيئي سنڌ]]“ جو نعرو اختيار ڪيائين. 4 مارچ 1972ع تي ”[[سنڌوديش]]“ لاءِ جدوجهد جو اعلان ڪيائين ۽ [[جيئي سنڌ محاذ]] نالي نئين پارٽي جو بنياد پيو. جي ايم سيد جي تحريرن ۽ تقريرن نئين نسل ۾ سنڌ لاءِ لازوال محبت پيدا ڪئي. شاگرد ۽ نوجوان وٽس پتنگن وانگر گڏ ٿي ويا. تعليمي لوڪل بورڊ مانجهند واري زماني ۾ محال مانجهند جو تعليمي پروگرام جوڙيائون. 1940ع ۾ سنڌ جا وزير تعليم ٿيا ته ”[[سنڌ يونيورسٽي]]“ جي قيام لاءِ ڪاميٽي مقرر ڪيائون ۽ ”سينٽرل ايڊوائيزري بورڊ آف ڪنٽرول فار سنڌي لٽريچر“ قائم ڪيائون. بعد ان کي خودمختيار ”[[سنڌي ادبي بورڊ]]“ جي حيثيت ڏياريائون. ‏{{مبسس4}}مصروف سياسي ۽ سماجي زندگي مان مطالعي ۽ لکڻ لاءِ باقائده وقت ڪڍندو هو. سندن لائبرري سنڌ جي شاندار ڪتب خانن ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿي. پاڻ [[مذهب]]، [[تصوف]]، [[سياست]]، [[تاريخ]]، [[جاگرافي]] ۽ شخصيات سميت مختلف موضوعن تي 60 کان وڌيڪ ڪتاب لکيائون. پهريون ڀيرو ”پيغام لطيف“ لکي [[شاهه لطيف]] ڀٽائي جي شاعري جا انيڪ نوان رخ سامهون آندائين. سندن اهم ڪتابن ۾ پيغام لطيف، خطبات سيد، پنهنجي ڪهاڻي پنهنجي زباني، ديار دل داستان محبت، جيئن ڏٺو آهي مون، سنڌوديش ڇو ۽ ڇا لاءِ، جديد سياست جا نو رتن، سنڌو جي ساڃاهه، جنب گذاريم جن سين، رهاڻ، پاڪستان هاڻ ٽٽڻ گهرجي، رهاڻ ۽ ساهڙ جا سينگار وغيره شامل آهن. سندن اڪثر ڪتابن تي سرڪار بندش هڻي ڇڏي هئي. ”سنڌ ڳالهائي ٿي“ سندن آخري تصنيف آهي. ‏{{مبسس4}}جي ايم سيد ھڪ صوفي ۽ ڪميونسٽ هو. مذهبي تنگ نظريءَ جو مخالف ۽ تصوف جو پرچارڪ هو. [[سنڌي ثقافت]] ۽ راڳ توڙي موسيقيءَ جو ڀرجهلو هو. سندن خيال هو ته سنڌ جي صوفين وٽ عالمي امن ۽ ترقيءَ لاءِ هڪ عالمگير پيغام موجود آهي. جنهن کي منظم نموني ڦهلائڻ جي ضرورت آهي. ”[[بزم صوفياءِ سنڌ]]“ جو قيام ۽ سن ۾ ٿيندڙ ڪچهريون، جتي سيد دنيا جي هر موضوع تي ڳالهائيندو هو. جي ايم سيد صوفي روايت جو ڪامل امين هو. ”ديار دل داستان محبت“ ۽ ”جيئن ڏٺو آهي مون“ عشق ۽ تصوف جي موضوع تي سندن مستند تصنيفون آهن. ‏{{مبسس4}}ھُو پنهنجي ايڪانوي سال ڊگھي ڄمارَ ۾ ٽيهن سالن کان وڌيڪ عرصي لاءِ جيل يا نظربنديءَ ۾ رهيو. هن جو پرچار ھو تھ سنڌ هزارين سال قديم ثقافت جي مالڪ آھي، جنھن کي آزاد ملڪ رھڻ جو حق حاصل ھوڻ گھرجي ۽ سنڌ کي هڪ آزاد، سيڪيولر، سوشلسٽ ۽ انسان دوست ديس بڻجڻ گھرجي. 25 اپريل 1995ع تي جي ايم سيد وفات ڪري ويو پر سندس پيغام اڄ به سڄي دنيا جي سنڌين لاءِ مشعل راهه آهي. == خارجي ڳنڍڻا == *‏{{مبسس4}}[http://gmsyed.org جي ايم سيد جي ڪتابن جا انگريزيءَ ۾ ترجما] *‏{{مبسس4}}[http://www.geocities.com/zfr_l جي ايم سيد بابت وڌيڪ معلومات] *‏{{مبسس4}}[http://asia.pg.photos.yahoo.com/ph/zahidvl/album?.dir=/a75cscd&.src=ph جي ايم سيد جون تصويرون 1972ع] [[en:G. M. Syed]] [[category:سنڌي سُورما]] [[category:شخصيات]] 2196 6808 2006-09-09T12:39:58Z Alixafar 98 جيئي سنڌ تحريڪ جو باني سائين جي ايم سيد جيئي سنڌ تحريڪ جو باني سائين جي ايم سيد 2197 6816 2006-09-09T15:42:45Z Alixafar 98 {{مبسس5}}سائين جي ايم سيد جو پيج ريڊائريڪٽ <br> {{مبسس4}} اهو پيج ان ڪري ريڊائريڪٽ ڪيو ويو ڇاڪاڻ ته هڪ ئي موضوع جا ڪيترائي نالا ٿي سگهن ٿا جيئن ـ شاهه لطيف، شاهه عبداللطيف ڀٽائي ۽ ڀٽائي وغيره. ظاهر آهي ته اهي سڀ پيج ”شاهه صاحب“ سان تعلق رکن ٿا ان ڪري انهن جي تلاش يا سرچ جي سهولت لاءِ اهي ٽي نالا پيج لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا باقي ايڊيٽنگ ته هونءَ به فقط هڪ پيج تي ٿيندي، ان کان علاوه اڳوڻي پيج جيان موضوعن جي ونڊ ورڇ به ٻيهر آهستي آهستي ڪري سگهجي ٿي جيئن: تعارف، تعليم، سياست وغيره ([[User:Alixafar|Alixafar]] 15:42, 9 September 2006 (UTC)) 2198 6818 2006-09-09T16:55:44Z Alixafar 98 نئين ٽهي جو مشهور شاعر ميڪش سومرو نئين ٽهي جو مشهور شاعر ميڪش سومرو 2199 8344 2006-12-07T19:03:47Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}[[Image:Maikush_Soomro.jpg|frame|نوجوان ٽهيءَ جو شاعر<br> '''ميڪش سومرو''']]{{مبسس4}}'''ميڪش سومرو''' نوجوان ٽهيءَ جو هڪ نمائنده شاعر آهي، سندس شاعريءَ جي بهترين چونڊ، ڪتاب ”موکي مَٽ اُپٽيا“ ۾ ڇپجي چڪي آهي. اهو ڪتاب نوجوان ٽهيءَ جي ڏهن شاعرن جو گڏيل مجموعو آهي جنهن جو مهاڳ [[سنڌي ٻولي]]ءَ جي بهترين شاعر [[امداد حسيني]]ءَ لکيو آهي. ميڪش سومرو شاعري کان علاوه ڪجهه تنقيدي مقالا پڻ لکيا آهن. سندس شاعري سنڌي ٻوليءَ جي تقريباً سمورن مخزنن ۽ اخبارن ۾ ڇپجي چڪي آهي، جنهن ۾ ”سوجهرو“، ”ڪينجهر“، ”سنڌ رويو“، ”ادب“، ”عبرت ميگزين“، ”مهراڻ“ ۽ ”مومل“ وغيره شامل آهن. ميڪش سومرو جا غزل ادبي پروگرامن ۾ تمام گهڻا پسند ڪيا وڃن ٿا. هن غزل جي صنف کان علاوه نظم، آزاد نظم، وائي، بيت وغيره تي بھ طبع آزمائي ڪئي آهي. ميڪش سومرو جي شاعريءَ مان ڪجهه سٽون نموني طور هيٺ ڏجن ٿيون.<br> خوب کان خوب تر جي ڳولا آ <br>ڄڻ ته پنهنجي اندر جي ڳولا آ <br>گل هٿن ۾ پڙهي پئي ڪتبا <br>هن کي ڪنهنجي قبر جي ڳولا آ <br>تنهن کان ڪهڙو پڇان پتو تنهنجو <br>جنهن کي پنهنجي ئي گهر جي ڳولا آ {{مبسس5}}ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا <hr> {{مبسس4}}* [http://www.geocities.com/zeelora/zzz6.html ميڪش سومري جي شاعري، 2002ع] {{مبسس4}}* [http://www.geocities.com/sindhiana2/august2003/maikush.htm ميڪش سومري جي شاعري، 2003ع] {{مبسس4}}* [http://geocities.com/sindhiana2/january2004/maikush.htm ميڪش سومري جي شاعري، 2004ع] {{مبسس4}}* [http://www.geocities.com/sindhiana2/september2004/maikush_soomro_sindhi_poetry.htm ميڪش سومري جي شاعري، سيپٽمبر 2004ع] [[category:شخصيات]] 2200 7256 2006-10-01T09:58:40Z Aursani 60 {{سلجھائپ}} *[[مھاتما گانڌي]] *[[اِندرا گانڌي]] *[[راجِيو گانڌي]] 2201 6827 2006-09-10T08:41:16Z Alixafar 98 2202 8333 2006-12-07T18:48:30Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}خير النساءِ جعفريءَ جو جنم 17 آگسٽ 1947ع ۾ ٿيو. گهر ۾ سندس نالو گُڏي هو پر ادبي دنيا ۾ کيس خير النساءَ جعفري جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو. 1970ع ۾ [[سنڌ يونيورسٽي]]ءَ ۾ نفسيات جي ليڪچرر مقرر ٿي. {{مبسس4}}پاڻ ڪهاڻيون لکڻ جي شروعات 1974ع ڌاري ڪيائين. ڪهاڻين کان علاوه ھن سفرناما، مضمون، [[مقالا]] ۽ ڪيترن ئي سنڌي ڪتابن جا مهاڳ، پڻ لکيا. [[سنڌي ٻولي]]ءَ جي ادب ۾ ڪهاڻي کيتر جي ڪجهه وڏن نالن ماڻڪ، شوڪت شوري ۽ مشتاق شوري سان سندس نانءُ فڪري ڌارا جي ڪهاڻين ۾ ڳڻيو وڃي ٿو. هوءَ سچي ۽ کري ڳالهه منهن تي چئي ڇڏڻ جي عادي هئي، ان ڳالهه جا شاهد سندس ڇپيل انٽرويو ۽ تقريرون آهن. {{مبسس4}}خير النساءَ جي ڪهاڻي ”حويليءَ کان هاسٽل تائين“ ايتري ته مشهور ٿي جو ان کان پوءِ ايندڙ ڪيترن ئي ليکڪن سندس انداز ۾ ڪهاڻيون لکڻ شروع ڪيون. خير النساءِ جي نظر ۾ ڪنهن ادبي تخليق کي محض ”[[جنس]]“ جي ڪري فحش قرار ڏيڻ ادبي نامردي آهي. سندس پسنديده ليکڪ [[نسيم کرل]] ۽ [[آغا سليم]] رهيا آهن. خير النساءَ جي ڪهاڻين جو پهريون مجموعو ”تخليق جو موت“ 1978ع ۾ ڇپيو جيڪو جلد ئي مارڪيٽ مان ختم ٿي ويو. جنهن کي ٻيهر ”[[سنڌيڪا اڪيڊمي]]“ 1992ع ۾ سندس مهاڳن، انٽرويوز، تقريرن ۽ مقالن سميت شايع ڪرايو. {{مبسس4}}توڙي جو هوءَ اڄ اسان سان نه آهي پر سندس لکڻيون اڄ به [[سنڌي ادب]] ۾ جرڪندڙ ان ستاري جيان آهن جنهن جي روشني يگاني ۽ ڌيان ڇڪائيندڙ آهي. خير النساءَ جعفريءَ جي لکڻين تي دز نٿي ڇانئجي سگهي اهي لکڻيون ڏورانهين مستقبل تائين زنده رهنديون ڇاڪاڻ ته جهڙي بي باڪي سندس لکڻين ۾ آهي اهڙي جرئت اڄ جي دور ۾ به روايت بڻجي نه سگهي آهي. {{مبسس5}}حوالا<hr> {{مبسس4}}* تخليق جو موت، سنڌيڪا اڪيڊمي <br>{{مبسس4}}* ماهوار ڪينجهر، حيدرآباد [[category:شخصيات]] 2203 8142 2006-11-22T17:28:05Z Soman 112 {{مبسس4}}[[Image:River_Indus.jpg|frame|سنڌوندي]]{{مبسس4}}سنڌو درياءَ جي قدامت حضرت انسان جي پيدائش کان گهڻو آڳاٽي آهي. سنڌو درياءَ کي تاريخ ۾ ڪيترن ئي مختلف نالن سان سڏيو ويو آهي. ”اباسين“، ”سپت سنڌو“، ”مهراڻ“ ، ”انڊس“ وغيره سنڌو درياءَ جا مختلف نالا آهن. سنڌوءَ جو ذڪر قديم [[هندو ويد]]ن ۽ پستڪن ۾ ملي ٿو. دنيا جي انهن قديم ويدن کي سنڌوءَ جي ڪنارن تي تخليق ڪيو. ”[[رگ ويد]]“ توڙي ٻين ويدن ۾ سنڌوءَ جي ساراهه ۾ ڀڄڻ چيل آهن. تاريخن ۾ اچي ٿو ته [[سنڌ]] توڙي [[هند]] تي اهي نالا سنڌو درياءَ جي ڪري پيا. سنڌوندي دنيا جي وڏين ندين مان سترهين نمبر تي آهي. {{مبسس4}}اهو علائقو جنهن کي يوناني سنڌوءَ مان ”پراچين“، هندو ”[[سنڌوديش]]“، عرب جاگرافيدان مهراڻ ۽ سنڌ جا رهواسي پڻ ”سنڌوديش“ جي نالي سان سڏيندا آيا آهن. قديم دور ۾ سنڌ جون حدون ”اتر ڏي بهاولپور جو علائقو، ڏکڻ ڏانهن عربي سمنڊ، اڀرندي طرف وارياسو رڻ پٽ ۽ الهندي ڏي جبلن جي هڪ قطار هيون.“ {{مبسس4}}سنڌوندي کي ”مٺو سمنڊ“ پڻ سڏيو وڃي ٿو. [[سنڌوءَ]] جو عام وهڪرو اتر کان ڏکڻ طرف آهي. سنڌوندي ”بکر ([[سکر]]) ۽ [[روهڙي]]ءَ جي شهرن وچان پهاڙن کي چيريندي آهستي آهستي ڏکڻ اولهه طرف وهي ٿي.“ [[سکر بيراج]] ٻڌجڻ کان پوءِ سنڌوءَ مان ڪيترائي واهه ڪڍيا ويا جيڪي [[سنڌ]] جي مختلف حصن کي سرسبز ۽ آباد ڪن ٿا. [[سيوهڻ]] وٽ جبلن جي روڪ سنڌوءَ کي سڌو اڳتي وڌڻ کان روڪي ٿي جنهن ڪري ان جو رخ [[حيدرآباد]] تائين ڏکڻ ـ اوڀر طرف ڦيرائي ٿي. سنڌوندي جو آخري ڇوڙ سمنڊ ۾ ٿئي ٿو جتي دنيا جي هڪ خوبصورت ڊيلٽا جڙي ٿي. {{مبسس4}}سنڌو درياءَ جي اترئين علائقن ۾ جڏهن برسات پوي ٿي يا جڏهن [[هماليه]] جي برف تيز گرمي سبب پگهرجي ٿي تڏهن مارچ ڌاري ان ۾ چاڙهه شروع ٿئي ٿو جيڪو آگسٽ ۾ پنهنجي جوانيءَ کي پهچي ٿو ۽ نيٺ آڪٽوبر ڌاري لهڻ شروع ٿئي ٿو. سنڌوءَ جا قديم بندرگاهه [[الور]]، بلري، منصوره، منجابري، نيرون ۽ رابيل وغيره هئا. سنڌوءَ جي ڊيلٽا مڇين جي نرسري سڏجي ٿي جتي تمر جا ٻيلا آهن جيڪي مڇين جي واڌويجهه لاءِ خوراڪ جو ڪم ڏين ٿا اهڙي طرح اهي ٻيلا سامونڊي کاڌ کان بچاءُ جو پڻ اهم ذريعو آهن. {{مبسس4}}سنڌوءَ جو قديم دور وارو عروج مختلف بئراجن ۽ ڊيمن اڏجڻ سبب گهٽجي ويو آهي. جنهنڪري سنڌوءَ جي ٻنهي طرفن کان موجود ٻيلا پڻ پنهنجو جوڀن وڃائي ويٺا آهن. پاڻيءَ جي کوٽ ڊيلٽائي علائقن جي سونهن کي پڻ ڪاپاري ڌڪ رسايو آهي. اتان جي انساني آبادي پڻ بحران جي وَر چڙهي پڪي جي علائقن ڏانهن تيزيءَ سان لڏپلاڻ ڪري رهي آهي. سامونڊي ويرن جي چاڙهه سبب تقريبن سموري ڊيلٽائي علائقي ۾ کارو پاڻي ڪاهجي پيو آهي. {{مبسس4}} *'''سنڌو لفظ جو مطلب''' {{مبسس4}}[[سنسڪرت]] ۾ ”سنڌو“ جو مطلب آهي سمنڊ يا وڏو درياءُ. آڳاٽي دور ۾ ڪابل ندي، گومتي وغيره سنڌونديءَ جون ڀرتي ڪندڙ شاخون هونديون هيون. سنڌو رواجي ندين کان تمام گهڻي وڏي رهي آهي. جنهنڪري آڳاٽن لوڪن نالو اهو نالو رکيس. {{مبسس4}}لفظ ”سنڌو“ جو ڌاتو يا بنياد سنسڪرت لفظ ”سيند“ آهي جنهن جو مطلب آهي وهڻ. جڏهن ته ٻي راءِ موجب ”سنڌو“ جو ڌاتو آهي ”سڌ“ جنهن جو مطلب آهي رکي وٺڻ يا بچاءُ ڪرڻ. انهن ٻنهي مان پهريون مفهوم عالمن جي نظر ۾ وڌيڪ درست لڳي ٿو. {{مبسس4}}ايرانين جو اچار لفظ سنڌو لاءِ ڦري ٿيو ”[[هندو]]“ مطلب ته ”س“ کي ڦيرائي ”هه“ ڪيو ويو. قديم ايراني [[سنڌو ماٿري]] (سنڌ ۽ [[پنجاب]]) کان گهڻو پري ڪونه ويا. هنن اڪثر علائقن ۾ آرين کي رهندي ڏٺو تنهنڪري چيو ويو هندو ـ آسٿان جيڪو اڳتي هلي ٿيو ”[[هندستان]]“. اهڙي طرح قديم ايرانين وٽان قديم يونانين کي هندستان بابت ڄاڻ پئي. [[سڪندراعظم]] سان جيڪي تاريخ نويس آيا تن سنڌو ماٿري ۾ رهندڙ ماڻهن کي اُچار ڦيرائي سڏيو ”انڊو“ ۽ سنڌوندي کي سڏيائون ”انڊوس“ اهڙِي طرح سڄي ملڪ کي سڏيائون ”[[انڊيڪا]]“. اڳتي هلي لئٽن ٻوليءَ ۾ اهي اُچار ڦري ٿيا ”[[انڊس]]“ ۽ ”انڊيا“. {{مبسس4}}سنڌو (هندو) لفظ جو اصل مطلب هو ”سنڌونديءَ جي ڪناري رهندڙ“، ڪن تاريخدانن ان جي مطلب کي ڦيرائي ”ڪارو“ يا ”چور“ ظاهر ڪيو آهي. هندستان لفظ جو اصل مطلب هو ”سنڌوندي وارو ملڪ“. اڳتي هلي جڏهن مسلمانن حڪومتون قائم ٿيون ته هندستان جو مطلب ڦري ٿيو ”برهمڻي ڌرم کي مڃيندڙ“. اهڙي طرح لفظن جا اصلوڪا مطلب متروڪ يا گم ٿيندا ويا ۽ نوان مفهوم رائج ٿيندا ويا. آڳاٽن عربن کي ”هند“ جي ڄاڻ قديم ايرانين وٽان پئي. {{مبسس5}}حوالا<hr> {{مبسس4}}* سنڌوءَ جي ساڃاهه، ليکڪ سائين جي ايم سيد {{مبسس4}}<br>* سنڌوءَ جو سفر، بدر ابڙو [[en:River Indus]] 2204 6834 2006-09-10T11:03:49Z Alixafar 98 2205 6835 2006-09-10T11:13:58Z Alixafar 98 2206 6839 2006-09-10T12:08:15Z Aursani 60 /* تصوير */ == تصوير == {{مبسس4}}ھن مضمون ۾ مناسب تصوير شامل ٿيڻ گھرجي. [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 12:07, 10 September 2006 (UTC) 2207 8154 2006-11-23T16:27:13Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}آميلِي ما دِي </font>(Amélie M'a Dit) {{مبسس4}}(آميلي مون کي چيو) [[فرانسيسي]] گائڪھ [[اليزي]] جو سندس آلبم [[مي ڪُوغان اليڪتغِيڪ]] (منھنجون برقي ڌارُون) مان ھڪ گيت آھي. {{Alizée Albums}} 2208 6885 2006-09-13T10:18:22Z Aursani 60 {{سلجھائپ}} *{{مبسس4}}[[حيدرآباد سنڌ]] *{{مبسس4}}[[حيدرآباد ھند]] 2209 6882 2006-09-13T10:15:29Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[حيدرآباد]] #REDIRECT[[حيدرآباد]] 2210 edit=sysop:move=sysop 8656 2007-01-02T12:16:12Z Aursani 60 /* معاشيات */ {| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" width="300px" align="left" style="border: 1em solid white") |- |align="center" colspan=2 style="border-bottom:3px solid gray;" | <font size="-1">'''<font color=green>{{مبسس4}}حيدرآباد — هٻڪارُن جو شهر'''</font> |- | align="center" colspan=2 |[[Image:Pk-map.png|centre|300px]]<br> {{مبسس4}}[[پاڪستاني بيٺڪ]] ۾ حيدرآباد جي مڪانيت |- | [[Geographic coordinate system|Location]]<br>&nbsp;- [[ڊگھائي ڦاڪَ]]<br>&nbsp;- [[ويڪرائي ڦاڪَ]] <br>&nbsp;- [[اُوچائي]] |<br> 25°367'N <br> 68°367'E <br> 13m |- | [[ايراضي]] | [[square kilometre|km²]] |- |[[ماڻهسيه]]<br> &nbsp;- City ([[2000]]) | <br> 1,348,288([[سنڌ]] جو ٻيون وڏي ۾ وڏو شهر) |- |[[ماڻهسيه گھاٽائي]] | persons/ km² |- |[[Calling code]] | 022 |- | [[Time zone]] | [[Pakistan Standard Time|PST]] +05:00 ahead of [[GMT]] |- | [[تعلقا]] | 4 |- | [[يونين ڪائونسلون|يُوسِيز]] | 48 |- | [[Mayor|City Mayor (ناظم)]] | مڪڙ |- | align="center" colspan=2 style="border-bottom:3px solid gray;" | |} {{مبسس4}}حيدرآباد، جيڪو پنهنجي اوائلي دور ۾ [[نيرون ڪوٽ]] جي نالي سان مشهور هو، سنڌ جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ به رهي چڪو آهي. هيءُ ڪلھوڙن جي دور حڪومت کان سنڌ جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو ۽ اها حيثيت اوستائين رهيس جيستائين انگريز سنڌ تي قابض نه ٿيا، جن اچي [[ڪراچي]]ءَ کي سنڌ جي گادي بڻايو. [[پاڪستان]] جي بيٺڪ قائم ٿيڻ کان اڳ، حيدرآباد کي خطي جو [[پيرس]] سڏيو ويندو هو. [[Image:Hyderabadfort.gif|320px|thumb|left|{{مبسس4}}حيدرآباد جو پڪو قلعو، جيڪو اڄ بھ موجود آهي]] ==تاريخ== ‏‏{{مبسس4}}[[ڪلهوڙو شهنشاهت]] جي بادشاهه [[غلام شاهه ڪلهوڙو|ميان غلام شاهه ڪلهوڙي]] کي سنڌو درياءَ جي ڪپ تي نيرون ڪوٽ جي نالي سان وسندڙ مهاڻن جي آبادي ايتري ته پسند آئي جو هن ويجھين ٽِن ٽڪرين مان هڪَ تي پنهنجو قلعو جوڙائڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو، جيڪو اڄ تائين قائم دائم آهي ۽ تڏهن کان [[پڪو قلعو]] جي نالي سان مقبول عام آهي. <br> === ٽالپر راڄ === {{مبسس4}}ڪلهوڙن کان پوءِ سنڌ تي مير ٽالپرن جي حڪمراني قائم ٿي. مير فتح علي خان ٽالپر [[خدا آباد]] ڇڏي حيدرآباد جو پڪو قلعو اچي وسايو ۽ 1789ع کان حيدرآباد ئي سندس گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. سندس عدالت به پڪي قلعي ۾ ئي هلندي هئي. مير فتح علي خان ٽالپر ۽ سندس ٽي ڀائر، المعروف چار يار، حيدرآباد جي معاملات کي سنڀاليندا هئا. سندن دور حڪومت گھڻو ڊگھو نه هليو، ۽ جلد ئي 1843ع ۾ 24 مارچ تي برطانوي قوتن کان جنگ هارائڻ بعد حيدرآباد جو شهر انگريزن جي قبضي هيٺ اچي ويو ۽ ميرن جي صاحبي اختتام تي پهتي. [[Image:Hyderabad1889.jpg|320px|thumb|left|{{مبسس4}}حيدرآباد 1889ع ۾ ڏسجندي]] === برطانوي بيٺڪ وارو دور === {{مبسس4}}جيتوڻيڪ برطانوي فتح بعد سنڌ جي گاديءَ جو هند ڪراچيءَ منتقل ٿي ويو، پر حيدرآباد جون اڪثر پڪييون ۽ خوبصورت عمارتون برطانوي دور ۾ جڙيون. حيدرآباد جي ويجھو خوبصورت ۽ شاهڪار ڪوٽڙي بيراج پڻ انگريزن جي دور ۾ جڙي. ان کان سواءِ حيدرآباد ۾ ثقافتي ۽ تعليمي سرگرمين اڃا وڌيڪ زور ورتو. ===ھلندڙ پاڪستاني بيٺڪ جو دور=== ‏‏{{مبسس4}}اڄ بدقسمتيءَ سان سنڌ جي هن تاريخي شهر ۽ ادبي ثقافتي مرڪز تي مڪڙ قوم جو قبضو آهي ۽ پڪي قلعي ۾ مڪڙ دهشتگردن جا هزارين گھر آباد آهن. شهر جي اڪثريت مڪڙ آهي ته شهر جو ناظم به مڪڙ آهي. پاڪستاني بيٺڪ قائم ٿيڻ شرط ڪراچيءَ کي وفاقي گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻائي سنڌ کان ڌار ڪيو ويو ۽ سنڌ جي گاديءَ کي حيدرآباد منتقل ڪيو ويو. اهڙيءَ ريت ڪجھه سالَن لاءِ حيدرآباد هڪ ڀيرو وري سنڌ جي گاديءَ جو ھنڌ بڻيو هو. مگر پاڪستان جي قيام کان پوءِ لڳاتار ڪيترا ئي سالَ هندستان کان آيل مڪڙ دهشتگردن هٿان حيدرآباد ۾ رهندڙ امن پسند سنڌي هندو شهرين جو ڪوس ڪيو ويو ۽ اهڙيءَ ريت کين لڏڻ تي مجبور ڪري سندن سموريون ملڪيتون هندستاني مڪڙن ۾ ورهايون ويون. [[Image:Hydsndsat.jpg|320px|thumb|left|{{مبسس4}}حيدرآباد شهر اپگرهه کان ڏسجندي]] ==ڀُون نگاري== {{مبسس4}}حيدرآباد [[گنجو ٽڪر|گنجي ٽڪر]] جي اُترين ٽڪريءَ تي واقع آهي، جيڪا ويڪرائي ڦاڪَ 25.367 (اُتر) درجا ۽ ڊگھائي ڦاڪَ 68.367 درجا (اوڀر) تي، سنڌو درياءَ جي اڀرندي ڪپَ تي واقع آهي. حيدرآباد جي پسگردائيءَ ۾ ڪيترا ئي ننڍا شهر آهن، جهڙوڪ 6.7 ڪلوميٽر جي فاصلي تي [[ڪوٽڙي]]، 8.1 ڪلموميٽر جي فاصلي تي [[ڄامشورو]]، 5 ڪلوميٽر جي فاصلي تي [[هٽڙي]]، ۽ 7.5 ڪلوميٽر جي فاصلي تي [[هُسڙي]]. حيدرآباد سنڌ جي وڏي ۾ وڏي شهر [[ڪراچي]]ءَ کان تقريباً 160 ڪلوميٽرن جي فاصلي تي اتر اوڀر ۾ سامونڊي سطح کان 13 ميٽر اوچائيءَ تي واقع آهي. [[Image:Oldcampus.jpg|320px|thumb|left|{{مبسس4}}نَو وديالا، سنڌ يونيورسٽيءَ جو پراڻو ڪيمپس]] == تعليم == {{مبسس4}}حيدرآباد ۽ ان جي پسگردائيءَ ۾ ڪيترا ئي اعليٰ تعليمي ادارا آهن. * {{مبسس4}}[[اسرا يونيورسٽي حيدرآباد]]</font> (http://www.isra.edu.pk/index.htm) * {{مبسس4}}[[سنڌ زرعي يونيورسٽي ٽنڊوڄام]]</font> (http://www.sau.edu.pk/) * {{مبسس4}}[[انجنيئرڱ ۽ ٽيڪنيڀياس جي مهراڻ يونيورسٽي ڄامشورو]]</font> (http://www.muet.edu.pk/) * {{مبسس4}}[[سنڌ يونيورسٽي ڄامشورو]]</font> (http://www.usindh.edu.pk/) * {{مبسس4}}[[صحت ۽ طبي سائنس جي لياقت يونيورسٽي ڄامشورو]]</font> (http://www.lumhs.edu.pk/) ==آبهوا== ‏‏{{مبسس4}}حيدرآباد منجھند جو تمام گرم ٿيندو آهي. سيارو اڪثر تمام گھٽ ٿڌو ٿيندو آهي. جڏهن ته اونهاري ۾ منجھند جو گرمي پد 48 درجا سينٽيدريڊ به ٿي ويندو آهي. اونهاري ۾ رات جو تمام سٺو ٺار ٿيندو آهي جڏهن ته سياري جون راتيون تمام ٿڌيون ٿي وينديون آهن ، ڇاڪاڻ ته حيدرآباد ۾ اڪثر تيز هوائون لڳنديون آهن. تنهنڪري سياري جون راتين ۾ هوائون تمام گڻيون ٿڌيون ٿينديون آهن ته اونهاري ۾ منجھند جو لُڪَ لڳندي آهي. تنهنڪري حيدرآباد جا ماڻهو اونهاري ۾ منجھند جو ٻاهر نڪرڻ کان پاسو ڪندا آهن. ==معاشيات== ‏‏{{مبسس4}}آباديءَ جي اڪثريت جيئان، حيدرآباد جي ڪاروبار تي به مڪڙ قوم ڇانيل آهي. هر ننڍو وڏو ڪاروبار يا ته ڪو مڪڙ هلائي رهيو آهي يا وري [[ڪاٺياواڙ]]ي ميمڻ ۽ [[گجرات|گجراتي]]. هاڻي ته حيدرآباد جي شهر ۾ افغاني پناهگير به ڪاروبار ڪري رهيا آهن. پاڪستان جي بيٺڪ قائم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ مڪڙ قوم جي ڪن فردن حيدرآباد ۾ چوڙين جا ڪارخانا لڳايا، جنهن کان پوءِ دنيا جو وڏي ۾ وڏي چوڙين جو صنعتي مرڪز حيدرآباد بڻجي ويو. ان کان سواءِ هن وقت حيدرآباد ۾ سمينٽ، صابڻ، شيشي جا ڪارخانا پڻ آهن. تنهن کان سواءِ سون ۽ دستڪاريءَ جا هنرمند پڻ نمايان آهن. ڀرپاسي جي ٻهراڙيءَ ۾ اپايل ميوي، ڪڻڪ، چانور، ۽ ڪپاهه جي وڪري جو مرڪز پڻ حيدرآباد آهي. ==شهري انتظاميه== ‏‏{{مبسس4}}هن وقت حيدرآباد جي سموري شهري حڪومت مڪڙن جي هٿ وس آهي. سن 2005ع ۾ جڏهن حيدرآباد ضلعي کي ٽوڙي ان کان [[مٽياري]]، [[هالا]] ۽ [[ٽنڊو محمد خان]] جا تعلقا الڳ ڪيا ويا ته بچيل حيدرآباد ضلعي اسيمبليءَ ۾ ازخود مڪڙن جي اڪثريت ٿي وئي ۽ ضلعي ناظم مڪڙ ٿي ويو. اهڙيءَ ريت مٽياري، جيڪو حيدرآباد کان بمشڪل 20 ڪلوميٽرن جي فاصلي تي واقع آهي، تنهن جي رهاڪن لاءِ به حيدرآباد ۾ سرڪاري ملازمت ڪرڻ مشڪل ٿي پيو آهي. ==آمدورفت== ‏‏{{مبسس4}}حيدرآباد کي روڊ، ريل ۽ فضا ۽ درياءَ رستي رسي سگھجي ٿو. ‏‏{{مبسس4}}هوائي اڏو:<br> ‏‏{{مبسس4}}اڳي اهو چڱو خاصو هوائي اڏو هو، پر هن وقت تقريباً بند پيو آهي. پي آئِي اي اتان هر هفتي ٽي اڏامون ڀريندي هئي. اڃا به ڪڏهن ان چارٽرڊ اڏام اتي لهي سگھي ٿي. ‏‏{{مبسس4}}روڊ رستا: The national highway passes through Hyderabad also called N5 (which is goes southwest), N9 (which is the same road going north), super highway, national highway, KLP road (Karachi, Lahore Peshawer road), Hala road etc. ‏‏{{مبسس4}}ريل رستو: Hyderabad is a major junction of Pakistan Railways, meaning railway lines go at least in 3 directions. 1) Down country i.e. southword to [[Karachi]] 2) Up country i.e. northword to Tando Jam, Nawabshah, Ghotki ([[Sukkur]]), [[Rahimyar Khan]], [[Lahore]], [[Rawalpindi]] (Islamabad) and [[Peshawar]]. 3) East word ‏‏{{مبسس4}}ٻيڙيون: This means of transport is mostly used by fishermen. ==ماڻهنگاري== {{مبسس4}}ماڻهسيه </font> Population {{مبسس4}}جي لحاظ کان حيدرآباد [[سنڌ]] جو ٻيون، اڄوڪي پاڪستاني بيٺڪ ۾ اٺون ۽ دنيا ۾ ٻه سَو نائون (209) وڏي ۾ وڏو شهر آهي. هن وقت ان جي ماڻهسيه لڳ ڀڳ تيرهن لک اٺيتاليهه هزار ٻه سَو اٺاسي 1,348,288 آهي. حيدرآباد جي آباديءَ جي اڪثريت مڪڙن تي مشتمل آهي. انتظامي اعتبار سان اڄوڪو حيدرآباد شهر ۽ ضلعو چئن تعلقن، حيدرآباد شهر، [[قاسم آباد]]، [[لطيف آباد]] ۽ حيدرآباد ٻهراڙي ۾ ورهايل آهي. انهن مان ٻن تعلقن، يعني ٻهراڙي ۽ [[قاسم آباد]] ۾ اڪثريت سنڌي آباديءَ جي آهي ته باقي ٻن وڏن تعلقن ۾ اڪثريت مڪڙن جي آهي. ==عوام ۽ ثقافت== {{مبسس4}}روايتاً حيدرآباد سنڌ جو ثقافتي مرڪز سمجھيو ويندو رهيو آهي. جيتوڻيڪ پاڪستاني بيٺڪ جي قيام کان پوءِ حيدرآباد جي ان سڃاڻپ کي ڌڪ لڳو ڇاڪاڻ ته پاڪستاني حڪومت سنڌي هندن کي زوريءَ لڏائي مڪڙ قوم کي وسايو ۽ سموريون ملڪيتون مڪڙ قوم جي فردن ۾ ورهائي ڇڏيون. جنهن بعد حيدرآباد ۾ سنڌي هڪ اقليت جيان گذاري رهيا آهن ۽ ڪيترا ئي ڀيرا مڪڙ دهشتگردن طرفان سنڌين جو قتل عام پڻ ڪيو ويو آهي. 1990ع کان حيدرآباد ۾ سنڌين ۽ مڪڙن جون وسنديون نسبتاً ڌار ڌار ٿي ويون آهن. <br> {{مبسس4}}حيدرآباد پنهنجي مذهبي رواداريءَ باعث پڻ مشهور آهي. اتي هندو ۽ ڪرستان اقليت تمام امن ۽ سلامتيءَ سان رهي ٿي. ==ذريعات== ===اخبارون === {{مبسس4}}حيدرآباد مان ڪيتريون ئي سنڌي توڙي غير سنڌي اخبارون نڪرن ٿيون. ڪجھه مقبول اخبارون هي آهن: * [http://www.dailykawish.com ‏‏{{مبسس4}}روزانه ڪاوش] * [http://www.dailyibrat.com {{مبسس4}}روزانه عبرت] * [http://www.dailysafeer.com {{مبسس4}}روزانه شام] {{مبسس4}}تنهن کان سواءِ حيدرآباد مان ڪيترا رسالا پڻ شايع ٿين ٿا. === ڏور ڏيک === {{مبسس4}}حيدرآباد ۾ هڪ خانگي ٽي وي چينل [[شاليمار ٽيلي وزن]] پڻ ڪم ڪري رهيو آهي. مگر هيءُ هڪ خالص مڪڙو چينل آهي ۽ ان تي سنڌي پروگرام نشر نه ٿيندا آهن. [[Image:NiazStadium.jpg|320px|thumb|left|{{مبسس4}}نياز ڪرڪيٽ اسٽيڊيئم حيدرآباد]] ==رانديون== ==خارجي ڳنڍڻا== *[http://www.apnahyderabad.com {{مبسس4}}حيدرآباد بابت ويب سائيٽ] *[http://www.hyderebadplus.com {{مبسس4}}حيدرآباد بابت ويب سائيٽ] *[http://www.worldisround.com/articles/69197/index.html {{مبسس4}}حيدرآباد تصويرن ۾] ==حوالا== [[Category:سنڌ جا شهر]] [[Category:Hyderabad District]] [[Category:Metropolitan areas of Pakistan]] [[ca:Hyderabad (Pakistan)]] [[de:Hyderabad (Pakistan)]] [[en:Hyderabad, Pakistan]] [[es:Hyderabad (Pakistán)]] [[pl:Hyderabad (Pakistan)]] [[fi:Hyderabad (Pakistan)]] [[sv:Hyderabad (Pakistan)]] [[Category:ڀونءِ ڀياس ۽ ڀونءِ نگاري]] {{-ڏسندا-}} *[http://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sindh.jpg {{مبسس4}}سنڌ جو نقشو] 2211 6886 2006-09-13T10:20:36Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}ھيءُ سُلجھائپَ صفحو آھي. 2212 6888 2006-09-13T10:28:34Z Aursani 60 2213 8714 2007-01-10T17:46:01Z Aursani 60 {{ڪچو}} {{مبسس4}}مهراڻ يونيورسٽي [[ڄامشورو]] [[سنڌ]] ۾ واقع [[انجنيئرڱ]] ۽ [[ٽيڪنيڀياس]] جي اعليٰ تعليم جو ادارو آهي، جتي بيچلرس، ماسٽرس ۽ پي ايڇ ڊي جون سندون آڇيون وينديون آهن. سن 1972ع ۾ سنڌ يونيورسٽي انجنيئرڱ ڪاليج جي نالي سان قائم ڪئي وئي. جنھن کي اڳتي هلي يونيورسٽيءَ جو درجو ڏنو ويو. مهراڻ يونيورسٽي پاڪستان جي وڏين يونيورسٽين ۾ شمار ٿي ٿِي. هن وقت مهراڻ يونيورسٽيءَ ۾ ڪل 16 شعبا آهن. ==خارجي ڳنڍڻا== [http://www.muet.edu.pk مھراڻ يونيورسٽي آف انجنيئرڱ اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي ڄامشورو، سنڌ] [[Category:تعليم]] 2215 6926 2006-09-16T11:49:31Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀلي ڪري آيا. اميد تھ وڪيپيڊيا تي پير ڀريندا رھندا ۽ ڪجھ نھ ڪجھ ڀاڱيداري آڇيندا رھندا. سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڪم ڪندڙن جو تعداد تمام ٿورو آھي. ان ڪري توھان جي ٿوري ڀاڱيداري بھ تمام گھڻي اھميت رکي ٿي. اچو تھ سنڌي ٻوليءَ جي ترقيءَ ۾ ھڪ ٻي جو ھٿ ونڊايون. [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 11:49, 16 September 2006 (UTC) 2216 6930 2006-09-19T16:09:42Z Aursani 60 2217 6943 2006-09-22T12:50:13Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[رُونا ليليٰ]] #REDIRECT[[رُونا ليليٰ]] 2218 8319 2006-12-07T18:34:31Z Aursani 60 [[Image:Runa Laila.jpg |thumb|165px|left|{{مبسس4}}رونا ليليٰ]] {{مبسس4}}'''رُونا ليليٰ''' ([[بنگالي]]: রুনা লায়লা) [[بنگلاديش|{{مبسس4}}بنگلاديشِي]] اوريجن جي مقبول گائڪھ آھي. جيتوڻيڪ پنھنجي اباڻي ملڪ ۾ سندس شھرت پاپ سانگس جي ڪري آھي، مگر باقي [[ڏکڻ ايشيا]] ۾ ھوءَ تمام سٺي [[غزل]] گو گائڪھ طور سڃاتي ويندي آھي. ھن [[بنگلاديش]]، [[ڀارت]] ۽، بنگلاديش جي آزاديءَ کان اڳ [[پاڪستان]] ۾ ڪيترين ئي فلمن لاءِ گيت ڳاتا آھن. ھوءَ پنھنجي ڳاتل ڌمال "[[دمادم مست قلندر]]"، جي ڪري پڻ مشھور آھي، جيڪا ڪيترن ئي گائڪن ڳاتي آھي. {{مبسس4}}[[سنڌ]] ۾ سندس مقبوليت جو سبب [[طالب الموليٰ]] جو ڪلام آھي، جيڪو ڳائي رونا ليليٰ سنڌ جي ماڻھن جون دليون کٽي ورتيون. ==ذاتي زندگي== {{مبسس4}}رُونا ليليٰ ٻھ شاديون ڪيون آھن. ھن ٻي شادي 2006ع ۾ بنگالي اداڪار عالمگير سان ڪئي. رونا ليليٰ جي ڀيڻ [[دينا ليليٰ]] پڻ گائڪھ ھئي، جنھن سنڌي گيت پڻ ڳاتا آھن. ==اعزازات== * {{مبسس4}}بنگلاديش ** [[يوم آزادي اوارڊ]]، ** {{مبسس4}}[[National Film Award (Bangladesh)|قومي فلم اوارڊ]], بنگلاديش (ٻھ ڀيرا) * {{مبسس4}}ھند ** {{مبسس4}}سھگل اوارڊ، ڀارت * {{مبسس4}}پاڪستان ** نگار اوارڊ (ٻھ ڀيرا)، پاڪستان ** Critics Award ** Graduate Award (twice) ** {{مبسس4}}موسيقيءَ جي قومي ڪائونسل سونو ٻِلو ==خارجي ڳنڍڻا== * [http://www.4pakistanimusic.com/pakistani-songs-downloads/pakistani-regional-music/sindhi-songs/roona-laila.htm {{مبسس4}}رُونا ليليٰ جا سنڌي گيتَ] * [http://www.sanskriti.org/old_site/runa.shtml {{مبسس4}}رُونا ليليٰ جي جيانگاري] * [http://www.getpakistan.com/home/looking_back/RunaLaila.htm {{مبسس4}}الھندي پاڪستان ۾ رُونا ليليٰ جي گائڪي] * [http://sify.com/carnaticmusic/fullstory.php?id=14023044 Runa Laila Casts a Magic Spell] * [http://www.banglamusic.com/music/adhunik/runalaila/ {{مبسس4}}بنگالي موسيقي: رُونا ليليٰ جا گيتَ] [[Category:Bangladeshi singers|Laila, Runa]] [[Category:Bangladeshi music]] [[Category:Bangladeshi music|Laila, Runa]] [[Category:Bengali musicians|Laila, Runa]] [[Category:Ghazal singers|Laila, Runa]] [[Category:Living people|Laila, Runa]] [[bn:রুনা লায়লা]] [[en:Runa Laila]] [[ko:루나 라일라]] {{musician-stub}} [[category:شوبز]] [[category:شخصيات]] 2219 6944 2006-09-22T12:51:20Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[رُونا ليليٰ]] #REDIRECT[[رُونا ليليٰ]] 2220 6945 2006-09-22T12:51:42Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[رُونا ليليٰ]] #REDIRECT[[رُونا ليليٰ]] 2221 6955 2006-09-24T02:21:02Z Russ 102 {{Babel-5|ko|en-1|ja-1|ru-1|sd-0}} [[ko:사용자:Russ]] 2222 6956 2006-09-24T02:29:29Z Russ 102 {| style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 242px; border: #99B3FF solid 1px; clear: right" |- | style="text-align: center" | '''[[Wikipedia:Babel]]''' |- | {{User {{{1}}}}} |- | {{User {{{2}}}}} |- | {{User {{{3}}}}} |- | {{User {{{4}}}}} |- | {{User {{{5}}}}} |} 2223 6957 2006-09-24T02:30:59Z Russ 102 <onlyinclude><div style="float:left;border:solid #6EF7A7 1px;margin:1px"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#C5FCDC" ! style="width:45px; height:45px; background:#6EF7A7; font-size:14pt" lang="en" | ko | style="font-size:9pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em" lang="ko"| 이 사용자는 '''[[:Category:User ko|한국어]]'''가 '''[[:Category:User ko-N|모국어]]'''입니다.[[Category:User ko|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:User ko-N|{{PAGENAME}}]] |} 2224 8620 2006-12-31T11:33:14Z TXiKiBoT 136 robot Adding: [[az:Kateqoriya:User ko-N]] [[Category:User ko]] [[af:Kategorie:Gebruiker ko-N]] [[als:Kategorie:User ko-M]] [[az:Kateqoriya:User ko-N]] [[bs:Kategorija:User ko-N]] [[ce:Категория:User ko-N]] [[cs:Kategorie:User ko-N]] [[da:Kategori:Brugere ko-N]] [[de:Kategorie:User ko-M]] [[en:Category:User ko-N]] [[et:Kategooria:User ko-N]] [[eu:Kategoria:Koreera ama hizkuntza]] [[fr:Catégorie:Utilisateur ko-M]] [[hsb:Kategorija:User ko-N]] [[hu:Kategória:User ko-N]] [[id:Kategori:User ko-N]] [[it:Categoria:Utenti ko-M]] [[ja:Category:User ko-N]] [[kk:Санат:User ko-N]] [[ko:분류:사용자 ko-M]] [[ky:Category:User ko-N]] [[lad:Category:User ko-N]] [[lt:Kategorija:User ko-N]] [[mo:Category:User ko-N]] [[pl:Kategoria:User ko-N]] [[ps:Category:User ko-N]] [[ru:Категория:User ko-N]] [[ru-sib:Category:User ko-N]] [[sh:Category:User ko-N]] [[simple:Category:User ko-N]] [[su:Kategori:User ko-N]] [[tg:Гурӯҳ:User ko-N]] [[ug:Category:User ko-N]] [[uk:Категорія:User ko-N]] [[ur:زمرہ:User ko-N]] [[uz:Category:User ko-N]] [[zh:Category:Ko 母語使用者]] [[zh-classical:Category:User ko-N]] [[zh-yue:Category:User ko-N]] 2225 8770 2007-01-16T01:38:17Z TXiKiBoT 136 robot Adding: [[ta:பகுப்பு:User ko]] [[af:Kategorie:Gebruiker ko]] [[als:Kategorie:User ko]] [[ar:تصنيف:مستخدم ko]] [[az:Kateqoriya:User ko]] [[bat-smg:Kategorija:User ko]] [[be:Катэгорыя:User ko]] [[bg:Категория:Потребител ko]] [[br:Rummad:Implijer ko]] [[bs:Kategorija:User ko]] [[ce:Категория:User ko]] [[cs:Kategorie:User ko]] [[csb:Kategòrëjô:User ko]] [[da:Kategori:Brugere ko]] [[de:Kategorie:User ko]] [[en:Category:User ko]] [[eo:Kategorio:Vikipediisto ko]] [[et:Kategooria:User ko]] [[eu:Kategoria:Koreera (erabiltzaileak)]] [[fa:رده:User ko]] [[fi:Luokka:User ko]] [[fr:Catégorie:Utilisateur ko]] [[he:קטגוריה:User ko]] [[hu:Kategória:User ko]] [[id:Kategori:User ko]] [[is:Flokkur:Notandi ko]] [[it:Categoria:Utenti ko]] [[ja:Category:User ko]] [[kk:Санат:User ko]] [[ko:분류:사용자 ko]] [[kw:Category:User ko]] [[ky:Category:User ko]] [[lad:Category:User ko]] [[lb:Category:User ko]] [[lt:Kategorija:User ko]] [[lv:Kategorija:User ko]] [[mn:Category:User ko]] [[mo:Category:User ko]] [[nl:Categorie:Gebruiker ko]] [[no:Kategori:Bruker ko]] [[oc:Categoria:Utilizaire ko]] [[pap:Category:User ko]] [[pl:Kategoria:User ko]] [[ps:Category:User ko]] [[pt:Categoria:Usuário ko]] [[ro:Categorie:Utilizator ko]] [[ru:Категория:User ko]] [[ru-sib:Category:User ko]] [[scn:Category:User ko]] [[sh:Category:User ko]] [[simple:Category:User ko]] [[sk:Kategória:User ko]] [[sl:Kategorija:Uporabnik ko]] [[sq:Category:User ko]] [[sr:Категорија:Корисник ko]] [[su:Kategori:User ko]] [[sv:Kategori:Användare ko]] [[ta:பகுப்பு:User ko]] [[tg:Гурӯҳ:User ko]] [[th:หมวดหมู่:User ko]] [[tl:Category:User ko]] [[tr:Kategori:User ko]] [[ug:Category:User ko]] [[uk:Категорія:User ko]] [[ur:زمرہ:User ko]] [[uz:Category:User ko]] [[vi:Thể loại:User ko]] [[wa:Categoreye:Uzeus ko]] [[zh:Category:Ko 使用者]] [[zh-yue:Category:User ko]] 2226 6961 2006-09-24T02:34:39Z Russ 102 <onlyinclude><div style="float:left;border:solid #99B3FF 1px;margin:1px"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#E0E8FF" ! style="width:45px; height:45px; background:#99B3FF; font-size:14pt" lang="en" | ko-1 | style="font-size:9pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em" lang="ko"|이 사용자는 '''[[:Category:User ko|한국어]]'''를 '''[[:Category:User ko-1|조금]]''' 할 수 있습니다.[[Category:User ko|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:User ko-1|{{PAGENAME}}]] |} 2227 8771 2007-01-16T01:39:53Z TXiKiBoT 136 robot Adding: [[ka:კატეგორია:მომხმარებელი ko-1]], [[ta:பகுப்பு:User ko-1]] [[Category:User ko]] [[af:Kategorie:Gebruiker ko-1]] [[als:Kategorie:User ko-1]] [[bs:Kategorija:User ko-1]] [[da:Kategori:Brugere ko-1]] [[de:Kategorie:User ko-1]] [[en:Category:User ko-1]] [[eo:Kategorio:Vikipediisto ko-1]] [[eu:Kategoria:Koreera oinarrizko mailan]] [[fi:Luokka:User ko-1]] [[fr:Catégorie:Utilisateur ko-1]] [[he:קטגוריה:User ko-1]] [[hu:Kategória:User ko-1]] [[id:Kategori:User ko-1]] [[it:Categoria:Utenti ko-1]] [[ja:Category:User ko-1]] [[ka:კატეგორია:მომხმარებელი ko-1]] [[kk:Санат:User ko-1]] [[ko:분류:사용자 ko-1]] [[ky:Category:User ko-1]] [[lad:Category:User ko-1]] [[lb:Category:User ko-1]] [[lt:Kategorija:User ko-1]] [[nl:Categorie:Gebruiker ko-1]] [[oc:Categoria:Utilizaire ko-1]] [[pap:Category:User ko-1]] [[pl:Kategoria:User ko-1]] [[ru:Категория:User ko-1]] [[scn:Category:User ko-1]] [[simple:Category:User ko-1]] [[sr:Категорија:Корисник ko-1]] [[su:Kategori:User ko-1]] [[ta:பகுப்பு:User ko-1]] [[th:หมวดหมู่:User ko-1]] [[tl:Category:User ko-1]] [[tr:Kategori:User ko-1]] [[uk:Категорія:User ko-1]] [[ur:زمرہ:User ko-1]] [[uz:Category:User ko-1]] [[vi:Thể loại:User ko-1]] [[wa:Categoreye:Uzeus ko-1]] [[zh:Category:Ko-1 使用者]] [[zh-yue:Category:User ko-1]] 2228 6963 2006-09-24T02:36:26Z Russ 102 <onlyinclude><div style="float:left;border:solid #99B3FF 1px;margin:1px"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#E0E8FF" ! style="width:45px; height:45px; background:#99B3FF; font-size:14pt" lang="en" | ko-2 | style="font-size:9pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em" lang="ko"|이 사용자는 '''[[:Category:User ko|한국어]]'''를 '''[[:Category:User ko-2|어느 정도]]''' 합니다.[[Category:User ko|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:User ko-2|{{PAGENAME}}]] |} </div></onlyinclude> 2229 8489 2006-12-20T20:19:52Z TXiKiBoT 136 robot Adding: af, als, bs, cs, da, de, en, eo, eu, fi, fr, hu, id, it, ja, kk, ko, kw, ky, lad, lt, pl, ru, simple, sr, su, tr, uk, ur, uz, zh, zh-yue [[Category:User ko]] [[af:Kategorie:Gebruiker ko-2]] [[als:Kategorie:User ko-2]] [[bs:Kategorija:User ko-2]] [[cs:Kategorie:User ko-2]] [[da:Kategori:Brugere ko-2]] [[de:Kategorie:User ko-2]] [[en:Category:User ko-2]] [[eo:Kategorio:Vikipediisto ko-2]] [[eu:Kategoria:Koreera maila ertainean]] [[fi:Luokka:User ko-2]] [[fr:Catégorie:Utilisateur ko-2]] [[hu:Kategória:User ko-2]] [[id:Kategori:User ko-2]] [[it:Categoria:Utenti ko-2]] [[ja:Category:User ko-2]] [[kk:Санат:User ko-2]] [[ko:분류:사용자 ko-2]] [[kw:Category:User ko-2]] [[ky:Category:User ko-2]] [[lad:Category:User ko-2]] [[lt:Kategorija:User ko-2]] [[pl:Kategoria:User ko-2]] [[ru:Категория:User ko-2]] [[simple:Category:User ko-2]] [[sr:Категорија:Корисник ko-2]] [[su:Kategori:User ko-2]] [[tr:Kategori:User ko-2]] [[uk:Категорія:User ko-2]] [[ur:زمرہ:User ko-2]] [[uz:Category:User ko-2]] [[zh:Category:Ko-2 使用者]] [[zh-yue:Category:User ko-2]] 2230 6965 2006-09-24T02:38:28Z Russ 102 <onlyinclude><div style="float:left;border:solid #99B3FF 1px;margin:1px"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#E0E8FF" ! style="width:45px; height:45px; background:#99B3FF; font-size:14pt" lang="en" | ko-3 | style="font-size:9pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em" lang="ko"|이 사용자는 '''[[:Category:User ko|한국어]]'''를 '''[[:Category:User ko-3|유창하게]]''' 할 수 있습니다.[[Category:User ko|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:User ko-3|{{PAGENAME}}]] |} </div></onlyinclude> 2231 8768 2007-01-16T01:37:00Z TXiKiBoT 136 robot Adding: [[sl:Kategorija:Uporabnik ko-3]] [[Category:User ko]] [[af:Kategorie:Gebruiker ko-3]] [[bs:Kategorija:User ko-3]] [[da:Kategori:Brugere ko-3]] [[de:Kategorie:User ko-3]] [[en:Category:User ko-3]] [[eo:Kategorio:Vikipediisto ko-3]] [[eu:Kategoria:Koreera maila aurreratuan]] [[fi:Luokka:User ko-3]] [[fr:Catégorie:Utilisateur ko-3]] [[hu:Kategória:User ko-3]] [[id:Kategori:User ko-3]] [[it:Categoria:Utenti ko-3]] [[ja:Category:User ko-3]] [[kk:Санат:User ko-3]] [[ko:분류:사용자 ko-3]] [[ky:Category:User ko-3]] [[lad:Category:User ko-3]] [[lt:Kategorija:User ko-3]] [[pl:Kategoria:User ko-3]] [[ru:Категория:User ko-3]] [[simple:Category:User ko-3]] [[sl:Kategorija:Uporabnik ko-3]] [[sr:Категорија:Корисник ko-3]] [[su:Kategori:User ko-3]] [[tr:Kategori:User ko-3]] [[uk:Категорія:User ko-3]] [[ur:زمرہ:User ko-3]] [[uz:Category:User ko-3]] [[zh:Category:Ko-3 使用者]] [[zh-yue:Category:User ko-3]] 2232 6967 2006-09-24T02:40:24Z Russ 102 <div style="float:left;border:solid #99B3FF 1px;margin:1px"> <table cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#E0E8FF"><tr> <td style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#99B3FF;text-align:center;font-size:14pt">'''[[Korean language|ko]]-4'''</td> <td style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em">이 사용자는 '''[[:Category:User ko|한국어]]'''를 '''[[:Category:User ko-4|대단]]'''히 잘 합니다.[[Category:User ko|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:User ko-3|{{PAGENAME}}]]</td> </tr></table></div> 2233 8769 2007-01-16T01:37:31Z TXiKiBoT 136 robot Adding: af, de, en, eo, eu, fi, fr, ja, kk, ko, pl, zh, zh-yue [[Category:User ko]] [[af:Kategorie:Gebruiker ko-4]] [[de:Kategorie:User ko-4]] [[en:Category:User ko-4]] [[eo:Kategorio:Vikipediisto ko-4]] [[eu:Kategoria:Koreera aditu maila]] [[fi:Luokka:User ko-4]] [[fr:Catégorie:Utilisateur ko-4]] [[ja:Category:User ko-4]] [[kk:Санат:User ko-4]] [[ko:분류:사용자 ko-4]] [[pl:Kategoria:User ko-4]] [[zh:Category:Ko-4 使用者]] [[zh-yue:Category:User ko-4]] 2234 6972 2006-09-25T11:25:15Z Aursani 60 2235 6974 2006-09-25T11:29:21Z Aursani 60 2236 6986 2006-09-26T05:26:46Z CommonsDelinker 103 Redirecting to [[m:User:CommonsDelinker]] #redirect[[m:User:CommonsDelinker]] 2237 6990 2006-09-26T14:48:01Z Aursani 60 My dear friend, in fact unfortunately, your English is so different from what I know, that it is really very difficult, rather quite impossible to understand your message. [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 14:47, 26 September 2006 (UTC) 2238 edit=sysop:move=sysop 8019 2006-11-03T17:53:52Z Aursani 60 <p align="center">[[Image:JKT.png]]<br>[[Sindhi Support]] <font face="MBSarang Sattar, times new roman"> | [[سنڌيءَ لاءِ امدادي هدايتون]] | [[trans|Translate this page]]</font></p> {{MainPageIntro}}<!-- Template:MainPageIntro --> <div style="padding-bottom: .3em; margin: 0 .5em .5em">{{Main Page banner}}</div> {| cellspacing="3" |- valign="top" <center> {{تصفح بند}} {{وڪي ڪام}} {{Wikiessay}} </center> |width="45%" class="MainPageBG" style="border: 1px solid #c6c9ff; color: #000; background-color: #f0f0ff"| <div style="clear: right; text-align: right; float: right; padding: .4em .9em .9em" id="MainPageBox2"> ==اڄ {{CURRENTDAYNAME}} آهي.== <div class="MainPageBG" style="padding: .5em 1em 0; margin: 0 3px 3px; border-bottom: 2px solid #ccc"> <h3 id="lang_h3" class="lang">وڪيپيڊيا ٻين ٻولين ۾</h3> <div id="lang_div" class="lang">{{مبسس4}}توهان ڪيترين ئي مختلف ٻولين ۾ مقالا لکي ۽ سنواري سگھو ٿا</div> {{Wikipedialang}}<!-- Template:Wikipedialang --> </div> <div class="MainPageBG" style="padding: .5em 1em 1em; margin: 3px;"> ==<span id="sister_heading" class="sister">وڪيپيڊيا جون برادر رٿائون</span>== {{وڪيپيڊيابرادر}}<!-- Template:WikipediaSister --> <div style="clear:left"></div> </div> __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ 2239 8327 2006-12-07T18:42:50Z Aursani 60 [[Image:Sigmund.jpg|frame|{{مبسس4}}نفسيات جو ابو، سگمنڊ فرائيڊ]] {{مبسس4}}[[نفسيات]] جو ابو، سگمنڊ فرائيڊ 6 مئي 1856ع ۾ فرائيڊ فرائي برگ موراويا ۾ پيدا ٿيو. ان ننڍڙي ڳوٺ ۾ پنج هزار کن جرمن ۽ چيڪ باشندا آباد هئا. فرائيڊ جي ماءُ جي نالو اميليا ناٿن ۽ سندس پيءُ جو نالو جيڪب فرائيڊ هو. فرائيڊ نفسيات جي علم ۾ تمام اوچو مقام رکي ٿو، کيس نفسيات جو ابو سڏيو ويندو آهي. {{مبسس4}}فرائيڊ جا پيش ڪيل نظريا سڄي دنيا ۾ متنازعه ترين رهيا، خاص طور سندس نظريو ”[[اڊيپس ڪامپليڪس]]“ تمام گهڻو متنازعه رهيو. پر اڳتي هلي سندس جوڙيل اصطلاح ۽ نظريا ادب توڙي سائنس جي دنيا ۾ عام جام استعمال ٿيڻ لڳا. مثال طور: ايڊيپس ڪامپليڪس، [[ٻيائي]]، [[ايروس]]، [[خود اذيتي]]، جنسي نظريا، [[لاشعور]]، [[نيم شعور]]، انا، فوق الانا، اڊ، لبيڊو ۽ ٻارن جي نفسيات وغيره. {{مبسس4}}ماڻهن جي نظر ۾ فرائيڊ ان ڳالهه جو مجرم هو ته هن کي هر شَي ۾ صرف [[جنس]] ئي نظر اچي ٿي. جڏهن ته فرائيڊ جو چوڻ هو ته ورثي ۾ مليل جبلتن کان وڌيڪ آسپاس جون حالتون انسان تي وڌيڪ اثرانداز ٿين ٿيون، [[جبلت]] توانائي جو هڪ اهڙو ذخيرو آهي جيڪو اخراج جي راهه تلاش ڪرڻ لاءِ بيتاب رهندو آهي. اهڙي توانائي جسم ۾ هڪ قسم جي بيچين ڇڪ پيدا ڪندي آهي ۽ ان ڇڪ جو آخري پورائو هڪ قسم جي تسڪين هوندو آهي. {{مبسس4}}فرائيڊ کائڻ، پيئڻ ۽ کنهڻ وغيره لاءِ جنس جو اصطلاح استعمال ڪري ٿو ڇاڪاڻ ته ان دور ۾ لفظ جي اهڙي استعمال مان مراد جنسي لطف ورتي ويندي هئي ان ڪري ڪافي مونجهارن جنم ورتو. ممڪن آهي ته فرائيڊ اهڙن سڀني عملن جي گهرائي سبب ان کي جنسي عمل چوڻ تي مجبور ٿيو هجي. {{مبسس4}}فرائيڊ لاءِ چيو ويندو آهي ته هن کي پنهنجن نظرين تي اختلاف راءِ ۽ آزادانه بحث سخت ناپسند هئا. پر اصل ۾ هن جو رويو بلڪل ابتڙ ۽ ٻاجهاري شخص وارو هوندو هو. {{مبسس4}}فرائيڊ جي نظرين معاشري جي سڀني شعبن کي متاثر ڪيو، جهڙوڪ سائنسي ادب، شاعري، ڪهاڻيون، ناول، ڊراما، فلمون، سوانح حيات، تاريخي ادب، آرٽ، مصوري، مجسمه سازي، تعليم، [[سماجي سائنس]] وغيره. هن جي نظرين جو هاضمو نه ڪري سگهندڙن يا هن جي سطحي تنقيد نگارن کيس لوئڻ جي تمام گهڻي ڪوشش ڪئي. ڊي ايڇ لارنس، فرائيڊ کي [[جنسي شعور]] جي پيدائش جو مجرم قرار ڏنو، هن جو چوڻ هو ته ”فرائيڊ کي ان ممنوع حد ۾ داخل نه ٿيڻ گهرجي ها، اهڙين ڳالهين تي پردا رهڻ گهرجن. آدم ۽ حوا ان ڪري جنت مان نه ڪڍيا ويا جو انهن هڪٻئي جا جنسي عضوا ڏسي ورتا هئا بلڪه ان ڪري ڪڍيا ويا جو انهن کي عضون جي استعمال جي خبر پئجي وئي.“ هن جا مخالف سندس نظرين کي ”ويانا جي غليظ يهودي جا غليظ نظريا“ چوندا هئا. {{مبسس4}}1930ع کان پوءِ جڏهن فرائيڊ جي مڃتا ۽ قبوليت ۾ واڌارو آيو ته هن جا نظريا جزوي طور قبول ڪيا ويا. ان زماني کي فرائيڊ جو دور چيو ويندو آهي. {{مبسس4}}فرائيڊ کي ويانا ڏاڍو عزيز هو، جنهنڪري هن ويانا ۾ نازين جي داخل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ به پنهنجي سڀني ساٿين جي صلاح مڃڻ کان انڪار ڪندي ويانا مان فرار ٿيڻ کي رد ڪري ڇڏيو. نازين نيٺ فرائيڊ جي لائبرري کي باهه ڏئي ساڙي ڇڏيو. ان وقت جي سائنسي دنيا خوفزده هئي ته ڪٿي فرائيڊ نازين هٿان گرفتار نه ٿي وڃي. {{مبسس4}}يونان جي شهزادي ميري نازين کي ڏهه لک شيلنگ ادا ڪري آمريڪي صدر روز ويلٽ جي ذريعي فرائيڊ کي نازين کان بچائي ورتو. فرائيڊ زندگي جا آخري ڏهاڙا لنڊن ۾ گذاريا. نيٺ هن جي سورهن سالا پراڻي بيماري سرطان لاعلاج ٿي وئي ۽ 23 سيپٽمبر 1939ع ۾ هن جو انتقال ٿيو. هن جو لاش نذر آتش ڪيو ويو ۽ ٻاويهه سو سال پراڻي واز ۾ محفوظ ڪئي وئي. {{مبسس4}}فرائيڊ، انسانيت جو عظيم محسن آهي. نفسيات جي علم جي ترقيءَ سبب ڪيترن ئي بيمارين جا علاج ممڪن ٿي سگهيا ۽ وهمن، وسوسن، ماليخوليائن ۽ فوبيائن کان پاڪ هڪ صحتمند معاشري جو بنياد وجھڻ ۾ مدد ملي. == {{مبسس4}}حوالا == {{مبسس4}}* ڪتاب ”سگمنڊ فرائيڊ، ليکڪ تورا ڪينه قاضي، سنڌي ترجمو: ظفر [[category:شخصيات]] 2240 7101 2006-09-28T17:03:24Z Alixafar 98 هي تصوير اسڪين ڪري ايڊيٽ ڪئي وئي هي تصوير اسڪين ڪري ايڊيٽ ڪئي وئي 2241 8681 2007-01-05T14:34:59Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}قاضي فيض محمد جو جنم 1908ع ۾ ٿيو 74 سالن جي سرگرم حياتي گهاري هي ٻاجهارو انسان 1982ع ۾ مٽيءَ ماءُ حوالي ٿيو. قاضي فيض محمد گهڻي رخي شخصيت آهي هڪ طرف هو سياستدان آهي ته ٻئي طرف هڪ ليکڪ آهي، اهڙي طرح هو هڪ فنڪار به آهي. سندس اباڻو شهر [[نوابشاهه]] آهي جتي سندس زندگيءَ جا لاها چاڙها گذريا. چيو وڃي ٿو ته قاضي صاحب جي زندگي ان وقت ڦيرو کاڌو جڏهن وٽس ڏوڪڙ اچڻ شروع ٿيا، ان وقت پاڻ وڪالت شروع ڪئي هئائين ۽ نوابشاهه جا سمورا هندو وڪيل هجرت ڪري انڊيا وڃي چڪا هئا. {{مبسس4}}قاضي فيض محمد جا اڪيچار ڪتاب ڇپجي چڪا آهن سندس آتم ڪٿا تي مشتمل ڪتاب ”منهنجو سفر“ انهن مان هڪ اهم ڪتاب آهي ۽ ان دور جي [[تاريخ]] جو هڪ اهم باب پڻ. ڪتاب جي ديباچي ۾ قاضي فيض محمد لکي ٿو، ”[[علامه آءِ آءِ قاضي]]، [[شيخ عبدالمجيد سنڌي]]، [[جي ايم سيد]] ۽ [[حيدر بخش جتوئي]] ۽ ٻين بزرگن لاءِ [[سنڌ]] جي نوجوان کي هميشه احترام هئڻ گهرجي. مگر ساڳي وقت جيڪي ڪجهه هنن بزرگن چيو آهي اهو الهام ناهي...“ {{مبسس4}}قاضي فيض محمد اهو ڪتاب 1975ع ۾ لکي پورو ڪيو. پر اهو ڪتاب ڪيترن سالن تائين ڇپجي نه سگهيو، نيٺ سندس پٽ جاويد قاضيءَ جي ڪوششن سان اهو اهم ترين ڪتاب ڇپجي سنڌ جي پڙهندڙن تائين پهتو. {{مبسس4}}وڏيرن جي ڪردار بابت قاضي صاحب ڪتاب ۾ لکي ٿو، ”اڳي وڏو [[پاڪستان]] هو ته به وڏيرا سڀ گڏ هئا، هاڻوڪي پاڪستان ۾ به گڏ ۽ [[قائداعظم]] جي مسلم ليگ ۾ به گڏ هوا. اسڪندر مرزا جي ريپليڪن پارٽيءَ ۾ به گڏ هوا، مارشل ايوب جي مسلم ليگ ۾ به گڏ هوا، قائد عوام جي [[پيپلز پارٽي]]ءَ ۾ به گڏ، خدا خير ڪري جي قائد اعوام تخت تان لهي پوي. هي سڀئي ٻئي حاڪم جي پارٽي ۾ داخل ٿي ويندا ۽ گوڏيون ٻڌي سندرا ٺاهي ساڳي قائد اعوام کي گاريون شروع ڪري ڏيندا.“ {{مبسس4}}قاضي صاحب جا ناول ”جنسار“ ۽ ”اڻ ڄاڻ“ تمام گهڻي اهميت وارا ليکي سگهجن ٿا. ٻنهي ناولن ۾ آرٽ سان گڏ فلسفي کي پڻ نمايان اهميت ڏني وئي آهي. {{مبسس4}}سندس پٽ جاويد قاضي ڪتاب جي مهاڳ ۾ لکي ٿو، ”هو [[سائنس]] جو طالب هو، رياضيات، فلسفو ۽ فزڪس هن جا سبجيڪٽ ها.“ {{مبسس4}}قاضي صاحب جو ٻالڪپڻ غربت ۾ گذريو، وٽس پڙهائي جاري رکڻ جيترو پيسو به نه هو. تڏهن سندس پڙهائي اڌ ۾ رڪجي وڃي ٿي ۽ هو درزڪي ڪم تي لڳي وڃي ٿو. ان وقت هڪ همدرد جنهن کي قاضي صاحب پيءُ جو درجو ڏئي ٿو، هن کي درزڪي ڪم تان اٿاري اسڪول ٿو ڇڏي اچي. سندس زندگي ڪيترن ئي لاهن چاڙهن سان ڀري پيئي آهي. قاضي صاحب وستي وستي ووڙيندڙ ۽ فقير طبيعت انسان هو. هڪ ڀيري مايوسين جي انتها طاري ٿيڻ بعد گهر کان نڪري سڌو ٿر ٿو پهچي ۽ اتان کان غير قانوني طور ڀارت ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي ڪوشش ڪري ٿو. ڀارتي عملدار کيس گرفتار ڪن ٿا پر سندس عمر ۽ انداز ڏسي مٿي ڳالهائين ٿا ته [[شيخ مجيب الرحمان]] جو مهمان پاڪستان کان بارڊر ٽپي آيو آهي، تڏهن کيس سرڪاري مهمان طور انڊيا ۾ رهايو وڃي ٿو، اهڙي طرح هو انڊيا مان [[بنگلاديش]] وڃي ٿو پر اندر جي آنڌ مانڌ کي ڪٿي به شانتي نصيب ڪانه ٿي ٿئي. {{مبسس4}}قاضي فيض محمد سياست ۾ عوامي ليگ، [[سنڌ هاري ڪاميٽي]] ۽ ٻين پارٽين ۾ سنڌ جي حقيقي مسئلن جي حل لاءِ جدوجهد ڪندو رهيو. سندس نالو [[سنڌ]] جي انهن سڄڻن ۾ هميشه ياد رکيو ويندو جن بنا ڪنهن لالچ جي پنهنجي ماترڀوميءَ لاءِ پنهنجي ذاتي خواهشن کي هميشه لاءِ پاسيرو ڪري ڇڏيو. اڄ اسان سنڌين وٽ سندس لکيل ڪتاب ئي وڏو سرمايو آهن، جن ۾ سنڌ جي ان دور جي ڪٿا بيان ڪيل آهي جڏهن ننڍي کنڊ جو ورهاڱو ٿيو ۽ وري پاڪستان مان بنگلاديش آزاد ٿيو. {{مبسس4}}هتي بحث ڪرڻ درڪار نه آهي پر قاضي فيض محمد سنڌ جي مسئلن کي پاڪستان ۾ ويهي حل ڪرڻ جو قائل هو. هن واضع طور ”[[سنڌوديش]]“ جي نظريي جي مخالفت ڪئي آهي. ڏٺو وڃي ته پاڪستان هڪ خاص نڪته نظر ”[[ٻه قومي نظريه]]“ تحت وجود ۾ آيو. يعني هڪ طرف هندو ٻئي طرف [[مسلمان]]، پر جڏهن بنگلاديش وجود ۾ آيو تڏهن مسلمانن کان مسلمانن آزادي حاصل ڪئي ۽ اهو به لکين ماڻهو مارجڻ کان پوءِ، حاصل مطلب ته 1971ع ۾ ئي نظريه پاڪستان جو موت واقع ٿي چڪو هو، هاڻ وارو پاڪستان هڪ جبري الحاق آهي جنهن ۾ [[سنڌي]]، [[بلوچ]] ۽ [[پختون]] پنجاب جون بيٺڪون آهن. {{مبسس4}}ان ۾ ڪو شڪ ناهي ته قاضي صاحب سنڌ جو ڀلو چاهيندڙ هو، ۽ ان لاءِ عملي طور پڻ زندگي ارپي ڇڏيائين. سندس ئي چوڻ آهي ته اسان کي بزرگن جو احترام ڪرڻ گهرجي پر انهن جون چيل ڳالهيون ”الهام“ نه آهن. == {{مبسس4}}حوالا == {{مبسس4}}* ڪتاب: ”منهنجو سفر“ ليکڪ قاضي فيض محمد [[category:شخصيات]] 2242 8427 2006-12-14T18:24:15Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}موهن ڪلپنا [[سنڌي ادب]] جو اهو چمڪندڙ ستارو آهي جنهن سهڻي [[سنڌي ٻولي]] کي شاهڪار ناول ڏنا. موهن ڪلپنا جو سپنو مرڻ ڪنان به سپنو ئي رهيو، ڇاڪاڻ ته سندس خواهش هئي ته هڪ ڀيرو [[سنڌ]] جي ڌرتيءَ تي پير پائي ڏسان، [[سنڌو درياءَ]] جو ديدار ڪري سگهان پر سندس اهي خواهشون پوريون نه ٿي سگهيون ۽ هو سنڌ جي ياد ۾ ڳوڙها ڳاڙيندو ڌڻيءَ کي وڃي پرتو. {{مبسس4}}موهن ڪلپنا جو اصل نالو ”موهن بولچند لالا“ هو ۽ پاڻ اصل [[سيوهڻ]] جو هو پر سندس جنم جو شهر ڪوٽڙي آهي. موهن ڪلپنا جو جنم ڏينهن 22 نومبر سال 1930ع آهي. موهن ڪلپنا مئٽرڪ تائين تعليم حاصل ڪري سگهيو. دنيا جي عام جفاڪشي کي منهن ڏيڻ واسطي هو اخبار نويسي جي ڌنڌي ۾ وڃي لڳو. اها اخبار هئي روزانه ”سنڌڙي“. سندس زال جو نانءُ ڪمل ۽ ڌيءَ جو گيتا اٿس. موهن ڪلپنا انڊيا جي مهراڻ ادبي سنگت جو چئرمين به رهيو. سندس پهرين رچنا ”آتم هتيا“ ڪهاڻي آهي جيڪا هن 1948ع ڌاري لکي. ان کان پوءِ هن جي لکڻين جي لنبي قطار آهي. {{مبسس4}}هن جا لڳ ڀڳ ٽيهه کن ڪتاب سنڌ توڙي هند ۾ ڇپجي چڪا آهن ۽ ڏاڍي چاهه سان پڙهيا ويندا آهن. سندس مشهور ڪتاب ”آواره“، ”رڃ ۽ پاڇا“، ”اٺين ڪٿا“، ”تون منهنجي سندرتا جو آرنڀ آهين“، ”درد جو درياءَ“، ”چاندني ۽ زهر“، ”اها شام“، ”اڃا رات باقي آ“، ”فنڪار ۽ فيلسوف“، ”جهاز جي ڊيڪ تي“، ”بک، عشق ۽ ادب“ وغيره آهن. {{مبسس4}}موهن ڪلپنا سيلف پورٽريٽ ۾ لکي ٿو، ”رات جو چنڊ نڪرندو آهي ۽ ماڻهو سمهي پوندا آهن. شاعري ان جڳهه جو نالو آهي جا مساڻن ۾ چڪر لڳائيندي آهي. تپسيا اُلوءَ جو ڌرم آهي. تهذيب ڪپڙي جو وال نه پر ان جو اگهه آهي. تاج محل مزدورن جو پگهر آهي. شاهڪار ڪمپازيٽر جي ڪمپوزنگ آهي.“ ساڳئي ئي پورٽريٽ جي آخر ۾ هو لکي ٿو، ”مون کي پوري خاطري آهي ته مان سرسوتي جي چوٽيءَ مان ڪريل ڦول جي هڪ پنکڙي نه آهيان. پر ڪڏهن، ڪٿي، ڪنهن پنهنجو پير رکيو هو، مان ان پير جو نشان آهيان ۽ مان ان پير جي ڳولها ۾ آهيان.“ {{مبسس4}}سنڌ ۾ سندس گهڻي ۾ گهڻا ڪتاب ”[[سنڌي ساهت گهر حيدرآباد]]“ طرفان ڇپيا. هن جا ڪيترائي ڪتاب پنج کان ڇهه ڀيرا پڻ ڇپجي چڪا آهن. سندس آتم ڪٿا ”بک، عشق ۽ ادب“ گهڻو پڙهيو ويندڙ ڪتاب ڪوٺجي ٿو. {{مبسس4}}موهن ڪلپنا جي ڪتاب ”بک، عشق ۽ ادب“ مان ڪجهه چونڊ ٽڪرا هيٺ ڏجن ٿا. {{مبسس4}}* ڪڏهن سنڌ ياد ايندي هئي. ڪڏهن نياضيءَ جي. ڪڏهن شيلا جي ۽ ڪڏهن ڪملا جي. {{مبسس4}}* مان ڪميونسٽ ته ٿي نه سگهيس، پر مون تي ان ڏينهن جي تقريرن جو چڱو اثر پيو. پر مان ادب کي پارٽي پڌرنامي تي لکڻ وارو نه هئس ۽ ڪلا کي پرچار جو ذريعو ڪڏهن به نه بڻايم. شايد ان ڪري مان ڪجهه بهتر لکي سگهيو آهيان. {{مبسس4}}* مون کي قسمت لفظ نه وڻندو آهي، ۽ نه ان ۾ وشواس اٿم. بس اسين زندگيءَ جي ڪنهن ائبسرڊٽيءَ کي قسمت لفظ جو عنوان ڏيئي، پنهنجي جند کي ٿيل زيادتي کان بچائيندا آهيون. {{مبسس4}}* سو موت ته اڻٽر آهي ئي، ان کي سهج سڀاويڪ قبول ڪجي، جيڪڏهن اهو سهج سڀاويڪ اچي. پر اڪثر ائين ٿئي نٿو. البير ڪاميو هڪ هنڌ لکيو آهي ته اها انساني زندگيءَ جي ڪيڏي نه ائبسرڊٽي آهي، جو هو جنهن زندگيءَ کي مطلب بخشڻ چاهي ٿو، اها بنا اطلاع جي اوچتو ختم ٿي وڃي ٿي. {{مبسس4}}* ذاتي زندگي ۾ مون ڏٺو ته دنيا لاءِ نه، ته [[هندستان]] لاءِ هڪ [[اندرا گانڌي]] آهي، جا ماڻهن جو ڀلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. پر جنتا سرڪار کيس جيل ۾ وجهڻ لاءِ آماده آهي. سوچيم ته ان [[عورت]] جا هٿ مضبوط ٿيڻ گهرجن. ڄار ۾ ڦاٿل شينهن کي ڪڏهن ڪوئا به ڪم ايندا آهن. {{مبسس4}}* مان ائين ئي جلاوطنيءَ ۾ ئي ڳري سڙي ختم ٿي ويندس ۽ پوءِ شايد ڪي ماڻهو ڳالهه ڪندا، هڪ هئي سنڌ ۽ هڪ هو موهن ڪلپنا، ٻنهي هڪٻئي سان ڏاڍي محبت ڪئي، پر ملي نه سگهيا! == {{مبسس4}}حوالا == {{مبسس4}}* ڪتاب، ”بک، عشق ۽ ادب“، ”درد جو درياءَ“ ليکڪ: موهن ڪلپنا [[category:شخصيات]] 2243 7220 2006-09-30T15:14:38Z Aursani 60 [[Image:Human_Evolution.jpg|frame|{{مبسس4}}انساني زندگيءَ جو اوائلي عڪس.]] {{مبسس4}}[[ڊاڪٽر فهميده حسين]] لکي ٿي، ”[[چارلس ڊارون]]، ڊيسمنڊ مورس کان وٺي ايلن مورگن ۽ گرڊالرفر تائين [[انساني ارتقا]] بابت سندن نظريا، سڀ ان ڳالهه تي متفق آهن ته انسان چئن پيرن واري جانور وارو دور گذاري ٻن پيرن واري باندر نما جانور بعد انساني شڪل اختيار ڪئي آهي. چارلس ڊارون پهريون ماڻهو آهي جنهن سائنسي بنيادن تي پهريون انساني ارتقائي نظريو ڏنو.“ {{مبسس4}}ڊارون پنهنجي ڪتاب ۾ انسان کي ٻين جانورن سان ڀيٽڻ کان پوءِ ڪيتريون ئي نسلي هڪجهڙايون ڏٺيون، جيئن انسان، لنگور ۽ باندرن جا ڪجهه قسم تڪليف وقت روئن ٿا، ڪاوڙ ۾ ڳاڙها ٿي وڃن ٿا، ٿڪ مهل اوٻاسيون ڏين ٿا، مقابلي مهل گهورين ٿا، ڪتڪتائي ڪرڻ مهل کلن ٿا، خوف ۾ ڏڪن ٿا، پيار مهل ڀاڪر پائين ٿا، دشمني ۾ ڏند ڪرٽين ٿا، حيرت ۾ ڀرون مٿي کڻن ٿا ۽ بي عزتي مهل ڪنڌ ورائي ٿا ڇڏين. اهڙي قسم جي هڪجهڙائين سائنسدانن کي کوجنائون ڪرڻ تي آماده ڪيو ۽ انساني ارتقائي ڪهاڻي وجود ۾ آئي. ان کي مختلف دورن ۾ ورهايو ويو. {{مبسس4}}ڊارون کي جڏهن موقعو مليو ته هن دنيا جي اڪيچار سامونڊي ڪنارن جو سفر ڪيو ۽ پنهنجي کوجنا لاءِ ڪيترن ئي جانورن جا ڍانچا هٿ ڪيا، جن جي ذريعي هن ثابت ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ته سموريون [[جياڀياسي نسُل|جياڀياسي نسلَ]] ڪنهن هڪ جاندار مان [[ارتقا]] ذريعي پيدا ٿيا آهن. تمام ڏکين حالتن ڪري هن پنهنجو مواد ظاهر ڪرڻ کان لنوايو پئي جيڪو اڳتي هلي نيٺ پڌرو ٿيو. سندس ڪتاب پڌري ٿيڻ کان پوءِ هڪ طرف مذهبي ڌرين ڪات ڪهاڙا اڀا ڪيا ته ٻئي طرف پراڻ پسندن رانڀوٽا هڻڻ لاءِ پنهنجا ننهن تکا ڪيا. چارلس ڊارون پنهنجو ڪتاب ڇپائڻ ۾ ان ڪري ئي دير ڪئي هئي ته جيئن اهڙين حالتن کي منهن ڏيڻ واسطي ايترا ثبوت ۽ شاهديون هجن جو ڪير کيس رد نه ڪري سگهي. ڊارون پنهنجي مقصد ۾ سوڀارو ٿيو پر سندس نظريي ۾ اڪيچار خاميون هيون جيڪي اڳتي هلي وڌيڪ کوجنائن ذريعي دور ڪيون ويون. {{مبسس4}}ارتقا تي ڊارون کان اڳ توڙي پوءِ بيشمار کوجنا ٿي آهي. [[گريجر مينڊل]] جنهن کي ”جينيٽڪس“ جو ابو چيو ويندو آهي ان جي مٽرن تي ڪيل کوجنا ڊارون جي نظريي کي تمام گهڻي هٿي وٺرائي. [[جينيٽڪس]] کي سنڌيءَ ۾ ”[[موروثيت جو علم]]“ چئي سگهجي ٿو. [[سائنس]] جي اها اهم شاخ انساني ڀلائي واسطي ٻوٽن توڙي جانورن ۾ اهڙيون جنسي ۽ ذاتياتي تبديليون ڪرڻ ۾ رڌل آهي جنهن ذريعي ڪڻڪ، ڪپهه، ڪمند ۽ چانورن وغيره جي في ايڪڙ پيداوار ۾ انقلابي تبديلي آئي آهي، ساڳي طرح جانورن جهڙوڪ کير ڏيندڙ [[جانورن جي نسلي افزائش]] ذريعي کير توڙي مکڻ جي پيداوار ۾ هٿرادو اضافو ڪيو پيو وڃي. ان کان علاوه اهو ڪم پولٽري ۾ پڻ ڪيو ويو آهي جنهن جو نتيجو اهي ڪڪڙيون آهن جيڪي ٻارهوئي بيضا ڏينديون رهنديون آهن. {{مبسس4}}”ماڻهو“ اڃا جڏهن جديد ماڻهو نه بڻيو هو ته جنگلن ۾ ٻين جانورن جيان شڪار تي گذران ڪندو هو ۽ غارن ۾ رهندو هو، ان جي بچاءُ جو واحد هٿيار باهه هئي. جانور مان انسان بڻجڻ جي ڪهاڻي کوجنا جي گهرجائو پئي رهي آهي. انسان جي بڻ بڻياد تي شڪ جا آثار يونان جي سجاڳي واري دور ۾ پڻ ملن ٿا. دنيا جي سمورن مذهبن انسان کي ڄمندي ڄام ظاهر ڪيو آهي، جيڪو جهڙو اڄ آهي اهڙو ئي هزارين سال اڳ هو بلڪه جنهن ڏينهن کيس پيدا ڪيو ويو ان وقت کان ئي مڪمل ۽ ڪامل انسان هو. == {{مبسس4}}حوالا == *{{مبسس4}} ڪتاب، ”ڌرتي ماتا“ ليکڪ: اشتياق انصاري *{{مبسس4}} ڪتاب، ”وحشي جيوت جا نشان“ سنڌي ترجمو: محمد ابراهيم جويو 2244 8328 2006-12-07T18:43:41Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}نادر بيگ مرزا [[سنڌي ادب]] جي جديديت جو باني، سنڌي ادب جي روشن ستاري شمس العلماء [[مرزا قليچ بيگ]] جو سڀ کان وڏو پٽ هو. نادر بيگ مرزا جو جنم 1891ع ۾ ڪوٽڙيءَ ۾ ٿيو. شروعاتي تعليم ڪوٽڙي، [[حيدرآباد]] ۽ [[ڪراچي]] جي مختلف اسڪولن ۾ ورتائين. پندرهن سالن جي ننڍي عمر ۾ 1906ع ڌاري لنڊن ياترا لاءِ روانو ٿيو. جتان نيٺ 1912ع ۾ بئريسٽريءَ جي ڊگري حاصل ڪيائين ۽ وڪالت جي شروعات لاڙڪاڻي کان ڪيائين. اڳتي هلي مئجسٽريٽ مقرر ٿيو ۽ سنڌ جي مختلف شهرن ۾ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنائين. {{مبسس4}}لکڻ ته نادر بيگ مرزا جو ڄڻ خانداني ورثو هو. 1920ع کان پوءِ ڪهاڻيون لکڻ شروع ڪيائين، ٿوري گهڻي شاعري به سندس حصي ۾ اچي ٿي. ان دور ۾ هڪ بهترين ڪهاڻيڪار جي حيثيت سان پاڻ کي مڃرايائين. {{مبسس4}}هو ٿياسافيڪل سوسائٽي جو ميمبر پڻ رهيو. ڪهاڻيون لکڻ کانسواءِ ڊرائنگ، نقاشي، [[موسيقي]] ۽ [[راڳ]] سان سندس گهڻي دلچسپي هئي. {{مبسس4}}سندس وفات ڪراچيءَ ۾ 3 فيبروري 1940ع ۾ ٿي، آخري آرامگاهه سندس اباڻي ڳوٺ ٽنڊي ٺوڙهي جي بلند شاهه قبرستان ۾ آهي. {{مبسس4}}سندس ڪهاڻين جو مجموعو نصير مرزا جي جاکوڙ سان پڌرو ٿيو آهي جنهن کي [[انسٽيٽوٽ آف سنڌالاجي ڄامشورو]] ڇپايو آهي. ان ڪتاب ۾ نادر بيگ مرزا جون پنجويهه کن لکڻيون شامل آهن جن ۾ اڪثريت ڪهاڻين جي آهي. ڪتاب ۾ سندس چونڊ شاعري پڻ شامل ڪئي وئي آهي. سندس شاعري جو نمونو هيٺ ڏجي ٿو: {{مبسس4}}وڃي تون اي سگريٽ! چپ چم، عجيب {{مبسس4}}ٿئي شال منهنجو به اهڙو نصيب {{مبسس4}}هُتي توکي عزت ۽ حرمت ملي {{مبسس4}}هتي هڪڙو عاشق مري پيو ڀلي. {{مبسس4}}نادر بيگ مرزا ڪتاب جي ديباچي ۾ لکيو آهي، {{مبسس4}}”مون ته آکاڻيون ننڍي هوندي کان پي لکيون آهن، جو والد مرحوم جي ستي پيٽ ۾ پيل هئي. جڏهن ڪڏهن ساڻن گشت تي ويندو هوس ته منزل منزل تي پنو ۽ پينسل ڏيندا هئا ته جيڪي واٽ تي ۽ اڳين منزل تي ڏٺو ٻڌو اٿئي سو لکي اچ.“ {{مبسس4}}”اڃا ڪا آکاڻي پوري مس ٿيندي هئي ته ڪونه ڪو سنگتي ايڊيٽر لامارو ڏئي کڻي ويندو هو.“ {{مبسس4}}نادر بيگ مرزا جي ڪهاڻي ”مس ماڊلين“ مان چند ٽڪرا هيٺ نموني طور ڏجن ٿا: {{مبسس4}}* وقت تي انگريزيءَ جا ٻه ٽي گفتا ٺوڪي وڃي پار پوندو هو. ڪٿي به ڪا دعوت يا پارٽي هوندي ته مرزا صاحب به ضرور اتي موجود هوندو، ۽ جيسين سڀ مهمان اٿي هليا نه وڃن تيسين پاڻ اٿڻ جو نالو ئي ڪونه وٺندو. {{مبسس4}}* مرزا صاحب جو اتان اٿيو ته سڌو پنهنجي دوست مير اڪمل خان جي گهر پهتو. اڪمل به مرزا صاحب وانگر جهوني زماني جو ماڻهو هو. {{مبسس4}}* ”نچندي آهي... ۽ سوبه بنهه اگهاڙي ٿي.“ مير اڪمل ڀت کي پٺ ڏيو ويٺو هو ۽ هاڻ سڌو سنئون ٿي ڪنڌ مرزا ڏي وڌائي پڇيائين، ”منهنجي سر جو قسم؟“ ”ها، اوهان جي سر جو قسم“ ۽ وري، ”ڇو؟ هلبو؟“ ”ها، يار، اکين سان...“ {{مبسس4}}* ”نه اسين البت پري ويٺا آهيون،“ مير صاحب چيو. هاڻ جو رقاصه اڳتي وڌي ته پٺين مان ڪنهن چيو، ”وٺو سائين، هاڻ ته ڪو فرق ڪونه رهيو.“ اهو ٻڌندي ئي وري مرزا ۽ مير جهٽ کڻي عينڪون لاٿيون، پر انهن اڃا عينڪون ملي ملي صاف پي ڪيون ته مس ماڊلين، ماڻهن کي آخرين سلام ڪري ويندي رهي. == {{مبسس4}}حوالا == {{مبسس4}}* ڪتاب، ”نادر بيگ مرزا جون ڪهاڻيون“، مرتب: نصير مرزا [[category:شخصيات]] 2245 7122 2006-09-28T18:33:52Z Alixafar 98 انساني زندگي جو اوائلي عڪس انساني زندگي جو اوائلي عڪس 2246 7219 2006-09-30T15:06:14Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}هن موضوع تي تمام گهڻو ڪم ڪرڻ جي ضرورت آهي، ڪوشش ڪرڻ گهرجي ته انساني ارتقا متعلق مواد ۽ تصويرون گڏ ڪري هتي ڏجن، ماڻهو يا انساني ارتقا هڪڙي ئي صفحي تي مشتمل مواد هجڻ گهرجي، ان ڪري جو اهي ٻئي لفظ هڪ شَي جي نمائندگي ڪن ٿا. [[User:Alixafar|Alixafar]] 19:03, 28 سيپٽمبر 2006 (UTC) 2247 7132 2006-09-28T20:13:09Z Alixafar 98 ظفر ظفر 2248 7202 2006-09-30T00:12:19Z Xandi 104 +iw '''><(((*>''' [[af:Gebruiker:Xandi]] [[als:Benutzer:Xandi]] [[am:User:Xandi]] [[an:Usuario:Xandi]] [[ang:User:Xandi]] [[ar:مستخدم:Xandi]] [[arc:User:Xandi]] [[as:User:Xandi]] [[ast:Usuariu:Xandi]] [[ay:Utilisateur:Xandi]] [[av:Участник:Xandi]] [[az:İstifadəçi:Xandi]] [[ba:Ҡатнашыусы:Xandi]] [[be:Удзельнік:Xandi]] [[bg:Потребител:Xandi]] [[bm:Utilisateur:Xandi]] [[bn:ব্যবহারকারী:Xandi]] [[bo:User:Xandi]] [[br:Implijer:Xandi]] [[bs:User:Xandi]] [[ca:Usuari:Xandi]] [[ch:User:Xandi]] [[chr:User:Xandi]] [[co:User:Xandi]] [[ceb:User:Xandi]] [[cs:Wikipedista:Xandi]] [[csb:Brëkòwnik:Xandi]] [[cy:Defnyddiwr:Xandi]] [[cv:Хутшăнакан:Xandi]] [[da:Bruger:Xandi]] [[dv:User:Xandi]] [[dz:User:Xandi]] [[el:Χρήστης:Xandi]] [[en:User:Xandi]] [[eo:Vikipediisto:Xandi]] [[es:Usuario:Xandi]] [[et:Kasutaja:Xandi]] [[eu:user:Xandi]] [[fa:کاربر:Xandi]] [[ff:User:Xandi]] [[fi:Käyttäjä:Xandi]] [[fiu-vro:User:Xandi]] [[fj:User:Xandi]] [[fo:Brúkari:Xandi]] [[fr:Utilisateur:Xandi]] [[frp:User:Xandi]] [[fur:Utent:Xandi]] [[fy:Meidogger:Xandi]] [[ga:Úsáideoir:Xandi]] [[gd:User:Xandi]] [[gl:User:Xandi]] [[got:User:Xandi]] [[gu:User:Xandi]] [[haw:User:Xandi]] [[he:משתמש:Xandi]] [[hi:सदस्य:Xandi]] [[hr:Suradnik:Xandi]] [[hu:User:Xandi]] [[ia:Usator:Xandi]] [[id:user:Xandi]] [[ig:User:Xandi]] [[ii:User:Xandi]] [[ilo:User:Xandi]] [[io:User:Xandi]] [[is:User:Xandi]] [[it:Utente:Xandi]] [[iu:User:Xandi]] [[ja:利用者:Xandi]] [[jv:Panganggo:Xandi]] [[ka:მომხმარებელი:Xandi]] [[kg:User:Xandi]] [[ki:User:Xandi]] [[kk:User:Xandi]] [[km:User:Xandi]] [[kn:ಸದಸ್ಯ:Xandi]] [[kr:User:Xandi]] [[ks:User:Xandi]] [[ksh:Medmaacher:Xandi]] [[ku:Bikarhêner:Xandi]] [[kv:Участник:Xandi]] [[kw:User:Xandi]] [[la:Usor:Xandi]] [[lad:User:Xandi]] [[lb:user:Xandi]] [[li:Gebroeker:Xandi]] [[lij:User:Xandi]] [[lmo:User:Xandi]] [[lo:User:Xandi]] [[lt:Naudotojas:Xandi]] [[lv:Lietotājs:Xandi]] [[mi:user:Xandi]] [[mk:Корисник:Xandi]] [[ml:User:Xandi]] [[nn:User:Xandi]] [[mo:User:Xandi]] [[mr:User:Xandi]] [[ms:User:Xandi]] [[mt:User:Xandi]] [[nah:Usuario:Xandi]] [[nap:User:Xandi]] [[nds:Bruker:Xandi]] [[nds-nl:Gebruker:Xandi]] [[nl:Gebruiker:Xandi]] [[no:Bruker:Xandi]] [[nrm:User:Xandi]] [[nv:User:Xandi]] [[oc:User:Xandi]] [[or:User:Xandi]] [[os:Архайæг:Xandi]] [[pa:ਮੈਂਬਰ:Xandi]] [[pam:User:Xandi]] [[pap:User:Xandi]] [[pdc:User:Xandi]] [[pl:Wikipedysta:Xandi]] [[pms:Ciaciarade:Xandi]] [[ps:User:Xandi]] [[qu:Usuario:Xandi]] [[rm:User:Xandi]] [[rn:User:Xandi]] [[ro:Utilizator:Xandi]] [[ru:Участник:Xandi]] [[sa:User:Xandi]] [[sc:Utente:Xandi]] [[scn:User:Xandi]] [[sco:User:Xandi]] [[se:User:Xandi]] [[sh:User:Xandi]] [[si:User:Xandi]] [[simple:User:Xandi]] [[sl:Uporabnik:Xandi]] [[sk:Redaktor:Xandi]] [[sq:User:Xandi]] [[sr:Корисник:Xandi]] [[st:User:Xandi]] [[su:Pamaké:Xandi]] [[sv:Användare:Xandi]] [[sw:User:Xandi]] [[ta:பயனர்:Xandi]] [[te:సభ్యుడు:Xandi]] [[tet:User:Xandi]] [[tg:Корбар:Xandi]] [[th:ผู้ใช้:Xandi]] [[tk:User:Xandi]] [[tl:User:Xandi]] [[tpi:User:Xandi]] [[tr:Kullanıcı:Xandi]] [[tt:Äğzä:Xandi]] [[tum:User:Xandi]] [[tw:User:Xandi]] [[uk:Користувач:Xandi]] [[ur:صارف:Xandi]] [[uz:User:Xandi]] [[ve:User:Xandi]] [[vec:Utente:Xandi]] [[vi:user:Xandi]] [[xh:User:Xandi]] [[yi:באַניצער:Xandi]] [[yo:User:Xandi]] [[wa:Uzeu:Xandi]] [[war:User:Xandi]] [[wo:User:Xandi]] [[za:User:Xandi]] [[zh:User:Xandi]] [[zh-min-nan:User:Xandi]] [[zu:User:Xandi]] 2249 7203 2006-09-30T13:03:49Z 61.248.79.133 {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#E0E8FF" ! style="width:45px; height:45px; background:#99B3FF; font-size:14pt" | <span lang="en">en-1</span> | style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em" lang="en"|This user is able to contribute with a '''[[:Category:User en-1|basic]]''' level of '''[[:Category:User en|English]]'''.[[Category:User en|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:User en-1|{{PAGENAME}}]] |} 2250 7204 2006-09-30T13:04:11Z 61.248.79.133 [[Category:User en]] 2251 8764 2007-01-14T18:55:17Z TXiKiBoT 136 robot Adding: [[ug:Category:User en]] Removing: [[bs:Kategorija:User en]] [[af:Kategorie:Gebruiker en]] [[als:Kategorie:User en]] [[am:Category:User en]] [[ar:تصنيف:مستخدمون en]] [[ast:Categoría:Usuarios por idioma - Inglés]] [[az:Kateqoriya:User en]] [[be:Катэгорыя:User en]] [[bg:Категория:Потребител en]] [[br:Rummad:Implijer en]] [[ca:Categoria:Usuaris per idioma - English]] [[ce:Категория:User en]] [[ceb:Category:User en]] [[chr:Category:User en]] [[co:Category:User en]] [[cs:Kategorie:User en]] [[csb:Kategòrëjô:Brëkòwnik en]] [[cv:Категори:User en]] [[cy:Categori:User en]] [[da:Kategori:Brugere en]] [[de:Kategorie:User en]] [[en:Category:User en]] [[eo:Kategorio:Vikipediisto en]] [[es:Categoría:Usuarios por idioma - Inglés]] [[et:Kategooria:User en]] [[eu:Kategoria:Ingelesa (erabiltzaileak)]] [[fa:رده:User en]] [[fi:Luokka:User en]] [[fo:Bólkur:Brúkari en]] [[fr:Catégorie:Utilisateur en]] [[fur:Categorie:Utent en]] [[fy:Kategory:Meidogger/Taal en]] [[ga:Catagóir:Úsáideoir en]] [[gl:Category:Usuario en]] [[gn:Categoría:User en]] [[he:קטגוריה:User en]] [[hsb:Kategorija:User en]] [[hu:Kategória:User en]] [[ia:Categoria:Usator en]] [[id:Kategori:User en]] [[io:Category:User en]] [[it:Categoria:Utenti en]] [[ja:Category:User en]] [[jbo:Category:pilno en]] [[ka:კატეგორია:მომხმარებელი en]] [[kk:Санат:User en]] [[ko:분류:사용자 en]] [[ky:Category:User en]] [[la:Categoria:Usor en]] [[lad:Category:User en]] [[lb:Category:User en]] [[li:Categorie:Gebroeker en]] [[lt:Kategorija:User en]] [[lv:Kategorija:User en]] [[mi:Category:User en]] [[mn:Category:User en]] [[na:Category:User en]] [[nah:Categoría:Usuarios ic tlahtōlli en]] [[nap:Categoria:Utenti en]] [[nds:Kategorie:User en]] [[nds-nl:Kattegerie:Gebruker en]] [[nl:Categorie:Gebruiker en]] [[no:Kategori:Bruker en]] [[oc:Categoria:Utilizaire en]] [[pap:Category:User en]] [[pdc:Category:Benutzer en]] [[pl:Kategoria:User en]] [[pt:Categoria:Usuário en]] [[ru:Категория:User en]] [[ru-sib:Category:User en]] [[scn:Category:User en]] [[sco:Category:User en]] [[se:Category:User en]] [[simple:Category:User en]] [[sk:Kategória:User en]] [[sl:Kategorija:Uporabnik en]] [[sq:Category:User en]] [[sr:Категорија:Корисник en]] [[su:Kategori:User en]] [[sv:Kategori:Användare en]] [[th:หมวดหมู่:User en]] [[tk:Category:User en]] [[tl:Category:User en]] [[tr:Kategori:User en]] [[ug:Category:User en]] [[uk:Категорія:User en]] [[uz:Category:User en]] [[vi:Thể loại:User en]] [[wa:Categoreye:Uzeus en]] [[wuu:Category:User en]] [[yi:קאַטעגאָריע:באַניצער en]] [[zh:Category:En 使用者]] [[zh-classical:Category:User en]] [[zh-yue:Category:User en]] 2252 7207 2006-09-30T13:08:07Z 61.248.79.133 {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#E0E8FF" ! style="width:45px; height:45px; background:#99B3FF; font-size:14pt" | <span lang="en">en-2</span> | style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em" lang="en"|This user is able to contribute with an '''[[:Category:User en-2|intermediate]]''' level of '''[[:Category:User en|English]]'''.[[Category:User en|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:User en-2|{{PAGENAME}}]] |} 2253 7208 2006-09-30T13:08:24Z 61.248.79.133 [[Category:User en]] 2254 7209 2006-09-30T13:09:56Z 61.248.79.133 {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#E0E8FF" ! style="width:45px; height:45px; background:#99B3FF; font-size:14pt" | <span lang="en">en-3</span> | style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em" lang="en"|This user is able to contribute with an '''[[:Category:User en-3|advanced]]''' level of '''[[:Category:User en|English]]'''.[[Category:User en|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:User en-3|{{PAGENAME}}]] |} 2255 7210 2006-09-30T13:10:13Z 61.248.79.133 [[Category:User en]] 2256 7211 2006-09-30T13:17:08Z 61.248.79.133 {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#FFFF99" | style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#FFFF00;text-align:center;font-size:14pt" | '''[[English language|en]]-4''' | style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em" | This user speaks '''[[:Category:User en|English]]''' at a '''[[:Category:User en-4|near-native]]''' level. [[Category:User en|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:User en-4|{{PAGENAME}}]] |} 2257 7212 2006-09-30T13:17:25Z 61.248.79.133 [[Category:User en]] 2258 7213 2006-09-30T13:28:03Z 61.248.79.133 {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#C5FCDC" ! style="width:45px; height:45px; background:#6EF7A7; font-size:14pt" | <span lang="en">en</span> | style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em" lang="en"| This user is a '''[[:Category:User en-N|native]]''' speaker of '''[[:Category:User en|English]]'''.[[Category:User en|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:User en-N|{{PAGENAME}}]] |} 2259 7214 2006-09-30T13:28:21Z 61.248.79.133 [[Category:User en]] 2260 7250 2006-09-30T23:55:20Z 61.248.79.133 {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#C5FCDC" ! style="width:45px; height:45px; background:#6EF7A7; font-size:14pt" | <span lang="en">sd</span> | style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em" lang="sd"| ھن يُوزر جي '''[[:Category:User sd-N|مادري ٻولي]]''' '''[[:Category:User sd|سنڌي]]''' آھي .[[Category:User sd|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:User sd-N|{{PAGENAME}}]] |} 2261 8335 2006-12-07T18:50:45Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}عبدالڪريم گدائي [[سنڌ]] جو بهترين شاعر، ڪريم آباد، تعلقي [[ٺل]] ۾ پهرين جنوري 1901ع ۾ پيدا ٿيو. گدائيءَ جي تعليم سنڌي فائنل هئي. هن دنيا ۾ روزي روٽيءَ جي بندوبست لاءِ ڪلارڪ، سپاهي ۽ صحافي جهڙا مختلف فرض سرانجام ڏانا. سندس ٽي شاديون ٿيون. اولاد ۾ ٻه پٽ ٻه نياڻيون هيون. سندس مشهور تصنفون، ”خان ڳڙهه کان جيڪب آباد تائين“، ”پيماني تي پيمانو“، ”ساڻيهه جا سور“، ”پکڙا ۽ پنهوار“ شامل آهن، ان کان علاوه ڪيئي فيچر، ڪهاڻيون ۽ اسٽيج ڊراما پڻ لکيل آهن. سندس وفات 28 جنوري 1978ع ۾ ٿي ۽ آخري آرامگاهه افضل بابا قبرستان [[جيڪب آباد]] ۾ آهي. {{مبسس4}}عبدالڪريم گدائيءَ جو گهريلو نالو ”بگو“ هو. اسڪول ۾ سندس نالو عبدالڪريم لاشاري لکرايو ويو. گدائي 1911ع ائنگلو ورنيڪيولر اسڪول ۾ داخل ٿيو ۽ 1916ع ۾ پنج درجا پاس ڪري [[سکر]] جي هاءِ اسڪول ۾ داخل ٿيو. اهڙي طرح 1920ع ۾ فائنل جو امتحان ٺل جي سنڌي اسڪول مان پاس ڪيائين. {{مبسس4}}سندس پهرين نوڪري پوليس ۾ ننڍي منشي واري رهي. جڏهن شاعري شروع ڪيائين ته پنهنجي لاءِ تخلص ”گدائي“ جو انتخاب ڪيائين. گدائي صاحب پنهنجي هڪ تصنيف ۾ لکي ٿو، ”جڏهن آئون 1920ع ڌاري پوسٽ آفيس شڪارپور ۾ ڪلارڪ هوس، تڏهن جليانوالا باغ جي واقعي خلاف احتجاجي ڏينهن ملهايو ويو. منهنجي دل [[ڪانگريس]] طرف ڇڪجي ويئي. گدائي شروعات ۾ [[خلافت تحريڪ]] کان متاثر هو پر پوءِ جوش ۾ نوڪري ڇڏي وڃي ڪانگريس ۾ شامل ٿيو. 1925ع ڌاري سندس شاعري سنڌو ۽ ٻين هفتيوار اخبارن ۾ شايع ٿيڻ لڳي. پر سندس شاعري جو حقيقي دور [[هندستان]] جي ورهاڱي کان پوءِ شروع ٿئي ٿو. گدائي صاحب لکي ٿو، ” 1947ع کان پوءِ آزادي وارو خواب شرمندءِ تعبير رهجي ويو، اسين [[سنڌي]] پنهنجي ئي وطن ۾ بي وطن ٿي وياسون. امنگون ۽ اميدون پائمال ٿي ويون. تڏهن کان شاعري موجوده موڙ اختيار ڪيو.“ {{مبسس4}}گدائي صاحب جو شروعاتي ڪلام هفتيوار پيغام، صداقت، سنڌو، سنڌ زميندار، روزانه الوحيد ۾ شايع ٿيندو رهيو. پاڻ 1952ع ۾ سنڌ هاري ڪاميٽي ۾ شامل ٿيو. ان دوران گدائي صاحب مقامي اخبارن صبح سنڌ، ستاره سنڌ، فرنٽيئر گزيٽ، انقلاب، امروز ۽ مجاهد جو ايڊيٽر به رهيو. {{مبسس4}}گدائي جي شاعري سنڌ سان پيار ۽ انسيت جو مظهر آهي. سندس نالو سنڌ جي ترقي پسند شاعرن جي فهرست ۾ ڳڻيو وڃي ٿو. {{مبسس4}}گدائي جي شاعري مان چونڊ ٽڪرا نموني طور هيٺ ڏجن ٿا. {{مبسس4}}* سفر زندگي جو ڪٺن هو گدائي بهر طور گذريو گذاري ڇڏيوسين. {{مبسس4}}* خبردار هاري جو ڀوتار آيا پراڻا شڪاري کڻي ڄار آيا. {{مبسس4}}* اڄ به ساري رات، رنو ويٺي مارئي سارو ملڪ ملير جو آيو واڳن وات ڪڍي ڪوئي ڪات، ماري مانگر مڇ کي. {{مبسس4}}* نه اٽو جنهن کي، نه اجهو ميسر نه ٻارن کي چولو، نه عورت کي چادر نه پنهنجي بدن تي لنگوٽي برابر نه ڪوسيءَ ٿڌيءَ ۾ ڪو پيرن ۾ پادر. {{مبسس4}}* آ واٽ تي ڪاري ٻاٽ اگر پر پنهنجي رت جو تيل ڏيئي هر موڙ مٿان آزادي جي {{مبسس4}}هڪ مشعل ٻاري وينداسين. {{مبسس4}}گدائي صاحب جي هڪ اردو غزل جو بند: {{مبسس4}}* ڪب رها غافل مين تيري ياد سي افترا هي، جهوٽ هي، الزم هي. == حوالا == {{مبسس4}}* ماهوار ”ڪينجهر“ حيدرآباد، عبدالڪريم گدائي نمبر [[category:شخصيات]] 2262 7253 2006-09-30T23:56:28Z 61.248.79.133 2263 7252 2006-09-30T23:56:10Z 61.248.79.133 [[Category:User sd]] 2264 8393 2006-12-13T13:23:30Z Aursani 60 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/194.80.20.10|194.80.20.10]] ([[User_talk:194.80.20.10|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] {{مبسس4}}[[Image:Gandhi_Jee.jpg|frame|مهاتما گانڌي]] ==تعارف== {{مبسس4}}'''مهاتما گانڌي''' جو پورو نالو مهاتما موهنداس ڪرم چند گانڌي آهي، 1915ع ڌاري گانڌي ڏکڻ آفريڪا کان موٽڻ بعد [[هندستان]] جي سياست ۾ شامل ٿيو. ان وقت سڄي هندستان تي انگريزن جي حڪومت هئي. گانڌي هڪ خلوص دل انسان، قابل سياستدان ۽ اهنسا جو پرچارڪ هو. سندس جنم 2 آڪٽوبر 1869ع ۾ ٿيو. ڪاٺياواڙي راجڪوٽ رياست جو شهر پوربندر سندس جنم ڀومي آهي. موهن داس يعني غلام ڪرشن جي باري ۾ اهو به چيو وڃي ٿو ته سندس وڏا اصل ۾ [[ننگر پارڪر]] کان 12 ميل پري پاري نگر جا رهواسي هئا. هن انگلينڊ مان 1891ع ۾ بيريسٽري پاس ڪئي ۽ ڏکڻ آفريڪا ۾ وڃي رهائش اختيار ڪئي. هن اُتي مئي 1894ع ۾ انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس جي شاخ قائم ڪئي. {{مبسس4}}جليانوالا باغ ۾ انگريزن طرفان ڪيل خون ريزي کان پوءِ ھن هندن ۽ مسلمانن کي گڏجي آزاديءَ جي جنگ ۾ حصو وٺڻ لاءِ تيار ڪيو. جڏهن سڀني جماعتن جا اجلاس گڏ ٿيڻ لڳا ته گانڌي جي حيثيت ۾ وڌيڪ اضافو ٿي ويو ۽ اهڙي طرح هو مسلمانن توڙي هندن جو محبوب رهنما بڻجي اڀريو. 1922ع ڌاري کيس ڇهن سالن لاءِ جيل موڪليو ويو پر سندس طبيعت خراب ٿيڻ ڪري ٻن سالن اندر آزاد ڪيو ويو. 1930ع ۾ هن جڳ مشهور لوڻ جي قاعدي ٽوڙڻ جي هلچل هلائي. ان دوران ٻه ڀيرا کيس گرفتار پڻ ڪيو ويو. اهڙي طرح سياست ۾ سرگرمي سان بهرو وٺندو رهيو. {{مبسس4}}آخر 8 آگسٽ 1940ع تي ڪانگريس کان ”هندستان خالي ڪريو“ جو ٺهراءَ پاس ڪرائي شھري نافرمانيءَ جي تحريڪ شروع ڪرايائين. انگريز سرڪار ڪانگريس کي غيرقانوني جماعت قرار ڏيئي لکين ماڻهن کي گرفتار ڪري جيلن ۾ بند ڪري ڇڏيو. ان وقت [[مسلم ليگ]] ۽ ڪانگريس وچ ۾ وڇوٽين جي ڪري ٻن الڳ ملڪن جي ورهاست لاءِ ماحول سازگار هو جڏهن ته گانڌي اهڙي ورهاڱي جي سخت خلاف هو. نيٺ لارڊ مائونٽ بيٽن وائسراءِ ٿي آيو جنهن هندستان کي ورهائي [[پاڪستان]] ۽ هندستان طور ٻن الڳ ملڪن جو بنياد وڌو. ان ئي عرصي ۾ مسلمانن ۽ هندن وچ ۾ سخت خون ريزي ٿيندي رهي، گانڌي سمجهوتي لاءِ گهڻي ڪوشش ڪئي ايتري قدر جو هندن جي ڪٽر فرقي پرست جماعت جي هڪ فرد گاڊسي جنوري 30، 1948ع تي صبح جي وقت پستول مان فائر ڪري کيس قتل ڪري ڇڏيو. اڄ به ڪروڙين ماڻهو سندس مداح آهن. تاريخ جو هي يگانو فرد آهي جنهن اهنسا جي پرچار ۾ حياتي گذاري پر نيٺ سندس موت هڪ هنساواديءَ هٿان ٿيو. ==حوالا== *{{مبسس4}}جديد سياست جا نو رتن، ليکڪ جي ايم سيد *{{مبسس4}}گانڌي، ليکڪ ڊاڪٽر نجم عباسي [[en:Mahatma Gandhi]] [[ko:마하트마 간디]] [[category:شخصيات]] 2265 8332 2006-12-07T18:47:28Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}سقراط سنگ تراش سوفرونڪس ۽ دائيءَ فيتيريتي جو پٽ هو. جنهن ايٿينز جي رواج جي ابتڙ پيءُ جي ڌنڌي ڪرڻ کان نابري واري، ۽ سچ جو مبلغ ٿيو. هو اڄ کان چويهه سو سال اڳ جي ايٿينز، [[يونان]] جو رهواسي هو. جڏهن [[سائنس]]، ڊرامي ۽ شاعري ۾ هومر، فيثاغورث، پنڊار، سوفوڪليز، ليان، هيسئڊ، جارجيس، يوريپڊيز، ايمپي ڊوڪليز، انڪثا غورث، ارسٽو فينز ۽ ايگاٿن وغيره پنهنجو وارو وڄائي چڪا هئا. سقراط انهن مان ڪيترو لاڀ پرايو سا ڳالهه [[افلاطون]] جي سقراط سان منسوب ڪيل مڪالمن ۾ ڏسي سگهجي ٿي. [[Image:Socrates.jpg|frame|{{مبسس4}}سقراط، جنهن کي ستر سالن جي عمر ۾ موت جي سزا ڏني وئي ۽ هن زهر جو پيالو پيتو]] {{مبسس4}}سقراط [[خيال پرست]] فلسفي هو. هو هڪ طرح [[توحيد]] جو قائل هو، سندس چوڻ هو ته سڀ ديوتا نيڪي جا خواهان آهن. سقراط کي خبر هئي ته قديم شاعرن جي شاعري يونان ۾ مقدس ليکي وڃِي ٿي پر هن ڪڏهن به پنهنجو پاڻ تي ايمان آڻڻ جي ڳالهه نه ڪئي جڏهن ته ڪريفن جو ڊلفي وارو حوالو به وٽس هو. {{مبسس4}}هن جي دلچسپي چنڊ ستارن سان نه هئي، نه ئي هو هڏين ۽ گوشت جي ٺهيل انسان کي اهميت ڏئي ٿو. هن لاءِ زمين سج کي ڦري ٿي يا سج زمين کي ڦري ٿو ڪابه اهميت نٿا رکن ۽ نه ئي رت جي گردش يا هڏين جي بناوٽ هن لاءِ اهم آهن. هو ته اوچا آدرش رکندڙ هو. هن جو واسطو جسم سان نه پر ذهن يا روح سان هو. سندس نظر ۾ سچ ۽ نيڪي جي جستجو ئي سڀ کان اتم آهن. {{مبسس4}}سقراط سڄي حياتي انهن سوالن جي کوج ۾ گذاري ته [[ڪائنات]] ڇا آهي؟ دنيا ڇو پيدا ٿي؟ انسان جي وجود جو ڪارڻ ڇا آهي؟ نيڪي ڇا آهي؟ سچ ڇا آهي؟ وغيره. سقراط سڄي عمر رڳو ڳالهيون ڪندو رهيو ۽ هڪ لفظ به نه لکيائين ۽ نه ليڪچر ڏنائين. هن جون ڪچهريون روايتي انداز واريون هونديون هيون. ڪڏهن ورزش گاهه ۾، ڪڏهن بازار ۾، ڪڏهن ڪنهن محفل يا دعوت ۾، ڪڏهن ڪنهن دڪان تي، بس هن جو وقت ائين گذرندو رهيو. اسان وٽ سندس خيال افلاطون ۽ [[زينوفن]] ذريعي پهتا آهن. {{مبسس4}}جڏهن سقراط لاءِ موت جي سزا جو اعلان ڪيو ويو، ته کيس دوستن ۽ شاگردن صلاح ڏني ته فرار ٿي وڃ پر سقراط ان ڳالهه کي مڃڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. هن جو چوڻ هو ته جن قانونن کي اسان جوڙيو آهي انهن قانونن کان ڪيئن ٿو فرار ٿي سگهجي. مان ستر سالن جو آهيان مرڻو ته هوئين به آهي پوءِ ڇو نه شان سان مران. سقراط موت جي سزا جي فيصلي اچڻ کان اڳ چيو هو ته، ”منهنجي دعا آهي ته ديوتا ۽ عدالت اهڙو فيصلو ڏين جنهن ۾ منهنجي به ڀلائي هجي ۽ توهان جي به.“ {{مبسس4}}عدالتي ڪاروائي ۾ فيصلو راءِ شماري جي ذريعي ٿيو ۽ سقراط کي موت جي سزا جو حقدار قرار ڏنو ويو. ان دور جي رواج مطابق سقراط کي زهر جو پيالو پي پنهنجو انت آڻڻو هو. پوءِ سقراط کي بنديخاني ۾ وڌو ويو {{مبسس4}}زهر جو پيالو پيئڻ کان اڳ سقراط پهريان غسل ڪيو، پوءِ ڪجهه وقت لاءِ پنهنجي زال زانپٽي ۽ ٻين عورتن سان ڪچهري ڪئي. جڏهن جيلر زهر جو پيالو سقراط حوالي ڪيو ته سندس همدرد غم زده ٿي ويا تڏهن سقراط کين چيو، ”مون عورتن کي ان ڪري ئي ٻاهر موڪليو آهي ته جيئن اهي اهڙي غلطي نه ڪن اوهان به پنهنجو پاڻ تي قابو رکو ۽ صبر کان ڪم وٺو.“ {{مبسس4}}زهر جي پيالي پيئڻ کان پوءِ سقراط ٿوري دير تائين پسار ڪندو رهيو. پوءِ هو ڪمبل ويڙهي ليٽي پيو. پر وري ٿوري دير کان پوءِ هن آخري ڀيرو ڳالهيو، ”ڪرائٽو اسان تي واجب آهي ته هڪ ڪڪڙ شفا جي ديوتا جي نالي تي قربان ڪريون. ڇا تون اها قرباني ڏيندين؟ متان وساري ڇڏين.“ ٻئي ڏينهن ڪڪڙ جي قرباني ڏني وئي. [[ڪرائٽو]] لکي ٿو، ”اسان سقراط جي جسم کي دفن ڪري ڇڏيو. منهنجو خيال آهي ته سقراط بذات خود موجود نه هو، پر مون کي يقين آهي ته هي جتي به آهي خير سان آهي.“ == حوالا == {{مبسس4}}* ڪتاب، ”سقراط“ ليکڪه ڪورا ميسن، سنڌي ترجمو: ظفر [[category:شخصيات]] 2266 7259 2006-10-01T18:42:09Z Alixafar 98 سقراط، سچ جو مبلغ سقراط، سچ جو مبلغ 2267 7263 2006-10-01T19:03:05Z Alixafar 98 {{مبسس4}}[[حياتياتي ماهر]]ن مطابق ايڊز جي بيماريءَ جو سبب هڪ [[وائرس]] آهي جنهن کي ايڇ آءِ وي جو نالو ڏنو ويو آهي. اهو وائرس مڪمل [[پيراسائٽ]] آهي جنهن جو مطلب آهي ٻين جي زندگيءَ تي مدار رکندڙ. وائرس، حياتي جي تمام هيٺاهين درجي جي نمائندگي ڪري ٿو ان کي هڪ ئي وقت زنده ۽ مرده چيو ويندو آهي. وائرس جيڪڏهن ڪنهن [[جاندار]] تي انحصار ڪندڙ طور موجود هوندو آهي ته ان ۾ زندگيءَ جون علامتون هونديون آهن جيڪڏهن ٻاهر آزاد حالت ۾ هوندو آهي ته مرده هوندو آهي. [[Image:Aids.gif|frame|{{مبسس4}}ايڊز وائرس، هڪ خاڪو]] {{مبسس4}}ايڊز حقيقت ۾ هڪ بيماري نه پر بيمارين جي ماءُ آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته اها انسان جي فطري مدافعتي نظام کي مفلوج بڻائي ڇڏيندي آهي. نتيجي طور ايڊز ۾ ورتل انسان آسانيءَ سان مختلف نوعيت جي بيمارين جو شڪار بڻجي ويندو آهي. فطري دفاعي نظام جي مفلوج ٿيڻ سان انسان بيمارين جي آمجگاهه بڻي پوي ٿو ۽ ڪنهن به بيماريءَ لاءِ ڪا روڪ ٽوڪ باق نٿي رهي. {{مبسس4}}ايڊز پهريون ڀيرو 1982ع ۾ ظاهر ٿي، ۽ ٻن سالن جي تحقيق کان پوءِ ايڊز جو وائرس دريافت ڪيو ويو. جنهن کي [[ايڇ آءِ وي]] جو نانءُ ڏنو ويو. آمريڪا ۾ ڊاڪٽر رابرٽ 1984ع ۾ پريس ڪانفرنس ذريعي اعلان ڪيو ته هو ايڇ آءِ وي دريافت ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي ويو آهي. {{مبسس4}}ايڊز جي خلاف تقريبن چوڏنهن ويڪسينز تيار ڪيون ويون آهن. پر اهي مڪمل طور ايڊز تي ڪنٽرول ڪري سگهندڙ نه آهن، تنهنڪري ايڊز هڪ لاعلاج مرض جي صورت ۾ سامهون آيو آهي. رپورٽن مطابق ايڊز ايڪهين صدي جي انتهائي خطرناڪ بيماري طور سامهون آيو آهي. {{مبسس4}}حياتياتي اصولن جي رهنمائي ۾ ماهرن اهو نتيجو ڪڍيو آهي ته ايڇ آءِ وي جديد وائرس آهي. سوال اهو آهي ته اهو پيدا ڪيئن ٿيو. آمريڪي ماهرن مطابق ايڇ آءِ وي وائرس پهريان موجود وائرس جي قسمن جي بدليل صورت آهي، ۽ اهو جنسي بي راهه روي جي پيداوار آهي. پر اهي سموريون دريافتون ۽ نتيجا حتمي ثابت نه ٿيا آهن. اصل سوال به اهو آهي ته جيستائين ايڊز کي مڪمل طور سمجهيو نٿو وڃي ان وقت تائين علاج جو دريافت ٿيڻ به ناممڪن آهي. {{مبسس4}}ايڇ آءِ وي جي پيدائش تي ڪيترائي مفروضا قائم ڪيا ويا آهن. هڪ نظريو اهو آهي ته ايڊز ڪنهن اڳ موجود وائرس مان [[اوچتي ارتقائي تبديلي]] يا [[ميوٽيشن]] ذريعي پيدا ٿيو آهي. ميوٽيشن جي ان عمل کان پوءِ وائرس جو اڳ موجود ڪو قسم تبديل ٿي ڪري ايڇ آءِ وي جي صورت اختيار ڪري ويو. {{مبسس4}}ماحولياتي ماهرن مطابق [[ارضياتي ماحول]] ۾ صنعتي سرگرمين سبب ايندڙ تبديلين فطرت جي نظام کي ڊانواڊول ڪري ڇڏيو آهي، سوين منفي تبديلين سان گڏ سج جي بنفشي شعاعن کي زمين تي پهچڻ وارو عمل آسان بڻجي پيو، اهي شعاع انتهائي طاقتور آهن ۽ ڊي اين اي ۾ تبديلي (ميوٽيشن) جو اهم ترين سبب پڻ آهن. {{مبسس4}}ايڊز وائرس جي پيدائش متعلق ٻيو نظريو اهو آهي ته ايڇ آءِ وي هٿرادو طور جنگي مقصدن لاءِ پيدا ڪيو ويو، جهڙي طرح ٻيا [[ڪيميڪل]]، [[بايولاجيڪل]] ۽ [[جراثيمي هٿيار]] پيدا ڪيا ويا. {{مبسس4}}ايڇ آءِ وي وائرس رت جي اڇن جزن تي حمله آور ٿيندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته مرد جي جنسي مادي ۾ رت جا اڇا جزا موجود هوندا آهن تنهنڪري ايڊز ورتل مرد ايڇ آءِ وي جي ڦهلاءَ جو ذريعو بڻبو آهي. اهڙي طرح وائرس عورت ۾ منتقل ٿي ويندو آهي، ان مان ظاهر ٿيو ته جنسي تعلقات ايڇ آءِ وي جي بنيادي ڦهلاءَ جو طاقتور ذريعو نه آهي. ان ۾ عورت جو ڪردار انتهائي محدود ٿي وڃي ٿو. وائرس جي ڦهلاءَ جو بنيادي ذريعو [[رت جي منتقلي]] آهي. == حوالا == {{مبسس4}}* ڪتاب، پندرهن وار ”عبرت ميگزين“ حيدرآباد، سنڌ 2268 7262 2006-10-01T19:01:06Z Alixafar 98 ايڊز وائرس ايڊز وائرس 2269 8428 2006-12-14T18:24:57Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}ماڻڪ، اصل ۾ [[سنڌي ادب]] جو ماڻڪ به هو. سندس اصل نالو منير احمد آهي. 5 مارچ 1943ع ۾ نوشهري فيروز ۾ سندس جنم ٿيو. ماڻڪ جي تعليم ايم اي، ايم ايڊ ۽ ايل ايل بي هئي. منير احمد ماڻڪ سو کان مٿي [[ڪهاڻيون]]، ڪجهه [[ناول]] ۽ [[ناوليٽ]] لکيا. سندس ڇپيل ڪتابن ۾ ”حويليءَ جا راز“، ”لڙهندڙ نسل“، ”رڃ ۽ پڙاڏا“، ”پاتال ۾ بغاوت“، ”ڇهه انام ڪهاڻيون“ شامل آهن. پيٽ گذر لاءِ شروع ۾ ماستري، پوءِ ڪلارڪي، صحافت ۽ آخر ۾ وڪالت پڻ ڪيائين. {{مبسس4}}ماڻڪ [[سنڌ]] جو يگانو ليکڪ آهي جنهن کي شايد نام نهاد باشعور پڻ گاريون ڏيندا آهن.هن پنهنجي لکڻين ۾ ڪڏهن به ڳالهه رومال ۾ ويڙهي ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش نه ڪئي کيس جيڪو ڪجهه چوڻو هوندو هئس بنا ڪنهن ڦيرڦار جي لکي ڇڏيندو هو. اهو ئي ڪارڻ هو جو کيس لويو ويندو هو. [[عبدالقادر جوڻيجو]] لکي ٿو، ”گاريون ڏيڻ وارن کي ڌيان رکڻ گهرجي متان جوشيليون گاريون ڏيڻ سان سندن گڦ ته ڪانه ٿي وهي.“ [[موهن ڪلپنا]]، ماڻڪ جي ناول ”ساهه مٺ ۾“ تي تبصرو ڪندي لکيو، ”هي ناول هڪ بارود آهي، جنهن جي سنڌ کي ضرورت آهي.“ ماڻڪ پاڪستان جي ٺهڻ ۽ سنڌ کي ائين ظاهر ڪيو آهي ته ”ڌاڙيلن جا جوکي ۾ وجهي لٽ جو مال هٿ ڪيو آهي.“ 26{{مبسس4}} جنوري 1982ع ۾ سنڌ جي هي بيباڪ ليکڪ اسان سڀني کان وڇڙي ويو. ماڻڪ جي بيباڪي ۽ بي خوفي ڄڻ اڄ به سنڌ جي ضرورت هجي. سنڌ جو ماڻڪ سنڌ کان جسماني طور جدا ته ٿي ويو پر سندس ڪهاڻيون ۽ ناول اڄ به نوجوانن ۾ پسند ڪيا وڃن ٿا، دور بدلجي چڪو آهي گاريون گهٽ ٿي چڪيون آهن وقت سنڌين کي گهڻو ڪجهه سمجهائي ڇڏيو آهي. ماڻڪ پنهنجن لکڻين ۾ سنڌ کي ڪڏهن به نه وساريو ته پوءِ سنڌ ماڻڪ کي ڪيئن ٿي وساري سگهي. {{مبسس4}}ماڻڪ جو ناول ”ساهه مٺ ۾“ شروع ۾ هتي نه ڇپجي سگهيو، ڪير ڇپائڻ لاءِ تيار ئي نه هو! اهو ڪتاب وڃي [[هندستان]] مان ڇپيو. ان واقعي تي موهن ڪلپنا لکيو، ”[[پاڪستان]] هڪ طاقتور ملڪ آهي. پر ان ملڪ کي ايڏي طاقت ڪونهي جو هن ڪتاب جي ڌماڪي جو زور سهي سگهي. ان ڪري هيءُ ڪتاب پاڪستان ۾ ڇپجي نٿو سگهي ۽ هاڻ هندستان ۾ ڇپيو آهي.“ {{مبسس4}}ماڻڪ جي ناول ”ساهه مٺ ۾“ مان ڪجهه چونڊ ٽڪرا هيٺ ڏجن ٿا. {{مبسس4}}* سنڌين کي [[مسلمان]] بنائڻ جي سازش آهي ۽ هر اهو [[سنڌي]] مسلمان آهي، جو پهريون پاڪستاني، پوءِ سنڌي آهي! سنڌي وڏيرن اهو اصول مڃي ڇڏيو آهي. ذوالفقار ڀٽو به، پر پس پيش جو سنڌي آهي ڦاسي کائي ٿو. هڪ رٿائتي ڪوشش ته سنڌين کي غير سنڌي بڻايو وڃي. {{مبسس4}}* حراس، خوف، گهٻراهٽ! زال جا ڪپڙا لاهڻ کان پوءِ ٿڌو ٿيو وڃي ۽ننڊ جون گوريون وٺي. {{مبسس4}}* سامهون واري گهر ۾ پوليس آئي. ڇوڪرو نه ملين. صوبيدار گاريون ڏيندي چين ته جي ڇوڪرو ٿاڻي تي پيش نه ڪيو ته سڀ رنو ن ٿاڻي تي گهلي وينداسين. {{مبسس4}}* اسان سنڌين جي ڪمزوري آهي پٺتي هٽندي خاموشي اختيار ڪرڻ. هڪ قومي خصلت، درويشائي. {{مبسس4}}* هي هڪ تاريخي حقيقت آهي ته هندستان جي مسلمانن جون بنيادي وفاداريون، ڌرتيءَ کان وڌيڪ، ٻاهرين حملي ڪندڙ فاتح حاڪمن سان وڌيڪ رهيون آهن. منهنجو مطلب آهي افغانن، ترڪن، مغلن، ايرانين يا عربن سان نه رڳو اهو پر هو، انهي تي پاڻ پڏائين به ٿا! == حوالا == {{مبسس4}}* ڪتاب، ”ساهه مٺ ۾“ (ناول) ليکڪ: ماڻڪ [[category:شخصيات]] 2270 7269 2006-10-01T20:31:59Z Alixafar 98 {{مبسس4}}شِو ديوتا تمام قديم آهي، شِو جو مطلب آهي ”مبارڪ“ جيڪا عام طور استعمال ۾ اچي ٿي ٻيون معنائون آهن، مهربان، نيڪ دل، شفيق، روشن ۽ مسرور وغيره. شِو ديوتا هندن جي [[ٽمورتي]] (تريمورتي) جو حصو آهي. ان ٽمورتي ۾ ٽي ديوتا شامل آهن، [[برهما]]، [[وشنو]] ۽ شِو. ٽمورتي ۾ وشنو ۽ شِو جي گڏ هجڻ باوجود هندن ۾ هڪڙا [[وشنوپرست]] آهن ته ٻيا [[شِوپرست]]. شِو ديوتا جي قديم دور ۾ [[سنڌ]]، [[پنجاب]]، [[سرحد]] ۽ [[بلوچستان]] جي واديءَ ۾ پوڄا جو عام رواج هو. انهيءَ دور ۾ شِو زرخيزي جو ديوتا ڪري ڪوٺيو ويندو هو. ان وقت شِو جو خطاب هو ”پسوپتي“ يا حيوانن جو مالڪ ۽ پالڻهار. آدجڳاد کان نانگ کي پڻ زرخيزي جي علامت تصور ڪيو ويندو آهي. تنهنڪري شِو ديوتا کي عام طور نانگ سميت ظاهر ڪيو ويندو آهي. [[Image:Shiva.jpg|frame|{{مبسس4}}شِو ديوتا، هندن جو اهم ترين ديوتا]] {{مبسس4}}واديء سنڌ جي قديم آثارن مان شِو جي علامت ڍڳو پڻ ڏيکاريل آهي. ڍڳي مان صاف ظاهر آهي ته ان جو تعلق پوکيءَ سان هو. آرين جي حملن کان اڳ سنڌ جا ماڻهو زراعت سان وابسته هئا. هندن وٽ لنگ يا لنگم پوڄا آرين کان اڳ موجود هئي، جيڪا پڻ شِو سان وابسته هئي. ان مان پيدائش جو تعلق شِو سان واضع ٿئي ٿو. {{مبسس4}}[[رگ ويد]] جي ديوتا جي حيثيت ۾ شِو جو نالو نٿو ملي. بهرحال رگ ويد ۾ هڪ قبيلي جو نالو ”شِو“ ملي ٿو. اهو قبيلو [[سنڌو درياءَ]] جي آسپاس رهندو هو. اهو شِو قبيلو ٻين قبيلن سان گڏجي آرين خلاف وڙهيو. {{مبسس4}}هندن جي مذهبي ڪتابن مطابق جڏهن برهما ديوتا پنهنجي ڌيءُ سان جنسي ميلاپ ڪيو ته ديوتائن ردر (شِو) کي درخواست ڪئي ته هن کي سزا ڏئي. ان تي ردر برهما جي پنجين منڍي ڪٽي ڇڏي. اپڻشدن ۾ ردر (شِو) جي فضيلت ۽ درجو وڌيل آهي. رامائڻ ۾ هن کي عظيم تر ديوتا مڃيو ويو آهي. [[مهاڀارت]] ۾ شِو جو مقام سڀ کان اوچو آهي. {{مبسس4}}[[هندستان]] ۾ شِو جي پوڄا لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سو قبل مسيح ۾ ملي ٿي. سندس اڪيلي طور پوڄا جو رواج تمام گهٽ هو. عام طور ان جي عبادت لنگ يا لنگم جي صورت ۾ ۽ ان جي زال جي پوڄا يوني جي صورت ۾ ٿيندي هئي. يوني عورتاڻي توانائي جي علامت آهي. شِو جي مٿي تي نانگ ۽ ڳچيءَ ۾ کوپڙين جي هار جي موجودگي سندس تشدد واري صفت کي ظاهر ڪن ٿا. شِو جي خاصيتن ۾ گهڻو شراب پيئڻ، پنهنجي زال [[پاروتي]] ديويءَ سان گڏ نچڻ پڻ شامل آهي. شِو جو هڪ خاص ڪائناتي رقص ٽانڊوا سڏبو آهي. هي ناچ تخليق ۽ دنيا جي تباهيءَ جو ناچ ليکبو آهي. {{مبسس4}}شِو جا هزارين نالا آهن، مهاديو، مهيشور، ايشور، شنڪر، شمڀو، مهاڪال وغيره سندس مشهور نالن ۾ شامل آهن. شِو جو رنگ اڇو ۽ ڳچي نيري يا ڪاري هوندي آهي. ويدي دور ۾ شِو جو رنگ ڳاڙهو پڻ رهيو آهي. هن جون پنج منڍيون، چار ٻانهون ۽ ٽي اکيون آهن سندس ٽين اک نرڙ تي آهي. {{مبسس4}}برهما ۽ وشنو وٽ رهائش لاءِ آسمان جون وسعتون آهن، پر شِو پنهنجي آسمان کان محروم آهي. هن جو ٺڪاڻو هماليائي سلسلو [[ڪيلاش پربت]] آهي. روايتن مطابق آخر ۾ شِو کي هڪ آسمان حاصل ٿي ويو هو. اهو آسمان ڪيلاش پربت تي آهي اُتي گنگا آسمان مان لٿي هئي. شِو ديوتا جو مقام اوچو ۽ پالڻهار وارو آهي هو گنگا هٿان ايندڙ تباهيءَ کي روڪڻ سان گڏ انسان جي ان اُپاج لاءِ آسانيون پيدا ڪندو رهندو آهي. == حوالا == {{مبسس4}}* ڪتاب، ”سنڌوءَ جي ساڃاهه“ ليکڪ: سائين جي ايم سيد {{مبسس4}}* ڪتاب، ”ڌرتي ماتا“ ليکڪ: اشتياق انصاري 2271 8324 2006-12-07T18:40:09Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}شاهه عنايت الله صوفي پٽ مخدوم فضل الله ڪامل درويش ۽ وطن پرست انسان هو. سندس وڏا پڻ درويش صفت انسان هئا جيڪي اصل ۾ نصريه جا ويٺل هئا. اهو ڳوٺ [[بنوري]] جي پرڳڻي ۾ ٿي گذريو آهي. شاهه عنايت پنهنجي زندگيءَ ۾ وڏا سير سفر ڪيا. سندن ڳوٺ اصل متعاوي سيدن جو هو، جن مان پهريون سيد عبدالڪريم شاهه بلڙي وارو مخدوم فضل الله جي پڙڏاڏي مخدوم صدوءَ جو مريد هو. {{مبسس4}}شاهه عنايت [[هندستان]] ۾ وڃي برهانپور شهر ۾ عبدالمالڪ جي صحبت حاصل ڪئي ۽ پنج ورهيه انهن جي نظرداريءَ ۽ تربيت هيٺ رهيو. ظاهري علم جي حاصلات شاهه جهان آباد جي شاهه غلام محمد وٽ ڪيائين ۽ انهن جو مريد ٿيو. شاهه عبدالمالڪ کان اجازت وٺي ٺٽي ۾ آيو. نيٺ ٺٽي مان لڏي [[ميرانپور]] جي ڳوٺ ۾ آيو جنهن کي جهوڪ چيو ويندو آهي. اُتي خانقاهه بڻائي ويٺو ۽ هزارين مريد ٿيڻ لڳس. {{مبسس4}}اهڙي وايو منڊل کي ڏسي شاهه ڪريم پوٽا سيد سندس حاسد ٿيا ۽ دهلي جي حاڪم تائين مٿس فرياد کڻي ويا ته فساد ٿو برپا ڪري. ٺٽي جي حاڪم نواب اعظم خان به انهن جي پٺڀرائي ڪئي. آخر بادشاهه جي حڪم سان هڪڙو وڏو لشڪر آيو ۽ سن 1130هه ۾ شاهه عنايت کي شهيد ڪيو ويو. {{مبسس4}}شاهه عنايت صوفيءَ جو احوال سنڌ جي تاريخن ۾ آيل آهي. [[جي ايم سيد]] پڻ شاهه عنايت صوفيءَ جو مفصل احوال پنھنجي ڪتاب ”سنڌ جا سورما“ ۾ ڏنو آهي. شاهه عنايت جا [[سنڌ]] توڙي سنڌ کان ٻاهر ڪيترائي مريد هئا. سيد جانشاهه روهڙيءَ وارو پڻ سندن مريد ۽ خليفو هو. {{مبسس4}}شاهه عنايت عالم، فاضل ۽ شاعر هو. سندس فارسي ۽ سنڌي شعر موجود آهن. شاهه عنايت کي سنڌ جي صوفي بزرگن جو سرتاج پڻ چيو ويندو آهي. سائين جي ايم سيد طرفان کيس سورمو قرار ڏيڻ بعد سندس مزار تي هزارين نوجوان پڻ هر سال وڃي کيس سلامي ڏيندا آهن. {{مبسس4}}ان دور ۾ شاهه عنايت صوفي هڪ منظم سياسي اُڀار واري تحريڪ هلائي جنهن کي ”[[جيڪو کيڙي سو کائي]]“ واري نعري تحت ياد ڪيو ويندو آهي. سندس نعرو ان وقت سنڌ جي ڪنڊ ڪڙڇ ۾ مشهور ٿي ويو، هزارين [[سنڌي]] لڏي اچي جهوڪ ۾ سندس پناهه ۾ ويهڻ لڳا. ظاهر آهي ته اهڙي سمڪ جڏهن حاڪمن کي پئي هوندي ته انهن اندروني طور ڪيتريون ئي رڪاوٽون کڙيون ڪيون هونديون، پر هي سيدزادو هر مشڪل مان پار پوندو ويو. {{مبسس4}}تاريخ جي ورقن مان ڄاڻ پوي ٿي ته جڏهن دشمنن لاءِ ٻيو ڪو چارو نه رهيو ته ڳالهين ۽ ٺاهه بهاني کيس گهرائي قتل ڪيو ويو. جڏهن جهوڪ جهريو ته شاهه عنايت جي مريدن جو پڻ قتل عام ڪيو ويو. ڪيترئن مريدن کي ڳولي ڳولي ماريو ويو. پر شاهه عنايت جي فڪر ۽ سندس لازوال نعري ”جيڪو کيڙي سو کائي“ کي ڪوبه شڪست نه ڏئي سگهيو. {{مبسس4}}اڄ جڏهن به شاهه عنايت صوفيءَ جي جنم ڏينهن تي جهوڪ ۾ ميلو لڳندو آهي ته سندس هزارين عقيدتمند سان گڏ سنڌ جا وطن پرست نوجوان يونيورسٽين، ڪاليجن ۽ مختلف شهرن مان گاڏيون ڪاهي اچي جهوڪ ۾ ڳاهٽ ٿيندا آهن. شاهه عنايت صوفي سنڌ سان محبت ۽ وفا جو اهڃاڻ آهي، نوجوان کيس ڀيٽا ڏئي پنهنجي لاءِ اتساهه حاصل ڪندا آهن. == حوالا == *{{مبسس4}} ڪتاب، ”سڌ جا سورما“ ليکڪ: سائين جي ايم سيد *{{مبسس4}} ڪتاب، ”قديم سنڌ جا ستارا“ ليکڪ: مرزا قليچ بيگ [[category:شخصيات]] 2272 7268 2006-10-01T20:25:38Z Alixafar 98 شو ديوتا، هندن جو اهم ترين ديوتا شو ديوتا، هندن جو اهم ترين ديوتا 2273 7282 2006-10-02T21:33:52Z Alixafar 98 {{مبسس4}}آريا اصل ڪٿان آيا، ان بابت عالمن جي راين ۾ هڪجهڙائي نه آهي. رگ ويد ۾ آرين ۽ آڻ آرين وچ جنگين بابت تمام گهڻو احوال ملي ٿو. بهرحال انهيءَ ۾ سندن بڻ بڻياد بابت ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ مدد نٿي ملي. ٻين ٻولين جي کوجنائن مان پروڙ پئي ٿي ته اهي [[وچ ايشيا]] کان آيا هئا. اهو نظريو اڳتي هلي ڪن عالمن طرفان غلط قرار ڏنو ويو ۽ آرين جو اصل هنڌ [[اُترقطب]] ڄاڻايو ويو. گنگاڌرڪ تلڪ هندن جي ويدن، اتهاسن ، پراڻن سان گڏ پارسين جي [[زنداوستا]] مان ڪيترائي حوالا ڏئي ڄاڻايو آهي ته آريا اصل ۾ ”ميرو پربت“ جا رهاڪو هئا جيڪو اُترقطب طرف هو. {{مبسس4}}هن وقت اسان جي پڻ ڪيترن ئي عالمن جو رايو به ساڳيو آهي ته سڀ آريا لوڪ جيڪڏهن ميروپربت جا رهاڪو نه به هئا ته به سندن اڪثريت اتان جي هئي. اهو پڻ چيو ويو آهي ته رگ ويد جون ڪافي رچنائون انهي وقت جون آهن جڏهن اهي اترقطب طرف ميروپربت تي رهندڙ هئا. اُترقطب اهڙو علائقو آهي جتي سج ۽ ٻيا ستارا نه ڪي اُڀرندي يا لهندي ڏسجن ٿا ۽ نه رات ڏينهن وارو اسان جهڙو ساڳو وايو منڊل آهي پر جيالاجي مطابق اهو يقين ڪيو ويو آهي ته ڪو اهڙو وچولو دور به گذريو آهي جنهن ۾ اُتي ماڻهو رهي سگهيا ٿي. چوڻ ۾ اچي ٿو ته قديم يونانين جو اصلوڪو ماڳ پڻ ميروپربت هو. سندن ديوتا ”دئونيسوس“ بابت [[يوناني لوڪ]] ائين چوندا آهن ته ”زيئوس“ جو پٽ هو. ۽ ڌرتي سندن ماءُ هئي. رگ ويد ۾ آڳاٽن آرين آسمان ۽ ڌرتيءَ کي ابو ۽ اما سڏيو آهي. {{مبسس4}}تحقيق جي بنياد تي وچ ايشيا سان آرين جو تعلق ڪمزور ثابت ٿيو آهي ۽ اُترقطب واري نظريي کي هٿي ملي آهي. طرفن جي نالن مان ڏکڻ ۽ اتر لفظ انتهائي قديم زماني جا لفظ آهن. اتر مطلب پاسو، پر [[سنسڪرت]] ۾ ان جو مطلب آهي ”مٿيون پاسو“، سنسڪرت ۾ ”اُد“ جو مطلب مٿاهون يا اُتم آهي. هن وقت اتر جو ضد ڏکڻ سڏجي ٿو پر اصل ۾ ائين نه آهي. سنسڪرت ۾ اتر جو مطلب آهي مٿيون ۽ ان جو ضد آهي ”آڌر“ يعني هيٺيون. سنسڪرت ۾ اتر جو ضد پورب پڻ آهي. سوال اهو آهي ته پوءِ هاڻوڪو رواج ڪيئن پيو؟ سنڌي لفظ ”ڏکڻ“ اصل ۾ سنسڪرت لفظ ”دڪشڻ“ آهي. جنهن جو مطلب آهي ساڄو ۽ سنسڪرت ۾ ان جو ضد آهي ”وام“، جنهن جو اُچار هندي ۾ آهي ”بام“، ”باوان“ يا ”بانوان.“ انهن لفظن جو مطلب آهي کٻو يا ڏائو، ٻيو لفظ آهي ”بائين“ جنهن جو مطلب آهي ”کٻو“. {{مبسس4}}عالمن مطابق چئني ڏسائن جي نالن جون اڳيان توڙي هاڻوڪا مطلب سمجهڻ تڏهن آسان ٿيندو جڏهن تسليم ڪبو ته آڳاٽن هندن ۽ يونانين جا اباڏاڏا اصل ميروپربت جا رهاڪو هئا. ميروپربت اترقطب ۾ هو، جتي نئين سال جي شروعات ۾ ائين لڳندو آهي ته سج ڏکڻ کان اڀري ٿو. جنهنڪري ڏکڻ لفظ جو مطلب هو ”اڀرندو“، سنسڪرت ۾ ”دڪشڻ“ جو بنياد آهي ”دڪش“ جنهنجو هڪڙو مطلب آهي ”اڀرڻ“. اترقطب ۾ سج ڏکڻ طرف کان ڦيرا کائيندو اڀرندو آهي. تنهنڪري اتر لفظ جو مطلب ٿيو مٿيون پاسو. {{مبسس4}}آڳاٽا لوڪ پوءِ اترقطب ڇڏي هيٺ ڏکڻ طرف (وچ ايشيا، [[ايران]]، [[هندستان]]) آيا. اُتي سج سڌو اوڀر کان اڀرندي ڏٺائون ته انهيءَ طرف کي سڏيائون ”پورب“ جنهن جو مطلب آهي ”اڳيون پاسو“ يا اهو پاسو جتان سج اڀري ٿو. ان جو ضد ٿيو ”پڇم“ يا پٺيون پاسو يعني اهو پاسو جتان سج ُالهي ٿو. اڀرندي منهن ڪري بيهبو ته سڄي هٿ وارو پاسو ڏکڻ ٿيندو جنهنڪري ڏکڻ جو مطلب پوءِ وڃي ٿيو ”ساڄو“. ساڄي هٿ سان ڪم ڪار ڪيو ويندو آهي تنهنڪري ڏکڻ جو مطلب ”ڦڙت“ به آهي ڇاڪاڻ ته کٻي هٿ جي ڀيٽ ۾ سڄو هٿ ڦڙتي سان ڪم ڪار ڪري سگهي ٿو. == حوالا == {{مبسس4}}* ڪتاب، ”سنڌوءَ جي ساڃاهه“ ليکڪ: سائين جي ايم سيد {{مبسس4}}* ڪتاب ”قديم سنڌ“ ليکڪ: ڀيرو مل مهرچند آڏواڻي 2274 8398 2006-12-13T17:04:02Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}ڪول ۽ سنٿال شايد معلوم ڄاڻ مطابق [[سنڌ]] جا قديم ترين رهواسي آهن. جڏهن سنڌ وٽان سمنڊ هٽي پري ٿيو ته پهريان ڪهڙيون قومون سنڌ ۾ آباد ٿيون ان بابت ڪا تز ڄاڻ نه پئجي سگهي آهي. ڌرتيءَ جي ٽئين دور ۾ جيڪي پنڊپاهڻ ملن ٿا انهن جي بنياد تي ئي اهو فيصلو ڪري سگهجي ٿو ته سنڌ جا قديم ترين رهواسي ڪير هئا. تحقيق مان ايتري ڄاڻ پئي آهي ته موجوده قومن مان قديم ترين لوڪ جن اتر [[هندستان]] وسايو سي هاڻوڪن سنٿالن، ڀيلن ۽ منڊ لوڪن جا اباڏاڏا هئا. اها ئي راءِ سنڌ بابت تڏهن تسليم ڪئي وئي جڏهن سيوهڻ وٽ کوپڙيون لڌيون ويون. ساڳي طرح موهن جي دڙي مان پڻ ڪولن ۽ سنٿالن جون کوپڙيون لڌيون ويون. تنهنڪري خاطريءَ سان ڪولن ۽ سنٿالن کي سنڌ جي قديمي ۽ پهريان رهواسي سڏي سگهجي ٿو. {{مبسس4}}جڏهن اتر هندستان جو گهڻو ڀاڱو اڃان سمنڊ هيٺ هو تڏهن ڏکڻ هندستان وارو پاسو [[آفريڪا]]، سيلون ۽ [[آسٽريليا]] سان خشڪي ذريعي ڳنڍيل هو. ٻولين جي کوجنا ذريعي ماهرن وٽ سبب مهيا ٿيل آهن ته اهي قديم لوڪ انهيءَ رستي آسٽريليا کان چين ولايت واري واٽ وٺي، [[آسام]] ۽ [[بنگال]] ڏي آيا ۽ پوءِ اتر هندستان ڏي هليا ويا. هن وقت سندن اولاد وچ هندستان طرف سنٿال پرڳڻن ڇوٽا ناگپور طرف رهي ٿو. {{مبسس4}}هاڻوڪا ڪول ۽ سنٿال جيڪي ٻوليون ڳالهائين ٿا تن جي بناوٽ انهن ٻولين جهڙي آهي جيڪي انڊو چائنا ۽ ملايا اُپٻيٽ کان وٺي آسٽريليا ۽ پالينيشيا تائين ڳالهائجن ٿيون. اهو ئي سبب آهي جو ڪولن ۽ سنٿالن جون ٻوليون آسٽريليا جي ٻولي خاندان جي هڪ شاخ سڏجڻ ۾ آيون. {{مبسس4}}ڪولن ۽ سنٿالن جي ٻوليءِ ۾ ”ڪول“ لفظ جو مطلب آهي ”ڄڻو“ يا ”ماڻهو“. سندن اولاد ڪيئي صديون اتر هندستان ۾ رهيو تنهنڪري اهي آرين سان تعلق ۾ آيا. جنهنڪري [[سنسڪرت]] ۾ ”ڪول“ لفظ داخل ٿيو. جنهنجو مطلب ٿيو ”جهنگلي يا اڻ سڌريل“. جنهن مان اها ڳالهه به عيان ٿئي ٿي ته آرين اڳوڻن ڪولن کي اڻ سڌريل حالت ۾ ڏٺو. {{مبسس4}}ڪولن ۽ سنٿالن ۾ ڪي ”منڊ“ لوڪ به هئا جن جو ذڪر ”[[مهاڀارت]]“ ۽ ”وايو پراڻ“ ۾ ملي ٿو. تنهنڪري سندن ٻوليون ”ڪوليرين“ يا ”منڊا“ سڏجڻ ۾ آيون. ساڳي طرح سنسڪرت ۾ ”منڊ“ لفظ جو مطلب آهي ”گهٽ ذات وارو يا نيچ“ يا ٻيو مطلب اٿس، ”مڏو يا جڏو“. ان مان ظاهر ٿئي ٿو ته آرين پاڻ کي برتر ٿي سمجهو جنهنڪري ٻين کي ”[[اڻ آريا]]“ يا پوءِ بگڙيل اُچار تحت ”اناڙي“ سڏيو ويو. انهن قديم ماڻهن کي ”مليڇ“ به سڏيو ويندو هو جنهن جو مطلب آهي، ”جنهن کي پوري ٻولي (سنسڪرت) ڳالهائڻ نه اچي.“ {{مبسس4}}ڪولن جي ٻوليءِ جو هن وقت سنڌ ۾ ڪوبه نالو ڪونهي پر ٻوليءِ ۾ ان ڳالهه جا آثار ملن ٿا. اڪثر اڻ پڙهيل هاري ويهه ويهه ڪري ڳڻيندا آهن، اهي پنجاهه بدران ”اڍائي ڪوڙيون“ لفظ ڪتب آڻيندا آهن، يا سٺ بدران ”ٽي ڪوڙيون“ جنهن جو مطلب آهي ٽي ويهون. آرين جي ڳڻپ جو دستور ڏهاڪن جي ترتيب تي رکيل هو ان ڪري اسان وٽ سندن اُچار ٿوري ڦير سان اڄ به رائج آهن. جيئن ٻارنهن (ٻاڏنهن) يا تيرنهن (تيڏهن) وغيره. == حوالا == {{مبسس4}}* ڪتاب، ”سنڌوءَ جي ساڃاهه“ ليکڪ: سائين جي ايم سيد {{مبسس4}}* ڪتاب، ”قديم سنڌ“ ليکڪ ڀيرومل مهرچند آڏواڻي [[category:تاريخ]] 2275 7286 2006-10-02T21:45:40Z Alixafar 98 {{مبسس4}}دراوڙ [[سنڌ]] جاقديم رهواسي هئا، نئين پٿر واري دور جي تهذيب جو بنياد وجهندڙ اهي ئي هئا. دراوڙن بابت تحقيق ٻڌائي ٿي ته ڪولن ۽ سنٿالن جي مٿان دراوڙ ڪاهي آيا. موهن جي دڙي مان ڪن سنٿالن ۽ ڪولن جي کوپڙين سان گڏ دراوڙن جون کوپڙيون پڻ لڌيون ويون آهن. سنڌ ۾ هن وقت جيڪي ”[[اوڏ]]“ آهن سي اصل ۾ دراوڙن منجهان آهن. اوڏ لفظ جو مطلب آهي اڏيندڙ، اهي اڄ تائين سنڌ ۾ ڀتين جون اوساريون کڻندا آهن. {{مبسس4}}سنڌ ۾ موجود ماڱر يا ماڃر جيڪي ذات جا مهاڻا آهن اهي پڻ سنڌ جي آڳاٽن دراوڙن جو اولاد آهن. [[شاه لطيف]] پڻ پنهنجي هڪ بيت ۾ مهاڻن کي ماڱر سڏيو آهي: تون سمون، آءُ گندري، مون ۾ عيبن جوءِ، پسي راڻين روءِ، متان ماڱر مٽين. (شاه) {{مبسس4}}[[سجاول]] وارو پاسو هاڻ تائين ”ماڃر“ سڏجڻ ۾ اچي ٿو. سجاول طرف ”ماڱر“ بدران ”ماڃر“ چون ٿا. اهو اصل ۾ دراوڙي لفظ آهي جنهن جو مطلب آهي، ”ڄار رکندڙ يا مهاڻو.“ سجاول واري پاسي ”ماڃر“ نالي هڪ ڍنڍ پڻ مشهور آهي. {{مبسس4}}دراوڙن جي سنڌ اچڻ بابت تاريخ ۾ مختلف رايا آهن. انهن مان ٻن راين کي اهم سڏي سگهجي ٿو. هڪڙن مطابق دراوڙ اصل ۾ ڏکڻ [[هندستان]] جا رهاڪو هئا، اهي تڏهن آيا جڏهن اهو پاسو خشڪيءَ رستي اڃا [[آسٽريليا]] سان ڳنڍيل هو. ويجهڙائي وارين کوجنائن مطابق ٻيو رايو آهي ته اهي ڀونوچ سمنڊ طرف رهندڙ قومن منجهان هئا پوءِ عربن ۽ ٻين سميٽڪ قومن کين اتان تڙِي ڪڍيو. جنهنڪري اهي [[بلوچستان]] واري واٽ کان ٿيندا هندستان آيا. جن مان ڪي [[سنڌوندي]]ءَ واري ماٿري ۾ رهي پيا. {{مبسس4}}بلوچستان جي بروهين جي نحوي بناوٽ دراوڙي ٻولين جهڙي آهي. اهڙي مشابهت سبب عالمن ائين پئي سمجهيو آهي ته [[بروهي]] ۽ دراوڙ ٻئي وچ ايشيا مان آيا هئا. هڪڙي راءِ اها به آهي ته دراوڙ ڀونوچ سمنڊ طرف رهندڙ قومن منجهان نه هئا بلڪه اصل هندستان جا رهواسي هئا جتان پوءِ اهي لڏي [[ڀونوچ سمنڊ]] طرف ويا ۽ پنهنجي تهذيب جو ڦهلاءَ يورپ تائين ڪيائون. == حوالا == {{مبسس4}}* ڪتاب، ”سنڌوءَ جي ساڃاهه“ ليکڪ: سائين جي ايم سيد {{مبسس4}}* ڪتاب، ”قديم سنڌ“ ليکڪ: ڀيرو مل مهرچند آڏواڻي 2276 7293 2006-10-03T08:46:41Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[ڪارل سيگن]] #REDIRECT[[ڪارل سيگن]] 2277 8627 2007-01-01T12:25:32Z Aursani 60 /* سائنسي پرچار */ {{Infobox_Person | name = ڪارل سيگن | image = Sagan_large3.jpg | birth_date = [[نومبر 9]] [[1934]] | birth_place = [[Brooklyn, New York|Brooklyn]], [[New York]] | death_date = [[ڊسمبر 20]] [[1996]] | death_place = [[Seattle, Washington]] }} {{مبسس4}}'''ڪارل ايڊوَرڊ سيگن''' (انگريزيءَ ۾ </font> Carl Edward Sagan) {{مبسس4}}([[نومبر 9]]، [[1934ع]] – [[ڊسمبر 20]]، [[1996ع]]) هڪ [[آمريڪي گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪي]] [[نجمياتدان]] </font> Astronomer {{مبسس4}}، [[نجمجياڀياس|نجمجياڀياسدان]] </font> Astrobiologist {{مبسس4}}هو، ۽ تمام ڪامياب سائنس مقبولڪار هو. هُو [[نجمجياڀياس]] جو باني هو ۽ هن غير زميني ذهانت ([[غزذ]]) جي ڳولا کي هٿي وٺائي. کيس سائنس مقبوليندڙ ڪتاب لکڻ ۽ اوارڊ يافته ٽي وي سلسلو [[Cosmos: A Personal Voyage|''ڪاسماس'']] لکڻ باعث عالمگير شهرت حاصل ٿِي. He is world-famous for writing [[popular science]] books and for co-writing and presenting the award-winning 1980 television series [[Cosmos: A Personal Voyage|''Cosmos'']], then the most-watched [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] program of all time,<ref> According to [http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/whos_who_level2/sagan.html nasa.gov], [http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0187957.html], [http://www.seasky.org/spacexp/sky5e08.html] and [http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/pqrst/sagan_carl.html]</ref> until 1990's [[The Civil War (documentary)|''The Civil War'']]. A [[Cosmos (book)|book]] to accompany the program was also published. He also wrote the novel [[Contact (novel)|''Contact'']], the basis for the 1997 [[Contact (film)|film of the same name]] starring [[Jodie Foster]]. Throughout his career he wrote more than 400 published scientific and popular articles. In his works, he frequently advocated [[scientific skepticism|skepticism]], [[humanism]], and the [[scientific method]]. ==تعليم ۽ سائنسي ڪريئر== [[Image:Sagan of Cornell.jpg|right|thumb|ڪارنيل يونيورسٽيءَ جي نجميات شعبي وارو سيگن، 1969ع]] {{مبسس4}}ڪارل سيگن [[Brooklyn، New York|برُوڪلن]] [[نيُو يارڪ]] ۾ ڄائو.<ref>For biographical information see ''[[Carl Sagan: A Life in the Cosmos]]'' by [[William Poundstone]]. Henry Holt & Company ([[October 1]] [[1999]]) ISBN 0-8050-5766-8</ref> سندس والدين يهودي هئا؛ سندس پيءُ سام سيگن ڪوري هو ۽ سندس ماءُ راچيل مولي گرُوبر هڪ گھرو عورت هئي. Carl was named in honor of Rachel's biological mother, Chaiya/ Clara, "the mother she never knew," in Sagan's words. Sagan attended the [[University of Chicago]], where he received a bachelor's degree (1955) and a master's degree (1956) in [[physics]], before earning his doctorate (1960) in [[astronomy]] and [[astrophysics]]. During his time as an undergraduate, Sagan spent some time working in the laboratory of the [[geneticist]] [[Hermann Joseph Muller|H. J. Muller]]. From 1962 to 1968, he worked at the [[Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory]]. [[Image:YoungSagan60s.jpg|left|thumb|سيگن 1977ع ۾ بحيثيت نشستمان ووياجر گولڊن رڪارڊ ڪاميٽيءَ]] Sagan taught at [[Harvard University]] until 1968, when he moved to [[Cornell University]]. He became a full professor at Cornell in 1971 and directed the Laboratory for [[Planetary science|Planetary Studies]] there. From 1972 to 1981 he was Associate Director of the Center for Radio Physics and Space Research at Cornell. Sagan was a leader in the U.S. [[خلائي رٿا]] since its inception and worked as an adviser to [[ناسا]] since the 1950s. (One of his many duties during his tenure at the space agency included briefing the [[Project Apollo|Apollo]] [[astronaut]]s before their flights to the [[Moon]].) Sagan contributed to most of the [[unmanned space mission|unmanned missions]] that explored the [[solar system]], placing experiments on many robotic space expeditions. He conceived the idea of adding an unalterable and universal message on spacecraft destined to leave the solar system that could be understood by any [[extraterrestrial intelligence]] that might find it. Sagan assembled the first physical message that was sent into [[outer space|space]]: a [[gold]]-[[anodized]] [[Pioneer plaque|plaque]], attached to the space probe [[Pioneer 10]], launched in 1972. [[Pioneer 11]], also containing the plaque, was launched the following year. He continued to refine his designs and the most elaborate such message he helped to develop and assemble was the [[ووياجر گولڊن رڪارڊ]] that was sent out with the [[Voyager program|Voyager]] space probes in 1977. Sagan taught at Cornell a course on [[critical thinking]] until his death in 1996 from a rare bone marrow disease. The course had only a limited number of seats, although hundreds of students tried to attend. He chose about 20 students who were allowed to enroll by reading huge piles of application essays. The course was discontinued after his death. ==سائنسي ڪاميابيون== [[Image:Sagan telescope1.jpg|thumb|125px|left| ''Cosmos'' مان ورتل ھڪ تصوير]] {{مبسس4}}[[وينس]] جي شديد مٿاڇراتي گرمي پد </font> Surface Temperature {{مبسس4}}جي دريافت ۾ سيگن مرڪزي ڪردار ادا ڪيو. 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي جي ابتدا ۾ ڪنهن کي به وينس جي متاڇري متعلق پڪي ڄاڻ ڪا نه هئي، جڏهن ته سيگن وينس جي امڪاني صورتحال جو نقشو هڪ رپورٽ ۾ چٽيو (جيڪو بعد ۾ مشهوريءَ خاطر هڪ ڪتاب '''پلينيٽس''' ۾ ڇاپايو ويو) -- سندس خيال هو ته اهو گرهه انتهائي خشڪ ۽ گرم آهي، جيڪو ٻين جي خيالن جي بلڪل ابتڙ هو، جيڪي وينس کي بهشت مثل ڀانئيندا هئا. {{مبسس4}}هن وينس مان نڪرندڙ ڪرڻڪ اخراج تي تحقيق ڪئي ۽ اهو نتيجو اخذ ڪيو ته ان جو نٿاڇراتي گرمي پد 900 فارهانائيٽ يعني 500 درجا سينٽيگريڊ آهي. As a visiting scientist to ناسا جي [[جيٽ ڌوڪ تجربيگاهه]], he contributed to the first [[Mariner program|Mariner]] missions to Venus, working on the design and management of the project. [[Mariner 2]] confirmed his views on the conditions of Venus in 1962. Sagan was among the first to hypothesize that [[چنچر]] جو moon [[Titan (چنڊ)|Titan]]<ref>Much of Sagan's research in the field of planetary science is outlined by William Poundstone (see reference #2, above). Poundstone's biography of Sagan includes an eight page list of Sagan's scientific articles published from 1957 to 1998. Detailed information about Sagan's scientific work comes from the primary research articles. Example: Sagan, C., Thompson, W. R., and Khare, B. N. ''[[Titan: A Laboratory for Prebiological Organic Chemistry]]'', Accounts of Chemical Research, volume 25, page 286 (1992). There is commentary on this research article about Titan at [http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/T/Titanprebiotic.html The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, نجميات، ۽ Spaceflight].</ref> and [[Jupiter]] جو چنڊ [[Europa (چنڊ)|Europa]] may possess oceans (a subsurface ocean, in the case of Europa) or ڍنڍون، thus making the hypothesized water ocean on يُوروپا potentially habitable for [[life]]. يُروپا جو subsurface ocean was later indirectly confirmed by the خلائي رٿ [[Galileo probe|Galileo]]. Sagan also helped solve the mystery of the reddish haze seen on Titan, revealing that it is composed of complex [[organic molecules]] constantly raining down to the چنڊ جي surface. He furthered insights regarding the فضائون of Venus ۽ Jupiter as well as seasonal changes on [[مريخ (planet)|مريخ]]. سيگن established that the atmosphere of Venus is انتهائي گرم ۽ dense with crushing pressures. He also perceived [[ارضياتي تپڪاري]] as a growing, man-made danger and likened it to the natural development of Venus into a hot life-hostile planet through [[greenhouse gas|greenhouse gasses]]. Sagan speculated (along with his Cornell colleague [[Edwin Ernest Salpeter]]) about [[Jupiter#Life on Jupiter|life in Jupiter's clouds]], given the planet's dense atmospheric composition rich in organic molecules. He studied the observed color variations on Mars’ surface, concluding that they were not seasonal or vegetation changes as most believed, but shifts in surface dust caused by [[dust storm#on other planets|windstorms]]. Sagan is best known, however, for his research on the possibilities of [[exobiology|extraterrestrial life]], including experimental demonstration of the production of [[amino acid]]s from basic chemicals by [[ڪرڻباري]].<ref>According to [http://www.bartelby.com/65/sa/Sagan-Ca.html The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition].</ref> ==سائنسي پرچار== [[Image:Planetary society.jpg|thumb|right|300px|پلينيٽري سوسائٽيءَ جي قيام وقت تنظيم جا باني رڪن. ڪارل سيگن ساڄي پاسي ويل]] {{مبسس4}}سيگن غير زميني حيات جي ڳولا جو حامي هو. هن سائنسي برادريءَ کي التجا ڪئي ته غير زميني حياتين وٽان ايندڙ سگنلس کي وڏن [[ڪرڻڪ ڏورويکن]]</font> Radio telescopes {{مبسس4}}سان ٻڌن. So persuasive was he that by 1982, he was able to get a petition advocating [[SETI]] published in the journal ''Science'', signed by 70 scientists, including seven Nobel Prize winners. This was a tremendous turnaround in the respectability of this controversial field. Sagan also advocated sending [[Space probe|probes]] to explore the [[solar system]]. He was editor-in-chief of [[Icarus (journal)|''Icarus'']] (a professional journal concerning planetary research) for 12 years. He cofounded the ''[[Planetary Society]]'', the largest space-interest group in the world, with over 100,000 members in more than 140 countries, and was a member of the [[SETI Institute]] Board of Trustees. Sagan served as Chairman of the Division for Planetary Science of the [[American Astronomical Society]], as President of the Planetology Section of the [[American Geophysical Union]], and as Chairman of the Astronomy Section of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]. [[Image:2Sagan 1972.jpg|left|thumb|150px|[[Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence|CETI]] ڪانفرنس، 1972ع]] Sagan helped Dr. [[Frank Drake]] write the [[Arecibo message]], a radio message beamed into space from the [[Arecibo radio telescope]] on November 16, 1974, aimed at informing extraterrestrials about Earth. At the height of the [[Cold War]], Sagan deliberately ignored the "extraordinary claims" test for evidence when a mathematical climate model suggested that a substantial nuclear exchange could upset the delicate balance of life on [[Earth]]. He was the last of five authors — the "S" of the [[Nuclear winter#history|"TTAPS"]] report as the research paper came to be known. He eventually co-authored the scientific paper that predicted [[nuclear winter]]<ref>Turco RP, Toon OB, Ackerman TP, Pollack JB, Sagan C. ''[[Climate and smoke: an appraisal of nuclear winter]],'' [[Science (journal)|Science]], volume 247, pages 166-176 (1990). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11538069&dopt=Abstract PubMed abstract]|[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0036-8075%2819900112%293%3A247%3A4939%3C166%3ACASAAO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-V JSTORE] link to full text article. Carl Sagan discussed his involvement in the political nuclear winter debates and his erroneous global cooling prediction for the Gulf War fires in his book, ''[[The Demon-Haunted World]]''.</ref> would follow [[Nuclear warfare|nuclear war]]. He also co-authored the book ''A Path Where No Man Thought: Nuclear Winter and the End of the Arms Race'', a comprehensive examination of the phenomenon of nuclear winter. Sagan famously predicted on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]'s ''[[Nightline]]'' in 1991 that smoky [[Kuwaiti oil fires|oil fires]] in Kuwait (set by [[Saddam Hussein]]'s army) would cause a worldwide ecological disaster of black clouds resulting in [[global cooling]]. Retired [[atmospheric physics|atmospheric physicist]] and climate change skeptic [[Fred Singer]] dismissed Sagan's prediction as nonsense, predicting that the smoke would dissipate in a matter of days. In his book ''[[The Demon-Haunted World]]'' (see below), Sagan gave a list of errors he had made (including his predictions about the effects of the Kuwaiti oil fires) as an example of how science is tentative. Sagan is also known for being involved as a researcher in [[Project A119]], a secret [[United States Air Force|US Air Force]] operation whose purpose was to drop a bomb on Earth's Moon. ==Social concerns== Sagan believed that the [[Drake equation]] suggested that a large number of extraterrestrial civilizations would form, but that the lack of evidence of such civilizations (the [[Fermi paradox]]) suggests that technological civilizations tend to destroy themselves rather quickly. This stimulated his interest in identifying and publicizing ways that humanity could destroy itself, with the hope of avoiding such destruction and eventually becoming a space-faring species. [[Image:Sagan young2.jpg|right|thumb|150px|سيگن 1970ع واري ڏھاڪي جي ابتدا ۾]] Sagan became more politically active after marrying novelist [[Ann Druyan]], performing acts of [[civil disobedience]] at the [[Nevada Test Site|Nevada Nuclear Weapons Test Site]] during the [[Nuclear freeze]] era, for which he was publicly arrested twice, along with [[Daniel Ellsberg]], [[Philip Zimmermann]] and [[Martin Sheen]]. He was also arrested for participating in an anti-war protest during the [[Vietnam war|Vietnam]] era. He spoke out against President [[Ronald Reagan]]'s [[Strategic Defense Initiative]], or the "Star Wars" program, which he felt was technically impossible to build and perfect, far more expensive to create than for an enemy to defeat through decoys and other means, and destabilizing to Cold War [[Nuclear disarmament|nuclear weapons disarmament]] progress. Carl Sagan was an avid user of [[Cannabis (drug)|marijuana]], although he never admitted this publicly during his life. Under the [[pseudonym]] "Mr. X," he wrote an essay concerning cannabis smoking in the 1971 book ''Marihuana Reconsidered''<!-- That's the spelling (with an "H") used by the US version of Amazon, BTW -->, whose editor was [[Lester Grinspoon]].<ref>''[[Marihuana Reconsidered]]'' by Lester, M.D. Grinspoon. Publisher: Quick American Archives (2nd edition; [[April 1]] [[1994]]) ISBN 0-932551-13-0. Sagan's [http://www.marijuana-uses.com/essays/002.html essay] is available online.</ref> In his essay, Sagan commented that marijuana encouraged some of his works and enhanced experiences. After Sagan's death, Grinspoon disclosed this to Sagan's biographer, Keay Davidson.<ref>''[[Carl Sagan: A Life]]'' by Keay Davidson. John Wiley & Sons ([[August 30]] [[1999]]) ISBN 0-471-25286-7</ref> When the biography, entitled ''Carl Sagan: A Life'', was published in 1999, the marijuana exposure stirred some media attention.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/475954.stm BBC news story] that includes mention of Sagan's marijuana use.</ref><ref>[http://www.druglibrary.org/think/~jnr/sagan.htm San Francisco Examiner article] on Sagan's marijuana use. Also includes an article by Lester Grinspoon.</ref><ref>[http://cannabisculture.com/articles/63.html Carl Sagan: Toking Astronomer] – article in Cannabis Culture magazine.</ref> ==سائنس جي مقبولڪاري== [[Image:2Sagan 1980.jpg|thumb|150px|left|سيگن 1980ع ۾]] Sagan's capability to convey his ideas allowed many people to better understand the cosmos. He delivered the 1977/1978 [[Royal Institution Christmas Lectures|Christmas Lectures for Young People]] at the [[Royal Institution]]. He hosted and, with Ann Druyan, co-wrote and co-produced the highly popular thirteen-part [[PBS]] television series [[Cosmos: A Personal Voyage|''Cosmos: A Personal Voyage'']] (modeled on [[Jacob Bronowski]]'s ''[[The Ascent of Man]]''). [[Image:Sagan Viking.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Sagan with a model of the [[Viking Lander]] probes which would land on [[Mars (planet)|Mars]]. Sagan examined possible landing sites for Viking along with Mike Carr and Hal Masursky.]] ''Cosmos'' covered a wide range of scientific subjects including the [[origin of life]] and a perspective of our place in the [[universe]]. The series was first broadcast by the [[Public Broadcasting Service]] in 1980. It won an [[Emmy Award|Emmy]] and a [[Peabody Award]]; according to the NASA Office of Space Science, it has been since broadcast in more than 60 countries and seen by over 600 million people. Sagan also wrote books to popularize science, such as ''[[Cosmos (book)|Cosmos]]'', which reflected and expanded upon some of the themes of ''A Personal Voyage'', and became the best-selling science book ever published in English,<ref>According to [http://science.discovery.com/convergence/cosmos/bio/bio.html?clik=fsmain_feat3 The Science Channel].</ref> ''[[The Dragons of Eden|The Dragons of Eden: Speculations on the Evolution of Human Intelligence]]'', which won a [[Pulitzer Prize]], and ''[[Broca's Brain: Reflections on the Romance of Science]]''. Sagan also wrote the best-selling [[science fiction]] novel [[Contact (novel)|''Contact'']], but never lived to see the book's 1997 [[Contact (film)|motion picture adaptation]], which starred [[Jodie Foster]] and won the 1998 [[Hugo Award]]. From ''Cosmos'' and his frequent appearances on ''[[The Tonight Show]]'', Sagan became associated with the [[catch phrase]] "billions and billions." (He never actually used that phrase in ''Cosmos'', but his distinctive delivery and frequent use of ''billions'' made this a favorite phrase of [[Johnny Carson]] and others, doing many affectionate impressions of him. Sagan took this in good humor, and his final book was entitled ''[[Billions and Billions: Thoughts on Life and Death at the Brink of the Millennium|Billions and Billions]]'' — see below.) A humorous unit of measurement, the ''[[Sagan]],'' has now been coined to stand for any count of at least 4,000,000,000. He wrote a sequel to ''Cosmos,'' [[Pale Blue Dot|''Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space'']], which was selected as a notable book of 1995 by ''[[The New York Times]]''. Carl Sagan also wrote an introduction for the bestselling book by [[Stephen Hawking]], ''[[A Brief History of Time]]''. Sagan presents a speculation concerning the origin of the [[swastika]] symbol in his book, ''Comet''. Sagan hypothesized that a [[comet]] approached so close to Earth in antiquity that the jets of gas streaming out of it were visible, bent by the comet's rotation. The book ''Comet'' reproduces an ancient [[China|Chinese]] manuscript that shows comet tail varieties; most are variations on simple comet tails, but the last shows the comet nucleus with four bent arms extending from it, showing a swastika. Sagan caused mixed reactions among other professional scientists. On the one hand, there was general support for his popularization of science, his efforts to increase scientific understanding among the general public, and his positions in favor of [[scientific skepticism]] and against [[pseudoscience]]; most notably his thorough [[Debunker|debunking]] of the book ''[[Worlds in Collision]]'' by [[Immanuel Velikovsky]]. On the other hand, there was some unease that the public would misunderstand some of the personal positions and interests that Sagan took as being part of the scientific consensus, rather than his own personal views. Some believe this unease to have been motivated in part by professional jealousy, that scientific views contrary to those that Sagan took (such as on the severity of nuclear winter) were not being sufficiently presented to the public. Sagan's arguments against Velikovsky's [[catastrophism]] have been criticized by some of his colleagues. [[Robert Jastrow]] of NASA's [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]] wrote: "Professor Sagan's calculations, in effect, ignore the law of gravity. Here, Dr. Velikovsky was the better astronomer." His comments on the Kuwait oil well fires during the first [[Gulf War]] were shown later to be incorrect; Sagan himself acknowledged his error in print. Late in his life, Sagan's books developed his skeptical, [[naturalism (philosophy)|naturalistic]] view of the world. In ''The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark'', he presented tools for testing arguments and detecting fallacious or fraudulent ones, essentially advocating wide use of critical thinking and the [[scientific method]]. The compilation, ''Billions and Billions: Thoughts on Life and Death at the Brink of the Millennium'', published in 1997 after Sagan's death, contains essays written by Sagan, such as his views on [[abortion]], and his widow [[Ann Druyan]]'s account of his death as a [[skepticism|skeptic]], [[atheism|atheist]] and [[freethought|freethinker]]. In 2006, Ann Druyan edited Sagan's 1985 Gifford Lectures into a new book, ''Gifford Lectures in Natural Theology, The Varieties of Scientific Experience: A Personal View of the Search for God,'' in which he elaborates on his views of divinity in the [[natural world]]. ==شخصيت== In 1966, Sagan was asked to contribute an interview about the possibility of extraterrestrials to a proposed introduction to the film ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]''. According to an uncited anecdote in ''The Independent'', Sagan "responded by saying that he wanted editorial control and a percentage of the film's takings, which was rejected."<ref>[http://enjoyment.independent.co.uk/film/news/article321643.ece 2001: The secrets of Kubrick's classic]" by Anthony Barnes ([[October 23]] [[2005]]).</ref> In 1994, [[Apple Computer]] began developing the [[Power Macintosh 7100]]. They chose the internal code name "Carl Sagan," the joke being that the mid-range PowerMac 7100 would make Apple "billions and billions".<ref>An account of this lawsuit is given in ''[[Carl Sagan: A Life in the Cosmos]]'', pages 363-364 and 374-375.</ref> Though the project name was strictly internal and never used in public marketing, when Sagan learned of this internal usage, he sued Apple Computer to use a different project name — other projects had names like "[[Cold fusion]]" and "[[Piltdown Man]]", and he was displeased at being associated with what he considered pseudoscience. Though Sagan lost the suit, Apple engineers complied with his demands anyway, renaming the project "BHA" ([[Notable litigation of Apple Computer#Libel dispute with Carl Sagan|Butt-Head Astronomer]]). Sagan sued Apple for libel over the new name, claiming that it subjected him to contempt and ridicule. Sagan lost this lawsuit as well; still, the 7100 saw another name change: it was lastly called "LAW" (Lawyers Are Wimps). [[Image:Sagan Druyan.jpg|right|thumb|150px|سيگن ۽ ڊرويان]] Sagan wrote about [[religion]] and the relationship between religion and science, observing statements such as: "The idea that [[God]] is an oversized white male with a flowing beard, who sits in the sky and tallies the fall of every sparrow is ludicrous. But if by 'God,' one means the set of [[physical laws]] that govern the universe, then clearly there is such a God. This God is emotionally unsatisfying... it does not make much sense to [[prayer|pray]] to the law of [[gravity]]."<ref>A similar quote can be found in Chapter 23 of Sagan's book ''[[Broca's Brain: Reflections on the Romance of Science|Broca's Brain]]''. "Some people think God is an outsized, light-skinned male with a long white beard, sitting on a throne somewhere up there in the sky, busily tallying the fall of every sparrow. Others — for example [[Baruch Spinoza]] and [[Albert Einstein]] — considered God to be essentially the sum total of the physical laws which describe the universe. I do not know of any compelling evidence for anthropomorphic patriarchs controlling human destiny from some hidden celestial vantage point, but it would be madness to deny the existence of physical laws."</ref> Sagan is also widely regarded as a freethinker or skeptic, one of his most famous quotations (as seen in ''Cosmos'') being, "غير معمولي دعوائن جي لاءِ غير معمولي ثابتيون درڪار هونديون آهن." Sagan married three times; the famous biologist, [[Lynn Margulis]] (mother of [[Dorion Sagan]] and [[Jeremy Sagan]]) in 1957, artist [[Linda Salzman Sagan|Linda Salzman]] (mother of [[Nick Sagan]]) in 1968, and author [[Ann Druyan]] (mother of Sasha and Sam) in 1981, to whom he remained married until his death. [[Isaac Asimov]] described Sagan as one of the only two people he ever met who were just plain smarter than Asimov himself. The other was [[Computer science|computer scientist]] and expert on [[artificial intelligence]], [[Marvin Minsky]]. ==سيگن ۽ يُو ايف اوز== Sagan had some interest in [[UFO]] reports from at least 1964, when he had several conversations on the subject with [[Jacques Vallee]] (Westrum 37). Though quite skeptical of any extraordinary answer to the UFO question, Sagan thought that science should study the phenomenon, at least because there was widespread public interest in UFO reports. [[Stuart Appelle]] notes that Sagan "wrote frequently on what he perceived as the [[logic|logical]] and [[empiricism|empirical]] [[fallacy|fallacies]] regarding UFOs and the [[abduction phenomenon|abduction experience]]. Sagan rejected an [[extraterrestrial hypothesis|extraterrestrial explanation]] for the phenomenon but felt there were both empirical and [[pedagogical]] benefits for examining UFO reports and that the subject was, therefore, a legitimate topic of study" (Appelle 22). In 1966, Sagan was a member of the Ad Hoc Committee to Review [[Project Blue Book]]. The committee concluded that the U.S. Air Force's [[Project Blue Book]] had been lacking as a scientific study, and recommended a university-based project to give the UFO phenomenon closer scientific scrutiny. The [[Condon Committee]] (1966-1968), led by physicist [[Edward Condon]], and their still-controversial final report, formally concluded that there was nothing anomalous about UFO reports. [[Ron Westrum]] writes that "The high point of Sagan's treatment of the UFO question was the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science|AAAS]]'s symposium in 1969. A wide range of educated opinions on the subject were offered by participants, including not only proponents as [[James E. McDonald|James McDonald]] and [[J. Allen Hynek]] but also skeptics like astronomers [[William Hartmann]] and [[Donald Menzel]]. The roster of speakers was balanced, and it is to Sagan's credit that this event was presented in spite of pressure from [[Edward Condon]]" (Westrum 37-38). With physicist [[Thornton Page]], Sagan edited the lectures and discussions given at the symposium; these were published in 1972 as ''UFO's: A Scientific Debate''. [[Jerome Clark]] writes that Sagan's perspective on UFO's irked Condon: "... though a skeptic, [Sagan] was too soft on UFOs for Condon's taste. In 1971, he considered blackballing Sagan from the prestigious [[Cosmos Club]]" (Clark 603). Some of Sagan's many books examine UFOs (as did one episode of ''Cosmos'') and he recognized a religious undercurrent to the phenomenon. However, Westrum writes that "Sagan spent very little time researching UFOs ... he thought that little evidence existed to show that the UFO phenomenon represented alien spacecraft and that the motivation for interpreting UFO observations as spacecraft was emotional" (Westrum 37). It is sometimes noted that Sagan's generally skeptical attitude to UFOs conflicted sharply with his views in a 1966 book he wrote with Russian astronomer and astrophysicist [[Iosif Samuilovich Shklovsky|I.S. Shklovskii]], ''Intelligent Life in the Universe''. Here Sagan instead argued that technologically advanced alien civilizations were common and he considered it very probable that Earth had been visited many times in the past. Yet only a few years later in ''UFO's: A Scientific Debate'', Sagan was now highly skeptical of interstellar visitation. As to the physical possibility of [[interstellar travel]], Sagan brought up the proposed [[Bussard ramjet]] as an interstellar vehicle. While not terribly practical, Sagan thought such proposed propulsion systems were nevertheless important because they demonstrated that there were conceivable ways of accomplishing interstellar travel "without bumping into fundamental physical constraints. And this suggests that it is premature to say that interstellar space flight is out of the question." But to this Sagan added, "I believe the numbers work out in such a way that UFO's as interstellar vehicles is extremely unlikely, but I think it is an equally bad mistake to say that interstellar space flight is impossible." Sagan again revealed his views on interstellar travel in his 1980 ''Cosmos'' series. He scoffed at the idea that UFOs are visiting Earth, maintaining that the distance between stars was too great to make interstellar travel feasible for aliens. However, in another episode he said the stars would "beckon" to humanity, and described the Bussard ramjet as one way humans might achieve interstellar travel. It has been pointed out that Sagan wasn't being logically consistent. In one of his last written works, Sagan again claimed that there was no evidence that aliens have actually visited the Earth, either in the past or present (Sagan, 1996: 81-96, 99-104). ==Legacy== [[Image:Sagan1996.jpg|left|frame|سيگن 1996ع ۾، وفات کان ٿورو ئي اڳ]] [[Myelodysplastic syndrome|myelodysplasia]] {{مبسس4}}سان هڪ ڏکي ۽ طوريل ويڙهه بعد، سيگن 62 ورهين جي عمر ۾ ڊسمبر 20، 1996ع تي [[فريڊ هچنسن ڪينسر تحقيق مرڪز]]، [[سيئيٽل]]، [[واشڱٽن]] ۾ [[نمونيا]] باعث وفات ڪري ويو. سيگن هڪ اهم شخصيت هو، ۽ سندس حامي (سپرٽرس) کيس [[Natural science#Natural sciences|natural sciences]] جي مقبولڪاريءَ ۾ سندس ڪردار جي مڃتا ڏين ٿا. his supporters credit his importance to his popularization of the , opposing both restraints on science and reactionary applications of science, defending [[democratic]] traditions, resisting [[nationalism]], defending [[humanism]], and arguing against [[geocentric]] and [[anthropocentric]] views. The landing site of the unmanned [[Mars Pathfinder]] spacecraft was renamed the ''[[Mars Pathfinder#End of the mission|Carl Sagan Memorial Station]]'' on [[July 5]] [[1997]]. [[2709 Sagan|Asteroid 2709 Sagan]] is also named in his honor. The 1997 movie ''Contact'' (see above), based on Sagan's novel of the same name and finished after his death, ends with the dedication "For Carl." On November 9, 2001, on what would have been Sagan’s 67th birthday, the [[NASA Ames Research Center]] dedicated the site for the Carl Sagan Center for the Study of Life in the Cosmos. "Carl was an incredible visionary, and now his legacy can be preserved and advanced by a 21st century research and education laboratory committed to enhancing our understanding of life in the universe and furthering the cause of space exploration for all time," said NASA Administrator [[Daniel Goldin]]. In 2004, the [[electronic music]] group Sagan released the CD/DVD "Unseen Forces." The music was accompanied by a DVD which featured humorous [[music video]] format homages of many of the historical sketches from ''Cosmos''. In an episode of ''[[Star Trek: Enterprise]]'' entitled "Terra Prime," a quick shot is shown of the relic rover [[Mars Pathfinder|Sojourner]], part of the Mars Pathfinder mission, placed by a historical marker at Carl Sagan Memorial Station on the Martian surface. The marker displays a quote from Sagan: "Whatever the reason you're on Mars, I'm glad you're there, and I wish I was with you." ==اعزازات== * Annual Award for Television Excellence - 1981 - [[Ohio State University]] - PBS series ''[[Cosmos: A Personal Voyage|Cosmos]]'' * [[Apollo Achievement Award]] - [[NASA|National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] * [[Chicken Little Award|Chicken Little]] Honorable Mention - 1991 - National Anxiety Center; a ''dubious achievement award'' from an organization which is skeptical about many pessimistic appraisals of the state of the environment * [[NASA Distinguished Service Medal#NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal|NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal]] - National Aeronautics and Space Administration (twice) * [[Emmy]] - Outstanding Individual Achievement - 1981 - PBS series ''Cosmos'' * Emmy - Outstanding Informational Series - 1981 - PBS series ''Cosmos'' * [[NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal|Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal]] - National Aeronautics and Space Administration * [[Helen Caldicott Leadership Award]] - Women's Action for Nuclear Disarmament * [[Homer Award]] - 1997 - ''[[Contact (novel)|Contact]]'' * [[Hugo Award]] - 1981 - ''Cosmos'' * [[American Humanist Association#AHA's Humanists of the Year|Humanist of the Year]] - 1981 - Awarded by the [[American Humanist Association]] * [[In Praise of Reason Award]] - 1987 - [[Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal]] * [[Isaac Asimov Award]] - 1994 - [[Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal]] * [[John F. Kennedy Astronautics Award]] - [[American Astronautical Society]] * [[John W. Campbell Memorial Award]] - 1974 - ''[[Cosmic Connection: An Extraterrestrial Perspective]]'' * [[Joseph Priestley|Joseph Priestley Award]] - "For distinguished contributions to the welfare of mankind" * [[Klumpke-Roberts Award]] of the [[Astronomical Society of the Pacific]] - 1974 * [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Medal]] - Awarded by the Soviet Cosmonauts Federation * [[Locus Award]] 1986 - ''Contact'' * [[Lowell Thomas Award]] - [[Explorers Club]] - 75th Anniversary * [[Masursky Award]] - [[American Astronomical Society]] * [[Oersted Medal]] - 1990 - American Association of Physics Teachers * [[Peabody Award]] - 1980 - PBS series ''Cosmos'' * [[Prix Galbert]] - The international prize of [[Astronautics]] * [[Public Welfare Medal]] - 1994 - [[National Academy of Sciences]] * [[Pulitzer Prize|Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction]] - 1978 - ''[[The Dragons of Eden]]'' * [[The San Francisco Chronicle#Awards given by the Chronicle|SF Chronicle Award]] - 1998 - ''[[Contact (film)|Contact]]'' * [[Carl Sagan Memorial Award]] - Named in his honor * Named 99th "[[Greatest American]]" on the [[June 5]] [[2005]] "Greatest American" show on the [[Discovery Channel]]. ==لاڳاپيل ڪتاب ۽ ذريعات== * Appelle, Stuart, "[[Ufology]] and [[Academia]]: The UFO Phenomenon as a Scholarly Discipline" (pages 7-30 in ''UFOs and Abductions: Challenging the Borders of Knowledge'', David M. Jacobs, editor; University Press of Kansas, 2000; ISBN) * Clark, Jeromne, ''The UFO Book''. Visible Ink Press, 1998, 750 pgs * Davidson, Keay, ''[[Carl Sagan: A Life]]''. John Wiley & Sons, [[August 30]] [[1999]], ISBN 0-471-39536-6, 560 pgs * Head, Tom (editor), ''[[Conversations with Carl Sagan]]''. University Press of Mississippi, 2005, ISBN 1-57806-736-7, 170 pgs * Poundstone, William, ''[[Carl Sagan: A Life in the Cosmos]]''. Henry Holt & Company, [[October 1]] [[1999]], ISBN 0-8050-5766-8, 473 pgs * Sagan, Carl and Jonathon Norton Leonard and editors of Life, ''[[Planets]]''. Time, Inc., 1966 * Sagan, Carl and [[Iosif Samuilovich Shklovskii|I.S. Shklovskii]], ''[[Intelligent Life in the Universe]]''. Random House, 1966, 509 pgs * Sagan, Carl, ''UFO's: A Scientific Debate''. Cornell University Press, 1972, 310 pgs * Sagan, Carl, ''[[Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence]]''. MIT Press, 1973, 428 pgs * Sagan, Carl, et. al. ''[[Mars and the Mind of Man]]''. Harper & Row, 1973, 143 pgs * Sagan, Carl and Jerome Agel, ''[[Cosmic Connection: An Extraterrestrial Perspective]]''. Anchor Press, 1973, ISBN 0-521-78303-8, 301 pgs * Sagan, Carl, ''[[Broca's Brain: Reflections on the Romance of Science]]''. Ballantine Books, 1974, ISBN 0-345-33689-5, 416 pgs * Sagan, Carl, ''[[Other Worlds]]''. Bantam Books, 1975 * Sagan, Carl, et. al. ''[[Murmurs of Earth: The Voyager Interstellar Record]]''. Random House, 1977 * Sagan, Carl, ''[[The Dragons of Eden|The Dragons of Eden: Speculations on the Evolution of Human Intelligence]]''. Ballantine Books, 1978, ISBN 0-345-34629-7, 288 pgs * Sagan, Carl, ''[[Cosmos (book)|Cosmos]]''. Random house, 1980. Random House New Edition, [[May 7]] [[2002]], ISBN 0-375-50832-5, 384 pgs * Sagan, Carl et. al. ''[[The Nuclear Winter: The World After Nuclear War]]''. Sidgwick & Jackson, 1985 * Sagan, Carl and Ann Druyan, ''[[Comet]]''. Ballantine Books, 1985, ISBN 0-345-41222-2, 496 pgs * Sagan, Carl, ''[[Contact (novel)|Contact]]''. Simon and Schuster, 1985; Reissued August 1997 by Doubleday Books, ISBN 1-56865-424-3, 352 pgs * Sagan, Carl and Richard Turco, ''[[A Path Where No Man Thought: Nuclear Winter and the End of the Arms Race]]''. Random House, 1990, 499 pgs * Sagan, Carl and Ann Druyan, ''[[Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors: A Search for Who We Are]]''. Ballantine Books, October 1993, ISBN 0-345-38472-5, 528 pgs * Sagan, Carl, ''[[Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space]]''. Random House, November 1994, ISBN 0-679-43841-6, 429 pgs * Sagan, Carl, ''[[The Demon-Haunted World|The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark]]''. Ballantine Books, March 1996, ISBN 0-345-40946-9, 480 pgs * Sagan, Carl and Ann Druyan, ''[[Billions and Billions: Thoughts on Life and Death at the Brink of the Millennium]]''. Ballantine Books, June 1997, ISBN 0-345-37918-7, 320 pgs * Sagan, Carl, ''Gifford Lectures in Natural Theology, The Varieties of Scientific Experience: A Personal View of the Search for God''. Penguin Press, November 2006, ISBN 1-59420-107-2, 304 pgs *Westrum, Ron, "Limited Access: Six Natural Scientists and the UFO Phenomenon" (pages 30-55 in Jacobs) * Zemeckis, Robert, ''[[Contact (film)|Contact]]''. Warner Studios, 1997, [http://us.imdb.com/Title?0118884 IMDB] ==Footnotes== <references /> ==خارجي ڳنڍڻا== {{wikiquote}} {{Commons|Carl Sagan}} * [http://www.carlsagan.com/ CarlSagan.com] - homepage of ''Cosmos Studios'', which sells the ''Cosmos'' series on DVD. *[http://www.marijuana-uses.com/essays/002.html "Mr. X"] - Sagan's anonymous 1969 essay in Lester Grinspoon's ''Marihuana Reconsidered'', 1971. *[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-8949469271181885482&q=Carl+Sagan Life Beyond Earth and the Mind of Man 1975] - a symposium held at [[Boston University]] that explores the implications of the possible existence of extraterrestrial life within the galaxy and the universe, with Sagan as a panel member. *[http://www.bigear.org/vol1no2/sagan.htm "The Quest for Extraterrestrial Intelligence"] - 1978 essay by Carl Sagan. *[http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/sagan_science.html "Can We Know the Universe?"] - 1979 essay by Carl Sagan, taken from his book ''Broca's Brain''. *[http://spider.ipac.caltech.edu/staff/jarrett/sagan/dmaps.html "Dreams are Maps"] - 1987 essay by Sagan. *[http://www.detwiler.us/sagan.html Carl Sagan's Religion of Science] - an analysis of Sagan's view of religion as expressed in his writings. *[http://www.asa3.org/asa/PSCF/1993/PSCF3-93McKim.html The Cosmos According to Carl Sagan] - Review and critique of Sagan's criticism toward religion. *[http://www.csicop.org/si/2005-07/sagan.html "Carl Sagan Takes Questions"] - from Sagan's 1994 "Wonder and Skepticism" keynote address delivered in Seattle June 23–26. *[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-1127834163386485385&q=Carl+Sagan ''Charlie Rose'' January 5, 1995] - interview with Sagan on his book ''Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space''. *[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1011828 ''Talk of the Nation'' May 3, 1996] - Ira Flatow interviews Sagan on his book ''The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark''. *[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2181165206611526024 ''Charlie Rose'' May 27, 1996] - interview with Sagan on his book ''The Demon-Haunted World''. *[http://web.archive.org/web/20050322090707/http://www.news.cornell.edu/general/Dec96/saganobit.ltb.html "Carl Sagan, Cornell astronomer, dies today (Dec. 20) in Seattle"] - Cornell University press release. * [http://home.austarnet.com.au/stear/carl-sagan-tribute.htm "In Memory of Carl Sagan"] ''Skeptic'' remembers Carl, with tributes from Tom McDonough, [[James Randi]], [[Michael Shermer]], and others. Also includes quotations from selected works of Sagan. *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZZX6cnMfKU Planetfest '97] - Daniel Goldin dedicates the Carl Sagan Station. *[http://www.sciencenter.org/SaganPW/ The Sagan Planet Walk] - New York planetary exhibit created in memory of Carl Sagan. *[http://www.coseti.org/klaescnt.htm ''Contact'' Film Review] - an analysis of the film and novel, by Larry Klaes. *[http://www.2think.org/sagan.shtml Carl Sagan editorials] - reviews of his books; includes some of his articles (including the one on abortion). *[http://www.donaldedavis.com/PARTS/SAGAN.html "Carl Sagan, Cosmos, and the Space Artists"] - recollections by artist and friend of Carl, Donald Davis. *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VuJ3Tjj40P8 ''Cosmos'' tribute clip on YouTube] *[http://science.discovery.com/convergence/cosmos/cosmos.html 25th anniversary rebroadcast of ''Cosmos'' on The Science Channel] - includes a brief biography of Sagan. {{featured article}} [[Category:1934 births|Sagan, Carl]] [[Category:1996 deaths|Sagan, Carl]] [[Category:American agnostics|Sagan, Carl]] [[Category:American astronomers|Sagan, Carl]] [[Category:American humanists|Sagan, Carl]] [[Category:American skeptics|Sagan, Carl]] [[Category:Cornell University faculty|Sagan, Carl]] [[Category:Jewish American writers|Sagan, Carl]] [[Category:Jewish-American scientists|Sagan, Carl]] [[Category:People from Brooklyn|Sagan, Carl]] [[Category:Planetary scientists|Sagan, Carl]] [[Category:Pulitzer Prize winners|Sagan, Carl]] [[Category:Science fiction writers|Sagan, Carl]] [[Category:Science writers|Sagan, Carl]] [[Category:Space visionaries|Sagan, Carl]] [[Category:University of Chicago alumni|Sagan, Carl]] [[category:سائنس]] [[category:شخصيات]] [[bg:Карл Сейгън]] [[ca:Carl Sagan]] [[da:Carl Sagan]] [[de:Carl Sagan]] [[el:Καρλ Σάγκαν]] [[en:Carl Sagan]] [[eo:Carl Sagan]] [[es:Carl Sagan]] [[eu:Carl Sagan]] [[fi:Carl Sagan]] [[fr:Carl Sagan]] [[gl:Carl Sagan]] [[he:קרל סייגן]] [[hr:Carl Sagan]] [[hu:Carl Sagan]] [[is:Carl Sagan]] [[it:Carl Sagan]] [[ja:カール・セーガン]] [[ko:칼 세이건]] [[lt:Karlas Saganas]] [[nl:Carl Sagan]] [[no:Carl Sagan]] [[pl:Carl Sagan]] [[pt:Carl Sagan]] [[ro:Carl Sagan]] [[ru:Саган, Карл]] [[simple:Carl Sagan]] [[sk:Carl Sagan]] [[sl:Carl Edward Sagan]] [[sv:Carl Sagan]] [[th:คาร์ล เซแกน]] [[tr:Carl Sagan]] [[zh:卡尔·萨根]] 2278 7301 2006-10-03T10:17:47Z Aursani 60 {| class="infobox" style="width: 20em; font-size: 90%;" |+ style="font-size:larger;" | '''{{{name}}}'''{{#if:{{{other_names|}}}|<br>{{{other_names|}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{image|}}}| {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" {{!}} [[Image:{{{image|}}}|225px| ]]<br>{{{caption|}}}}} |- style="vertical-align: top;" ! پيدائش | {{{birth_date}}} {{#if:{{{birth_place|}}}|<br>{{{birth_place|}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{death_date|}}}| ! وفات {{!}} {{{death_date|}}} {{#if:{{{death_place|}}}|<br>{{{death_place}}}}}{{#if:{{{death_cause|}}}|<br>{{{death_cause|}}}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{known|}}}| ! Known for {{!}} {{{known|}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{occupation|}}}| ! Occupation {{!}} {{{occupation|}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{title|}}}| ! Title {{!}} {{{title|}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{salary|}}}| ! Salary {{!}} {{{salary|}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{term|}}}| ! Term {{!}} {{{term|}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{predecessor|}}}| ! Predecessor {{!}} {{{predecessor|}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{successor|}}}| ! Successor {{!}} {{{successor|}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{party|}}}| ! Political&nbsp;party {{!}} {{{party|}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{boards|}}}| ! Boards on {{!}} {{{boards|}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{religion|}}}| ! Religion {{!}} {{{religion|}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{spouse|}}}| ! Spouse {{!}} {{{spouse|}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{children|}}}| ! Children {{!}} {{{children|}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{relations|}}}| ! Notable relations {{!}} {{{relations|}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{website|}}}| {{!}} '''Website:''' {{{website|}}}}} |- colspan="2" {{#if: {{{footnotes|}}}| {{!}} <small>{{{footnotes|}}}</small>}} |}<noinclude> == Usage == <pre> {{Infobox_Person | name = | other_names = | image = | caption = | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | death_cause | known = | occupation = | title = | salary = | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | boards = | religion = | spouse = | children = | relations = | website = | footnotes = }} </pre> [[Category:Templates using ParserFunctions|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:people infobox templates|Person]] </noinclude> 2279 7298 2006-10-03T08:56:52Z Aursani 60 |<noinclude>{{/doc}}</noinclude> 2280 7299 2006-10-03T10:14:20Z Aursani 60 2281 7305 2006-10-03T12:03:29Z Aursani 60 2282 7306 2006-10-03T12:04:16Z Aursani 60 2283 7307 2006-10-03T12:05:35Z Aursani 60 2284 7308 2006-10-03T12:07:08Z Aursani 60 2285 7309 2006-10-03T12:08:01Z Aursani 60 2286 7310 2006-10-03T12:08:57Z Aursani 60 2287 7311 2006-10-03T12:09:46Z Aursani 60 2288 7312 2006-10-03T12:18:47Z Aursani 60 2289 8425 2006-12-14T18:22:17Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}[[سنڌ]] ۾ پيري مريديءَ جو سلسلو گهڻي وقت کان هلندو اچي. وقت جي حاڪمن اهڙي پير يا بزرگ کي ڪڏهن به معاف نھ ٿي ڪيو جنهن جي ذريعي عام ماڻهن وٽ سياسي ۽ [[سماجي شعور]] ٿي جاڳايو. انگريزن پنهنجي چالبازين ۽ طاقت ذريعي سنڌ تي 1843ع ۾ فتح حاصل ڪئي. ان وقت سنڌ ۾ عام خيال هو ته انگريز جلد هليا ويندا پر ايئن نه ٿيو. 1857ع ۾ آزاديءَ جي ويڙهه شروع ٿي جنهن ۾ سنڌ جي ماڻهن به حصو ورتو. پر اها آزاديءَ جي جنگ ناڪام ثابت ٿي. [[سيد صبغت الله شاه]] اول جي حرن ۾ پيدا ڪيل آزاديءَ جي جذبي سبب 1895ع ۾ انهن انگريزن خلاف بغاوت ڪري ڏني. اها آزاديءَ جي تحريڪ لڳ ڀڳ ٻارهن سالن تائين هلندي رهي. حرن آزاديءَ جو اعلان ڪري انگريزن سان ويڙهه جاري رکي. بدلي ۾ انگريزن حرن کي گرفتار ڪري جيلن حوالي ڪيو ۽ انهن جون زمينون ضبط ڪيون. اها جدوجهد انگريزن جي جديد هٿيارن، طاقت ۽ جاسوسيءَ سبب گهڻو وقت جاري نه رھي سگهي. {{مبسس4}}صبغت الله شاهه ٻيون 1922ع ۾ گادي نشين ٿيو. انگريزن کي هن گاديءَ مان هميشه خطرو رهندو هو ان ڪري خاص نظرداري ۽ جاسوسي ڪئي ويندي هئي. 1929ع ۾ هڪ عورت پوليس وٽ درخواست ڪئي ته سندس ڪو فرد پير صاحب وٽ قيد آهي، [[پير ڳوٺ]] تي ڇاپي کان پوءِ ان فرد کان سواءِ تمام گهڻو گولا بارود پڻ هٿ آيو. پير صاحب کي گرفتار ڪيو ويو. [[محمد علي جيڻا]] ان ڪيس ۾ پير صاحب جو وڪيل مقرر ٿيو. پر ٻن شنوائين کان پوءِ ورتل في واپس ڪري ڇڏيائين. صبغت الله شاه تي هڪ عورت جي قتل ۽ گولابارود رکڻ جو ڪيس داخل ٿيل هو، عورت جو قتل ثابت نه ٿيو جڏهن ته ٻين ڏوهن ۾ کيس اٺن سالن جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. {{مبسس4}}صبغت الله کي 25 نومبر 1936ع ۾ آزاد ڪيو ويو. جيل مان آزاديءَ کان پوءِ هو انگريزن جو وڌيڪ مخالف ٿي پيو. ان وقت پير ڳوٺ مان هڪ اخبار نڪرندي هئي جيڪا حرن ۾ تمام گهڻي مشهور هجڻ سان گڏ سندن حامي هوندي هئي. صبغت الله شاه صبغت الله اهڙن ماڻهن تي مشتمل هڪ جماعت تيار ڪئي جيڪي ”[[وطن يا ڪفن]]“ جو مفهو م چڱي طرح سمجهندا هئا. اهڙي طرح حرن جي خفيه ٽريننگ شروع ڪئي وئي. جنهن به ماڻهو ان تحريڪ جو راز دشمن وٽ ظاهر ٿي ڪيو ان کي موت جو حقدار قرار ڏنو ويو. پير صاحب [[ڪانگريس]] جو حامي هو تنهنڪري هن پنهنجي حرن کي کاڌيءَ جا ڪپڙا پائڻ ۽ گوشت نه کائڻ جي تلقين ڪئي. {{مبسس4}}انگريزن طرفان صبغت الله کي ڪراچي رهڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ويو پر جلد ئي هو موٽي [[خيرپور]] آيو. تڏهن حڪومت خيرپور جي رياست کي صبغت الله جي گرفتاريءَ جو چيو. ڌوڪي سان صبغت الله کي گرفتار ڪيو ويو. رد عمل ۾ حرن پنهنجي بغاوت ۾ تيزي آڻي ڇڏي. جڏهن صبغت الله سي پي صوبي جي جيل ۾ قيد هو ان وقت 16 مئي 1942ع ۾ لاهور ميل کي [[اڏيرو لال]] ۽ [[ٽنڊوآدم]] ريلوي اسٽيشنن جي وچ تي ڪيرايو ويو. اهڙي طرح باغي ڪارواين ۾ تيزي ايندي وئي. {{مبسس4}}پير صاحب تي برٽش سرڪار خلاف بغاوت ۽ ٻيا ڪيس [[حيدرآباد]] سينٽرل جيل ۾ مليٽري ٽربيونل ۾ هلايا ويا، جنهن جو سربراهه ميجر جنرل رچرڊ سن ۽ ٻيو ميمبر سول مئجسٽريٽ [[ڪامريڊ حيدر بخش جتوئي]] هو. ڪورٽ مارشل تحت پير صاحب کي موت جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. ان وقت حر تحريڪ زورن تي هئي تڏهن حر ائڪٽ نافذ ڪري سڀني حرن کي ڏوهي قرار ڏنو ويو. پوليس ۽ مليٽري حرن خلاف رڻ ٻاري ڏنو. جڏهن جيل اڻ پورا ٿي پيا ته حرن لاءِ خاص لوڙها ٺهرائي انهن کي بند ڪيو ويو. حر تحريڪ مان حڪومت کي مالي طور تمام گهڻو نقصان ٿيو. حرن خلاف وڙهندڙ فوج [[پنجاب]] جي هئي جيڪي حڪومت جا ٻڌا ٻانها ۽ وڏا وفادار هئا. {{مبسس4}}پير صاحب کي 20 مارچ 1943ع ۾ موت جي سزا ڏني وئي، صبغت الله جي شهادت کان پوءِ حرن جي تحريڪ آهستي آهستي دم ٽوڙڻ لڳي. ايترو ضرور ٿيو جو سموري [[هندستان]] ۾ حرن جي تحريڪ پنهنجي بي خوفي ۽ بهادري جو ڌاڪو ڄمائي ڇڏيو . اها تحريڪ جيتوڻيڪ ناڪام بغاوت ثابت ٿي پر ان جا نتيجا انگريزن جي مستقبل تي پنهنجا اڻ مٽ اثر ڇڏي ويا. نيٺ 1947ع ۾ انگريزن هندستان مان پنهنجا هٿ ڪڍي ورتا. سنڌ کي انگريزن آزاد رياست طور فتح ڪيو هو پر هندستان ڇڏڻ وقت ان کي [[پاڪستان]] سان ملائي هڪ قسم جو جبري الحاق قائم ڪري ڇڏيو جيڪو اڄ ڏينهن تائين قائم آهي. انگريزن طرفان سنڌ کي آزاد وطن جي صورت ۾ نھ ڇڏڻ جو وڏو سبب سنڌ ۾ بغاوت جون تحريڪون ھلڻ ھو. == حوالا == {{مبسس4}}* ڪتاب، ”پاڪستان جي آزادي ۾ سنڌ جو حصو“ ليکڪ: ڊاڪٽر محمد لائق زرداري {{مبسس4}}* رسالو، ”جهونگار“ سانگهڙ [[category:تاريخ]] 2290 8662 2007-01-02T14:34:26Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}خلافت تحريڪ مسلمانن جي اهڙي تحريڪ هئي جنهن [[ننڍو کنڊ|ننڍي کنڊ]] جي ويجهي ماضيءَ جي تاريخ تي اڻ مٽ اثر ڇڏيا. پهرين عالمي جنگ جي خاتمي کان پوءِ [[برطانيھ]] ۽ ان جي اتحادين [[ترڪي]]ءَ جي خلافت سلطنت جا ٽڪرا ڪري ڇڏيا. [[هندستان]] جي مسلمانن خلافت کي سلامت رکڻ ٿي چاهيو. انهي مقصد جي حاصلات لاءِ انهن خلافت تحريڪ شروع ڪئي. [[ڪانگريس]] هن تحريڪ ۾ مسلمانن جي حمايت ڪئي، اهڙِي هندو مسلم ايڪي انگريز حڪومت لاءِ مشڪل پيدا ڪري وڌي. 23 نومبر 1929ع دهلي ۾ خلافت ڪانفرنس ٿي جنهن ۾ [[سنڌ]] مان مولانا [[تاج محمد امروٽي]]، پير [[تراب علي شاهه]]، [[جان محمد جوڻيجو]] ۽ سيٺ [[عبدالله هارون]] وغيره شرڪت ڪئي. هندستان جي مسلمانن دهليءَ ۾ مرڪزي خلافت ڪاميٽي جوڙي. سنڌ ۾ پڻ ان جو بنياد وڌو ويو. {{مبسس4}}16 مئي 1920ع تي [[ممبئي]]ءَ ۾ اجلاس ٿيو جنهن ۾ ”تحريڪ عدم تعاون“ لاءِ آخري فيصلو ڪيو ويو. ان اجلاس ۾ سنڌ مان [[شيخ عبدالمجيد سنڌي]]، حاجي عبدالله هارون، مولانا محمد صادق وغيره شريڪ ٿيا. خلافت ڪاميٽي سنڌ طرفان بيت المال جوڙي فنڊ گڏ ڪرڻ لاءِ مهم هلائي وئي. جيڪي گهڻو تڻو مهاجر ۽ قيدين جي مدد لاءِ خرچ ڪيا ويا. {{مبسس4}}سنڌ ۾ مولوي [[فيض الڪريم]] خلافت تحريڪ جي مخالفت ۾ هڪ فتوا جاري ڪئي جنهن تي 95 مذهبي اڳواڻن، پيرن ۽ علمائن جون صحيحون هيون. ساڳيءَ ريت ان فتوا جي مخالفت ۽ خلافت تحريڪ جي حمايت ۾ پڻ فتوا جاري ڪئي وئي. اڳتي هلي هجرت تحريڪ شروع ڪئي وئي جنهن ۾ [[جان محمد جوڻيجو]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ هڪ قافلو 7 جولاءِ 1920ع ۾ [[افغانستان]] روانو ٿيو. {{مبسس4}}1923ع تائين پوري هندستان ۾ ان تحريڪ جو زور تڏھن ختم ٿي ويو جڏهن ترڪيءَ ۾ انقلاب آيو ۽ اتي [[ڪمال پاشا عطا ترڪ]] حڪومت سنڀالي ورتي. اهڙيءَ ريت هندستان ۾ خلافت تحريڪ پنهنجو موت پاڻ مري وئي. == حوالا == *{{مبسس4}} ڪتاب، ”سنڌوءَ جي ساڃاهه“ ليکڪ: جي ايم سيد *{{مبسس4}} ڪتاب، ”پاڪستان جي آزادي ۾ سنڌ جو حصو“ ليکڪ: ڊاڪٽر محمد لائق زرداري [[en:Khilafat Movement]] [[ur:تحریک خلافت]] 2291 7358 2006-10-04T09:47:24Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[موئن جو دڙو]] #REDIRECT[[موئن جو دڙو]] موهن جو دڙو دنيا جي قديم ترين تهذيبن ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿو. موهن جي دڙي جي کوٽائي سرجان مارشل ڪرائي. 2292 7346 2006-10-04T00:20:46Z 61.248.143.148 <onlyinclude><div style="float:left;border:solid #99B3FF 1px;margin:1px"> <table cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#E0E8FF"><tr> <td style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#99B3FF;text-align:center;font-size:14pt" lang="en">'''ru-1'''</td> <td style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em" lang="ru"><small>Этот участник может вносить вклад в данный проект на '''[[:Category:User ru|русском]]''' языке '''[[:Category:User ru-1|начального]]''' уровня.</small> [[Category:User ru|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:User ru-1|{{PAGENAME}}]]</td> </tr></table></div></onlyinclude> 2293 7347 2006-10-04T00:21:10Z 61.248.143.148 [[Category:User ru]] 2294 8767 2007-01-15T22:40:35Z TXiKiBoT 136 robot Adding: [[et:Kategooria:User ru]] [[als:Kategorie:User ru]] [[am:Category:User ru]] [[ar:تصنيف:مستخدم ru]] [[ast:Categoría:Usuarios por idioma - Rusu]] [[az:Kateqoriya:User ru]] [[be:Катэгорыя:User ru]] [[bg:Категория:Потребител ru]] [[br:Rummad:Implijer ru]] [[bs:Kategorija:User ru]] [[ca:Categoria:Usuaris per idioma - русский язык]] [[ce:Категория:User ru]] [[cs:Kategorie:User ru]] [[cv:Категори:User ru]] [[cy:Categori:User ru]] [[da:Kategori:Brugere ru]] [[de:Kategorie:User ru]] [[en:Category:User ru]] [[eo:Kategorio:Vikipediisto ru]] [[es:Categoría:Usuarios por idioma - Ruso]] [[et:Kategooria:User ru]] [[eu:Kategoria:Errusiera (erabiltzaileak)]] [[fa:رده:User ru]] [[fi:Luokka:User ru]] [[fr:Catégorie:Utilisateur ru]] [[ga:Catagóir:Úsáideoir ru]] [[he:קטגוריה:User ru]] [[hu:Kategória:User ru]] [[id:Kategori:User ru]] [[ja:Category:User ru]] [[ka:კატეგორია:მომხმარებელი ru]] [[kk:Санат:User ru]] [[ko:분류:사용자 ru]] [[lad:Category:User ru]] [[lb:Category:User ru]] [[li:Categorie:Gebroeker ru]] [[lt:Kategorija:User ru]] [[lv:Kategorija:User ru]] [[mn:Category:User ru]] [[nds:Kategorie:User ru]] [[nl:Categorie:Gebruiker ru]] [[no:Kategori:Bruker ru]] [[pap:Category:User ru]] [[pl:Kategoria:User ru]] [[pt:Categoria:Usuário ru]] [[ru:Категория:User ru]] [[ru-sib:Category:User ru]] [[simple:Category:User ru]] [[sk:Kategória:User ru]] [[sl:Kategorija:Uporabnik ru]] [[sq:Category:User ru]] [[sr:Категорија:Корисник ru]] [[su:Kategori:User ru]] [[sv:Kategori:Användare ru]] [[th:หมวดหมู่:User ru]] [[tk:Category:User ru]] [[tl:Category:User ru]] [[tr:Kategori:User ru]] [[ug:Category:User ru]] [[uk:Категорія:User ru]] [[ur:زمرہ:User ru]] [[uz:Category:User ru]] [[vi:Thể loại:User ru]] [[wa:Categoreye:Uzeus ru]] [[zh:Category:Ru 使用者]] [[zh-classical:Category:User ru]] [[zh-yue:Category:User ru]] 2295 7349 2006-10-04T00:24:45Z 61.248.143.148 <onlyinclude><div style="float:left;border:solid #99B3FF 1px;margin:1px"> <table cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#E0E8FF"><tr> <td style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#99B3FF;text-align:center;font-size:14pt" lang="en">'''ru-2'''</td> <td style="font-size:7.75pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em" lang="ru">Этот участник может вносить вклад в данный проект на '''[[:Category:User ru|русском]]''' языке '''[[:Category:User ru-2|среднего]]''' уровня.[[Category:User ru|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:User ru-2|{{PAGENAME}}]]</td> </tr></table></div></onlyinclude> 2296 7350 2006-10-04T00:25:03Z 61.248.143.148 [[Category:User ru]] 2297 7351 2006-10-04T00:26:36Z 61.248.143.148 <onlyinclude><div style="float:left;border:solid #99B3FF 1px;margin:1px"> <table cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#E0E8FF"><tr> <td style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#99B3FF;text-align:center;font-size:14pt" lang="en">'''ru-3'''</td> <td style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em" lang="ru"><small>Этот участник может вносить вклад в данный проект на '''[[:Category:User ru|русском]]''' языке '''[[:Category:User ru-3|высокого]]''' уровня.</small>[[Category:User ru|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:User ru-3|{{PAGENAME}}]]</td> </tr></table></div></onlyinclude> 2298 7352 2006-10-04T00:26:54Z 61.248.143.148 [[Category:User ru]] 2299 7353 2006-10-04T00:28:01Z 61.248.143.148 <div style="float:left;border:solid #FFFF00 1px;margin:1px"> <table cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#FFFF99"><tr> <td style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#FFFF00;text-align:center;font-size:14pt">'''ru-4'''</td> <td style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em">Этот участник владеет '''[[:Category:User ru|русским]]''' почти как '''[[:Category:User ru-4|родным]]'''.[[Category:User ru|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:User ru-4|{{PAGENAME}}]]</td> </tr></table></div><noinclude> 2300 7354 2006-10-04T00:28:17Z 61.248.143.148 [[Category:User ru]] 2301 7355 2006-10-04T00:29:27Z 61.248.143.148 <onlyinclude><div style="float:left;border:solid #6EF7A7 1px;margin:1px"> <table cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#C5FCDC"><tr> <td style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#6EF7A7;text-align:center;font-size:14pt" lang="en">'''ru'''</td> <td style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em" lang="ru">Для этого участника '''[[:Category:User ru|русский язык]]''' является '''[[:Category:User ru-N|родным]]'''.[[Category:User ru|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:User ru-N|{{PAGENAME}}]]</td> </tr></table></div></onlyinclude> 2302 7356 2006-10-04T00:29:55Z 61.248.143.148 [[Category:User ru]] 2303 7361 2006-10-04T10:10:16Z Aursani 60 2304 7363 2006-10-04T10:15:24Z Aursani 60 2305 7397 2006-10-05T19:30:21Z Alixafar 98 /* قائد اعظم */ {{مبسس4}}هروڀر ڳالهه کي مونجهاري ۾ نه وجهڻ گهرجي جڏهن قائداعظم جو صفحو ٺهي تڏهن اتي اها ڳالهه ڪري سگهجي ٿي ته جناح اصل ۾ جيڻا آهي. باقي عام فهم نالو نه هٽايو وڃي ته بهتر آهي. حوالا مون استعمال ڪيا آهن، جيڪڏهن ڪنهن دوست کي اعتراض آهي ته پوءِ جناح جي پير صاحب جي وڪالت واري واقعي سميت حوالو ڏنو وڃي ٻي صورت ۾ ڏنل حوالن ۾ ”جناح“ لکيل آهي نه ڪي ”جيڻا“ جيئن هتي تبديل ڪيو ويو. [[User:Alixafar|Alixafar]] 19:58, 4 آڪٽوبر 2006 (UTC) == قائد اعظم == {{مبسس4}}جڏھن محمد علي جيڻا تي صفحو لکيو ويندو تڏھن ان تي اھو ڄاڻائي سگھجي ٿو تھ غير سنڌي حلقا سندس نالو جناح ڪري لکي رھيا آھن ۽ اھو تھ کيس قائد اعظم جو لقب ڪنھن ۽ ڪڏھن ڏنو. لاڳاپيل صفحي تي ئي بحث ڪري سگھجي ٿو تھ ڪھڙيءَ ريت پاڪستان جي حڪمرانن سندس ڄم جو ھنڌ بھ مٽائي ڇڏيو آھي تھ سندس روايتي لباس بھ. لاڳاپيل صفحي تي ئي ڪنھن شخص جي چڱاين ۽ اوڻاين تي بحث ڪري سگھجي ٿو تھ ھُو ڏنل لقبن تي ڪيترو پورو لٿو ۽ ڪيترو نھ. باقي جيستائين ٻين مضمونن ۾ سندس حوالو ڏبو تھ لقبن سان نھ پر صرف سندس نالي سان، جيئن اھو سنڌيءَ ۾ لکجڻ گھرجي. ‌‌[[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 09:36, 5 آڪٽوبر 2006 (UTC) {{مبسس4}}مون کي عرساڻي نالي همراهه سان ڪو به بحث ناهي ڪرڻو، ڇاڪاڻ ته هو وڪيپيڊيا جو ايڊمن آهي ۽ آخري ڳالهه سندس ئي هوندي، نيٺ هن وٽ اهو اختيار به آهي ته صفحي کي پروٽيڪٽ ڪري ڇڏي، منهنجو چوڻ رڳو ايترو آهي ته عام فهم نالو ”جناح“ آهي، ”جيڻا“ وغيره ڪونه آهي تنهنڪري بهتر هو ته جناح ئي لکيو وڃي ها ڇاڪاڻ ته مون جيڪي حوالا استعمال ڪندي مضمون تيار ڪيو آهي انهن ۾ جناح لکيل آهي جيڻا نه.. سنڌي ۾ چيو ويندو آهي ”جيڪو ڏاڍو سو گابو“ سو مون کي هتي بحث ڪرڻ جو ڪوبه لاچار ڪونهي، منهنجو مطلب ڪم سان آهي.. جيڪڏهن دليل نه هجن ته پوءِ طاقت ئي آخري فيصلو ڪندي آهي! [[User:Alixafar|Alixafar]] 19:23, 5 آڪٽوبر 2006 (UTC) 2306 7379 2006-10-05T09:29:55Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[حسام الدين راشدي]] #REDIRECT[[حسام الدين راشدي]] 2307 8634 2007-01-01T15:28:38Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}[[سنڌ]] جي سلامتيءَ ۾ جن سورمن پنهنجي دور ۾ همٿ ڀريو ۽ داد لائق ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي هيمون ڪالاڻي به انهن مان هڪ آهي. هيمو ڪالاڻي جو جنم 11 مارچ تي پراڻي [[سکر]] ۾ ٿيو. سندس والد صاحب جو نالو پيسو مل هو جيڪو ٺيڪيداريءَ جو ڪم ڪندو هو.هيمون ڪالاڻي جو اصل نالو راهي هيمن هو جڏهن ته هيمون کيس پيار مان ڪوٺيو ويندو هو. [[Image:Hemu_kalani.jpg|frame|{{مبسس4}}هيمون ڪالاڻي]] {{مبسس4}}جڏهن سموري [[هندستان]] ۾ آزادي لاءِ ويڙهه جاري هئي ۽ ان وقت جا سورما پنهنجي ڌرتي ماءُ جي آجپي لاءِ جانين جا نذرنا ڏئي رهيا هئا تڏهن سکر جي هن نوجوان ۾ پڻ [[سنڌ]] جي آزاديءَ جي چڻنگ دکيل هئي. 1942ع جو دور هو تڏهن سنڌ ۾ ”[[حر تحريڪ]]“ زورن تي هئي جڏهن ته وچ هندستان ۾ [[مهاتما گانڌي]] هندستان خالي ڪريو واري تحريڪ هلائي رهيو هو. اهو اهڙو جذباتي دور هو جو ماڻهن جي دلين ۾ انگريز سامراج لاءِ نفرت جا آڙاهه پئي ٻريا. اهڙن پڙاڏن کان سکر جو هي نوجوان تمام گهڻو متاثر ٿيو. ان وقت هيمون ڪالاڻي اڃا هاءِ اسڪول جو شاگرد هو. سندس دل ۾ آزادي جي تڙپ ۽ انگريزن خلاف ڌڪار هن کي بيچين ڪري وڌو هو. {{مبسس4}}اها 23 آڪٽوبر جي رات هئي جڏهن خبر پئي ته فوجين سان ڀريل هڪ خاص ريل گاڏي اچي رهي آهي جيڪا سکر کان اڳتي گولابارود کڻي ويندي. هيمون کي ڄاڻ هئي ته اهو گولابارود ۽ انهي ريل گاڏيءَ ۾ سوار فوجي آزاديءَ جي متوالن لاءِ عتاب ۽ قهر ثابت ٿيندا. جنهنڪري هن ۽ سندس ساٿين انهيءَ ريل گاڏيءَ کي ڪيرائڻ جو منصوبو رٿيو. هنن گڏجي وڃي ريل جي پٽڙي کي اکيڙڻ شروع ڪيو، ٺيڪ ساڳي وقت تي هڪ سپاهي نالي فيروز خان کين ڏسي ورتو، هيمون جا سمورا ساٿي ڀڄي ويا پر هميون ڪالاڻي پڪڙجي پيو. هيمون ڪالاڻي تي بي انتها تشدد ڪيو ويو، ان وقت ۾ جيڪي تشدد ڪري ڏوهه مڃرائڻ ۽ ايذائڻ جا طريقا موجود هئا اهي هن ڳڀرو نوجوان تي آزمايا ويا. تشدد ڪندڙن کي صرف انهن نالن جي ڄاڻ گُهربي هئي جيڪي ٽرين جي پٽڙي اکيڙڻ وقت ساڻس گڏجي آيا هئا پر هن آخر تائين ڪنهن به ساٿيءَ جو نانءُ زبان تي نه آندو. {{مبسس4}}لاڳيتو 22 ڏينهن تائين تشدد ڪرڻ بعد هيمون ڪالاڻي کي نيٺ ڪورٽ مارشل ڪيو ويو. هڪ ڀيرو بيان دوران چيائين ته مون ريلوي لائن کي ان لاءِ اکيڙڻ ٿي چاهيو ته جيئن ان ۾ سوار فرنگي ناس ٿي وڃن، پر منهنجي بدقسمتي جو ناڪام ٿيس. آخر سرڪار کيس ڦاسي ڏيڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪا شايد هڪ نابالغ ٻار کي ڏنل پهرين موت جي سزا هئي. هيمونءَ جي سزا منظور ٿيڻ کان پوءِ سندس وڪيل پيرزادي عبدالستار سندس مامي کي موڪليو ته هيمونءَ کان معافي نامي تي صحيح وٺي اچي ته کيس معافي ملي ويندي. پر هيمونءَ اهڙي معافيءَ کان نابري واري ڇڏي ۽ چيائين ته مون اهڙو ڪو به ڏوهه ڪو نه ڪيو آهي جنهن تي مون کي پڇتاءَ هجي پوءِ معافي ڇاجي؟ جڏهن سندس ماءُ ساڻس ملڻ آئي ته هن به کيس اها ڳالهه ڪئي ته معافي نامي تي صحيح ڪري ڏي پر هن سورهيه نوجوان ايئن ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. {{مبسس4}}چون ٿا ته هو جيل ۾ خوش رهندو هو، کيس ٻڌايل ڦاسيءَ جي سزا جو ڪو به خوف نه هو. اتي اڪثر چوندو رهندو هو ته هنن فرنگين کي هن ديس مان ڀڄائڻو آهي، جي آزاد ٿيس ته ان کان به وڌيڪ ڪم ڪندس جي نه ته پوءِ هڪ بهادر جو موت مرندس. هيمون ڪالاڻيءَ کي پاڻمرادو معافي نه ڏني وئي، 21 جنوري 1943ع ڌاري هيمون ڪالاڻي پنهنجي عمر جي حساب سان اڃا نابالغ هو جڏهن کيس ڦاسي ڏني وئي. سچ پچ ته هيمون ڪالاڻي اسان سنڌين جي تاريخ جو فخر جوڳو، اُتساهيندڙ ۽ عظيم ڪردار آهي. اهڙي سورهيائي ۽ ثابت قدمي جو مثال شايد دنيا ۾ نه ملي سگهي جو هڪ معصوم ٻار تخته دار تي ڦاهيءَ جي ڦندي کي چمي موت قبول ڪيو هجي. {{مبسس4}}'''نوٽ:''' سنڌ جي موجوده نصابي ڪتابن ۾ هيمون ڪالاڻي جي ذڪر کان لنوايو ويو آهي. سنڌ جي نوجوان نسل کي گمراهه ڪرڻ لاءِ هٿ ٺوڪيا سورما ۽ سورهيه ٺاهي پيش ڪيا ويا آهن. سنڌ جي علم گاهن ۾ سيکاريو پيو وڃي ته هزارين ميل پري کان پنڌ ڪري آيل ڦورو ۽ لٽيرو [[محمد بن قاسم]] سورمو آهي ۽ پنهنجي ديس جي دفاع ۾ وڙهندي شهيد ٿي ويندڙ [[راجا ڏاهر]] جهنم جو حقدار آهي! == حوالا == {{مبسس4}}* رسالو، ”سلسليوار ڏيئو“ حيدرآباد [[category:شخصيات]] [[category:سنڌي سُورما]] 2308 7374 2006-10-04T20:18:28Z Alixafar 98 هيمون ڪالاڻي هيمون ڪالاڻي 2309 8334 2006-12-07T18:49:54Z Aursani 60 ==تعارف== {{مبسس4}}[[سنڌي]] تاريخدان، محقق، ۽ دانشور حسام الدين شاهه راشديءَ جو جنم 20 سيپٽمبر 1911ع ۾ نئين ديري ڀرسان ڳوٺ [[بمهڻ]] ۾ ٿيو. راشدي صاحب جي ٻاراڻي تربيت نج ڳوٺاڻي ماحول ۾ ٿي جتي علم حاصل ڪرڻ جو رواج به بنهه گهٽ هو. ٻنهي ڀائرن [[علي محمد شاهه راشدي]] ۽ حسام الدين شاهه راشدي جي پرورش سندن ڏاڏي ڪئي. حسام الدين راشديءَ شروعاتي تعليم مولوي محمد سومار ڊکڻ، مولوي محمد الياس پنهور ۽ مولوي سيد علي شاهه لڪياريءَ وٽان حاصل ڪئي. انهن بزرگن وٽ چار درجا سنڌيءَ جا ۽ سڪندر نامي تائين پڙهيو. راشدي صاحب کي پڙهڻ جو چاهه سندس وڏي ڀاءَ [[علي محمد راشدي]]ءَ جي ڪري پيدا ٿيو جنهن جي گهرايل ڪتاب پڙهڻ سان کين ابتدائي فيض حاصل ٿيو. ھن [[فارسي]]ءَ جي تعليم سندس استاد حاجي خادم لاڙڪاڻويءَ کان حاصل ڪئي. ==ادبي ڪردار== {{مبسس4}}راشديءَ جي ادبي زندگيءَ جي شروعات شاعري ۽ ڪهاڻي سان ٿئي ٿي. جڏهن سندس عمر 13 سال هئي تڏهن ٻنهي ڀائرن گڏجي 1928ع ۾ پنهنجي ڳوٺ بهمڻ مان ”الراشد“ نالي رسالو جاري ڪيو. ان وقت حسام الدين راشدي سنڌي ۽ [[فارسي]]ءَ ۾ شاعري ڪندو هو. ==عملي زندگي== {{مبسس4}}راشديءَ جي عملي زندگيءَ جي شروعات صحافت سان ٿئي ٿي. ”الراشد“ رسالي کان پوءِ پاڻ [[محمد ايوب کهڙو|محمد ايوب کهڙي]] جي اخبار ”سنڌ زميندار“ سکر ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ لڳو. اڳتي هلي ٻنهي ڀائرن سکر مان 1934ع ڌاري پنهنجي اخبار ”ستاره سنڌ“ جاري ڪئي. راشديءَ ان وقت جي ٻين اخبارن ۾ پڻ ڪم ڪيو جهڙوڪ، ”الوحيد“، ”توحيد“ ۽ ”قرباني“ وغيره. سندس انسيت [[جي ايم سيد]]، [[شيخ عبدالمجيد سنڌي]] ۽ [[ذوالفقار علي ڀٽو|ذوالفقار علي ڀٽي]] سان گهڻي هئي. ==بحيثيت صحافي== {{مبسس4}}حسام الدين شاهه راشدي سنڌ جو بيباڪ ۽ وطن دوست دانشور هو. سندس ساراهه جا ڍڪ هر علمي ۽ ادبي شخص ڀريا آهن. راشدي صاحب کي پنهنجو ڪوبه اولاد ڪونه هو، هن وڏي ڀاءَ علي محمد راشديءَ جي وڏي پٽ حسين شاهه راشدي ۽ وڏي نياڻي حسنا بيبيءَ کي گود وٺي پاليو ۽ انهن کي ئي سموري ملڪيت جو وارث بڻايائين. راشدي صاحب ٻه شاديون ڪيون. پهرين گهرواريءَ مان کيس هڪ نياڻي پيدا ٿي جيڪا فوت ٿي وئي وري کيس ڪڏهن به اولاد ڪونه ٿيو. راشدي صاحب جو گهر ۾ سڏجندڙ نالو ”ڏنل شاهه“ هو. {{مبسس4}}حسام الدين شاهه راشديءَ جي سموري حياتي علم، ادب ۽ [[سنڌ]] جي تاريخ سان عشق جو هڪ داستان آهي. هن صاحب علم شخص ڏيهه توڙي پرڏيهه ۾ چڱو ناماچار پيدا ڪيو. == حوالا == *{{مبسس4}} ڪتاب، ”منهنجي ڪهاڻي منهنجي زباني“ ليکڪ: جي ايم سيد *{{مبسس4}} رسالو، ”سنڌ رويو“ ڪراچي [[category:شخصيات]] 2310 7411 2006-10-08T10:36:02Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}ڪنھن بھ شخصيت تي مضمون لکڻ کان پھرين ھڪ ڀيرو انگريزي وڪيپيڊيا تي لکيل مضمون پڙھي وٺڻ بھتر رھي ٿو. ڪيترين سنڌي شخصيتن جا خاڪا پڻ انگريزي وڪيپيڊيا تي موجود آھي. ھڪ خاص ڳالھھ جيڪا ڌيان ۾ رکڻ گھرجي سا اھا تھ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي لکيل مضمون گھٽ ۾ گھٽ سنڌين لاءِ وڌ کان وڌ غير جانبدار ھجي ۽ شخصيت جا سمورا مثبت توڙي منفي پاسا نمايان ڪيا وڃن. تنھن کان سواءِ ڪنھن بھ عقيدت جي اظھار کان پاسو ڪيو وڃي ۽ سائين، صاحب، پير، يا ڪي ٻيا لقب استعمال ڪرڻ کان پڻ پاسو ڪيو وڃي، جن سان ڪا عقيدت يا اعتقاد جو اظھار ٿيندو ھجي. ‌‌[[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 15:50, 5 آڪٽوبر 2006 (UTC) {{مبسس4}}منهنجي عقيدت هر ان ماڻهو سان آهي جنهن سنڌ جي خدمت ڪئي آهي. بهرحال هتي مون ڪنهن به عقيدت جو اظهار نه ڪيو آهي ڳالهه رڳو ايتري آهي ته راشدي صاحب جي نالي کي عام طور حوالن ۾ پير لفظ سميت لکيو ويندو آهي، جيڪڏهن ڪنهن کي پير لفظ يا حسام الدين راشدي سان ذاتي بغض آهي ته ڇا ٿو ڪري سگهجي! [[User:Alixafar|Alixafar]] 19:37, 5 آڪٽوبر 2006 (UTC) == لقبن ۽ ٻين اعتقادي لفظن جو استعمال == {{مبسس4}}ڪنھن ماڻھوءَ کي مليل لقبن جو ذڪر ڪري سگھجي ٿو ۽ صرف ذڪر. پر ان ماڻھوءَ لاءِ لقبن سان مخاطب نھ ٿو ٿي سگھجي. مثال طور، اسان پنھنجي نبي سڳوري جي نالي محمد پويان صلي اللھ علي وسلم وغيرھ لکندا آھيون. پر انسائيڪلوپيڊيا ۾ جيڪڏھن غير جانبداريءَ کي سامھون رکجي تھ اھڙن سمورن لفظن جي استعمال کان پاسو ڪرڻو پوندو جيڪي ذاتي پسند، ناپسند ۽ اعتقاد کي ظاھر ڪندا ھجن. وڌيڪ رھنمائيءَ لاءِ انگريزي وڪيپيڊيا کي پڙھي سگھجي. ٿو ۽ اتي جوڙيل قدرن کي سمجھي سگھجي ٿو. لغاري صحب اوھان پنھنجي ذھن کي صف رکندا ڪريو. مون کي راشدي صاحب سان ڪو بھ بغض ناھي. مون جي ايم سيد ڏانھن بھ اشارو ڪيو آھي تھ اتي لفظ سائين جو استعمال نھ ڪرڻ گھرجي ۽ مون صبغت اللھ شاھھ ڏانھن بھ اشارو ڪيو آھي جتي توھان بار بار لفظ پير جو استعمال ڪيو ھو. اھڙن لفظن جي استعمال کان پاسو ڪندا. ان کان سواءِ مون محمد علي جيڻا جو بھ ذڪر ڪيو آھي تھ ان جي نالي اڳيان بھ قائد اعظم ھڻڻ جي ڪا بھ ضرورت نھ آھي. سندس صفحي تي اھڙو ذڪر ڪري سگھجي ٿو تھ فلاڻن فردن يا تنظيمن کيس قائد اعظم جو لقب ڏنو ۽ کيس جناح ڪري لکيو. [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 07:24, 6 آڪٽوبر 2006 (UTC) 2311 7417 2006-10-08T11:10:40Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}'''ايم ڪمل''' جو اصل نالو ''''مولچند منگهارام بندراڻي''' آھي. سندس جنم ڪنڊياري ۾ 8 آگسٽ 1925ع ڌاري ٿيو. هن پنهنجي سموري تعليم [[ڪراچي]]ءَ مان حاصل ڪئي. 1940ع ڌاري ماڊل هاءِ اسڪول [[ڪراچي]]ءَ مان ميٽرڪ ۽ انٽر سائنس [[ڏيارام ڄيٺمل سائنس ڪاليج ڪراچي|ڊي جي ڪاليج]] مان ڪيائين. ورهاڱي کان پوءِ پاڻ [[الھاس نگر ممبئي|الهاس نگر]] [[ممبئي]] وڃي رهيو. ريلوي ۾ ڀرتي ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ان سان توڙ نڀايائين، 1983ع ۾ اتان رٽائر ڪيائين. {{مبسس4}}ايم ڪمل جي ادبي شروعات هڪ شاعر جي حيثيت سان ٿئي ٿي، پر اها شاعري اردو ٻوليءَ ۾ هئي. اهڙِيءَ طرح هن جي ڄاڻ سڃاڻ [[سڳن آهوجا]] ۽ [[موهن ڪلپنا]] سان ٿي. انهن جي زور ڀرڻ تي ايم ڪمل [[سنڌي شاعري]]ءَ جي شروعات ڪئي. هن سنڌي ساهت کي لڳ ڀڳ ويهه کن ڪتاب ڏنا، شاعريءَ کان علاوه ناٽڪ نويسي ۾ پڻ موچارو نانءُ ڪمايائين. هن جي ڪجهه ڇپيل ڪتابن جا نالا ننڊ ۽ جاڳ (1965ع)، ڳرندڙ برف جا نقش (1975ع)، روشن راهون (1981ع)، باهه جا وارث (1986ع) سوچ جا پاڇا (1989ع)، اڃايل لهر (1989ع)، سوجهرو شام جو (1992ع)، ٻنهي پاسي باهيون (1994ع)، من مڙي نٿو (1995ع)، آخري اُڏام (1997ع) آهن. {{مبسس4}}ايم ڪمل جيتوڻيڪ ناٽڪ نويسي به ڪئي پر تنهن هوندي به هن جي مڃتا ۽ حيثيت هڪ شاعر جي حيثيت سان آهي. هن [[نظم]] ۽ [[غزل]] تي تمام گهڻو ڌيان ڏنو آهي. هن اٽڪل 650 غزل لکيا آهن. پاڻ ڪيترائي ادبي انعام ۽ مڃتا ايوارڊ ماڻيائين. ايم ڪمل جا ناٽڪ نويس طور جيڪي ڪتاب شايع ٿيا انهن ۾ ميونسپل ڪائونسلر (1979ع)، ناٽڪ (1980ع)، ماچيس ڪٿي آهي (1985ع)، کوٽو سڪو (1987ع)، خوشخبري (1990ع) ۽ فريم ۾ مڙهيل شخص (1991ع) شامل آهن. سندس ناٽڪ ”ميونسپل ڪائونسلر“ کي 1976ع ۾ بهترين ناٽڪ طور ”انٽربئنڪ ناٽڪ چٽاڀيٽي“ پاران ٽرافي ملي چڪي آهي. {{مبسس4}}ايم ڪمل ڪيترن ئي فنڪارن جي رهنمائي ڪري چڪو آهي. ان لاءِ هن ”مهراڻ رنگ منچ“ جي نالي هڪ ڊراما گروپ قائم ڪيو. کيس ڪيترن ئي انعامن سان گڏ مرڪزي سرڪار ساهتيه اڪيڊمي ايوارڊ، مرڪزي هندي ڊائريڪٽوريٽ پاران ٻه انعام ۽ 1990ع ۾ [[مها راشٽر]] سرڪار کان هڪ لک روپين جو ”گرو پرسڪار“ پڻ حاصل ڪري چڪو آهي. جهڙي طرح نوڪريءَ جي سلسلي ۾ هو مستقل مزاج رهيو آھي. سندس رھائش اڄ بھ الهاس نگر ۾ ئي آھي. =={{مبسس4}} حوالا == * {{مبسس4}}رسالو، ”سوجهرو“ ڪراچي. 2312 8431 2006-12-14T18:29:29Z Aursani 60 [[Image:DJCollege.JPG|thumb|300px|left|{{مبسس4}}ڏيارام ڄيٺمل ڪاليج ڪراچيءَ جو ڏيک]] {{مبسس4}}'''ڏيارام ڄيٺمل سائنس ڪاليج''' (المعروف ڊي جي سائنس ڪاليج) [[ڪراچي]]، [[سنڌ]] ۾ واقع آھي، جيڪو سائنس توڙي آرٽس جي تعليم ڏئي رهيو آهي. == تاريخ == {{مبسس4}}ممبئي جي گورنر، لارڊ ريئي 17هين جنوري 1887ع تي ان ڪاليج جو افتتاح بطور سنڌ آرٽس ڪاليج ڪيو، جنھن تي بعد ۾ [[ڏيارام ڄيٺمل]] جو نالو رکيو ويو، جنهن ان ڪاليج جي اڏاوت تي خرچ ٿيندڙ سموري خرچ جي ھڪ وڏي حصي جو بندوبست ڪيو ھو. چيو وڃي ٿو تھ ڪاليج جي اڌاوت تي تن ڏينھن ۾ ھڪ لک ڇهاسي هذار پنج سَو چوڏهن (186514) رپيا خرچ آيو ھو، جنھن مان حڪومت جي ڀاڱيداري ستانوي ھزار ھڪ سَو ٽيانوي (97193) رپيا هئي. == پرنسيپال == {{مبسس4}}سال 2006ع لاءِ ڪاليج جو پرنسيپال ڪاليج جي فزڪس فيڪلٽيءَ جو پروفيسر '''روي شنڪر''' مقرر ٿيو آھي. == ناميارا گريجوئيٽس == *{{مبسس4}}[[عبدالقدير خان]] {{ڪراچيءَ جا ڪاليج ۽ يونيورسٽيون}} [[en:Dayaram Jethamal Science College]] [[category:تعليم]] 2313 8397 2006-12-13T17:01:45Z Aursani 60 ==تعارف== {{مبسس4}}ھندستان جي شھر ممبئي جو ھڪ علائقو جنھن جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ ڏھھ لک آھي. ==تاريخ== {{مبسس4}}1947ع ۾ اڄوڪو ملڪ ڀارت قائم تيڻ وقت جڏھن [[سنڌ]] ۾ سنڌي ھندن جو ڪوس ڪيو ويو ۽ کين ھندستان لڏڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ويو تڏھن ڪيترو ئي عرصو [[ڪلياڻ ڪيمپ]] ۾ گذارڻ بعد سنڌي ھندن جو ھڪ ڪثير تعداد وڃي الھاس نگر ۾ آباد ٿيو. تنھن کان پوءِ جيتوڻيڪ اتي ڪيترا ئي سنڌي اسڪول ۽ ڪاليج قائم ٿيا ۽ علائقي جي ترقيءَ ۾ سنڌي ھندن جون ڪيتريون ئي ڀاڱيداريون رھيون، پر ھندستاني حڪومت الھاس نگر جو نالو مٽائي سنڌو نگر رکڻ وارو مطالبو نھ مڃيو. ==خارجي ڳنڍڻا== {{مبسس4}}[http://www.ulhasnagar.com/news الھاس نگر ڊاٽ ڪام] [[category:ڀونءِ ڀياس ۽ ڀونءِ نگاري]] 2314 7422 2006-10-08T13:26:03Z Aursani 60 2315 7424 2006-10-08T19:52:47Z 81.34.184.82 an easy way of increasing the number of articles and aim the people to participate in the project. Needs translation. All big Wikipedias have created more than 2000 pages of years ==Events== ==Births== ==Deaths== [[Category:21th century]] [[af:2006]] [[als:2006]] [[am:2006 እ.ኤ.አ.]] [[ar:2006]] [[an:2006]] [[ast:2006]] [[zh-min-nan:2006 nî]] [[be:2006]] [[bs:2006]] [[br:2006]] [[bg:2006]] [[ca:2006]] [[cv:2006]] [[cs:2006]] [[co:2006]] [[cy:2006]] [[da:2006]] [[de:2006]] [[et:2006]] [[el:2006]] [[en:2006]] [[es:2006]] [[eo:2006]] [[eu:2006]] [[fo:2006]] [[fr:2006]] [[fy:2006]] [[fur:2006]] [[ga:2006]] [[gl:2006]] [[ko:2006년]] [[hr:2006]] [[io:2006]] [[ilo:2006]] [[id:2006]] [[ia:2006]] [[os:2006]] [[is:2006]] [[it:2006]] [[he:2006]] [[kn:೨೦೦೫]] [[ka:2006]] [[csb:2006]] [[kw:2006]] [[ku:2006]] [[la:2006]] [[lb:2006]] [[lt:2006]] [[li:2006]] [[hu:2006]] [[mk:2006]] [[ml:2006]] [[mi:2006]] [[ms:2006]] [[mo:2006]] [[nl:2006]] [[ja:2006年]] [[nap:2006]] [[no:2006]] [[nn:2006]] [[oc:2006]] [[pap:2006]] [[pl:2006]] [[pt:2006]] [[ro:2006]] [[qu:2006]] [[ru:2006]] [[se:2006]] [[sco:2006]] [[sq:2006]] [[scn:2006]] [[simple:2006]] [[sk:2006]] [[sl:2006]] [[sr:2006]] [[sh:2006]] [[fi:2006]] [[sv:2006]] [[tl:2006]] [[tt:2006]] [[te:2006]] [[th:พ.ศ. 2549]] [[vi:2006]] [[tpi:2006]] [[tr:2006]] [[uk:2006]] [[wa:2006]] [[yi:ה'תשס"ו]] [[zh-yue:2006年]] [[bat-smg:2006]] [[zh:2006年]] [[zu:2006]] 2318 7427 2006-10-10T07:26:47Z Aursani 60 منھنجون ترجيحات 2319 7428 2006-10-10T08:09:22Z Aursani 60 لاڳاپيل تبديليون 2320 7429 2006-10-10T08:14:40Z Aursani 60 حواليو 2321 7511 2006-10-11T11:33:29Z Aursani 60 نياپو 2322 7744 2006-10-19T12:13:29Z Aursani 60 منهنجي ٽيٽ فهرست 2323 edit=sysop:move=sysop 7925 2006-10-26T15:19:51Z Aursani 60 <p align=center> <big>'''نئين مضمون لاءِ عنوان لکو'''</big></p> <P><inputbox> bgcolor=#F0F0FF type=create </inputbox> </p> ---- __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ {| cellspacing="3" |- valign="top" </div> |width="50%" class="MainPageBG" style="border: 1px solid #c6c9ff; color: #000; background-color: #f0f0f5"| <div style="clear: right; text-align: right; float: right; padding: .4em .9em .9em"> <font face="MBSarang Sattar, times new roman,Arial" size="3" color="#53873D"> <big>'''ڪجھه اهم ڳنڍڻا'''</big><br/> {{مڀسس4س}}[[ڀلي ڪري آيا]] • [[تعارف]] • [[وڪيپيڊيا:مضمون ڪيئن ڳولجي؟|مضمون ڪيئن ڳولجي؟]] • [[صفحا ڪيئن ترميميو]] • [[گھربل مقالا]] • [[اهم ماقالا]] • [[امدادي صفحا]] • [[اڄ جو سائنسدان]] • [[واريگاهه]]<br> ---- <font face="MBSarang Sattar, times new roman,Arial" size="3" color="#53873D"> <big>'''ٻيا ڳنڍڻا'''</big><br/> [[m:Wikimedia Embassy-sd|وڪيميڊيا سفارتخانو]] • [[وڪيپيڊيا:سفارتخانو| وڪيپيڊيا سفارتخانو]] • [[ٻلا]] • [[وڪيپيڊيا بابل]] • [[Special:Boardvote|وڪيپيڊيا جون چونڊون]] • [[رٿا:منتظمین|منتظمين جِي فهرست]] • [[تازا واقعا|تازا واقعا]] • [[وڪيپيڊيا:راندين جا واقعا| راندين جا واقعا]] • [[وڪيپيڊيا:چونڊ مقالا|چونڊ مقالا]] • [[وڪيپيڊيا:چونڊ تصويرون|چونڊ تصويرون]] • [[فھرست تاريخي ساليانھ|تاريخي ساليانا]] • [[وڪيپيڊيا:حاليھ اضافا|نوان مقالا]] • [[تازيون فوتگيون]] • [[:زمرہ:ذيلي زمرہ|مختصر مقالا]] • [[وڪيپيڊيا:غيرمعمولي مقالا|غيرمعمولي مقالا]] <br> <br/></font> </div> <br clear="all"/> |} 2324 7941 2006-10-26T16:16:47Z Aursani 60 <!--Note:This section will be regularly modified to keep it approximately the same size as template:WikipediaSister--> <div id="lang"> هيءُ وڪيپيڊيا [[سنڌي ٻولي|سنڌيءَ]] ۾ لکيل آهي. ان جي ابتدا فيبروري 2006ع ۾ ٿِي، ۽ هن وقت [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] مضمون آهن. ٻيا به ڪيترا ئي وڪپيڊيا ميسر آهن؛ جن مان وڏي ۾ وڏن جي فهرست هيٺ ڏجي ٿي. <div id="lang-50000"> *50,000 کان وڌيڪ مضمون:<br/>[[:da:|Dansk]] '''&middot;''' [[:de:|Deutsch]] '''&middot;''' [[:es:|Español]] '''&middot;''' [[:eo:|Esperanto]] '''&middot;''' [[:fr:|Français]] '''&middot;''' [[:it:|Italiano]] '''&middot;''' [[:nl:|Nederlands]] '''&middot;''' [[:ja:|日本語]] '''&middot;''' [[:no:|Norsk bokmål]] '''&middot;''' [[:pl:|Polski]] '''&middot;''' [[:pt:| Português]] '''&middot;''' [[:ru:|Русский]] '''&middot;''' [[:sk:|Slovenčina]] '''&middot;''' [[:fi:|Suomi]] '''&middot;''' [[:sv:|Svenska]] '''&middot;''' [[:zh:|中文]]</div> <div id="lang-20000"> *20,000 کان وڌيڪ مضمون:<br/>[[:id:|Bahasa Indonesia]] '''&middot;''' [[:bg:|Български]] '''&middot;''' [[:ca:|Català]] '''&middot;''' [[:cs:|Česky]] '''&middot;''' [[:et:|Eesti]] '''&middot;''' [[:he:|עברית]] '''&middot;''' [[:hr:|Hrvatski]] '''&middot;''' [[:ko:|한국어]] '''&middot;''' [[:lt:|Lietuvių]] '''&middot;''' [[:hu:|Magyar]] '''&middot;''' [[:ro:|Română]] '''&middot;''' [[:sl:|Slovenščina]] '''&middot;''' [[:sr:|Српски]] '''&middot;''' [[:tr:|Türkçe]] '''&middot;''' [[:uk:|Українська]] '''&middot;''' [[:te:|<span lang="te" title="Telugu" dir="rtl" class="spanAr">తెలుగు</span>]]</div> <div id="lang-10000"> *10,000 کان وڌيڪ مضمون:<br/>[[:simple:|Simple English]] '''&middot;''' [[:ar:| <span lang="ar" title="Arabic" dir="rtl" class="spanAr">العربية</span>]] '''&middot;''' [[:ms:|Bahasa Melayu]] '''&middot;''' [[:bn:|বাংলা]] '''&middot;'''[[:bs:|Bosanski]] '''&middot;''' [[:el:|Ελληνικά]] '''&middot;''' [[:eu:|Euskara]] '''&middot;''' [[:fa:|فارسی]] '''&middot;''' [[:gl:|Galego]] '''&middot;''' [[:io:|Ido]] '''&middot;''' [[:is:|Íslenska]] '''&middot;''' [[:ka:|ქართული]] '''&middot;''' [[:lb:|Lëtzebuergesch]] '''&middot;''' [[:nap:|Nnapulitano]] '''&middot;''' [[:nn:|Norsk nynorsk]] '''&middot;''' [[:th:|ภาษาไทย]] '''&middot;''' [[:vi:|Tiếng Việt]]</div> <p id="lang-coord" style="text-align:center"> '''[[m:List of Wikipedias|مڪمل فهرست]] &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Multilingual_coordination گھڻ لساني سهه آرڊينيشن]</span> &middot; [[m:Help:How to start a new Wikipedia|ڪنهن اڃا ٻي ٻوليءَ ۾ وڪيپيڊيا جوڙيو]]''' </div> <noinclude> ---- [[vi:Tiêu bản:Ngôn ngữ Wikipedia]] </noinclude> 2325 7934 2006-10-26T15:52:27Z Aursani 60 وڪيپيڊيا جي ميزبان هڪ بنا نفعي نقصان جي بنياد تي ڪم ڪندڙ تنظيم [[وڪي ذريعات پيڙھڪا]] آهي، جيڪا ٻيون به ڪيتريون ئي [[Wikimedia:Our_projects|رٿائون]] هلائي رهي آهي: {|width="100%" align="center" cellpadding="4" style="text-align:right;" | align="center" | {{Click || image=Wiktionary-logo-51px.gif | link=wiktionary: | width=51px | height=35px }} | '''[[wiktionary:|وڪيغت]]'''<br />لغت ۽ ٿيسارس | align="center" | {{Click || image=WikiNews-Logo.svg | link=wikinews: | width=51px | height=30px }} | '''[[wikinews:|وڪي اخبار]]'''<br />کُليل مواد اخبار | align="center" | {{Click || image=Wikiquote-logo.svg | link=wikiquote: | width=51px | height=41px }} | '''[[wikiquote:|وڪي قول]]'''<br />قولن جو مجموعو |- | align="center" | {{Click || image=Wikibooks-logo.svg | link=wikibooks: | width=35px | height=35px }} | '''[[wikibooks:|وڪي ڪتاب]]'''<br />کُليل نصابي ڪتاب ۽ دستيناما | align="center" | {{Click || image=Wikispecies-logo.svg | link=wikispecies: | width=35px | height=41px }} | '''[[wikispecies:|Wikispecies]]'''<br />Directory of species | align="center" | {{Click || image=Wikisource-logo.svg | link=wikisource: | width=35px | height=37px }} | '''[[wikisource:|وڪي وسيلا]]'''<br />کُليل مواد لائبريري |- | align="center" | {{Click || image=Wikiversity-logo.svg | link=v:Wikiversity:Main Page | width=41px | height=31px }} | '''<span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/ وڪيورسٽي]</span>'''<br />Free learning materials and activities | align="center" | {{Click || image=Commons-logo.svg | link=commons: | width=31px | height=41px }} | '''[[commons:|Commons]]'''<br />Shared media repository | align="center" | {{Click || image=Wikimedia-logo.svg | link=meta: | width=35px | height=36px }} | '''[[meta:|ميٽاوڪي]]'''<br />سهه آرڊينيشن براءِ وڪي ذريعات رٿا |} <noinclude> [[eu:Txantiloi:Wikimedia]] [[vi:Tiêu bản:Liên quan Wikipedia]] </noinclude> 2326 7821 2006-10-19T17:07:56Z Aursani 60 <includeonly><div style="position:relative; width:{{{width}}}; height:{{{height}}}; overflow:hidden;"><div style="position:absolute; font-size:{{{height}}}; overflow:hidden; line-height:{{{height}}}; letter-spacing:{{{width}}};">[[{{{link}}}|<span title="{{{title|{{{link}}}}}}" style="text-decoration:none;">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span>]]</div>[[Image:{{{image}}}|{{{width}}}|{{{title|{{{link}}}}}}]]</div></includeonly> <noinclude> This template attempts to superimpose an invisible link on an image. It doesn't work in [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]], in text-only browsers, and in screen readers for the disabled, and possibly other situations. The technique of using [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] to change page content also completely breaks an article's [[web accessibility]] by contravening a [[WAI]] priority-one checkpoint.[http://www.w3.org/TR/WAI-WEBCONTENT/#tech-order-style-sheets] Please try to avoid using this template unless absolutely necessary. See also [[Template:Titled-click]], and [[m:Template:Click]]. [[Category:Wikipedia workaround templates]] [[als:Vorlage:Link-Bild]] [[ar:قالب:Click]] [[da:Skabelon:Klik]] [[de:Vorlage:Link-Bild]] [[eo:Ŝablono:Click]] [[eu:Txantiloi:Lotura iruditik]] [[fr:Modèle:Lien sur image]] [[ko:Template:그림고리]] [[na:Template:Click]] [[nl:Sjabloon:Klik]] [[no:Mal:Klikk]] [[pl:Szablon:Klik]] [[vi:Tiêu bản:Hình tượng]] [[zh:Template:Click]] </noinclude> 2341 8628 2007-01-01T15:17:28Z Aursani 60 هيءُ صفحو آخري ڀيرو $2، $1ع تي ترميميو ويو هو. 2342 7975 2006-10-31T08:30:31Z Aursani 60 هيءُ صفحو $2، $1 تي $3 ترميميو. 2362 7954 2006-10-27T09:47:06Z Aursani 60 کوليو 2382 7916 2006-10-26T09:03:08Z Aursani 60 ==تعارف== {{مبسس4}}بنيادي معلومات ==ونڊوز (Microsoft Windows)== [http://clocktowercity.com/mc/shop/?lang=ur&tid=29 {{مبسس4}}سنڌي ڳڻپيوڪر بنائڻ سکو] {{مبسس4}}پنھنجي ڳڻپيوڪر کي ڪنھن بھ سافٽ ويئر ۾ سنڌي لکڻ پڙھڻ قابل بنایو۔ [http://www.travelphrases.info/gallery/Fonts_sindhi.html {{مبسس4}}سنڌي فانٽس ڊاؤن لوڊ] ==لینڪس (Linux)== == میڪ انٽاش == ==او ايس ايڪس== [http://khawarking.blogspot.com/2005/04/blog-post_17.html {{مبسس4}}او ايس ايڪس ۾ سنڌيءَ جي لاءِ رھنمائي] ==ڳنڍڻا== * [http://www.urduweb.org/mehfil {{مبسس4}}سنڌي محفل] * [http://www.crulp.org {{مبسس4}}مرڪزِ تحقيقاتِ سنڌي] * [http://www.paktype.org {{مبسس4}}پاڪ ٽائپ] {{مبسس4}}يا [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/paktype پاڪ ٽائپ ياھو] * [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/sindhi_computing {{مبسس4}}سنڌي ڪمپيوٽڱ] 2383 8214 2006-12-01T15:59:08Z 193.251.135.124 <font size="4" face= "MBSarang Sattar"> پھرين سنڌي اُپگرَھِي چينل، ڪي ٽِي اين، جو آغاز سن 2002ع ۾ ٿيو. جنھن کان پوءِ سنڌي ٻولي ميڊيا جي ميدان ۾ تڪڙي ترقي ڪري رھي آھي ۽ ھن وقت ٽي سنڌي اُپگِرَھِي چينل ڪم ڪري رھيا آھن.<br> ڪي ٽي اين جي آغاز کي بلاشڪ، سنڌي ٻوليءَ جي ترقيءَ جو نئون دور ۽ نئون جنم چئي سگھجي ٿو. اسان کي اميد آهي انٽرنيٽ اهڙو هڪ انقلاب آڻيندي. <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="5">سنڌي گيت <font face="MBSarang Sattar" size="4">ھوريان ھوريان ھوريان – سجاد يوسف <br> منھنجي اڱڻ تي آ سھڻا - شمن علي ميرالِي <br> Kash ma kash – the best of Junoon آزادی پرواز The Millenium Edition Ishq Daur-e-Junoon Dewaar 2384 edit=sysop:move=sysop 7951 2006-10-27T09:40:47Z Aursani 60 "[[Image:Wiktionary-logo-51px.gif]]" تحفظيو ويو [edit=sysop:move=sysop] 2385 edit=sysop:move=sysop 7945 2006-10-26T16:33:27Z Aursani 60 "[[Template:وڪيپيڊيابرادر]]" تحفظيو ويو [edit=sysop:move=sysop] وڪيپيڊيا جي ميزبان هڪ بنا نفعي نقصان جي بنياد تي ڪم ڪندڙ تنظيم [[وڪي ذريعات پيڙھڪا]] آهي، جيڪا ٻيون به ڪيتريون ئي [[Wikimedia:Our_projects|رٿائون]] هلائي رهي آهي: {|width="100%" align="center" cellpadding="4" style="text-align:right;" | align="center" | {{Click || image=Wiktionary-logo-51px.gif | link=wiktionary: | width=51px | height=35px }} | '''[http://sd.wiktionary.org/ وڪيغت]'''<br />لغت ۽ ٿيسارس | align="center" | {{Click || image=WikiNews-Logo.svg | link=wikinews: | width=51px | height=30px }} | '''[http://sd.wikinews.org/wiki/ وڪي اخبار]'''<br />کُليل مواد اخبار | align="center" | {{Click || image=Wikiquote-logo.svg | link=wikiquote: | width=51px | height=41px }} | '''[[wikiquote:|وڪي قول]]'''<br />قولن جو مجموعو |- | align="center" | {{Click || image=Wikibooks-logo.svg | link=wikibooks: | width=35px | height=35px }} | '''[[wikibooks:|وڪي ڪتاب]]'''<br />کُليل نصابي ڪتاب ۽ دستيناما | align="center" | {{Click || image=Wikispecies-logo.svg | link=wikispecies: | width=35px | height=41px }} | '''[[wikispecies:|Wikispecies]]'''<br />Directory of species | align="center" | {{Click || image=Wikisource-logo.svg | link=wikisource: | width=35px | height=37px }} | '''[[wikisource:|وڪي وسيلا]]'''<br />کُليل مواد لائبريري |- | align="center" | {{Click || image=Wikiversity-logo.svg | link=v:Wikiversity:Main Page | width=41px | height=31px }} | '''<span class="plainlinks">[http://sd.wikiversity.org/wiki/ وڪيورسٽي]</span>'''<br />Free learning materials and activities | align="center" | {{Click || image=Commons-logo.svg | link=commons: | width=31px | height=41px }} | '''[[commons:|Commons]]'''<br />Shared media repository | align="center" | {{Click || image=Wikimedia-logo.svg | link=meta: | width=35px | height=36px }} | '''[[meta:|ميٽاوڪي]]'''<br />سهه آرڊينيشن براءِ وڪي ذريعات رٿا |} <noinclude> [[eu:Txantiloi:Wikimedia]] [[vi:Tiêu bản:Liên quan Wikipedia]] </noinclude> 2386 7964 2006-10-29T17:29:46Z IMAM JAFFAR SADIQ 108 1. IMAM Ja’far al-Sadiq His name was Ja’far al-Sadiq and his patronymic name was Abu Mohammed. If we start writing about his qualities and miracles then it is not easy to cover all of them. He inherited from Ali Bin Abi Talib (RA) and he is the real heir of the Prophet. Ja’far al-Sadiq’s greatness is such that we can call him the king of Muslim ummat (nation). He was the follower of truth and ascertainment and also the true follower of the pious persons. He was great among all the saints and successors of the Prophet. He was descendant of Ali Bin Abi Talib (RA) and the Prophet’s family. Due to his greatness, we all praise him. As already mentioned above that to write the details about the works and achievements of Prophet, their companions and members of the Prophet’s family is not easy and will need many volumes to describe. After seeking the blessings for writing this book, we are mentioning here the stories of pious persons who were passed away after the family members of the Prophet. Here we are writing about Ja’far al-Sadiq. Ja’far al-Sadiq was ranked after the companions of the Prophet. He was member of Prophet’s family, hence many of his teachings about mystic knowledge and also his other narrations are available. We are mentioning here some of his sayings about good felicity. Those who follow his religion, in other words are following the religion of twelve Imams (religious leaders), as he was the successor of the twelve Imams. So it is one that is equal to twelve and also twelve that is equal to one. If we mention about his works and achievements then it will be equivalent to mention the works and achievements of twelve Imams. If we mention about his character, he was master in every kind of knowledge and wisdom. He was the leader of learned people and they all had full confidence in him. He was not only a great leader of mystic persons but he was also the follower of literary persons and lovers of Allah. He has written many books and in these books he has explained the controlling powers of Allah in the best possible manner. He has also narrated many of the sayings of Imam Baquer’s. The author explains as follows: “I am surprised to know that a group of persons due to their poor knowledge thought that Sunnat Jamat (followers of the Prophet) has enmity with the family members of Prophet. But the fact is that the members of Sunnat Jamat are the followers of the Prophet’s family members.” So we must remember that every one who has faith in the Prophet, he should also love and have faith in the Prophet’s family members. When Imam Al-Shafe’i was imprisoned on the charge of enmity with the Prophet’s family members, he uttered some couplets at that time. The meaning of one of the couplet is as follows: “I am friend of the holy Prophet Muhammed (PBUH) and his family members so if this is enmity then all human beings and jins should be witness on this enmity.” Who is Sunni? In its real meaning Sunni is one who accepts the greatness of the Prophet’s family members. If it is not compulsory the rule of faith to know about the Prophet’s family members and his companions but it is good for everybody to know about them. As you know some other things and some unnecessary things. The importance of companions of the Prophet is very great because due to their sacrifices and great efforts as well as due to their Islamic knowledge which they learned from the Prophet and which helped the Muslims to spread the religion of Islam throughout the world. They set great examples of their sacrifices and efforts, which will guide the Muslims till the day of judgement. If we follow them then we can achieve real Islamic goal in our lives. So for you it is good to know about the king of this world and the world after the death, Prophet Muhammed (PBUH) and his companions and their followers. The Prophet’s family members who made distinguished services and sacrifices for the Islam and Muslims. With the help of their teachings we can become a true Muslims. So for this reason one should respect and love for the followers of the holy Prophet and his family members. When some persons asked Abu Hanifa who is superior in the followers of holy Prophet. He said, “In the older Abu Bakr Siddiq (RA) and Omar Farouq (RA), in the young men Osman Bin Affan (RA) and Ali Bin Abi Talib (RA), in the women Ayesha (RA) and in the girls Fatima (RA).” One night the caliph Mansur of Baghdad ordered his minister to bring Ja’far al-Sadiq before him for his killing so the minister told him, “Why did he want to kill such a noble and great person who is in loneliness in the house and busy in the worship of Allah and who left the worldly life and pleasure so it is against expedience.” Mansur angry when heard the reply from his minister and told him it is his duty to obey his orders. The minister tried his best in this matter but he was not successful so he went to call him helplessly. The caliph ordered his slaves to kill him upon his arrival to the palace at the time when Mansur takes down his crown from his head. But when he came to his palace Mansur stood before him and ran to receive him and gave him a most suitable place to sit him and he sat before him with sincerity and with great respect. The slaves were surprised when they saw the actions of Mansur. The caliph asked him if he need any thing from him. Then he told him that he should not be called again there to enable him to continue the worship of Allah. Mansur said good bye to him with great respect and at the same time Mansur’s body began shivering and became unconscious and he was in that condition for three days and some persons told he was in that condition in which his three prayers were lapsed. When he was all right then the minister asked him, “What was the matter with him?” Mansur told him, “When he entered his palace he saw a big python with him and his two lips were open and one was on the upper side and the other was below of the throne.” The python told him, “If you do any harm to Ja’far al-Sadiq I would swallow you with your seat.” So when I heard this I was afraid of python and I could not know what I was telling to him so I excused him and become unconscious.” When once Dawood Tai came to see him and asked him, “Oh! Son of the Prophet, pray for me as my heart become black.” Then Ja’far al-Sadiq told him, “Oh! Abu Suleiman, you are also pious person of the time so no need of my prayers.” Then Dawood Tai told him, “Oh! Son of the Prophet, Allah gave you a such greatness and it is obligatory for you to give advice to all Muslims.” He told, “Oh! Abu Suleiman, I am afraid that on the day of judgement my grand father will caught me and will ask me why I have not fulfilled my duties properly and Allah will not see the inheritance but see the good deeds.” Then Dawood Tai wept and told, “Oh! Allah, his inheritance is from the holy Prophet and his habits are superior and his grand father is the holy Prophet and his mother is batool (great woman) but he is still worried then who is Dawood and why he is so proudly on his deeds.” One day Ja’far al-Sadiq was sitting and he told his slaves to come and make a promise that on the day of judgement whoever will be successful then he should recommend the others. Then they told, “Oh! Son of the Prophet, why did you need our recommendations as your grandfather will recommend all the creatures?” Then he told them, “He is ashamed of his deeds so he is afraid to see the face of his grandfather.” Once Sufyan Thauri went to see Ja’far al-Sadiq when he discontinued going outside of the house and stayed alone in the house and he told him, “Oh! Son of the Prophet, people are not getting your grace as you are in the loneliness of the house.” Then he told him, “I think this is better for me” and recited these two couplets and the meaning of them is as follows: “The faithfulness is not seen as the traveller on the journey will not see again and people are busy with their thinking and necessities. People express love for each other but their hearts are full of poison.” When the persons saw him wearing a wealthy dress and they told him, “Oh! Son of the Prophet, it is not suitable for the Prophet’s family member to wear such a dress.” Then he caught his hand and took it inside of the dress of his shoulder and showed him the inside dress which was made of jute and it scratched his hand. He told him, “This dress is for the Allah and other is for the mankind.” Ja’far al-Sadiq asked Abu Hanifa, “Who is wise?” And he replied, “One who makes difference between good and bad.” Then he told him, “The animals could do these things. As they recognize who beat them and who love them.” So Abu Hanifa asked him to explain in this matter, “Who is wise?” He told him, “One who could make difference between two good things and two bad things and choose one good thing which is more good from the two goods things and one bad thing which is less bad from the two bad things.” When the persons told him, “You have all qualities of pious persons and have kindness and coolness of the family members of the Prophet but you have more proudness.” So he replied, “I am not proudly but my lord is great so when I discontinued proudness and greatness these things entered into me. So upon Allah’s greatness one can feel proud but one should not be proudly for greatness of his own.” Somebody lost his bag of dinars (money) so he caught Ja’far al-Sadiq and told him, “You have stolen my dinars,” as that man could not recognize him. He asked him, “How many dinars have you lost?” The man replied, “One thousand dinars.” He took that man to his house and gave him one thousand dinars. Later that man found his bag of money some where and explained him the whole event and made apology to him and requested him to take the money which he brought back for him and he also told him, “It was his mistake.” He told him, “He would never take back anything which he gives to anybody.” That man asked, “Who is this person?” And people told him, “He is Ja’far al-Sadiq” Then the man was very sorry for his mistake and went away. One day he was going on the road lonely and he was saying ‘Allah, Allah’, and one poor pious person was also following him and saying ‘Allah, Allah’. When he told, “Oh! Allah, I do not have trouser and dress with me” and at the same moment one clean pair of dress was appeared there and he wore the same. Then the poor pious person asked him, “Oh! Great man, I was also reciting ‘Allah, Allah’ behind you so please give me your old dress.” So he liked his idea and gave him his old dress. A man came to Ja’far al-Sadiq asked him, “He wanted to see Allah.” He told that man, “Have you not heard what Allah told Prophet Moses (PBUH) that you did not able to see him.” The man told, “Yes.” But this is ummat (followers) of Prophet Muhammed (PBUH) and among the followers of the Prophet in whom one person said, “His heart was seen Allah and other person is crying that he will not worship Allah until he could see Allah.” So he asked the persons to tie him with rope and throw him in the river Tigris. When he was thrown in the water and he was gone inside water but water brought him to the surface level and he called, “Oh! Son of the Prophet, help me, help me.” But he told the water, “Oh! Water, take him and hide him” and water took him inside. So that man was gone inside of the water many times and came on the water surface many times but he was crying for the help of Ja’far al-Sadiq. When he was tired and gone inside of the water and lost hope for the help from the mankind and at that time water brought him to the upper level of surface as he called, “Oh! Allah, help me, help me.” Then he told the persons to take him out from the water and he was taken out from the water. He sat for some time and he became normal. He asked him, “Have you seen Allah?” He replied, “When I was calling others then there was a veil but when I called Allah for his help with eagerness then I saw Allah in the window which opened in my heart. If there was no eagerness and passion then Allah will be not there.” Allah says, “Is somebody there who will reply the needy person’s call?” Ja’far al-Sadiq told him, “When he was calling others for His help then he was false and advice him to take care of the window in the heart.” Ja’far al-Sadiq told, “One who says, ‘Allah is on the things or Allah is from things’ and so for this saying he will become unbeliever.” And further he told, “One who commits sin with fear and seek Allah’s repentance and then he will become closer to Allah. When one who worships in the beginning for himself and in the last for the show and proud for this he will be kept him away from Allah. One who is proud for his worship then he will become a sinner. Sincere is one who will repent for his sins.” When persons asked Ja’far al-Sadiq, “Who is better either sincere pious person or wealthy person?” He said, “Pious person is better than other one because wealthy person always looks for the bags of money but pious person is always with Allah.” He further continued, “The worship is not right without repentance because Allah preferred repentance than worship. As Allah said, ‘Repentance seekers are worshipers.’ ” Refer to Qur’anic teaching in which it is clear that repentance is superior to the worship. The real remembrance of Allah is that in which one should forget all things because Allah is found for such things. He explained one verse of the Holy Qur’an in which Allah says, “He bestow His mercy on any one whom he likes.” So all sources are kept away as Allah’s blessing is given without any source. Ja’far al-Sadiq said, “The faithful is one who stands against nafs-i-ammara (inordinate appetites) and the pious is one who stands in the worship of Allah.” He said, “One who fight against nafs-i-ammara for the sake of himself then he will become the man of miracles.” He also said, “One who fights with nafs-i-ammara for the sake of Allah then he finds Allah.” He said, “Ilham (revelation) is a sign of Allah’s blessing for His accepted persons but when this matter is proved that it is nothing by logic and this is the work of unbelievers.” He said, “Allah is more hidden in the man than the movements of the black ants on the black mountains during the night. The love of Allah is neither good nor bad. The secret which I come to know when I became mad. It is good for a man if he has wise enemy.” Ja’far al-Sadiq said to keep away from the friendship of the following five persons: 1. Liar who will always deceive you. 2. Foolish who always wish for your good but the result will be bad which he does not know. 3. The miser who will spoil your time. 4. Coward who will leave you when you are in danger. 5. Sinful who will sell you for the sake of a morsel and also for his greed he will put you in the trouble for his gain which even it will be less than a morsel. Ja’far al-Sadiq said, “Allah’s heaven and hell are also in this world. When there are no worries it is heaven and when there are worries it is hell. It is heaven when we should approach Allah for all our works. It is hell when we surrender all our works to nafs-i-ammara.” If there will be effect of enemies on Allah’s men then there was effect on Asiya from the Pharaoh and if there was effect of Allah’s man on the enemies of Allah then there was benefit for the Lut’s wife and Noah’s wife. His sayings are too many but we have mentioned above some of them only. ==================================================== FIRST EPISODE from Tazkeratul Aoulia by Sheikh Farid-ud-Din Attar (Book of Muslim Saints and Mystics) ================================================== Translated from Urdu to English by Muhammed A. Hafeez, B.COM. Email: hafeezanwar@yahoo.com H.NO. 16-11-16/1/21, SALEEMNAGAR COLONY, AL-MADINA COTTAGE, FIRST FLOOR, FLAT NO.3, AL-SULAIMAN APARTMENT, Hyderabad-36, (India) ================================================== Reference Books 1. Tazkeratul Aoulia by Sheikh Farid-ud-Din Attar (Book of Muslim Saints and Mystics), Urdu translation published by Majedi Book Depot, Kanpur in the year 1383 A.H., India. 2. Tazkeratul Aoulia by Sheikh Farid-ud-Din Attar (Book of Muslim Saints and Mystics), Urdu translation published by Anwar Book Depot, Delhi India. ========================================== 2.Owaise of Qarni About Sohail Yemeni, the prophet says that he is superior to his followers due to his kindness and favor. When there is praise by the prophet then what else can I describe about him. Sometimes the prophet used to turn his face towards Yemen and said, “I feel the breeze of love from the Yemen.” the prophet told on the day of judgment that Allah will create 70,000 angels same as Owaise of Qarni (clone) and when Owaise of Qarni will come there in between them and will proceed to the heaven, no one will recognize him except Allah, because in the world he used to worship away from the mankind and so he will be kept away from the mankind on the day of judgment. It is mentioned that the friends of Allah will be kept hidden by him, so no one will be able to see them. On the day of judgment the prophet will come out of his palace and will say, “ Where is Owaise, so that I can see him.” soon there will be a call in which it will be heard that do not worry in this matter, you will not see him here as you did not see him in the world. The prophet told that there was a person in my followers and his recommendation was accepted which was equal to the hairs of the sheep of Rabiya and Mizer tribes of Arabia. There were two tribes in Arabia who had many sheep at that time. The companions asked the prophet, “Who that person is?” he said, “He is one among the slaves of Allah.” then they told the prophet that they were also slaves of Allah, but what was his name. The prophet told them, “His name is Owaise and he is from Qarni.” they asked him, “Where he is ?” He replied, “He is in Qarni.” then companions asked the prophet, “Have you seen him?” he replied that even though he did not see him physically but he was seen by the eyes of certainty. The companions asked that how such a lover did not come to see you. He said, “It may be due to two reasons, first due to his conditions and second is to respect my Shariat (Islamic law), because his mother is old and blind. He looks after camels and gets some money for the food and clothes for his mother. Then the companions asked could they see him. The prophet answered that Abu Bakr (ra) will not see him but Ali Ibn Taleb (ra) and Omer Farouq (ra) will see him. On Owaise Qarni’s body there are hairs and on his chest and on his palm there are small white marks, which are not of leprosy. The prophet said to Omer Farouq (ra) and Ali Ibn Taleb (ra), “ When you will meet him, convey my salam and ask him to pray for the Muslims.” the prophet told he is superior among the Allah’s men who are hidden. Then the companions asked that where could they find him ? The prophet replied, “ In Yemen there is a camel look after Owaise and you have to follow his foot steps.” When the time of prophet’s death was nearer, the companions asked that to whom they should give his dress. He said, “ TO Owaise of Qarni.” After the death of prophet Omer Farouq (ra) and Ali Ibn Taleb (ra) went to Koofa (Baghdad) and at the time of delivering sermon Omer Farouq (ra) requested the people of Najd to stand and asked them, “Is there any person from Qarni.” they said, “ Yes.” then Omer Farouq (ra) asked them did they know about Owaise of Qarni? They replied, “ No, but there is a mad person who lives away from the people.” Omer Farouq (ra) asked where he lives. They replied, “He lives in Arna valley and looks after the camels, eats dry bread in the night, neither come to the village nor talk to the people.” he does not eat what we eat and he does not know sorrow and happiness. When people laugh he weeps and when people weep he laughs. Omer Farouq (ra) and Ali Ibn Taleb (ra) went to that valley and found that Owaise of Qarni was praying at that time. Allah has ordered his angels to look after his camels. When there was a sound he finished his prayer and said salam to Omer Farouq (ra). Omer Farouq (ra) asked him, “ What his name is ?” he replied, “A slave of Allah.” then Omer Farouq (ra) said, “We all are slaves of Allah but I am asking your proper name.” he replied, “Owaise.” Omer Farouq (ra) told him to show his left hand. He showed his hand and Omer Farouq (ra) saw the white mark on his hand, which was already described by the prophet. He kissed his hand and said, “The prophet has conveyed his Salam and has sent his dress for you and asked you to pray for the Muslims.” then Owaise of Qarni told them, “You are superior so you pray, as you are very close to the prophet.” Omer Farouq (ra) replied, “I will pray but you also pray according to the advice of the prophet. Owaise of Qarni requested Omer Farouq (ra) to please check some other person and that he is not the real one. Omer Farouq (ra) said that they have found all marks on him, which were explained by the prophet. Then Owaise of Qarni said, “Give me the dress so that I can pray.”Omer Farouq (ra) gave him the dress. Owaise of Qarni told him to stay there and he went away and poured the dust on his face and asked Allah, “ Oh Allah, I will not wear the dress until you accept my recommendation for all Muslims and for this the prophet has sent his dress and Omer Farouq (ra) and Ali Ibn Taleb (ra) have done their work, now your work is left.” then there was call in which it was heard, “I have forgiven some people due to your recommendation.” Owaise of Qarni replied, “I will not wear the dress until you forgive all Muslims.” then the call was heard again in which it was told, “I have forgiven many people.” when he was talking to Allah, at the same moment Omer Farouq (ra) and Ali Ibn Taleb (ra) came over there. When Owaise saw them there he asked them that why they have come over there because he was talking to Allah and that he will not wear the dress until he (Allah) accepts my recommendation for all the Muslims. Omer Farouq (ra) saw that Owaise of Qarni was wearing a rag dress, in which there was wealth of 18,000 worlds. Omer Farouq (ra) was very sad to see himself and his caliphate, so he said, “Anybody is there who can purchase his caliphate for a piece of bread.” Owaise said that foolish will purchase so throw it and anybody who likes it, will take it, so there is no need of selling and buying it. Then Owaise of Qarni wore the dress and said that Allah has forgiven the Muslims on his recommendation and due to this dress to equal number of the sheep of Rabiya and Mizer tribes. Ali Ibn Taleb (ra) was silent. Omer Farouq (ra) asked him, “Oh Owaise, why have you not met the prophet?” Owaise asked, “Have you seen the forehead of the prophet. If you have seen then tell me whether his eyebrows were close or scattered.” but he could not reply this. Owaise of Qarni told, “ Are you a friend of the prophet Muhammad (pbuh)?” he said, “yes.” if you were firm in the friendship then why you have not broken your teeth when the prophet’s teeth were broken in the battle of mount of Ohud in Madina and this is the rule of friendship. He showed his teeth and said that he had broken all his teeth in prophet’s love without even seeing him. When I broke a tooth, I was not sure of it as it might be the same tooth of the prophet or not and then I have broken all my teeth. Omer Farouq (ra) and Ali Ibn Taleb (ra) wept and said that your value of respect was great. He did not see the prophet but his respect for the prophet was admirable. We have to learn respect from him. Omer Farouq (ra) asked him to pray for him. Owaise of Qarni told him that there should be no desires and wishes when one has faith in Allah. In every prayer I used to pray for all men and women of Muslim world for Allah’s mercy and forgiveness. If you die with faith then you will find result of my pray in your grave otherwise my pray will be spoiled. Omer Farouq (ra) asked him to give some advice. He said, “Oh Omer, do you know Allah?” Omer (ra) said, “Yes, I know.” He told Omer (ra) that except Allah he does not know anybody and it is better for you also. Again Omer (ra) asked for more pieces of advice. He said, “Oh Omer, does Allah know you.” He said, “Yes.” then it is better that Allah knows you more than others. Then Omer (ra) told him to please wait for some time, so that he can bring something for him. Owaise of Qarni took out two dinars from his pocket and said, “This is my earning from camel grazing. If you guarantee that these two dinars are enough for my entire life then I will accept the other things from you, otherwise I do not need anything.” then Owaise of Qarni gave thanks to them for coming over there to see him after facing many difficulties and asked them to leave the place. The Day of Judgment is near, where we can meet there and from there we will not separate at all. Now I am busy for the preparation for the life after death. When Omer Farouq (ra) and Ali Ibn Taleb (ra) left that place the people of that place started respecting Owaise of Qarni. He left that place and reached Koofa. After that nobody has seen him, but Huban’s son Harm when he heard about the greatness of recommendation of Owaise of Qarni he was anxious to see him. He went to Koofa to see him, searched him and by chance he found him on the river Farat where he was doing ablution and washing his clothes. He said, “I recognized you due to your greatness and what I have heard about you.” He paid salam to him; he replied it and he looked at me carefully. I wanted to shake his hand but he did not give his hand. I said, “Oh Owaise, Allah has blessed you, granted his mercy and has forgiven you.” I wept in his friendship and on his weak condition, Owaise of Qarni also wept. Owaise said, “Oh Harm, the son of Huban, god bless you. What thing you have brought here and who showed you my address.” Harm replied him, “How do you know my name and my father’s name, as I have not seen you before.” Owaise said, “Allah told me, who knows everything. My soul recognized your soul, as soul of Muslim knows each other.” I asked him to narrate any saying of the prophet. He told that he did not met the prophet and has heard his qualities from others and do not want to become scholar of prophet’s tradition, as he has many pending things to do. Then he asked him to recite any verse from the Quran. He recited. “A‘oodhu billahi minash shaitan rajeem” and he started weeping. He said that Allah says in the Quran, “Wama khalaqtul jinna wal insa illa li-ya‘budoon.” he recited and he cried in loud noise so I thought that he had gone mad. He again asked me what had brought him there. I told him that I wanted your friendship and to become successful. He replied that one who knows Allah does not need the love and affection of others and gets comfort from others. I asked him to advise me. He told me that when you sleep, think that your death is under your pillow. When wake up, do not have many hopes and do not consider any sin smaller, but think it is big one. If you think any sin smaller then you think Allah small and will become a sinner. I asked him, “What do you say about my stay?” he told me to go to Syria. Then I asked how I would find my livelihood there? Owaise of Qarni said, “It is very sad that their hearts are full of doubts and suspicions and they do not accept the pieces of advice.” I asked him some more pieces of advice for me. He told, “Oh son of Huban, your father died. Adam (as), Eve (as), Noah (as), Abraham (as), Moses (as), David (as) also died. Abu bakr (ra) died who was the first caliph, my brother Omer (ra) also died.” then he said, “Oh Omer, god bless you.” Omer (ra) is still living. He says, Allah has informed him that Omer (ra) has passed away. He told me that, I and you are in between dead. He recite blessing and started praying. He advised me to follow the holy book and the right path and do not forget about death at any moment. When you reach your people then advise them and also advise mankind. Always follow the steps of the prophet, otherwise you will be out of the religion and be eligible for the hell. He then advised some prayers and asked me to go. He said, “Oh son of Huban, you will not see me and I will not see you again, but remember me in your prayers, because I to remember you in my prayers. You go on that way and I will follow this way.” I had desire to follow him for some time but he did not allow me. He wept and I also wept. I was watching him from the backside but after some time he disappeared. After that there was no news about him. The son of Huban said that Owaise of Qarni first told him about the four caliphs of the prophet. Rabiya narrates that he went to see Owaise of Qarni and he saw him while he was performing the morning prayer. After the prayer he was busy in the glorification of Allah until the time of noon prayer. He was busy with his work until the time of next prayer and in this way he was very busy until next morning prayer. For three days he did not eat or drink anything or even slept. On fourth night he slept for some time and then wake up and started hymns, in which he said, “ Oh Allah, keep me away from full sleep and full food in the stomach and it is enough for me and I have come back to you.” it is said that he never slept in the nights. He used to say that the night was for doing prostration, bowing and for standing before God. He used to keep every night alive. When people asked him, “How do they pray?” he told, “I want it will be dawn before I did not say ‘Subhan Allah’ in the prostration. As I want to do worship same as angels do in the sky.” When people asked him, “What is khudo (attention) in the prayers?” He told, “If there is wound of spear on your body but you did not notice it.” The people asked him, “How are you?” how he will be, when he wake up in the morning and the death will allow him to be alive or not upto night? When people asked him about his work, he replied, “Oh, the journey is long but no preparations at all?” Owaise of Qarni said that if you worship of Allah and if the same is equal to the worship of all creations of Allah in the sky and earth but Allah will not accept the same unless you have faith in him. The people asked him further, how we have to keep faith in Allah. He said at the time of worship do not think for other things, which Allah have reserved for you. He said, “Whoever like the following three things, for him hell will be near to nerve of his neck.” 1. Good food 2. Good dress 3. Sitting with wealthy people People told Owaise of Qarni that there is one man who is sitting in the grave since 30 years and wearing shroud around his neck and weeping. He said, “Take me to that person so that I can see him.” the people took him to that person and he saw that man who has become thin by weeping. He told him, “Oh man, the shroud and the grave has kept you away from the Allah, and these two things are disturbing on your way.” Due to his divine appearance that person was able to see these things on him and his condition was revealed to him. He died in the grave. So think on it that if grave and shroud are seen then other things can also be seen. It is reported that Owaise has not eaten anything or drank even water for three days. On the fourth day he got a dinar on the way. He did not took that dinar and he thought that it belonged to some other person and he went ahead to eat grass. Then he saw a sheep and in her mouth there was hot bread and the sheep kept that bread before him. But he thought that it belonged to some other person. The sheep told him, “I am the slave of Allah like you.” then he took that bread and that sheep was disappeared. His praise and qualities are too many and great. In the beginning Shaikh Abul Qasim Gorgani was the follower of Owaise of Qarni. Owaise of Qarni says that one who knows Allah from Allah, and then he knows everything. He said, “Safety is in loneliness. The person who is single and alone and who do not think about others in his heart is safe and secured, because it is not good to think about others in loneliness. Satan (devil) will run away when two persons meet each other.” So he did not go there because he knew that no need to misguide them, as those persons are busy with each other and have forgotten Allah. Owaise of Qarni suggested keeping control on the heart so that other person (devil) may not enter into it. Owaise of Qarni’s sayings 1. When I asked for high respect, I got it in the service. 2. When I asked for leadership and status, I got it in the people’s advice. 3. When I asked for kindness and service, I got it in the truth and right path. 4. When I asked for proud and greatness, I got it in poverty and misery. 5. When I asked for link, I got it in goodness and in the fear of god. 6. When I asked for fame, I got it in the worship. 7. When I asked for carelessness, I got it in the trust of God. It is reported that the neighbors of Owaise of Qarni told him that they thought him a mad man. They collected some money and constructed a house for him. He used to live in that house. There was nothing in the house to eat at the time of breakfast. He tried to earn money by collecting seeds of dates and by selling them. From that money he managed his food. If he collected dates, he used to sell them and that money was spent for the charity. His dress was old and not in the good condition. He made his dress from the horse skin which he used to clean himself. He used to leave the house at the time of morning prayer and to enter the house after night prayer. Wherever he went, the children threw stones on him. He requested the children to throw small stones on him to avoid bleeding from his body and not to spoil his ablution. He was not worried about his legs but he was worried about his prayers. In his last days he met Ali Ibn Taleb (ra) and participated in the war of Seffin and died there. There is a group of people who consider themselves as Owaisia. For them there is no need of teacher and they do not have any source with them like Owaise of Qarni, but they are on the right path of religion due to the grace of god. Owaise of Qarni has not seen the prophet but the prophet did his internal training and this is fact. His position is very high and it is difficult for anybody to attain such a high position. Such greatness is due to the kindness and mercy of God. Whom God likes, will be given such a great position. His grave is in a small village of Yemen, which is far away from capital Sana. ————————————————————————============== SECOND EPISODE from Tazkeratul Aoulia by Sheikh Farid-ud-Din Attar (Book of Muslim Saints and Mystics) ======================================================== Translated from Urdu to English by Muhammed A. Hafeez, B.COM. Email: hafeezanwar@yahoo.com H.NO. 16-11-16/1/21, SALEEMNAGAR COLONY, AL-MADINA COTTAGE, FIRST FLOOR, FLAT NO.3, AL-SULAIMAN APARTMENT, Hyderabad-36, (India) ====================================================== Reference Book 1. Tazkeratul Aoulia by Sheikh Farid-ud-Din Attar (Book of Muslim Saints and Mystics), Urdu translation published by Majedi Book Depot, Kanpur in the year 1383 A.H., India. 2. Tazkeratul Aoulia by Sheikh Farid-ud-Din Attar (Book of Muslim Saints and Mystics), Urdu translation published by Anwar Book Depot, Delhi India. ===================================================== 2387 8000 2006-11-01T12:10:40Z 61.248.143.148 /* خارجي ڳنڍڻا */ [[Image:Hortus Deliciarum - Hell.jpg|thumb|180px|Medieval illustration of Hell in the [[Hortus deliciarum]] manuscript of [[Herrad of Landsberg]] (about 1180)]] {{مبسس4}}ڪيترن ئي مذهبن پٽاندر، '''دوزخ''' سُورن، تڪليفن ۽ پيڙائن واري جاءِ يا حالت آهي. the afterlife affords evildoers to suffer eternally. In some [[monotheism|monotheistic]] doctrines, Hell is often populated by [[demon]]s who torment the damned. The fallen angel [[Lucifer]] in Christian cultures, otherwise known as [[Satan]], is portrayed in popular culture as the ruler of Hell. Christian theologians portray Hell as the final resting place for the Devil and the fallen angels (demons), prepared as their punishment by [[God]]. Hell is also defined as complete and final separation of God's love and mercy from sinners who have rejected his moral standards of goodness and have chosen to live a rebellious life of sin. [[Purgatory]], as believed by Catholicism, is a place of [[penance]] for the sinner who has ultimately achieved [[salvation]] but has not paid penance for the sins committed in life. Hell on the contrary is commonly believed to be for eternity with no chance of redemption or salvation for those who suffer there. Some branches of the Christian faith teach it is a domain of boundless dimension, scope, and torment. Many monotheistic religions regard Hell as the absolute ultimate worst-case-scenario, per se. For some [[Gnostics]] including the [[Cathars]] hell was none other than this present life on earth. Furthermore, hell is sometimes thought by others to be a permanent state of unconsciousness for all eternity, i.e. permanent death. In [[polytheism|polytheistic]] religions, the politics of Hell can be as complicated as human politics. Many [[Hellenic polytheism|Hellenistic Neopagans]] believe in [[Tartarus]], which may also be considered a version of Hell. ==مذهبي روايتون== {{weasel}} [[Image:Dore woodcut Divine Comedy 01.jpg|thumb|A vision of hell from [[Dante]]’s ''[[Divine Comedy]]''. Illustration by [[Gustave Doré]].]] Hell appears in several [[mythology|mythologies]] and [[religion]]s in different guises, and is commonly inhabited by [[demon]]s and the [[soul]]s of dead people. Numerous fictional accounts, most probably deriving from [[Dante]]'s [[Divine Comedy]], describe Hell as a series of numbered layers or levels. ===Rabbinic Judaism=== [[Gehenna]] is defined in [[rabbi|rabbinic]] literature. It is sometimes translated as "Hell", but this doesn't effectively convey its meaning. The term [[Gehenna]] (also prononuced [[Gehennom]]) is originally taken from the name of a valley (Gai' ben-Hinom - the dry valley of the son of Hinom) in Jerusalem, into which the offerings to the Temple that did not qualify were thrown. In [[Judaism]], Gehenna is not hell, but rather a sort of [[Purgatory]] where one is judged based on their life's deeds. The [[Kabbalah]] describes it as a "waiting room" (commonly translated as an "entry way") for all souls (not just the wicked). The overwhelming majority of rabbinic thought maintains that people are not in [[Gehenna]] forever; the longest that one can be there is said to be 12 months, however there has been the occasional noted exception. Some consider it a spiritual forge where the soul is purified for its eventual ascent to [[Jewish eschatology#The afterlife and olam haba (the world to come)|Olam Habah]] (''heb.'' עולם הבא; ''lit.'' "The world to come", often viewed as analogous to [[Heaven]]). This is also mentioned in the [[Kabbalah]], where the soul is described as breaking, like the flame of a candle lighting another: the part of the soul that ascends being pure and the "unfinished" piece being reborn. ===قديم يوناني مذهب=== Another source for the modern idea of 'Hell' is the Greek and Roman [[Tartarus]], a place in which conquered gods, men and other spirits were punished. Tartarus formed part of [[Hades]] in [[Greek mythology]] and [[Roman mythology]], but [[Hades]] also included [[Elysium]], a place for the reward for those who lead virtuous lives, whilst others spent their afterlife in the [[asphodel]]s fields. Like most ancient (pre-Christian) religions, the underworld was not viewed as negatively as it is in [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]]. ===عيسائيت=== {{main|Hell in Christian beliefs}} Most Christians see hell as the eternal [[punishment]] for unrepentant sinners, as well as for the [[Devil in Christianity|Devil]] and his [[demons]]. Virtuous unbelievers (such as [[pagans]] or members of divergent Christian denominations) are said to deserve hell on account of [[original sin]], and even unbaptized infants are sometimes said to be damned. Exceptions, however, are often made for those who have failed to accept [[Jesus]] [[Christ]] but have extenuating circumstances (youth, not having heard the [[Gospel]], mental illness, etc.). As opposed to the concept of [[Purgatory]], damnation to hell is considered final and irreversible. Various interpretations of the torment of hell exist, ranging from fiery pits of wailing sinners to lonely isolation from God's presence. Dante's [[The Divine Comedy]] is a classic inspiration for modern images of hell. Most Christians believe that damnation occurs immediately upon death ([[particular judgment]]), others that it occurs after [[Judgment Day]]. Attitudes toward hell and damnation have softened over the centuries (for example, see [[Limbo]]), and several Christian denominations reject the traditional concept of hell altogether (see [[Seventh-Day Adventists]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], [[Mormons]], and [[Universalists]]). According to George G. Ritchie M.D. (Father of [[Near-death experience|NDE's]]) in his book ''[[Return from Tomorrow]]'', at the age of twenty he died for nine minutes. While physically dead he had an out-of-the-body experience in which he saw different levels of hell. He described The Lost, The Evil and The Abandoned and that there was no end to the depth. He also indicated that the people there were real only without physical bodies and that hell itself seemed like an unreal place. There was no 'Prince of the Evil' or Demons only people trapped in a state of intense suffering and grief. ===اسلام=== [[Islam|Muslims]] believe in ''[[jahannam]]'' (in [[Arabic Language|Arabic]]: جهنم) (which is similar to Hebrew ''ge-hinnom'' and resembles the versions of hell in other [[Abrahamic faith|Abrahamic]] religions). In the [[Qur'an]], the holy book of [[Islam]], there are literal descriptions of the condemned in a fiery Hell, as contrasted to the garden-like Paradise enjoyed by righteous believers. The meaning of ''jahannam'' is to do with hotness (whereas in Hebrew Gehenna is said to mean a narrow deep valley). The word for paradise is ''[[jannah]]'' which means ''garden''. In addition, Heaven and Hell are split into many levels depending on the actions taken in life, where punishment is given depending on the level of evil done in life, and good is separated into other levels depending on how well one followed God (Arabic: [[Allah]]) while alive. There is an equal number of mentions of both hell and paradise in the Qur'an. The Qur'an also says that some of those who are damned to hell are not damned forever, but instead for an indefinite period of time. When Judgement Day comes, the formerly damned will be judged as to whether or not they may enter into Paradise. In any case, there is good reason to believe that punishment in Hell is not meant to actually last eternally, but instead serves as a basis for spiritual rectification.<ref> 1, William C. Chittick, Imaginal Worlds: Ibn al-‘Arabī and the Problem of Religious Diversity. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1994. 2. See Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah. Hādī al-Arwāh, ed. M. ibn Ibrāhīm al-zaghlī. Al-Dammām, Saudi Arabia: Ramādī lil-Nashr, 1997.</ref> ===چيني ۽ جاپاني مذهب=== :''main article: [[Di Yu|Di Yu, the Chinese Hell]] and [[Japanese Hell]]'' The structure of Hell is remarkably complex in many [[China|Chinese]] and [[Japanese mythology|Japanese]] religions. The ruler of Hell has to deal with politics, just as human rulers do. Hell is the subject of many folk stories and [[manga]]. In many such stories, people in hell are able to die again. See [[Di Yu]] for more information on Chinese Hell. The Chinese depiction of Hell doesn't necessarily mean a long time suffering for those who enter Hell, nor does it mean that person is bad. The Chinese view Hell as similar to a present day [[passport]] or [[immigration]] control station. In a Chinese funeral, they burn many [[Hell Bank Notes]] for the dead. With this Hell money, the dead person can bribe the ruler of Hell, and spend the rest of the money either in Hell or in Heaven. ====تائو ڌرم==== Ancient [[Taoism]] had no concept of hell, as morality was seen to be a man-made distinction and there was no concept of an immaterial soul. In its home country [[China]], where Taoism adopted tenets of other religions, popular belief endows Taoist Hell with many deities and spirits who punish sin in a variety of horrible ways. A Japanese term for hell is "Jigoku". === هندو ڌرم=== In Hinduism, there are contradictions as to whether or not there is a hell (referred to as 'Nark' in Hindi). For some it is a metaphor for a conscience. But in [[Mahabharata]] there is a mention of the [[Pandavas]] and the [[Kauravas]] going to hell. Hells are also described in various [[Purana]]s and other scriptures. It is believed that people who commit 'paap' (sin) go to hell and have to go through the punishments in accordance to the sins they committed. The god [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yama]], who is also the god of death, is the king of hell. The detailed accounts of all the sins committed by an individual are supposed to be kept by [[Chitragupta]] who is the record keeper in Yama's court. Chitragupta reads''' out''' the sins committed and Yama orders the appropriate punishments to be given to the individuals. These punishments include dipping in boiling oil, burning in fire, torture using various weapons etc. in various hells. Individuals who finish their quota of the punishments are reborn according to their [[karma]]. All of the created are imperfect and thus have at least one sin to their record, but if one has led a generally pious life, one ascends to [[Heaven]], or [[Swarga]] after a brief period of expiation in hell. [http://veda.harekrsna.cz/planetarium/index.htm Tour of Vedic universe] ===ٻڌ ڌرم=== As diverse as other religions, there are many beliefs about Hell in [[Buddhism]]. Most of the schools of thought, [[Theravāda]], [[Mahāyāna]], and [[Vajrayāna]] would acknowledge several hells{{citation needed}}, which are places of great suffering for those who commit evil actions, such as cold hells and hot hells. Like all the different realms within cyclic existence, an existence in hell is temporary for its inhabitants. Those with sufficiently negative [[karma]] are [[rebirth (Buddhism)|reborn]] there, where they stay until their specific negative karma has been used up, at which point they are reborn in another realm, such as that of [[Human beings in Buddhism|humans]], of [[Preta|hungry ghosts]], of [[Animals in Buddhism|animals]], of [[Asura (Buddhism)|asuras]], of [[Deva (Buddhism)|devas]], or of [[Naraka (Buddhism)|Naraka]] (Hell) all according to the individual's karma. There are a number of modern Buddhists, especially among Western schools, who believe that hell is but a state of mind. In a sense, a bad day at work could be hell, and a great day at work could be heaven. This has been supported by some modern scholars who advocate the interpretation of such metaphysical portions of the Scriptures symbolically rather than literally. [[Zen]] does not really focus or use the idea of Hell. Rather, consider this [[koan]]: ''A [[roshi]] meets two students in the garden. To them, he asks, "where is Hell?"'' ''"In Heaven," the first student replies.'' ''The roshi humphs, disappointedly. He then looks at the second.'' ''"In the flower by your foot," the second replies. He then bends down and kisses it. The first student bows, enlightened.'' ===Bahá'í Faith=== The [[Bahá'í Faith]] regards the conventional description of hell (and heaven) as a specific place as symbolic.<ref name="lafd">{{cite book | title = Life After Death: A study of the afterlife in world religions | last = Masumian | first = Farnaz | publisher = Oneworld Publications | location = Oxford | year = 1995 | id = ISBN 1-85168-074-8}}</ref> Instead the [[Bahá'í literature|Bahá'í writings]] describe hell as a "spiritual condition" where remoteness from God is defined as hell; conversely [[heaven]] is seen as a state of closeness to God.<ref name="lafd" /> [[Bahá'u'lláh]], the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, has stated that the nature of the life of the soul in the afterlife is beyond comprehension in the physical plane,<ref name="lafd" /> but has stated that the soul will retain its consciousness and individuality and remember its physical life; the soul will be able to recognize other souls and communicate with them.<ref name="lafd" /> Bahá'u'lláh likened death to the process of birth. He explains: "The world beyond is as different from this world as this world is different from that of the child while still in the [[womb]] of its mother."<ref name="gwb">{{cite book |author=Bahá'u'lláh |authorlink=Bahá'u'lláh |year=1976 |title=Gleanings from the Writings of Bahá'u'lláh |publisher=Bahá'í Publishing Trust |location=Wilmette, Illinois, USA |id=ISBN 0-87743-187-6 | pages = pp. 157 |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/GWB/gwb-81.html#pg157}}</ref> The analogy to the womb in many ways summarizes the Bahá'í view of earthly existence: just as the womb constitutes an important place for a person's initial physical development, the physical world provides for the development of the individual soul. Accordingly, Bahá'ís view life as a preparatory stage, where one can develop and perfect those qualities which will be needed in the next life.<ref name="lafd" /> The key to spiritual progress is to follow the path outlined by the current [[Manifestations of God]], which Bahá'ís believe is currently Bahá'u'lláh. Bahá'u'lláh wrote, "Know thou, of a truth, that if the soul of man hath walked in the ways of God, it will, assuredly return and be gathered to the glory of the Beloved,"<ref name="gwb2">{{cite book |author=Bahá'u'lláh |authorlink=Bahá'u'lláh |year=1976 |title=Gleanings from the Writings of Bahá'u'lláh |publisher=Bahá'í Publishing Trust |location=Wilmette, Illinois, USA |id=ISBN 0-87743-187-6 | pages = pp. 162 |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/GWB/gwb-82.html#gr7}}</ref> The Bahá'í teachings state that there exists a hierarchy of souls in the afterlife, where the merits of each soul determines their place in the hierachy, and that souls lower in the hierarchy cannot completely understand the station of those above.<ref name="lafd" /> Each soul can continue to progress in the afterlife, but the soul's development is not dependent on its own conscious efforts, but instead on the grace of God, the prayers of others, and good deeds performed by others on Earth in the name of the person.<ref name="lafd" /> ==Hell in mystic accounts== ===The Rose of the World=== The account of [[Russian Orthodox Church|Christian]] [[Mysticism|mystic]] [[Daniil Andreev]] given in his [[Magnum opus|opus magnum]] ''[[Roza Mira]]'' significantly departs from the Christian tradition, depicting an entire [[hierarchy]] of multiple ''[[Sheol]]s'' different in appearances, purposes and relationships to [[Humanity|human]] [[culture]]s and to '[[Demon|diabolic]]' worlds co-existing with the visible [[Universe]]. ==ادب ۾ دوزخ == Many of the great epics of European literature include episodes that occur in Hell. In the Roman poet [[Virgil]]'s Latin epic, the ''[[Aeneid]]'', Aeneas descends into Dis (the underworld) to visit his father's spirit. The underworld is only vaguely described, with one unexplored path leading to the punishments of Tartarus, while the other leads through Erebus and the Elysian Fields. In his ''[[Divina commedia]]'' ('Divine comedy'; set in the year [[1300]]), [[Dante|Dante Alighieri]] employed the conceit of taking Virgil as his guide through [[Inferno]] (and then, in the second cantiche, up the mountain of [[Purgatory|Purgatorio]]). Virgil himself is not condemned to Hell in Dante's poem but is rather, as a virtuous pagan, confined to [[Limbo]] just at the edge of Hell. The geography of Hell is very elaborately laid out in this work, with nine concentric rings leading deeper into the Earth and deeper into the various punishments of Hell, until, at the center of the world, Dante finds Satan himself trapped in the frozen lake of [[Cocytus]]. A small tunnel leads past Satan and out to the other side of the world, at the base of the Mount of Purgatory. The [[1976]] novel ''[[Inferno (novel)|Inferno]]'' by [[Larry Niven]] and [[Jerry Pournelle]] is set in Dante's Hell with 20th century protagonists. [[John Milton]]'s ''[[Paradise Lost]]'' ([[1668]]) opens with the [[fallen angels]], including their leader [[Satan]], waking up in Hell after having been defeated in the [[war in heaven]] and the action returns there at several points throughout the poem. The nature of Hell as a place of punishment, as portrayed by Dante, is not explored here; instead, Hell is the abode of the demons, and the passive prison from which they plot their revenge upon Heaven through the corruption of the human race. [[C.S. Lewis]]'s ''[[The Great Divorce]]'' ([[1945]]) borrows its title from [[William Blake]]'s ''[[Marriage of Heaven and Hell]]'' ([[1793]]) and its inspiration from the [[Divine Comedy]] as the narrator is likewise guided through Hell and Heaven. Hell is portrayed here as an endless, desolate twilight city upon which night is imperceptibly sinking. The night is actually the [[Apocalypse]], and it heralds the arrival of the demons after their judgement. Before the night comes, anyone can escape Hell if they leave behind their former selves and accept Heaven's offer, and a journey to Heaven reveals that Hell is infinitely small; it is nothing more or less than what happens to a soul that turns away from God and into itself. In the play "[[Man and Superman]]", [[George Bernard Shaw]] pictures Hell as a place of idle worship of youth and beauty. The idea of hell was highly influential to writers such as [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] who authored the play "[[No Exit]]" about the idea that, "hell is other people". Although not a religious man, Sartre was fascinated by his interpretation of a hellish state of suffering. 19th century French poet [[Arthur Rimbaud]] alluded to the concept as well in the title and themes of one of his major works, "[[Une Saison en Enfer|A Season In Hell]]". Rimbaud's poetry portrays his own suffering in a poetic form as well as other themes. In [[The War Hound and the World's Pain]] by [[Michael Moorcock]] the central character, [[Ulrich von Bek]] is taken on a visit to Hell by [[Lucifer]] who charges von Bek with recovering the [[Holy Grail]] (the world's pain of the title) in order to attempt a reconcilation between [[God]] and Lucifer. ==Hell in entertainment and other popular culture== Hell is often depicted as a place underground, with fire and molten rock where the devil lives. The devil is popularly depicted as a being or creature who carries a pitchfork (which in turn is actually a [[trident]]), has flaming red skin, horns on his head, a black [[goatee]] beard, and a long thin tail with a triangle shaped barb on it. * The most imaginative and famous depiction of hell can be viewed in several paintings by [[medieval]] [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[painter]] [[Hieronymus Bosch]]. * ''[[What Dreams May Come (film)|What Dreams May Come]]'', a 1998 movie that won an Academy Award for its depiction of heaven and hell as the subjective creations of the individual, was an essentially new age model of heaven, hell and reincarnation. It was based on the eponymous [[What Dreams May Come|novel]] by [[Richard Matheson]]. * In the film ''[[Big Trouble in Little China]]'', there are continuous references to the Chinese version(s) of Hell. The specific references are interspersed throughout the movie ("Chinese have a lot of hells," "Hell of boiling oil," "Hell of the upside-down sinners," "Hell where people are skinned alive," etc.). * The [[BBC Radio 4]] comedy series ''[[Old Harry's Game]]'' is set in Hell. It was written by [[Andy Hamilton]] who also stars as [[Satan]]. * In the ''[[Family Guy]]'' movie ''[[Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story]]'', [[Stewie Griffin]] is being a bad boy, so when a lifeguard chair collapsed and "killed" him, he wakes up in "Hell" - a bedroom with a headboard sign that said "Welcome to Hell". [[Steve Allen (comedian)|Steve Allen]] greets him and takes off his shirt in an apparent sexual advance, scaring Stewie back into life. Allen then puts his shirt back on, wondering why Stewie would be frightened at a request to fix a button on it. Allen then turns on the [[TV]], curious as to what's on TV in Hell; the opening theme from ''[[Who's The Boss?]]'' begins playing, and when he tries to change the channel, the TV won't respond. In the episode "[[Holy Crap]]" Peter Griffin imagines being in Hell when he was depressed after having his father say what a failure he is to him; imagining criminals like Al Capone, Adolf Hitler, John Wilkes Booth and Superman. When Peter asks what he's doing in Hell, Superman responds that he killed a hooker for making a joke about him being "[[faster than a speeding bullet]]". * [[Matt Groening]]'s [[comic strip]] [[Life in Hell]] shows a satirical look on our society, based on all the bad things that can happen, thus the title. Groening claimed his move to [[Los Angeles]] inspired the title. * In [[The Simpsons]] Hell is depicted numerous times. In [[Bart Gets Hit by a Car]] Bart enters Hell due to a car accident. The [[Hieronymus Bosch]] painting [[Garden of Earthly Delights]] is parodied. Satan seems to have a computer on which he can view details about everyone who enters Hell. Bart's arrival is, however, too early, so the Devil sends him back to Earth, advising him to continue to "lie, cheat, steal and listen to [[heavy metal]]." Homer's ended up in Hell numerous times in the [[Treehouse of Horror]] Halloween episodes. * In the television show ''[[Futurama]]'', the characters go to [[Robot Hell]] on occasion, where the Robot Devil and other evil robots reside. In "Hell is Other Robots" [[Bender Bending Rodriguez|Bender]] was put in there to be tormented in a series of ironic punishments such as being rolled into a giant cigar for smoking. In "The Devil's Hands Are Idle Playthings" [[Phillip J. Fry|Fry]] and Bender go to hell to make a deal for Fry to get robot hands so he can play the [[holophonor]]. The robot whose hands Fry will get is determined by a large wheel with every robot on it. Fry winds up with the Robot Devil's hands (I just put my name on there as a show of good faith to the other robots). The Robot Devil proceeds to use a "circuitous plan" involving Bender and [[Leela (Futurama)|Leela]] to convince Fry to trade hands back. * In many episodes of the television show ''[[South Park]]'' ([[Do the Handicapped Go to Hell?]]/[[Probably]],...), [[Satan (South Park)]] appears. On many occasions he is accompanied by his homosexual lover [[Saddam Hussein]], who ironically seems to be even more malicious than Satan himself. Hell in the series is an overpopulated place where several famous people as [[Frank Sinatra]], [[John F. Kennedy]], [[Walter Matthau]], [[Dean Martin]], [[Lady Diana]] and [[Mahatma Gandhi]] seem to live next to more obvious people as [[Adolf Hitler]]. Only [[Mormons]] seem to go to [[Heaven]]. South Park's version of Hell can also be seen in the film [[South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut]] * In a deleted scene from the 1999 theatrical theological comedy ''[[Dogma (movie)|Dogma]]'', the ex-[[Muse]] Azrael (played by actor [[Jason Lee (actor)|Jason Lee]]) explains that there have been past and current "versions" of Hell. When Hell was first formed it was meant to hold Lucifer and the rebel angels and was merely a place devoid of the presence of God. To those who had previously been in the presence of God, this was punishment enough. Azrael goes on to say that when humanity was created, Hell was infected with a disease of sorts. Believing that God could never forgive their sins, many humans came to Hell and subconsciously demanded to be actively punished, although that was not their due. Slowly but surely (and reminiscent of the doctrine of [[responsibility assumption]]), Hell became a "suffering pit" to contain all these gluttons for punishment. According to Azrael, Hell is far more horrifying for the fallen angels residing there than for the Damned themselves, as the angels not only have to endure the absence of God, but also the unending howls of the Damned as they undergo torture essentially at their own hands. This concept of Hell, originally found in [[DC Comics]]' [[Swamp Thing]], as written by [[Alan Moore]], also appeared in [[Neil Gaiman]]'s successful [[The Sandman (DC Comics/Vertigo)|Sandman]] series of graphic novels. * The 2004 [[Insane Clown Posse]] album ''[[The Wraith: Hell's Pit]]'' is a concept album about Hell. * The video game series ''[[Devil May Cry]]'' features Hell as a location to battle through. The name of the main character Dante is a reference to ''[[The Divine Comedy]]'', as is his twin brother Vergil. * The first ''[[Fear Effect]]'' game deals extensively with the Chinese concept of hell, replete with its aforementioned political ramifications. Several of the later levels actually take place in the Chinese hell. * The famous PC game series ''[[Doom]]'' also involves the concept of Hell, but with a science-fiction twist, as a future teleportation experiment accidentally opens a gate to Hell, releasing demons. Hell is treated in the Christian conception, replete with Satanic symbols and corporeal demons, as a parallel universe of crimson skies, black mountains and oceans of fire. In Doom 3 the player must travel to Hell to obtain a powerful Martian artifact. * The first game in the ''[[Quake]]'' computer game series involves an invasion by forces from Hell, more exactly the Great Old Ones. Note however, that the rest of the series has nothing to do with this concept. * In the [[comic book]] series ''[[Hellboy]]'' by award-winning artist [[Mike Mignola]], Hell is shown in the two page story "Pancakes" (1999 ''[[Dark Horse]] Presents Annual'') to be a dark, alternate dimension filled with flames and demons and where the infernal capital city of [[Pandemonium]] resides. In issue one "Seed of Destruction" the [[Nazis]] with aid of the mad monk [[Grigori Rasputin|Rasputin]] successfully breach the transdimensional boundary of Hell via magic and call forth the infant Hellboy so that he may bring about the end of the world. They are stopped, however, by the [[World War II|Allied Forces]] who also rescue Hellboy and raise him. * The 2005 Warner Bros. film ''[[Constantine (film)|Constantine]]'' depicts as graphic a version of the traditional Christian version of Hell as can be found in cinema: it shows a parallel plane with many of the same buildings and structures as the normal world, but twisted, ruined and perpetually engulfed in hellfire. This movie is based on the DC/Vertigo comic series [[Hellblazer]]. * In the first of the ''[[Diablo (computer game)|Diablo]]'' series of games, a "leaked-out" portion hell is featured as a pit deep under the ground largely characterized as a place of suffering, as the bodies of hundreds of apparently tortured people reside there. The game manual refers to this place as actually part of the mortal realm whose barriers with the metaphysical Hell have weakened, causing it to take on hellish attributes combined with more worldly ones. None of the apparently tortured bodies show any signs of life or torment, and as such may simply be the Decor that Diablo, the lord of Terror, has chosen for his home in the mortal world. This fits with the view of the actual Hell as portrayed in ''[[Diablo II]]'', which features Hell as a bleak landscape populated by grotesque monsters and souls in active torment. * [[Lobo (comics)|Lobo]] in the [[DC Universe]] was banned from hell, as he caused too many problems there, thus achieving immortality, as he was also banned from heaven for much the same reason. Incidentally, God apparently got some mirth from watching Lobo's antics. * In the game [[Tony Hawk's Underground 2]], there is an unlockable level (within 2 others) that depicts Hell. Little Demons, rural citizens, and a jazz dancing Satan are in the level. *The 2006 film [[Silent Hill (film)|Silent Hill]] depicts Hell numerous times throughout the movie. It implies a private hell, where we punish ourselves by denying our guilt and fate, only prolonging our suffering and agony. The overall concept of the film is the lengths a mother will go to for her child, travelling to 'Hell and back'. Hell is also depicted as a modern world, but decayed and rusted, populated by strange and horrific creatures. In a number of respects, this concept is rather far removed from the game setting. *In [[Doctor Who]], the 10th Doctor comes across a being which identifies itself as [[List of Doctor Who villains#B|'the Beast']], resembles popular interpretations of the Devil, and makes numerous references to Hell. In a later episode, "Hell" is said to be a [[synonym]] for the [[Void]], the coordinates of which are [[666|all sixes]] *In the fourth edition of the game series [[Elder Scrolls]], [[Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion]], the main quest in the game involves preventing and stopping monsters from coming through gates linking to a place called Oblivion. It is widely believed that this is synonymous with Hell. However, the realm seen in the game is only one of 16 realms of Oblivion, the one belonging to the daedra lord Mehehrunes Dagon. The other 15 realms of Oblivion (one for every other daedra prince) are not the same as Dagon's, and the realms of the more benevolent daedra (such as Azura and Mereida) are probably not hell-like at all. Also, Oblivion is not an afterlife for the sinful. * In the [[Dungeons & Dragons]] role-playing game, Hell is an [[Outer Plane]] of existence called Baator and is comprised of nine levels, sometimes called the Nine Hells or the Nine Hells of Baator. In the expansion pack [[Hordes of the Underdark]] for the game [[Neverwinter Nights]], the player gets banished to the eighth level of hell, a frozen wasteland called Cania. * In the [[1991]] film [[Bill and Ted's Bogus Journey]], the title characters end up in Hell. * In the popular fighting game series, "Street Fighter", the character Akuma uses a move called "[[Shun Goku Satsu]]" which sends the opponent's soul to Hell. * In film ''[[Deconstructing Harry]]'' by [[Woody Allen]], the protagonist descends into Hell where he has a chance to learn from the [[Devil]] himself (played by [[Billy Crystal]]), among other things about the significance of having [[air conditioning]] in Hell, and then proceeds to discover his own father. After learning those reasons, Harry grants [[absolution]] to his ancestor and suggests that latter is to be taken to [[Paradise]] - only to be reminded: ''I am [[Jewish]] and do not believe in Paradise!''. * In the one-panel [[Comic strip|comic]] ''[[The Far Side]]'' (created by [[Gary Larson]] in the [[eighties]]) Hell is featured among other recurring themes, depicting [[Satan]] and his [[minions]] as grim-looking figures in robes with horns and [[pitchfork]]s, running the place in [[business]]-like manner: in one instance, the bespectacled [[secretary]] behind the [[typewriter]] asks her boss seen as a [[silhouette]] behind the [[office]] door: ''There is an [[insurance]] [[salesman]] here. Should I admit him in or tell to go to [[Paradise]]?'' * In the [[comic strip]] ''[[Dilbert]]'' (created by [[Scott Adams]]) "heck" is a lesser version of hell reserved for people who have done misdeeds that are not evil enough to warrant hell. Heck is ruled by [[Phil, the Prince of Insufficient Light]] who carries a giant spoon instead of a pitchfork. *In the popular sci-fi tv series [[Stargate SG-1]], "Hell" is used several times by then [[Colonel Jack O'Neill]] to describe the prison planet of the [[Goa'uld]] [[Sokar]], an alien who took on a persona reminiscent of the Christian [[Devil]] while on Earth enslaving primitive humans. ==غير مذهبي حوالا== The word "Hell" used away from its religious context was long considered to be [[profanity]], particularly in North America. Although its use was commonplace in everyday speech and on television by the 1970s, many people in the US still consider it somewhat rude or inappropriate language, particularly involving children.[http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/04036/269490.stm] Many, particularly among religious circles and in certain sensitive <!-- ???--> environments, still avoid casual usage of the word. In [[British English]] and some parts of North America, the word has fallen into common use and is not considered profane; often considered to be a safer and less offensive alternative to swearing. ===[[Euphemism|Euphemistic]] ways of saying hell=== "Hell" is sometimes used as a [[minced oath]], as "''H-E-double-hockey-sticks''", "''H-E-double-toothpicks''", "''heck''" or "''Sam Hill''" ("What in the Sam Hill is going on here?"). Another common euphemism for Hell is "The Other Place" (which is also the formal term used in the UK parliament to refer to the [[House of Lords]] by a member of the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]], and vice-versa and was used by Hamlet, both as a silent threat addressed to Claudius and as a hint to Polonius's location). Example: "Gosh darn you to heck and tarnation" in place of "May God damn you to hell and eternal damnation." ====Cold day in hell==== Another example of common use of “hell” in daily language, a “cold day in hell” is a [[paradox]] and an [[idiom]], since most imagery of hell depicts it as hot and fiery, such as in the [[Bible]] in [[Revelation]], where sinners are cast into a [[lake of fire]]. Therefore, an event that will transpire “on a cold day in hell” will never occur. Similar or related phrases include: “over my dead body,” “when hell freezes over,” “a snowball's chance in hell,” “when the devil goes ice-skating,” and “[[flying pig|when pigs fly]].” Interestingly, [[Cocytus]], the bottom circle of Hell, which held traitors, in [[Dante]]'s ''[[Divine Comedy]]'', is depicted as an ice-covered lake. It can be said (at least in Finland) that Hell has already frozen over, as the country won the [[2006 Eurovision]]. The poor success rate in the prior contests spawned a temperature-scale based joke, at the end of which a temperature beyond [[absolute zero]] was where "Hell freezes over, Finland wins Eurovision song contest." ==پڻ ڏسندا== {|width=100% |-valign=top |width=50%| *[[Gehenna]] *[[The Inferno]] by [[Dante Alighieri]] *[[Malebolge]] *[[Theodicy]] *[[Eschatology]] *[[Purgatory]] *[[Problem of Hell|The problem of Hell]] |width=50%| *[[Annihilationism]] *[[Demon]]s *[[Book of Revelation]] *[[Heaven and Hell (Allan Kardec)|Heaven and Hell]] book ''by [[Allan Kardec]]'' *[[Heaven]] *[[Ose]] *[[Doom]] |} ==حوالا== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==خارجي ڳنڍڻا== {{wikiquote}} {{commons}} *[http://www.cais-soas.com/CAIS/Religions/iranian/Zarathushtrian/hell.htm Concept of Hell in Iranian culture] *[http://www.HellHappens.com Christian site with paintings, audio and video about hell, Satan and demons.] *[http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/beliefs/hell.htm Christian Doctrines of Hell] - statements from the Old Testament, New Testament, church fathers and modern denominations on Hell, plus common arguments for and against Hell. *[http://www.languedoc-france.info/120101_beliefs.htm A Cathar perspective on Hell] *[http://www.tentmaker.org/books/Aion_lim.html Hell as non-eternal] (Universalist study) *[http://www.watchtower.org/library/w/2002/7/15/article_02.htm The Jehovah's Witnesses perspective] *[http://veda.harekrsna.cz/encyclopedia/dying.htm Dying, Yamaraja and Yamadutas + terminal restlessness] *[http://www.khandro.net/doctrine_hells.htm example Buddhist hells] *[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/heaven-hell/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Heaven and Hell] *[http://www.chabad.org/search/keyword.asp?scope=6198&kid=9562 The Jewish view of Hell] *[http://uk.geocities.com/frege@btinternet.com/afterlife/afterlife.htm Aquinas on The Inferno (parallel Latin English text)] *[http://www.carelinks.net/books/dh/bb/4-9.htm 'Hell' in the Bible interpreted as the grave] [[Category:دوزخ| ]] [[Category:Abrahamic mythology]] [[Category:Christian eschatology]] [[Category:Jewish mysticism]] [[Category:Life after death]] [[Category:Religious cosmology]] [[Category:Profanity]] [[ar:جحيم]] [[bs:Pakao]] [[ca:Infern]] [[cs:Peklo]] [[de:Hölle]] [[es:Infierno]] [[eo:Infero]] [[fr:Enfer]] [[hr:Pakao]] [[id:Neraka]] [[it:Inferno]] [[he:גיהנום]] [[la:Infernus]] [[hu:Pokol]] [[nl:Hel (geloofsconcept)]] [[no:Helvete (religion)]] [[nn:Helvete]] [[nrm:Enfé]] [[pl:Piekło]] [[pt:Inferno]] [[ru:Ад]] [[sco:Hell]] [[sk:Peklo]] [[fi:Helvetti]] [[sv:Helvete]] [[th:นรก]] [[uk:Пекло]] [[zh:地獄]] 2388 8001 2006-11-03T13:42:11Z 203.135.27.242 سالانه عرس مبارڪ حضرت سوهڻا سائين رحمت الله عليه بمقام درگاه الله آباد شريف، ڪنڊيارو، ضلع نوشهروفيروز، سنڌ، پاڪستان تاريخ: 17،18،19 نوبمر 2006ع 2389 edit=sysop:move=sysop 8022 2006-11-03T17:59:59Z Aursani 60 "[[Image:JKT.png]]" تحفظيو ويو [edit=sysop:move=sysop] 2390 8023 2006-11-04T16:25:05Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}ٿهيم صاحب سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀلي ڪري آيا. {{مبسس4}}هن وقت سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڪم ڪرڻ وارو آئون اڪيلو ئي آهيان، ۽ شروع کان ئي اڪثر اڪيلو ڪم ڪندو رهيو آهيان. هن وقت سنڌي ٻوليءَ کي سڄي سنڌي قوم اڪيلو ڇڏي چڪي آهي. اميد ته توهان ساٿ نڀائيندا ۽ پنهنجي ڀاڱيداري آڇيندا رهندا. مهنجي ڪوشش رهي آهي ته انگريزي وڪيپيڊيا تان پنهنجي پسند جا مضمون کڻي انهن جو سنڌي ترجمو ڪندو وڃان. اوهان به اهو طريقو آزمائي سگھو ٿا. مهرباني ڪري سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي پير ڀريندا رهندا. {{مبسس4}}سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا جو منتظم [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 16:25, 4 نومبر 2006 (UTC) 2391 8028 2006-11-05T17:53:22Z Eukesh 110 [http://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Eukesh] 2392 8060 2006-11-07T14:34:13Z Aursani 60 2393 8072 2006-11-12T07:07:26Z 71.237.142.60 '''هن صفحي تي مان گهڻن فقيرن جو ڪلام ۽ انهن جا شغل رکندو ويندس وڌيڪ انهيءَ کر بلاگ ۾ تبديل ڪيان تڏهن به وڪي پيو هلندو.''' '''شاه سائينءَ جي ڪلام کان وٺي مسرور فقير جي ڪلام تائين. مون وٽ ڳڇ ڪلام گهڻن فقيرن جو اڳيئي پيو آهي، اهو رکڻ شروع ڪيان ٿو.''' 2394 8623 2007-01-01T02:01:13Z TXiKiBoT 136 robot Adding: [[en:Histogram]], [[ja:ヒストグラム]] :<span class="dablink">''عددي عڪس پراسيسڪاريءَ ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ هسٽونامي لاءِ ڏسندا، [[عڪس هسٽونامو]].''</span> In [[statistics]], a '''histogram''' is a [[graphical display]] of tabulated [[frequency (statistics)|frequencies]]. A histogram is the graphical version of a table which shows what proportion of cases fall into each of several or many specified [[categories]]. The categories are usually specified as nonoverlapping [[interval]]s of some variable. The categories (bars) must be adjacent. The histogram is one of the seven basic tools of quality control, which include the [[histogram]], [[Pareto chart]], [[check sheet]], [[control chart]], [[cause-and-effect diagram]], [[flowchart]], and [[scatter diagram]]. See also [[Glossary_of_terms_related_to_Quality_Management|Quality Management Glossary]]. == مثال == Two kinds of histograms are shown below. As an example we consider data collected by the U.S. Census Bureau on time to travel to work (2000 census, [http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-33.pdf], Table 5). Actually, this document shows bar graphs, but they are not histograms since the bars are not adjacent. The census found that there were '''124 million people''' who work outside of their homes. People were asked how long it takes them to get to work, and their responses were divided into categories: less than 5 minutes, more than 5 minutes and less than 10, more than 10 minutes and less than 15, and so on. The tables shows the numbers of people per category in thousands, so that 4,180 means 4,180,000. The data in the following tables are displayed graphically by the diagrams below. An interesting feature of both diagrams is the spike in the 30 to 35 minutes category. It seems likely that this is an [[artifact]]: half an hour is a common unit of informal time measurement, so people whose travel times were perhaps a little less than or a little greater than 30 minutes might be inclined to answer "30 minutes". === Data by absolute numbers === [[Image:Travel_time_histogram_total_n.png|thumb|350px|Histogram of travel time, US 2000 census. Area under the curve equals the total number of cases. This diagram uses Q/width from the table.]] <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" style="text-align:center; margin:10px;" > <tr> <td>Interval</td> <td>Width</td> <td>Quantity</td> <td>Quantity/width</td> </tr> <tr> <td> 0 </td> <td> 5 </td> <td> 4,180 </td> <td> 836 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 5 </td> <td> 5 </td> <td> 13,687 </td> <td> 2,737 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 10 </td> <td> 5 </td> <td> 18,618 </td> <td> 3,723 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 15 </td> <td> 5 </td> <td> 19,634 </td> <td> 3,926 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 20 </td> <td> 5 </td> <td> 17,981 </td> <td> 3,596 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 25 </td> <td> 5 </td> <td> 7,190 </td> <td> 1,438 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 30 </td> <td> 5 </td> <td> 16,369 </td> <td> 3,273 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 35 </td> <td> 5 </td> <td> 3,212 </td> <td> 642 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 40 </td> <td> 5 </td> <td> 4,122 </td> <td> 824 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 45 </td> <td> 15 </td> <td> 9,200 </td> <td> 613 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 60 </td> <td> 30 </td> <td> 6,461 </td> <td> 215 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 90 </td> <td> 60 </td> <td> 3,435 </td> <td> 57 </td> </tr> </table> This histogram shows the number of cases per [[unit interval]] so that the height of each bar is equal to the proportion of total people in the survey who fall into that category. The area under the curve represents the total number of cases (124 million). This type of histogram is ideal for an overview of absolute numbers. <br clear="all" /> === Data by proportion === [[Image:Travel_time_histogram_total_1.png|thumb|350px|Histogram of travel time, US 2000 census. Area under the curve equals 1. This diagram uses Q/total/width from the table.]] <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" style="text-align:center; margin:10px;" > <tr> <td>Interval</td> <td>Width</td> <td>Quantity (Q)</td><td>Q/total/width</tr> <tr> <td> 0 </td> <td> 5 </td> <td> 4,180 </td> <td> 0.0067 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 5 </td> <td> 5 </td> <td> 13,687 </td> <td> 0.0220 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 10 </td> <td> 5 </td> <td> 18,618 </td> <td> 0.0300 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 15 </td> <td> 5 </td> <td> 19,634 </td> <td> 0.0316 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 20 </td> <td> 5 </td> <td> 17,981 </td> <td> 0.0289 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 25 </td> <td> 5 </td> <td> 7,190 </td> <td> 0.0115 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 30 </td> <td> 5 </td> <td> 16,369 </td> <td> 0.0263 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 35 </td> <td> 5 </td> <td> 3,212 </td> <td> 0.0051 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 40 </td> <td> 5 </td> <td> 4,122 </td> <td> 0.0066 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 45 </td> <td> 15 </td> <td> 9,200 </td> <td> 0.0049 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 60 </td> <td> 30 </td> <td> 6,461 </td> <td> 0.0017 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 90 </td> <td> 60 </td> <td> 3,435 </td> <td> 0.0004 </td> </tr> </table> This histogram differs from the first only in the [[vertical]] scale. The height of each bar is the decimal percentage of the total that each category represents, and the total height of all the bars is equal to 1, the decimal equivalent of 100%. This version is ideal for comparing proportions. <br clear="all" /> == رياضياتي وصف == In a more general mathematical sense, a histogram is simply a mapping that counts the number of observations that fall into various disjoint categories (known as ''bins''), whereas the graph of a histogram is merely one way to represent a histogram. Thus, if we let ''N'' be the total number of observations and ''n'' be the total number of bins, the histogram <math>h_k</math> meets the following conditions: <math>N = \sum_{k=1}^n{h_k}</math> where ''k'' is an index over the bins. === Cumulative Histogram === A cumulative histogram is a mapping that counts the cumulative number of observations in all of the bins up to the specified bin. That is, the cumulative histogram <math>H_k</math> of a histogram <math>h_k</math> is defined as: <math>H_k = \sum_{k\prime=1}^k{h_{k\prime}}</math> === Rules of Thumb === Most people use 7 to 10 classes for histograms. However, from time to time the following rules of thumb have been used to chunk the data. Where n is the number of observations in the sample. <math>N_{class} = \sqrt n</math> <math>N_{class} = A \sqrt n</math> <math>N_{class} = 10 \log n</math> ...with varying degrees of success. The final technique does not perform well with n < 30. *The bin width <math>\Delta</math> (or the number of bins) of a histogram can be selected by using a formula, <math>(2k-v)/\Delta^2</math>, where <math>k</math> and <math>v </math> are the mean and variance of the number of data points in the bins. The optimal bin width is the one that minimizes the formula. [http://www.ton.scphys.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~hideaki/res/histogram.html] ==پڻ ڏسندا== * [[Freedman-Diaconis rule]] == خارجي ڳنڍڻا == * [http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/journey.html Journey To Work and Place Of Work] ''(location of census document cited in example)'' * [http://www.vias.org/tmdatanaleng/cc_histogram.html Teach/Me Data Analysis] * [http://www.luminous-landscape.com/tutorials/understanding-series/understanding-histograms.shtml Understanding histograms in digital photography] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/maths/datahandlingh/histogramsrev2.shtml GCSE Bitesize - Drawing histograms] * [http://quarknet.fnal.gov/toolkits/ati/histograms.html Histograms: Construction, Analysis and Understanding with external links and an application to particle Physics.] * [http://www.ton.scphys.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~hideaki/res/histogram.html A Method for Selecting the Bin Size of a Histogram] [[Category:Statistical charts and diagrams]] [[Category:Quality control tools]] [[de:Histogramm]] [[en:Histogram]] [[es:Histograma]] [[eu:Histograma]] [[fi:Histogrammi]] [[fr:Histogramme]] [[he:היסטוגרמה]] [[it:Istogramma]] [[ja:ヒストグラム]] [[nl:Histogram]] [[pl:Histogram]] [[pt:Histograma]] [[ru:Гистограмма]] [[su:Histogram]] [[sv:Histogram]] 2395 8084 2006-11-15T15:12:03Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[هسٽونامو]] #REDIRECT[[هسٽونامو]] 2396 8095 2006-11-16T17:16:48Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}[[ڳڻپيوڪر چٽيات]] ۾، '''رنگ هسٽونامو''' هڪ نمائندگي آهي of an image derived by counting the هر [[عڪسل]] جو 'رنگ'. اهو خيال [[مائيڪل سوين]] ۽ [[ڊانا بالرڊ]] 1991ع ۾ پيش ڪيو ۽ آهي خاص طور اتي استعمال ٿيندو آهي جتي [[الخوارضمي]]ءَ جي چونڊ ۾ [[پراسيسڪاري]]ءَ جي رفتار هڪ خاص فيڪٽر هجي. , or where a specific object, rather than a more abstract class of objects is required to be identified; as noted by Swain and Ballard, "It may not be helpful to model coffee cups as being red and white, but yours may be." {{مبسس4}}رنگ هسٽوناما لچڪدار ڪنسٽرڪٽ آهن، جيڪي متفرق [[رنگ پولار]]، جهڙوڪ [[ڳسن رنگ پولار|ڳسن]]، [[ڳس-ڪروميٽيسٽي]] يا ڪو ٻيو رنگ پولار رکندڙ عڪسن لاءِ جوڙي سگھجن ٿا. {{مبسس4}}ڪنهن عڪس جو هسٽونامو جوڙڻ لاءِ عڪس اندر هر رنگي عدد رکندڙ عڪسلون ڳڻبيون آهن. {| class="wikitable" align="center" |- align="center" | colspan="2" rowspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="4" | red |- align="center" | 0-63 | 64-127 | 128-191 | 192-255 |- align="center" | rowspan="4" | blue | 0-63 | 43 | 78 | 18 | 0 |- align="center" | 64-127 | 45 | 67 | 33 | 2 |- align="center" | 128-191 | 127 | 58 | 25 | 8 |- align="center" | 192-255 | 140 | 47 | 47 | 13 |} This provides a far more compact overview of the data in an image than knowing the exact value of every pixel. The color histogram of an image is invariant with translation and rotation about the viewing axis, and varies only slowly with the angle of view. This makes the color histogram particularly suited to recognising an object of unknown position and rotation within a scene. Importantly, translation of an RGB image into the illumination invariant rg-chromaticity space allows the histogram to operate well in varying light levels. The main drawback of histograms is that the representation is solely dependent of the color of the object being studied. There is no way to distinguish a red and white cup from a red and white plate. Put another way, histogram-based algorithms have no concept of a generic 'cup', and a model of our red and white cup is no use when given an otherwise identical blue and white cup. ==خارجي ڳنڍڻا== *[http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/plugins/color-inspector.html Software that can compute and interactively display 3D color histograms and color distributions] ==پڻ ڏسندا== *[[Histogram equalization]] [[Category:Computer graphics]] [[ru:Гистограмма (фотография)]] 2397 8089 2006-11-16T16:51:50Z Aursani 60 {{TOCright}} In [[mathematics]] and [[computing]], an '''algorithm''' is a procedure (a finite [[set]] of well-defined instructions) for accomplishing some task which, given an initial state, will [[termination|terminate]] in a defined end-state. The [[computational complexity]] and efficient [[implementation]] of the algorithm are important in computing, and this depends on suitable [[data structure]]s. Informally, the concept of an algorithm is often illustrated by the example of a [[recipe]], although many algorithms are much more complex; algorithms often have steps that repeat ([[iteration|iterate]]) or require decisions (such as [[Boolean logic|logic]] or [[inequality|comparison]]). Algorithms can be composed to create more complex algorithms. The concept of an algorithm originated as a means of recording procedures for solving mathematical problems such as finding the common divisor of two numbers or multiplying two numbers. The concept was formalized in 1936 through [[Alan Turing]]'s [[Turing machines]] and [[Alonzo Church]]'s [[lambda calculus]], which in turn formed the foundation of [[computer science]]. Most algorithms can be directly implemented by [[computer program]]s; any other algorithms can at least in theory be ''simulated'' by computer programs. In many programming languages, algorithms are implemented as functions or procedures. ==Etymology== [[Al-Khwarizmi|Al-Khwārizmī]], the [[Persian people|Persian]] scientist, wrote in [[825]] a treatise ''On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals'', which was translated into Latin in the [[12th century]], as ''Algoritmi de numero Indorum'', which title was likely intended to mean "Algoritmi about the numbers of the Indians", where "Algoritmi" was the translator's rendition of the author's name; but people misunderstanding the title treated ''Algoritmi'' as a Latin plural and this led to the word "algorithm" (Latin ''algorithmus'') coming to mean "calculation method"; the intrusive "h" likeliest leaked in from [[Greek]] αριθμος ''arithmos'' = "number". <br clear=all> [[Image:LampFlowchart.svg|frame|right|[[Flowchart]]s are often used to graphically represent algorithms.]] == Why algorithms are necessary: an informal definition == :''For a detailed presentation of the various points of view around the definition of "algorithm" see [[Algorithm characterizations]]. For examples of simple addition algorithms specified in the detailed manner described in [[Algorithm characterizations]], see [[Algorithm examples]].'' No generally accepted ''formal'' definition of "algorithm" exists. We can, however, derive clues to the issues involved and an informal meaning of the word from the following quotation from Boolos and Jeffrey (1974, 1999): :"No human being can write fast enough, or long enough, or small enough to list all members of an enumerably infinite set by writing out their names, one after another, in some notation. But humans can do something equally useful, in the case of certain enumerably infinite sets: They can give '''explicit instructions for determining the nth member of the set''', for arbitrary finite n. Such instructions are to be given quite explicitly, in a form in which '''they could be followed by a computing machine''', or by a '''human who is capable of carrying out only very elementary operations on symbols'''" (boldface added, p. 19). The words "enumerably infinite" mean "countable using integers perhaps extending to infinity". Thus Boolos and Jeffrey are saying that an algorithm ''implies'' instructions for a process that "creates" output integers from an ''arbitrary'' "input" integer or integers that, in theory, can be chosen from 0 to infinity. Thus we might expect an algorithm to be an algebraic equation such as '''y = m + n''' -- two arbitrary "input variables" '''m''' and '''n''' that produce an output '''y'''. Unfortunately -- as we see in [[Algorithm characterizations]] -- that the word algorithm implies much more than this, something on the order of (for our addition example): :Precise instructions (in language understood by "the computer") for a "fast, efficient, good" ''process'' that specifies the "moves" of "the computer" (machine or human, equipped with the necessary internally-contained information and capabilities) to find, decode, and then munch arbitrary input integers/symbols '''m''' and '''n''', symbols '''+''' and '''=''' ... and (reliably, correctly, "effectively") produce, in a "reasonable" time, output-integer '''y''' at a specified place and in a specified format. == Formalization of algorithms == Algorithms are essential to the way [[computer]]s process information, because a [[computer program]] is essentially an algorithm that tells the computer what specific steps to perform (in what specific order) in order to carry out a specified task, such as calculating employees’ paychecks or printing students’ report cards. Thus, an algorithm can be considered to be any sequence of operations which can be performed by a [[Turing completeness|Turing-complete]] system. Authors who assert this thesis include Savage (1987) and Gurevich (2000): :"...Turing's informal argument in favor of his thesis justifies a stronger thesis: every algorithm can be simulated by a Turing machine" (Gurevich 2000 p.1) ...according to Savage [1987], an algorithm is a computational process defined by a Turing machine."(Gurevich 2000 p.3) Typically, when an algorithm is associated with processing information, data is read from an input source or device, written to an output sink or device, and/or stored for further processing. Stored data is regarded as part of the internal state of the entity performing the algorithm. In practice, the state is stored in a [[data structure]], but an algorithm requires the internal data only for specific operation sets called [[abstract data type]]s. For any such computational process, the algorithm must be rigorously defined: specified in the way it applies in all possible circumstances that could arise. That is, any conditional steps must be systematically dealt with, case-by-case; the criteria for each case must be clear (and computable). Because an algorithm is a precise list of precise steps, the order of computation will almost always be critical to the functioning of the algorithm. Instructions are usually assumed to be listed explicitly, and are described as starting 'from the top' and going 'down to the bottom', an idea that is described more formally by ''[[control flow|flow of control]]''. So far, this discussion of the formalization of an algorithm has assumed the premises of [[imperative programming]]. This is the most common conception, and it attempts to describe a task in discrete, 'mechanical' means. Unique to this conception of formalized algorithms is the [[assignment operation]], setting the value of a variable. It derives from the intuition of '[[memory]]' as a scratchpad. There is an example below of such an assignment. For some alternate conceptions of what constitutes an algorithm see [[functional programming]] and [[logic programming]] . === Termination === Some writers restrict the definition of ''algorithm'' to procedures that eventually finish. In such a category Kleene 1952 places the "''decision procedure'' or ''decision method'' or ''algorithm'' for the question" (Kleene p. 136). Others, including Kleene, include procedures that could run forever without stopping; such a procedure has been called a "computational method" (Knuth, Vol.1 p. 5) or "''calculation procedure'' or ''algorithm''" (Kleene p. 137); however, Kleene notes that such a method must eventually exhibit "some object" (Kleene p. 137). Minksy makes the pertinent observation that if an algorithm hasn't terminated then we cannot answer the question "Will it terminate with the correct answer?": :"But if the length of the process is not known in advance, then 'trying' it may not be decisive, because if the process does go on forever -- then at no time will we ever be sure of the answer" (Minsky (1967) p. 105) Thus the answer is: ''undecidable''. We can never know, nor can we do an analysis beforehand to find out. The analysis of algorithms for their likelihood of termination is called [[Termination analysis]]. See [[Halting problem]] for more about this knotty issue. In the case of non-halting computation method (calculation procedure) success can no longer be defined in terms of ''halting'' with a meaningful output. Instead, terms of success that allow for unbounded output sequences must be defined. For example, an algorithm that verifies if there are more zeros than ones in an infinite random binary sequence must run forever to be effective. If it is implemented correctly, however, the algorithm's output will be useful: for as long as it examines the sequence, the algorithm will give a positive response while the number of examined zeros outnumber the ones, and a negative response otherwise. Success for this algorithm could then be defined as eventually outputting only positive responses if there are actually more zeros than ones in the sequence, and in any other case outputting any mixture of positive and negative responses. === Expressing algorithms === Algorithms can be expressed in many kinds of notation, including [[natural language]]s, [[pseudocode]], [[flowchart]]s, and [[programming language]]s. Natural language expressions of algorithms tend to be verbose and ambiguous, and are rarely used for complex or technical algorithms. Pseudocode and flowcharts are structured ways to express algorithms that avoid many of the ambiguities common in natural language statements, while remaining independent of a particular implementation language. Programming languages are primarily intended for expressing algorithms in a form that can be executed by a [[computer]], but are often used as a way to define or document algorithms. For example, Boolos-Burgess-Jeffrey (2002) (p. 26) give examples of [[Turing machine]] programs written as "machine tables" (see more at [[Turing machine]], [[finite state machine]], [[state transition table]]), as "flow charts" (see more at [[state diagram]]), or as a form of rudimentary [[machine code]] or [[assembly code]] called "sets of quadruples" (see more at [[Turing machine]]). They give a more detailed outline of their "multiplication machine" (cf figure 3.7 p. 30) drawn as a "flow chart", portions of which are labelled with short natural-language descriptions. When describing the computations of their "abacus machine" model (see more at [[register machine]]) Boolos-Burgess-Jeffrey (2002) supplement small "flow charts" (state diagrams) with natural-language and/or arithmetic expressions written inside "[[block diagram]]s" to summarize what the "flow charts" are accomplishing. Sometimes they combine both "block diagrams" and "flow charts" in their descriptions. In his chapter 3.3 titled ''The Definition of Algorithm'' Sipser (2006) describes three levels of Turing machine description (all quotes p. 157): *'''1 High-level description''': :: "...prose to describe an algorithm, ignoring the implementation details. At this level we do not need to mention how the machine manages its tape or head" *'''2 Implementation description''': :: "...prose used to define the way the Turing machine uses its head and the way that it stores data on its tape. At this level we do not give details of states or transition function" *'''3 Formal description''': :: Most detailed, "lowest level", gives the Turing machine's "state table". :''For a few examples of very precise descriptions of the algorithm "Add m+n" see [[Algorithm examples]].'' === Implementation === Most algorithms are intended to be implemented as [[computer programs]]. However, algorithms are also implemented by other means, such as in a biological [[neural network]] (for example, the [[human brain]] implementing [[arithmetic]] or an insect relocating food), in [[electric circuit]]s, or in a mechanical device. == Example == One of the simplest algorithms is to find the largest number in an (unsorted) list of numbers. The solution necessarily requires looking at every number in the list, but only once at each. From this follows a simple algorithm, which can be stated in a high-level description [[English language|English]] prose, as: '''High-level description:''' # Assume the first item is largest. # Look at each of the remaining items in the list and if it is larger than the largest item so far, make a note of it. # The last noted item is the largest in the list when the process is complete. '''(Quasi-) Formal description:''' Written in prose but much closer to the high-level language of a computer program, the following is the more formal coding of the algorithm in [[pseudocode]] or [[pidgin code]]: {{algorithm-begin|name=LargestNumber}} Input: A non-empty list of numbers ''L''. Output: The ''largest'' number in the list ''L''. ''largest'' ← ''L''₀ '''for each''' ''item'' '''in''' the list ''L_≥1'', '''do''' '''if''' the ''item'' > ''largest'', '''then''' ''largest'' ← the ''item'' '''return''' ''largest'' {{algorithm-end}} For a more complex example of an algorithm, see [[Euclid's algorithm]], which is one of the oldest algorithms. :''For detailed examples of the simple algorithm "ADD m+n", precisely defined for a [[Turing machine]] and for a "counter machine" in the manner of the three description-levels of Sipser (2006) and the precise input-output specifications of Boolos-Burgess-Jeffrey (2002) see [[Algorithm examples]].'' === Algorithm analysis === As it happens, most people who implement algorithms want to know how much of a particular resource (such as time or storage) is required for a given algorithm. Methods have been developed for the [[analysis of algorithms]] to obtain such quantitative answers; for example, the algorithm above has a time requirement of O(''n''), using the [[big O notation]] with ''n'' as the length of the list. At all times the algorithm only needs to remember two values: the largest number found so far, and its current position in the input list. Therefore it is said to have a space requirement of ''O(1)''.<ref>In this example the sizes of the numbers themselves could be unbounded and one could therefore argue that the space requirement is O(log ''n''). In practice, however, the numbers considered would be bounded and hence the space taken up each number is fixed.</ref> (Note that the size of the inputs is not counted as space used by the algorithm.) Different algorithms may complete the same task with a different set of instructions in less or more time, space, or effort than others. For example, given two different recipes for making potato salad, one may have ''peel the potato'' before ''boil the potato'' while the other presents the steps in the reverse order, yet they both call for these steps to be repeated for all potatoes and end when the potato salad is ready to be eaten. <!-- poor example .. who would boil each potato separately? and making a salad in general requires no cooking ... --> The [[analysis of algorithms|analysis and study of algorithms]] is one discipline of [[computer science]], and is often practiced abstractly (without the use of a specific [[programming language]] or other implementation). In this sense, it resembles other mathematical disciplines in that the analysis focuses on the underlying principles of the algorithm, and not on any particular implementation. The pseudocode is simplest and abstract enough for such analysis. == Classes == There are various ways to classify algorithms, each with its own merits. === Classification by implementation === One way to classify algorithms is by implementation means. * '''Recursion''' or '''iteration''': A [[recursive algorithm]] is one that invokes (makes reference to) itself repeatedly until a certain condition matches, which is a method common to [[functional programming]]. Iterative algorithms use repetitive constructs like loops and sometimes additional data structures like stacks to solve the given problems. Some problems are naturally suited for one implementation or the other. For example, [[towers of hanoi]] is well understood in recursive implementation. Every recursive version has an equivalent (but possibly more or less complex) iterative version, and vice versa. * '''Logical''': An algorithm may be viewed as controlled [[Deductive reasoning|logical deduction]]. This notion may be expressed as:<br/><center>'''Algorithm = logic + control'''.<ref name="kowalski1979">{{cite journal|last=Kowalski|first=Robert|authorlink=Robert Kowalski|title=Algorithm=Logic+Control|journal=Communications of the ACM|volume=22|issue=7|pages=424 - 436|publisher= ACM Press|year=1979|id=ISSN 0001-0782|doi=10.1145/359131.359136}}</ref> </center> The logic component expresses the axioms which may be used in the computation and the control component determines the way in which deduction is applied to the axioms. This is the basis for the [[logic programming]] paradigm. In pure logic programming languages the control component is fixed and algorithms are specified by supplying only the logic component. The appeal of this approach is the elegant [[Formal semantics of programming languages|semantics]]: a change in the axioms has a well defined change in the algorithm. * '''Serial''' or '''parallel''': Algorithms are usually discussed with the assumption that computers execute one instruction of an algorithm at a time. Those computers are sometimes called serial computers. An algorithm designed for such an environment is called a serial algorithm, as opposed to [[parallel algorithm]]s, which take advantage of computer architectures where several processors can work on a problem at the same time. Parallel algorithms divide the problem into more symmetrical or asymmetrical subproblems and pass them to many processors and put the results back together at one end. The resource consumption in parallel algorithms is both processor cycles on each processor and also the communication overhead between the processors. Sorting algorithms can be parallelized efficiently, but their communication overhead is expensive. Iterative algorithms are generally parallelizable. Some problems have no parallel algorithms, and are called inherently serial problems. * '''Deterministic''' or '''non-deterministic''': [[Deterministic algorithm]]s solve the problem with exact decision at every step of the algorithm whereas [[non-deterministic algorithm]] solve problems via guessing although typical guesses are made more accurate through the use of heuristics. * '''Exact''' or '''approximate''': While many algorithms reach an exact solution, [[approximation algorithm]]s seek an approximation which is close to the true solution. Approximation may use either a deterministic or a random strategy. Such algorithms have practical value for many hard problems. === Classification by design paradigm === Another way of classifying algorithms is by their design methodology or paradigm. There is a certain number of paradigms, each different from the other. Furthermore, each of these categories will include many different types of algorithms. Some commonly found paradigms include: * '''Divide and conquer'''. A [[divide and conquer algorithm]] repeatedly reduces an instance of a problem to one or more smaller instances of the same problem (usually [[recursion|recursively]]), until the instances are small enough to solve easily. One such example of divide and conquer is merge sorting. Sorting can be done on each segment of data after dividing data into segments and sorting of entire data can be obtained in conquer phase by merging them. A simpler variant of divide and conquer is called '''decrease and conquer algorithm''', that solves an identical subproblem and uses the solution of this subproblem to solve the bigger problem. Divide and conquer divides the problem into multiple subproblems and so conquer stage will be more complex than decrease and conquer algorithms. An example of decrease and conquer algorithm is [[binary search algorithm]]. * '''[[Dynamic programming]]'''. When a problem shows [[optimal substructure]], meaning the optimal solution to a problem can be constructed from optimal solutions to subproblems, and [[overlapping subproblems]], meaning the same subproblems are used to solve many different problem instances, we can often solve the problem quickly using ''dynamic programming'', an approach that avoids recomputing solutions that have already been computed. For example, the shortest path to a goal from a vertex in a weighted [[graph (mathematics)|graph]] can be found by using the shortest path to the goal from all adjacent vertices. Dynamic programming and [[memoization]] go together. The main difference between dynamic programming and divide and conquer is, subproblems are more or less independent in divide and conquer, where as the overlap of subproblems occur in dynamic programming. The difference between the dynamic programming and straightforward recursion is in caching or memoization of recursive calls. Where subproblems are independent, there is no chance of repetition and memoization does not help, so dynamic programming is not a solution for all. By using memoization or maintaining a [[Mathematical table|table]] of subproblems already solved, dynamic programming reduces the exponential nature of many problems to polynomial complexity. * '''The greedy method'''. A [[greedy algorithm]] is similar to a [[dynamic programming|dynamic programming algorithm]], but the difference is that solutions to the subproblems do not have to be known at each stage; instead a "greedy" choice can be made of what looks best for the moment. The difference between dynamic programming and the greedy method is, it extends the solution with the best possible decision (not all feasible decisions) at an algorithmic stage based on the current local optimum and the best decision (not all possible decisions) made in previous stage. It is not exhaustive, and does not give accurate answer to many problems. But when it works, it will be the fastest method. The most popular greedy algorithm is finding the minimal spanning tree as given by [[kruskal's algorithm|Kruskal]]. * '''Linear programming'''. When solving a problem using [[linear programming]], the program is put into a number of linear [[inequality|inequalities]] and then an attempt is made to maximize (or minimize) the inputs. Many problems (such as the [[Maximum flow problem|maximum flow]] for directed [[graph (mathematics)|graphs]]) can be stated in a linear programming way, and then be solved by a 'generic' algorithm such as the [[simplex algorithm]]. A complex variant of linear programming is called integer programming, where the solution space is restricted to all integers. * '''[[Reduction (complexity)|Reduction]]'''. This is another powerful technique in solving many problems by transforming one problem into another problem. For example, one [[selection algorithm]] for finding the median in an unsorted list is first translating this problem into sorting problem and finding the middle element in sorted list. The goal of reduction algorithms is finding the simplest transformation such that complexity of reduction algorithm does not dominate the complexity of reduced algorithm. This technique is also called ''transform and conquer''. * '''Search and enumeration'''. Many problems (such as playing [[chess]]) can be modeled as problems on [[graph theory|graphs]]. A [[graph exploration algorithm]] specifies rules for moving around a graph and is useful for such problems. This category also includes the [[search algorithm]]s and [[backtracking]]. * '''The probabilistic and heuristic paradigm'''. Algorithms belonging to this class fit the definition of an algorithm more loosely. # [[Probabilistic algorithm]]s are those that make some choices randomly (or pseudo-randomly); for some problems, it can in fact be proven that the fastest solutions must involve some [[randomness]]. # [[Genetic algorithm]]s attempt to find solutions to problems by mimicking biological [[evolution]]ary processes, with a cycle of random mutations yielding successive generations of "solutions". Thus, they emulate reproduction and "survival of the fittest". In [[genetic programming]], this approach is extended to algorithms, by regarding the algorithm itself as a "solution" to a problem. Also there are # [[Heuristic (computer science)|Heuristic]] algorithms, whose general purpose is not to find an optimal solution, but an approximate solution where the time or resources are limited. They are not practical to find perfect solutions. An example of this would be [[local search (optimization)|local search]], [[taboo search]], or [[simulated annealing]] algorithms, a class of heuristic probabilistic algorithms that vary the solution of a problem by a random amount. The name "simulated annealing" alludes to the metallurgic term meaning the heating and cooling of metal to achieve freedom from defects. The purpose of the random variance is to find close to globally optimal solutions rather than simply locally optimal ones, the idea being that the random element will be decreased as the algorithm settles down to a solution. === Classification by field of study === {{Seealso|List of algorithms}} Every field of science has its own problems and needs efficient algorithms. Related problems in one field are often studied together. Some example classes are [[search algorithm]]s, [[sorting algorithm]]s, [[merge algorithm]]s, [[numerical analysis|numerical algorithms]], [[graph theory|graph algorithms]], [[string algorithms]], [[computational geometry|computational geometric algorithms]], [[combinatorial|combinatorial algorithms]], [[machine learning]], [[cryptography]], [[data compression]] algorithms and [[parsing|parsing techniques]]. Fields tend to overlap with each other, and algorithm advances in one field may improve those of other, sometimes completely unrelated, fields. For example, dynamic programming was originally invented for optimisation of resource consumption in industry, but is now used in solving a broad range of problems in many fields. === Classification by complexity === {{Seealso|Complexity class}} This is actually problem classification in the strict sense. Some algorithms complete in linear time, and some complete in exponential amount of time, and some never complete. One problem may have multiple algorithms, and some problems may have no algorithms. Some problems have no known efficient algorithms. There are also mappings from some problems to other problems. So computer scientists found it is suitable to classify the problems rather than algorithms into equivalence classes based on the complexity. == Legal issues == Some countries allow algorithms to be [[patented]] when embodied in software or in hardware. Patents have long been a controversial issue (see, for example, the [[software patent debate]]). Some countries do not allow certain algorithms, such as cryptographic algorithms, to be [[exported]] from that country (see [[export of cryptography|export of cryptography]]). {{sect-stub}} == History: Development of the notion of "algorithm" == === Origin of the word === {{Seealso|Timeline of algorithms}} The word ''algorithm'' comes from the name of the 9th century [[Persian people|Persian]] mathematician [[al-Khwarizmi|Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi]] whose works introduced Arabic numerals and algebraic concepts. He worked in [[Baghdad]] at the time when it was the centre of scientific studies and trade. The word ''[[algorism]]'' originally referred only to the rules of performing [[arithmetic]] using [[Hindu-Arabic numeral system|Arabic numerals]] but evolved via European Latin translation of al-Khwarizmi's name into ''algorithm'' by the 18th century. The word evolved to include all definite procedures for solving problems or performing tasks. === Discrete and distinguishable symbols === '''Tally-marks''': To keep track of their flocks, their sacks of grain and their money the ancients used tallying – accumulating stones, or marks -- discrete symbols in clay or scratched on sticks. Through the Babylonians and Egyptian use of marks and symbols eventually [[Roman numerals]] and the [[abacus]] evolved. (Dilson, p.16-41) Tally marks appear prominently in [[unary numeral system]] arithmetic used in [[Turing machine]] and [[Post-Turing machine]] computations. === Manipulation of symbols as "place holders" for numbers: algebra === The work of the ancient Greek geometers, Persian mathematician [[Al-Khwarizmi]] -- often considered as the "father of [[algebra]]", Chinese and Western European mathematicans culminated in [[Leibniz]]' notion of the [[calculus ratiocinator]] (ca 1680): :"A good century and a half ahead of his time, Leibniz proposed an algebra of logic, an algebra that would specify the rules for manipulating logical concepts in the manner that ordinary algebra specifies the rules for manipulating numbers" (Davis (2000) p. 18). === Mechanical contrivances with discrete states === '''The clock''': Bolter credits the invention of the weight-driven [[clock]] as “The key invention [of Europe in the Middle ages]", in particular the [[verge escapement]] (Bolter p. 24) that provides us with the tick and tock of a mechanical clock. “The accurate automatic machine” (Bolter p. 26 quoting Mumford) led immediately to "mechanical [[automata]]" beginning in the thirteenth century and finally to “computational machines" – the [[difference engine]] and [[analytical engine]]s of [[Charles Babbage]] and Countess [[Ada Lovelace]] (Bolter p.33-34, p.204-206). '''Jacquard loom, Hollerith punch cards, telegraphy and telephony -- the electromechanical relay''': Bell and Newell (1971) indicate that the [[Jacquard loom]] (1801), precursor to [[Hollerith cards]] (punch cards, 1887), and “telephone switching technologies” were the roots of a tree leading to the development of the first computers (Bell and Newell diagram p. 39, cf Davis (2000)). By the mid-1800’s the [[telegraph]], as the precursor of the telephone, was in use throughout the world, its discrete and distinguishable encoding of letters as “dots and dashes” a common sound. By the late 1800’s the [[ticker tape]] (ca 1870's) was in use, as were the use of [[Hollerith cards]] in the 1890 U.S. census, the [[Teletype]] (ca 1910) with its the use of punched-paper binary encoding [[Baudot code]] on tape. Telephone-switching networks of electromechanical [[relay]]s (invented 1835) was behind the work of [[George Stibitz]] (1937), the inventor of the digital adding device. As he worked in Bell Laboratories, he observed the “burdensome’ use of mechanical calculators with gears. "He went home one evening in 1937 intending to test his idea.... When the tinkering was over, Stibitz had constructed a binary adding device" (Valley News, p. 13). Davis (2000) observes the particular importance of the electromechanical relay (with its two "binary states" ''open'' and ''closed''): : It was only with the development, beginning in the 1930's, of electromechanical calculators using electrical relays, that machines were built having the scope Babbage had envisioned." (Davis, p. 148) === Mathematics during the 1800’s up to the mid-1900’s === '''Symbols and rules''': In rapid succession the mathematics of [[George Boole]] (1847, 1854), [[Gottlob Frege]] (1879), and [[Giuseppe Peano]] (1888-9) reduced arithmetic to a sequence of symbols manipulated by rules. Peano's ''The principles of arithmetic, presented by a new method'' (1888) was "the first attempt at an axiomatization of mathematics in a symbolic language" (Heijenoort, p. 81ff). But Heijenoort gives Frege (1879) this kudos: Frege’s is “perhaps the most important single work ever written in logic. ... in which we see a “ 'formula language', that is a ''lingua characterica'', a language written with special symbols, "for pure thought", that is, free from rhetorical embellishments ... constructed from specific symbols that are manipulated according to definite rules"( p. 1). The work of Frege was further simplified and amplified by [[Alfred North Whitehead]] and [[Bertrand Russell]] in their [[Principia Mathematica]] (1910-1913). '''The paradoxes''': At the same time a number of disturbing paradoxes appeared in the literature, in particular the [[Burali-Forti paradox]] (1897), the [[Russell paradox]] (1902-03), and the [[Richard Paradox]] (1905, Dixon 1906), (cf Kleene (1952) p. 36-40). The resultant considerations led to [[Kurt Gödel]]’s paper (1931) -- he specifically cites the paradox of the liar -- that completely reduces rules of [[recursion]] to numbers. In rapid succession the following appeared: Church-Kleene's [[λ-calculus]] (cf footnote in [[Alonzo Church]]'s paper, Undecidable p. 90), Church's (1936) theorem (Undecidable, p. 88ff), [[Emil Post]]'s (1936) "process" (''Undecidable'', p. 289-290), [[Alan Turing]]'s (1936-1937) "a- [automatic-] machine" (''Undecidable'', p. 116ff), [[J. Barkley Rosser]]'s (1939) definition of "effective method" in terms of "a machine" (''Undecidable'', p. 226), and [[S. C. Kleene]]'s (1943) proposal of the "Church-Turing thesis" (''Undecidable'', p. 273-274) === Emil Post (1936) and Alan Turing (1936, 1937)=== Here is a remarkable coincidence of two men not knowing each other but describing a process of men-as-computers working on computations -- and they yield virtually identical definitions. [[Emil Post]] (1936) described the actions of a "computer" (a man) as follows: :"...two concepts are involved: that of a ''symbol space'' in which the work leading from problem to answer is to be carried out, and a fixed unalterable ''set of directions''. His symbol space would be :"a two way infinite sequence of spaces or boxes... The problem solver or worker is to move and work in this symbol space, being capable of being in, and operating in but one box at a time.... a box is to admit of but two possible conditions, i.e. being empty or unmarked, and having a single mark in it, say a vertical stroke. :"One box is to be singled out and called the starting point. ...a specific problem is to be given in symbolic form by a finite number of boxes [i.e. INPUT] being marked with a stroke. Likewise the answer [i.e. OUTPUT] is to be given in symbolic form by such a configuration of marked boxes.... :"A set of directions applicable to a general problem sets up a deterministic process when applied to each specific problem. This process will terminate only when it comes to the direction of type (C ) [i.e. STOP]." (U p. 289-290) See more at [[Post-Turing machine]] [[Alan Turing]]’s work (1936-1937) preceded that of Stibitz (1937); it is unknown if Stibitz knew of the work of Turing. Turing’s biographer believed that Turing’s use of a typewriter-like model derived from a youthful interest: “Alan had dreamt of inventing typewriters as a boy; Mrs. Turing had a typewriter; and he could well have begun by asking himself what was meant by calling a typewriter 'mechanical'" (Hodges, p. 96) Given the prevalence of Morse code and telegraphy, ticker tape machines, and Teletypes we might conjecture that all were influences. Turing -- his model of computation is now called a [[Turing machine]] -- begins, as did Post, with an analysis of a human computer that he whittles down to a simple set of basic motions and "states of mind". But he continues a step further and creates his machine as a model of computation of numbers (Undecidable p. 116): :"Computing is normally done by writing certain symbols on paper. We may suppose this paper is divided into squares like a child's arithmetic book....I assume then that the computation is carried out on one-dimensional paper, i.e. on a tape divided into squares. I shall also suppose that the number of symbols which may be printed is finite.... :"The behavior of the computer at any moment is determined by the symbols which he is observing, and his "state of mind" at that moment. We may suppose that there is a bound B to the number of symbols or squares which the computer can observe at one moment. If he wishes to observe more, he must use successive observations. We will also suppose that the number of states of mind which need be taken into account is finite... :"Let us imagine that the operations performed by the computer to be split up into 'simple operations' which are so elementary that it is not easy to imagine them further divided" (Undecidable p. 136). Turing's reduction yields the following: :"The simple operations must therefore include: ::"(a) Changes of the symbol on one of the observed squares ::"(b) Changes of one of the squares observed to another square within L squares of one of the previously observed squares. "It may be that some of these change necessarily invoke a change of state of mind. The most general single operation must therefore be taken to be one of the following: ::"(A) A possible change (a) of symbol together with a possible change of state of mind. ::"(B) A possible change (b) of observed squares, together with a possible change of state of mind" :"We may now construct a machine to do the work of this computer."(Undecidable p. 137) === J. B. Rosser (1939) and S. C. Kleene (1943) === '''[[J. Barkley Rosser]]''' boldly defined an ‘effective [mathematical] method’ in the following manner (boldface added): :"'Effective method' is used here in the rather special sense of a method each step of which is precisely determined and which is certain to produce the answer in a finite number of steps. With this special meaning, three different precise definitions have been given to date. [his footnote #5; see discussion immediately below]. The simplest of these to state (due to Post and Turing) says essentially that '''an effective method of solving certain sets of problems exists if one can build a machine which will then solve any problem of the set with no human intervention beyond inserting the question and (later) reading the answer'''. All three definitions are equivalent, so it doesn't matter which one is used. Moreover, the fact that all three are equivalent is a very strong argument for the correctness of any one. (''Undecidable'', p. 225-226) Rosser's footnote #5 references the work of (1) Church and Kleene and their definition of λ-definability, in particular Church's use of it in his ''An Unsolvable Problem of Elementary Number Theory'' (1936); (2) Herbrand and Gödel and their use of recursion in particular Gödel's use in his famous paper ''On Formally Undecidable Propostions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems I'' (1931); and (3) Post and Turing in their mechanism-models of computation. '''[[Stephen C. Kleene]]''' (1943) defined as his now-famous "Thesis I" known as "the [[Church-Turing Thesis]]". But he did this in the following context (boldface in original): :"12. '''Algorithmic theories'''... In setting up a complete algorithmic theory, what we do is to describe a procedure, performable for each set of values of the independent variables, which procedure necessarily terminates and in such manner that from the outcome we can read a definite answer, "yes" or "no," to the question, "is the predicate value true?”" (''Undecidable'', p. 273) ==See also== {{wiktionarypar|algorithm}} {{wikibooks|Algorithms}} * [[Abstract machine]] * [[Algorism]] * [[Algorithm characterizations]] * [[Algorithmic music]] * [[Algorithmic trading]] * [[Computability theory (computer science)]] * [[Data structure]] * [[List of important publications in computer science#Algorithms|Important algorithm-related publications]] * [[List of algorithms]] * [[List of algorithm general topics]] * [[List of terms relating to algorithms and data structures]] * [[Theory of computation]] * [[Introduction to Algorithms]], book ==Notes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==References== *{{cite book|last=Boolos, George and Jeffrey, Richard|authorlink=Boolos and Jeffrey|title=Computability and Logic|edition=First Edition|publisher=Cambridge University Press, London|year=1974, 1980, 1989, 1999|ISBN 0-521-20402-X}}. cf chapter 3 ''Turing machines'' where they discuss "certain enumerable sets not effectively (mechanically) enumerable". *[[Andraes Blass]] and [[Yuri Gurevich]] (2003), [http://research.microsoft.com/~gurevich/Opera/164.pdf ''Algorithms: A Quest for Absolute Definitions''], Bulletin of European Association for Theoretical Computer Science 81, 2003. Includes an excellent bibliography of 56 references. *{{cite journal|last=Church|first=Alonzo|authorlink=Alonzo Church|title=An Unsolvable Problem of Elementary Number Theory|journal=The American Journal Of Mathematics|volume=58|pages= 345—363|year=1936}} Reprinted in ''The Undecidable'', p. 89ff. The first expression of "Church's Thesis". See in particular page 100 (''The Undecidable'') where he defines the notion of "effective calculability" in terms of "an algorithm", and he uses the word "terminates", etc. *{{cite book|last=Davis|first=Martin|authorlink=Martin Davis|title=The Undecidable: Basic Papers On Undecidable Propostions, Unsolvable Problems and Computable Functions|publisher=Raven Press|location=New York|year=1965}} Davis gives commentary before each article. Papers of [[Gödel]], [[Alonzo Church]], [[Turing]], [[Rosser]], [[Kleene]], and [[Emil Post]] are included. *{{cite book|last=Davis|first=Martin|authorlink=Martin Davis|title=Engines of Logic: Mathematicians and the Origin of the Computer|publisher=W. W. Nortion|location=New York|year=2000}} Davis offers concise biographies of [[Leibniz]], [[Boole]], [[Frege]], [[Georg Cantor|Cantor]], [[Hilbert]], [[Gödel]] and [[Turing]] with [[von Neumann]] as the show-stealing villain. Very brief bios of [[Joseph-Marie Jacquard]], [[Babbage]], [[Ada Lovelace]], [[Claude Shannon]], [[Howard Aiken]], etc. * {{DADS|algorithm|algorithm}} *[[Yuri Gurevich]], [http://research.microsoft.com/~gurevich/Opera/141.pdf ''Sequential Abstract State Machines Capture Sequential Algorithms''], ACM Transactions on Computational Logic, Vol 1, no 1 (July 2000), pages 77-111. Includes bibliography of 33 sources. *{{cite book|last=Kleene|first=Stephen C.|authorlink=Kleene|title=Introduction to Metamathematics|edition=Tenth Edition 1991|publisher=North-Holland Publishing Company|year=First Edition 1952}} Excellent -- accessible, readable -- reference source for mathematical "foundations". *[[A. A. Markov]] (1954) ''Theory of algorithms''. [Translated by Jacques J. Schorr-Kon and PST staff] Imprint Moscow, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1954 [i.e. Jerusalem, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, 1961; available from the Office of Technical Services, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington] Description 444 p. 28 cm. Added t.p. in Russian Translation of Works of the Mathematical Institute, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, v. 42. Original title: Teoriya algerifmov. [QA248.M2943 Dartmouth College library. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Office of Technical Services, number OTS 60-51085.] *{{cite book|last=Minsky|first=Marvin|authorlink=Minsky|title=Computation: Finite and Infinite Machines|edition=First|publisher=Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ|year=1967}} Minsky expands his "...idea of an algorithm -- an effective procedure..." in chapter 5.1 ''Computability, Effective Procedues and Algorithms. Infinite machines." *{{cite journal|last=Post|first=Emil|authorlink=Emil Post|title=Finite Combinatory Processes, Formulation I|journal=The Journal of Symbolic Logic|volume=1|year=1936|pages=pp.103-105}} Reprinted in ''The Undecidable'', p. 289ff. Post defines a simple algorithmic-like process of a man writing marks or erasing marks and going from box to box and eventually halting, as he follows a list of simple instructions. This is cited by Kleene as one source of his "Thesis I", the so-called [[Church-Turing thesis]]. *{{cite journal|last=Rosser|first=J.B.|authorlink=J.B. Rosser|title=An Informal Exposition of Proofs of Godel's Theorem and Church's Theorem|journal=Journal of Symbolic Logic|volume= 4 |year=1939}} Reprinted in ''The Undecidable'', p. 223ff. Herein is Rosser's famous definition of "effective method": "...a method each step of which is precisely predetermined and which is certain to produce the answer in a finite number of steps... a machine which will then solve any problem of the set with no human intervention beyond inserting the question and (later) reading the answer" (p. 225-226, ''The Undecidable'') *{{cite book|last=Stone|first=Harold S.|title=Introduction to Computer Organization and Data Structures|edition=1972|publisher=McGraw-Hill, New York}} Cf in particular the first chapter titled: ''Algorithms, Turing Machines, and Programs''. His succinct informal definition: "...any sequence of instructions that can be obeyed by a robot, is called an ''algorithm''" (p. 4). === Secondary references === *{{cite book|last=Hodges|first=Andrew|authorlink=Hodges|title=Alan Turing: The Enigma|edition=(1983)|publisher=Simon and Schuster, New York}}, ISBN 0-671-49207-1. Cf Chapter "The Spirit of Truth" for a history leading to, and a discussion of, his proof. *{{cite book|last=Dilson|first=Jesse|authorlink=Dilson|title=The Abacus|edition=(1968,1994)|publisher=St. Martin's Press, NY}}, ISBN 0-312-10409-X (pbk.) *{{cite book|last=Bolter|first=David J.|authorlink=Bolter|title=Turing's Man: Western Culture in the Computer Age|edition=(1984)|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill NC}}, ISBN 0-8078-4108-0 pbk. *{{cite book|last=van Heijenoort|first=Jean|authorlink=van Heijenoort|title=From Frege to Gödel, A Source Book in Mathematical Logic, 1879-1931|edition=(1967)|publisher=Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA}}, 3rd edition 1976[?], ISBN 0-674-32449-8 (pbk.) == External links == * {{MathWorld | urlname=Algorithm | title=Algorithm}} * [http://everydaymath.uchicago.edu/educators/Algorithms_final.pdf Algorithms in Everyday Mathematics] * {{dmoz|Computers/Algorithms/|Algorithms}} {{Link FA|sr}} [[Category:Algorithms|*]] [[Category:Arabic words]] [[Category:Discrete mathematics]] [[Category:Mathematical logic]] [[Category:Theoretical computer science]] [[af:Algoritme]] [[an:Algoritmo]] [[ast:Algoritmu]] [[bs:Algoritam]] [[bg:Алгоритъм]] [[ca:Algorisme]] [[cs:Algoritmus]] [[da:Algoritme]] [[de:Algorithmus]] [[et:Algoritm]] [[el:Αλγόριθμος]] [[es:Algoritmo]] [[eo:Algoritmo]] [[fa:الگوریتم]] [[fr:Algorithmique]] [[gl:Algoritmo]] [[ko:알고리즘]] [[hr:Algoritam]] [[id:Algoritma]] [[ia:Algorithmo]] [[is:Reiknirit]] [[it:Algoritmo]] [[he:אלגוריתם]] [[ka:ალგორითმი]] [[lv:Algoritms]] [[lb:Algorithmus]] [[lt:Algoritmas]] [[hu:Algoritmus]] [[nl:Algoritme]] [[ja:アルゴリズム]] [[no:Algoritme]] [[pl:Algorytm]] [[pt:Algoritmo]] [[ro:Algoritm]] [[ru:Алгоритм]] [[sq:Algoritmi]] [[simple:Algorithm]] [[sk:Algoritmus]] [[sl:Algoritem]] [[sr:Алгоритам]] [[sh:Algoritam]] [[su:Algoritma]] [[fi:Algoritmi]] [[sv:Algoritm]] [[tl:Algoritmo]] [[th:อัลกอริทึม]] [[vi:Thuật toán]] [[tr:Algoritma]] [[uk:Алгоритм]] [[zh:算法]] 2398 8092 2006-11-16T16:55:24Z Aursani 60 '''Processing''' typically describes the act of taking something through an established and usually routine set of procedures to convert it from one form to another, as a manufacturing procedure, such as processing [[milk]] into [[cheese]]. Processing can also refer to administrative procedure such as processing [[bureaucracy|paperwork]] to grant a [[mortgage]] [[loan]]. '''Processing''' can refer to: * [[ڄاڻ پراسيسڪاري]] * [[اعداد پراسيسڪاري]] * [[سگنل پراسيسڪاري]] * [[اکر پراسيسڪاري]] * [[ڀون ماپ پراسيسڪاري]] * [[پراسيسڪاري (programming language)]] {{Disambig}} [[Category:Science]] [[de:Verarbeitung]] [[ja:加工]] [[pt:Processamento]] 2399 8370 2006-12-12T09:58:52Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}[[ڳڻپيوڪر چٽيات]] يعني </font> Computer Graphics {{مبسس4}}۾، '''رنگ هسٽونامو''' يا </font> Image Histogram {{مبسس4}} ڪنهن عڪس جي هڪ اهڙي نمائندگي آهي جيڪا هر [[عڪسل]] جو 'رنگ' ڳڻڻ سان جڙندي آهي. اهو خيال [[مائيڪل سوين]] ۽ [[ڊانا بالرڊ]] 1991ع ۾ پيش ڪيو. عڪس هسٽونامو خاص طور اتي استعمال ٿيندو آهي جتي [[الخوارضمي]]ءَ جي چونڊ ۾ [[پراسيسڪاري]]ءَ جي رفتار هڪ خاص فيڪٽر هجي. [[Image:popat.gif|thumb|300px|left|{{مبسس4}}هڪ سليٽي پيما عڪس]] , or where a specific object, rather than a more abstract class of objects is required to be identified; as noted by Swain and Ballard, "It may not be helpful to model coffee cups as being red and white, but yours may be." {{مبسس4}}رنگ هسٽوناما لچڪدار ڪنسٽرڪٽ آهن، جيڪي متفرق [[رنگ پولار]]، جهڙوڪ [[ڳسن رنگ پولار|ڳسن]]، [[ڳس-ڪروميٽيسٽي]] يا ڪو ٻيو رنگ پولار رکندڙ عڪسن لاءِ جوڙي سگھجن ٿا. هسٽونامو ڪنهن ڪاري اڇي عڪس سليٽي پيما عڪس جو به جوڙي سگھجي ٿو. {{مبسس4}}ڪنهن عڪس جو هسٽونامو جوڙڻ لاءِ عڪس اندر هر رنگي عدد رکندڙ عڪسلون ڳڻبيون آهن. هسٽونامو جوڙڻ کان اڳ رنگ پولار کي ڊسڪريٽائي به سگھجي ٿو. مثال طور، هيٺين جدول ڏسندا، جيڪا هتي ڏنل تصوير جو هسٽونامو ڏيکاري ٿي. {| class="wikitable" align="center" |- align="center" | colspan="2" rowspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="4" | red |- align="center" | 0-63 | 64-127 | 128-191 | 192-255 |- align="center" | rowspan="4" | blue | 0-63 | 43 | 78 | 18 | 0 |- align="center" | 64-127 | 45 | 67 | 33 | 2 |- align="center" | 128-191 | 127 | 58 | 25 | 8 |- align="center" | 192-255 | 140 | 47 | 47 | 13 |} This provides a far more compact overview of the data in an image than knowing the exact value of every pixel. The color histogram of an image is invariant with translation and rotation about the viewing axis, and varies only slowly with the angle of view. This makes the color histogram particularly suited to recognising an object of unknown position and rotation within a scene. Importantly, translation of an RGB image into the illumination invariant rg-chromaticity space allows the histogram to operate well in varying light levels. The main drawback of histograms is that the representation is solely dependent of the color of the object being studied. There is no way to distinguish a red and white cup from a red and white plate. Put another way, histogram-based algorithms have no concept of a generic 'cup', and a model of our red and white cup is no use when given an otherwise identical blue and white cup. ==خارجي ڳنڍڻا== *[http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/plugins/color-inspector.html Software that can compute and interactively display 3D color histograms and color distributions] ==پڻ ڏسندا== *[[Histogram equalization]] [[Category:ڳڻپيوڪر چٽيات]] [[Category:سائنس]] [[Category:ٽيڪنيڀياس]] [[ru:Гистограмма (фотография)]] 2400 8101 2006-11-16T17:35:47Z Aursani 60 2401 8103 2006-11-16T17:40:38Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[ڳڻپيوڪر چٽيات]] #REDIRECT[[ڳڻپيوڪر چٽيات]] 2402 8104 2006-11-16T17:41:44Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[عڪس هسٽونامو]] #REDIRECT[[عڪس هسٽونامو]] 2403 8793 2007-01-23T00:12:06Z TXiKiBoT 136 robot Adding: [[hsb:Indiska]] {{غيرسنڌي}} [[image:flag of India.svg|thumb]] '''India''' (Devanagari: भारत Bhārat), officially the Republic of India (Bhārata Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second most populous country, and the most populous liberal democracy in the world. India has a coastline of over seven thousand kilometres, bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east. India borders Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal and Bhutan to the north-east; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka, Maldives and Indonesia. [[aa:India]] [[ab:India]] [[af:Indië]] [[ak:India]] [[als:Indien]] [[am:ህንድ]] [[an:India]] [[ang:India]] [[ar:الهند]] [[as:ভারত]] [[ast:India]] [[av:India]] [[ay:India]] [[az:Hindistan]] [[ba:Һиндостан]] [[bat-smg:Indėjė]] [[be:Індыя]] [[bg:Индия]] [[bh:भारत]] [[bi:India]] [[bm:India]] [[bn:ভারত]] [[bo:India]] [[bpy:ভারত]] [[br:India]] [[bs:Indija]] [[bug:India]] [[ca:Índia]] [[cbk-zam:India]] [[ce:India]] [[ceb:Indiya]] [[ch:India]] [[cho:India]] [[chy:India]] [[co:India]] [[cr:India]] [[cs:Indie]] [[csb:Indie]] [[cv:Инди]] [[cy:India]] [[da:Indien]] [[de:Indien]] [[diq:Hindıstan]] [[dv:ހިންދުސްތާން]] [[dz:India]] [[ee:India]] [[el:Ινδία]] [[en:India]] [[eo:Barato]] [[es:India]] [[et:India]] [[eu:India]] [[fa:هند]] [[fi:Intia]] [[fiu-vro:India]] [[fj:India]] [[fo:India]] [[fr:Inde]] [[frp:Ende]] [[fur:Indie]] [[fy:Yndia]] [[ga:An India]] [[gd:Na h-Innseachan]] [[gl:India - भारत]] [[gn:India]] [[got:𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌰]] [[gu:ભારત]] [[gv:Yn Injey]] [[ha:India]] [[haw:ʻInia]] [[he:הודו]] [[hi:भारत]] [[ho:India]] [[hr:Indija]] [[hsb:Indiska]] [[ht:End]] [[hu:India]] [[hy:Հնդկաստան]] [[ia:India]] [[id:India]] [[ie:India]] [[ig:India]] [[ilo:India]] [[io:India]] [[is:Indland]] [[it:India]] [[iu:ᐃᓐᑎᐊ]] [[ja:インド]] [[jbo:xingu'e]] [[jv:India]] [[ka:ინდოეთი]] [[kg:India]] [[ki:India]] [[kj:India]] [[kk:Үндістан]] [[km:ឥណ្ឌា]] [[kn:ಭಾರತ]] [[ko:인도]] [[ks:ہِندوستان]] [[ksh:Inndije]] [[ku:Hindistan]] [[kv:India]] [[kw:Eynda]] [[la:India]] [[lb:Indien]] [[li:India]] [[lij:India]] [[lmo:India]] [[ln:India]] [[lo:India]] [[lt:Indija]] [[lv:Indija]] [[map-bms:India]] [[mg:India]] [[mh:India]] [[mi:Inia (whenua)]] [[mk:Индија]] [[ml:ഇന്ത്യ]] [[mn:Энэтхэг]] [[mo:Индия]] [[mr:भारत]] [[ms:India]] [[mt:Indja]] [[mus:India]] [[my:India]] [[na:India]] [[nah:Indiyān]] [[nap:Innia]] [[nds:Indien]] [[nds-nl:India]] [[ne:भारत]] [[ng:India]] [[nl:India]] [[nn:India]] [[no:India]] [[nov:India]] [[nrm:Înde]] [[ny:India]] [[oc:Índia]] [[om:India]] [[or:ଭାରତ]] [[os:Инди]] [[pa:ਭਾਰਤ]] [[pam:India]] [[pap:India]] [[pdc:India]] [[pi:भारत]] [[pih:India]] [[pl:Indie]] [[pms:India]] [[pt:Índia]] [[qu:Barat]] [[rm:India]] [[rmy:Indiya (Bharat)]] [[rn:India]] [[ro:India]] [[roa-rup:India]] [[ru:Индия]] [[ru-sib:Индия]] [[sa:भारत]] [[sc:Ìndia]] [[scn:Innia]] [[sco:Indie]] [[se:India]] [[sg:India]] [[sh:Indija]] [[si:ඉන්දියාව]] [[simple:India]] [[sk:India]] [[sl:Indija]] [[sn:India]] [[so:Hindiya]] [[sq:India]] [[sr:Индија]] [[ss:India]] [[st:India]] [[su:India]] [[sv:Indien]] [[sw:Uhindi]] [[ta:இந்தியா]] [[te:భారత దేశము]] [[tet:Índia]] [[tg:Ҳиндустон]] [[th:ประเทศอินเดีย]] [[ti:India]] [[tk:Hindistan]] [[tl:India]] [[to:ʻInitia]] [[tpi:India]] [[tr:Hindistan]] [[tt:Hindstan]] [[tum:India]] [[tw:India]] [[ty:’Inītia]] [[udm:Индия]] [[ug:ھىندىستان]] [[uk:Індія]] [[ur:بھارت]] [[uz:Hindiston]] [[vec:India]] [[vi:Ấn Độ]] [[vo:India]] [[wa:Inde]] [[war:India]] [[wo:India]] [[wuu:印度]] [[xal:India]] [[xh:India]] [[yi:אינדיע]] [[za:India]] [[zh:印度]] [[zh-min-nan:Ìn-tō͘]] [[zh-yue:印度]] [[zu:India]] 2404 8114 2006-11-20T19:11:08Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[هسٽونامو]] #REDIRECT[[هسٽونامو]] 2405 8123 2006-11-21T09:44:58Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[قلعو نيرون ڪوٽ]] #REDIRECT[[قلعو نيرون ڪوٽ]] 2406 8350 2006-12-08T08:22:33Z Aursani 60 [[Image:Hyderabadfort.gif|320px|thumb|left|{{مبسس4}}حيدرآباد جو قديم قلعو المشهور پڪو قلعو]] {{مبسس4}}اڄ جيڪو [[حيدرآباد]] ۾ پڪو قلعو جي نالي سان مشهور آهي، سو ڇهين صدي هجريءَ ڌاري، يعني ته 11هين صدي عيسويءَ ۾ [[راءِ گھراڻو|راءِ گھراڻي]] جي حڪومت دوران برهمڻ گورنر جي زير دست هو. 12 صدي عيسويءَ ڌاري [[راجا ڏاهر]] جي طرفان هن قلعي جو حاڪم [[ٻڌ ڌرم]] جو ڀڪشو هو. قلعي جي دفاعي اهميت سبب راجا ڏاهر جو پٽ [[جئسينه]] پڻ وقت بوقت قلعي ۾ اچي ترسندو هو. جنهن ٽڪريءَ تي هيءَ قلعو بڌل آهي تنهن جو نالو نيرون هو، تنهن ڪري هن قلعي کي نيرون جو قلعو ڪري سڏيو ويو، جيڪو بعد ۾ نيرون ڪوٽ جي نالي سان هرواسي ٿيو. {{مبسس4}}اڄ جيڪو قلعو موجود آهي سو 18هين صدي عيسويءَ ۾ ڪلهوڙن جي آزاد حڪومت قائم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ميان [[غلام شاه ڪلهوڙو|غلام شاه ڪلهوڙي]] جوڙايو ۽ اتي رهائش پذير ٿيو. [[category:تاريخ]] 2407 8136 2006-11-22T14:32:22Z Soman 112 [[Amélie M'a Dit]] moved to [[آميلِي ما دِي]] #REDIRECT [[آميلِي ما دِي]] 2409 8149 2006-11-23T11:16:16Z Aursani 60 [[حيدرآباد, پاڪستان]] moved to [[حيدرآباد سنڌ]]: هيءُ صفحو بي سبب چوريو ويو هو #REDIRECT [[حيدرآباد سنڌ]] 2410 8158 2006-11-23T16:54:41Z Aursani 60 New page: 2411 8164 2006-11-24T15:11:18Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[سنڌو ٽِڪور]] #REDIRECT[[سنڌو ٽِڪور]] 2412 8308 2006-12-07T18:19:06Z Aursani 60 [[Image:Indus River Delta.jpg|thumb|300px|left|{{مبسس4}}سنڌو ٽڪور]] {{مبسس4}}سنڌو ٽڪور اتي ٺهي ٿي جتي سنڌو درياءُ عربي سمنڊ ۾ ڇوڙ ڪري ٿو. هيءَ ٽڪور 16 هزار چورس ميلن يعني 41 هزار 4 سَو 40 چورس ڪلوميٽرن جي ايراضيءَ تي پکڙيل آهي، ۽ ان جو سمنڊ سان دنگ لڳ ڀڳ 130 ميل ڊگھو آهي. {{مبسس4}}سموري ٽڪور تي ڪيتريون ننڍيون ننڍيون وسنديون آباد آهن پر ڪو به وڏو شهر آباد نه آهي. ٽڪور کي ويجھي ۾ ويجھا شهر [[ٺٽو]] ۽ سنڌ جو وڏو ۾ وڏو شهر [[ڪراچي]] اولهه طرف آهن. [[سنڌ]] جو ٻيون وڏي ۾ وڏو شهر [[حيدرآباد سنڌ|حيدرآباد]] سنڌو ٽڪور کان 130 ميلن جي فاصلي تي اتر ۾ واقع آهي. {{مبسس4}}سنڌو ٽڪور تي سراسري گرمي پد جُولاءِ جي مهيني ۾ 70 کان 85 درجا فاهانائيٽ جڏهن ته جنوريءَ ۾ 50 کان 70 درجا فارهانائيٽ رهندو آهي. ڪنهن عام سال ۾ ان ٽڪور تي 10 کان 20 انچ وسڪارو ٿيندو آهي. Unlike many other deltas, the Indus River Delta consists of [[clay]] and other infertile [[soil]]s, and is very swampy. The Indus River Delta is an important region for migrating water [[bird]]s, and is an area rich in freshwater [[fauna (animals)|fauna]]. Fish found in the delta include the [[Hilsa]], Indus baril, Indus garua (a [[catfish]]), the giant snakehead, golden mahaseer and the Rita catfish. ==سنڌو ٽڪور جي تباهي== {{مبسس4}}هن وقت [[سنڌو]] [[درياءُ|درياءَ]] مان تازو پاڻِ نه ملڻ ڪري سنڌو ٽڪور ماحولياتي دٻاءُ جو شڪار آهي. سنڌو ٽڪور جا تمر ٻيلا ۽ ان ۾ پلجندڙ سموري جنگلي جيوت توڙِي آبي جيوت جيئدان جي جنگ هارائيندي نظر اچي رهيا آهن. سنڌو ٽڪور جا تمر ٻيلا جيڪي اڳي ooo هيڪٽرن تي پکڙيل هئا، سي هائي رڳو ooo هيٽرن تائين محدود رهجي ويا آهن. ساڳيءَ ريت [[جھينگو|جھينگي]] ۽ [[پلو|پلي]] جو نسل پڻ خطري ۾ آهي ۽ ان ڪري نازڪ مرحلي مان گذري رهيو آهي جو سندن جياپو سمنڊ جي کاري پاڻي ۽ سنڌو درياءَ جي مٺي پاڻيءَ جي ميلاپ تي دارومدار رکي ٿو. ==حوالا== *redtailcanyon.com - [http://www.redtailcanyon.com/items/3755.aspx] *World Atlas, Millennium Edition, pg 265. *World Wildlife.org - [http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/g200/g156.html] ==پڻ ڏسندا== *{{مبسس4}}[[دريائي ٽڪور]] ==خارجي ڳنڍڻا== *[http://www.whoi.edu/pclift/IndusDeltaProject.html سنڌو ٽڪور رٿا] {{ڏکڻ ايشياپاڻي}} {{ڏکڻ ايشياڀونءِنگاري}} [[Category:River deltas]] [[Category:ڀونءِ ڀياس ۽ ڀونءِ نگاري]] [[Category:Rivers of Pakistan]] 2413 8166 2006-11-24T15:12:47Z Aursani 60 New page: 2414 8167 2006-11-24T15:13:36Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[سنڌو ٽِڪور]] #REDIRECT[[سنڌو ٽِڪور]] 2415 8168 2006-11-24T15:14:11Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[سنڌو ٽِڪور]] #REDIRECT[[سنڌو ٽِڪور]] 2416 8169 2006-11-24T15:14:52Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[سنڌو ٽِڪور]] #REDIRECT[[سنڌو ٽِڪور]] 2417 8183 2006-11-28T10:36:15Z Aursani 60 سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀلي ڪري آيا All Sindhis are requested to contribute in the preparation of SINDHI Wikipedia more informative & usefull for user's. Akbar Mangrio. == سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀلي ڪري آيا == {{مبسس4}}مڱريو صاحب، {{مبسس4}}سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي توهان کي ڀليڪار چئجي ٿي. اميد ته سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي پير ڀريندا رهندا ۽ زبان خرچ کان هٽي ڪري پنهنجي ڀاڱيداري نڀائڻ جي عملي ابتدا ڪندا. هن وقت سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڪم ڪرڻ وارو آئون اڪيلو ئي آهيان. اوهان پنهنجي ئي مباحثي صفحي تي سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا جي لاءِ جيڪي نيڪ جذبا ظاهر ڪيا آهن، اهي به غير سنڌي ٻوليءَ ۾ ڪيا آهن. مهرباني ڪري سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي غير سنڌي ٻولين ۾ نياپا رکڻ کان پاسو ڪندا. آئون سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا کان سواءِ سنڌي وڪي لغت تي به اڪيلو ئي ڪم ڪرڻ وارو آهيان. سنڌي وڪي لغت توهان هيٺين ڳنڍڻي تي گھمي سگھو ٿا. [http://sd.wiktionary.org سنڌي وڪي لغت] {{مبسس4}}احسان احمد عرساڻي (منتظم سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا) [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 10:36, 28 نومبر 2006 (UTC) 2418 8199 2006-11-30T17:00:12Z Aursani 60 {| class="toccolours" align="center" style=" text-align:right; width:90%; margin:1em auto;" |-align="center" ! colspan="2" style="background:#ccf;"|[[Image:India_78.40398E_20.74980N.jpg|58px]] &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Image:Early morning on the Ganges.jpg|44px]] &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ''' [[ڏکڻ ايشيا]] جا پاڻي''' &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Image:Indus.A2002274.0610.1km.jpg|33px]] &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Image:Kannurfort1.JPG|57px]] |-align="center" !valign="top" width="100px"|'''Inland''' |align="right" valign="top" class="small"|[[سنڌو|سنڌو درياءُ]] | [[گنگا|گنگا ندي]] | [[جمنا ندي|جمنا]] | [[چناب ندي|چناب]] | [[جهلم ندي|جهلم]] | [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] | [[Godavari ندي|Godavari]] | [[Narmada River|Narmada]] | [[Tapti]] | [[راوي ندي|راوي]] | [[Beas River|Beas]] | [[سطلج ندي|سطلج]] | [[Dudh Kosi]] | [[پدما ندي|پدما]] | [[سرسوتي ندي|سرسوتي]] | [[ڪرشنا ندي|ڪرشنا]] | [[Kaveri River|Kaveri]] | [[Meghna River|Meghna]] | [[Mahanadi River|Mahanadi]] | [[Son River|Son]] | [[Ghaghara River|Ghaghara]] | [[Betwa River|Betwa]] | [[چمبل ندي|چمبل]] | [[ڪوشي ندي|ڪوشي]] | [[سپت ڪوشي]] | [[Tamur River|Tamur]] | [[Mo Chhu]] | [[سنڪوش]] | [[Drangme Chhu]] | [[Ganga basin]] | [[گنگا ٽڪور]] | [[Indus River Delta|سنڌو ٽڪور]] | [[Dal Lake]] | [[Pookode Lake]] | [[Skeleton Lake]] | [[Chilika Lake]] | [[Powai_Lake|Lake Powai]] | [[Borith Lake]] | [[سيف الملوڪ]] | [[Gosaikunda]] | [[نظام ساگر]] | [[Red Hills Lake]] | [[Malampuzha]] | [[ڪيرالا Backwaters]] |-align="center" !valign="top" width="100px"|'''Off the Coast''' |align="left" valign="top" class="small"|[[Indian Ocean]] | [[Arabian Sea]] | [[Laccadive Sea]] | [[Bay of Bengal]] | [[Gulf of Kutch]] | [[Gulf of Khambhat]] | [[Palk Bay]] | [[Gulf of Mannar]] |-align="center" !valign="top" width="100px"|'''Main''' |align="left" valign="top" class="small"|[[:Category:Reservoirs in India|Reservoirs and dams in India]] | [[:Category:هندستان جون ڍنڍون|هندستان جون ڍنڍون]] | [[Rivers of India]] | [[:Category:ڍنڍون of Pakistan|پاڪستان جون ڍنڍون]] | [[:Category:پاڪستان جون ڍنڍون|پاڪستان جون ڍنڍون]] | [[:Category:بنگلاديش جا درياءَ|بنگلاديش جا درياءَ]] | [[:Category:ڀوٽان جا درياءَ|ڀوٽان جا درياءَ]] | [[:Category:ڍنڍون نيپال جون|نيپال جون ڍنڍون]] | [[:Category:نيپال جا درياءَ|نيپال جا درياءَ]] |} 2419 8193 2006-11-29T18:19:51Z Aursani 60 2420 8195 2006-11-29T18:23:02Z Aursani 60 New page: {| class="toccolours" style="clear:both;width:90%;margin:1em auto;" align="center" |-align="center" ! style="background-color:#CCCCFF;" colspan="2"|[[Image:India topo big.jpg|50px]] &nbsp;... {| class="toccolours" style="clear:both;width:90%;margin:1em auto;" align="center" |-align="center" ! style="background-color:#CCCCFF;" colspan="2"|[[Image:India topo big.jpg|50px]] &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''[[ڏکڻ ايشيا]] جي [[ڀونءِ نگاري]]''' &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Image:India_78.40398E_20.74980N.jpg|50px]] |- align="center" class="small" !valign="top" width="100px"|[[Image:Himalayas.jpg|55px]] |align="left" valign="top"|[[Himalaya]] | [[Western Ghats]] | [[Eastern Ghats]] | [[Aravalli Range]] | [[The Nilgiris]] | [[Vindhya Range]] | [[Satpura Range]] | [[Garo Hills]] | [[Shivalik Hills]] | [[Khasi Hills]] | [[Annamalai Hills]] | [[Cardamom Hills]] | [[Sulaiman Mountains]] | [[Karakoram]] | [[Hindu Kush]] | [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]] | [[Deccan Plateau]] | [[Thar Desert]] | [[Makran]] | [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chota Nagpur]] | [[Naga Hills]] | [[Mysore Plateau]] | [[Ladakh|Ladakh Plateau]] |-align="center" class="small" !valign="top" width="100px"|[[Image:Dabhol_Beach.jpg|58px]] |align="left" valign="top"|[[Indo-Gangetic plain]] | [[Indus River Delta]] | [[Ganga basin]] | [[Ganges Delta]] | [[Atolls of Maldives]] | [[Coromandel Coast]] | [[Konkan]] | [[Lakshadweep]] | [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] | [[Sundarbans]] | [[Rann of Kutch]] |-align="center" class="small" !valign="top" width="100px"|'''Main''' |align="left" valign="top"|[[Geography of India|India]] | [[Geography of Pakistan|Pakistan]] | [[Geography of Nepal|Nepal]] | [[Geography of Bhutan|Bhutan]] | [[Geography of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]] | [[Geography of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] | [[Geography of the Maldives|The Maldives]] | [[Portal:Himalaya region]] |} 2421 8196 2006-11-29T18:24:02Z Aursani 60 2422 8230 2006-12-05T11:56:56Z Aursani 60 /* پڻ ڏسندا */ [[Image:NileDelta-EO.JPG|thumb|right|200px|{{مبسس4}}درياءِ نيل ٽڪور Earth orbit کان ڏسجندي. ھيءَ تصوير ناسا جي ٿورن سان پيش ڪجي ٿي.]] {{مبسس4}}اها ٽِڪُنڊوَر ايراضي جيڪا ڪنهن دريائي پاڻيءَ جي [[سمنڊ]]، [[ساگر]]، [[بيابان]]، [[]] يا [[ڍنڍ]]، ۾ ڇوڙ ڪرڻ سان ٺهي ٿي. A '''delta''' is a [[landform]] where the mouth of a [[river]] flows into an [[ocean]], [[sea]], [[desert]], [[estuary]] or [[lake]], building outwards (as a '''deltaic deposit''') from [[sediment]] carried by the river and deposited as the water current is dissipated. Deltaic deposits of larger, heavily-laden rivers are characterized by the river channel dividing into multiple streams ([[distributary|distributaries]]), these divide and come together again to form a maze of active and inactive channels. A related notion is [[estuaries]], which are another type of river mouth. == ٽڪور جڙڻ == [[Image:NarsarsuaqGreenland-ArcuateDelta.jpg|thumb|left|200px|This [[arcuate delta]] has formed on the south-west coastline of [[Greenland]], near [[Narsarsuaq]].]] {{مبسس4}}ٽڪنڊوَر ڊول ۽ سمنڊ سان ڊگھو دنگ ھوڻ جو سبب اها رنڊڪ آهي جيڪا لَٽُ دريائي وهڪري ۾ وجھي ٿو ۽ نتيجتاً درياءُ ڪيترين ئي شاخن ۾ وراهجي وڃي ٿو جيڪي درياءَ جي مک وهڪري کان ڪنڊائتيون ٿي مختلف رخن ۾ وهندي سمنڊ ۾ ڇوڙ ڪنديون آهن. A deposit at the mouth of a river usually roughly triangular in shape. The triangular shape and the increased width at the base are due to blocking of the [[river mouth]] by silt, with resulting continual formation of distributaries at angles to the original course. [[Herodotus]] the great historian used this term for the [[Nile Delta|Nile river delta]] because the sediment deposit at its mouth had the shape of [[upper-case]] [[Greek letter]] [[Delta (letter)|Delta]]: '''Δ'''. Where delta formation is river-dominated and less subject to [[tide|tidal]] or [[Ocean surface wave|wave]] action, a delta may take on a multi-lobed shape which resembles a [[bird]]'s foot. [[مسسپي دريائي ٽڪور|مسسپي ٽڪور]] ان قسم جو هڪڙو مثال آهي. [[Image:Ganges River Delta, Bangladesh, India.jpg|right|200px|thumb|[[هندستان]] ۽ [[بنگلاديش]] ۾ [[گنگا ندي]]ءَ جي ٽڪور دنيا جي چند ذرخيز ترين علائقن مان هڪ آهي.]] The most famous delta is that of the [[Nile|Nile River]], and it is this delta from which the term is derived, because the Nile delta has a very characteristic [[triangle (geometry)|triangular]] shape, like the (upper-case) [[Greek alphabet|Greek letter]] [[delta (letter)|delta]] (<math>\Delta</math>). Other rivers with notable deltas include the [[Amazon River|Amazon]], the [[Ganges River|Ganges]]/[[Brahmaputra]] combination (this delta spans most of [[Bangladesh]] and [[West Bengal]]), the [[Niger River|Niger]], the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]], the [[Sacramento River|Sacramento]]-[[San Joaquin River|San Joaquin]], the [[Rhine]], the [[Rhone River|Rhône]], the [[Danube Delta|Danube]], the [[Ebro]], the [[Volga River|Volga]], the [[Lena River|Lena]], the [[Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh|Tigris-Euphrates]], the [[Indus River|Indus]], the [[Krishna River|Krishna]]-[[Godavari River|Godavari]], the [[Kaveri River|Kaveri]], the [[Ayeyarwady River|Ayeyarwady]], and the [[Mekong]]. In rare cases the river delta is located inside a large valley and is called an [[inverted river delta]]. {{مبسس4}}ڪڏهن ڪڏهن درياءُ ڪيترين ئي شاخن ۾ وراهجي ويندو آهي، جيڪي ڪجھه فاصلي کان پوءِ وري ملي هڪ ٿي وڃڻ بعد سمنڊ ڏانهن وڌينديون آهن. اهو سمورو علائقو جنهن مان درياءُ شاخن ۾ وراهجي گذري تنهن کي اِن '''لينڊ ڊيلٽا''' </font> (Inland Delta) {{مبسس4}}يا '''ڀونوچ ٽڪور''' چئجي ٿو. اهڙيون ٽڪورون اڪثر اهڙن علائقن ۾ جڙن ٿيون جتي اڳي ڍنڍ جو پيٽ هوندو هو. [[نائيجر ڀونوچ ٽڪور]] ان جو قابل ذڪر مثال آهي. These rock formations, which sometimes contain coal, cap the thick series of sedimentary rocks of the [[Allegheny Plateau]] in eastern [[North America]]. ==ٽڪورُن جي فهرست== * [[Camargue]] ([[Rhône River]] Delta) * [[Colorado River Delta]] * [[Danube Delta]] * [[Ganges Delta|Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta]] * [[سنڌو درياءُ ٽڪور]] * [[Lena Delta Wildlife Reserve|Lena Delta]] * [[Mekong Delta]] * [[Mississippi River Delta]] * [[Niger Inland Delta]] (inland delta) * [[Niger Delta|Niger River Delta]] (Oil Rivers) * [[Nile Delta]] * [[Okavango Delta]] (inland delta) * [[Paraná Delta]] * [[Pearl River Delta]] * [[Rio Grande Valley]] * [[Rhine]]-[[Meuse river|Meuse]]-[[Scheldt]] Delta * [[Sacramento River Delta]] * [[Volga Delta]] * [[Yangtze River Delta]] * [[Yukon Delta]] ==پڻ ڏسندا== {{Commons|Category:River deltas|دريائي ٽڪورُون}} *[[Delta switching]] ==خارجي ڳنڍڻا== *[http://www.geol.lsu.edu/WDD/DELTA_LISTS/continents.htm Louisiana State University Geology] - World Deltas [[Category:Landforms]] [[Category:Ecology]] [[Category:River deltas|*]] [[Category:Coastal geography]] [[af:Rivierdelta]] [[ar:دلتا]] [[be:Дэльта]] [[ca:Delta de riu]] [[cs:Říční delta]] [[da:Floddelta]] [[de:Flussdelta]] [[et:Suue]] [[es:Delta (río)]] [[eo:Riverdelto]] [[fr:Delta (fleuve)]] [[ko:삼각주]] [[it:Delta (fiume)]] [[he:דלתה]] [[ka:დელტა]] [[nl:Rivierdelta]] [[ja:三角州]] [[lt:Delta]] [[no:Elvedelta]] [[pl:Delta rzeki]] [[pt:Delta]] [[ru:Дельта реки]] [[fi:Suisto]] [[sv:Floddelta]] [[uk:Дельта]] [[zh:三角洲]] 2423 8217 2006-12-02T16:59:34Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[سنڌو ٽڪور]] #REDIRECT[[سنڌو ٽڪور]] 2424 8315 2006-12-07T18:31:04Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}مدد علي سنڌي اهو بدڪردار شخص آهي، جنهن جو ڪو به دين ايمان ڪونهي. هو هر ان ڌر سان گڏ نظر ايندو آهي جيڪا اقتدار ۾ هوندي آهي. هن وقت، ڊسمبر 2006ع ۾، سندس تازي ترين ادبي چوري [[رني ڪوٽ]] تي لکيل مضمون '''دنيا جو وڏي ۾ وڏو قلعو رني ڪوٽ''' پنهنجي نالي سان ڇپائڻ آهي، جيڪو در اصل [[ڊاڪٽر شمس الدين عرساڻي]]ءَ ڪرنل رشيد جي انگريزيءَ ۾ لکيل مضمون تان سنڌي ترجمو ڪيو هو. حالانڪه اهو ترجمو [[حيدرآباد سنڌ]] مان شايع ٿيندڙ [[ٽماهي مهراڻ]] ۾ 1967ع ڌاري ڇپجڻ بعد تمام گھڻو مقبول ٿيو ۽ [[سنڌي ادبي بورڊ]] ان جون ڪيتريون ئي ڪاپيون ڇپائي ورهايون، پر پوءِ به ادبي چور مدد عليءَ 30هين نومبر 2006ع ڌاري رني ڪوٽ بابت ٿيندڙ سيمينار جي موقعي تي وزير اعليٰ سنڌ جي پريس سيڪريٽريءَ جي حيثيت ۾ سمورين سنڌي اخبارن ۾ سرڪاري خرچ سان مضمون جو اختصار عين بين ساڳيا جملا ۽ لفظ توڙي ڊاڪٽر شمس الدين عرساڻيءَ جا جوڙيل ٽيڪنيڪي اصطلاح استعمال ڪندي پنهنجي نالي سان ڇپائي ڇڏيو. [[category:شخصيات]] 2425 8221 2006-12-04T09:40:11Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[مدد علي سنڌي، هڪ ادبي چور]] #REDIRECT[[مدد علي سنڌي، هڪ ادبي چور]] 2426 8224 2006-12-05T08:56:27Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[مدد علي سنڌي، هڪ ادبي چور]] #REDIRECT[[مدد علي سنڌي، هڪ ادبي چور]] 2427 8236 2006-12-06T09:15:04Z Aursani 60 [[سنڌو]] moved to [[سنڌو درياءُ]] #REDIRECT [[سنڌو درياءُ]] 2428 8242 2006-12-06T11:03:44Z Aursani 60 Removing all content from page 2429 8243 2006-12-06T11:03:50Z Aursani 60 New page: {{مبسس4}}سائين نوناري صاحب، اسلام عليڪم. {{مبسس4}}سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀلي ڪري آيا. اميد ته سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي نه... {{مبسس4}}سائين نوناري صاحب، اسلام عليڪم. {{مبسس4}}سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀلي ڪري آيا. اميد ته سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي نه رڳو قرب ڀريا پير ڀريندا رهندا بلڪه پنهنجي ڀاڱيداري پڻ نڀائيندا رهندا. هن وقت سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڪم ڪرڻ وارو آئون اڪيلو ئي آهيان. آئون پڻ مناسب وقت نه ڏئي سگھندو آهيان ڇاڪاڻ ته آئون پنهنجي تعليم ۾ تمام گھڻو مصروف رهندو آهيان. پوءِ به منهنجي ڪوشش رهندي آهي ته روزانو ٿورو ئي سهي پر ڪجھه ڪم ڪجي. مهرباني ڪري وڪيپيڊيا تي پنهنجي پسند جي ڪنهن به موضوع تي مضمون لکندا رهندا يا اڳي ئي موجود مضمونن ۾ واڌارا آڻيندا رهندا يا وري انگريزيءَ تان مضمون ڪاپي ڪري سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي پيسٽ ڪندا ۽ پوءِ رفته رفته ان جو ترجمو ڪندا ويندا. {{مبسس4}}ان کان سواءِ هيٺين ڳنڍڻي تي سنڌي وڪي لغت پڻ گھمي ڏسندا. [http://sd.wiktionary.org وڪيغت] {{مبسس4}}وڪيپيڊيا جو منتظم احسان احمد عرساڻي 2430 8244 2006-12-06T11:42:39Z Aursani 60 New page: ==خارجي ڳنڍڻا== http://www.dpi.inpe.br/spring/teoria/rgbihs/rgbihseng.htm ==خارجي ڳنڍڻا== http://www.dpi.inpe.br/spring/teoria/rgbihs/rgbihseng.htm 2431 8256 2006-12-06T12:36:45Z Aursani 60 Removing all content from page 2432 8254 2006-12-06T12:35:51Z Aursani 60 Removing all content from page 2433 8252 2006-12-06T12:35:09Z Aursani 60 Removing all content from page 2434 8251 2006-12-06T12:34:42Z Aursani 60 Removing all content from page 2435 8250 2006-12-06T12:34:32Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}سائين سراج چنا صاحب، اسلام عليڪم. {{مبسس4}}سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀلي ڪري آيا. اميد ته سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي نه رڳو قرب ڀريا پير ڀريندا رهندا بلڪه پنهنجي ڀاڱيداري پڻ نڀائيندا رهندا. هن وقت سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڪم ڪرڻ وارو آئون اڪيلو ئي آهيان. آئون پڻ مناسب وقت نه ڏئي سگھندو آهيان ڇاڪاڻ ته آئون پنهنجي تعليم ۾ تمام گھڻو مصروف رهندو آهيان. پوءِ به منهنجي ڪوشش رهندي آهي ته روزانو ٿورو ئي سهي پر ڪجھه ڪم ڪجي. مهرباني ڪري وڪيپيڊيا تي پنهنجي پسند جي ڪنهن به موضوع تي مضمون لکندا رهندا يا اڳي ئي موجود مضمونن ۾ واڌارا آڻيندا رهندا يا وري انگريزيءَ تان مضمون ڪاپي ڪري سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي پيسٽ ڪندا ۽ پوءِ رفته رفته ان جو ترجمو ڪندا ويندا. {{مبسس4}}ان کان سواءِ هيٺين ڳنڍڻي تي سنڌي وڪي لغت پڻ گھمي ڏسندا. [http://sd.wiktionary.org وڪيغت] {{مبسس4}}وڪيپيڊيا جو منتظم احسان احمد عرساڻي 2436 8365 2006-12-09T20:52:11Z Amjadkeryo 117 sind and all related things {{مبسس4}}سائين امجد ڪيريو صاحب، اسلام عليڪم. {{مبسس4}}سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀلي ڪري آيا. اميد ته سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي نه رڳو قرب ڀريا پير ڀريندا رهندا بلڪه پنهنجي ڀاڱيداري پڻ نڀائيندا رهندا. هن وقت سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڪم ڪرڻ وارو آئون اڪيلو ئي آهيان. آئون پڻ مناسب وقت نه ڏئي سگھندو آهيان ڇاڪاڻ ته آئون پنهنجي تعليم ۾ تمام گھڻو مصروف رهندو آهيان. پوءِ به منهنجي ڪوشش رهندي آهي ته روزانو ٿورو ئي سهي پر ڪجھه ڪم ڪجي. مهرباني ڪري وڪيپيڊيا تي پنهنجي پسند جي ڪنهن به موضوع تي مضمون لکندا رهندا يا اڳي ئي موجود مضمونن ۾ واڌارا آڻيندا رهندا يا وري انگريزيءَ تان مضمون ڪاپي ڪري سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي پيسٽ ڪندا ۽ پوءِ رفته رفته ان جو ترجمو ڪندا ويندا. {{مبسس4}}ان کان سواءِ هيٺين ڳنڍڻي تي سنڌي وڪي لغت پڻ گھمي ڏسندا. [http://sd.wiktionary.org وڪيغت] {{مبسس4}}وڪيپيڊيا جو منتظم احسان احمد عرساڻي == sind and all related things == i will try to take keen intrest in editing all and every thing abot sind from any where and art and culture about sind in sind hi or english but i am not compute r student so ican help in decorating this page how much u advise me about this my trial thanks amjadkeryo 2437 8255 2006-12-06T12:35:58Z Aursani 60 New page: {{مبسس4}}سائين نور محمد صاحب، اسلام عليڪم. {{مبسس4}}سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀلي ڪري آيا. اميد ته سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ... {{مبسس4}}سائين نور محمد صاحب، اسلام عليڪم. {{مبسس4}}سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀلي ڪري آيا. اميد ته سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي نه رڳو قرب ڀريا پير ڀريندا رهندا بلڪه پنهنجي ڀاڱيداري پڻ نڀائيندا رهندا. هن وقت سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڪم ڪرڻ وارو آئون اڪيلو ئي آهيان. آئون پڻ مناسب وقت نه ڏئي سگھندو آهيان ڇاڪاڻ ته آئون پنهنجي تعليم ۾ تمام گھڻو مصروف رهندو آهيان. پوءِ به منهنجي ڪوشش رهندي آهي ته روزانو ٿورو ئي سهي پر ڪجھه ڪم ڪجي. مهرباني ڪري وڪيپيڊيا تي پنهنجي پسند جي ڪنهن به موضوع تي مضمون لکندا رهندا يا اڳي ئي موجود مضمونن ۾ واڌارا آڻيندا رهندا يا وري انگريزيءَ تان مضمون ڪاپي ڪري سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي پيسٽ ڪندا ۽ پوءِ رفته رفته ان جو ترجمو ڪندا ويندا. {{مبسس4}}ان کان سواءِ هيٺين ڳنڍڻي تي سنڌي وڪي لغت پڻ گھمي ڏسندا. [http://sd.wiktionary.org وڪيغت] {{مبسس4}}وڪيپيڊيا جو منتظم احسان احمد عرساڻي 2438 8257 2006-12-06T12:37:03Z Aursani 60 New page: {{مبسس4}}سائين اشوڪ ڪمار صاحب، اسلام عليڪم. {{مبسس4}}سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀلي ڪري آيا. اميد ته سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي... {{مبسس4}}سائين اشوڪ ڪمار صاحب، اسلام عليڪم. {{مبسس4}}سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀلي ڪري آيا. اميد ته سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي نه رڳو قرب ڀريا پير ڀريندا رهندا بلڪه پنهنجي ڀاڱيداري پڻ نڀائيندا رهندا. هن وقت سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڪم ڪرڻ وارو آئون اڪيلو ئي آهيان. آئون پڻ مناسب وقت نه ڏئي سگھندو آهيان ڇاڪاڻ ته آئون پنهنجي تعليم ۾ تمام گھڻو مصروف رهندو آهيان. پوءِ به منهنجي ڪوشش رهندي آهي ته روزانو ٿورو ئي سهي پر ڪجھه ڪم ڪجي. مهرباني ڪري وڪيپيڊيا تي پنهنجي پسند جي ڪنهن به موضوع تي مضمون لکندا رهندا يا اڳي ئي موجود مضمونن ۾ واڌارا آڻيندا رهندا يا وري انگريزيءَ تان مضمون ڪاپي ڪري سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي پيسٽ ڪندا ۽ پوءِ رفته رفته ان جو ترجمو ڪندا ويندا. {{مبسس4}}ان کان سواءِ هيٺين ڳنڍڻي تي سنڌي وڪي لغت پڻ گھمي ڏسندا. [http://sd.wiktionary.org وڪيغت] {{مبسس4}}وڪيپيڊيا جو منتظم احسان احمد عرساڻي 2439 8258 2006-12-06T16:11:41Z 217.218.210.4 New page: سلام ياعلي مدد اسانکي سنڌي جو لغت نامو کپي چاڪجي سلام ياعلي مدد اسانکي سنڌي جو لغت نامو کپي چاڪجي 2440 8259 2006-12-06T16:16:15Z 217.218.210.4 New page: سلام عليکم چو بلا سندي بولي هت صحيح لکي نتا سگهون؟ ان باري م اسان جي مدد کندا مهرباني سلام عليکم چو بلا سندي بولي هت صحيح لکي نتا سگهون؟ ان باري م اسان جي مدد کندا مهرباني 2441 8274 2006-12-07T14:58:41Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}سائين آصف علي ڀيو صاحب، اسلام عليڪم. {{مبسس4}}سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀلي ڪري آيا. اميد ته سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي نه رڳو قرب ڀريا پير ڀريندا رهندا بلڪه پنهنجي ڀاڱيداري پڻ نڀائيندا رهندا. هن وقت سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڪم ڪرڻ وارو آئون اڪيلو ئي آهيان. آئون پڻ مناسب وقت نه ڏئي سگھندو آهيان ڇاڪاڻ ته آئون پنهنجي تعليم ۾ تمام گھڻو مصروف رهندو آهيان. پوءِ به منهنجي ڪوشش رهندي آهي ته روزانو ٿورو ئي سهي پر ڪجھه ڪم ڪجي. مهرباني ڪري وڪيپيڊيا تي پنهنجي پسند جي ڪنهن به موضوع تي مضمون لکندا رهندا يا اڳي ئي موجود مضمونن ۾ واڌارا آڻيندا رهندا يا وري انگريزيءَ تان مضمون ڪاپي ڪري سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي پيسٽ ڪندا ۽ پوءِ رفته رفته ان جو ترجمو ڪندا ويندا. {{مبسس4}}ان کان سواءِ هيٺين ڳنڍڻي تي سنڌي وڪي لغت پڻ گھمي ڏسندا. [http://sd.wiktionary.org وڪيغت] {{مبسس4}}وڪيپيڊيا جو منتظم احسان احمد عرساڻي [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 14:58, 7 ڊسمبر 2006 (UTC) 2442 8273 2006-12-07T14:58:18Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}سائين جاويد جوکيو صاحب، اسلام عليڪم. {{مبسس4}}سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀلي ڪري آيا. اميد ته سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي نه رڳو قرب ڀريا پير ڀريندا رهندا بلڪه پنهنجي ڀاڱيداري پڻ نڀائيندا رهندا. هن وقت سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڪم ڪرڻ وارو آئون اڪيلو ئي آهيان. آئون پڻ مناسب وقت نه ڏئي سگھندو آهيان ڇاڪاڻ ته آئون پنهنجي تعليم ۾ تمام گھڻو مصروف رهندو آهيان. پوءِ به منهنجي ڪوشش رهندي آهي ته روزانو ٿورو ئي سهي پر ڪجھه ڪم ڪجي. مهرباني ڪري وڪيپيڊيا تي پنهنجي پسند جي ڪنهن به موضوع تي مضمون لکندا رهندا يا اڳي ئي موجود مضمونن ۾ واڌارا آڻيندا رهندا يا وري انگريزيءَ تان مضمون ڪاپي ڪري سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي پيسٽ ڪندا ۽ پوءِ رفته رفته ان جو ترجمو ڪندا ويندا. {{مبسس4}}ان کان سواءِ هيٺين ڳنڍڻي تي سنڌي وڪي لغت پڻ گھمي ڏسندا. [http://sd.wiktionary.org وڪيغت] {{مبسس4}}وڪيپيڊيا جو منتظم احسان احمد عرساڻي [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 14:58, 7 ڊسمبر 2006 (UTC) 2443 8263 2006-12-07T09:17:03Z 217.172.236.128 New page: jgjghjghjghjhgjghj jgjghjghjghjhgjghj 2444 8452 2006-12-16T13:50:01Z Tiyoringo 111 /* 他言語版リンク */ == バベル(Babel) == <table style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 242px; border: #99B3FF solid 1px"> <tr><td><center>'''[[Wikipedia:Babel]]'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td>{{User ja}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User en-2}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User de-1}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User zh-1}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User es-0}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User fr-0}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User it-0}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User nl-0}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User pt-0}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User sd-0}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User simple-2}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User BirthdayYear|1|9|7|X}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User windows}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User browser:Microsoft Internet Explorer}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User inclusionist}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User 歴検 2級世界史}}</td></tr> <!--<tr><td>{{User death-expand}}</td></tr>--> <tr><td>{{User Hutu}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User Yahoo! JAPAN}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User Google}}</td></tr> </table> == 他言語版リンク == *[[aa:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] *[[ab:Участник:Tiyoringo|アブハズ語（アブハジア共和国）]] *[[af:Gebruiker:Tiyoringo|アフリカーンス語（南アフリカなど）]] *[[ak:User:Tiyoringo|アカン語（ガーナ、コートジボアール）]] *[[als:Benutzer:Tiyoringo|アレマン語（スイス、高地ドイツ）]] *[[am:User:Tiyoringo|アムハラ語（エチオピア）]] *[[an:Usuario:Tiyoringo|アラゴン語（スペインの一部）]] *[[ang:User:Tiyoringo|古英語]] *[[ar:مستخدم:Tiyoringo|アラビア語]] *[[arc:User:Tiyoringo|現代アッシリア語]] *[[as:User:Tiyoringo|アッサム語（インド・アッサム地方）]] *[[ast:Usuariu:Tiyoringo|アストゥーリア語（ポルトガルの方言）]] *[[av:Участник:Tiyoringo|アヴァル語（ダゲスタン共和国）]] *[[ay:User:Tiyoringo|アイマラ語（ボリビア・ペルー）]] *[[az:İstifadəçi:Tiyoringo|アゼルバイジャン語]] *[[ba:Ҡатнашыусы:Tiyoringo|バシキール語（バシコルトスタン）]] *[[bar:User:Tiyoringo|ババリア語]] *[[bat-smg:User:Tiyoringo|（リトアニアの一部）]] *[[be:Удзельнік:Tiyoringo|ベラルーシ語]] *[[bg:Потребител:Tiyoringo|ブルガリア語]] *[[bh:User:Tiyoringo|ビハリ語（インド・ビハール州）]] *[[bi:User:Tiyoringo|ビスラマ語（バヌアツ、ニューカレドニア）]] *[[bm:Utilisateur:Tiyoringo|バンバラ語（マリ、ブルキナファソ、コートジボアール、ガンビア）]] *[[bn:ব্যবহারকারী:Tiyoringo|ベンガル語（バングラデシュ）]] *[[bo:User:Tiyoringo|チベット語]] *[[bpy:User:Tiyoringo|（バングラデシュ・ミャンマー国境地方）]] *[[br:Implijer:Tiyoringo|ブルトン語（ブルターニュ地方）]] *[[bs:Korisnik:Tiyoringo|ボスニア語]] *[[bug:User:Tiyoringo|ブギス語（スラウェシ島南部）]] *[[bxr:User:Tiyoringo|（ブリヤート語（ブリヤート共和国）]] *[[ca:Usuari:Tiyoringo|カタルーニャ語（カタロニア地方）]] *[[cbk-zam:User:Tiyoringo|スペイン語系言語（フィリピン南部）]] *[[cdo:User:Tiyoringo|閩東語]] *[[ce:User:Tiyoringo|チェチェン語]] *[[ceb:User:Tiyoringo|セブアノ語（セブ島ほか）]] *[[ch:User:Tiyoringo|チャモロ語（グアム、マリアナ諸島）]] *[[cho:User:Tiyoringo|チョクト語（アメリカ先住民）]] *[[chr:User:Tiyoringo|チェロキー語（アメリカ先住民の一部）]] *[[chy:User:Tiyoringo|（アメリカ先住民）]] *[[co:User:Tiyoringo|コルシカ語]] *[[cr:User:Tiyoringo|クリー語（カナダ、アルバータ州/ラブラドル州）]] *[[cs:Wikipedista:Tiyoringo|チェコ語]] *[[csb:Brëkòwnik:Tiyoringo|カシューブ語（ポーランドの一部など）]] *[[cu:User:Tiyoringo|古代教会スラヴ語（東ヨーロッパ）]] *[[cv:Хутшăнакан:Tiyoringo|チュヴァシ語（ヴォルガ川周辺の一部]] *[[cy:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] *[[da:Bruger:Tiyoringo|デンマーク語]] *[[de:Benutzer:Tiyoringo|ドイツ語]] *[[diq:User:Tiyoringo|（トルコ東部）]] *[[dv:User:Tiyoringo|ディベヒ語（モルディブ）]] *[[dz:User:Tiyoringo|ゾンカ語（ブータン）]] *[[el:Χρήστης:Tiyoringo|ギリシャ語]] *[[eml:User:Tiyoringo|（サンマリノ）]] *[[en:User:Tiyoringo|英語]] *[[eo:Vikipediisto:Tiyoringo|エスペラント語（人工言語）]] *[[es:Usuario:Tiyoringo|スペイン語]] *[[et:Kasutaja:Tiyoringo|エストニア語]] *[[eu:Lankide:Tiyoringo|バスク語（バスク地方）]] *[[ewe:User:Tiyoringo|エウェ語（ガーナ、トーゴ）]] *[[fa:کاربر:Tiyoringo|ペルシア語（イラン、タジキスタン、アフガニスタン）]] *[[ff:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] *[[fi:Käyttäjä:Tiyoringo|フィンランド語]] *[[fiu-vro:User:Tiyoringo|ヴォロ語（エストニア南東部）]] *[[fj:User:Tiyoringo|フィジー語（フィジー）]] *[[fo:Brúkari:Tiyoringo|フェロー語（フェロー諸島）]] *[[fr:Utilisateur:Tiyoringo|フランス語]] *[[frp:User:Tiyoringo|アルピタン語（フランス、イタリア、スイス国境地帯）]] *[[fur:Utent:Tiyoringo|フリウリ語（イタリア、スロベニア国境地帯）]] *[[fy:Meidogger:Tiyoringo|フリジア語（北海沿岸など）]] *[[ga:Úsáideoir:Tiyoringo|アイルランド語]] *[[gd:User:Tiyoringo|スコットランド・ゲール語]] *[[gl:User:Tiyoringo|ガリシア語]] *[[glk:User:Tiyoringo|（イラン・カスピ海沿岸）]] *[[gn:User:Tiyoringo|グアラニー語（パラグアイ、ボリビア）]] *[[got:User:Tiyoringo|ゴート語（ほぼ死語）]] <!-- *[[gsw:User:Tiyoringo]](als:Benutzer:Tiyoringo) --> *[[gu:User:Tiyoringo|グジャラート語（インド、グジャラート州）]] *[[gv:User:Tiyoringo|マン島語]] *[[ha:User:Tiyoringo|ハウサ語（ナイジェリア北部など）]] *[[haw:User:Tiyorinho|ハワイ語]] *[[he:משתמש:Tiyoringo|ヘブライ語]] *[[hi:सदस्य:Tiyoringo|ヒンディー語（インドの大部分）]] *[[ho:User:Tiyoringo|（パプアニューギニアの一部）]] *[[hr:Suradnik:Tiyoringo|クロアチア語]] *[[hsb:User:Tiyoringo|（ザクセン）]] *[[ht:User:Tiyoringo|ハイチ語]] *[[hu:User:Tiyoringo|ハンガリー語]] *[[hy:User:Tiyoringo|アルメニア語]] *[[hz:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] *[[ia:Usator:Tiyoringo|インターリングア（国際補助語）]] *[[id:Pengguna:Tiyoringo|イド語（人工言語）]] *[[ie:User:Tiyoringo|インターリングア（国際補助語）]] *[[ig:User:Tiyoringo|イボ語（ナイジェリア、赤道ギニア）]] *[[ii:User:Tiyoringo|彝語（四川省、雲南省少数民族）]] *[[ik:User:Tiyoringo|イヌイット語（アラスカなど）]] *[[ilo:User:Tiyoringo|イロカノ語（ルソン島北部）]] *[[io:User:Tiyoringo|イド語（人工言語）]] *[[is:Pengguna:Tiyoringo|アイスランド語]] *[[it:Utente:Tiyoringo|イタリア語]] *[[iu:User:Tiyoringo|イヌクティトゥット語（カナダ北極海沿岸地方）]] *[[ja:利用者:Tiyoringo|日本語]] *[[jbo:User:Tiyoringo|ロジバン（人工言語）]] *[[jv:Panganggo:Tiyoringo|ジャワ語（ジャワ島中部、東部）]] *[[ka:მომხმარებელი:Tiyoringo|グルジア語]] <!-- *[[kaa:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] --> *[[kg:User:Tiyoringo|コンゴ語（コンゴ共和国、コンゴ民主共和国、アンゴラ]] *[[ki:User:Tiyoringo|（ケニアの一部）]] *[[kj:User:Tiyoringo|（ナミビア、アンゴラ）]] *[[kk:Қатысушы:Tiyoringo|カザフ語]] <!-- *[[kk-cn:User:Tiyoringo]] *[[kk-kz:User:Tiyoringo]] *[[kk-tr:User:Tiyoringo]] --> *[[kl:User:Tiyoringo|グリーンランド語]] *[[km:User:Tiyoringo|クメール語（カンボジア）]] *[[kn:ಸದಸ್ಯ:Tiyoringo|カンナダ語（インド南部）]] *[[ko:사용자:Tiyoringo|朝鮮語]] *[[kr:User:Tiyoringo|（ナイジェリア、チャド、ニジェール、カメルーン）]] *[[ks:User:Tiyoringo|カシミール語（カシミール地方）]] *[[ksh:Medmaacher:Tiyoringo|リプアーリ語（ラインラント、ベルギー東部）]] *[[ku:Bikarhêner:Tiyoringo|クルド語]] *[[kv:Участник:Tiyoringo|コミ語（ロシア・コミ共和国）]] *[[kw:User:Tiyoringo|コーンウォル語（イギリス、コーンウォル地方）]] *[[ky:User:Tiyoringo|キルギス語]] *[[la:Usor:Tiyoringo|ラテン語]] *[[lad:User:Tiyoringo|ジュデズモ語（スペイン系ユダヤ人）]] *[[lb:User:Tiyoringo|ルクセンブルク語]] *[[lbe:User:Tiyoringo|（ダゲスタン共和国南部）]] *[[lg:User:Tiyoringo|ガンダ語（ウガンダ）]] *[[li:Gebroeker:Tiyoringo|リンブルグ語（低地ドイツ語）]] *[[lij:User:Tiyoringo|リグリア語]] *[[lmo:User:Tiyoringo|ロンバルド語（ロンバルディア地方）]] *[[ln:User:Tiyoringo|リンガラ語（コンゴ民主共和国、コンゴ共和国）]] *[[lo:User:Tiyoringo|ラーオ語（ラオス）]] *[[lt:Naudotojas:Tiyoringo|リトアニア語]] *[[lv:Lietotājs:Tiyoringo|ラトビア語]] *[[map-bms:User:Tiyoringo|バニュマス語（ジャワ島中部ほか）]] *[[mg:User:Tiyoringo|マダガスカル語]] *[[mh:User:Tiyoringo|マーシャル語（マーシャル諸島、ナウル）]] *[[mi:User:Tiyoringo|マオリ語（ニュージーランド先住民）]] *[[mk:Корисник:Tiyoringo|マケドニア語]] *[[ml:User:Tiyoringo|マラヤラム語（インド南部）]] *[[mn:User:Tiyoringo|モンゴル語]] *[[mo:User:Tiyoringo|モルドバ語]] *[[mr:User:Tiyoringo|マラーティー語（インド西部）]] *[[ms:Pengguna:Tiyoringo|マレー語]] *[[mt:User:Tiyoringo|マルタ語]] *[[mus:User:Tiyoringo|（アメリカ先住民）]] *[[my:User:Tiyoringo|ビルマ語（ミャンマー）]] *[[mzn:User:Tiyoringo|マザーンダラン語（イラン・カスピ海沿岸）]] *[[na:User:Tiyoringo|ナウル語]] *[[nah:Usuario:Tiyoringo|ナワトル語（メキシコ先住民）]] *[[nap:Utente:Tiyoringo|ナポリ語]] *[[nds:Bruker:Tiyoringo|低ザクセン語（ドイツ北部）]] *[[nds-nl:Gebruker:Tiyoringo|オランダ低ザクセン語（オランダ北部）]] *[[ne:User:Tiyoringo|ネパール語（ネパール）]] *[[new:User:Tiyoringo|ネパール語（ネパール）]] *[[ng:User:Tiyoringo|（ナミビア、アンゴラ南部）]] *[[nl:Gebruiker:Tiyoringo|オランダ語]] *[[nn:Brukar:Tiyoringo|ニーノシュク（ノルウェーの方言）]] *[[no:Bruker:Tiyoringo|ノルウェー語]] <!-- *[[non:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] --> *[[nov:User:Tiyoringo|ノヴィアル（人工言語）]] *[[nrm:User:Tiyoringo|ノルマン語（ノルマンディー地方）]] *[[nv:User:Tiyoringo|ナバホ語（ニューメキシコ州、ユタ州先住民族）]] *[[ny:User:Tiyoringo|チェワ語（マラウイ）]] *[[oc:Utilizaire:Tiyoringo|オック語（ガスコーニュ地方など）]] *[[om:User:Tiyoringo|オロモ語（エチオピア、ケニア）]] *[[or:User:Tiyoringo|オリヤー語（インド・オリッサ州）]] *[[os:Архайæг:Tiyoringo|オセット語（北オセチア共和国）]] *[[pa:User:Tiyoringo|パンジャブ語（インド・パンジャブ州、パキスタン）]] *[[pag:User:Tiyoringo|（ルソン島中部）]] *[[pam:User:Tiyoringo|パンパンガ語（フィリピン北部の一部）]] *[[pap:User:Tiyoringo|ポルトガル語系言語（オランダ領アンチル諸島及びアルバ）]] *[[pdc:User:Tiyoringo|ペンシルバニア・ドイツ語（ペンシルバニア州、カナダ・アメリカ国境）]] *[[pi:User:Tiyoringo|パーリ語（上座仏教教典）]] *[[pih:User:Tiyoringo|ノーフォーク語（オーストラリア領ノーフォーク島）]] *[[pl:Wikipedysta:Tiyoringo|ポーランド語]] *[[pms:Utent:Tiyoringo|ピエモンテ語（ピエモンテ地方）]] *[[ps:User:Tiyoringo|パシュトー語（アフガニスタンの一部）]] *[[pt:Usuário:Tiyoringo|ポルトガル語]] <!-- *[[pt-br:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] --> *[[qu:Usuario:Tiyoringo|ケチュア語（インカ帝国）]] *[[rm:User:Tiyoringo|ロマンシュ語（スイス）]] *[[rmy:Jeno:Tiyoringo|ロマ語（ジプシー）]] *[[rn:User:Tiyoringo|ルンディ語（ブルンジ）]] *[[ro:Utilizator:Tiyoringo|ルーマニア語]] *[[roa-rup:User:Tiyoringo|アルーマニア語（ルーマニア語の流れを持つ）]] *[[roa-tar:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] *[[ru:Участник:Tiyoringo|ロシア語]] *[[ru-sib:User:Tiyoringo|（シベリア）]] *[[rw:User:Tiyoringo|（ルワンダ）]] *[[sa:User:Tiyoringo|サンスクリット語（インドの古典言語）]] *[[sc:Utente:Tiyoringo|サルディーニャ語（サルディーニャ島）]] *[[scn:User:Tiyoringo|シチリア語（シチリア島）]] *[[sco:User:Tiyoringo|スコットランド語]] *[[sd:User:Tiyoringo|シンディー語（パキスタン、シンド州）]] *[[se:User:Tiyoringo|北部サーミ語（ラップランド）]] *[[sg:User:Tiyoringo|サンゴ語（中央アフリカ共和国）]] *[[sh:User:Tiyoringo|セルビア・クロアチア語]] *[[si:User:Tiyoringo|シンハラ語（スリランカ）]] *[[simple:User:Tiyoringo|シンプル英語]] *[[sk:Redaktor:Tiyoringo|スロバキア語]] *[[sl:Uporabnik:Tiyoringo|スロベニア語]] *[[sm:User:Tiyoringo|サモア語]] *[[sn:User:Tiyoringo|ショナ語（ジンバブエなど）]] *[[so:User:Tiyoringo|ソマリ語（ソマリア）]] *[[sq:Përdoruesi:Tiyoringo|アルバニア語]] *[[sr:Корисник:Tiyoringo|セルビア語]] <!-- *[[sr-ec:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] *[[sr-el:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] *[[sr-jc:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] *[[sr-jl:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] --> *[[ss:User:Tiyoringo|スワジ語（スワジランド）]] *[[st:User:Tiyoringo|ソト語（レソト）]] *[[su:Pamaké:Tiyoringo|スンダ語]] *[[sv:Användare:Tiyoringo|スウェーデン語]] *[[sw:User:Tiyoringo|スワヒリ語（ケニア、タンザニア）]] *[[ta:பயனர்:Tiyoringo|タミル語（スリランカ）]] *[[te:సభ్యుడు:Tiyoringo|テルグ語（インド南東部）]] *[[tet:User:Tiyoringo|テトゥン語（東ティモール）]] *[[tg:User:Tiyoringo|タジク語]] *[[th:ผู้ใช้:Tiyoringo|タイ語]] *[[ti:User:Tiyoringo|ティグリヤ語]] *[[tk:User:Tiyoringo|トルクメン語（トルクメニスタン）]] *[[tl:User:Tiyoringo|タガログ語（フィリピン）]] *[[tlh:User:Tiyoringo|クリンゴン語（スタートレック）]] *[[tn:User:Tiyoringo|ツワナ語（ボツワナ）]] *[[to:User:Tiyoringo|トンガ語]] *[[tokipona:User:Tiyoringo|トキポナ（人工言語）]] *[[tpi:User:Tiyoringo|トク・ピジン（パプア・ニューギニア、ソロモン諸島、バヌアツ）]] *[[tr:Kullanıcı:Tiyoringo|トルコ語]] *[[ts:User:Tiyoringo|（モザンビーク、スワジランドなど）]] *[[tt:Äğzä:Tiyoringo|タタール語（北アジア）]] *[[tum:User:Tiyoringo|トゥンブカ語（マラウイなど）]] *[[tw:User:Tiyoringo|トウィ語（ガーナ）]] *[[ty:User:Tiyoringo|タヒチ語]] <!-- *[[tyv:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] ---> *[[udm:Викиавтор:Tiyoringo|ウドムルト語（ロシアの一部）]] *[[ug:User:Tiyoringo|ウィグル語]] *[[uk:Користувач:Tiyoringo|ウクライナ語]] *[[ur:صارف:Tiyoringo|ウルドゥー語（パキスタン、インドなど）]] *[[uz:User:Tiyoringo|ウズベク語（ウズベキスタン）]] *[[ve:User:Tiyoringo|（南アフリカ、ジンバブエ）]] *[[vec:Utente:Tiyoringo|ヴェネツィア語]] *[[vi:Thành viên:Tiyoringo|ベトナム語]] *[[vls:Gebruker:Tiyoringo|フラマン語]] *[[vo:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] *[[wa:Uzeu:Tiyoringo|ワロン語（ベルギー南部）]] *[[war:User:Tiyoringo|ワライワライ語（フィリピン中部）]] *[[wo:User:Tiyoringo|ウォロフ語（セネガル、ガンビア、モーリタニア）]] *[[wuu:User:Tiyoringo|呉語（上海ほか）]] *[[xal:Орлцач:Tiyoringo|オイラト語（モンゴル西部など）]] *[[xh:User:Tiyoringo|（南アフリカ共和国）]] *[[yi:באַניצער:Tiyoringo|イディッシュ語（ユダヤ人、主に中欧、東欧）]] *[[yo:User:Tiyoringo|ヨルバ語（ナイジェリア）]] *[[za:User:Tiyoringo|チワン語（広西省少数民族など）]] *[[zea:User:Tiyoringo|オランダ南西部北海沿岸地方]] *[[zh:User:Tiyoringo|中国語]] *[[zh-classical:User:Tiyoringo|古文/文言文（漢文）]] <!-- *[[zh-cn:User:Tiyoringo|中国語]] *[[zh-hk:User:Tiyoringo|中国語]] --> *[[zh-min-nan:User:Tiyoringo|閩南語（福建省南部）]] <!-- *[[zh-sg:User:Tiyoringo|中国語]] *[[zh-tw:User:Tiyoringo|中国語]] --> *[[zh-yue:User:Tiyoringo|広東語]] *[[zu:User:Tiyoringo|ズールー語（南アフリカ、ズールー族）]] == プロフィール(PROFILE) == *[[:ja:Wikipedia:善意にとる]] === BASKETBALL === *[[NBA]]、[[w:New York Knics|ニューヨーク・ニックス]]のファン。 *[[2006年バスケットボール世界選手権]]のうち、[[さいたまスーパーアリーナ]]で行なわれた20試合中、12試合を観戦した。 **決勝戦（[[スペイン]]対[[ギリシャ]]）7位8位決定戦（[[リトアニア]]対[[ドイツ]]）(4階席より観戦,仕事のため7位8位決定戦は第2Qぐらいから)[[画像:20060903 2157~001.jpg]] **3位から6位決定戦（[[アメリカ]]対[[アルゼンチン]]）、（[[フランス]]対[[トルコ]]）スタンドS席より観戦 **5位から8位戦（フランス対ドイツ）、（トルコ対リトアニア）、アリーナS席(ゴール裏2列目)より観戦 **準々決勝2日目（アメリカ対ドイツ）、（ギリシャ対フランス）、アリーナS席より観戦 **ベスト8決定戦2日目（アメリカ対[[ニュージーランド]]）、（ドイツ対[[ナイジェリア]]）、（フランス対[[アンゴラ]]）、（ギリシャ対[[中国]]）、午前午後は観客入替（1日4試合スタンドS席より観戦、午後は最後列） *購入したグッズ **ピンバッジ（観戦したほぼ全ての試合、スペイン優勝、その他多数） **[[タオル]][[マフラー]]（ギリシャ（中国戦後）、トルコ（フランス戦後）ドイツ（ナイジェリア戦後？）） **Tシャツ（予選Bグループのもの2種類（黒、白）、ギリシャ、トルコ、北海道の絵柄入りの記念Tシャツ（[[札幌]]ラウンドのもの、ただしXXXサイズ、[[北海道]]出身の職場の人へプレゼント） **お菓子3種類 **タイピン（優勝カップ） **ボールペン（[[バツマル]]） **シャーペン（バツマル） *購入したグッズ（公式以外） **[[携帯ストラップ]]（キティ）部活動シリーズ *購入予定グッズ（DVD全てのセット） *:さすがに30,000円のトーナメントピンバッジ限定200か300セットは購入しませんでした。何年か前だったり、10,000円くらいなら買ってました。 === OTHER SPORTS === *[[NFL]]、[[Chicago Bears|シカゴ・ベアーズ]]のファン。 *[[Jリーグ]]、[[ジェフ千葉]]（[[古河電工]]のときより）のファン。 *天皇杯（サッカー）に出場したことのある大学の出身。J1のチームとの試合には応援に出かけました。 == リンク(LINK) == *[[利用者:Tiyoringo/立ち上げ記事]] *[http://www.nba.com/hawks/ アトランタ・ホークス] *[http://www.nba.com/celtics/ ボストンセルティックス] *[http://www.nba.com/bobcats/index_main.html シャーロット・ボブキャッツ] *[http://www.nba.com/bulls/ シカゴ・ブルズ] *[http://www.nba.com/cavaliers/ クリーブランド・キャバリアーズ] *[http://www.nba.com/mavericks/ ダラス・マーベリックス] *[http://www.nba.com/nuggets/ デンバー・ナゲッツ] *[http://www.nba.com/pistons/index_main.html デトロイト・ピストンズ] *[http://www.nba.com/warriors/index_main.html ゴールデンステート・ウォリアーズ] *[http://www.nba.com/rockets/index_main.html ヒューストン・ロケッツ] *[http://www.nba.com/pacers/ インディアナ・ペイサーズ] *[http://www.nba.com/clippers/index_main.html ロサンゼルス・クリッパーズ] *[http://www.nba.com/lakers/ ロサンゼルス・レイカーズ] *[http://www.nba.com/grizzlies/ メンフィス・グリズリーズ] *[http://www.nba.com/heat/ マイアミ・ヒート] *[http://www.nba.com/bucks/ ミルウォーキー・バックス] *[http://www.nba.com/timberwolves/ ミネソタ・ティンバーウルブズ] *[http://www.nba.com/nets/ ニュージャージー・ネッツ] *[http://www.nba.com/hornets/ ニューオーリンズ・ホーネッツ] *[http://www.nba.com/knicks/ ニューヨーク・ニックス] *[http://www.nba.com/magic/index_main.html オーランド・マジック] *[http://www.nba.com/sixers/index_main.html フィラデルフィア・セブンティシクサーズ] *[http://www.nba.com/suns/index_main.html フェニックス・サンズ] *[http://www.nba.com/blazers/ ポートランド・トレイルブレイザーズ] *[http://www.nba.com/kings/ サクラメント･キングス] *[http://www.nba.com/spurs/ サンアントニオ・スパーズ] *[http://www.nba.com/sonics/ シアトル・スーパーソニックス] *[http://www.nba.com/raptors/ トロント・ラプターズ] *[http://www.nba.com/jazz/ ユタ・ジャズ] *[http://www.nba.com/wizards/index_main.html ワシントン･ウィザーズ] 2445 8268 2006-12-07T14:44:10Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}سائين ذوالفي صاحب، اسلام عليڪم. {{مبسس4}}سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀلي ڪري آيا. اميد ته سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي نه رڳو قرب ڀريا پير ڀريندا رهندا بلڪه پنهنجي ڀاڱيداري پڻ نڀائيندا رهندا. هن وقت سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڪم ڪرڻ وارو آئون اڪيلو ئي آهيان. آئون پڻ مناسب وقت نه ڏئي سگھندو آهيان ڇاڪاڻ ته آئون پنهنجي تعليم ۾ تمام گھڻو مصروف رهندو آهيان. پوءِ به منهنجي ڪوشش رهندي آهي ته روزانو ٿورو ئي سهي پر ڪجھه ڪم ڪجي. مهرباني ڪري وڪيپيڊيا تي پنهنجي پسند جي ڪنهن به موضوع تي مضمون لکندا رهندا يا اڳي ئي موجود مضمونن ۾ واڌارا آڻيندا رهندا يا وري انگريزيءَ تان مضمون ڪاپي ڪري سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي پيسٽ ڪندا ۽ پوءِ رفته رفته ان جو ترجمو ڪندا ويندا. {{مبسس4}}ان کان سواءِ هيٺين ڳنڍڻي تي سنڌي وڪي لغت پڻ گھمي ڏسندا. [http://sd.wiktionary.org وڪيغت] {{مبسس4}}وڪيپيڊيا جو منتظم احسان احمد عرساڻي [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 14:44, 7 ڊسمبر 2006 (UTC) 2446 8269 2006-12-07T14:44:52Z Aursani 60 New page: {{مبسس4}}سائين اسرار ميمڻ صاحب، اسلام عليڪم. {{مبسس4}}سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀلي ڪري آيا. اميد ته سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا ت... {{مبسس4}}سائين اسرار ميمڻ صاحب، اسلام عليڪم. {{مبسس4}}سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀلي ڪري آيا. اميد ته سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي نه رڳو قرب ڀريا پير ڀريندا رهندا بلڪه پنهنجي ڀاڱيداري پڻ نڀائيندا رهندا. هن وقت سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڪم ڪرڻ وارو آئون اڪيلو ئي آهيان. آئون پڻ مناسب وقت نه ڏئي سگھندو آهيان ڇاڪاڻ ته آئون پنهنجي تعليم ۾ تمام گھڻو مصروف رهندو آهيان. پوءِ به منهنجي ڪوشش رهندي آهي ته روزانو ٿورو ئي سهي پر ڪجھه ڪم ڪجي. مهرباني ڪري وڪيپيڊيا تي پنهنجي پسند جي ڪنهن به موضوع تي مضمون لکندا رهندا يا اڳي ئي موجود مضمونن ۾ واڌارا آڻيندا رهندا يا وري انگريزيءَ تان مضمون ڪاپي ڪري سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي پيسٽ ڪندا ۽ پوءِ رفته رفته ان جو ترجمو ڪندا ويندا. {{مبسس4}}ان کان سواءِ هيٺين ڳنڍڻي تي سنڌي وڪي لغت پڻ گھمي ڏسندا. [http://sd.wiktionary.org وڪيغت] {{مبسس4}}وڪيپيڊيا جو منتظم احسان احمد عرساڻي [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 14:44, 7 ڊسمبر 2006 (UTC) 2447 8270 2006-12-07T14:45:39Z Aursani 60 New page: {{مبسس4}}سائين مڱريو صاحب، اسلام عليڪم. {{مبسس4}}سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀلي ڪري آيا. اميد ته سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي نه ... {{مبسس4}}سائين مڱريو صاحب، اسلام عليڪم. {{مبسس4}}سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀلي ڪري آيا. اميد ته سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي نه رڳو قرب ڀريا پير ڀريندا رهندا بلڪه پنهنجي ڀاڱيداري پڻ نڀائيندا رهندا. هن وقت سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڪم ڪرڻ وارو آئون اڪيلو ئي آهيان. آئون پڻ مناسب وقت نه ڏئي سگھندو آهيان ڇاڪاڻ ته آئون پنهنجي تعليم ۾ تمام گھڻو مصروف رهندو آهيان. پوءِ به منهنجي ڪوشش رهندي آهي ته روزانو ٿورو ئي سهي پر ڪجھه ڪم ڪجي. مهرباني ڪري وڪيپيڊيا تي پنهنجي پسند جي ڪنهن به موضوع تي مضمون لکندا رهندا يا اڳي ئي موجود مضمونن ۾ واڌارا آڻيندا رهندا يا وري انگريزيءَ تان مضمون ڪاپي ڪري سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي پيسٽ ڪندا ۽ پوءِ رفته رفته ان جو ترجمو ڪندا ويندا. {{مبسس4}}ان کان سواءِ هيٺين ڳنڍڻي تي سنڌي وڪي لغت پڻ گھمي ڏسندا. [http://sd.wiktionary.org وڪيغت] {{مبسس4}}وڪيپيڊيا جو منتظم احسان احمد عرساڻي ‌‌‌‌‌[[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 14:45, 7 ڊسمبر 2006 (UTC) 2448 8271 2006-12-07T14:46:24Z Aursani 60 New page: {{مبسس4}}سائين لڇمڻ داس صاحب، اسلام عليڪم. {{مبسس4}}سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀلي ڪري آيا. اميد ته سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ... {{مبسس4}}سائين لڇمڻ داس صاحب، اسلام عليڪم. {{مبسس4}}سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀلي ڪري آيا. اميد ته سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي نه رڳو قرب ڀريا پير ڀريندا رهندا بلڪه پنهنجي ڀاڱيداري پڻ نڀائيندا رهندا. هن وقت سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڪم ڪرڻ وارو آئون اڪيلو ئي آهيان. آئون پڻ مناسب وقت نه ڏئي سگھندو آهيان ڇاڪاڻ ته آئون پنهنجي تعليم ۾ تمام گھڻو مصروف رهندو آهيان. پوءِ به منهنجي ڪوشش رهندي آهي ته روزانو ٿورو ئي سهي پر ڪجھه ڪم ڪجي. مهرباني ڪري وڪيپيڊيا تي پنهنجي پسند جي ڪنهن به موضوع تي مضمون لکندا رهندا يا اڳي ئي موجود مضمونن ۾ واڌارا آڻيندا رهندا يا وري انگريزيءَ تان مضمون ڪاپي ڪري سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي پيسٽ ڪندا ۽ پوءِ رفته رفته ان جو ترجمو ڪندا ويندا. {{مبسس4}}ان کان سواءِ هيٺين ڳنڍڻي تي سنڌي وڪي لغت پڻ گھمي ڏسندا. [http://sd.wiktionary.org وڪيغت] {{مبسس4}}وڪيپيڊيا جو منتظم احسان احمد عرساڻي [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 14:46, 7 ڊسمبر 2006 (UTC) 2449 8272 2006-12-07T14:46:59Z Aursani 60 New page: {{مبسس4}}سائين ذوالفي صاحب، اسلام عليڪم. {{مبسس4}}سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀلي ڪري آيا. اميد ته سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي نه... {{مبسس4}}سائين ذوالفي صاحب، اسلام عليڪم. {{مبسس4}}سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀلي ڪري آيا. اميد ته سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي نه رڳو قرب ڀريا پير ڀريندا رهندا بلڪه پنهنجي ڀاڱيداري پڻ نڀائيندا رهندا. هن وقت سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڪم ڪرڻ وارو آئون اڪيلو ئي آهيان. آئون پڻ مناسب وقت نه ڏئي سگھندو آهيان ڇاڪاڻ ته آئون پنهنجي تعليم ۾ تمام گھڻو مصروف رهندو آهيان. پوءِ به منهنجي ڪوشش رهندي آهي ته روزانو ٿورو ئي سهي پر ڪجھه ڪم ڪجي. مهرباني ڪري وڪيپيڊيا تي پنهنجي پسند جي ڪنهن به موضوع تي مضمون لکندا رهندا يا اڳي ئي موجود مضمونن ۾ واڌارا آڻيندا رهندا يا وري انگريزيءَ تان مضمون ڪاپي ڪري سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي پيسٽ ڪندا ۽ پوءِ رفته رفته ان جو ترجمو ڪندا ويندا. {{مبسس4}}ان کان سواءِ هيٺين ڳنڍڻي تي سنڌي وڪي لغت پڻ گھمي ڏسندا. [http://sd.wiktionary.org وڪيغت] {{مبسس4}}وڪيپيڊيا جو منتظم احسان احمد عرساڻي ‌[[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 14:46, 7 ڊسمبر 2006 (UTC) 2450 8275 2006-12-07T14:59:42Z Aursani 60 New page: {{مبسس4}}سائين منوج صاحب، اسلام عليڪم. {{مبسس4}}سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀلي ڪري آيا. اميد ته سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي نه ر... {{مبسس4}}سائين منوج صاحب، اسلام عليڪم. {{مبسس4}}سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀلي ڪري آيا. اميد ته سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي نه رڳو قرب ڀريا پير ڀريندا رهندا بلڪه پنهنجي ڀاڱيداري پڻ نڀائيندا رهندا. هن وقت سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڪم ڪرڻ وارو آئون اڪيلو ئي آهيان. آئون پڻ مناسب وقت نه ڏئي سگھندو آهيان ڇاڪاڻ ته آئون پنهنجي تعليم ۾ تمام گھڻو مصروف رهندو آهيان. پوءِ به منهنجي ڪوشش رهندي آهي ته روزانو ٿورو ئي سهي پر ڪجھه ڪم ڪجي. مهرباني ڪري وڪيپيڊيا تي پنهنجي پسند جي ڪنهن به موضوع تي مضمون لکندا رهندا يا اڳي ئي موجود مضمونن ۾ واڌارا آڻيندا رهندا يا وري انگريزيءَ تان مضمون ڪاپي ڪري سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي پيسٽ ڪندا ۽ پوءِ رفته رفته ان جو ترجمو ڪندا ويندا. {{مبسس4}}ان کان سواءِ هيٺين ڳنڍڻي تي سنڌي وڪي لغت پڻ گھمي ڏسندا. [http://sd.wiktionary.org وڪيغت] {{مبسس4}}وڪيپيڊيا جو منتظم احسان احمد عرساڻي [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 14:59, 7 ڊسمبر 2006 (UTC) 2451 8277 2006-12-07T16:30:35Z 193.52.94.40 *{{مبسس4}}[[جي ايم سيد]] 2452 8285 2006-12-07T16:52:31Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[راجا ڏاهر]] #REDIRECT[[راجا ڏاهر]] 2453 8287 2006-12-07T16:56:15Z Aursani 60 New page: [[en:category:science]] [[en:category:science]] 2454 8290 2006-12-07T17:00:28Z Aursani 60 New page: [[en:category:technology]] [[en:category:technology]] 2455 8297 2006-12-07T17:23:44Z Aursani 60 New page: {{مبسس4}}هن ۾ گائڪن، اداڪارن ۽ فنڪارن جا صفحا شامل آهن. {{مبسس4}}هن ۾ گائڪن، اداڪارن ۽ فنڪارن جا صفحا شامل آهن. 2456 8302 2006-12-07T18:13:22Z Aursani 60 Removing all content from page 2457 8303 2006-12-07T18:13:38Z Aursani 60 New page: {{مبسس4}}مانواري سعيده شفيق اسلام عليڪم. {{مبسس4}}سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀلي ڪري آيا. اميد ته سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي نه... {{مبسس4}}مانواري سعيده شفيق اسلام عليڪم. {{مبسس4}}سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀلي ڪري آيا. اميد ته سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي نه رڳو قرب ڀريا پير ڀريندا رهندا بلڪه پنهنجي ڀاڱيداري پڻ نڀائيندا رهندا. هن وقت سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڪم ڪرڻ وارو آئون اڪيلو ئي آهيان. آئون پڻ مناسب وقت نه ڏئي سگھندو آهيان ڇاڪاڻ ته آئون پنهنجي تعليم ۾ تمام گھڻو مصروف رهندو آهيان. پوءِ به منهنجي ڪوشش رهندي آهي ته روزانو ٿورو ئي سهي پر ڪجھه ڪم ڪجي. مهرباني ڪري وڪيپيڊيا تي پنهنجي پسند جي ڪنهن به موضوع تي مضمون لکندا رهندا يا اڳي ئي موجود مضمونن ۾ واڌارا آڻيندا رهندا يا وري انگريزيءَ تان مضمون ڪاپي ڪري سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي پيسٽ ڪندا ۽ پوءِ رفته رفته ان جو ترجمو ڪندا ويندا. {{مبسس4}}ان کان سواءِ هيٺين ڳنڍڻي تي سنڌي وڪي لغت پڻ گھمي ڏسندا. [http://sd.wiktionary.org وڪيغت] {{مبسس4}}وڪيپيڊيا جو منتظم احسان احمد عرساڻي [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 18:13, 7 ڊسمبر 2006 (UTC) 2458 8358 2006-12-08T13:58:35Z 61.248.143.127 {{مبسس4}}ملڪن، شهرن، دريائن، ڍنڍن، ٻيٽن، سمنڊن بابت صفحا. [[Category:Archaeological sites by country|Pakistan]] [[Category:Buildings and structures in Pakistan]] [[Category:History of Pakistan]] [[Category:Conservation in Pakistan]] [[Category:Visitor attractions in Pakistan]] [[de:Kategorie:Archäologischer Fundplatz in Pakistan]] [[en:Category:Archaeological sites in Pakistan]] [[fr:Catégorie:Site archéologique du Pakistan]] 2459 8314 2006-12-07T18:30:21Z Aursani 60 New page: {{مبسس4}}شخصيتن جا خاڪا. {{مبسس4}}شخصيتن جا خاڪا. 2460 8318 2006-12-07T18:33:40Z 80.247.152.83 New page: علي حسن ملاح سائبر ۽ڊجيٽل سنڌلاجسٽ آهي علي حسن ملاح سائبر ۽ڊجيٽل سنڌلاجسٽ آهي 2461 8359 2006-12-08T17:32:44Z Aursani 60 اسلام وعليڪم دوستو، مان آھيان ”ارشاد سنڌي“ . اکيون سڄڻن جون ڪھيو ڪن ڪباب، نه ڪي رکن دوستي نه ڪي ڏين جواب، ڏينديون سڀ حساب ڏينھن قيام جي. ستا اٿي جاڳ ننڊ نه ڪجي ايتري، سلطاني سھاڳ ننڊون ڪندي نه ملن. ٿورائتو آھيان اسان جي سڄڻ دوست ”منوج ڪمار“ جو جن اسان کي اسان جي ٻولي جي سائيٽ جي ڄاڻ ڏني. ==ڀلي ڪري آيا== {{مبسس4}}جناب ارشاد احمد، اسلام عليڪم. {{مبسس4}}سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀلي ڪري آيا. اميد ته سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي نه رڳو قرب ڀريا پير ڀريندا رهندا بلڪه پنهنجي ڀاڱيداري پڻ نڀائيندا رهندا. هن وقت سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڪم ڪرڻ وارو آئون اڪيلو ئي آهيان. آئون پڻ مناسب وقت نه ڏئي سگھندو آهيان ڇاڪاڻ ته آئون پنهنجي تعليم ۾ تمام گھڻو مصروف رهندو آهيان. پوءِ به منهنجي ڪوشش رهندي آهي ته روزانو ٿورو ئي سهي پر ڪجھه ڪم ڪجي. مهرباني ڪري وڪيپيڊيا تي پنهنجي پسند جي ڪنهن به موضوع تي مضمون لکندا رهندا يا اڳي ئي موجود مضمونن ۾ واڌارا آڻيندا رهندا يا وري انگريزيءَ تان مضمون ڪاپي ڪري سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي پيسٽ ڪندا ۽ پوءِ رفته رفته ان جو ترجمو ڪندا ويندا. {{مبسس4}}ان کان سواءِ هيٺين ڳنڍڻي تي سنڌي وڪي لغت پڻ گھمي ڏسندا. [http://sd.wiktionary.org وڪيغت] {{مبسس4}}وڪيپيڊيا جو منتظم احسان احمد عرساڻي [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 08:18, 8 ڊسمبر 2006 (UTC) 2462 8713 2007-01-10T17:45:07Z Aursani 60 {{ڪچو}} ==تعارف== {{مبسس4}}[[ٿر]] اهو ريگستاني علائقو آهي، جيڪو [[سنڌ]]، [[اولهه پنجاب]]، [[اوڀر پنجاب]]، [[هريانه]]، [[راجستان]] ۽ [[گجرات]] تائين پکڙيل آهي. [[سنڌ]] واري ٿر علائقي جا ماڻهو تمام گھڻا محبتي ۽ مهمان نواز آهن. [[ننگر پارڪر]] ويجھو [[ڪارونجھر جبل]] هڪ پر ڪشش جاءِ آهي، جتي ساوڻ جي مند ۾ هر سال هزارين سياهه اچن ٿا. ==ڀونءِ نگاري== {{مبسس4}}ڀونءِ نگاريءَ جي لحاظ کان ضلعو ٿر اتر ۾ ويڪرائي ڦاڪ °24 '10 ۽ °25 '45 درميان جڏهن ته اوڀر ۾ ڊگھائي ڦاڪ °69 '04 ۽ °71 '06 درميان پکڙيل آهي جڏهن ته ضلعي جي ڪل ايراضي 19 هزار 6 سَو 38 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي. ڪجھه سال اڳ ۾ هن ضلعي ۾ [[اسلام ڪوٽ]] ويجھو ڪوئلي جا تمام وڏا ذخيرا دريافت ڪيا ويا آهن. ماهرن جي اندازي مطابق اهي ذخيرا سَو سالن لاءِ سموري پاڪستاني بيٺڪ جون توانائيءَ واريون ضرورتون پوريون ڪري سگھن ٿا. انتظامي لحاظ کان ان ضلعي ۾ چار تعلقا [[مٺي]]، [[ڏيپلو]]، [[ننگر پارڪر]] ۽ [[ڇاڇرو]] آهن. ==ماڻهنگاري== {{مبسس4}}ضلعي جي ڪل ماڻهسيه لڳ ڀڳ 2 لک آهي. ==ثقافت== hute cheni miti and mashor grenite pathar ba mule tho. hute 4 huzar sall purani Musjad "Bhodisar" ba and jeen dharm ja mundar pun mojod ahan, anhi khan alwa Mashor kardar Marvi jo Koh pun huti ahi. utan khan ugti jeen dharam ja mundar Gorhi eindo, poe MArvi Jo Koh Bhalwah eindo unhi khan poe Bhodisar je Masjid einden and utan khan tuwahn ke Nangarparkar je Karonjhar Bhulekar chawnde.mhunji Thar achan lae tuwhan subhni ke bhulikar. [[category:ڀونءِ ڀياس ۽ ڀونءِ نگاري]] 2463 8356 2006-12-08T10:07:32Z Arz Muhammmad Rahmoon 132 Marvi jo Koh Bhalwah Marvi jo Koh Bhalwah 2464 8357 2006-12-08T10:08:40Z Arz Muhammmad Rahmoon 132 New page: he tasweer MArvi je Koh Bhalwah je Ahe he tasweer MArvi je Koh Bhalwah je Ahe 2465 8360 2006-12-08T17:33:17Z Aursani 60 New page: {{مبسس4}}جناب سارنگ، اسلام عليڪم. {{مبسس4}}سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀلي ڪري آيا. اميد ته سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي نه رڳو قر... {{مبسس4}}جناب سارنگ، اسلام عليڪم. {{مبسس4}}سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀلي ڪري آيا. اميد ته سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي نه رڳو قرب ڀريا پير ڀريندا رهندا بلڪه پنهنجي ڀاڱيداري پڻ نڀائيندا رهندا. هن وقت سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڪم ڪرڻ وارو آئون اڪيلو ئي آهيان. آئون پڻ مناسب وقت نه ڏئي سگھندو آهيان ڇاڪاڻ ته آئون پنهنجي تعليم ۾ تمام گھڻو مصروف رهندو آهيان. پوءِ به منهنجي ڪوشش رهندي آهي ته روزانو ٿورو ئي سهي پر ڪجھه ڪم ڪجي. مهرباني ڪري وڪيپيڊيا تي پنهنجي پسند جي ڪنهن به موضوع تي مضمون لکندا رهندا يا اڳي ئي موجود مضمونن ۾ واڌارا آڻيندا رهندا يا وري انگريزيءَ تان مضمون ڪاپي ڪري سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي پيسٽ ڪندا ۽ پوءِ رفته رفته ان جو ترجمو ڪندا ويندا. {{مبسس4}}ان کان سواءِ هيٺين ڳنڍڻي تي سنڌي وڪي لغت پڻ گھمي ڏسندا. [http://sd.wiktionary.org وڪيغت] {{مبسس4}}وڪيپيڊيا جو منتظم احسان احمد عرساڻي ‌‌[[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 17:33, 8 ڊسمبر 2006 (UTC) 2466 8361 2006-12-08T17:33:54Z Aursani 60 New page: {{مبسس4}}جناب راهمون، اسلام عليڪم. {{مبسس4}}سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀلي ڪري آيا. اميد ته سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي نه رڳو ق... {{مبسس4}}جناب راهمون، اسلام عليڪم. {{مبسس4}}سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀلي ڪري آيا. اميد ته سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي نه رڳو قرب ڀريا پير ڀريندا رهندا بلڪه پنهنجي ڀاڱيداري پڻ نڀائيندا رهندا. هن وقت سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڪم ڪرڻ وارو آئون اڪيلو ئي آهيان. آئون پڻ مناسب وقت نه ڏئي سگھندو آهيان ڇاڪاڻ ته آئون پنهنجي تعليم ۾ تمام گھڻو مصروف رهندو آهيان. پوءِ به منهنجي ڪوشش رهندي آهي ته روزانو ٿورو ئي سهي پر ڪجھه ڪم ڪجي. مهرباني ڪري وڪيپيڊيا تي پنهنجي پسند جي ڪنهن به موضوع تي مضمون لکندا رهندا يا اڳي ئي موجود مضمونن ۾ واڌارا آڻيندا رهندا يا وري انگريزيءَ تان مضمون ڪاپي ڪري سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي پيسٽ ڪندا ۽ پوءِ رفته رفته ان جو ترجمو ڪندا ويندا. {{مبسس4}}ان کان سواءِ هيٺين ڳنڍڻي تي سنڌي وڪي لغت پڻ گھمي ڏسندا. [http://sd.wiktionary.org وڪيغت] {{مبسس4}}وڪيپيڊيا جو منتظم احسان احمد عرساڻي [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 17:33, 8 ڊسمبر 2006 (UTC) 2468 8804 2007-01-31T17:36:59Z 204.98.2.180 --[[User:204.98.2.180|204.98.2.180]] 17:36, 31 جنوري 2007 (UTC)[[Media:'''I LOVE MARTHA STEWART I WANNA FUCK HER!! =]''']]--[[User:204.98.2.180|204.98.2.180]] 17:36, 31 جنوري 2007 (UTC) ---- / Sindh Sindh begets its name from the river ‘ Sindhu’, which is primarily the original name of the river 'Indus’(Greek Sinthos, Latin Sindhus). Over the centuries it has been subjected to considerable name deviation, which are phonetic variations of root word "Sindhu". Linguistically, there have been various theories put forward accounting for the oscillatory behaviour of this name Folk/Oral history says, "Sindh" means green land and "Sindhu" means source of greenery". Sindh, southern province of Pakistan, lies in the north western corner of Indo-Pak Sub-Continent. It is bounded on the north by Punjab, on the east by Rajputana (India) on the south by Runn of Kuchh and Arabian Sea and on the west by Baluchistan. It covers 140914 sq. kilometers of the total area of Pakistan. The early political history of Sindh is shrouded in mystery and mostly remains unknown. The excavation of Moen jo Daro brought to light the existence of a highly developed urban culture in Sindh (2500-200 BC). The discovery of highly urbanized and developed civilization brought the ancient Indus civilization parallel to the Egyptian and the Mesopotamian and the Chinese civilizations. It is said that the Aryans were settled in a vast region of sixteen lands in the Avestan period. In addition to their patronymic and tribal names, they must have had a way to designate each other collectively by the names of their respective lands. There were some thirty names of sixteen Aryan provinces. Among them, we have Hindu ( Sindhu) and its adjective Hinduya ( Sindhi).This is the first time on record that the name ‘Sindhi’ was employed to designate the people of the valley. (Jafaery, 1981). From this we can conclude that, it was the time when this adjective of Sindhi was also employed for the language spoken in this area. 2469 8715 2007-01-10T17:48:16Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[سنڌ]] #REDIRECT[[سنڌ]] 2470 8367 2006-12-10T13:17:02Z Aursani 60 New page: {{مبسس4}}اسلام عليڪم. {{مبسس4}}سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀلي ڪري آيا. اميد ته سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي نه رڳو قرب ڀريا پير ڀر... {{مبسس4}}اسلام عليڪم. {{مبسس4}}سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀلي ڪري آيا. اميد ته سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي نه رڳو قرب ڀريا پير ڀريندا رهندا بلڪه پنهنجي ڀاڱيداري پڻ نڀائيندا رهندا. هن وقت سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڪم ڪرڻ وارو آئون اڪيلو ئي آهيان. آئون پڻ مناسب وقت نه ڏئي سگھندو آهيان ڇاڪاڻ ته آئون پنهنجي تعليم ۾ تمام گھڻو مصروف رهندو آهيان. پوءِ به منهنجي ڪوشش رهندي آهي ته روزانو ٿورو ئي سهي پر ڪجھه ڪم ڪجي. مهرباني ڪري وڪيپيڊيا تي پنهنجي پسند جي ڪنهن به موضوع تي مضمون لکندا رهندا يا اڳي ئي موجود مضمونن ۾ واڌارا آڻيندا رهندا يا وري انگريزيءَ تان مضمون ڪاپي ڪري سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي پيسٽ ڪندا ۽ پوءِ رفته رفته ان جو ترجمو ڪندا ويندا. {{مبسس4}}ان کان سواءِ هيٺين ڳنڍڻي تي سنڌي وڪي لغت پڻ گھمي ڏسندا. [http://sd.wiktionary.org وڪيغت] {{مبسس4}}وڪيپيڊيا جو منتظم احسان احمد عرساڻي [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 13:17, 10 ڊسمبر 2006 (UTC) 2471 8368 2006-12-11T10:10:11Z Aursani 60 New page: {{مبسس4}}اسلام عليڪم. {{مبسس4}}سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀلي ڪري آيا. اميد ته سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي نه رڳو قرب ڀريا پير ڀر... {{مبسس4}}اسلام عليڪم. {{مبسس4}}سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀلي ڪري آيا. اميد ته سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي نه رڳو قرب ڀريا پير ڀريندا رهندا بلڪه پنهنجي ڀاڱيداري پڻ نڀائيندا رهندا. هن وقت سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي ڪم ڪرڻ وارو آئون اڪيلو ئي آهيان. آئون پڻ مناسب وقت نه ڏئي سگھندو آهيان ڇاڪاڻ ته آئون پنهنجي تعليم ۾ تمام گھڻو مصروف رهندو آهيان. پوءِ به منهنجي ڪوشش رهندي آهي ته روزانو ٿورو ئي سهي پر ڪجھه ڪم ڪجي. مهرباني ڪري وڪيپيڊيا تي پنهنجي پسند جي ڪنهن به موضوع تي مضمون لکندا رهندا يا اڳي ئي موجود مضمونن ۾ واڌارا آڻيندا رهندا يا وري انگريزيءَ تان مضمون ڪاپي ڪري سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي پيسٽ ڪندا ۽ پوءِ رفته رفته ان جو ترجمو ڪندا ويندا. {{مبسس4}}ان کان سواءِ هيٺين ڳنڍڻي تي سنڌي وڪي لغت پڻ گھمي ڏسندا. {{مبسس4}}[http://sd.wiktionary.org وڪيغت] {{مبسس4}}وڪيپيڊيا جو منتظم احسان احمد عرساڻي [[User:Aursani|Aursani]] 10:10, 11 ڊسمبر 2006 (UTC) 2472 8377 2006-12-12T10:03:54Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}رياضيات جي شعبي سان تعلق رکندڙ مضمونن جي فهرست: 2473 8382 2006-12-12T11:28:23Z Aursani 60 New page: {{مبسس4}}هتي تعليمي ادارن جي فهرست ڏجي ٿي: {{مبسس4}}هتي تعليمي ادارن جي فهرست ڏجي ٿي: 2474 8389 2006-12-12T12:54:51Z TXiKiBoT 136 New page: This is a bot account, run by [[:eu:Lankide:TXiKi|eu:TXiKi]]. If you want to contact me, please visit [[:eu:Lankide eztabaida:TXiKi|my talk page]]. Thank you! This is a bot account, run by [[:eu:Lankide:TXiKi|eu:TXiKi]]. If you want to contact me, please visit [[:eu:Lankide eztabaida:TXiKi|my talk page]]. Thank you! 2475 8422 2006-12-14T11:29:34Z Aursani 60 [[Tando Qaiser]] moved to [[ٽنڊو قيصر]]: غير سنڌي عنوان {{غيرسنڌي}} Tando Qaiser is a Model village of Hyderabad District. Most people depend on Agriculture. Most common caste is Nizamani. It has well equiped hopital and newly build high school. It has also one of the good drainage system. Its main Exports is Mangoes Tando Qaiser's Mangoes are very famous all over the country. 2476 8426 2006-12-14T18:23:43Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}عمر ۽ مارئي جو داستان وطن جي حب ۽ محبت جو داستان آهي. سنڌ جي هڪ ڳوٺاڻي نياڻي جي ست سيل ۽ سنڌ جي هڪ عادل بادشاه جي صبر ۽ انصاف جو داستان آهي. جهوپڙن ۾ رهندڙ مارن ۽ جهانگين جي ڏکي مگر آجي ۽ محبت ڀري رهڻي ڪهڻي جي شهرن ۽ ماڙين ۾ رهندڙن جي سک ۽ عيش واري مگر پابند زندگي تي فوقيت جو داستان آهي. هي سنڌ جي غريبن جي اشرافت ۽ خود داري جو داستان آهي. بلڪ سنڌ جي اعلى سماجي قدرن جو آئينو آهي، جنهن ڪري صدين کان وٺي سنڌ ۾ هنڌين ماڳين ۾ مشهور ۽ مقبول رهيو آهي. {{مبسس4}}عمر سومرو همير جو پٽ هو، سومرن جي زوال واري دور ۾ عمر سومرن جو پنجويهون حاڪم ٿيو، جنهن سمن حاڪمن جي تحت عمر ڪوٽ ۾ ٿر واري علائقي ۾ سرداري ڪئي. {{مبسس4}}مارئي جو وڏو ڏاڏو ’’مهڙ‘‘ هو، ڏاڏو ’ڦل‘ ۽ ’لاکو‘ پيءَ جو نالو هو. {{مبسس4}}ڦوڳ نالي هڪڙي شخص، مارئي جو سڱ سندس مائٽن کان گهريو، پر مارئي جي مائٽن اهو سڱ پنهنجي عزيزن مان هڪ کي ڏئي ڇڏيو. پوءِ اهو ڦوڳ فريادي ٿي عمر سومري وٽ دانهن کڻي ويو. جڏهن عمر وٽ پهتو ته حقيقت بيان ڪرڻ وقت مارئي جي سونهن صفائي جي ساراه ڪرڻ لڳو ۽ عمر کي چيائين ته آئون انهي سڱ تان دستبردار آهيان، توهان کيس پنهنجي محل ۾ داخل ڪريو. هو اهڙي ته سهڻي آهي جو منجهانئس نگاه ڪڍڻ به مشڪل آهي. عمر هڪڙي تکي اُٺ تي سوار ٿي، مارن جي ملڪ ڏانهن روانو ٿيو. جڏهن مارئي تي نظر پيس ته اکيون جهڪن نه پيون. ڪيترا ڏينهن اتي تاڙ ۾ ويٺو رهيو. جڏهن وجھه مليو تڏهن مارئي کي اُٺ تي اُڏائي آڻي عمرڪوٽ مان ڪڍيائين. {{مبسس4}}ان زال کي هزارين شاباسون ۽ جس هجن، جنهن پنهنجي سيل ستر بچائڻ لاءِ پاڻ پتوڙيو. عمر جي طرفان کيس ڳھ ڳٺا، زيور، ڪپڙا ۽ ست اڇيو آڇيون ڏنيون ويون، ڊپ خوشيون ڏيکاريون ويون، مگر هو ڪنهن به ڳاله تي راضي نه ٿي. عمر کي ايئن چوندي رهي ته اهو ڪهڙي مذهب ۾ روا آهي ته پنهنجي مڱيندي جو حق ڀڃي، تنهنجي بي بقا اسبابن جي چٽڪن تي لڳي ريجهي وڃان، پوءِ آخرت جي ڏينهن هلي شرمسار ٿيان. عمر جڏهن هن جي آهن دانهن کان متاثر ٿيو، تڏهن هڪ سال بعد سندس مڙس کي گهرائي ڳهن ڳٺن سميت ٻانهن ان جي حوالي ڪيائين ۽ کيس مارئي جي پاڪدامن هجڻ جي به تسلي ڏنائين. جڏهن مڙس ان کي وٺي ملڪ پهتو، ته ان جو شڪ زال مان نه لٿو. آٿئي ويٺي کيس طعنا پيو هڻندو هو. هڪڙي ڏينهن اها خبر عمر کي وڃي پئي، جنهن تي کيس تڪليف پهتي ته ڇا منهنجو صبر، ڇا مارئي جي پنهنجي بچائڻ جي مضبوطي ان جي هنن بيوقوفن کي ڪوبه قدر ڪونهي! سو ڪاوڙجي هڪ وڏو لشڪر ماروئڙن تي چاڙهيائين ته وڃي سڄو ملڪ تاراج ڪري چڏيو. جڏهن اهو لشڪر ملڪ ۾ پهتو ته ماروئڙا حيران ٿي ويا ۽ پڇيائون ته هي فوج ڪنهنجي آهي ۽ ڇا جي لاءِ آئي آهي؟ عملدار چيو ته، توهان مارئي جي پاڪدامني تي ويساه نٿا ڪريو ۽ ان جو مڙس مهڻن طعنن سان مارئي کي روز ٿو وڍ وجهي، جنهن کان بادشاھ توهان جي تباهي جو حڪم ڏنو آهي ته ان نموني منهنجي بدنامي ٿيندي ٿي رهي، اهي ماڻهو ئي هت نه هجن. {{مبسس4}}پوءِ مارئي پنهجي قبيلي جي ماڻهن کي دلداري ڏئي ڪي وڏڙيون عورتون پاڻ سان گڏ وٺي عمر جي خدمت ۾ پهتي، جتي عمر کي چيائين ته ’’تون هڪ حاڪم آهين، تو کي لازم نه هو ته پرائي ڃائي کي هڪ سال پنهجي دٻڙ ڌونس سان بندي چڏين، پوءِ به بدنامي کان ڪاوڙجي پنهنجي لشڪر هٿان غريبن کي مارائين ٿو، ماڻهن جا وات ڪير به بند ڪري نٿو سگهي. آءُ به ته انهي ڪري ئي سهن جي منهن ۾ آهيان. جي اهڙو ڪم نه ڪرين ها ته ڪير توکي بروڀلو چئي ها ۽ ڇو منهنجو مڙس مون کان شڪي رهي ها ۽ وري حملو به اسان تي ڪرايو اٿئي، انصاف ڪر ته ان ۾ ڏوھ ڪنهن جو آهي؟ ‘‘ مارئي جي اها ڳاله دل سان ٻڌائين ۽ ڏاڍو پڇتائين. لشڪر کي واپس گهرايائين ان سان گڏ مارئي جي مڱيندي اڳيان قسم سنهن کنيائين، جيئن ان جي دل مان غير نڪري وڃي پوءِ ان ستاوان زال مارئي به هندو دستور موجب پاڻ تي قسم جي پرکا قبول ڪئي، جيئن سڄي ڪڙم تان بدنامي جو ٽڪو ميسارجي وڃي. فيصلو ڪيائون ته مارئي جي پرکا وٺجي. باه ۾ لوه تپائي ان جي گردن ۾ وجهجي، جي هن کي ڪا لهس نه اچي ته سمجهو ته پاڪ آهي. پوءِ ان الزام ڏيڻ کان باز رهجي، جيئن اهو داغ هميشه لاءِ مٿانئس لهي وڃي. جڏهن اها حقيقت مارئي کي ملي ته ان خوشي سان انهي آزمائش کي قبول ڪيو. پوءِ سڀني گڏجي مچ ٻاريو. مارئي طوق پائڻ جي بجاءِ پنهنجي پروردگار جي آسري تي باھ جي هڪ ڇيڙي کان ٻئي ڇيڙي تائين ٽانڊن مٿان اڪري وئي ۽ ان جو وار به ونگو نه ٿيو. پوءِ عمر جو اڳي شرمسار ٿيو بيٺو هو. سو خوش ٿيو، ڇو ته مٿانئس ملامت لهي ويئي ۽ مارئي جي مڙس جي دل به صفا ٿي وئي. [[category:تاريخ]] 2477 8414 2006-12-14T11:20:31Z Aursani 60 [[عمر ۽ مارئي جي داستان]] moved to [[عمر ۽ مارئي جو داستان]]: عنوان گرامر جي لحاظ کان غلط آهي #REDIRECT [[عمر ۽ مارئي جو داستان]] 2478 8423 2006-12-14T11:29:34Z Aursani 60 [[Tando Qaiser]] moved to [[ٽنڊو قيصر]]: غير سنڌي عنوان #REDIRECT [[ٽنڊو قيصر]] 2479 8432 2006-12-14T18:30:06Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[ڏيارام ڄيٺمل سائنس ڪاليج ڪراچي]] #REDIRECT[[ڏيارام ڄيٺمل سائنس ڪاليج ڪراچي]] 2480 8433 2006-12-14T18:30:46Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[ڏيارام ڄيٺمل سائنس ڪاليج ڪراچي]] #REDIRECT[[ڏيارام ڄيٺمل سائنس ڪاليج ڪراچي]] 2481 8434 2006-12-14T18:31:09Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[ڏيارام ڄيٺمل سائنس ڪاليج ڪراچي]] #REDIRECT[[ڏيارام ڄيٺمل سائنس ڪاليج ڪراچي]] 2482 8435 2006-12-14T18:31:26Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[ڏيارام ڄيٺمل سائنس ڪاليج ڪراچي]] #REDIRECT[[ڏيارام ڄيٺمل سائنس ڪاليج ڪراچي]] 2483 8436 2006-12-14T18:31:46Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[ڏيارام ڄيٺمل سائنس ڪاليج ڪراچي]] #REDIRECT[[ڏيارام ڄيٺمل سائنس ڪاليج ڪراچي]] 2484 8437 2006-12-14T18:32:04Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[ڏيارام ڄيٺمل سائنس ڪاليج ڪراچي]] #REDIRECT[[ڏيارام ڄيٺمل سائنس ڪاليج ڪراچي]] 2485 8438 2006-12-14T18:32:19Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[ڏيارام ڄيٺمل سائنس ڪاليج ڪراچي]] #REDIRECT[[ڏيارام ڄيٺمل سائنس ڪاليج ڪراچي]] 2486 8439 2006-12-14T18:32:35Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[ڏيارام ڄيٺمل سائنس ڪاليج ڪراچي]] #REDIRECT[[ڏيارام ڄيٺمل سائنس ڪاليج ڪراچي]] 2487 8440 2006-12-14T18:34:02Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[ڏيارام ڄيٺمل سائنس ڪاليج ڪراچي]] #REDIRECT[[ڏيارام ڄيٺمل سائنس ڪاليج ڪراچي]] 2488 8441 2006-12-14T18:34:37Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[ڏيارام ڄيٺمل سائنس ڪاليج ڪراچي]] #REDIRECT[[ڏيارام ڄيٺمل سائنس ڪاليج ڪراچي]] 2489 8450 2006-12-16T03:58:18Z Irshad sindhi 140 New page: سنڌي ۽ ثقافت جيئن ته اسين جديد دور ۾ رھي رھيا آھيون ۽ اسان کي فخر آھي ته اسان سنڌي ھن جدي... سنڌي ۽ ثقافت جيئن ته اسين جديد دور ۾ رھي رھيا آھيون ۽ اسان کي فخر آھي ته اسان سنڌي ھن جديد دور ۾ دنيا سان ڪلھو ڪلھي ۾ ملائي ھلي رھيا آھيون، اُن ۾ وڏو ھٿ اسان جي ھلندڙ سنڌي چينلن جو آھي جن ھن اڳتي وڌنڌڙ وقت ۾ اسان جي ٻولي کي پوئتي رھڻ کان بچائي ورتو. اڄ اھي ئي سنڌي چينل اسان غريب سنڌين جو آواز بڻيل آھن، پر اُن سان گڏ ڏک اھو به آھي ته اسان کي اسان جي سنڌي چينل تي اھو ڪجھ نٿو ملي جيڪو ملڻ گھرجي؛ مثال طور” اسان کي ھيئنر ھلندڙ پروگرامن ۾ اسان کي سنڌ جي روايت، ثقافت، سنڌي ادب ۽ حياءٌ جي کوٽ محسوس ٿئي ٿي ۽ اسين غورو ڪنداسين ته سنڌي ڊرامن ۾ پيار محبت جي بدران ھٿيارن سان رت جي راند رھندي ڏيکاريو وڃي ٿو جنھن سان ٻارن تي به خراب اثر پئجي سگھي ٿو يا وري مردن ۽ عورتن کي گڏ نچندي ڏيکاريو وڃي ٿو، منھنجي چوڻ جو مطلب اھيو نه آھي ته سنڌي چينلن تي بي حيائي جي تربيت ڏني وڃي ٿي بلڪه ڳالھ اھا آھي ته سنڌي عورتون حيا جو مجسمو ھجڻ گھرجن ته جيئن اسان ٻين تي سٺو تاثر وجھي سگھون. منھنجي خيال ۾ ته عورتن جو جينز جي پينٽ(پتلون) ۽ ٽي شرٽ پائڻ سنڌ جي ثقافت ۾ شامل نه‌ آھن، ھا اُن حوالي سان ”سنڌ ٽي وِي“ تي ڪجھ سڌارا نظر اچن ٿا جن ۾ سنڌ جي عورتن کي سراپاء حيا ڏيکاري اسان سنڌين سر اوچو ڪري ھلڻ جي جرائت پئدا ڪري ٿي. بحرحال نه ھجڻ کان ڪجھ ھجڻ ڀلو آھي، سنڌي ۾ ھلندڙ سڀ چينل ڏاڍو ڪردار ادا ڪري رھيا آھن ۽ اسان کي يقين آھي اھي سڄي دنيا ۾ سنڌ جي اھميت مڃرائي اسان سنڌين جو مان مٿانھون ڪندا، اسان جي ا^ﷻ کان دعا آھي ته رب العزت سنڌي چينلن کي دائم قائم رکي ۽ اسان جي سنڌ به سدائين آباد ھجي، آمين ثم آمين. اوھان جي دعائن جو طلبگار ارشادچانڊيو (حرڪئمپ حيدرآباد 2490 8456 2006-12-17T22:44:21Z Ev 141 {{Babel-5|sd-0|en-3|es|de-2|fr-1}} [[meta:User:Ev]] *You can leave me a message on [[m:User talk:Ev|my talk page on meta]]. *Vous pouvez me laisser un message sur [[m:User talk:Ev|ma page de discussion sur méta]]. *Puede dejarme un mensaje en [[m:User talk:Ev|mi página de discusión en meta]]. *Puoi lasciarmi un messaggio nella [[m:User talk:Ev|mia pagina di discussione su meta]]. *Sie können mir eine Nachricht auf [[m:User talk:Ev|meiner Diskussionsseite im meta]] hinterlassen. ( Please, help me by adding a similar message in Sindhi at the top of the list, and removing this petition at the same time. Thanks :-) 2491 8566 2006-12-27T18:05:58Z Aursani 60 [[Image:Ranikot1.jpg|thumb|left|200px|{{مبسس4}}رني ڪوٽ]] ==تعارف== {{مبسس4}}هيءَ دنيا جو وڏي ۾ وڏو قلعو آهي. ==ڀونءِ نگاري== {{مبسس4}}ڊگھائي ڦاڪ 67.83333 ۽ ويڪرائي ڦاڪ 26.08333 تي واقع آهي. [[category:تاريخ]] [[category:ڀونءِ ڀياس ۽ ڀونءِ نگاري]] 2492 8470 2006-12-19T17:19:36Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[رني ڪوٽ]] #redirect[[رني ڪوٽ]] 2493 8487 2006-12-20T17:29:55Z 202.125.143.68 New page: مون کي مون پرين...... ٻڌي وڌو ٻارِ ۾........... تازو ئي جڏهن انساني حقن جو عالمي ڏينهن پئي ملهايو ويو. تڏهن مون ... مون کي مون پرين...... ٻڌي وڌو ٻارِ ۾........... تازو ئي جڏهن انساني حقن جو عالمي ڏينهن پئي ملهايو ويو. تڏهن مون سوچيو ته آءٌ پنهنجي حق تلفين ۽ پاڻَ سان ٿيل زيادتين جي دانهن ڪنهن کي ڏيان؟. ڪنهن کي ٻڌايان ته محض دولت جي لالچ ۾ منهنجا رَتُ جا رشتا منهنجي رتُ جا پياسا بڻيل آهن. دولت به ڪنهن ٻئي جي نه، پر منهنجي مرحوم بابا رئيس شرف الدين جاگيراڻيءَ جي آهي، جنهن جو مون کان سواءِ ڪو وارث نه آهي. اهائي منهنجي ملڪيت ، مون لاءِ خطرن جو ڪارڻ بڻجي رهي آهي. اهو گھر، جيڪو منهنجيءَ امڙ پيرجو ڳوٺ ضلعي خيرپور ميرس ۾ رات ڏينهن پورهيا ڪري ٺهرايو، جتي مون جنم ورتو، زندگيءَ جا 28 سالَ گذاريا. ان ۾ ويهي شعر لکيا، تنهن ۾ هاڻ مان رهي به نه ٿي سگھان، زندگيءَ ۾ ٻين جا ڏکَ ٻڌي روئي پوندي هيس، پر افسوس هاڻ منهنجن پنهنجن ڏکن جو ڪو داد فرياد نه ٿو ٿئي. بابا ڇا فوت ٿيو، اسان لاءِ زندگي دردناڪ عذاب بڻجي وئي. منهنجا ماٽيلا ماما ۽ بابا جو هڪ سوٽ اسان کي موتَ جون ڌمڪيون ڏيندو رهيو. رات جو اسان جي فون جون لائينون ڪاٽيون وينديون هيون، اهڙي خطرناڪ صورتحال ۾ اسان زندگي بچائي ڪراچي آياسين ۽ منهنجن ماٽيلن مامن منهنجي اباڻي گھر ۽ دڪان تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. گھر مان سامان به چوري ڪيو ويو. بابا جي سوٽَ پير ڇتن شاهه بخاريءَ ۾ واقع اسان جي کجين جي باغَ تي زبردستي قبضو ڪري ورتو. چادر بازار پير ڳوٺ ۾ واقع اسان جي پلاٽَ تي هڪ پنجابيءَ کي قبضو ڏئي ويهاريو ويو. انهن سڀني جا ڪاغذات اسان وٽ موجود آهن، پر اسان ڪجھ به نه ڪري سگھياسين. اسان پاڻ گمناميءَ جي زندگي گذارڻ تي مجبور ٿي وياسين. سڀ ڪجھ هوندي به اسان بي يارو مددگار ۽ ڪسمپرسيءَ واري زندگي گذارڻ تي مجبور آهيون. اسان جا اباڻا ڪکڙا اسان لاءِ نو گو ايريا بڻيل آهن. ايتري تائين جو ڏاڏيءَ جي وفات تي ان جو منهن ڏسڻ به نه ڏنو ويو. اهي لالچي انسان ملڪيتن جي چڪرَ ۾ اسان کي مارائڻَ جا بهانا پيا ڳولهين. مان انهن جي هٿان بي درديءَ وارو موت قبول نه ٿي ڪرڻ چاهيان ۽ نه هاڻ گمناميءَ جي زندگي گذارڻ چاهيان ٿي.اسان فقط جيئڻ جو حق ۽ پنهنجي ملڪيت تي حق ـ مالڪيت چاهيون ٿا. پر هي ڪهڙا نه بي حس ماڻهو آهن جو يتيمن جي مٿي تي هٿ رکڻ بدران رهندو سايو ئي کسيو ويٺا آهن. ظالم جا ساٿي ته گھڻا ئي بڻجندا آهن. ڪو مظلومن جو به ساٿ ڏئي. منهنجي زندگيءَ کي انهن ماڻهن مان خطرو آهي، تنهنڪري مان حڪومت ، قانون لاڳو ڪندڙ ادارن ۽ عدليه کي تحفظ لاءِ اپيل ٿي ڪريان. هتي مان اداڪار امانت مغلَ جا اهي لفظ به ورجائينديس ، جيڪي هن ڪي ٽي اين جي ڏيئو پروگرام ۾ انتهائي درد وچان چيا هيا.” مان اوهان جي بازار ۾ پنهنجا دردَ کڻي آيو آهيان، اوهان خريدار بڻجو ۽ منهنجا دردخريد ڪيو ته جيئن مان پنهنجي لاءِ ڪجھ خوشيون خريد ڪري سگھان“. مان به انصاف لاءِ ٿي ٻاڏايان، مون کي منهنجو حق وٺي ڏيو ۽ زندگيءَ کي تحفظ فراهم ڪريو. ملڪ جي صدر جنرل پرويز مشرف ، سنڌ جي وڏي وزير ڊاڪٽر ارباب غلام رحيم، سنڌ هاءِ ڪورٽ ، انساني حقن جي تنظيمن ۽ اديب ساٿين کي نماڻي التجا ٿي ڪريان ته مون کي گمناميءَ جي اذيتناڪ قيدَ مان ڪڍو، سڪون ۽ سُکَ جي زندگي جيئڻ ۾ منهنجي مدد ڪريو ۽ تحفظ ڏياريو. فهميده شرف بلوچ ڪراچي 03003344036 مe_famee110@yahoo.com 2494 8496 2006-12-21T16:35:39Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}}اروڙ جو سير مون کي جڏهن به ڪو يار دوست گهمڻ ڦرڻ يا سير تفريح لاء چوندو آهي ته پوء سڀ ڪم ڪار هڪ پاسي رکي ان دوست سان نڪري پوندو آهيان ۽ نومبر جي 24 تاريخ جڏهن سکر جي هڪ خوبصورت مکڙي ۽ ان ظاهري صورت کان وڌيڪ سيرت ۽ سڀاء واري سائين ستار زنگيجي اروڙ جي تاريخي ماڳن ۽ مڪانن جي گهمڻ جي دعوت ڏني هئي ته سکر کان خاشو ڏور گهوٽڪي کان به ڪجهه پرڀرو سنڌ جي يگاني صوفي شاعر حضورڻ سائين جي پهرين ورسي جي مناسبت سان لڳل ميلي ۾ پرين پياري فقير نذير سان گڏگهمندي ۽ نوجوان گادي نشين ۽ ڀلوڙ راڳي سخاوت سائين جي محبتي محفل مان مزو ماڻيندي به سويل سکر پهچي اروڙ اسهڻ جي اڻتڻ جهڙوڪر سمهڻ ئي نه پئي ڏنو ۽ پوء پرهه ڦٽيء جو اٿي کڻي کڙيء تي زور رکيو هوم ۽ اسان اروڙ ڏانهن ٻن موٽر سائيڪلن تي روانا ٿيا هئاسين ستار سان گڏ هڪ ٻيو باشعور نوجوان شبير سومرو به ساڻ هيو، اهو ڏينهن ڪجهه ٿڌيرڙو هيو ڪجهه ڪڪر به آسمان جي وسعتن ۾ لغڙن جيان اڏامي رهيا هئا. حقيقت ۾ اهو مون لاء هڪ قسم جو مطالعاتي دؤرو هيو. جن کي سنڌ جي تاريخ سان ٿورڙي به دلچسپي هوندي اهي ڄاڻن ٿا ته اروڙ ڪنهن دؤر ۾ سر سبز، شادباد ، سونهن واري سنڌ جي راڄڌاني هئي، جتي وڏي مان ۽ مريادا وارا راجا ۽ مهاراجا رهندا هئا. جتي علم هيو جتي امن هيو جتي فن هيو ۽ فنڪارن جي عزت ۽ وقار جو خيال رکيو ويندو هيو، ان کان علاوهه اتي خوشيون ۽ خريد به هئي ان ڏيهه جا رهواسي خوش ۽ خوشحال هيا. ميرمحمد معصومي پنهنجي لاجواب تاريخي ڪتاب تاريخ معصومي ۾ اروڙ جو احوال اجهو هنن لفظن ۾ بيان ڪيو آهي؛ (الور مهراڻ نديء جي ڪناري تي هڪ نهايت وڏو شهر هو، جنهن ۾ بلند عمارتون، مظبوط محلاتون،ميويدار وڻن سان ڀريل باغ ۽ تمدن ۽ شهريت جو اهو سڀ سامان موجود هو، جنهن جي مقيم، خواهه مسافر کي خواهش ٿي سگهي ٿي. انهيء طرف جي ملڪ ۽ شهرن جو مالڪ مختيار ۽ صاحب اقتدار سيهرس راء بن ساهسي هو. جيئن ته سيهرس راء نيڪوڪار ۽ عدالت پسند هو، ۽ عام خلق جون گردنون سندس قسمين قسمين مهربانين ۽ طرحين طرحين احسانن جي بار هيٺان سدائين جهڪيل هونديون هيون، تنهنڪري عام ۽ خاص ماڻهن جا ٽولا سندس فرمانبرداري دل و جان سان ڪندا هئا، ۽ سندس ملڪ جون حدون اڀرندي طرف کان ڪشمير ۽ قنوج، الهندي طرف کان مڪران ۽ عربي سمنڊ جي ڪناري يعني ديبل بندر جو هاڻي لاهري بندر جي نالي سان مشهور آهي، ڏکڻ طرف کان سورت بندر ۽ ديو بندر ۽ اتر طرف کان قنڌار، سيستان، ڪوهه سليمان، ڪردارن ۽ ڪي ڪانان جي سرحدن تائين هيون. هن، هن ملڪ کي چئن حصن ۾ ورهائي ، هرهڪ حصو هڪڙي حاڪم جي سنڀال هيٺ ڏيئي الور جي شهر کي پنهنجو تختگاهه مقرر ڪيو.؛ ) تاريخ جي بدقسمتي ڏسو ته اها خوشحالي ئي اسان جي غلاميء جو ڪارڻ بڻي، ڏوراهن ڏيهن کان ڪيئي حلاڪو ۽ چنگيز جهڙا سفاڪ قاتل مختلف بهانا ڳولهي هتي آيا، هن ملڪ جي شريف، نفيس ۽ پرامن ماڻهن جو وڏي بيدردي سان قتلام ڪيو، شهر مسمار ڪيا ويا ڪتبخانا ساڙيا ويا، دوستو 26نومبر 2006 واري ڏينهن تي اسان ان قسم جا احساس رکي ان طرف اسيا هئا سين. اروڙ سنڌ جو هڪ عظيم تاريخي ماڳ آهي. هتي هڪ خاشو وڏو قلعو تعمير ٿيل هو جنهن کي ڊاهي بکر جو قلعو تعمير ڪيو ويو هيو. هي اهو علائقو هيو جتي سنڌ جي ماڻهن ڌارين حملي آورن سان مهاڏو اٽڪايو هيو. اتي ئي هڪڙي ڊٿل مسجد آهي جنهن لاء ڪن ماڻهن جو چوڻ آهي ته اها محمد بن قاسم سنڌ جي فتح بعد جوڙائي هئي، وري ڪجهه ٻين جو خيال آهي ته اها محمد بن قاسم جي جوڙايل نه ٿي لڳي ڇو ته ان جي اڏاوت مغل طرز تي ٿيل آهي بهرحال اهو فيصلو ته آثاري قديمه جي ماهرن کي ڪرڻو آهي ته اصل حقيقت آهي ڇا؟ پر هتي اهو ٻڌائڻ دلچسپي کان خالي نه رهندو ته ان مسجد کي محمد بن قاسم سان منسوب ڪري هڪ جڙتو مذهبي تنظيم ملڪ جي هڪ فوجي آمر کان لکين روپيا ان جي ٻيهر اڏاوت لاء وصول ڪيا هئا ۽ انهن ان مسجد ۽ محمد بن قاسم جي نالي کي پنهجي ذاتي مقصدن ۽ مفادن لاء خوب استعمال ڪيو هيو ڏسو ته ڪيئن نه دنيا وارن نه رڳو سياست پر مذهب کي پڻ هڪ منافع بخش ڪاروبار ۾ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو آهي. اسان جڏهن ان ڏينهن اتي پهتا هئاسين ته انوقت ٻه عدد باقي بچيل ڀتيون بيٺيون هيون، ۽ اهو نظر اچي رهيو هيو ته اهي به بس هڪ ٻن برساتن بعد نيست نابود ٿي وينديون. ان مسجد ڀرسان هڪ قديمي کوهه به آهي. اهو پورو علائقو ان ڪوٽ ۾ آهي جنهن جا ته هاڻ آثار به گم ٿي رهيا آهن ۽ پوء اسان ڳچ وقت ان تباهه و برباد ٿيل قلعي جي آثارن تي بيهي تصور پچايا هئا ننڍڙين ننڍڙين پٿرين کي هٿ ۾ جهلي مستقبل ۾ سونهن واري سنڌ جي سينڌ سنوارڻ جا وچن ۽ وعدا پڻ ڪيا هئا. دوستو هيء اهائي اروڙ جي وستي آهي جنهن جي سڳند ڀري مٽي مان سنڌ جو يگانو، بي باڪ ۽ بهادر قلمڪار سائين رشيد ڀٽي به جنم ورتو هيو اروڙ کي هن وقت به رشيد ڀٽي صاحب جا مائٽ آباد ڪيون ويٺا آهن انهن مان ئي شهمير فقير۽ نثار ڀٽيء جڏهن اسان کي ائين اٻاڻڪو ۽ اتاولو ڏٺو ته کائن رهيو نه ٿيو ۽ اهي اسان کي وڏي اڪير ۽ اتساهه سان پنهجي اوطاق تي وٺي آيا ۽ خوب توازع ڪيو هئائون سندن اسرار هيو ته اسان سندن تڏي تي مانجهاندو ڪيون هنن جي پيار ۽ خلوص مان ڏاڍا متاثر ٿيا هئاسين پر اسان کي ته اڃان ڪجهه اڳتي وڃڻو هيو سندن ٿورا بجا آڻي اسان وري پنڌ کي ڇڪيو، چن جي جبلن جو نظارو ڪندا اڳتي پئي وياسين ته انهن پنهجي نسل ڪشيء جون جهڙوڪر اسان کي دانهون ڏنيون، تنهن وقت به ڪيئي ماڻهون بيلچن، ٽيڪمن سان انهن جو ماس روڙي رهيا هئا، روهڙي کان ڪوٽ ڏجي تائين اهي جبل علائقي جي سونهن بڻيل آهن، ڪاروباري ذهنيت رکڻ وارا سندن خوبصورت وجود کي ڌرتي تان گم ڪندا پيا وتن، ڪيڏا نه ويران، بدصورت ۽ بيابان لڳندا اهي علائقا انهن جبلن کان سواء، ان قسم جو محض تصور ئي ڏڪائي ٿو ڇڏي، شايد سندن انهن آهن جو اثر هو ته اسان انهن سان گڏجي ڦوٽو شوٽ ڪيا. اڃا انهن انومانن ۾ غلطان هئا سي ته، اتي ئي هڪ جهنگلي وڻ به منهجو توجهه پاڻ ڏانهن ڇڪايو جنهن ۾ڪجهه پرڀرو کان نظر نه ايندڙ گؤنچن سان گڏ خوبصورت گل ڏسندي اندر ئي ٺري پيو هيو ڀلا اهڙي من مونهڻي خوبصورتي کي ڪيئن ٿي نظر انداز ڪري سگهياسين، ٻه عدد ان جون تصويرون وٺي ئي اڳتي وڌيا هئاسين، ٻنهي طرفن کان جبل وچ۾ چاري نمان روڊ، هيڪڙ ٻيڪڙ ٽريفڪ نه ته مڪمل سانت، ۽ اهڙي پرسڪون لمحن ۾ انهيء روڊ تي اسان جون ڊورندڙ موٽر سائڪلون ائين پئي محسوس ٿيو جهڙوڪڙ تاريخ پوئتي موٽ کاڌي هئي ۽ اسين ڌرتيء جي حفاظت لاء گهوڙا ڊوڙائي رهيا هئاسين، ڀلا ڪڏهن ته انهن ئي رستن، جبلن جي لاهين ۽ چاڙهين، ميدانن تي سنڌ جا ڪوپا جوان ڪڏيا هوندا، انهن جو مقدس رت پنهجي ڀونء جي حفاظت ڪندي وهيو هوندو، بس اهڙيون سوچون ئي اسان لاء آٿٿ جو سبب هيون، ۽ سکر کان ايندي ۽ پوء موٽندي اسان جي سموري ڳالهه ٻولهه به اها ئي هلندي رهي. ان بعد اسان جو ٽن جڻن ۽ ٻن موٽر سائيڪلن تي مشتمل قافلو ڪالڪا ديوي جي مندر ۽ ان جي بلڪل سامهون جڙيل مسجد ۽ مدرسي طرف روان دوان هو، مسجد جي زيارت ۽ مندر جو درشن ڪري مندر مٿان جبل تي چڙهي سامهون نظر وڌي سين ته روڊ نانگ وانگر وڪڙ کاڌل چارو پئي محسوس ٿيو، جڏهن ته اتان روهڙي ۽ سکر جون جايون به نظريون پئي. اتي به ڪجهه ڦوٽو ورتاسي۽ بعد ۾ وري جبل جو رستو هيو ۽ اسين هئاسين۽ ائين هلندي هلندي اوچتو جبل کٽي پيو هيو ۽ اتان چوٽي تان بيهي جڏهن هيٺ نظر ڊوڙائي هئي سين جت پري پري تائين کجين جي باغن، وڻن ٽڻن ۽ سرسبز نظاري ته جهڙوڪر پنڊ پهڻ ڪري ڇڏيو هئو، اکين کي آسيس ڏيندڙ ان خوبصورتي کي ڏسندي دل ئي نه پي ڊاپي، اهو ٽپهري جو وقت هيو،جڏهن ته سج اڀرڻ وقت ان جو منظر اڃان ڪجهه اور هوندو آهي، اها ڳالهه مسٽر شبير سومري ٻدائي ته سندس ڪجهه مائٽ ڪراچي کان گهمڻ آيا هئا ۽ کين وٺي اهي صبح جو اتي آيا هئا ڪراچي واسي ڏاڍا متاثر ٿيا هئا. اتي ئي جبل ٽڪي پيٽ پاليندڙ ٻرڙي سان دعا سلام بعد اسان وڃي نينهن جبل تي ساهي پٽي هئي. اها ٽڪري به عجب آهي، جيئن برگر کي چئن ٽڪرن ۾ ورهائبو آهي بلڪل ساڳي نموني هي جبل به ورهايل آهي ۽ چـڱو خاشو مٿي پڻ آهي ان تي چڙهڻ هرڪنهن جو ڪم نه آهي، ڪجهه سال اڳ ڪاليج جي دوستن سان جڏهن ٽوئر ڪندي اتي آيا هئاسين ته دلبر دوست قدير انصاري ۽ مان پوري ڀريل بس مان ٻه ڄڻا ئي هياسين جن ان جي چوٽي سر ڪئي هئي، ان جبل لاء به عجب ڏند ڪٿائون مشهور آهن، انهن مطابق ته اهو حضرت علي جو ڪارنامون آهي. اڳئين دفعي جڏهن اتي آيا هئاسين ته ڏاڍي رازداري واري انداز ۾ قدير سائين ٻڌايو هيو ته پرين هتي جيڪو به پنهجي محبوب ماڻڻ جي دعا گهرندو اها ضرور قبول پوندي، خبر ناهي قدير اها دعا گهري هئي الائي نه باقي مون کي ته منهجي دعائن جي اثر جي خبر آهي! ان خوبصورتي کي اکين ۾ پينٽ ڪري موٽي نارا واهه جي ڪناري هڪ ڳوٺاڻي اسٽائيل ۾ جڙيل هوٽل تي چاء جا چسڪا وٺندي دڪان هلائيندڙ ۽ گورمنٽ ڊگري ڪاليج سکر جي شاگرد، جنهن جي ذات ٻانگو هئي، سان حال احوال اوريندي اندر صفا ڦسي پيو هيو جڏهن هن هڪ نوجوان ڇوڪري سان زيادتي بعد قتل جي ڳالهه ٻڌائي هئي، جيڪو سندس عزيز هيو، ان قصي اسان جي چاء جو ذائقو ئي کسي ورتو هو، بعد ۾ نارا ڪينال جو دلپذير ڪنارو وٺي پنهجي آخري منزل ڏهاڳڻ، سهاڳڻ جي قبرن تي آيا سين، صديون اڳ جڙيل انهن قبرن مٿان جوڙايل عمارتن جي عظمت ته اڄ به سلامت آهي پر ڪا مستنند تاريخ نه ٿي ملي ته انهن جي اصلي حقيقت آهي ڪهڙي بس اتي به اوهان کي ڏند ڪٿائن جو سهارو وٺڻو پوندو. سنڌ سڄي سونهن سان سٿي پئي آهي بس جيڪڏهن ڪا کوٽ آهي ته اها آهي سهولتن جي اڻهوند، امن امان ۽ انهن جي ڏينهان ڏيهه مشهوري، منهجي سڄي سنڌ واسين کي اها دعوت آهي ته اهي هنن تاريخي ماڳن ۽ خوبصورتين جو نظارو ضرور ڪن، گل ڪٽوهر ڪواٽر نمبر 03 گورمنٽ اسلاميه ڪاليج سکر سنڌ 03003158037 Amir Gul Katohar Postal Address: Quarter # 03 Govt. Islamia College Colony, Sukkur. Sindh. Pakistan Res. Ph. No. 0092-71-5624614 Cell: No. +923003158037 2495 8506 2006-12-22T11:33:56Z Aursani 60 [[ڏور اِندريات]] moved to [[ڏُور اِندريات]] #REDIRECT [[ڏُور اِندريات]] 2496 8514 2006-12-23T19:46:26Z امير گل ڪٽوهر 143 New page: جتي منهنجا ماروئڙا ٿَرَ جو سفرنامو گل ڪٽوهر رات جوڏيڍ کن ٿيو هوته اسان مي... جتي منهنجا ماروئڙا ٿَرَ جو سفرنامو گل ڪٽوهر رات جوڏيڍ کن ٿيو هوته اسان ميرپورخاص جي سٽي سينٽر هوٽل ۾ سڄي ڏينهن جي سفر ۾ ٿڪايل جسمن کي راحت ڏيڻ لاء بسترن حوالي ڪيو هيو‘پرمنهجا روم ميٽ مسٽر نذير احمد ڪلهوڙو ۽ مسٽر جبار سولنگي صاحبان هوٽل جي ڪمري ۾ فٽ ٽي وي سيٽ تي هلندڙ انگريزي فلم ۾ڪنهن سيڪسي سين جي آسري تي وڌيڪ جاڳڻ جا جتن ڪري رهيا هيا، مون خبر ناهي ته سندن دعائون اگھاميون يا نه ، ڇو ته‎ ‎ننڊ جي ديوي جلدي مون تي مهربان ٿي چڪي هئي. صبح جو ننڊ مان سويل جاڳ ٿي، اٿڻ سان ئي ڪاڳر قلم سنڀاري گذريل ڏينهن جو احوال قلم بند ڪيم . 24جولاء 2003 ٽائيم 7وڳا صبح ـ خبر ناهي اسان واري ڪمري جو نمبر ڇا آهي، ٽن بسترن واري هن ڪمري ۾ مون سان گڏ مسٽر عبدالجبار ء نذير ڪلهوڙو جن گڏ آهن. موسم ڪالهه وانگر اڄ به جهڙالي آهي. ڪالهه پروفيسر نور احمد کهڙي جي جڳهه تان جڏهن هن ٽوئر لاء دوستن سان گڏيو هوم ته انوقت به ڪڪر ڪارونڀار ڪيون بيٺا هئا ۽ مينهن ڪڻيون نئين سفر لاء استقبال ڪري رهيون هيون ۽ انوقت منهنجي ذهن تي گذريل سال جي سفر جا اولڙا ۽ عڪس به نروار ٿيا بيـٺا هئا، ۽ ها اهو ڏينهن به ته مينگهه ملهار وارو ئي هيو. هاڻي نئين سفر لاء تياريون آهن. هن دفعي سونهاري سنڌ جي هڪ پراسرار ٽڪڙي ٿر ڏانهن وڃڻ جا سانڀاها آهن ۽ سچي ٿر ته مون ڪڏهن اکئين ڏٺو ئي ناهي ها البت ڪتابن، ڊرامن ۽ ڊاڪيومينٽريز ۾ ان جون جهلڪيون سو ضرور پسيون اٿم. ها هيءَ اها ئي سرزمين آهي جنهن ۾ برادري ۽ برابري، اخوت ۽ انساني محبت. غيرت ۽ شجاعت، حب الوطني ۽ مريادا جا جوهر پيدا ٿيا. هي اهائي سرزمين آهي جنهن جي ڪنڊ ڪڙڇ ۾ تاريخي واقعن جو وڏو ذخيرو موجود آهي. ڪي صديون اڳ هي زمين جو ٽڪڙو به سبز آباد ۽ شاد هيو، منجهس ڪيئي ڀريل ۽ ڀڪيل شهر هيا، ماڻهون سکيا ۽ ستابا هئا، بندر ۽ بازاريون هيون، وڻج واپار جا مرڪز هيا، زندگي پنهنجي ڀرپورحسن ۽ جمال سان جلواگر هئي، افسوس ته اڄ جو ٿر برسات جو محتاج آهي وُٺو ته ٿر نه ته بر، برسات پئي ته گل گلزاريون نه پئي ته چؤطرف سڃ پئي واڪا ڪندي ۽ ڏڪار جي ڏانئڻ پئي ڦيرا ڏيندي. هن دفعي هت پلر جي خاشي پالوٽ ٿي آهي ۽ برکا رت بهاريون ڪري ڇڏيون آهن درد ونديءَ جو ديس وسي پيو آهي ۽ ائين ٿر پنهنجي جوڀن ڏانهن موٽي آيو آهي، مون دل ۾ دعائون پئي گهريون ته شال سدائين اهي شادمانيون قائم رهن، آمين. هاڻ ٿر ڪيترو من موهڻو آهي اها خبر ته اتي پهچڻ بعد پوندي. ڪالهه اسان واري بس سکر کان هلي، خيرپور ۽ آسپاس کان دوستن کي پنهنجي آغوش ۾ وٺندي ننڍي ساهي لاء واٽ تي ڪنهن هوٽل وٽ بيٺي هئي ۽ ها جهڙالي مند ۾ هوٽل جي دالان تي چاء جا چسڪا وٺندي ڀر واري ايرڪنڊيشن ڪوچ ۾ هڪ مسڪرائيندڙ ملوڪ مهانڊي سان اکيون چار ٿيون هيون ته خبر ناهي مون جهڙي شرميلي ۽ احساس ڪمتري جي ماريل انسان ۾ به اها همٿ پيدا ٿي پئي هئي ته هٿ ۾ جهليل ڪپ مٿي ڪري کيس چانهه جي دعوت ڏني هئم ۽ موٽ ۾ سندس مرڪ جا موتي جهڙوڪر ان جواب سان مليا هئا ته {Thanks for your invitation, but I am leaving for my own destination} اتان کان هلي اسان سڌو اچي ڄام ڏاتار جي ابدي آرام گاهه تي ساڻس گڏ ٿيا هئاسين جنهن جو اصلي نالو سيد اصغر علي شاهه آهي. ڄام ڏاتار جي درگاهه تي تازو چـڱو خاشوترقياتي ڪم ڪرايل هو، درگاهه جي ڀرسان زائرين ۽ زيارتين جي آرام ۽ رهائش لاءِ چڱيون خاشيون ڪافيون جوڙايل هيون، اتي ئي ڪنهن ٻڌايو هو ته اهو سمورو نيڪيءَ جو ڪم مسٽر آصف علي زرداريءَ جو ڪرايل آهي. هاڻ وري بس هئي، روڊ هئو ۽ ان جي اندر اسان هئاسين، اندر مسٽر نذير احمد ڪلهوڙو پنهنجي فن جو پورو پورو مظاهرو ڪري رهيو هيو، جنهن مان سڀ محظوظ ٿي رهيا هئا. سندس چوڻ آهي ته ڊگهي سفر لاء ضروري آهي ته ڪو هڪ اڌ ماڻهون اهڙو به ضرور کڻجي، جنهن سان چرچا گهٻا ڪبا هلجن ته سفر آسان ٿي پوندو، سو هو پنهنجي ٺاهيل اصول ته عمل ڪندي ان ڏينهن به هڪ يار جو خوب انتخاب ڪيو هيو۽ انوقت سندس تيرن جي نشان تي اهو سينئر پروفيسر پاڻي مان تازو نڪتل مڇي وانگر ڦٿڪي رهيو هيو، بَسِ اندر چرچا گهٻا، ڀوڳ ٺڪاءُ هليا پئي ته اچي شاهپور چاڪر ۾ پهتا هئاسين، شهر ۾ داخل ٿيندي ئي دهشت گردن جي گروءَ جي تصوير اکين ۾ سُئي وانگر اچي لڳي هئي. شاهپور جا پڪوڙا ۽ سموسا چٽ ڪري سدو سانگهڙ اچي ساهي پٽي هئي سين، جتي انجنيئرن جي ٽرائيڪا محترم فيض محمد سولنگي، محترم افتخار ڀٽي ۽ محترم منور ابڙي پنهجي عاليشان ريسٽ هائوس ۾ پرتڪلف لنچ جو اهتمام ڪيو هيو. اتي ئي سندن پارسي باس سٺياصاحب سان پڻ مزيدار ڪچهري ٿي هئي، کيس ڏسندي مون کي فلم ”پستن جي“ وارو نصيردين شاهه پئي ياد آيو. لنچ مان فارغ ٿي انجنئر دوستن ۽ پروفيسر صديق انڙ جي صحبت ۽ سنگت ۾ چوٽياريون ڊيم جي چڪر لاءِ نڪتا هئاسين. چوٽياريون ڊيم مکي ٻيلي جي مقام تي اڏيو ويو آهي، جتي سنڌ جي سپوت پٽن، حرن، انگريز سامراج سان مهاڏو اٽڪايو هيو ۽ پنهنجي بهادري، دانائي ۽ قربانيء سان هڪ طرف ته تاريخ جي ورقن ۾ سنهري بابن جو اضافو ڪيو هيو جڏهن ته ٻي پاسي انگريزن کي پڻ ڏينهن جا تارا ڏيکاريا هئا، هاڻ ته انهن فقيرن جي انهن تاريخي اهڃاڻن کي ئي مٽايو ويو آهي، بس هاڻ اسان اهو ئي چئي سگهنداسين ته اتي ڪا جڳهه هوندي جتي فقيرن جي جدوجهد کي ڪچلڻ لاء فرنگين بمباري ڪئي هئي ۽ لوڙها جوڙي کين قيد ڪيو ويو هيو. چوٽياريون ڊيم خاشو وڏو آهي. هن کان اڳ مون راول ڊيم اسلام آباد واري جو نظارو پسيو هو، جنهن مان صفا متاثر ٿي نه سگهيو هوم. اسان سان گائيڊ طور هلندڙ انجنيئر برادري ٻڌايو ته هن ڊيم جي اڏاوت تي ٽي ارب روپيا خرچ آيو آهي، جڏهن ته اسان کي هيڏي ساري رقم خرچجڻ جا گهڻا آثار ته نظر ڪونه آياهئا، بس ڏيئي وٺي اهوڪيو ويوهوهڪ ته هڪ وسيع ايريا کي بند ڏنو ويو هيو جڏهن ته ان بند جو ڳچ حصو ته نارا ڪئنال جو هڪ طرفو ڪنارو به آهي، هن ڊيم جي اڏاوت ڪري نارا ڪئنال جو وهڪرو پڻ مَٽايو ويو آهي، اتي نارا ڪئنال جونظارو ڏاڍو من ڀائيندڙ، ورن وڪڙن تي ٻڌل ۽ ڏسڻ وٽان آهي. هن ڊيم جي اڏاوت ڪري هزارين ماڻهون متاثر ٿيا هئا، سندن زمينون کانئن کسيون ويون هيون. انهن متاثر ماڻهن جي احتجاجن، جلسن جلوسن جون تصويرون به اخبارن ۾ اينديون رهيون آهن. سائين صديق انڙ صاحب ته جهڙوڪر ان علائقي جي انسائيڪلوپيڊيا هيو، سائين ٻڌايو ته چوٽياريون ۾ هن علائقي جو مشهور مدرسو هوندو هيو، ڏيهان ڏيهه کان علم وارا ماڻهون مدرسي جي عالمن سان ملاقات لاءِ ايندا رهندا هئا اتي علم ۽ عرفان جا دريا وهندا هيا ان ڪري ئي ان جو نالو چوٽ+ياريون پئجي ويو هيو، سائين وڌيڪ ٻڌايو ته ڊيم جي اڏاوت کان اڳ ۾ اهو هڪ انتهائي خوبصورت علائقو هو، جتي جنگهلي جيوت به جام هئي. ان ۾ سيهڙ، سوئر،گدڙ، ڦاڙها، هرڻ ۽ ٻيا جانور بنا ڊپ ڊاءُ جي ٻيلي ۾ پيا ڦرندا هيا، ان سان گڏ جهنگلي پکين جا ولر به وڳر ڪيو آزاد فضائن ۾ پيا لامارا ڏيندا هيا پر ڊيم جي اڏاوت بعد انهن سڀني ساهوارن جي نسل ڪشي ٿي چڪي آهي. جڏهن اهو علائقو اڃا مکي ٻيلو هيوته اتان هر سال هزارين مڻ ماکيءَ پڻ ملندي هئي. ان کان علاوه مالوند ماڻهون پنهجا ڍور ڍڳا ٻيلي ۾ ڇڏي وهاڻو سيرانڌي ڏيئي سمهي پوندا هيا ۽ سندن مال بنا خوف خطري جي رات ڏينهن ٻيلي ۾ يل پيو چرندو هيو، ان ڪري مالوند ڏاڍا سَرها، سُکيا ۽ سَتابا رهندا هيا، ڇو ته سندن مال کي گاه پٺو مفت پيو ملندو هيو ۽ ججهي کير ۽ مکڻ ملڻ ڪري سندن گذر سفر سولو ۽ سهنجو هوندو هيو پر افسوس ته هاڻ ان سموري معاملي تي مانڌاڻي ڦري ويئي آهي ۽ اهي سڀ سهولتو ختم ٿي ويون آهن. هن ڊيم آس پاس جي ماحول تي پڻ ڏاڍا هاڃيڪار اثر وڌا آهن، ڊيم سان لڳولڳ زمين سم ۽ سيلاب جي ور چڙهي ويئي آهي ۽ هزارين ايڪڙ پوکيءَ لائق نه رهي آهي. مکي ٻيلي وارو قدرتي حسن ۽ خوبصورتي به هاڻ بس ڪهاڻي ئي ٿي رهجي ويو آهي. انڙ صاحب اهو به ٻڌايو ته ڊيم جڙڻ کان اڳ اتي قدرتي پاڻي ڪڏهن به ختم نه ٿيندو هيو، ۽ انهن ڏهاڙن ۾ ڊيم جي پيٽ کي پاڻي سان ڀرڻ لاءِ روزانو ڏه لک ڪيوسڪ پاڻي وهايو پئي ويو، اها ڳالهه مسٽر فيض محمد سولنگي ٻڌائي هئي، ۽ پوءِ نارا ڪئنال کان ڊيم ۾ پاڻي ڇوڙ ڪندي ڏسي اندازو لڳايو هوسين ته ايترو پاڻي ٽن چئن مهينن لاءِ رات ڏينهن ڊيم ۾ وهندو رهي ته شايد اهو ڀرجي سگهي باقي ڀيڻي نه هئي. آئوٽ ليٽ کان اِن ليٽ طرف اسان جون گاڏيون ڊوڙڻ لڳيون هيون ته ڄڻ پنڌ ئي نه پئي کُٽو۽ اتي پهچندي پهچندي خاشي دير ٿي ويئي هئي، ان طرف ويندي ڊيم سان گڏ آس پاس جا علائقا به ڏسندا پئي آياسين. هڪ ته نارا ڪئنال جو نظارو ڏاڍو جاذب نظر هيوپر ڊيم اندر خسته حال مهاڻن جي غربت ۽ ڪسمپرسي ڏسي دل ئي ڏري پئي هئي. ڊيم جي پاسن کان ڪجهه ملاح اهڙا به آهن جيڪي پَن جي پتن مان ڇنون ۽ نُکُون ٺاهي وڪڻندا آهن ۽ اهڙن ڇنن مان جڙيل جهوپڙيون اتي عام جام نظر آيون اهڙن ڇنن ٺاهيندڙن کي اتي ڇنائي يا پکائي ملاح به سڏيو ويندو آهي.ڪن اهڙن ڇنن سان ٺهيل هوٽلن ۾وي سي آر تي بيٽريءَ جي توانائيءَ سان هندي فلمون پئي هليون. ڊيم جي اولهائين ۽ اترئين پاسي ڀٽون ۽ واري جا دڙا آهن جن ۽ ڪٿ ڪٿ آبادي به نظر پئي آئي، گهڻو ڪري چؤنرن وارا گهر جڙيل هئا پر ڪٿي اوڏڪي ڀتين وارا گهرڙا به جڙيل نظر آيا پئي. ڪجهه جڳهين تي سرڪاري اسڪولن جون پڪيون ڳاڙهسريون عمارتون به نظر آيون، يعني ته هي ماڻهون به پنهجي اولاد کي تعليم جي زيور سان مالا مال ڪرڻ جا خواهش مند آهن. صديق صاحب واپسي تي موڪلائڻ کان اڳ سانگهڙ جي هڪ اوپن ايئر هوٽل تي چانهه پياري اسان کي الوداع چيو هيو ۽ ائين سندس قربائتي ڪمپني به جلدي ئي پڄاڻي تي پهچي ويئي حالانڪه اسان مان هر هڪ جي اها خواهش هئي ته هي مٺڙو انسان پوري سفر ۾ اسان سان گڏ هجي پر سندس طبعيت جي ناچاڪي ۽ گهريلو مصروفيتن ڪري اهو ممڪن نه هيو. ان وقت تائين رات به پنهجي ڪاري چادر پوري طرح وڇائي ڇڏي هئي ۽ بعد ۾ سانگهڙ کان ميرپورخاص تائين جو رهيل سفر اونداهو رهيو. اتي پهچي هوٽل جا ڪمرا بوڪ ڪرائي ، ڪڪڙ جي ڪڙاهي جو مزو وٺي اچي بسترن جو پاسو ورتو هوسين ۽ انوقت ڪلهوڙي صاحب ۽ سولنگي صاحب ٽي وي آن ڪري ريموٽ ڪنٽرول سان پنهجي پسند جا چينل ڳولهڻ شروع ڪري ڇڏيا هئا.“ صبح جو ناشتي کي نپٽائي اسان پنهجو سفر ٻيهر شروع ڪيو، بس جو ڦيٿو ڦرندو رهيو، شهرن پويان شهر ايندا ويا، پهريون ٻيلهاڙو آيو، بعد ۾ ميروه گورچاڻيءَ کي ڪراس ڪيوسين، تهان بعد ڊگهڙي، ٽنڊو جان محمد ۽ جهڏي کان ٿيندي اچي نؤڪوٽ پهتا هاسين، ها ان وچ ۾ بس کي بريڪ به بس جهڏي ۾ لڳو هو، جتي خيرپوري خمير مان جنم ورتل باشعورنوجوان نصير ناريجو جي ميزباني جو مزو ورتو هوسين، جيڪو اتي ايس_ڊي_ايم جي پوسٽ تي فائز هيو، هن نوجوان آفيسر هڪ ٻي مهرباني اها به ڪئي ته ٽيليفون کڙڪائي اسلام ڪوٽ جي هوٽل ۾ اسان لاءِ ڪمرا بوڪ ڪرائي ڇڏيا هئا. . سموري گس تي برساتي رم جهم جاري رهي ۽جيئن جيئن اسان پنهنجي ان ڏينهن جي متعين ڪيل منزل طرف تيز ڊوڙي رهيا هئاسين ته برسات به پنهنجي برسڻ جي رفتار وڌائي ڇڏي هئي. فضا ۾ برساتي ميوزڪ ته بس اندر پروفيسر ايوب مريءَ جا آلاپ ها، مري صاحب جي ڳائڻ جو انداز ڪجهه هن طرح هوندو آهي ته هو، آس پاس ويٺلن کي متوجه ڪري ڳائڻ جي شروعات ته اڪيلي سر ڪندو آهي پر پوءِ ٻين کي سُر سان سُر ملائڻ لاءِ اتساهيندو رهندو آهي، ڪا ڪافي ۽ وائي شروع ڪري، ان جي مصرعن کي ورائي ورائي ورنائي، پنهنجي منڊليءَ ۾ ٻين کي به شريڪ ڪندو ويندو آهي، تان جو پورو ”ڀڳت جو ٽولو“ جڙي پوندو آهي. سندس اتساهڻ جو نتيجو ئي هيو ته هنن سريلن جي ساٿ ۾ مون جهڙو بنهه بي سرو به شامل ڪار ٿي ويو هيو. جڏهن ڳالهه ڳائڻن جي نڪتي آهي ته پاڻ سان گڏ هڪ بيو سريلو سائين نور حسن بلوچ به گڏ هيو. هن يار سان اهڙن ٽوئرن ۾ سندس پاران ٻه پنجابي گيت ايترا دفعا ته دهرائي ڳارايا ويا آهن جو مون جهڙي ڪوڙهه مغز کي به اهي برزبان ياد ٿي ويا آهن. وچ وچ ۾ ڪلهوڙو صاحب به پنهنجي ترڪش مان ڪو تير ڪڍي پنهنجي نشاني طرف اڇلائي رهيو هيو. اسان جي هنن سفرن ۾ راڳ رنگ ۽ ڀوڳ ٺڪاءَ ته هلندا ئي آهن جو ان کان سواءِ وقت جو گذارو مشڪل ٿي پوندو آهي، پر جڏهن زاهد پيرزادي جهڙي باشعور نوجوان جو ساٿ به هجي ته علمي، عقلي بحث کان ڪهڙو ڪافر ڪترائيندو. ائين، ملڪي سياسي مامرن، اقتصادي اهنجاين، سماجي روين سان گڏ سنڌ جي روشن آئيندي جهڙن موضوعن تي به تواتر سان خيالن جي ڏي وٺ هلندي رهي. هي يار خاشا دفعا ڪميشن جي خاردار بارڊر ڪراس ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ته ڪري چڪو آهي پر لڳي ٿو ته زندگي ۾ ڪيل ڪو خير جو ڪم يا ٿي سگهي ٿو ته سندس وڏڙن جون دعائون اگهاميل هيون جو هي يار سموري ملڪ جي وهنوار کي ڪلٽي ڪندڙ ڪرپٽ ڪامورن جي صف ۾ شامل ٿيڻ کان بچي ويو ۽ هو پنهنجي سمورن سڀاويڪ سرگرمين ۽ سوچن سان اڃ به اسان سان گڏ آهي. ائين ٽهڪ ڏيندي، موسم جو مزو ماڻيندي، بحث ڪندي، اسان جو قافلو وڃي مٺي پهتو هيو. مٺي ڪيڏو نه سهڻو نالو آهي،”مٺي“ معنى چمي، يا مٺي ان شيء کي به چيو ويندو آهي جنهن ۾ مٺاس هجي، ان کان علاوه پنهنجي محبوب کي سڏڻ لاءِ اهو ڪيڏو نه جامع ۽ رومينٽڪ لفظ آهي جنهن جو ڪنهن ٻي ٻولي ۾ شايد صحيح ترجمو ئي ممڪن ناهي. جيئن ته اسين سڄي ڏينهن جا ٿڪل هاسين، سو ڪجهه ساهي پٽڻ لاءِ بس جي جان مٺي ڪاليج جي در تي ڇڏي هئي سين. ڪاليج جي صحن، ڪاريڊور جا چڪر ڪاٽي ۽ ڪلاس رومن جي مٽر گشٽ ڪري بعد ۾ ان جي ڇت تي چڙهي ڪجهه ڦوٽووٺي اسان جي قافلي سڌو اچي هڪ هوٽل جو پاسو ورتو هيو ۽ ڀاڳ ته ڏسو هوٽل جو مالڪ راجپوت به پنهنجي ئي لڏي جو نڪري پيو هيو، يعني ته اهو به استاد هيو ۽ پنهنجو وقت پورو ڪرڻ بعد پنهنجي پٽن سان اهو هوٽل هلائي رهيو هو. حالي احوالي ٿياسين ته ٻڌايائين ته هو منهنجي جنم ڀومي ميرن واري خيرپور ۾ پڻ استادن جي سکيا ڏيندڙ اسڪول ۾ سالن تائين رهي چڪو آهي. ٿر ۾ برسات جيڪي بهاريون برپا ڪندو آهي ته گلن ٻوٽن سان گڏ اتي ڀِٽَنِ ۽ ڀاڻن ۾ کنڀين جي کيت به نسري نروار ٿيندي آهي . جڏهن اسان نؤڪوٽ کان مٺي طرف روان دوان هئاسي ته ٿري ٻارڙا انهن کنڀين جا کارا ڀري روڊ ڪناري بيٺا هئا، ڪجهه اهڙن معصوم ٿرين کان لنچ لاءِ اسان اهي خريد ڪيا هئا ۽ راجپوت يار جي هوٽل ۾ ڪڙهائي ڪڪڙ جي بدران اسان انهن کنڀين جي ڀاڄي تيار ڪرڻ جو آرڊر ڏنو هو. ان وچ ۾ برسات تمام تيز برسڻ شروع ٿي چڪي هئي، کنوڻين ۽ گجگوڙن جي ساز سامان سان ليس اها ڪا عام برسات نه هئي، بلڪ اهڙي ته پلر جي پالوٽ هئي جنهن هر ڏيل ڏڪائي ڇڏيوهيو. مٺڙي مٺيءَ جا روڊ ۽ رستا دريا شاهه جو ڏک ڏئي رهيا ها ڪجهه ڀتيون ته اسان جي آڏو به جهري پيون هيون. دوستو ان ٻوڙ ٽوڙ برسات ڪري مٺيءَ کي به پسي نه سگهيا هاسين، ها ته بس اسان مٺي به اها ئي ڏٺي يعني ته ڪاليج کان هوٽل تائين. خبر ناهي اسان واري ڊرائيور ڪهڙي ڪاريگريءَ سان بس کي برساتي ريلن مان پار ڪري اچي روڊ تي پهچايو هيو۽ پوءِ اسان جو ڪاروان هلڻ لڳو هو پنهنجي اڄوڪي متعين ڪيل آخري منزل اسلام ڪوٽ طرف، ٻين جي خبر ته کين هوندي پر منهنجي زندگيءَ جو اهو حسين ترين، بهترين، يادگار ۽ خوبصورتين سان معمور سفر هو، مان پنهنجي پوري هوش ۽ حواس سان اقرار ٿو ڪريان ته مون اڳ جيڪي سفر ڪيا ها ۽ جيڪي خوبصورتيون اکئين پسيون هيون اهي مٺي کان اسلام ڪوٽ واري سفر جي مقابلي ۾ جهڙوڪر هيچ هيون. اهي پربهار گهڙيون هيون، سچ پچ ته انهن ساعتن مونکي موهي مست ڪري ڇڏيو هو ۽ ان وقت اهڙا ته خمار چڙهي ويا هئا جيڪي ڪنهن ولائتي شراب ۾ به نه هجن، ڪاش اهي لمحا رڪجي وڃن ها، مان پاڻ به پنڊ پهڻ ٿي ان حسن جو حصو ٿي هميشه لاءِ امر ٿي وڃان ها. هر پاسي جهڙالي هئي، برسات اوڙڪون ڪري وسي رهي هئي، رستي ۾ ايندڙ نظارا ڪنهن حسين خواب جو عڪس معلوم ٿي رهيا هئا، الائي ته ڪٿي پهتا هاسين ته هڪ ٿريو بمع پنهنجي اٺ جي روڊ پار ڪرڻ لئه، اسان واري بس لنگهي وڃڻ جو انتظار ڪري رهيو هو ۽ ان سرمائي شام کي پنهنجي ڪئمرا جي اک ۾ محفوظ ڪرڻ لاءِ مون بٽڻ ته دٻايو هو پر مون واري ياشيڪا ۾ ايترو دم ڪٿي هو ته اهو منظر ائين قيد ڪري سگهي ها جيئن منهنجون اکيون ڏسي رهيون، ياجيئن منهنجي دل محسوس ڪري رهي هئي ۽ بلڪل اهوئي وقت هوته ڪنهن جي سڏ تي پويان لؤڻو پائي ڏٺو هوم ته اوچتو منهنجا سمورا نشا ڪافور ٿي اڏري ويا هئا، جڏهن منهنجي نظر هڪ پياري پروفيسر تي پئي هئي جيڪو ان موسم کان متاثر ٿي خوابِ خرگوش جا ”مزا“ ماڻي رهيو هيو، مون سوچيو ته هي يار ڀلا پنهنجي گهر هجي ها ته وڌيڪ بهتر هو، پر هڪدم پنهنجي اندر مان هن لاءِ دليل ڦٽي نڪتو ته شايد اهو اتي هن لاءِ ممڪن نه هو، کيس اتي ٽيوشن پڙهائڻ، بورڊ ۽ يونيورسٽيءَ ۾ ٽيبيليوشن ڪرڻ، امتحاني سينٽرن تي ڪاپي ڪرائڻ ڪري تمام گهڻو مصروف رهڻو پوندو هوندو، سو هِن يار تي ڪهڙي ميار پر ان کان به وڌيڪ حيرت جي سمنڊ ۾ تڏهن غوطا کائڻ لڳس جڏهن منهنجي هڪ ٻي پياري دوست پروفيسر اها فرمائش ڪئي ته ”اچو ته تاش راند کيڏون“، ان مهل منهنجي دل چاهيو هو ته بس کي بيهاري هنن يارن کي ڇڏيا ان اٺ واري ٿرئي سان سفر شروع ڪريان. گروپ سان گڏ گهمندي ڪيئي فائدا آهن، خاص ڪري مون جهڙي ماڻهون لاءِ ته وڏي سولائي ٿي پوندي آهي، جيڪو خرچ جا پئسه مخصوص دوست جي تري تي رکي اهو ڀلجي ويندو آهي ته هوٽل جا ڪمرا بوڪ ڪرائڻا آهن، يا مانيءَ جو مينو ڪهڙو هجي، يا بل جي ادائيگي جو رد ڪد ۽ ڇڏ ڇوٽ جا معاملا هجن، اهي ڪم اسان جا زماني ساز ۽ سياڻا ساٿي ڪندا آهن، ۽ مون جهڙا آزاديءَ سان پيا گهمندا وتندا آهن، پر گروپ سان گڏ گهمڻ ۾ ٻين جي عادتن، لاڙن، روين، پسند ۽ ناپسندجي جبل جيڏن مامرن کي به منهن ڏيڻو پوندو آهي ۽ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن اهو ڏاڍو ڪنڊيدار ٿي پوندو آهي. گذريل سال جي ٽوئر دؤران اسين اڏيري لعل سائين جي درگاهه ته ويا هاسين جتي هڪ پاسي مسجد ته ڀرسان مندر جڙيل آهي، هي هڪ اهڙي درگاهه آهي جنهن کي اسان سنڌ وارا وڏي فخر سان دنيا وارن کي ڏيکاري سگهون ٿا ته ” اچو ۽ پنهنجي اکين ڏسو ته اسين سنڌ واراڪيڏا نه فراخ دل ۽ مذهبي رواداريءَ جا عظيم علمبردار آهيون“ پر افسوس ته ان موقعي تي اهڙي سڀاءُ بدران اسان جي هڪ سينئر پروفيسر ساٿيءَ وڏي وات ڪجهه اهڙا ته اڻوڻندڙ لفظ ڪتب آندا هئا، جنهن درگاهه جي نوجوان متوليءَ جو دل ته دکايو هيو پر ان سان گڏ منهنجو اندر به اٻري اٿيو هيو، هڪ اهڙي ئي سفر ۾ پنهنجي انتهائي ويجهي دوست جي ٿيلهي ۾ ڪپڙن جا ٻه جوڙا رکيا هئم، ته منهنجي ان يار جهڙوڪر مون کان مطالبو پئي ڪيو ته هاڻ ان عيوض اهو ٿيلهو مان کڻان، منهنجي احتجاج تي ڪپڙا ڪڍي ڦٽي ڪري ڏنائين، گذريل سال جو ئي قصو آهي ته اسان جا ٻه فرقي پرست دوست پيرن، فقيرن سنڌ جي صوفي سنتن جي درگاهن تي دعا گهرڻ، کين سندن ڪيل عظيم خدمتن يا تخليق تي خراج ڏيڻ يا مڃتا ڏيڻ ته ڪونه پئي هليا، پر جهڙوڪر کين پنهنجي عقيدي کي صحيح ثابت ڪرڻ لاءِ دليلن جي ڳولها هئي ۽ کين جتي به اهڙي ڪا شي هٿ لڳي ٿي ته ڳراٽڙيون پائي هڪ ٻئي کي مبارڪون پئي ڏنائون ۽ ها مون کي انوقت به سخت قسم جي ذهني اذيت مان گذرڻو پيو هو، جڏهن سنڌي ادب ۾ ايم_اي جي ڊگري رکندڙ سينئر پروفيسر ، سنڌ جي عظيم ڪوي شيخ اياز جي آخري آرام گاهه تي اهو ڏاڍو غريب تبصرو ڪيو هيو ته ”ويچارو شيخ اياز نيٺ دعائون لکي مسلمان ٿي مئو!!!!!! “ بهرحال گڏ گهمڻ سان اهڙن ڳالهين کي به برداشت ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. خوبصورتين جي زيارتن سان گڏ ڪجهه تلخ تجربن وارو اهو سفر ٿڌڙين هوائن، نم جي وڻن سان معمار شهر اسلام ڪوٽ وٽ اختتام پذير ٿيو هيو ۽ سچي اسلام ڪوٽ ۾ اسان کي ڪو ڪوٽ ته نظر ئي نه آيو هيو. (هلندڙ.....) 2497 8517 2006-12-26T16:30:21Z Aursani 60 2498 8518 2006-12-26T16:30:45Z Aursani 60 2499 8519 2006-12-26T16:32:28Z Aursani 60 2500 8520 2006-12-26T16:36:17Z Aursani 60 2501 8549 2006-12-27T16:19:37Z Aursani 60 New page: {{سلجھائپ}} *{{مبسس4}}[[آڏاڻو ڳوٺ|سنڌ جو هڪ ڳوٺ]] *{{مبسس4}}[[آڏاڻو ڪَلَ|ڪپڙو اڻڻ جي ڪَلَ]] {{سلجھائپ}} *{{مبسس4}}[[آڏاڻو ڳوٺ|سنڌ جو هڪ ڳوٺ]] *{{مبسس4}}[[آڏاڻو ڪَلَ|ڪپڙو اڻڻ جي ڪَلَ]] 2502 8551 2006-12-27T16:25:48Z Aursani 60 {{مبسس4}} ڊگھائي ڦاڪ 67.55 ۽ ويرڪرائي ڦاڪ 24.3 تي واقع سنڌ جو هڪ ڳوٺ {{-ڏسندا-}} *[http://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sindh.jpg {{مبسس4}}سنڌ جو نقشو] 2503 8560 2006-12-27T17:02:55Z Aursani 60 New page: {{مبسس4}}سنڌ جي شهرن جي فهرست: {{مبسس4}}سنڌ جي شهرن جي فهرست: 2504 8564 2006-12-27T18:03:06Z Aursani 60 2505 8571 2006-12-28T15:04:09Z Aursani 60 Removing all content from page 2506 8579 2006-12-28T16:49:45Z Aursani 60 [[Image:aashiabanaya.jpg|thumb|left|200px|{{مبسس4}} فلم عاشق بنايا آپ ني جو هڪ عڪس]] ==تعارف== {{مبسس4}}'''عاشق بنايا آپ ني''' نه رڳو مڪڙي ٻوليءَ جي هڪ هندستاني فلم يعني ته [[بالي ووڊ فلم]] آهي بلڪه ۽ ان ئي فلم جو هڪ مشهور سيڪسي گانو پڻ آهي. فلم جو هيرو [[عمران هاشمي]] ۽ هيروئن [[تنُوشري دتا]] آهي. ==وڊيو== {{مبسس4}}گوگل وڊيو تي هيءُ گانو ڏسي ۽ ٻڌي سگھجي ٿو ۽ مووي ديسي ڊاٽ ڪام تي سڄي فلم ڏسي سگھجي ٿي. خارجي ڳنڍڻن مان هڪ تي ڪلڪ ڪريو ۽ گانو يا فلم ڏسو. ==خارجي ڳنڍڻا== *[http://in.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/02aba.htm {{مبسس4}}فلم عاشق بنايا آپ ني تي تاثرات] *[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-5913368715701664856&q=Aashiq+banaya&hl=en {{مبسس4}}گانو عاشق بنايا آپ ني ڏسندا] *[http://www.moviedesi.com/md/movies.asp?name=Aashiq+banaya {{مبسس4}}فلم عاشق بنايا آپ ني ڏسندا] 2507 8575 2006-12-28T16:35:12Z Aursani 60 2508 8582 2006-12-29T08:41:20Z Wisesabre 144 منتظم اردو وکیپیڈیا [[en:user:wisesabre]] [[ar:user:wisesabre]] [[fa:user:wisesabre]] [[ur:user:wisesabre]] 2509 8581 2006-12-29T08:39:14Z Wisesabre 144 New page: <Center> <span style='color: Red'>مجھے سندھی نہیں آتی</span> </center> <Center> <span style='color: Red'>مجھے سندھی نہیں آتی</span> </center> 2510 8593 2006-12-30T10:23:00Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[ڏُور اِندريات]] #REDIRECT[[ڏُور اِندريات]] 2511 8632 2007-01-01T15:22:43Z Aursani 60 [[ھوش محمد]] moved to [[هوش محمد]] #REDIRECT [[هوش محمد]] 2512 8646 2007-01-01T16:39:20Z Aursani 60 2513 8659 2007-01-02T14:08:29Z Aursani 60 [[حضرت امام حسين رضي الله عنه]] moved to [[امام حسين]] #REDIRECT [[امام حسين]] 2514 8667 2007-01-02T15:18:44Z Aursani 60 [[Muhnjo soheno Thar]] moved to [[ضلعو ٿر]] #REDIRECT [[ضلعو ٿر]] 2515 8702 2007-01-10T17:17:49Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[اُٻاوڙو]] #REDIRECT[[اُٻاوڙو]] 2516 8712 2007-01-10T17:44:18Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[ضلعو ٿر]] #REDIRECT[[ضلعو ٿر]] {{غيرسنڌي}} {{مبسس4}}لاڳاپيل سنڌي صفحو موجود آهي. ڏسو [[ضلعو ٿر]] The desert area of Tharparker is consist on three taluka's Chachro, Nangarparker, Diplo and some part of Umerkot. Total area of is about 22000 sq KM but there is no there is no any facility for humanity there is 1 to 1.5 million population. Tharparker is a one area of world there is no any crime there is no any facility for health, education, telecomunication, electration and transportation. There are many people live under the line of humanity so I want to do some thing for these peoples. there are some NGO's work in area of desert but there work is in only files. Goverment's department are work with 20 to 40 percent. So now I request to reader of this column please some time fell in Tharparker and good thinking about well development of Tharparker. Abdul Rehman Rahimoon G.S Thar Sath Chachro District Tharparker 0232300069 2517 8676 2007-01-05T11:30:39Z Fkehar 145 New page: فهد احمد ڪيهر [[ڪراچي]]، [[پاڪستان]] مان [http://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84/ اردو وڪي پيڊيا] تي منتظ... فهد احمد ڪيهر [[ڪراچي]]، [[پاڪستان]] مان [http://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84/ اردو وڪي پيڊيا] تي منتظم آهيان. بنيادي تعلق [[سنڌ]] جي ضلعي [[جيڪب آباد]] سان آهي. [[سنڌي]] زبان تي عبور ته حاصل ناهي پر ڪوشش ڪندس ته ڪجه معلومات دوستن تائين پڄائي سڳهان. بنيادي دلچسپي [[تاريخ]] ۽ [[جغرافيه]] سان آهي. [[ur:User:Fkehar]] [[en:User:Fkehar]] 2518 8679 2007-01-05T14:29:07Z Aursani 60 New page: {{سلجھائپ}} *{{مبسس4}}[[ضلعو ٿر]] *{{مبسس4}}[[ريگستان ٿر]] {{سلجھائپ}} *{{مبسس4}}[[ضلعو ٿر]] *{{مبسس4}}[[ريگستان ٿر]] 2519 8688 2007-01-07T16:53:01Z Aursani 60 [[انجنيئرڱ ۽ ٽيڪنيڀياس جي مھراڻ يونيورسٽي ڄامشورو]] moved to [[انجنيئرڱ ۽ ٽيڪنيڀياس جي مهراڻ يونيورسٽي ڄامشورو]] #REDIRECT [[انجنيئرڱ ۽ ٽيڪنيڀياس جي مهراڻ يونيورسٽي ڄامشورو]] 2520 8689 2007-01-07T16:53:50Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[انجنيئرڱ ۽ ٽيڪنيڀياس جي مهراڻ يونيورسٽي ڄامشورو]] #REDIRECT[[انجنيئرڱ ۽ ٽيڪنيڀياس جي مهراڻ يونيورسٽي ڄامشورو]] 2521 8709 2007-01-10T17:41:27Z Aursani 60 {{ڪچو}} ==تعارف== {{مبسس4}}اُٻاوڙو [[پنجاب]] سان دنگ ويجھو [[سنڌ]] جو هڪ ننڍڙو شهر آهي. ==ڀونءِ نگاري== {{مبسس4}}اُٻاوڙو اتر ۾ [[ويڪرائي ڦاڪ]] 28.1667 ۽ اوڀر ۾ [[ڊگھائي ڦاڪ]] 69.7333 تي، سامونڊي سطح کان 213 فوٽن (64 ميٽرن) جي اوچائيءَ تي واقع آهي. ==انتظاميه== {{مبسس4}}هن وقت اُٻاوڙو ضلعي [[گھوٽڪي]]ءَ جو هڪ تعلقو آهي. [[category:سنڌ جا شهر]] [[Category:ڀونءِ ڀياس ۽ ڀونءِ نگاري]] 2522 8778 2007-01-17T11:33:03Z Aursani 60 [[Image:Rennes old houses DSC08918.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Some medieval houses, such as these at Champ-Jacquet, can still be found in the center of Rennes.]] [[Image:Blason Rennes.png|left|thumb|100px|Blazon of Rennes]] ==تعارف== {{مبسس4}}اتر اولهه فرانس ۾ برتاڃ جي علائقي اندر غين ([[Gallo language|Gallo]]: ''Resnn'', [[Breton language|Breton]]: ''Roazhon'') نالي هڪ شهر آهي. برتاڃ علائقي جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ اِيل ۽ وِيلين نالي ڊپارٽمينٽ جو پغيفيڪتيوغ پڻ غين آهي. '''Rennes''' ([[Gallo language|Gallo]]: ''Resnn'', [[Breton language|Breton]]: ''Roazhon'') is a [[city]] of northwestern [[France]], in the east of [[Brittany]]. Rennes is the [[capital]] of the [[Bretagne]] ''[[région in France|région]]'', as well as the ''[[préfecture]]'' of the [[Ille-et-Vilaine]] ''[[département in France|département]]''. Population of the city ([[Commune in France|commune]]) of Rennes at the [[1999]] census was 206,229 inhabitants (209,100 inhabitants as of February [[2004]] estimates). Population of the whole metropolitan area ([[French language|French]]: ''[[aire urbaine]]'') at the [[1999]] [[census]] was 521,188 [[population|inhabitants]], [[Aire urbaine|ranking twelfth in France]]. Inhabitants of Rennes are called Rennais. ==انتظاميه== The current [[mayor]] of Rennes is [[Edmond Hervé]], incumbent since 1977, when he replaced [[Henri Fréville]]. His "mairie" (''mayor's office'') is right in the centre of Rennes. Rennes is divided into 11 [[canton in France|canton]]s: * Le canton de Rennes-Bréquigny (15&nbsp;397 inhabitants) * Le canton de Rennes-Centre (19&nbsp;017 inhabitants) * Le canton de Rennes-Centre-Ouest (21&nbsp;264 inhabitants) * Le canton de Rennes-Centre-Sud (15&nbsp;774 inhabitants) * Le canton de Rennes-Est (20&nbsp;323 inhabitants) * Le canton de Rennes-le-Blosne (21&nbsp;151 inhabitants) * Le canton de Rennes-Nord (21&nbsp;845 inhabitants) * Le canton de Rennes-Nord-Est (18&nbsp;224 inhabitants) * Le canton de Rennes-Nord-Ouest parts of Rennes and communes of [[Gévezé]], [[Pacé (Ille-et-Vilaine)|Pacé]] and [[Parthenay-de-Bretagne]] (28&nbsp;130 inhabitants) * Le canton de Rennes-Sud-Est parts of Rennes and communes of [[Chantepie]] and [[Vern-sur-Seiche]] (33&nbsp;459 inhabitants) * Le canton de Rennes-Sud-Ouest parts of Rennes and communes of [[Saint-Jacques-de-la-Lande]] and [[Vezin-le-Coquet]] (28&nbsp;707 inhabitants) ==ڀونءِ نگاري== {{مبسس4}}شهر جو پراڻو مرڪزي حصو هڪ ٽڪريءَ تي اڏيل آهي، جنهن جو اتريون حصو، ڏاکڻي حصي کان وڌيڪ اوچائيءَ تي آهي. اهو ٻن ندين اِيل [[Ille]] ۽ وِيلين [[Vilaine]] جي ٺيڪ ميلاپ تي واقع آهي. ==Sights== Rennes is classified as a city of art and history. ===تاريخي مرڪز=== *The ''[[Parlement]] de Bretagne'' (Parliament of [[Brittany]], Plasenn Breujoù Breizh) is arguably the most famous building in Rennes. It was rebuilt after a terrible fire in 1994. It houses the Rennes [[court of appeal]]. *Colorful traditional [[timber frame]] houses are situated primarily along the roads Saint-Sauveur, Saint-Georges, de Saint-Malo, Saint-Guillaume, des Dames, du chapitre, Vasselot, Saint-Michel, de la Psallette and around the plazas of Champ-Jacquet, des Lices, Saint-Anne and Rallier-du-Baty. ** Polychromatic wooden busts from the 16th century, in the façade of 20 rue du Chapitre. ** Basilica Saint-Sauveur * Place des Lices and surrounding area **Les Halles Martenot of the 19th century, built between 1868 and 1871 by [[Jean-Baptiste Martenot]], host the market on Saturday mornings (the third largest market in France). **The Mordelaises Gate (Portes Mordelaises), chatelet with two [[tower]]s and a [[drawbridge]] **The remaining fortifications of the 3rd century **The Jehan Duchesne tower of the 15th century, on rue Nantaise **The 15th century ramparts east of the [[Gallo-Roman]] fortifications, in place Rallier-du-Baty. * The former St. Yves chapel, now a museum about Rennes development. * Place Saint-Anne (Plasenn Santez-Anna) **Saint-Aubin Church **Location of a former 14th century hospital **[[Jacobite]] [[convent]] *La rue Saint-Michel nicknamed ''rue de la soif'' (''road of thirst'') because there are bars all along this street. * Area from Saint-Mélaine to Place Saint-Mélaine **Notre-Dame en Saint-Mélaine Church, ***tower and transept from the 11th century Benedictine [[abbey]] of Saint-Mélaine ***14th century [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] arcades ***17th century columnar façade ***bell tower topped with a gilded Virgin Mary (19th century) ***17th century cloister **Magnificent park, The Parc Thabor, (formal French garden, orangerie, rose garden, aviary), on 10 hectares of land, built between 1860 and 1867. [[Image:Rennes-Thabor-Bandshell.jpg|thumb|Thabor park's bandstand.]] **The 17th century promenade "la Motte à Madame", and a monumental stair overlooking the rue de Paris entrance to the Thabor. * Rue Saint-Georges and rue Gambetta **1920's Saint George Municipal Pool, with mosaics **Saint George Palace, and its garden * Place de la Mairie (City Hall Plaza, Plasenn Ti Ker) **City Hall **Opera *Place du Vau-Saint-Germain **Vau de Saint-Germain Church **Saint-Germain footbridge, 20th century wood and metal construction to link the plaza with Émile Zola Quay. *Place du Champ-Jacquet **statue of Leperdit ripping up a [[conscription]] list. ===وِيلين جي ڏکڻ ۾=== * Quai Émile Zola (Émile Zola Quay), next to the [[Vilaine]] River. **The Fine Arts Museum **The Museum of Brittany * rue du Pré-Botté **prior location of Ouest-Éclair, then of [[Ouest-France]], premier daily regional newspaper; resutored and now occupied by the Mercure hotel. * rue Duhamel **the large mills, constructed on each side of the south branch of the Vilaine in 1895 and 1902. * Place Henri Commeurec **Les Halles centrales, covered market of 1922, converted into contemporary art gallery. ===Also=== *North-west, near the rue de Saint-Malo **the sluices of the canal d'Ille-et-Rance of 1843 *East of the city, rue de Paris **The two halls of the printer Oberthür, built by par Marthenot between 1870 and 1895. **Oberthür Park, the second biggest garden in the city. *South, Blosne Quarter (Bréquigny) **The manor of the Haute-Chalais (17th century), granite chateau ==تاريخ== ''Main article: [[History of Rennes]]'' Rennes is the capital of the région of [[Brittany]], in [[France]], the seat of the 'préfecture de région' and of the 'conseil régional'. It has a long history due to its location at the confluence of two rivers. The eastern [[Armorican]] people of Redones founded Condate— an ancient Celtic word meaning confluent— at the confluence of the Ille and Vilaine rivers and made it the capital of a territory that extended to the Bay of [[Mont Saint-Michel]]. The name of the city of Redon also reflects that of the Redones. Early in the 1st century BCE, they adopted the Greek and Roman practice of issuing coinage [1], adapting the widely-imitated gold staters of [[Philip II of Macedon]], in the characteristic Celtic coin metal alloy called billion. Without inscriptions, as the Celtic practice was, the Redones coinage features a carioteer whose pony has a human head. Large hoards of their coins were unearthed in the "treasure of Amanlis" found in June 1835 and that of [[Saint-Jacques-de-la-Lande]], discovered in February 1941. The Museum at Rennes contains a large representative collection. They joined the [[Gaulish coalition]] against Rome in 57 BCE, which was suppressed by [[Crassus]]. The following year, Roman emissaries were held hostage by the Redones, which obliged [[Julius Caesar]] to intervene in [[Armorica]] and suppress the rebels, and the following year to cross the Channel to discourage further support of the Redones by the Britons. In 52 the Redones responded to the call of [[Vercingetorix]] to furnish a large contingent of warriors (Caesar, Gallic Wars II.34; VII.75). ===رومن دور=== In the Roman era, Condate became Condate Riedonum, capital of civitas riedonum The oldest known rennais is Titus Flavius Postuminus, known to us from his [[stele]]s found in Rennes in 1968. As indicated by his name, he would have been born under the [[Flavian dynasty]], under the reign of [[Titus]], i.e. between 79 and 81 AD. One of the steles tell us, in Latin, that he took charge over all the public affairs in the Civitas Riedonum. He was twice [[duumvir]] and [[flamine]] for life for [[Mars Mullo]]. During the Roman era, the strategic position of the town contributed to its importance. To the west the principal Roman route, via Osismii stretched from Condate to Vorgium (modern [[Carhaix]]). In the year 275, the threat of barbarians led to the erection of a robust brick wall around Rennes. Rennes became known as the "red town". Once threatened by the danger of bagaudes at the end of the Roman Empire in the 5th century, the Armorican peninsula, including Brittany and therefore Rennes, made up the last of the stronghold of the western Roman Empire. The invincible Armorican Romans held their ground against [[Clovis I]], who occupied most of Alamans, then the [[Visigoths]]. Melaine, the bishop of Rennes, played an important role in the peace treaty between the Franks and the Armoricans in the year 497. He famously declared "Il faut faire la paix entre chrétiens" ("Peace must be made between Christians"). ===Middle Ages=== Starting in the fifth century, [[Britons|Breton]]s occupied the western part of the Armorican penensula, which started to be called little Britain, and then [[Brittany]], while the Franks took the rest of [[Armorica]]. To contain the expansion and avoid Breton incursions, the [[Carolingian]]s instituted a Breton march, composed of the counties of Rennes, [[Nantes]], and [[Vannes]]. These marches were entirely absorbed by the Breton Kingdom in the ninth century, and Rennes became Breton in 851. Rennes would later become the capital of Ducal Brittany. During the [[Breton War of Succession]], in 1356 and 1357, the city was sieged by the Duke of Lancaster, brother of the English king, but Bertrand du Guesclin slipped into the city and took over the resistance, which would ultimately be victorious. After nearly a year, Lancaster renounced the English siege in 1357. [[Image:Rennes_Cité_Judiciaire.jpg|300px|thumb|left|The Cité Judiciaire, an example of the striking modern architecture present in Rennes.]] In 1491, it was the French army of Charles VIII, led by his general, La Trémoïlle, that unsuccessfully attacked Rennes. Brittany having already capitulated elsewhere, Rennes alone still resisted. The defenders of Rennes were determined to resist to the death, but the Duchess [[Anne of Brittany]] chose instead to negotiate. By her marriage to Charles VIII, she made Brittany a part of France. Anne jealously guarded Brittany's autonomy, but the duchy was eventually fully merged with the French crown by her daughter [[Claude of France]]. ===جديد دور=== In 1857 [[Gare de Rennes| the Rennes train station]] was built, which gradually led to the southward sprawl of the town. In 1899 [[Dreyfus Affair|Alfred Dreyfus' trial]] in Rennes caused a national commotion. During [[World War 2]] Rennes suffered a heavy bombing from three German airplanes which caused 1,000 deaths because of an ammunition train alongside French and English troop trains and a refugee train as well on the marshalling yard. The next day, [[May 18]] [[1940]], German troops entered the city which underwent heavy bombings in 1943 (March and May) and 1944 (June) which caused 1,000 deaths and Patton's army freed the capital of Brittany on August 4, just after German troops had blown up the bridges before leaving, thus adding further damage. About 50,000 German prisoners had to be kept in 4 camps in a city of 100,000 inhabitants at the time. From 1954 onwards the city developed large building plans to accommodate a planned 520,000 inhabitants, making it the third fastest-growing city in France after Toulouse and Montpellier (1999 census). {{-}} ==معاشيات== Local industries include car manufacturing and telecommunications. [[Citroën]], currently the largest employer of the population of Rennes, opened a manufacturing plant at Rennes La Janais in 1961. Thomson employs over 1,000. Rennes is also one of first [[Technopole]]s in France that were established in an effort to stimulate the economies of regions other than [[Paris]] during the [[Aménagement du territoire]]. ==ثقافت== Rennes invests heavily in arts and culture and a number of its festivals (such as the music festival ''Les [[Transmusicales]]'', ''les Tombées de la Nuit'' and ''Travelling (a cinematic festival)'') are well known throughout France. Rennes was one of the first towns in France to have its own television channel 'TV Rennes', created in 1987. In Rennes is the only Institut Franco-Américain in France. Rennes is home to [[Stade Rennais FC]], who play at [[Stade de la Route de Lorient|Route de Lorient stadium, 31,000 seats]] in the [[Ligue 1|French Division One]]. There are 4 museums in Rennes : musée des beaux arts (museum of fine arts), musée de Bretagne (museum of Brittany) at the Champs Libres, together with le 'espace of sciences' and a planetarium), Museum of farming and Rennes countryside at la Bintinais, south of Rennes, museum of transmissions at Cesson. ==Miscellaneous== ===Colleges, universities and research facilities=== The Rennes agglomeration has a large student population (around 60,000). The city has two main universities: * ''[[Université de Rennes 1]]'' [http://www.univ-rennes1.fr/]: science, technology, medicine, philosophy, law, management and economics-based centre * ''[[Université de Rennes 2]]'' [http://www.uhb.fr/]: the arts, literature, languages, communication, human and social sciences, sport In addition: * The ''[[École Normale Supérieure de Cachan]]'' has a branch on the Ker Lann campus, just outside Rennes. * An ''[[Education in France#École Supérieure|École Supérieure]]'' for political science is based in Rennes called the ''[[Institut d'études politiques de Rennes]]'' [http://www.rennes.iep.fr] * The computer science and applied mathematics research institute [[IRISA]] is in the suburbs of Rennes. * The ''[[Délégation Générale pour l'Armement]]'' (defense procurement agency) operates the CELAR research center, dedicated to electronics and computing, in Bruz, a suburb. * The ''[[École Supérieure d'Électricité]]'' - [[Supélec]] has a branch in the east of the city ([[Cesson-Sévigné]]). * The ''[[grande école]]'' [[INSA Rennes|Institut National des Sciences Appliquées]] * The '' [[école supérieure de commerce de Rennes, school of business]] ===آمدورفت=== Rennes has well developed national road, rail and air links and is two hours by [[TGV]] from [[Paris]]. Local transport is based primarily on an extensive bus network (38 different lines) and a [[metro]] line that was inaugurated in March 2002 and cost €500 millions to build. The driverless [[Rennes Metro]] is 9.4 km in length and has 15 stations, including one designed by architect [[Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank|Norman Foster]]. Rennes is one of the smallest cities in the world to have a metro. See also: [[Gare de Rennes]] Rennes is also served by an airport, [[Rennes-St. Jacques Airport]], located 4.5 miles from the center to the south-west in the commune [[Saint-Jacques-de-la-Lande]]. === جاڙا شهر === {{مبسس4}}غين جي مرڪزي ڪينال مٿان پُل تي هيٺين جاڙن شهرن جا نالا اُڪريل آهن: * {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Exeter]] (برطانيه) 1957ع کان. * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]] (New York, USA) since 1958. * {{flagicon|GER}} [[Erlangen]] (جرمني) 1964ع کان. * {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Brno]] (Czech Republic) since 1965. * {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Sendai, Miyagi|Sendai]] (Miyagi, جاپان) 1967ع کان. * {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Leuven]] (بيلجيئم) since 1980. * {{flagicon|Ireland}} [[Cork (city)|Cork]] (آئرستان) 1982ع کان. * {{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Setif]] (Algeria) since 1982. * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Rennes-les-Bains]] (Aude, France) since 1985. * {{flagicon|China}} [[جينان]] (Shandong, چين) 1985ع کان. * {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Almaty]] (Kazakhstan) since 1991. * {{border|[[Image:Flag of Poland.svg|20px]]}} [[Poznań]] (پولستان) 1998ع کان. * {{flagicon|ROM}} [[Sibiu]] (رومانيه) 1999ع کان. * {{flagicon|Mali}} [[Plateau Dogon]] (مالي) 1999ع کان. === Broadcasting facilities === *[[Transmitter Rennes-Thourie]] == خارجي ڳنڍڻا == {{Commons|Rennes}} {{wiktionary}} * [http://www.ville-rennes.fr/ City council website] * [http://www.parlement-bretagne.com Parlement de Bretagne] * {{wikitravel}} * [http://tip2trip.com/france/rennes/rennes/ Photos of Rennes] * [http://france-for-visitors.com/brittany/rennes/index.html Rennes for visitors] - In English * [http://trippingdiary.blogspot.com/2005/12/france-rennes.html Tripping diary - Rennes] * [http://www.impro.infini.fr Rennes improvisation theatre] * [http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=rennes+france&ll=48.113964,-1.671295&spn=0.067161,0.193634&t=k&om=1 Rennes in Google Maps] {{Préfectures of départements of France}} {{Préfectures of régions of France}} [[Category:Rennes|*]] [[af:Rennes]] [[ar:رين]] [[frp:Renes]] [[br:Roazhon]] [[bg:Рен]] [[ca:Rennes]] [[ceb:Rennes]] [[cs:Rennes]] [[da:Rennes]] [[de:Rennes]] [[et:Rennes]] [[es:Rennes]] [[eo:Rennes]] [[eu:Rennes]] [[fr:Rennes]] [[id:Rennes]] [[it:Rennes]] [[kw:Roazhon]] [[nl:Rennes]] [[ja:レンヌ]] [[no:Rennes]] [[nrm:Rennes]] [[pl:Rennes]] [[pt:Rennes]] [[ro:Rennes]] [[ru:Ренн]] [[simple:Rennes]] [[sk:Rennes]] [[sr:Рен (Француска)]] [[fi:Rennes]] [[sv:Rennes]] [[zh:雷恩]] 2523 8720 2007-01-11T11:27:31Z Aursani 60 Redirecting to [[غين]] #REDIRECT[[غين]] 2524 8727 2007-01-11T15:21:13Z Aursani 60 New page: {{#if: {{{1|<noinclude>-</noinclude>}}} | {{country_flagicon|{{{1}}}|size={{{size|}}}}} }}<noinclude> {{protected template}} {{Template:Flagicon/doc}} <!-- Add cats and interwikis to the /... {{#if: {{{1|<noinclude>-</noinclude>}}} | {{country_flagicon|{{{1}}}|size={{{size|}}}}} }}<noinclude> {{protected template}} {{Template:Flagicon/doc}} <!-- Add cats and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 2525 8728 2007-01-11T15:22:27Z Aursani 60 New page: <!-- country_flagicon -->[[Image:{{country flag alias {{{1}}}}}|{{#if:{{{size|}}}|{{{size}}}|22x20px}}|{{country alias {{{1}}}}}]]<noinclude> {{protected template}} [[Category:Templates us... <!-- country_flagicon -->[[Image:{{country flag alias {{{1}}}}}|{{#if:{{{size|}}}|{{{size}}}|22x20px}}|{{country alias {{{1}}}}}]]<noinclude> {{protected template}} [[Category:Templates using ParserFunctions|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:Flag templates| {{PAGENAME}}]] [[ar:قالب:أيقونة علم دولة]] [[cy:Nodyn:Eicon baner gwlad]] [[ro:Format:Country flagicon]] </noinclude> 2526 8729 2007-01-11T15:23:19Z Aursani 60 New page: {| class="messagebox protected" style="width:530px; border:1px solid #88A; padding:0px; font-size:0.9em;" | [[Image:Padlock.svg|45px| ]] | <!--carriage-return to aid line-spacing:--> <span... {| class="messagebox protected" style="width:530px; border:1px solid #88A; padding:0px; font-size:0.9em;" | [[Image:Padlock.svg|45px| ]] | <!--carriage-return to aid line-spacing:--> <span style="font-size:105%;">'''This {{#switch:{{NAMESPACE}}|Image=image, used in one or more [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|high-risk templates]] or the interface,|[[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|high-risk template]]}} has been [[Wikipedia:This page is protected|protected]] from editing to prevent [[Wikipedia:vandalism|vandalism]].'''</span><br/> {{Howtoedit}} <br/> {{#switch:{{NAMESPACE}}|Image=Note: This image should '''not''' be moved to commons|}} |}[[Category:Protected templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]<noinclude> [[Category:Protection templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] </noinclude> 2527 8730 2007-01-11T15:24:04Z Aursani 60 New page: {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}}|If you wish to make a change, you can|Please discuss changes on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|talk page]] or}} [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection|request... {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}}|If you wish to make a change, you can|Please discuss changes on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|talk page]] or}} [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection|request unprotection]]. {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}}||You may use {{[[Template:editprotected|editprotected]]}} on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|talk page]] to ask for an administrator to make an edit for you.}}<noinclude> {{hprotected}} [[Category:Templates using ParserFunctions|{{PAGENAME}}]] </noinclude> 2528 8731 2007-01-11T15:25:11Z 193.52.94.1 New page: {| class="messagebox protected" style="width:530px; border:1px solid #88A; padding:0px; font-size:0.9em;" | [[Image:Padlock.svg|45px| ]] | <!--carriage-return to aid line-spacing:--> <span... {| class="messagebox protected" style="width:530px; border:1px solid #88A; padding:0px; font-size:0.9em;" | [[Image:Padlock.svg|45px| ]] | <!--carriage-return to aid line-spacing:--> <span style="font-size:105%;">'''This {{#switch:{{NAMESPACE}}|Image=image, used in one or more [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|high-risk templates]] or the interface,|[[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|high-risk template]]}} has been [[Wikipedia:This page is protected|protected]] from editing to prevent [[Wikipedia:vandalism|vandalism]].'''</span><br/> {{Howtoedit}} <br/> {{#switch:{{NAMESPACE}}|Image=Note: This image should '''not''' be moved to commons|}} |}[[Category:Protected templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]<noinclude> [[Category:Protection templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] </noinclude> 2529 8732 2007-01-11T16:01:54Z Aursani 60 New page: Flag of the United States.svg<noinclude>[[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|thumb|American flag]]</noinclude> Flag of the United States.svg<noinclude>[[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|thumb|American flag]]</noinclude> 2530 8733 2007-01-11T16:02:42Z Aursani 60 New page: Flag of the United Kingdom.svg<noinclude> {{protected template}} </noinclude> Flag of the United Kingdom.svg<noinclude> {{protected template}} </noinclude> 2531 8734 2007-01-11T16:36:40Z Aursani 60 New page: Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Flag of Kazakhstan.svg 2532 8735 2007-01-11T16:38:12Z Aursani 60 New page: Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg<noinclude>[[Image:{{ {{PAGENAME}} }}|thumb]]</noinclude> Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg<noinclude>[[Image:{{ {{PAGENAME}} }}|thumb]]</noinclude> 2533 8736 2007-01-11T16:39:12Z Aursani 60 New page: Flag of France.svg<noinclude>[[Image:Flag of France.svg|thumb|border]]</noinclude> Flag of France.svg<noinclude>[[Image:Flag of France.svg|thumb|border]]</noinclude> 2534 8737 2007-01-11T16:40:42Z Aursani 60 New page: Flag of Germany.svg<noinclude>[[Image:Flag of Germany.svg|thumb]]</noinclude> Flag of Germany.svg<noinclude>[[Image:Flag of Germany.svg|thumb]]</noinclude> 2535 8738 2007-01-11T16:41:48Z Aursani 60 New page: Flag of Mali.svg Flag of Mali.svg 2536 8739 2007-01-11T16:42:36Z Aursani 60 New page: Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg<noinclude>[[Image:{{ {{PAGENAME}} }}|thumb]]</noinclude> Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg<noinclude>[[Image:{{ {{PAGENAME}} }}|thumb]]</noinclude> 2537 8740 2007-01-11T16:49:35Z Aursani 60 New page: Japan Japan 2538 8741 2007-01-11T16:50:14Z Aursani 60 New page: Flag of Japan (bordered).svg<noinclude>[[Image:{{ {{PAGENAME}} }}|thumb]]</noinclude> Flag of Japan (bordered).svg<noinclude>[[Image:{{ {{PAGENAME}} }}|thumb]]</noinclude> 2539 8742 2007-01-11T16:51:17Z Aursani 60 New page: Belgium Belgium 2540 8743 2007-01-11T16:51:52Z Aursani 60 New page: Flag of Belgium (civil).svg<noinclude>[[Image:{{ {{PAGENAME}} }}|thumb]]</noinclude> Flag of Belgium (civil).svg<noinclude>[[Image:{{ {{PAGENAME}} }}|thumb]]</noinclude> 2541 8744 2007-01-11T16:52:34Z Aursani 60 New page: Flag of Germany.svg<noinclude>[[Image:Flag of Germany.svg|thumb]]</noinclude> Flag of Germany.svg<noinclude>[[Image:Flag of Germany.svg|thumb]]</noinclude> 2542 8745 2007-01-11T16:53:26Z Aursani 60 New page: Flag of Ireland (bordered).svg Flag of Ireland (bordered).svg 2543 8746 2007-01-11T16:54:24Z Aursani 60 New page: Flag of Algeria (bordered).svg<noinclude>[[Image:{{ {{PAGENAME}} }}|thumb]]</noinclude> Flag of Algeria (bordered).svg<noinclude>[[Image:{{ {{PAGENAME}} }}|thumb]]</noinclude> 2544 8747 2007-01-11T17:00:54Z Aursani 60 New page: Flag of France.svg<noinclude>[[Image:Flag of France.svg|thumb|border]]</noinclude> Flag of France.svg<noinclude>[[Image:Flag of France.svg|thumb|border]]</noinclude> 2545 8748 2007-01-11T17:01:50Z Aursani 60 New page: Flag of the Czech Republic (bordered).svg<noinclude>[[Image:{{ {{PAGENAME}} }}|thumb]]</noinclude> Flag of the Czech Republic (bordered).svg<noinclude>[[Image:{{ {{PAGENAME}} }}|thumb]]</noinclude> 2546 8749 2007-01-11T17:02:35Z Aursani 60 New page: Flag of Romania.svg Flag of Romania.svg 2547 8750 2007-01-11T17:04:38Z Aursani 60 2548 8761 2007-01-14T04:45:33Z Indus.asia 149 /* سنڌ کي مورڙي جي دانشمنداڻي حڪمت عمليءَ جي ضرورت آهي */ == سنڌ کي مورڙي جي دانشمنداڻي حڪمت عمليءَ جي ضرورت آهي == == تحرير: فياض سومرو == منهنجو هي مضمون پندرنهن روزه رسالي طبقاتي جدوجهد ۾ 15 ڊسمبر 1994 ع کان 15 جنوري 1994ع تائين ڪراچي: فصيل جسم په تازه لهو ڪي ڇينٽي جي عنوان سان ٽن قسطن جي صورت ۾ اردو ۾شايع ٿيو هو. جيئن ته مضمون جي اهميت اڃان تائين برقرار آهي ان ڪري مان ساڳي مضمون کي وري سنڌيءَ ۾ ترجمو ڪري ٿورڙي تصيح سان ”سنڌ کي مورڙي جي دانشمنداڻي حڪمت عمليءَ جي ضرورت آهي“ جي عنوان سان هتي اوهان آڏو پيش ڪري رهيو آهيان. اَ ڄ پاڻ سنڌ تي گفتگوءَ جو آغاز ننڍي کنڊ جي تمام مشهور مذهبي ۽ تاريخي داستان سان ڪريون ٿا: جڏهن ٻن ڀائرن، ڪَروُ ۽ پانڊوءَ ۾ خانه جنگي شروع ٿي، تڏهن ارجن پنهنجي ڪمان کڻندي ڪرشنا کي چيو هو ته، منهنجي رٿ ٻنهي لشڪرن جي وچم بيهاري وڃي ته جيئن مان فيصلو ڪري سگهان ته مونکي ڪنهنجو جو ساٿ ڏيڻ گهرجي. ان کانپوءِ ارجن چيو ته، مان نٿو ڄاڻان ٻنهي مان ڪير بهتر آهي. مون کي هِنن کي زير ڪرڻ گهرجي يا هُنن کي. ان کانپوءِ ارجن پنهنجي ڌنش کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو هو. اَڄ سائنس اهو ثابت ڪري چڪي آهي ته ڪا به شئي ساڪت ڪو نه آهي. جئين پاڻيءَ کي گرم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيون ٿا ته اهو هڪدم اُٻرڻ شروع ڪونه ٿي وڃي ٿو، بلڪه آهستي آهستي گرم ٿيندي، آخرڪار ۱۰۰ ڊگري سينٽي گريڊ تي اٻرڻ ٿيڻ شروع ٿئي ٿو. سنڌ جو مسئلو به اهو ئي آهي. ماڻهن جا تمام گهڻا مسئلا آهستي آهستي گڏ ٿيندا رهن ٿا ۽ پوءِ نيٺ اهي ڦاٽڻ شروع ٿين ٿا. جيئن ته بدقسمتيءَ سان سنڌ جي حيٿيت هن وقت نڌڻڪي آهي. جنهنکي پاڪستان جي پاور ڪاريڊورز ۾ نه ته ڪا حقيقي شراڪتداري مليل آهي ۽ نه ئي ڪا حقيقي ۽ پاپولر قيادت ميسر آهي. تنهنڪري سنڌ جا ماڻهو اڪثر بلڪي مجبورن پنهنجو پاڻ کي سندن زندگين ۾ آيل زهريلين تبديلين سان ايڊجسٽ ڪندا رهن ٿا. سنڌ ۽ سنڌين سان توڻي جو هر روز ظلم ۽ ڏاڍ ٿيندو رهي ٿو. مطلب ته هروز جو ظلم ۽ ڏاڍ برداشت ڪندڙ سنڌ ڄڻڪ ته هن وقت پاڻ سان ٿيندڙ ڏاڍائين ۽ ذلتن جو احساس ئي ڪرڻ ڇڏي ڏنو آهي. مطلب اهو ته سنڌ جي اڄوڪي صورتحال ڪا اوچتي، حادثاتي، اتفاقي ۽ معجزاتي طور تي اائين پنهنجو پاڻ ڪونه ٿي ويئي آهي، بلڪي ان جي پسمنظر ۾ پاڪستان ٺهڻ کانپوءِ سنڌ سان تسلسل سان ٿيل جٺيون آهن. ائين مختلف سبب ۽ واقعا هڪ خاص نڪتي تي پهچڻ کانپوءِ مخصوص شڪل ۾ نمودار ٿين ٿا. تاريخ جي پسمنظر ۾ مختلف محرڪن کي تلاش ڪرڻ لاءِ ۽ مسئلي کي سمجهڻ لاءِ انهن سببن کي اڳيان آڻڻ ضروري آهي، جن جي ڪري سنڌ ۽ خاص طور تي سنڌ جي وڏن شهرن يعني خاص طور تي ڪراچيءَ ۾ فسادن کان وٺي رت ۽ باهه جو سلسلو ڪافي عرصي کان جاري آهي. سوال اهو آهي ته، ان جا سبب ڪهڙا آهن؟ ۽ ان جا نتيجا ڪهڙا نڪري سگهن ٿا. وقفي وقفي سان سنڌ جي دارلحڪومت ڪراچيءَِ ۾ ٿيندڙ سازشون ۽ فساد آخرڪار ڪهڙن سببن جا مظهر آهن. هونئن ته سنڌ جي موجوده صورتحال جا ذميوار تمام گهڻا سبب آهن، پر اچو ته پاڻ انهن مان ڪجهه مسئلن جو زڪر ڪريون. ''' آباديءَ ۾ اضافو''' آدمشماري هڪ دفعو ٻيهر ملتوي ڪئي ويئي آهي. ملڪ جو حڪمران ٽولو اهي جيڪي علان ڪري رهيو هو ته مردم شماري ڪنهن به حالت ۾ ملتوي ڪونه ٿيندي، پر مزيدار ڳالهه اها ٿي آهي جو ان کي شروع ٿيڻ کان پهرين ئي کين روڪڻو پئجي ويو آهي. سوال اهو آهي ته آخر ائين ڇو ڪيو ويو؟ ان جو جواب تمام سادو آهي. اهو هي ته ائين هن حڪمران ٽولي جا سنڌ لاءِ پيش ڪيل اهي سڀ انگ اکر غلط ٿي وڃن ها، جيڪي اهو تعليم، صحت ۽ سماجي سهولتن جي حوالي سان پيش ڪري ٿو. ڇالاءِ جو هن ملڪ جا حڪمران ٽولا رڳو پنهنجي مفادن جي راند کيڏندا رهيا آهن. پر عوام کي حقيقي طور تي ڪي به سهولتو ڏيڻ لاءِ تيار ناهن. اهو ئي سبب آهي جو اهي ڪوڙن انگن اکرن تي ڪم هلائين ٿا. اهو ئي سبب آهي جو پاڪستان ۾ پنجئين آدمشماري ۱۹۹۱ع کانپوءِ ٽي سال گذري وڃن کانپوءِ به ڪونه ٿي سگهي آهي. اَڄ جي دور ۾ آدمشماري رڳو آباديءَ جو اندازو لڳائڻ لاءِ ڪونه ڪرائي وڃي ٿي. پر ان جو مقصدعوام جي سماجي، اقتصادي ترقي ۽ فلاح ۽ بهبود جو اندازو به لڳائڻ هوندو آهي ۽ پوءِ ان حساب سان ئي ترقياتي ڪمن تي خرچ ڪيا ويندا آهن. زراعت جي شعبي جو پڻ ان سان گهرو تعلق ٿئي ٿو. مطلب ته خوراڪ جي تقسيم، روزگار جي فراهمي، تعليمي ادارن جو قيام، بجلي، پاڻي، سيوريج، صحت جي مرڪزن، گهرن ۽ ٻين سائنسي ۽ صنعتي منصوبن لاءِ به آدمشماريءَ جا انگ اکر ڪم اچن ٿا. پر هتان جو حڪمران ٽولو مٿئين سڄي صورتحال کي نظر انداز ڪري رڳو پنهنجا مفاد پورا ڪرڻ ۾ ئي پورو آهي. '''هندوستان جي ورهاڱي جا سنڌ تي اثر''' هندوستان جي ورهاست سان سنڌ جا شهر سڀ کان وڌيڪ متاثر ٿيا. خاص طور تي ميرپورخاص، حيدرآباد، سکر ۽ ڪراچي ان تاريخي جبر جا سڀ کان وڌيڪ شڪار ٿيا ۽ اها سنڌ ئي هئي جنهن تاريخ جي ان عظيم هجرت کي منهن ڏنو. اهو ئي سبب هو جو 1931ع ۾ 263565 آباديءَ وارو ڪراچي جو شهر 1951ع ۾ 1068459 آبادي واري شهر ۾ تبديل ٿي ويو. ائين ڪجهه ئي سالن ۾ ڪراچيءَ جو نقشو ئي تبديل ٿي ويو. سنڌ جي شهر ڪراچي ۽ ٻين شهرن سان هڪ ٻئي ستم ظريفي اها ٿي جو هتي آباد ٿيڻ وارن يوپي، سي پي ۽ بِهار وغيره سان تعلق رکڻ وارن جي زبان ۽ تهذيب سنڌ جي زبان، تهذيب ۽ روايتن کان ڪافي مختلف هئي. پر ان جي برعڪس پنجاب ۾ آيل مهاجرن جو تعلق گهڻو ڪري اوڀر پنجاب، پٽياله وغيره سان هو. جيئن ته انهن جي زبان، تهذيب ۽ معاشرتي روايتون وغيره اولهه پنجاب کان ڪي گهڻو مختلف ڪو نه هيون. ان ڪري انهن جي جذب ٿيڻ جو عمل وڌيڪ تيزيءَ سان ٿيو ء تيزي سان جذب ٿيڻ جو هڪ ٻيو سبب اهو به هو ته پنجاب ۾ آباد ٿيڻ وارن مهاجرن جو گهڻو ڪري تعلق زراعت سان هو. تنهنڪري اهي چند وڏن شهرن ۾ گڏ ڪونه ٿيا. ائين انهن جي مرجر يعني جذب ٿيڻ ۾ ڪاوڏي رڪاوٽ پيش ڪو نه آئي. چوڻ جي مقصد اهو ته ورهاست کانپوءِ جي صورنحال سبب سنڌ جا شهر ۽ خاص طور تي ڪراچي سڀ کان وڌيڪ متاثر ٿيندي رهي ۽ آباديءَ ۾ تيز رفتار اضافي سنڌ جي مسئلن ۾ به تمام گهڻو اضافوڪيو آهي. آباديءَ ۾ اضافو ته اڃا تائين جاري آهي. 1981ع جي انگن اکر موجب ڪراچيءَ جي آبادي ٻاونجهالک اَٺ هزار هڪ سئو ٻٽيهه هئي. ان کان سواءِ ۱۹۹۱ع جي آدمشماريءَ مطابق رڳو ڪراچيءَ ۾ آباديءَ ۾ اضافي جي شرح سترنهن سيڪڙي کان وڌيڪ هئي ۽ سنڌ ۾ گذريل ڏهن سالن کان آباديءَ ۾ اضافي جي شرح 172 سيڪڙي تائين پهچي چڪي آهي. جنهن جو لازمي طور تي سنڌ ۽ ان جي دارلحڪومت ڪراچيءَ تي زبردست اثر ٿيو آهي. ورهاڱي وقت ڪراچيءَ جو شهر 350 ايڪڙن تي مشتمل هو. پر ورهاڱي کانپوءِ رڳو چئن سالن ۾ ڪراچيءَ جي آباديءَ ۾ ستوڻو اضافو اچي چڪو هو. آباديءَ ۾ ايتري تيزيءَ سان اضافو غير قدرتي اضافي ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿو. جيڪو سامراجي مفادن تحت، تاريخ جي جبر سبب سنڌ کي ڀوڳڻو پيو. جنهن ۾ جيتوڻيڪ ان وقت هجرت ڪري سنڌ آيلن جو ڪو قصور ڪونه هو. پر جيئن ته جناح کانپوءِ پهرين حڪومت هندوستان کان هجرت ڪري آيلن ئي ٺاهي هئي ۽ انهن کي اڳيان هلي چونڊجڻ لاءِ پنهنجي چونڊ حلقي جي ضرورت هئي، ان ڪري انهن ڪوشش ڪئي ته سنڌ ۽ خاص طور تي ڪراچيءَ ۾ وڌ کان وڌ مهاجرن کي آباد ڪيو وڃي. نه رڳو اهو بلڪي آبايءَ ۾ اهڙي قسم جو غيرقدرتي اضافو ڪنهن نه ڪنهن طريقي سان اڄ ڏينهن تائين جاري آهي. جنهن ۾ هن ملڪ جي گهٽيا سوچ جي مالڪ حڪمرانن جي گهٽيا پاليسين جو وڏو هٿ رهيو آهي. '''آباديءَ ۾ غير قدرتي اضافو''' افغانستان جي ثور انقلاب ڏانهن هن ملڪ جي حڪمرانن جي رويئي کي ڏسي ائين لڳي ٿو ته هن ملڪ جي رجعتي حڪمرانن افغان انقلاب ڏانهن هڪ اهڙي ته نيچ سطح جي پاليسي ٺاهي، جنهن جو مقصد رڳو ۽ رڳو انقلاب کي تباه ڪرڻ هو. ڇو جو افغان انقلاب ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ سامراج جي حڪمت عملي ۽ منصوبابنديءَ کي نه رڳو دوڏي وڌو هو بلڪي سامراج ان کي پنهنجي عالمي مفادن مٿان هڪ وڏو حملو تصور ڪيو هو. اهو ئي سبب هو جو هن ملڪ جي پٺوُ حڪمرانن جي پاليسين سبب ۳۰ کان ۳۵ لکن تي مشتعمل افغان مهاجرن جي هڪ وڏي ٻوڏ هن ملڪ ڏانهن اٿلي پئي. مطلب ته آباديءَ جي هڪ ٻئي وڏي ٻوڏ کي وري به سنڌ کي ئي ڀوڳڻو پيو. ڇالاءِ جو هن ملڪ جي حڪمرانن جي غلط پاليسين سبب افغان مهاجر هڪ وڏي تعداد ۾ سنڌ ۽ خاص طور تي ڪراچيءِ ۾ اچي آباد ٿي ويا. نه رڳو اهو بلڪي هن ملڪ جي رجعتي حڪمران ٽولن جي رجعت پسند پاليسين سبب سڄي دنيا جا رجعت پرست مصر، سعودي عرب، ايران، افعانستان ۽ بنگلايش وغيره مان به اچي سڄي ملڪ ۽ خاص طور تي ڪراچيءَ ۾ آباد ٿي ويا. جنهن جي ڪري اڄ بيشمار مسئلا پيدا ٿي چڪا آهن. پهرين جنهن گهر ۾ هڪ سنڌي هندو خاندان رهندو هو. هاڻ ان ۾ ڏهن کان پندرنهن خاندان رهن ٿا. جنهن جي ڪري سنڌ جي شهرن ۾ پاڻيءَ جي قلت ۽ نيڪالي جي حالت ڏاڍي خراب آهي. هڪ اندازي مطابق هن وقت سنڌ جي شهرن ۾ رڳو 33 سيڪڙو ماڻهن کي پاڻي، نيڪاس ۽ بجلي جي سهولت حاصل آهي. مطلب ته ڪراچيءَ سميت سڄي سنڌ ۾ بيپناه آبادي ۽ سماجي سهولتن جي ڪميءَ اڄ هر ڪنهن لاءِ مٿي جو سور بنجي چڪي آهي. ''' آباديءَ ۾ موجود ورهاست''' ڪراچيءَ جي آدمشماري۱۹۸۱ع وقت ٻاونجاه لک اٺ هزار هڪ سئو ٻٽيهه 5208132 هئي. جيڪا سنڌي، مهاجر، پٺاڻ، پنجابي، بلوچي، بهاري ۽ افغاني آبادين جي صورت ۾ ورهايل آهي. ائين هاڻي ڪراچي به دنيا جي ٻين وڏن ڪاسموپوليٽن شهرن وانگر ملٽي نيشنل شهر واري حيٿيت ماڻي چڪو آهي. اهو ئي سبب آهي جو هاڻ ڪير به اها دعوا نٿو ڪري سگهي ته ڪراچي ڪنهن هڪ ڪميونٽي جو شهر آهي. پر جئين ته حڪمران پنهنجي ٺاهيل غلط پاليسين ۽ اصل مسئلن ۽ سببن تان ڌيان هٽائڻ لاءِ اڪثر سازشون سٽيندا رهيا آهن، جنهنڪري سنڌ ۾ مسئلا نه رڳو روز به روز منجهندا پيا وڃن، بلڪي اهي هاڻي تمام گهڻو منجهي چڪا آهن ۽ سنڌ جي ٻهراڙيءَ ۾ مختلف قبيلا ۽ ڪراچيءَ ۾ مختلف آباديون هڪ ٻئي کي پنهنجي مسئلن جو ذميوار سمجهن ٿيون. اهو ئي سبب آهي جو اهي درپيش مسئلن کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ گڏيل جدوجهد ڪرڻ بجاءِ هڪ ٻئي سان وڙهي رهيون آهن. جيئن بشرا ذيدي ڪيس ۾ ٿيو. اهو هئين ته حادثو ڪرڻ واري مني بس جو مالڪ، ڊرائيور ۽ ڪنڊيڪٽر وغيره ته سڀئي پنجابي هئا، پر فساد وري مهاجرن ۽ پشتونن ۾ شروع ٿي ويا. جنهن کي پوءِ پٺاڻ ۽ مهاجر جهڳڙي جو نالو ڏنو ويو. سوال اهو آهي ته ان جهڳڙي جو اصل سبب ڇا هو؟ ان لاءَ اسان کي پٺاڻ ۽ مهاجر آباديءَ جي پاڻ ۾ باهمي تعلقاتن جو جائزو وٺڻو پوندو. جنهن جو هڪ سبب ته اهو ٿي سگهي ٿو ته اورنگيءَ جي علائقي ۾ بهارين جي آبادڪاريءَ کان پهرين ان علائقي ۾ پٺاڻن جو سياسي ۽ معاشي اثر قائم هو. جيئن ته هاڻي بهاري به ان علائقي ۾ تمام وڏي تعداد ۾ آباد ٿي چڪا آهن، جتي پهرين پٺاڻ اڪثريت هئا پر هاڻي اهي ان علائقي جي واحد طاقت ڪونه رهياآهن. ٻيو سبب انهن نام نهاد افغان مجاهدن ۽ مهاجرن جو آهي، جيڪي ڪافي تعداد ۾ سنڌ جي شهرن ۽ خاص طور تي ڪراچيءَ جي ۾ آباد ٿي چڪا آهن، جن هيروئن ۽ ڪلاشنڪوف کي ڪراچيءَ سميت سڄي سنڌ ۾ عام ڪري ڇڏيو آهي. جيئن ته هڪ طرف انهن شين جي خلاف معاشري ۾ نفرت موجود آهي ته ٻئي طرف هيروئن وغيره جي سمگلنگ جو روٽ به جيئن ته پشتون علائقا آهن، تنهنڪري ڪراچيءَ جي ڪجهه آبادي انهن جي مسئلن جي ذميوار پشتونن کي سمجهڻ لڳي آهي. هتي اها ڳالهه سمجڻ گهرجي ته هر پٺاڻ نه ته اسمگلر آهي ۽ نه ئي هر پٺاڻ اسلحي جو ڪاروبار ڪري ٿو ۽ نه ئي اهڙي قسم جي سمگلنگ کي ”پشتون اسمگلنگ“ جو نالو ڏيئي سگهجي ٿو. ٽيون ۽ سڀ کان اهم سبب ڪراچيءَ جي ماڻهن جا ٽرانسپورٽ جي سلسلي ۾ مسئلا آهن. پر جيئن ته حڪمران ٽولن ڪڏهن به ان طرف ڌيان نه ڏنو آهي. جيئن ته ڪراچيءَ جي ٽوٽل ٽرنسپورٽ ۾ 21 سيڪڙو حصو مني بسن جو آهي ته وري حادثا ڪرڻ ۾ مني بسن جو حصو باقي ٽرنسپورٽ ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ آهي. جيئن ته ٽريفڪ پوليس وارن جو ڪم رڳو ۽ رڳو رشوت سان آهي. ان ڪري ٽريفڪ نظام کي سڌارڻ جي نه ته ڪا ڪوشش ڪامياب ٿئي ٿي ۽ نه ئي اهڙي ڪرپٽ ماحول ڪا به ڪوشش ڪامياب ٿي سگهي ٿي. تنهنڪري عام طور تي سڄي ملڪ جو عوام ۽ خاص طور تي سنڌ جا ماڻهو اهو سمجهن ٿا ته هتي حڪومت ڪا به ذميواري نڀائڻ جي قابل ئي نه آهي. تنهنڪري ماڻهن ۾ خود فيصلا ڪرڻ وارا رجحان وڌي رهيا آهن. بشرا ذيدي واقعو ۽ ان کان پوءِ ڪراچيءَ ۾ فساد ٿيڻ جو هڪ سبب اهو رجحان پڻ ٿي سگهي ٿو. '''غير مساوي ترقي''' اڄ سڄي سنڌ ۽ خاص طور تي ڪراچي مسئلن جو ڳڙهه بنجي چڪا آهن. جتي دهشتگردي، ٽڪراءُ، فرقيوراڻو جنون ۽ انتشار عوام جي جان ڇڏڻ لاءِ ڪنهن به صورت ۾ تيار ناهي؟ نه رڳو اهو بلڪه وڌندڙ قتل عام، لٽ مار، تباهه حال بنيادي انفرااسٽرڪچر، ڊرگ مافيا، سرمائي جو استحصال ۽ حڪمران ٽولن جو رجعتي ڪرادار هر ڏينهن نيئن کان نئين بحران کي جنم ڏئي رهيو آهي. جيڪڏهن اهو چئون ته سنڌ ۽ خاص طور تي ڪراچي غير مساوي سرمائيداراڻي ترقيءَ جو هڪ زبردست نمونو آهي ته شايدعلظ نه ٿيندو. ڇو جو ڪراچيءَ ۾ ڪجهه صنعتڪاري ته ٿي آهي. پر ان جي باوجود به بنيادي مسئلا به حل نه ٿي رهيا هجن ته پوءِ اها ڳالهه معاشي پسماندگيءَ کي ظاهر ڪري ٿي. مطلب ته ناهموار معاشي ترقي وري هيٺين مسئلن کي جنم ڏئي ٿي. '''بيروزگاري''' هڪ اندازي موجب ڪراچيءَ۾ بيروزگاريءَ جي شرح 25 سيڪڙي کان وڌيڪ آهي. ڪنهن به معاشري جي اندروني ٽوڙڦوڙ جو اظهار ان وقت نظر اچي ٿو، جڏهن اهو معاشرو پيداوري قوتن ۽ نوجوانن جي تخليقي صلاحيتن کي استعمال ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت وڃائي ويهي ٿو ۽ ان جون علامتون نوجوانن ۾ مايوسي ۽ ويڳاڻپ جي صورت ظاهر ٿين ٿيون. ان ڳالهه جو اندازو رڳو ان ڳالهه مان لڳائي سگهجي ٿو ته هن وقت رڳو ڪراچيءَ ۾ ڏهه هزار ڊاڪٽر بيروزگار آهن. بيروزگاري به ڪنهن عذاب کان گهٽ نه آهي. ڇو جو اها هڪ اهڙي بيماري آهي، جيڪا نوجوانن جي ذهنن تي تمام گهڻا اثر وجهي ٿي. اهو ئي سبب آهي جو بيروزگاريءَ کان متاثر اڪثر نوجوان منشيات ۽ هيروازم جو شڪار ٿي، ڪلاسنڪوف استعمال ڪرڻ جي طرف راغب ٿي وڃن ٿا. باقي ماحولياتي آلودگيءَ کي هڪ تصوير جو روپ ڏجي ته پوءِ ان کي سنڌ جي روپ ۾ واضح طور تي پيش ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جنهن جي ڪري وري سڄي سنڌ بيمارين ۾ وڪوڙجي چڪي آهي. سنڌ ۾ پاڻي جي کوٽ ۽ مختلف صنعتن مان نڪرندڙ فاسد مادن ۽ ڪيميڪلز نه رڳو پيئڻ جي پاڻي کي زهريلو ڪري ڇڏيو آهي بلڪه ان جي ڪري اڄ سنڌ ۾ آبي حيات جي زندگي پڻ تنگ ٿي چڪي آهي. هوا ۾ دونهين جو وڌيڪ مقدار نه رڳو وڏن بلڪه ٻارن ۾ شهي جي ليول کي خطرناڪ حد تائين وڌائي ڇڏيو آهي. سنڌ جي شهرن ۾ ٻارن جي ڪيل ٽيسٽن مان اهو ثابت ٿي چڪو آهي ته هتان جي ماحولياتي آلودگي مختلف بيمارين جي امڪانن کي وڌائي ڇڏيو آهي. ان کان سواءِ سنڌ ۾ ڊپريشن جو مرض نه رڳو تمام وڌيل آهي بلڪه اهو ڏاڍي پيچيده شڪل اختيار ڪري ويو آهي. جنهن جي ڪري وري نفسياتي مسئلا جنم وٺي رهيا آهن، جيڪي وري مختلف ڪيفيتن جي صورت ۾ ظاهر ٿي، سڄي سنڌ کي پنهنجي لپيٽ ۾ آڻي رهيا آهن. '''ٺيڪيداري نظام''' وقت سان گڏ زراعت ۾مشين سازيءَ ٿيڻ سبب ۽ متبادل روزگار نه هئڻ سبب سنڌ ۾ بيروزگاري اڃا وڌي ويئي آهي. جنهن جي ڪري نوڪري خاطر، سنڌي ڳوٺن کي ڇڏي، شهرن ڏانهن رخ ڪري رهيا آهن. ڇو جو اڳي جتي ڪم لاءِ ڏهه ماڻهو کپندا هئا اُتي هاڻي ٽريڪٽر يا ٿريشر کانپوءِ هڪ ماڻهوءِ جي ضرورت پوي ٿي. مٿان وري سنڌ جي ٻهراڙي ۾ ڪا صنعتڪاري به ڪونه ڪئي وئي آهي. جنهنڪري بيرزگاريءَ سبب سنڌ جي ٻهراڙين مان ماڻهن کي مجبورن شهرن جو رخ ڪرڻو پوي ٿو. جنهن جو هڪ مثبت پاسو ته اهو آهي ته ان سبب سنڌ جي شهرن ۾ سنڌين جو سيڪڙو آهستي آهستي وڌي رهيو آهي. پر شهرن ۾ نڌڻڪي نوڪري سان جيئڻ به ڪو آسان ڪم ناهي. جنهن جي ڪري اڳي جيڪي سنڌي هاري ڳوٺن ۾ وڏيرن ۽ سردارن جي غلاميءَ واري زندگي گزاري رهيا هئا، سي وري هاڻي شهرن ۾ پريشان حال فقيرن واري زندگي گذارڻ تي مجبور آهن يا وري سستي مزدور جي صورت ۾ سرمائيدارن جي کاڄ ٿي رهيا آهن ورهاڱي وقت پاڪستان تي مشتعمل علائقن ۾ خواندگيءَ جي شرح 28 سيڪڙو هئي، جيڪا اَڄ هن ملڪ جي حڪمرنن جي پاليسين سبب 26 سيڪڙو ٿي چڪي آهي. اهو سڀ ان ڪري ٿيو آهي، جو هن ملڪ جا حڪمران ٽولا تعليم تي ڪو خرچ ڪرڻ لاءِ ئي تيار ناهن. ان جو نتيجو اهو ئي نڪرڻو هو، جيڪو اَڄ اسان جي سامهون آهي. رڳو ڪراچيءَ ۾ سماجي سهوليتن جي اها صورتحال آهي جو اتي روزآنو 1300 ٽن گند ڪچرو جمع ٿئي ٿو پر ان مان رڳو ٽي سئو ٽن کي هٽايو وڃي ٿو. هن وقت ملڪ ۾ سماجي سهولتن ۾ 6.5 سيڪڙي جي حساب سان وڌارو اَچي رهيو آهي. پر ساڳي وقت ان دؤران آباديءَ ۾ 33 سيڪڙي جي حساب سان واڌارو به اچي رهيو آهي. اهو ئي سبب آهي جو ڪراچي اڳي جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ گندو شهر ٿي ويو آهي. گندگيءَ جي ڍيرن ۽ غلاظتن ۾ مسلسل اضافو ٿي رهيو آهي. ائين محسوس ٿئي ٿو ته هڪ ڏينهن ڪراچيءَ سميت سڄي سنڌ ان ۾ دفن ٿي فنا ٿي ويندي. هي ڪراچيءَ ۾ اڪثر جيڪي فسادَ ٿيندا رهن ٿا، ان کي سمجهڻ لاءِ، ان جي محرڪن کي سمجهڻ ڏاڍو ضروري آهي. ڇالاءِ جو سنڌ جي حوالي سان جتي حڪمران ٽولا ان حوالي سان فڪر مند آهن ته سنڌ کي اڳي وانگر ڪئين ڪنٽرول ۾ رکجي، ته ساڳي وقت سنڌ عوام به ڳڻتيءَ ۾ وڪوڙيل نظر اچي ٿو بلڪه ان ۾ هاڻ نئون شعور ۽ جذبو به پيدا ٿي رهيو آهي. تازو 3 ڊسمبر ۱۹۹۴ع تي ٿيل ڪراچي بچايو ريلي ۾ عام ماڻهن جي ڀرپور شرڪت اهو ظاهر ڪري رهي آهي ته عوام ٽڪراءُ ۽ بدامني نٿو چاهي. جيتوڻيڪ گذريل چند مهينن کان نامعلوم شرپسند ۽ تخريبڪار بيگناه شهرين جو قتل عام جاري رکيو پيا اچن، انهن طرفان شهر ۾ خوفناڪ گوڙَ ڪرائڻ جون ڪوششون جاري آهن، پر ان جي باوجود به حڪومت پنهنجي پراڻي پروٽوڪول تي هلندي رڳو اهي بيان جاري ڪري رهي آهي ته ”ڪراچيءَ سميت سڄي ملڪ ۾ امن امان آهي.“ '''سنڌ ۾ امن امان جي صورتحال''' سنڌ جي صورتحال جي جائزي مان جيڪا سڀ کان اهم ڳالهه سامهون نظر اچي رهي آهي اها امن امان جي خراب صورتحال آهي. جنهن ۾ وري ڪارو ڪاري، ڌاڙيل، اسٽريٽ ڪرائمز ۽ دهشتگرديءَ جون ڪاروايون اچي وڃن ٿيون. سوال اهو آهي ته دهشتگردي ڇو پيدا ٿئي ٿي ۽ مختلف سياسي گروپن مان ڪير دهشتگرد آهي ۽ ڪير ڪونه آهي؟ امن امان جي هن خراب صورتحال ۽ دهشت پسنديءَ جو ڏوهه ڪنهن کي ڏجي ۽ ڪنهن کي نه ڏجي؟ هي ئي اهو نقطو يا سوال آهي، جيڪو اڄ اسان کان واضح جواب جي طلب ڪري رهيو آهي. هونئن ته ڪنهن به صورتحال جو هر ڪو پنهنجي پنهنجي طريقي ۽ انداز سان تجزيو ڪندي ، ان جي ذميواري به هڪ يا ٻئي ڌر کي ڏيندو. پر سنڌ جي امن امان جي خراب صورتحال جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڏوهاري حڪومت ۽ حڪمران ٽولن کي قرار ڏجي ته شايد غلط نه ٿيندو. دهشتگردي هڪ اهڙو عمل آهي، جيڪو سڀني کي نقصان پهچائي ٿو. هونئن به دهشتگري هڪ اهڙو عمل آهي، جنهن جو ڪنهن به طريقي سان دفاع ڪرڻ غلط آهي. مارڪس هڪ دفعي چيو هو ته، ”هڪ اهڙو عمل جيڪو اهڙن ذريعن جو گهرجائو هجي، جن جو دفاع نه ڪري سگهجي، ڪڏهن به جائز عمل نٿو ٿي سگهي.“ بهرحال پنهنجو اُٿاريل اهو سوال ته دهشتگرد پيدا ڇو ٿا ٿين، اڃان به موجود آهي. حقيقت پسند ٿي جائزو وٺو ته پوءِ اها به حقيقت آهي ته دهشتگرد آسمان مان لٿل سائنس فڪشن جهڙي ڪا مخلوق ڪو نه آهن بلڪه هن ئي معاشري پيدا ٿين ٿا. اصل ۾ اهي هن ئي معاشري جي تضادن مان جنم وٺن ٿا. دهشتگرد اصل ۾ اسان جي معاشري جي نانصافين جي خلاف ئي ردعمل ظاهر ڪري رهيا هوندا آهن، جيڪي ان معاشري جي معيارن تحت نفسياتي ۽ اخلاقي طور صحيح قرار ڏئي ڇڏيا ويا هوندا آهن. ساڳي ئي وقت تي حڪمران ٽولن جي دهشتگري يعني ان جون مختلف ايجنسيون، قانون نافذ ڪندڙ ادارا، پوليس بلڪه جيڪڏهن ڊيگهه ۽ ويڪر ۾ ڏسون ته پوءِ ته هي رياست به پاڻ هڪ وڏي دهشتگرد ئي آهي. ڇو جو ملڪ جا سمورا ئي ادارا سخت بدعنواني جا شڪار آهن. نه رڳو اهي حڪومتي ادارا ماڻهن کي سرمائيدارن ۽ جاگيردارن جي نانصافين کان ڪو تحفظ فراهم نٿا ڪن، بلڪه اهي ادارا يا فورسز عوام تي هر روز نوان نوان ظلم ڪرڻ ۾ هڪ ٻئي کان گوءِ ڪڍي وڃڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندا رهن ٿا. سماجي اڻبرابري، پورهيتن جو استحصال، غير صحتمند ماحول، مهنگائي، ۽ ماڻهن جون ڪسمپرسيءَ جهڙيون حالتون ڪجهه اهڙيون علامتون آهن، جيڪي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن طريقي سان دهشتگردن کي هٿي وٺائين ٿيون. بهرحال ڪير ڪجهه به چوي رياستي دهشتگردي جي مقابلي ۾ فردي دهشتگردي جي حمايت ڪرڻ به صحيح نه ٿيندو. ڇو جو ٻنهي قسمن جي دهشتگردي سبب عام ماڻهن جا مسئلا حل ٿيڻ جي بجاءِ وڌي وڃن ٿا. == ايم ڪيو ايم == پاڪستان ننڍي کنڊ جي ورهاست مان جنم ورتو، جتي مختتلف مختلف قومن ۽ گروهن جي وچم ڪنهن نه ڪنهن حوالي سان احساس محروميءَ جو لاؤ پچندو رهيو آهي. سنڌ جي گاديءَ جي گاديءَ جو شهر ڪراچي جيڪو نه رڳو سمنڊ جي ويجهو آهي بلڪه اهو پاڻ به انسانن هو هڪ وڏو سمنڊ آهي ۾ هڪ اندازي موجب پاڪستان جي مختلف صوبن جا لڳ ڀڳ ستاويهه لک ماڻهو آباد آهن، جيڪي محرومين سبب مختلف قوميتن جي ڪيترن ئي قوميتي گروهن ۾ ورهايل آهن. اصل ۾ سنڌ جي مسلمان بالادست طبقي ننڍي کنڊ جي ورهاست جي حمايت ان ڪري ڪئي هئي جو اهي صنعت، نوڪرين، واپار ۽ تعليم تي هندؤن جي غلبي مان نجات حاصل ڪرڻ چاهين پيا. پر پاڪستان ٺهڻ کانپوءِ بالادست سنڌي طبقي جا مفاد پنجاب جي غلبي ۽ استحصال سبب پورا نه ٿي سگهيا. تنهنڪري آهستي آهستي سنڌ ۾ قوپرستي وڌڻ لڳي ته ٻئي طرف پنجاب جي ظالم سازشِي طبقي مهاجرن کي پاڪستان ۽ اسلام جي نالي تحت پاڻ سان ملائي، ون يونٽ جي ذريعي سنڌ کي عملي طور تي ڪالونيءَ جي شڪل ڏئي ڇڏي. پر 70ع جي ڏهائي ۾ وڏي پيماني تي سنڌي مڊل ڪلاس پيدا ٿيڻ سبب پاڪستان جو حڪمران ٽولو اَٽي ۾ لوڻ برابر ئي سهي، سنڌين کي مختلف نوڪرين ۽ تعلمي ادارن وغيره ۾ رعايتون ڏيڻ تي مجبور ٿيو. جنهن جي ڪري مهاجرن کي سندن جي اقتدار ۾ اڳين جهڙي حيثيت خطري ۾ نظر اچڻ لڳي. جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ وري مهاجر آباديءَ ۾ ويڳاڻپ ۽ بيچينيءَ جي ڪيفيت پيدا ٿيڻ لڳي. جنهن کي پهرين جماعت اسلامي ۽ پوءِ اڳتي هلي ايم ڪيو ايم جي اڳواڻن ڀرپور طريقي سان استعمال ڪندي، ان کي مهاجر قومپرستيءَ جي شڪل ڏيڻ شروع ڪئي. ان ڪشمڪش سبب ڪراچيءَ سميت سڄي سنڌ جي وڏن شهرن ۾ تمام گهڻا جهڳڙا ۽ فساد ٿيا، جنهن جي ڪري مهاجرن ۾ گهيرو ڪرڻ وري زهنيت جنم ورتو، جنهن ڪري انهن پاڻ کي سخت تنظيمي ڪنٽرول ۾ آڻڻ شروع ڪيو، جنهن جون سڀ چاٻيون وري الطاف حسين پنهنجي ٽجوڙيءَ ۾ رکي ڇڏيون. اهڙي طرح تنظيم ۾ سخت فسطائي رجحانن جڙ پڪڙڻڻ شروع ڪئي. جنهن سان ان هڪ طرف مهاجر مخالف قوتن کي ڪچلڻ جو ڪم ورتو ويو ته ٻئي طرف تنطيم اندر اڀرندڙ هر آواز کي الطاف حسين جي اشاري تي دٻائي ڇڏيو ويندو هو. ايم ڪيو ايم حقيقي به تنظيم جي سخت ۽ بي رحم ڪنٽرول سبب اڀري هئي. توڻي جي ان جي اڀرڻ ۾ اسٽيبلشمينٽ ۽ ان جي مختلف ايجنسين کي نظر انداز نٿو ڪري سگهجي. موومينٽ فار ريسٽوريشن وف ڊيموڪريسي، ايم آر ڊي ۱۹۸۳، جي آمريت مخالف تحريڪ سبب حڪمران ٽولا سنڌ جي عوامي قوت ۽ جدوجهد کان خوف جو شڪار ٿي سازشون ڪرڻ لڳا، ان ڪري سنڌ جي آمريت مخالف عوامي تحريڪ کي ڪچلڻ خاطر ايم ڪيو ايم ٺاهڻ ۾ هڪ ايجنسيءَ تمام اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جنهن کانپوءِ هن تنظيم ڪراچي ۽ حيدرآباد تي پنهنجو مڪمل ڪنٽرول قائم ڪري ورتو. نه رڳو اهو بلڪه ان تنظيم جي مڊل ڪلاس مشيرن ۽ وزيرن طاقت جي ايوانن تائين پڻ تيزيءَ سان رسائي حاصل ڪري ورتي. ڪنهن فلمي اندازسان مافيا جي طرز تي ٺاهيل ايم ڪيو ايم جو اندروني ڪنٽرول ۽ ڊانچو آهستي آهستي اندروني اختلافن سبب ڪمزور ٿيڻ لڳو. تنظيم ۾ اندروني اختلاف ۱۹۹۰ع ۾ بلڪل واضح ٿي سامهو اچڻ لڳا. جيڪڏهن فوجي آپريشن نه به ڪيو وڃي ها ته به يم ڪيو جو زوال بلڪل ويجهو هو. ڇالاءِ جو مهاجرن ۾ ايم ڪيو ايم جي دهشتگرديءَ خلاف نفرت تيزيءَ سان وڌي رهي هئي. پر فوجي آپريشن جي ذريعي ايم ڪيو ايم کي ڄڻڪ ته هڪ نئين زندگي ملي ويئي. ملٽري آپريشن سبب مهاجر آبايءَ ۾ وري ايم ڪيو ايم لاءِ همداري پيدا ٿيڻ لڳي. ان ڪري ايم ڪيو ايم ختم ٿيڻ بجاءِ وري اڀرڻ لڳي '''نفسياتي مسئلا''' بي پناهه مسئلن، سماجي حالتن جي اڻهوند، نااميدي، بي يقيني ۽ مايوسيءَ سنڌ جي ماڻهن کي نفسياتي مرضن ۾ مبتلا ڪري ڇڏيو آهي. جنهن جي ڪري ماڻهو ويڳاڻپ جو شڪار ٿيندا پيا وڃن. خوف ۽ مايوسيءَ سبب عوام ۽ خاص طور تي سنڌ جي نوجوانن جو وڏو تعداد منشيات يا ائين کڻي چئون ته نشي جي طرف راغب ٿي رهيو آهي. اهو ئي سبب آهي جو معاشري کي نشي جي لعنت اڏوهي وانگر کائي کوکلو ڪري رهي آهي '''قتل جو تناسب''' اسڪور ڪيترو ٿيو آهي؟ اهو جملو هاڻ سنڌ جا صحافي ڪرڪيٽ جون رنز ڄاڻڻ لاِءِ نه بلڪه ان ڏينهن قتل ٿيڻ وارن ماڻهن جو تعداد معلوم ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪن ٿا. ان سلسلي ۾ صورتحال جي خرابيءَ جو اندازو ان ڳالهه مان لڳائي سگهجي ٿو ته رڳو نومبر ۱۹۹۳ع ۾ چار سئو اٺ ڄڻا ڪراچي ۾ ٿيل فسادن ۾ قتل ڪيا ويا. سنڌ اسيمبليءَ ۾ سوالن جي وقفي دؤران نثار احمد کهڙي بڌايو ته ان عرصي دؤران 36 پوليس وارا ۽ ٽي فوجي ماريا ويا آهن. هي ته اهي انگ اکر آهن، جيڪي سرڪاري طور تي ظاهر ڪيا ويا آهن، جڏهن ته اصل صورتحال ته اڃا ڪجهه ٻئي هوندي. هيءَ ته اها صورتحال آهي جيڪا ۱۹۹۳ع جي سال جي صورتحال ظاهر ڪري ٿي. پر جيڪڏهڻ پاڻ هلندڙ سال جي نومبر ۱۹۹۴ع کي ڏسون ته پوءِ رڳو هڪ مهيني ۾ ايترا قتل ٿيا آهن جو، انهن جو تعداد شايد گذريل سڄي سال ۾ قتل ٿيلن کان وڌيڪ ٿي وڃي. هاڻ سنڌ جي صورتحال اها آهي جو، هتي ڪو به محفوظ ناهي، عورتون هجن يا ٻار يا پوڙها، هتي هرڪو هٽ لسٽ تي آهي. سنڌ ۾ امن امان جي صورتحال ايڏي ته خراب آهي جو هتي ڪو به اهو نٿو چئي سگهي ته اهو هٽ لسٽ تي ناهي. هونئن به سنڌ ۾ عام تاثر اهو ئي آهي ته هتي هٽ لسٽ جي به هٽ لسٽ ٺهيل آهي. ايتري حد تائين جو سماجي ۽ فلاحي ڪمن جي حوالي سان مشهور عبدالستار ايڌي جو به اهو چوڻ آهي ته اهو هٽ لسٽ تي آهي ۽ ڪنهن به وقت قتل ٿي سگهي ٿو. ان کان سواءِ بقول ايڌيءَ جي ته ڪراچيءَ جي فسادن ۾ ايجنسين جو هٿ آهي. آخر ڪهڙي ڳالهه ڏانهن اشارو ڪري ٿو. بهرحال ڪجهه سياسي مبصرن جو خيال آهي ته هن قتل عام کي رڳو ايم ڪيو ايم (الطاف) ۽ ايم ڪيو ايم حقيقي، جي وچم اقتدار جو جهڳڙو نٿو چئي سگهجي، ڇو جو هاڻ قتل ٿيڻ وارن نوجوانن ۾ رڳو مهاجر شامل ناهن بلڪه هاڻ مرڻ وارن ۾ ٻارن، عورتن، ۽ ٻين آبادين جي فردن جا به چهرا نظر اچڻ لڳا آهن. ۽ اهو سڀ ڪجهه فوجي آپريشن دؤران به جاري هو. جنهن سان ان امڪان کي هٿي ملي ٿي ته شايد اسٽيبلشمينٽ جي اندر به شديد تضاد موجود آهن ۽ اسٽيبلشمينٽ هاڻ واضح طور تي ٻن حصن ۾ ورهائجي ويئي آهي ۽ هاڻ اهي تضاد بلڪل هٺئين سظح تي منظر عام تي اچي رهيا آهن. ڪجهه سياسي مبصرن جي راءِ مطابق فوج جي هڪ گروپ جي قيادت جنرل عبدالوحيد ڪاڪڙ ڪري رهيو آهي، جيڪو بظاهر آمريڪا نواز ۽ بينظير جي پاليسين جي حمايت ڪندي نظر اچي ٿو. جڏهن ته ٻئي حصي جي قيادت سابق جنرل حميد گل ڪندي نظر اچي رهيو آهي. جيڪو بنياد پرستاڻي رويئي جي نمائندگي ڪندي بينظير جي پاليسين جي سخت مخالفت ڪندي، نواز شريف جو ساٿ ڏيئي رهيو آهي. جئين ته عبدالوحيد ڪاڪڙ ڪيترن ئي حوالن سان ڪمزور ترين چيف آف آرمي اسٽاف ثابت ٿيو آهي. تنهنڪري ان امڪان کي رد نٿو ڪري سگهجي ته حميد گل لابي ڪجهه جنرلن ۽ مختلف ايجنسين ۾ موجود حمايت ڪرڻ وارن جي ذريعي سنڌ ۾ دهشت پسند ڪارواين جي ذريعي ازخود حالتون خراب ڪرائي رهي هجي. جئين ته ڪراچي تمام وڏو شهر آهي ۽ پاڪستان جي لاءِ گيٽ وي جي حيثيت رکي ٿو، ان ڪري ڪنهن به لابيءَ جي طرفان ڪراچي جي چونڊ ڪرڻ شايد ڪنهن به ريت غلط نٿي ٿي سگهي. هونئن به هن دفعي ڪراچيءَ کانپوءِ حيدرآباد ۽ سنڌ جي ٻين شهرن ۾ فسادَ ۽ جهڳڙا نه ٿيڻ جو هڪڙو سبب اهو به ٿي سگهي ٿو ته هن دفعي فساد ڪرائڻ جو منصوبو ئي رڳو ڪراچيءَ لاءِ هجي. ڇو جو ٻين شهرن جي ڀيٽ ۾ مخصوص مفادن وارن گروهن جي لاءِ ڪراچيءَ جا فساد وڌيڪ فائديمند ٿين ٿا. ڪراچي کان پوءِ حيدرآباد ۽ باقي سنڌ جي شهرن ۾ جهڳڙا نه ٿيڻ جو هڪ سبب اهو به ٿي سگهي ٿو ته حيدرآباد ۽ سنڌ جي بين شهرن ۾ ايم ڪيو ايم (الطاف) ته آهي، پر ايم ڪيو ايم (حقيقي) جو وجود ئي ڪونه آهي. ٽيون سڀ کان اهم سبب اهو آهي ته هاڻ انهن شهرن جا ماڻهون روز روز جي جهڳڙن ۽ فساد کان بلڪل تنک ٿي چڪا آهن. ان کان سواءِ انهن جهڳڙن جي سبب ڌنڌي ۽ واپار کي ڪاپاري ڌڪ لڳو آهي، تنهنڪري واپاري طبقو خاص طور تي اهڙن سياسي گروهن کان لاتعلقيءَ جو اظهار ڪري رهيو آهي، جن جي سياست ئي انهن فسادن تي هلي ٿي. مطلب اهو ته ڪراچيءَ ۾ ٿيندڙ مسلسل دهشتگردي بينظير جي اقتدار کي به سخت نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿي بلڪه پهچائي رهي آهي. ڪراچيءَ ۾ امن امان جي صورتحال کي انتظام سنڀاليندڙ ادارن جي طرفان ڪنٽرول نه ڪري سگهڻ هڪ طرف ته اقتصادي، معاشرتي ۽ سياسي بحران جي طرف اشارو ڪري ٿو ته ٻئي طرف خاص طور تي سڄي سنڌ ۽ عام طور تي سڄي ملڪ ۾ پکڙيل انارڪيءَ کي به ظاهر ڪري ٿو. اهو سڀ ڪجهه تڏهن ئي ٿيندو آهي، جڏهن ملڪ جو نظام مڪمل طور تي ناڪاره ٿي ويندو آهي. تڏهن رياست جا سڀ ئي ادارا به ناڪاره ۽ ناڪام ٿيڻ لڳندا آهن ۽ اهي ڪنهن به شئي کي ڪنٽرول ۾ رکڻ جي قابل نه رهندا آهن. ڪراچي جي پر انتشار صورتحال ۽ فسادن کي ڪنٽرول نه ڪري سگهڻ، اصل ۾ مٿي بيان ڪيل تجزئي جي صداقت کي صحيح ثابت ڪري رهيو آهي. بقول لال خان جي ”هن بحران دؤران رياست جو هر ادارو جيترو هن دفعي ننگو ٿيو آهي، شايد ان کان پهرين اهو ائين ننگو ڪڏهن به نه ٿيو هوندو.“ هن ڪشمڪش دؤران فوج جا ندريان تضاد به ڪنهن حد تائين ٻاهر آيا آهن. نه رڳو اهو بلڪي بحران جي شدت فوجي جنرلن جي وچم نسلي ۽ قومي تفريق کي به سامهون آندو آهي، بلڪه رجعتي ۽ آمريڪا نواز به منظر عام تي آيا آهن. پر ان سان گڏوگڏ فوجي جنرلن جي لٽ مار ۽ دولت جي حوس به بي نقاب ٿي عوام آڏو آئي آهي. سنڌ ۾ امن امان نه هئڻ سبب واپار کي تمام گهڻو نقصان ٿي رهيو آهي. هڪ اندازي موجب ۱۹۸۹،۹۰ جي دؤران ڪراچي ۽ سنڌ جي ٻين شهرن ۾ افراتفري ۽ ڪرفيوءَ جي سبب اٺيتاليهه ملين ڊالرن روزآني جي حساب سان نقصان ٿيو. ان کان سواءِ ۱۸.۱۲.۱۹۹۴ تي صورتحال جي ابتريءَ جي سبب ڪراچي اسٽاک ايڪسچينج ئي بند رهيو، جنهن مان سنڌ ۾ امن امان جي خراب صورتحال جو اندازو لڳائي سگهجي ٿو. مٿئين صورتحال اسان کان گُهر ڪري ٿي ته اسين سڀ هن صورتحال کي تبديل ڪرڻ ۾ پنهنجو پنهنجو حصو وجهون ۽ ڪردار ادا ڪيون. '''وچولي طبقي جو ڪردار''' جڏهن ڪو به سماج پورهيت طبقي جا مسئلا ته ڇڏيو، رڳو وچولي طبقي (مڊل ڪلاس) جا مسئلا به حل ڪرڻ جي قابل نه هجي ته پوءِ وچولي طبقي ۾ ويڳاڻپ وڌي وڃي ٿي. جنهن جي ڪري هن طبقي ۾ نسل پرستي، بنياد پرستي ۽ فسطائيت جا رجحان جنم وٺن ٿا. ڇالاءِ جو سورن ۽ مصيبتن جي انڌي کائي پيٽي بورزوا ۽ لمپن پرولتاريا جي ڪيترن ئي حصن کي نيم پاڳل بنائي ڇڏي ٿي. اهو ئي سبب آهي جو، وچولي طبقي جا هڪ کان وڌيڪ ۽ ڪمزور فيصلا ٿيندا آهن. ڇو جو وچولو طبقو بحيثيت مجموعي هڪ ڪلاس جي هميشه بورزوا يعني مٿئين طبقي جي سهولتن تائين پهچڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندو رهي ٿو ۽ ان ۾ ناڪاميءَ کان پوءِ هي طبقو مايوس ٿي ٻين مختلف رجحانن ڏانهن جي ذريعي طاقت کي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪري ٿو. سريلنڪا جي هڪ انقلابي چيو هو ته، پيٽي بورزوا يا وچولي طبقي جي وقتي طور تي ڀلي ڪهڙِي به انجيل هجي، پر ان جو خدا هميشه اقتدار ئي هوندو آهي. اڄو ڪي سنڌ جي صورتحال ڪافي حد تائين وچولي طبقي جي ڪشمڪش کي ظاهر ڪري ٿي. هڪ دفعو لينن چيو هو ته، وچولي طبقي جي مختلف دڙن ۾ بيچيني ۽ انتشار اصل ۾ انقلاب اچڻ کان پهرين جون نشانيون آهن. ڇالاءِ جو بحران سبب مايوسين ۾ ڌڪجڻ سبب پيٽِي بورزوا ڪنهن نه ڪنهن رستي جي ڳولها ۾ هر پاسي هٿ پير هڻندو آهي. مطلب ته وچولو طبقو ڪنهن ڀرپور تحريڪ جي غير موجودگيءَ ۾ ڪو به ڪردار ادا ڪرڻ کان قاصر آهي. جيتوڻيڪ ڪراچي جي جهڳڙن ۾ وچئين طبقي جو اهم ڪردار نظر اچي ٿو، پر ان جي باوجود ڪراچيءَ جي سرمائيدار ۽ مستقل مفاد طبقي جي ڪردار کي هتي وضح نه ڪرڻ، هن موضوع سان ناانصافي ڪرڻ جي برابر ٿيندو. ڇالاءِ جو ڪراچي جي مستقل مفاد طبقي جي سوچ، باقي پاڪستان جي سرمائيدارن ۽ انهن جي حوارين کان مختلف نظر اچي رهي آهي. تنهنڪري هن سڄي صورتحال ۾ ان پنهنجي هٿن کي مختلف آپشنن لاِءِ بلڪل کليل ڇڏي ڏنو آهي. خاص طور تي انهن انڪشافن کان پوءِ ته آمريڪا، فلپائن جي اڏن ۽ هانگ ڪانگ هٿن مان نڪري وڃن کانپوءِ جڪارتا، ڪولالمپور ۽ ڪراچي مان ڪنهن هڪ شهر ۾ پنهنجا قائم ڪرڻ جو جائزو وٺي رهيو آهي. ان سلسلي ۾ ڪراچي جي خراب صورتحال جي باوجود امريڪا جي طرفان وڏي پئماني تي سرمائڪاريءَ جو سبب هتان جا ڪجهه سياسي تجزئي نگار اهو به تاثر قائم ڪري رهيا آهن ته جناح پور يا ڪراچي صوبي يا فري پورٽ جون ڳالهيون يا هڙي قسم جا مستقبل ۾ ٿيندڙ ٻيا انڪشاف ڪٿي ان سلسلي جون ڪڙيون ته ناهن. ان کان سواءِ هتان جي ڪجهه صحافتي حلقن ۾ اهو افواه به هلي رهيو آهي ته اسماعيلين جي روحاني پيشوا پرنس آغا خان ڪراچيءَ ۾سندس ڪميونٽي کي ٻڌايو آهي ته آمريڪا ڪراچيءَ کي فري پورٽ ٺاهڻ چاهي ٿو، تنهنڪري مستقبل ۾ ڪراچيءَ جي زمينن جي قيمت تمام گهڻي وڌي ويندي تنهنڪري توهان وڌ ۾ وڌ زمينون، پلاٽ ۽ پراپرٽيون خريد ڪيو. جنهن کانپوءِ آغا خاني ڪميونٽيءَ پلاٽ ۽ زمينون وغيره خريد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيون آهن ۽ عام تاثر اهو ئي آهي ته هاڻ ڪراچيءَ ۾ پلاٽن جو قيمتون تمام گهڻيون وڌي ويون آهن، جهڙيون ڳالهيون آخر سنڌ ۽ ڪراچيِءَ جي مسقبل جي حوالي سان آخرڪهڙي طرف اشارو ڪن ٿيون. خبر ناهي اصل حقيقت ڇا آهي، پر مٿي بيان ڪيل پوري صورتحال ۾ نه رڳو ڪراچيءَ جو سرمائيدار ۽ مستقل مفاد طبقو خاموش تماشائي بڻيل آهي، بلڪي اهڙين افواهن جي بنياد تي قائم ڪيل مختلف تاثرن ۽ تجزين جي حمايت ڪندي به نظر اچي ٿو ۽ جيڪڏهن اهو ڪراچيءَ جي حالتن جي سبب دهشتگرديءَ جي خلاف ڪو حل به ڏئي رهيو آهي، تڏهن به اهو پنهنجي وسيع تر مفاد کي نظر ۾ رکندي پيش ڪري رهيو آهي. ڪراچي جي ڪجهه صنعتڪارن ته اهو به چيو آهي ته دهشتگردن جي مقابلو ڪرڻ لاءِ امن ڪميٽين جي ذريعي عوام کي هٿياربند ڪيو وڃي. هٿياربند امن ڪاميٽين جي حوالي سان سوال اهو ٿو پيدا ٿئي ته ڇا سڀاڻي اهي هٿياربند ڪاميٽيون اڳتي هلي، سامرجي ۽ سنڌ دشمن مستقل مفاد طبقن جي سازشن مهل سنڌ جي زنده جسم کي ڳڀا ڳڀا ڪرڻ ۽ ڪراچيءَ جي سنڌ کان الڳ ڪرڻ جي سازش مهل فسطائي قوتن جي هٿان استعمال ڪونه ٿينديون. سنڌ جي عوام اڳم به ايم آر ڊي ۱۹۸۳ ۽ ۱۹۸۶ جهڙيون تحريڪون هلائي اقتدار جي ايوانن کي نه رڳو لوڏائي وڌو هو، بلڪه حڪمرانن جون ننڍون به حرام ڪري ڇڏيون هيون. پر جيئن ته قيادت جي کوٽ ۽ وسيع پيشمنظر نه هئڻ سبب اهي تحريڪون ڪا حقيقي منزل نه ماڻي سگهيون. هن وقت جيتوڻيڪ سنڌ جو عوام خاموشي اختيار ڪري ويٺل نظر اچي ٿو. پر موجوده غير مستحڪم صورتحال گهڻو عرصو هلي نه سگهي ٿي. ڇالاءِ جو معاشري ۾ هر روز وڌندڙ طبقاتي فرق ۽ غير مساوي ترقي ۽ رياست طرفان ٿيندڙ هر روز جي بدسلوڪيءَ سبب عوام جي اندر ۾ ٻرندڙ ذلت جو احساس نيٺ هڪ هڪ ڏينهن ڪنهن نه ڪنهن صورت ڦاٽي ڪنهن وڏي تحريڪ جي صورت اختيار ڪري سگهي ٿو جيئن ته توهان کي ياد هوندو ته هن مضمون جي شروعات مون مشهور مذهبي ۽ تاريخي داستان ڪرو ۽ پانڊوئن جي واقعي سان شروع ڪئي هئي. جنهن ۾ ارجن کي اهو سمجهه ۾ نه اچي رهيو هو ته آخر ٻئي ڌريون هڪ ٻئي جو خون ڇو وهائي رهيون آهن. توڻي جو هن مضمون جي شروعات پاڻ ڪرو ۽ پانڊو جي واقعي سان ڪئي هئي، پر هن مضمون جي پڄاڻي پاڻ سنڌ جي مشهور تاريخي داستان سان ڪنداسين. جنهن موجب اڄ جي ڪراچي صديون پهرين مورڙِ جي شهر ڪالاچي جي نالي سان مشهو هئي. تاريخي داستان موجب ان زماني ۾ ”ڪالاچي“ هڪ انتهائي پرسڪون ڳوٺ هوندو هو. هتان جي ماڻهن جي گذرسفر مڇيءَ تي هو. جيئن ته مورڙو ڪمزور ۽ معزور هو ۽ سندس ست ڀائر هئا. ان ڪري جڏهن ان جا ڀائر ماهيگيريءَ تي نڪرندا هئا ته مورڙو گهر تي رهندو هو. هڪ دفعو ڇا ٿيو جو هڪ تمام وڏي مانگر مڇ ڪالاچيءَ جو رخ ڪيو ۽ ڪراچي جي سنمڊ ۾ اچي بسيرو ڪيو ۽ مورڙي جا ڀائر جڏهن مڇيءَ جي شڪار تي نڪرندا هئا ته اهو مانگر۾ڇ انهن هڪ کي کائي ويندو هو. ائين مانگر مڇ، مورڙي جا ست ئي ڀائر ڳڙڪائي ويو. نيٺ هڪ ڏينهن مورڙو ان مانگر مڇ کان پنهنجي ڀائرن جو انتقام وٺڻ لاءِ نڪتو. مورڙي ڪجهه ساٿين جي مدد سان پنهنجي ماپ جو هڪ پڃرو ٺهرايو ۽ پاڻ ان پنڃري ۾ ويهي رهيو. پڃري سان رسي ٻڌائي ۽ پوءِ رسيءَ جي ٻئي ڪنڊ ٻيڙيءَ سان ٻڌائي ڇڏي ۽ ساٿين کي چئي ڇڏيائين ته جڏهن مان رسي ڇڪيان ته پوءِ توهان ٻيڙي کي ڪناري تي وٺي وڃجؤ. جڏهن ساٿين مورڙي کي پنڃري سميت پاڻيءَ ۾ اڇليو ته مانگر مڇ کيس پنهنجو شڪار سمجي ڳڙڪائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر مورڙي جو پنڃرو مانگر مڇ جي وات ۾ اٽڪي پوي ٿو ۽ ائين اهو ان کي مارڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي ويو. اڄ جي سنڌ جو مسئلو به صديون پراڻي ڪالاچي جي مسئلي کان مختلف نه آهي. اڄ به اهو مانگرمڇ موجود آهي جيڪو سنڌ جا هڙئي وسيلا هروز هڙپ ڪري رهيو آهي. پر اڄ جي سنڌ سان الميو اهو آهي جو ان کي مورڙو ۽ ان جا ساٿي ميسر ناهن. ڇالاءِ جو ڪا به جدوجهد رڳو تجزين سان نه پر عمل سان کٽي سگهجي ٿي. ڪراچيءَ کي سنڌ کان الڳ ڪرڻ وارن سازشين جو خواب ته شايد ڪڏهن به نه پورو ٿئي پر اهڙين سازشن جي نتيجي ۾ سنڌ بوسنيا ضرور بنجي سگهي ٿي ۽ جيڪڏهن سنڌ جي گهڻگهرن صورتحال کي دانشمنديءَ سان نه سنڀاليو ته پوءِ شايد هتي اهڙي خونريزي ٿيندي جو هنڌوستان جي ورهاڱي وقت ٿيل خون ريزي به ان جي اڳيان مات کائي ويندي. جيڪڏهن سڀاڻي اهڙي صورتحال پيدا ٿيڻ ڏانهن وڃي ٿي ته پوءِ ان جو زميوار ڪير هوندو، ان جو فيصلو پاڻ پڙهندڙ تي ئي ڇڏيون ٿا. تحرير: فياض سومرو هي مضمون پندرنهن روزه رسالي ”طبقاتي جدوجهد“ ۾ 15 ڊسمبر 1994 ع کان 15 جنوري 1994ع تائين ”ڪراچي: فصيل جسم په تازه لهو ڪي ڇينٽي“ جي عنوان سان ٽن قسطن جي صورت ۾ اردو ۾شايع ٿيو هو. جيئن ته مضمون جي اهميت اڃان تائين برقرار آهي ان ڪري مان ساڳي مضمون کي وري سنڌيءَ ۾ ترجمو ڪري ٿورڙي تصيح سان ”سنڌ کي مورڙي جي دانشمنداڻي حڪمت عمليءَ جي ضرورت آهي“ جي عنوان سان هتي اوهان آڏو پيش ڪري رهيو آهيان. 2549 8762 2007-01-14T16:29:45Z Amjadkeryo 117 New page: own i want his my page and all topeics and material to nebe saved for me thanks الطاف شيخ: سيلف پورٽريٽ ڪڏهن ڪهڙي ملڪ ۾ ته ڪڏهن ڪه... own i want his my page and all topeics and material to nebe saved for me thanks الطاف شيخ: سيلف پورٽريٽ ڪڏهن ڪهڙي ملڪ ۾ ته ڪڏهن ڪهڙي ۾ ساڳئي وقت ڪڏهن پراڻي جهاز تي ته ڪڏهن نئين آٽوميٽڪ جهاز تي. پراڻن جهاز جو وري اهو فائدو هوندو جو ويجھن ويجھن بندرگاهن واري روٽ ملندي هئي. جيئن ڪراچي کان پوءِ ڏيڍ ڏينهن بعد بمبئي، هڪ ڏينهن بعد ڪولمبو، ٽن ڏينهن بعد پينانگ، هڪ ڏينهن بعد ڪوالالمپور، هڪ ڏينهن بعد سنگاپور ۽ پوءِ هانگ ڪانگ، جپان ۽ ڪوريا وغيره. نون جهازن ۾ ڊگهين روٽن تي هلندا هئاسين. ڪراچي کان ممباسا – جتان پوءِ موزمبق، پوءِ ڊڪار (سينيگال)، لاس پاماس (ڪناري ٻيٽ)، ڊئنمارڪ، ناروي وغيره. آٽوميٽڪ ۽ ماڊرن جهاز ٽيڪنيڪلي به ته سونهن سوڀيا ۾ به State of Art هئا. چيف انجنيئر جي حيثيت سان وڏو بيڊ روم، ڊرائنگ روم ۽ اٽيچڊ آفيس ملندي هئي. طوفانن ۽ خراب سمنڊن ۾ وري به تڪليف مون لاءِ هوندي هئي، جو جهاز مونکي هلائڻو پوندو هو. زال ۽ ٻارن لاءِ ته رڳو گھمڻ ۽ گھمڻ هوندو هو. خراب موسم ۾ سي سڪنيس Sea Sickness به ان کي تنگ ٿي ڪري، جيڪو جهاز هلائي ٿو. جيڪي ستا پيا هجن ته انهن کي ڪهڙي پرواهه. وڌ ۾ وڌ رکي رکي چڪر، ننڊ جا گهيرٽ ۽ هڪ اڌ الٽي ٿي اچي. پر اهو عجيب اتفاق هو جو منهنجي زال توڙي ٻارن کي ائٽلانٽڪ ،هندي وڏي سمنڊ توڙي بحر احمر ۽ ڀؤنچ سمنڊ ۾ ڪڏهن به سي سڪنيس نه ٿي. مونکي ڪمري ۾ ويٺي ويٺي به سخت ٿيندي هئي. الٽيون ڪري پيٽ خالي ٿي ويندو هو ۽ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن پيٽ ۾ ڪجھ نه هئڻ ڪري اٻڙاڪن تي رت ايندو هو. پر ان ڳالهه جي منهنجي عملي جي ماڻهن کي ڪڏهن به خبر نه پيئي. ڪٿي لڪي يا ڪمري ۾ اچي الٽيون ڪندو هوس. آخر تائين اها ڳالهه ظاهرنه ڪيم ۽ ڪرڻ به نه کپي. ڇو جو چاهي ڪهڙو به سمنڊ يا موسم ٿي وڃي، جهاز ته هلائڻو پوي ٿو. ٻي صورت ۾ جهاز ٿو ٻڏي ۽ سي سڪنيس جو اثر سڀني کي ٿئي ٿو ۽ جي منهنجي عملي جي ماڻهن کي خبر پئجي وڃي ته چيف انجنيئر کي سخت سي سڪنيس ٿي پيئي آهي ته اهي به ويتر سست ٿي پون. انڪري هونءَ جو انجڻ جي چڪاس لاءِ رات جو هڪ ٻه چڪر هڻڻو پوندو هو، خراب موسم ۾ ٻيڻا چڪر ڪري ڇڏيندو هوس، جيئن ڪنهن کي شڪ به نه پوي ته سي سڪنيس جي ڪري منهنجي ڪارڪردگي سست ٿي رهي آهي ۽ انجڻ تي يا جهاز هلائيندڙ انجنيئرن تي آئون اها اک رکي نٿو سگهان. ڪو جونيئر انجنيئر سي سڪنيس جي دانهن ڪندو هو ته آئون ٻاهريون ٻنو رکي وڏي اعتماد سان هن کي دڙڪو ڏيندو هوس: There is nothing like Sea Sickness. جيئن هرڪو پنهنجي ڪم ۾ رڌل رهي. ڪو سست ٿي ڪري پوندو ته ان جي ڊيوٽي ڪير ڪندو. ڪجھ به ٿي پوي، پر جهاز ته ڏينهن رات هلندو رهڻ کپي. ۽ خراب موسم ۾ هڪ هنڌ بيهارڻ بدران خراب موسم ۽ خراب سمنڊ کي اُڪرڻ ۾ ئي عافيت آهي. هونءَ به اهڙي خراب موسم ۾ شل نه ڪو جهاز خراب ٿئي يا بيهي رهي. پوءِ ته ان جهاز کي گڏهه وانگر سمنڊ جيڪو ڪڏائي ٿو، ان ۾ چڱا ڀلا به بيحال ٿيو وڃن. بهرحال سمنڊ تي اهڙا خراب ڏينهن روز ڪونه ٿا اچن. گھڻائي سٺن ڏينهن جي ئي رهي ٿي ۽ آن دي هول سامونڊي نوڪري جهڙي ٻي بهتر نوڪري ناهي ۽ مون وانگر ڪيترا ان قسم جي زندگيءَ مان ڪڏهن به بيزار نٿا ٿين. پر جيئن ٻار وڏا ٿين ٿا ته انهن جي تعليم جو مسئلو ٿئي ٿو. مون کي به ٻه ٻار ٿي ويا ۽ پهريان ٻه ٽي ڪلاس آئون کين جهاز تي پڙهائيندو رهيس. آخر مونکي سامونڊي نوڪريءَ کي خدا حافظ چئي ڪنهن ڪناري جي نوڪريءَ جي ڳولا ڪرڻي پئي. عرب ملڪن جي مون ڏاڍي تعريف ٻڌي هئي. ڪيترائي منهنجا هم وطني ۽ دوست ڊاڪٽر، سول انجنيئر، پورفيسر، پاڪستان ۾ تعليم ختم مختلف عرب ملڪن ۾ نوڪري ڪري رهيا هئا. انگلينڊ جي هڪ رسالي Economist ۾ ڪويت بندرگاه جي چيف انجنير جي پوسٽ جو اشتهار آيو. مون Apply ڪيو ۽ چونڊجي ويس. پنهنجي جهاز ران ڪمپنيءَ سان حال اوريم ته مونکي جهاز هلائڻ واري ڊيوٽي کان آجو ڪيو وڃي. هنن مونکي اجازت ڏني. ڪجھ ميهنا ڪويت ۾ ڪم ڪيم، پر بنهه مزو نه آيو. عربن (يعني هنن اڄ جي عياش عربن) جي سوچ ۾ وڏو فرق محسوس ڪيم. ڪٿي جپان، يورپ، آمريڪا جهڙو سوچ جي آزادي وارو ماحول ۽ ڪٿي هي ٻوساٽيل ماحول. هڪ عرب پوءِ چاهي هو جاهل هجي، اڇو جبو پائي پير مرشد بڻجيو وڃي ۽ اسان جا ننڍي کنڊ جا ماڻهو هنن جي نظرن ۾ جهڙا باگڙي ۽ ڀيل. گورن انگريزن کان اهڙا متاثر جو ڳالهه ئي نه پڇ. پنهنجي آفيس ۾ لکيم ته پگهار گھڻي هوندي به هتي دل نٿي لڳي. آفيس وارن کي ڪنهن چيف انجنيئر جي ضرورت هئي، جيڪو ڪمپني جي جپان ۾ ٺهندڙ نون آٽو ميٽڪ جهازن تي نظر رکي. منهنجا اليڪٽرانڪس ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جا به ڪورس ڪيل هئا. هنن مون کي ٽوڪيوجي IHI شپ يارڊ ۾ موڪليو. جپاڻ ۾ هونءَ به جهازن کي وٺي اچڻ وڃڻ لڳو رهيو، پر هاڻ جپان جي شهر ٽوڪيو ۾ رهڻ ڪري جپان کي وڌيڪ ويجھڙائيءَ سان ڏسڻ جو موقعو مليو. IHI (آشيڪاوا هِريما هيوي انڊسٽريز) جو هي ڪارخانو جنهن ۾ مالاڪنڊ جهڙا جهاز ٺهيا، ٽوڪيو جي مرڪزي علائقي گنزا ڀرسان آهي. رهائش جو بندوبست اتي رهيو. ڪناري جي هن نوڪريءَ ۾ ڇهه ست مهينا ته ڪناري ۾ رهڻ جا ملي ويا ٿي، پر جهاز تيار ٿيڻ تي ان کي چيف انجنيئر جي حيثيت سان يورپ ۽ آمريڪا وٺي وڃڻو پيو ٿي. هڪ دفعو وري ٻار جهاز تي چڙهيا ٿي ۽ سندن پڙهائي ڊسٽرب رهي ٿي. 1980ع کان اڳ تائين ملائيشيا جا نوجوان جهاز راني جي تعليم حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ پاڪستان، انڊيا ۽ آسٽريليا ويا ٿي. 1981ع ڌاري هنن جي حڪومت ملاڪا ۾ نيول اڪيڊمي کولي، جنهن جي سرپرست ڪئپٽن حمزه سان منهنجي ملاقات ٿي. بلڪ هڪ قسم جو آفيشل انٽرويو ٿيو. اڪيڊمي ملاڪا شهر کان چاليهه کن ڪلوميٽر پري سمنڊ جي ڪناري تي هئي. ڳوٺ وڃڻ جي موڪل ٽن سالن ۾ هڪ دفعو جو شرط هو. ٻارن جي تعليم لاِ ملئي زبان جا اسڪول هئا ۽ روزانو ملاڪا وڃڻو پيو ٿي. پگھار گھٽ هو، پر مونکي ملائيشيا جهڙو ملڪ ۽ ملاڪا جهڙي پرسڪون جاءِ ڌيان ۾ هئي ۽ پسند هئي. ان کان اڳ ڏهه سال کن جپان ۽ ڪوريا ايندي ويندي ملايشيا جي بندرگاهن ۾ ترسڻو پوندو هو. هتي جي ملئي زبان (جنهن کي هي بَهاسا ملائيشيا سڏين ٿا) هر هر اچڻ وڃڻ ڪري نه فقط آئون پر شادي بعد منهنجي زال به سکي ويئي هئي، سو جهاز هلائڻ جي نوڪري ڇڏي ملائيشيا جي هن اڪيڊمي جو مئرين انجنيئرنگ ڊپارٽمينٽ اچي سنڀاليم. جهازن جي ٻي برانچ، ناٽيڪل ۾ درٻيلي جو ڪئپٽن احمد حسين مخدوم مون کان اڳ ئي اتي موجود هو. هن سنگاپور مان شادي ڪئي هئي ۽ پنهنجي زال مونا ۽ هڪ پٽ سان گڏ رهيو ٿي. ان کان علاوه دنيا جي مختلف ملڪن جا جهازي ڪئپٽن ۽ چيف انجنيئر اتي پڙهائڻ لاءِ اچي چڪا هئا يا ايندا رهيا. پر پڙهائڻ وارن جي کوٽ هجڻ ڪري اسان کي ٽن سالن بدران چئن سالن بعد وطن وڃڻ جي موڪل ملي. آئون ٽي مهينا کن موڪلون گذاري وري ملائيشيا واپس آيس. ڪئپٽن مخدوم برونائي هليو ويو، جتي جهازن جي سکيا جو نئون تعليمي ادارو کليو هو. ملاڪا جي نيول اڪيڊمي کان علاوه سنگاپور جي ”پولي ٽيڪنڪ“ ۽ ملائيشيا جي ٿائلينڊ جي ڀر ۾ شهر اپوح جي ”انگڪو عمر پوليٽيڪنڪ“ اداري ۾ وزيٽنگ پروفيسر جي حيثيت سان پڻ مون کي وڃڻو پيو ٿي. ان ريت ملائيشيا، سنگاپور ۽ ٿائلينڊ جي ڪنڊ ڪڙڇ ڏسڻ جو موقعو ملي ويو. هونءَ جهاز رستي اچبو هو ته فقط بندرگاه ڏسي سگھبا هئا پر هاڻي شهر، ڳوٺ، ٻهراڙيون ۽ ٻيٽ ڏسڻ جو موقعو ملي ويو. سنگاپور توڙي ٿائلينڊ ۾ اسان پاڪستانين لاءِ ويزا جي سختي شروع نه ٿي هئي، سو پنهنجي ڪار ۾ يا بس ۾ پيو هڪ ملڪ کان ٻئي ملڪ ائين اچبو ۽ وڃبو هو، جيئن ڪو حيدرآباد کان ڪوٽڙي ۽ اتان ڄامشوري پهچي. سنگاپور کان ”تاناح ملايو ڪيريتا آپي“ (ملئي ڌرتي جي باه تي هلندڙ ڪار – يعني ٻاڦ گاڏي – يعني ٽرين) ۾ چڙهبو هو ته سنگاپور ۽ ملائيشيا جي وچ وارو سمنڊ ٽپي، سڄو ملائيشيا لتاڙي، ٿائيلنڊ جي اڌ ملڪ مان ٿي 72 ڪلاڪن بعد ريل گاڏي اچي بئنڪاڪ جي ريلوي اسٽيشن تي ڇڏيندي هئي. ملائشيا، جپان، سئيڊن، آمريڪا ۽ چين ۾ منهنجو گھڻو رهڻ ٿيو. ان ڪري ان پاسي جي ملڪن تي گھڻا ڪتاب لکيا اٿم. ملائيشيا وارن جي حڪومت منهنجي لکڻين ۽ سندن ڏورانهين ۽ نئين اڪيڊمي کي سيٽ اپ ڪرڻ لاءِ مونکي ايوراڊ به ڏنو. سڀ کان وڏي ڳالهه ته مونکي لکڻ پڙهڻ لاءِ ڪافي وقت ملي ويندو هو. ملائيشيا ۾ شادين مرادين، ملڻ جلڻ ۽ ڪچهرين تي ماڻهو نه برابر وقت وڃائين ٿا. ان ڪري ڊيوٽي بعد هرڪو پنهنجي ذاتي ڪم ۽ وندر ۾ مصروف رهي ٿو. هڪ ٻئي جي هورا کورا ۽ نوس نوس ۾ به نٿا وقت وڃائين. سندن ترقيءَ جو هڪ راز اهو به آهي. نه ته ملئي ماڻهو ته اسان کان وڌيڪ ڄٽ ۽ ڳوٺاڻا هئا. پر انگريزن کان آزادي ملڻ بعد هنن جي ڳوٺ ڳوٺ جي وڏيري غير قانوني ۽ غير شرعي جويون رکڻ، شراب ڪواب جون محفلون سجائڻ، ڪڪڙ ويڙهائڻ، چوريون ۽ ڌاڙا هڻڻ هڻائڻ، اغوا ۽ ٻين جي زمينن تي قبضا ڪرڻ جا هڪٻئي سان مقابلا ڪرڻ بدران هنن ڳوٺ ڳوٺ ۾ تعليمي ادارا، روڊ رستا، اسپتالون ۽ ڪارخانا نه فقط ٺهرايا پر اهي امن امان سان هلائڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي. ۽ هتي جي عوام ڳوٺ جي ان وڏيري کي هيرو سمجھي ٿي، جيڪو ڳوٺ جي عوام جي ڀلائِيءَ جو سوچي ٿو ۽ نه جنهن جي کيسي ۾ پوليس هجي. هتي وڏيرا، سردار ويندي سلطان (جيڪي واري وٽي تي ملڪ جا چئن سالن لاءِ بادشاه ٿين ٿا) پنهنجي ٻارن تي عام ماڻهن کان وڌيڪ سختي ڪن ٿا. جيئن هو وڌيڪ تعليم يافته ٿي سگھن. صحيح معنيِٰ ۾ تعليم حاصل ڪري. سٺا ڊاڪٽر، انجنيئر ۽سائنسدان ٿي سگھن ۽ پنهنجون اسپتالون، ڪارخانا ۽ فئڪٽريون کولي ٻين لاءِ روزگار مهيا ڪري سگھن. آئون هن وقت 62 سالن جي ٿي ويو آهيان. ٻن سالن کان رٽائرمينٽ جي زندگي گذاري رهيو آهيان، جنهن لاءِ وڏي عرصي کان تانگھي رهيو هوس. اڄ به ملائيشيا وارا مختلف ادارن مان ڪنهن جي نظرداري يا صلاحڪار جي حيثيت ۾ مونکي گھرائڻ چاهين ٿا، پر آئون آزاد زندگي گذارڻ چاهيان ٿو ۽ پنهنجي هابي لکڻ پڙهڻ ۾ مشغول رهڻ چاهيان ٿو. لکڻ پڙهڻ هاڻ مون لاءِ وندر نه پر نشو ٿي پئي آهي.جنهن جو اهڙو addicted ٿي پيو آهيان، جو ان بنا مزو نٿو اچي. بهرحال هاڻي آئون پاڻ کي آزاد محسوس ڪريان ٿو. پٺيان جهاز هلائڻ يا جهازين لاءِ ليڪچر تيار ڪرڻ جو فڪر نه اٿم. ٻه ٽي مهينا ملائيشيا ۾ دوستن ۽ پراڻن شاگردن وٽ رهي آيس. ڪئڊٽ ڪاليج جي ٻن ڀائر دوستن جي پٽن جي دهلي ۽ بڙودا ۾ شادي ٿي ته آئون به ساڻن نڪري پيس ۽ ٻه مهينا کن مختلف شهرن جي مندرن، ڌرمشالائن، ننڍين هوٽلن ۽ فائيو اسٽار هوٽلن ۾ ساڻن گڏ گذاريم. تازو هاڻ هوائي جهاز رستي چار مهينا آمريڪا جي انهن شهرن ۾ رهي آيو آهيان، جن شهرن ۾ آئون پاڻي واري جهاز تي نوڪري خاطر ويندو هوس. انهن ڏينهن ۽ اڄ جي دور جو احوال پنهنجن ٻن ڪتابن ۾ قلمبند ڪيو اٿم. هڪ ”نيوهالا کان نيو يارڪ” ڇپجي چڪو آهي ۽ ٻيو ”ڳوٺ بخشو لغاري کان بالٽيمور“ ڪمپوز ٿي رهيو آهي. ان سفر جو باقي احوال ”آمريڪا ڙي آمريڪا“ ڪتاب لاءِ لکڻ ۾ مشغول آهيان. جييستائين سوال وقت ملڻ جو آهي، ان لاءِ اهو چوندس ته Where there is a will, there are ways لکڻ جهڙين شين لاءِ هتان هتان وقت ڪڍندو رهان ٿو. ريڊيو، ٽي وي يا ماڻهن سان ملڻ جلڻ کان پري رهان ٿو. ڪچهرين پٺيان ٽائيم وڃائڻ کان پرهيز ڪريان ٿو. سڀ کان وڏي ڳالهه ننڍپڻ کان مونکي گھٽ ننڊ اچي ٿي. صبح جو سوير، فجز نماز کان به گھڻو اڳ، اٿان ٿو. چاهي اونهارو هجي يا سيارو، ڳوٺ هجي يا ولايت، آفيس هجي يا موڪل جو ڏينهن هجي. منجھند جو ڪلاڪ ڏيڍ سمهڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندو آهيان. جي ننڊ اچي ويندي آهي ته بيحد توانو محسوس ڪندو آهيان ۽ اها شام تمام گھڻو لکي سگھندو آهيان. مختلف وقتن ۾ مختلف اخبارن، رسالن ۾ لکندو رهيو اهيان. اڄ ڪلهه خاص ڪاوش ۽ اڙدو اخبار امت ڏي مضمون موڪليندو آهيان. رسالن مان ڪرزما، عبرت مئگزين، سرتيون، گل ڦل، سوجھرو ۽ اردو ۾ پاڪستان پوسٽ، سرگزشت ۽ اردو ڊائيجسٽ ۾ مضمون ايندا رهن ٿا. سڀني اخبارن ۽ رسالن جي ايڊيٽرن سان سٺا تعلقات آهن. بس رڳو تاج بلوچ سان جنگ جوٽيل هوندي آهي جو هو منهنجا مضمون گم ڪريو ڇڏي. وري دڙڪا به اسان لکندڙن کي ڏئي ٿو ۽ کيس جي ڪجھ چئجي ٿو ته يڪدم ورندي ڏيندو:”توهان اديبن بيزار ڪري وڌو آهي. توهان اديبن ۽ شاعرن سان ڳالهائڻ به ڏيڏر تورڻا آهن.“ هڪ دفعي تاج بلوچ آيوته ”قمر شهباز ٽن مهينن کان رسي ويو آهي. سوجھرو ۾ لکڻ به ڇڏي ڏنو اٿس. کيس ڪنهن نموني سان راضي ڪري. چئي ته معافي وٺانس.“ ”تاج تنهنجي معافيءَ تي ڪو به اديب نه پرچندو. هڪ منٽ ترس.“ چيومانس ۽ قمر کي فون ڪري پڇيم ته ”واندو اهين يا نه“. ”واندو آهيان.“ قمر وراڻيو. ”سوسائٽي واري قبرستان هلندي، آئون وڃان پيو.“ ٻڌايومانس. “ڇو خير ته آهي؟“ قمر وائڙو ٿي ويو. ”تاج بلوڇ ڪالهه گذاري ويو. دل جو دورو پيس. دفن به ڪري ڇڏيائونس. آخري ڏينهن ۾ تنهنجو ڏاڍو ڏک هوس ته سوجھري ۾ نٿو لکين. ٻڌايومانس. ۽ پوءِ قمر جي حالت ڏسڻ واري هئي. هو تاج جي ورسين، ادبي خدمتن ۽ شاعري بابت يادگار محفل سڏائڻ جا پلان جوڙڻ لڳو. پوءِ نيٺ چيومانس ته اهي سڀ شيون في الحال ڪجھ عرصي لاءِ ملتوي ڪري فقط هڪ مضمون سوجھرو جي ايندڙ پرچي لاءِ موڪل. تاج اڃان جيئرو آهي. بهرحال جڏهن کان جنت منگھاڻيءَ سوجهرو جي ادارت سنڀالي، چوطرف سڪون ڇانيل رهيو. پر هاڻي وري اها به ذاتي مصروفيتن جو عذر ڄاڻائي ادارت ڇڏي ويئي آهي. سٺ کان مٿي ڪتاب ڇپيا اٿم. صحيح تعداد جي گھڻي خبر ڪانهي. ڇو ته منهنجو پبلشر سان ڪو واسطو نٿو رهي. آئون اخبارن ڏي ڪالم موڪليان ٿو، جيئن گھڻي کان گھڻا ماڻهو پڙهي سگھن. ڪو به ادارو يا ماڻهو منهنجا ڪتاب ڇپائي سگھي ٿو. منهنجي طرفان ڪنهن به اجوري يا ائلٽي جي بندش ناهي. آئون پنهنجي لاءِ ڪاپي به دڪان تان پاڻ خريد ڪندو آهيان. انڪري منهنجن دوستن کي جيڪڏهن آئون پنهنجو ڪتاب تحفي ۾ نٿو ڏيان ته دل ۾ نه ڪن ۽ جيڪڏهن ڪنهن کي ڏيان ٿو ته ان کي ان جو قدر ڪرڻ کپي. ان ڪري ته ان تي مون پنهنجي کيسي مان سؤ يا ڏيڍ سؤ خرچ ڪيو هوندو. اڄ ڪلهه جي انٽرنيٽ ۽ ڪيبل جي دور ۾ جڏهن ماڻهن پڙهڻ گھٽائي ڇڏيو آهي ۽ دڪانن ۽ اسٽالن تي ڪتاب ۽ رسالا ائين پيا سڙن. ان دؤر ۾ علي نواز گھانگھري، فيروز ميمڻ، يا نوراحمد ميمڻ صاحب جهڙو ڪو پبلشر يا تاج بلوچ، فقير محمد، عرفان نوراني، عرفان عباسي جهڙو ايڊيٽر رسالو ٿو شايع ڪري ته ان جي مهرباني آهي، جو هو اسان جهڙن اديب ۽ شاعرن کي پڙهندڙن سان متعارف ٿو ڪرائي. (ماهوار امرتا جي نومبر 2006 (62 2550 8779 2007-01-18T23:06:12Z 24.75.176.5 New page: ghkkhfjkhfujkyuyuik8o ghkkhfjkhfujkyuyuik8o 2551 8785 2007-01-19T15:21:28Z Aursani 60 [[ڏونھائي سرشتو]] moved to [[ڏونائي سرشتو]] #REDIRECT [[ڏونائي سرشتو]] 2553 8791 2007-01-22T10:21:58Z Aursani 60 [[ھوائي رَٿَ]] moved to [[فضائي رَٿَ]] #REDIRECT [[فضائي رَٿَ]]